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Annadata to Urjadata

This article is based on “From Plate to Plough: In the shade of solar trees” which appeared in The Indian Express on 5th August 2019....

05 Aug 2019 News Editorials
Article 370 and 35(A) Revoked

On 5th of August 2019, the President of India promulgated the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019. The order...

05 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Genome India Initiative

India is planning to launch its first Human Genome Mapping project. Project involves scanning of 20,000 Indian genomes (in the next five years) in...

05 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Skilling under MGNREGA

The central government is working on an initiative to move 10-12.5 million families within the ambit of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment...

05 Aug 2019 News Analysis
A 3600 Years Old Site

As per the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), a rural settlement had thrived at Bharati Huda in Jalalpur village in Odisha’s Cuttack...

05 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Urkund Software

According to a University Grants Commission (UGC) notice, all universities in India will get final subscription to access the Swedish anti-plagiarism...

05 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Gandhian Ideologies

For...

05 Aug 2019 Paper 4
Area 51

Hundreds of thousands of people have signed up to a Facebook event, promising to storm the alleged secret US military base, Area 51, located in the...

05 Aug 2019 News Analysis
TechEx: Technology and Innovation Platform

The Union Ministry of Human Resource Development has inaugurated the TechEx - technology exhibition at IIT Delhi. TechEx was organized to...

05 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Gandhian Ideologies

What is Gandhian ideology? Gandhian ideology is the set of religious and social ideas adopted and developed by Mahatma Gandhi, first during his...

05 Aug 2019 Paper 4
Sustainable Plantations

This article is based on “How plantation sector can turn ‘near organic’” that appeared in The Hindu BusinessLine on 3...

03 Aug 2019 News Editorials
Farmland Fragmentation

Download...

03 Aug 2019 GS Paper III
Census 2021

The next census of India to be conducted in 2021 with March 1, 2021 as the reference date, except for the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal...

03 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Accused Can be Ordered to Give Voice Samples

The Supreme Court has ruled that a judicial magistrate can order an accused to give his voice samples even against his consent in the course of a...

03 Aug 2019 News Analysis
National Medical Commission Bill

This article is based on “National Medical Commission is no cure-all, many important questions remain” which appeared in The Indian...

02 Aug 2019 News Editorials
Intellectual Property Rights

For...

02 Aug 2019 Paper 3
Increasing the Strength of SC Judges

The Union Cabinet of India has approved increasing the strength of judges in the Supreme court. The Cabinet has taken a decision to increase the...

02 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Deciphering Indus Script

According to the research paper titled ‘Interrogating Indus inscription to unravel their mechanism of meaning conveyance’, the Indus...

02 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Global Honour for Indian Scientist

Atish Dabholkar, a theoretical physicist from India, known for his research on string theory and quantum black holes, has been appointed as the next...

02 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Multi-cropping

A recent study conducted by the Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) has highlighted the importance of multi-cropping system. In multi...

02 Aug 2019 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Annadata to Urjadata',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-farmers-solar-energy-doubling-farmers-incomes-5878303/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;From Plate to Plough: In the shade of solar trees&rdquo;</strong></a> which appeared in The Indian Express on 5<sup>th</sup> August 2019. It talks about the use of Solar Trees for addressing the energy crisis and moving towards the goal of doubling the farmer's income.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the minister of the state of agriculture admitted that current policies will fall short of the goal of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/doubling-farmers-income-a-promise-to-be-fulfilled-by-2022" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>doubling farmer's income by 2022</strong></a>. In this context, the narrative of turning <strong>Annadata (farmer) into Urjadata (producer of solar power)</strong> as highlighted by Finance Minister in Budget 2019, can provide multidimensional benefits.</p>
<h3>Doubling the Farmer's Income.</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian PM in 2016 set the goal of double farmers&rsquo; income by 2022, in pursuance of which Ashok Dalwai committee was set up.</li>
<li>The committee held that for doubling real incomes, it would require a growth rate of 10.4% per year over seven years (over a base income of 2015-16).</li>
<li>Given that India's agricultural income growth has been hovering around 3-4% over several decades, doubling of farmer's income by 2022, may seem a distant dream.</li>
<li>However, harnessing solar energy can help double farmer's income within a year or two.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Harnessing Solar Energy With Agriculture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India faces the challenge of overcoming its energy crisis and increasing its economic growth while being environmentally responsible.</li>
<li>In pursuit of renewable energy generation, India has launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-assembly-of-international-solar-alliance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></a> and set a target of producing <strong>100 GW of solar power</strong> by 2022.</li>
<li>Government has launched <strong>Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan</strong> (KUSUM) scheme to harness the solar energy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>KUSUM scheme seeks to replace all diesel pump-sets with solar pumps and the excess power generated through solar panels will be purchased by state governments at a price that gives the farmer a good profit.</li>
<li>Also, to develop solar power, bids are invited from large business players to develop solar parks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, one of the issues regarding KUSUM scheme and solar parks is that decreasing solar costs forces state governments to revise the costs of pre-purchased agreements (PPA) downwards, thereby making investment unviable.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>KUSUM Scheme</strong></p>
<p>It seeks to provide:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Installation of grid-connected solar power plants each of capacity up to <strong>2 MW</strong> in the rural areas.</li>
<li>Installation of standalone off-grid solar water pumps to fulfil irrigation needs of farmers not connected to the grid.</li>
<li>Solarization of existing grid-connected agriculture pumps to make farmers independent of grid supply and <strong>also enable them to sell surplus solar power generated to DISCOMs and get an extra income.</strong></li>
<li>Solarization of tube-wells and lift irrigation projects of the Government sector.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Encouraging farmers to grow <strong>&ldquo;Solar Trees&rdquo;</strong> on their lands, can provide with the twin benefits:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solar Trees at a height of about 10-12 feet will provide enough sunlight to plants below. It does not impact their productivity as there is ample sunlight coming from the sides for photosynthesis.</li>
<li><strong>Thereby the farmer can keep growing two irrigated crops.</strong></li>
<li>And the solar tree generates a lot of excess power that can be purchased by the state government.</li>
<li>Therefore there can be increased income augmentation. In one acre land, 500 Solar Trees can be planted.</li>
<li>Solar Trees are being deployed in many countries from Japan to China to Germany.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Solar Tree</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Solar energy is renewable and clean in nature and presents a better alternative over other methods of electricity production.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/822image1.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/822image1.webp" width="218" height="145" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>However, the availability of land of installing solar panels on a large scale is often a hurdle in the progress of renewable energy.</li>
<li><strong>This problem is resolved by Solar Tree.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Solar Tree is much like that of a real tree, where solar panels(act like leaves) connected through metal branches using sunlight to make energy.</li>
<li>Solar trees need nearly 100 times less space to produce the same amount of electricity as a horizontal solar plant. For eg:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), in West Bengal&rsquo;s Durgapur, has designed and developed, a solar tree that takes up only four square feet of space and produces about three kilowatts of power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Solar Trees are also suitable for use in off-the-grid remote areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mobilising enough capital</strong> to instal these Solar Trees remains one of the problems.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For the investment in Solar Trees, bids from big corporates can be invited.</li>
<li>Farmers can be given Rs one lakh/acre per annum as net income, with a fair rate of increment every year.</li>
<li>This can easily double their income and farmers will not have to mobilise capital for solar pumps. That is done by other investors, who also make a profit in the process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is difficult for any government to implement 619 recommendations given by the Ashok Dalwai Committee even in five years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For effective implementation recommendations of Ashok dalwai committee must be summarised and prioritised to just 5-10 recommendations for one year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Saffron revolution (by Solar Trees), will transform Annadata to Urjadata, which also resolve the arduous challenge of supplying accessible and affordable energy to help alleviate poverty and meet energy demands that are necessary for economic growth.<br /><br /></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 0%;" height="100">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 501.818px; border-style: dotted; background-color: #f3f5d7; border-color: #ff5805;">
<p><em><span style="color: #0000ff;"><strong>Drishti Input</strong></span></em><br /><br />Discuss the role of solar energy in resolving the arduous challenge of supplying accessible and affordable energy to help alleviate poverty and meet energy demands that are necessary for economic growth. Also, highlight the benefits of Solar Tree in this regard?</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Article 370 and 35(A) Revoked',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>On 5<sup>th</sup> of August 2019, the President of India promulgated the<strong> Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019.&nbsp;</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The order effectively abrogates the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under the provision of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 370</strong> </a>- whereby provisions of the Constitution which were applicable to other states were not applicable to&nbsp;<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>According to the Order, provisions of the <strong>Indian Constitution are now applicable in the State.</strong></li>
<li>This Order comes into force &ldquo;at once&rdquo;, and shall &ldquo;supersede the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954.&rdquo;</li>
<li>A separate Bill - the <strong>Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill 2019</strong> - was introduced to bifurcate the State into two separate <strong>union territories of Jammu and Kashmir (with legislature)</strong>, and <strong>Ladakh (without legislature).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Jammu and Kashmir Reservation (Second Amendment) Bill, 2019</strong> was also introduced to extend the reservation for<strong> Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)</strong> in educational institutions and government jobs in Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/856J&amp;K%20Map (edit).jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/856J&amp;K Map (edit).jpg" width="354" height="249" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>History</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>J&amp;K acceded to the Dominion of India after the <strong>Instrument of Accession</strong> was signed by Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, on 26 October 1947.</li>
<li><strong>Article 370 of the Indian Constitution</strong> provided that only<strong> Articles 1 and 370 itself would apply to J&amp;K.</strong> The application of other Articles was to be determined by the President in consultation with the government of the state.</li>
<li><strong>The Constitution Order of 1950</strong> specified the matters on which the Union Parliament would be competent to make laws for J&amp;K, in concurrence with the Instrument of Accession - 38 Subjects from the Union List were added.</li>
<li>The <strong>Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954</strong> settled the constitutional relationship of J&amp;K and the Union of India. It made the following provisions -
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian citizenship and all related benefits (fundamental rights) were extended to the <strong>'permanent residents'</strong> of Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-article-35a" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 35A</a> was</strong> added to the Constitution (empowering the state legislature to legislate on the privileges of permanent residents with regard to immovable property, settlement in the state and employment)</li>
<li>The<strong> jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India</strong> was extended to the State.</li>
<li>Central Government was given the power to <strong>declare a national emergency</strong> in the event of <strong>external aggression.</strong> The power in case of internal disturbances could be exercised only with the concurrence of the State Government.</li>
<li>Normalized the financial relations between the Centre and J&amp;K</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Article 370 - Features and Provisions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Present in part XXI of the Indian Constitution</strong> which comprises of <strong>Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions</strong> with rest to various states of India.</li>
<li>Forms the basis of the <strong>&ldquo;Special Status&rdquo;</strong> of J&amp;K.</li>
<li>Provides for a <strong>separate Constitution of J&amp;K.</strong></li>
<li>Limits the Union Parliament&rsquo;s power to make laws for J&amp;K to those subjects mentioned in the<strong> Instrument of Accession (defense, foreign affairs, and communications)</strong> and others as and when declared by the Presidential Orders with the concurrence of the Government of the State.</li>
<li>Specified the mechanism by which the Article shall cease to be operative. That is, on the <strong>recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the State</strong> before the President issues such a notification. However, this provision has been <strong>amended by the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Was it Temporary</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Article was introduced to accommodate the apprehensions of Maharaja Hari Singh who would not have acceded to India without certain concessions.</li>
<li>Territorial integrity was of paramount importance to India post-independence, thus, such a special provision was inducted in the constitution.</li>
<li>The provision, however, is part of the<strong> &ldquo;Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions&rdquo;</strong> of our constitution.</li>
<li>Moreover, Article 370 could be interpreted as temporary in the sense that the J&amp;K Constituent Assembly had a right to modify/delete/retain it; it decided to retain it.</li>
<li>Another interpretation was that accession was temporary until a plebiscite.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues in Revoking</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Article 370 is the bedrock of the constitutional relationship between Jammu and Kashmir and the rest of India.</li>
<li>It has been described as a tunnel through which the Constitution is applied to J&amp;K.</li>
<li>India has used Article 370 at least 45 times to extend provisions of the Indian Constitution to J&amp;K. This is the only way through which, by mere Presidential Orders, India has almost nullified the effect of J&amp;K&rsquo;s special status.</li>
<li>By the 1954 order, almost the entire Constitution was extended to J&amp;K including most Constitutional amendments.</li>
<li>However, abrogating the article altogether <strong>may threaten the peace in the state</strong> which is already a hotspot of conflicts and militancy.</li>
<li>It will completely change the relationship between the state and the rest of India.</li>
<li>It will also clear the path for <strong>abrogating Article 35A</strong> which would allow Indian citizens to <strong>purchase land and settle permanently</strong> in J&amp;K.</li>
<li>Thus, the move is bound to have a s<strong>ignificant impact on the demography, culture, and politics of J&amp;K.</strong></li>
</ul>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Genome India Initiative',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>India is planning to launch its first <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Mission%20to%20Sequence%20Genes%20of%20Indians" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Human Genome Mapping project.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Project involves scanning of 20,000 Indian genomes (in the next five years) in order to develop <strong>diagnostic tests</strong> and effective therapies for <strong>treating diseases</strong> such as cancer.</li>
<li>It is to be implemented by <strong>The Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/921image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/921image2.jpg" width="399" height="351" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cancer Incidence in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the study, as India continues to age, cancer cases will <strong>double</strong> every 20 years.</li>
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand </strong>and<strong> Odisha,</strong> will bear the biggest cancer burden in the next 10-20 years.</li>
<li>According to<strong> Epidemiological Transition Level</strong> concept <strong>(ETL)</strong>, number of patients with cancer started to increase as the life expectancy of Indians started to increase.</li>
<li>The States with high ETL have a better development index and higher cancer rates.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ETL is highest in Kerala and is lowest in Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Government should consider <strong>Bhore committee</strong> and <strong>Mudaliar committee</strong> report recommendations for cancer that include creation of a multidisciplinary cancer treatment unit in all medical colleges and setting up of a stand-alone cancer speciality hospital.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project is to be carried out in two phases:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The first phase of the project involves sequencing the <strong>complete genomes</strong> of 10,000 <strong>healthy Indians.</strong></li>
<li>Second phase, involves genome sequencing of 10,000 <strong>diseased individuals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Data on human sequencing would be accessible to researchers through a proposed <strong>National Biological Data Centre</strong> envisaged in <strong>Biological Data Storage, Access and Sharing Policy.</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Centre for Cell Sciences</strong> will collect samples of the microbiome from the human gut.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Centre for Cell Science</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Centre for Cell Science is a national level, biotechnology, tissue engineering and tissue banking research center located at Savitribai Phule Pune University, Maharashtra.</li>
<li>It is one of the premier research centers in India, which works on cell-culture, cell-repository, immunology, chromatin-remodelling.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Healthcare:</strong> For new advancements in medical science (like predictive diagnosis and precision medicine, genomic information) and in disease management,&nbsp;<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-sequencing-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">genome sequencing</a></strong> can play a crucial role.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through genome sequencing methodology, researchers and clinicians can easily detect the disease related to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetic-disorders" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>genetic disorder.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Genetic Screening:</strong> The genome project will lead to improved techniques of genetic screening for <strong>diseases</strong> prior to the birth.</li>
<li><strong>Evolution Puzzle:</strong> The genome project may answer questions regarding evolution by comparing human DNA with primate DNA.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Discrimination:</strong> Discrimination based on genotype is a possible consequence of genome sequencing.For example, employers may obtain genetic information on employees prior to hiring them. If a certain employee is shown to be genetically susceptible to undesirable workforce traits they may be discriminated against their genotype.</li>
<li><strong>Ownership and Control:</strong> Apart from the issue of privacy and confidentiality, questions of ownership and control of genetic information becomes critical.</li>
<li><strong>Fair Use of Genetic Data:</strong> For insurance, employment, criminal justice, education, adoption, and military is necessary.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/biotechnology-department-will-scan-20000-indian-genomes/article28815520.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-india-initiative'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Skilling under MGNREGA',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The central government is working on an initiative to move 10-12.5 million families within the ambit of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-group-of-chief-ministers-on-coordination-between-mgnrega-and-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)</strong></a> out of poverty <strong>by imparting skills and creating durable assets.</strong></p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the <strong>Livelihoods in Full Employment (LIFE) project</strong> of the MGNREGA, started in 2015-16, the government provides training to eligible workers in the age group 15-35 years. However, this is restricted to MGNREGA workers who have completed 100 days&rsquo; work.</li>
<li>In a <strong>mid-term review of the initiative,</strong> a lot of states complained of slow progress.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>States also complaint for <strong>absence of stipends</strong> (for loss of wages due to engagement in skilling),</li>
<li><strong>Candidates ineligibility for skilling</strong> due to the age criterion, was also one of the main complaints of the states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>New Initiative Features</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government is planning to <strong>spend Rs 500-1,000 crore every year</strong> on this and it will <strong>not be limited</strong> to those who completed 100 days of work under the MGNREGA.</li>
<li>As part of the proposed initiative, each year <strong>one member of 400,000-500,000 families will get training for 30-45 days.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Stipends</strong> will be provided for compensation of any loss in wages that may arise.</li>
<li>Training will be provided within the mandated 100 days (of MGNREGA) and conducted under skill-development initiatives such as the <strong>Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY),</strong> self-employment programmes run by banks, and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-rural-economic-transformation-project-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM).</strong></a></li>
<li>The workers will be attached to <strong>Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs)</strong> and trained in grafting, horticulture, growing fruit-bearing crops, etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Livelihoods in Full Employment (LIFE) Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Rural Development has formulated a project for 'Livelihoods in Full Employment' un</strong>der Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act <strong>(Project LIFE-MGNREGA) in April 2015.</strong></li>
<li>The project aims to <strong>promote self reliance</strong> and <strong>improving the skill base of the MGNREGA workers,</strong> and thereby improving the livelihood of the workers, so that they can move from current status of partial employment to full employment status.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Rural Development</strong> announced the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) <strong>Antyodaya Diwas,</strong> on 25th September 2014.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>demand driven placement linked skill training initiative</strong> working under National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM).</li>
<li>It uses skill training and placement in wage employment as a tool to <strong>diversify income </strong>and<strong> enable sustained upward movement out of poverty.</strong></li>
<li>DDU-GKY is <strong>uniquely focused on rural youth</strong> between the ages of 15 and 35 years from poor families.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>KVK, is an integral part of the <strong>National Agricultural Research System (NARS)</strong>, which aims at assessment of location specific technology modules in agriculture and allied enterprises, through technology assessment, refinement and demonstrations.</li>
<li>KVKs have been functioning as <strong>Knowledge and Resource Centre</strong> of agricultural technology supporting initiatives of public, private and voluntary sector for <strong>improving the agricultural economy</strong> of the district and are linking the NARS with extension system and farmers.</li>
<li>The KVK scheme is <strong>100% financed by the Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>KVKs are sanctioned to <strong>Agricultural Universities, ICAR institutes, related Government Departments and Non Government Organizations (NGOs)</strong> working in Agriculture</li>
<li>The first KVK was established in 1974 at <strong>Puducherry.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/building-lives-mgnregs-aims-to-pull-out-12-million-families-of-poverty-119080400824_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skilling-under-mgnrega'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'A 3600 Years Old Site',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>As per the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monuments-of-national-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)</a></strong>, <strong>a rural settlement had thrived at Bharati Huda</strong> in Jalalpur village in <strong>Odisha&rsquo;s</strong> Cuttack district, about <strong>3600 years ago.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is based on the ancient artefacts and grain discovered by the ASI from the mentioned site in the year 2018.</li>
<li>The age of the settlement was arrived at after <strong>radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples</strong> found at the site by the <strong>Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC)</strong> in New Delhi using <strong>Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Chalcolithic Culture:</strong> The excavated remains indicate <strong>existence of Chalcolithic culture</strong> in the valley as attested by the presence of mud structural remains, large quantity of potsherds, ground and polished stone tools, bone tools, beads of semi-precious stones, terracotta objects, huge quantity of faunal remains and carbonized grains.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The site has cultural <strong>similarity</strong> with Golabai Sasan, Suabarei and other excavated and explored sites in the <strong>Mahanadi delta</strong> and <strong>partial similarity</strong> with the chalcolithic sites of <strong>middle Mahanadi valley</strong> and sites of central and eastern India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economy:</strong> The inhabitants <strong>practised agriculture and animal husbandry</strong> as attested by the findings of <strong>domesticated varieties of rice and jute and evidence of domesticated cattle</strong> among the faunal remains as well as <strong>terracotta bull figurine.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Worship:</strong> A <strong>new religious belief</strong> emerged in the<strong> form of nature worship</strong> as evident from a single specimen of the <strong>Sun motif</strong> found arrayed in chocolate-slipped pottery.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sun worship</strong> dated back to 1099 BCE in the Prachi valley. Devotees from different parts of Odisha as well as the neighbouring States congregated at Chandrabhaga on the shore of the Bay of Bengal on the occasion of Magha Saptami to pay homage to Sun God.</li>
<li>The world famous <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/konark-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sun temple of Konark</strong></a>, located some 30 kilometres from the excavation, was built in the 13<sup>th</sup> century CE. <strong>The tradition of Sun worship seems to have evolved with human settlements in the region.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Co-existence:</strong> The excavation confirmed that a <strong>separate ethnic group</strong> that was using <strong>non-black-and-red ware</strong> might have existed during the early chalcolithic cultural horizon and a new class of ethnic group might have come into contact with the rural settlers at Bharati Huda during the mature phase of chalcolithic culture.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Chalcolithic Culture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As the name indicates, during the Chalcolithic<strong> (Chalco = Copper and Lithic = Stone)</strong> period, both <strong>metal and stone were utilized</strong> for the manufacture of the equipment in day-to-day life.</li>
<li>It spanned around <strong>2500 BC to 700 BC.</strong></li>
<li>Since this was the first metal age, copper and its alloy bronze which melt at low temperature were used for the manufacture of various objects during this period.</li>
<li>By far the most important sites of this period are the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley Sites.</strong> </a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Radiocarbon Dating</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Radiocarbon dating (usually referred to simply as <strong>carbon-14 dating</strong>) is a radiometric dating method. It uses the naturally occurring radioisotope carbon-14 (14C) to estimate the age of carbon-bearing materials up to about 58,000 to 62,000 years old.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>14C is also used in climate studies, biomedicine applications and many other fields.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)</strong> is a highly sensitive method of <strong>counting atoms.</strong> The most widely used isotope studied with AMS is 14C. It is used to detect very low concentrations of natural isotopic abundances (typically in the range between 10*(-12) and 10*(-16)) of both radionuclides and stable nuclides.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Inter University Accelerator Centre</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Inter University Accelerator Centre was <strong>the first Inter-University Centre</strong> to be established by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/stride" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>University Grants Commission (UGC)</strong></a> in <strong>1984.</strong></li>
<li>It was formerly known as Nuclear Science Centre.</li>
<li>The primary objective of the Centre is to establish within the university system a world class facilities for <strong>accelerator based research.</strong></li>
<li>Its aim is to formulate common research programmes of research and development in collaboration with universities, IITs and other research institutions.</li>
<li>It is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/radiocarbon-dating-says-odisha-delta-site-is-3600-years-old/article28809302.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/a-3600-years-old-site'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Urkund Software',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to a <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/stride" target="_blank" rel="noopener">University Grants Commission (UGC)</a></strong> notice, all universities in India will get final subscription to access the<strong> Swedish anti-plagiarism software &lsquo;Urkund&rsquo;</strong> from September 1, 2019.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Plagiarism is the practice of taking someone else&rsquo;s work or ideas and passing them off as one&rsquo;s own.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Urkund software was chosen through a<strong> global tender process.</strong></li>
<li>While <strong>Turnitin</strong> (US anti-plagiarism software) is more commonly used by global academics, it was found to be 10 times more expensive without a proportionate increase in features or reliability.</li>
<li>The central government is following a <strong>two-pronged approach</strong> to prevent plagiarism.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a part of this process, in the coming years the <strong>software will be available free of cost</strong> to all 900 universities, including teachers, students and researchers.</li>
<li>The Centre also notified the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hrd-ministry-approves-norms-against-plagiarism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>University Grants Commission (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2018</strong></a> to prescribe the graded punishment for plagiarism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>UGC Panel on Improving Research Culture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A UGC <strong>panel on improving research culture,</strong> headed by <strong>P. Balaram,</strong> noted that Indian academics have contributed <strong>35% of all articles published in about 11,000 fake journals</strong> between 2010 and 2014.</li>
<li>The panel found that most of these articles were in <strong>fake engineering journals,</strong> followed by articles in fake journals of biomedicine and social sciences.</li>
<li>According to the panel report, primary responsibility to ensure high standards of academic research should lie with institutions themselves.</li>
<li>Central rules and regulations can only complement the vigilant internal processes of institutions.</li>
<li>The report submitted by the panel in July 2019 said that, <strong>&lsquo;&rsquo;Institutions must take the responsibility</strong> for ensuring academic standards and for emphasising, to both students and faculty, the importance of <strong>maintaining the highest standards of integrity</strong> in academic research.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/indian-universities-get-free-access-to-urkund-software/article28810881.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/urkund-software'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Gandhian Ideologies',
			'catname' => 'Paper 4',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/892Gandhian%20Ideologies (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/892Gandhian Ideologies (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.png" width="506" height="1121" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/gandhian-ideologies" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper4/gandhian-ideologies-mind-map'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Area 51',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Hundreds of thousands of people have signed up to a <strong>Facebook event,</strong> promising to storm the <strong>alleged secret US military base, Area 51,</strong> located in the Nevada desert.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On a Facebook event titled <strong>&ldquo;Storm Area 51, They Can&rsquo;t Stop All of us&rdquo;,</strong> two million people on September 20, plan to storm a US Air Force facility called Area 51.</li>
<li>Officially known as the <strong>Nevada Test and Training Range,</strong> Area 51 is part of the <strong>Nellis Air Force Base</strong> and is used as a training centre for the US Air Force. The name originates from its location of the Nevada map.</li>
<li>With the facility <strong>shrouded in secrecy,</strong> several conspiracy theories have emerged over the years.</li>
<li>Several Americans believed it was where the government <strong>hid the bodies of aliens</strong> and <strong>Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs)</strong>, some believed it was where the government held<strong> &ldquo;meetings&rdquo; with extraterrestrials,</strong> and others speculated it was where the government developed<strong> &ldquo;time travel&rdquo; technology.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),</strong> according to official documents, has been using the facility since 1955 to <strong>develop and test supersonic aircraft and stealth fighter jets.</strong></li>
<li>It was only in 2013 that the CIA published declassified documents admitting that the Area 51 is a secret military site.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-this-word-means-area-51-5877990/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/area-51'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'TechEx: Technology and Innovation Platform',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Union Ministry of Human Resource Development has inaugurated the TechEx - technology exhibition at IIT Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>TechEx was organized to demonstrate products and prototypes developed under the Ministry of Human Resource Development&rsquo;s <strong>IMPacting Research INnovation and Technology</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-research-project-proposals-selected-under-imprint-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(IMPRINT)</strong></a> and <strong>Uchhatar Avishkar Yojana</strong> (UAY) schemes.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/872image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/872image1.jpg" width="514" height="374" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Uchhatar Avishkar Yojana</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UchhatarAvishkar Yojana (UAY) was announced with a view to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ministry-of-human-resource-development-launches-innovation-cell" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>promote innovation</strong></a> of a higher order that directly impacts the needs of the Industry and thereby improves the <strong>competitive edge</strong> of Indian manufacturing.</li>
<li>The scheme focuses on a viable <strong>industry-academic collaboration</strong> where industry shares a part of the cost of research.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Initiatives/Schemes to Promote Research and Technology Ecosystem</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Setting up of Research Parks:</strong> The Government has approved setting up of Research Parks at IIT Kharagpur, IIT Bombay, IIT Delhi, IIT Guwahati, IIT Kanpur, IIT Hyderabad, IIT Gandhinagar and IISc Bengaluru.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prime-minister-s-research-fellows-pmrf-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Research Fellowship:</strong></a> The scheme offers direct admission to meritorious students in the Ph. D programmes in IITs, IISERs and IISc.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-30th-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart India Hackathons:</strong></a> It is a nationwide initiative to provide students a platform to solve some of the pressing problems of daily lives.</li>
<li><strong>SETU (Self Employment and Talent Utilization):</strong> It is a techno- financial, incubation and facilitation program to support all aspects of start-up particularly in technology driven areas.</li>
<li><strong>Institution&rsquo;s Innovation Council (IIC)</strong> is established in Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) for promoting innovation ecosystem within their campus.</li>
<li><strong>Trainee Teacher Scheme:</strong> It had been initiated in National Institute of Technologies (NITs) with the objective to attract, motivate and sponsor best graduate engineers for part time M.Tech and Ph.D. programmes.</li>
<li><strong>VAJRA (Visiting Advanced Joint Research Faculty):</strong> This enables NRIs and overseas scientific community to participate and contribute to research and development in India through monetary support by the government.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nine-science-and-technology-missions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Science, Technology &amp; Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC)</strong></a>: It is an overarching body which assesses the status of specific S&amp;T domains, comprehends challenges, formulates immediate, mid and long term interventions and presents a roadmap to the Prime Minister.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1581265" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/techex-technology-and-innovation-platform'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Gandhian Ideologies',
			'catname' => 'Paper 4',
			'desc' => '<h3>What is Gandhian ideology?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gandhian ideology is the set of religious and social ideas adopted and developed by Mahatma Gandhi, first during his period in South Africa from 1893 to 1914, and later in India.</li>
<li>Gandhian philosophy is not only simultaneously political, moral and religious, it is also traditional and modern, simple and complex. It embodies numerous Western influences to which Gandhiji was exposed, but is <strong>rooted in ancient Indian culture</strong> harnessing universal moral &amp; religious principles.</li>
<li>The philosophy exists on several planes - the spiritual or religious, moral, political, economic, social, individual and collective. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The spiritual or religious element, and God, are at its core.</li>
<li>Human nature is regarded as fundamentally virtuous.</li>
<li>All individuals are believed to be capable of high moral development, and of reform.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Gandhian ideology emphasises not on idealism, but on <strong>practical idealism.</strong></li>
<li>Gandhian philosophy is a <strong>double-edged weapon.</strong> Its objective is to transform the individual and society simultaneously, in accordance with the principles of truth and non-violence.</li>
<li>Gandhiji developed these ideologies from various inspirational sources vis <strong>Bhagvad Geeta,</strong> Jainism, Buddhism, Bible, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Tolstoy, John Ruskin among others. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tolstoy's book <strong>'The Kingdom of God is within you'</strong> had a deep influence on Mahatma Gandhi.</li>
<li>Gandhiji paraphrased Ruskin's book <strong>'Unto this Last' </strong>as<strong> 'Sarvodaya'.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These ideas have been further developed by later "Gandhians", most notably, in India by, Vinoba Bhave and Jayaprakash Narayan and outside of India by Martin Luther King Jr. and others.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Gandhian Ideologies</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Truth and nonviolence:</strong> They are the twin cardinal principles of Gandhian thoughts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Gandhi ji, truth is the relative truth of truthfulness in word and deed, and the absolute truth - the ultimate reality. This <strong>ultimate truth is God (as God is also Truth)</strong> and <strong>morality</strong> - the moral laws and code - <strong>its basis.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Nonviolence,</strong> far from meaning mere peacefulness or the absence of overt violence, is understood by Mahatma Gandhi to <strong>denote active love</strong> - the pole opposite of violence, in every sense. Nonviolence or love is regarded as the highest law of humankind.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Satyagraha:</strong> Gandhi ji called his overall method of nonviolent action Satyagraha. It means the exercise of the purest soul-force against all injustice, oppression and exploitation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a method of securing rights by personal suffering and not inflicting injury on others.</li>
<li>The origin of Satyagraha can be found in the Upanishads, and in the teachings of Buddha, Mahavira and a number of other other greats including Tolstoy and Ruskin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sarvodaya-</strong> Sarvodaya is a term meaning<em><strong> 'Universal Uplift'</strong></em> or <em><strong>'Progress of All'.</strong></em> The term was first coined by Gandhi ji as the title of his translation of <strong>John Ruskin's</strong> tract on political economy, <em><strong>"Unto This Last".</strong></em></li>
<li><strong>Swaraj-</strong> Although the word swaraj means self-rule, Gandhi ji gave it the content of an integral revolution that encompasses all spheres of life.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Gandhi ji, swaraj of people meant the sum total of the swaraj (self-rule) of individuals and so he clarified that for him swaraj meant freedom for the meanest of his countrymen. And in its fullest sense, swaraj is much more than freedom from all restraints, it is self-rule, self-restraint and could be equated with moksha or salvation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trusteeship-</strong> Trusteeship is a <strong>socio-economic philosophy</strong> that was propounded by Gandhi ji. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provides a means by which the wealthy people would be the trustees of trusts that looked after the welfare of the people in general.</li>
<li>This principle reflects Gandhi ji&rsquo;s spiritual development, which he owed partly to his deep involvement with and the study of theosophical literature and the Bhagavad Gita.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Swadeshi</strong> The word swadeshi derives from Sanskrit and is a conjunction of two Sanskrit words. &lsquo;Swa&rsquo; means self or own and &lsquo;desh&rsquo; means country. So swadesh means one's own country. Swadeshi, the adjectival form, means of one&rsquo;s own country, but can be loosely translated in most contexts as self-sufficiency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Swadeshi is the <strong>focus on acting within and from one's own community,</strong> both politically and economically.</li>
<li>It is the interdependence of community and self-sufficiency.</li>
<li>Gandhi ji believed this would lead to independence (swaraj), as British control of India was rooted in control of her indigenous industries. Swadeshi was the key to the independence of India, and was represented by the charkha or the spinning wheel, the &ldquo;center of the solar system&rdquo; of Mahatma Gandhi&rsquo;s <strong>constructive program.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Relevance in Today&rsquo;s Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ideals of truth and nonviolence, which underpin the whole philosophy, are relevant to all humankind, and are considered as universal by the Gandhians.</li>
<li>More than ever before, Mahatma Gandhi's teachings are valid today, when people are trying to find solutions to the rampant greed, widespread violence, and runaway consumptive style of living.</li>
<li>The Gandhian technique of mobilising people has been successfully employed by many oppressed societies around the world under the leadership of people like <strong>Martin Luther King in the United States, Nelson Mandela in South Africa, </strong>and <strong>Aung San Suu Kyi in Myanmar,</strong> which is an eloquent testimony to the continuing relevance of Mahatma Gandhi.</li>
<li><strong>Dalai Lama said,</strong> "We have a big war going on today between world peace and world war, between the force of mind and force of materialism, between democracy and totalitarianism." It is precisely to fight these big wars that the Gandhian philosophy needed in contemporary times.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><em>In my life, I have always looked to Mahatma Gandhi as an inspiration, because he embodies the kind of transformational change that can be made when ordinary people come together to do extraordinary things." -Barack Obama</em></p>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gandhian ideologies shaped the creation of institutions and practices where the<strong> voice and perspective of everyone can be articulated, tested and transformed.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>According to him, democracy provided the weak with the same chance as the strong.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Functioning on the basis of voluntary cooperation and dignified &amp; peaceful co-existence was replicated in several other modern democracies. Also, his emphasis on political tolerance and religious pluralism holds relevance in contemporary Indian politics.</li>
<li>Truth, nonviolence, Sarvodaya and Satyagraha and their significance constitute Gandhian philosophy and are the four pillars of Gandhian thought.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper4/gandhian-ideologies-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper4/gandhian-ideologies'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Sustainable Plantations',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/how-plantation-sector-can-turn-near-organic/article28805012.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;How plantation sector can turn &lsquo;near organic&rsquo;&rdquo;</a> that appeared in The Hindu BusinessLine on 3 August 2019. It talks about the sustainability of Plantations.</strong></p>
</div>
<p>The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry. It is a type of commercial farming where a single crop is grown on a large area. It was introduced by the Europeans in colonies situated in tropical countries.</p>
<p>In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc. are the important plantation crops. However environmental and man-made excesses of the input-intensive Green Revolution has made plantations unsustainable.</p>
<h3>Why the current model of Plantation is unsustainable?</h3>
<p>Plantation agriculture is characterised by features like large estates or plantations, high capital investment, single crop specialisation, labour intensive etc., but it adversely affects the environment. For example:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The biggest negative impact is due to the change in land use.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over the 150-200 years, the forest was cleared to develop commercial crops, and that too dominated by mono-cropping.</li>
<li>This has lead to the loss of productivity and biodiversity of the region.</li>
<li>Further, the plantations are converted into resorts, health cities or housing complexes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The plantation is India is motivated by the Green Revolution, which heavily relies on the use of inorganic fertilizers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This leads to problems like deterioration of soil fertility, water pollution due to run-off etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These negative effects further get aggravated due to heavy rains, floods and landslides- fallouts of climate change.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How to make plantations sustainable?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For environmentally sustainable agriculture in India, a new approach based on the prudent application of inputs and optimal use of <strong>Nitrate Reductase</strong> can be utilized.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nitrate Reductase&rsquo; Principle</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nitrate Reductase is an <strong>enzyme</strong> that is secreted in the<strong> root zone</strong> to denote that plant is ready to absorb the nutrients derived out of the nitrogenous format.</li>
<li>It furthers absorption of zinc sulphate, boron, magnesium sulphate and manganese, which are essential micronutrients to ward off infections such as blister blight and tea mosquito attack.</li>
<li>This enzyme is synchronised with the<strong> sunshine hours.</strong> It is supposed to remain active for<strong> two hours</strong> a day.</li>
<li><strong>By synchronising the use of nitrogenous fertiliser with the secretion of the enzyme, the use of fertilizers can be minimised and a near-organic form of cultivation can be achieved.</strong></li>
<li>Thereby the abuse of nitrogenous fertilisers can be contained.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rather than planting community selling land to real estate developers, the plantation sector can take up pisciculture.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Pisciculture, mini earthen dams can be created. These earthen dams can be a source of additional income to the planters.</li>
<li>Since the regions in India dominated by plantations are located in the seismologically disturbed area.</li>
<li>So for the construction of permission from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) has to be taken.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Precision Farming techniques like drip irrigation and fertigation, along with the use of technologies like artificial intelligence should be used in plantation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The plantation sector in India suffers from lack of long-term policies or distorted policies since Independence, climate change, increasing labour and input costs, the need to improve yield, the necessity of growers to focus on value addition and unavailability of both skilled &amp; unskilled labour.</li>
<li>Comprehensive and integrated government policy is needed that focuses on value-addition of existing crops, inter-cropping of high-value crops, the introduction of the concept of integrated farming and ecotourism in plantations.</li>
<li>The policy should also encourage increase in the revenue and employment opportunities from unit area of plantation through different ecologically sustainable vocations and other activities like inter-cropping, integrated farming activities, harnessing of non-renewable energy sources, fruit processing etc.</li>
</ul>
<p>Plantation agriculture is very important for an agrarian country like India, but unsustainable plantations will lead to an environmental disaster. Hence, the government should address the ills of the plantations and while promoting sustainable practices in plantations keeping in mind the menace of global warming.<br /><br /></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" height="83">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; background-color: #d3f5db; border-color: #001aff;">
<p><em><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">Drishti input</span><br /><br /></strong></em>Plantation agriculture is very important for an agrarian country like India, but unsustainable plantations will lead to an environmental disaster. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sustainable-plantations'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Farmland Fragmentation',
			'catname' => 'GS Paper III',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="/pdf/farmland-fragmentation.pdf" target="_blank" class="downloadbtn" rel="noopener">Download PDF</a><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 700px; border: none; left: 0; top: 0;" src="//docs.google.com/viewer?url=https://www.drishtiias.com/pdf/farmland-fragmentation.pdf&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en" title="Embedded Document"></iframe></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/infographics/info-paper3/farmland-fragmentation'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Census 2021',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The next census of India to be conducted in 2021 with March 1, 2021 as the reference date, except for the states of Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Census 2021 <strong>will be conducted in 18 languages out of the 22 scheduled languages (under 8<sup>th</sup> schedule) and English,</strong> while Census 2011 was in 16 of the 22 scheduled languages declared at that time.</li>
<li>It also <strong>will introduce a code directory</strong> to streamline the process</li>
<li>The option of &ldquo;Other&rdquo; under the gender category will be changed to <strong>&ldquo;Third Gender&rdquo;.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There were roughly 5 lakh people under "other" category in 2011.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For the first time in the 140 year history of census in India, data is proposed to be collected through a mobile app by enumerators and they will receive an additional payment as an incentive.</li>
<li><strong>The Census data would be available by the year 2024-25</strong> as the entire process would be conducted digitally and data crunching would be quicker.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Data from the Census 2011 is still being released. <strong>E.g.:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2011-census-data-on-migration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>dataset on migration was published recently.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issue of Caste Data Collection</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier in 2018, the Ministry of Home Affairs had declared that the Other Backward Class (OBC) category would be included in the Census 2021.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the Registrar-General of India (RGI) has said that only SC/ST will be included as the unreliable nature of caste data collection decreases the credibility of the results.<strong> E.g.:</strong> A person belonging to the Yadav caste writes Yadu, Yaduvanshi, etc. in the form; there is no standardisation. People sometimes even confuse caste with gotra.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The 2011 caste data, collected as part of the Socio Economic Caste Census (SECC), is yet to be released by the Centre.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even a committee formed under former vice-chairman of NITI Aayog, Arvind Panagariya to find a way to publish the 2011 Socio-economic and Caste Census data failed to provide any tangible outcome.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The last caste-based census was conducted by the British in 1931.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Census</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The census provides information on size, distribution and socio-economic, demographic and other characteristics of the country's population.</li>
<li><strong>'Rig-Veda' reveals</strong> that some kind of population count was maintained during 800-600 BC in India.</li>
<li><strong>Arthashastr by 'Kautilya' written in the 3<sup>rd</sup> Century BC</strong> prescribed the collection of population statistics as a measure of state policy for taxation.</li>
<li>During the regime of the <strong>Mughal king Akbar, the administrative report 'Ain-e-Akbari'</strong> included comprehensive data pertaining to population, industry, wealth and many other characteristics.</li>
<li>A systematic and modern population census, in its present form was conducted non synchronously between 1865 and 1872 in different parts of the country.</li>
<li>However, <strong>the first synchronous census in India was held in 1881</strong>. Since then, censuses have been undertaken uninterruptedly once every ten years.</li>
<li>India's last census was carried out in<strong> 2011 when the country's population stood at 121 crore</strong>. The Indian Census is one of the largest administrative exercises undertaken in the world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/census-may-skip-caste-count/article28801333.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Accused Can be Ordered to Give Voice Samples',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Supreme Court has ruled that <strong>a judicial magistrate</strong> can order an <strong>accused</strong> to give his voice <strong>samples even against his consent</strong> in the course of a <strong>criminal investigation.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court has issued this order under <strong>Article 142</strong> of the Constitution of India.</li>
<li>It called upon the Parliament to make requisite changes in the Code of Criminal Procedure to provide for the same and till that happens, the magistrate will have the power to order the same.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>87<sup>th</sup> Report of the Law Commission of India</strong> describes a voiceprint as a <strong>&ldquo;visual recording of voice&rdquo;.</strong> Voiceprints resemble fingerprints, in that each person has a distinctive voice with characteristic features dictated by vocal cavities and articulates.</li>
<li>In a past judgment, the court said that the making of such far-reaching interpretations in the Criminal Procedure Code &ndash; which is silent on whether a court can order a person to give voice sample to police &ndash; should be best left to the legislature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The court also observed that the <strong>fundamental right to privacy (Article 21)</strong> cannot be construed as absolute and must bow down to compelling public interest.</li>
<li>The court did not give any direct observation on <strong>Article 20 (3)</strong> of the Constitution which protects an accused from being compelled to be a witness against himself.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, with this order, a person can be compelled to give his voice sample during the criminal investigation.</li>
<li>The <strong>Chief Justice compared a voice sample</strong> with other impressions like <strong>specimen handwriting, or impressions of his fingers, palm or foot collected by police during the investigation.</strong> By themselves, these impressions or the handwriting do not incriminate the accused person, or even tend to do so.</li>
<li>A voice sample will be taken for the <strong>reason of comparison with other voices</strong> in order to see if they match and are of the same person.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Article 142</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition:</strong> Article 142 provides <strong>discretionary power</strong> to the Supreme Court as it states that the Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make <strong>such order</strong> as is necessary <strong>for doing complete justice</strong> in any cause or matter pending before it.</li>
<li><strong>Constructive Application:</strong> In the early years of the evolution of Article 142, the general public and the lawyers both lauded the Supreme Court for its efforts to bring complete justice to various deprived sections of society or to protect the environment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Cleansing of Taj Mahal</strong> and <strong>justice to many undertrials</strong> is a result of the invocation of this article only.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the <strong>Union Carbide case,</strong> relating to the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy, the <strong>Supreme Court placed itself above the laws made by the Parliament</strong> or the legislatures of the States by saying that, to do complete justice, it <strong>could even override the laws made by Parliament.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, in the&nbsp;<em><strong>Supreme Court Bar Association v. Union of India,</strong></em> the Supreme Court stated that <strong>Article 142 could not be used to supplant</strong> the existing law, but only to <strong>supplement the law.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cases of Judicial Overreach:</strong> In recent years, there have been several judgments of the Supreme Court wherein it has been <strong>foraying into areas which had long been forbidden to the judiciary by reason of the doctrine of &lsquo;separation of powers&rsquo;,</strong> which is part of the basic structure of the Constitution. One such example is:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The ban on the sale of alcohol along national and state highways:</strong> While the notification by the central government prohibited liquor stores along National Highways only, the Supreme Court put in place a ban on a distance of 500 metres by invoking Article 142.</li>
<li>Additionally, and in the absence of any similar notification by any of the State governments, the court extended the ban to State highways as well.</li>
<li>Such judgments have <strong>created uncertainty about the discretion</strong> vested in the court to invoke Article 142 where even fundamental rights of individuals are being ignored.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Way Forward</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Supreme Court needs to introspect</strong> on whether the use of Article 142 as an independent source of power should be regulated by strict guidelines.</li>
<li>Another option is that <strong>all cases invoking Article 142 should be referred to a Constitution Bench of at least five judges</strong> so that this exercise of discretion may be the outcome of five independent judicial minds operating on matters having such far-reaching impact on the lives of people.</li>
<li>In all cases where the court invokes Article 142, the government should bring out a white paper to study the beneficial as well as the negative effects of the judgment after a period of six months or so from its date.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/accused-can-be-ordered-to-give-voice-sample-sc/articleshow/70506253.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ToI</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accused-can-be-ordered-to-give-voice-samples'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'National Medical Commission Bill',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/health-care-is-ailing-aiims-neet-exam-doctors-protest-nmc-bill-5870681/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;National Medical Commission is no cure-all, many important questions remain&rdquo;</a> which appeared in The Indian Express on 2 August 2019. It critically analyses the National Medical Commission Bill, 2019.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the National Medical Commission Bill, 2019 was passed by the parliament. The bill sets up the National Medical Commission (NMC) which will act as an umbrella regulatory body in the medical education system.</p>
<p>Also, the NMC will subsume the MCI and will regulate medical education and practice in India. Apart from this, it also provides for the reforms in the medical education system.</p>
<h3>What are the issues in MCI?</h3>
<p>The Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 established The Medical Council of India (MCI) which till now is responsible for regulating medical education and practice.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, over the years, MCI has been marred by several issues regarding its <strong>regulatory role, composition, allegations of corruption, and lack of accountability</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2009, the Yashpal Committee and the National Knowledge Commission recommended separating the regulation of medical education and medical practice.</li>
<li>MCI is an elected body where its members are elected by medical practitioners themselves, i.e., the regulator is elected by the regulated.</li>
<li><strong>This creates a conflict of interest.</strong></li>
<li>MCI is solely dominated by doctors: Since medical education is a diverse stream, MCI should include diverse stakeholders such as public health experts, social scientists, and health economists.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For example, in the United Kingdom, the General Medical Council (the counterpart of MCI), consists of 12 medical practitioners and 12 lay members (such as community health members, administrators from local government).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per MCI regulations, a college is required to be inspected 25 times to get final recognition. This establishes an <strong>Inspector Raj</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Salient Features of the Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill <strong>establishes the National Medical Commission (NMC)</strong> at union level and directs states to establish State Medical Councils, within three years of the passage of the Bill.</li>
<li>The NMC will consist of <strong>25 members</strong> partly nominated by the central government.</li>
<li><strong>Functions of the National Medical Commission will include:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Regulating medical institutions and medical professionals</li>
<li>Assessing the requirements of healthcare-related human resources and infrastructure</li>
<li>Ensuring compliance by the State Medical Councils</li>
<li>Framing guidelines for determination of fees for up to 50% of the seats in private medical institutions and deemed universities</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Bill sets up autonomous boards under the supervision of the NMC.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Under-Graduate Medical Education Board (UGMEB) and the Post-Graduate Medical Education Board (PGMEB).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These will be responsible for formulating standards, curriculum, guidelines, and granting recognition to medical qualifications at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Medical Assessment and Rating Board (MARB)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will levy monetary penalties on medical institutions which fail to maintain the minimum standards as laid down by the UGMEB and PGMEB.</li>
<li>It will also grant permission for establishing a new medical college, starting any postgraduate course, or increasing the number of seats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Ethics and Medical Registration Board:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It maintains a National Register of all licensed medical practitioners and regulates professional conduct.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Community Health Provider:</strong> Under the Bill, the NMC may grant limited <strong>license to certain mid-level practitioners</strong> connected with the modern medical profession to practice medicine.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These mid-level medical practitioners may prescribe specified medicines in primary and preventive healthcare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Qualifying examinations:</strong> There will be a uniform <strong>National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test</strong> (NEET) for admission to under-graduate and post-graduate super-speciality medical education in all medical institutions regulated.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bill proposes a common final year undergraduate examination, the National Exit Test, for the students graduating from medical institutions to obtain the license for the practice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages of National Medical Commission Bill, 2019</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NMC has the potential to link the disease burden and the specialties being produced.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the UK, for example, it is the government that lays down how many specialists of which discipline need to be produced, which the British Medical Council then adheres to.</li>
<li>In India, the MCI has so far been operating independently. This gap can be bridged by the NMC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>By introducing qualifying exams like NEET and NEXT, NMC can instill <strong>uniformity in the standard of competence</strong> and skills.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can reduce the burden of taking multiple exams, ensure a minimum level of knowledge in science, and reduce corruption by restricting student admission to those qualifying these exams.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The State Medical Council will act as a <strong>grievance redressal body</strong> for any complaints relating to professional or ethical misconduct against a registered medical practitioner.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will protect the interest of the patients and checks the corrosive impact of the process of <strong>commercialisation of medical services</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The differential pricing of medical education can benefit the economically weaker sections of society.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NMC will have a final say in the <strong>determination of fees for up to 50% of the seats</strong> in private medical institutions and deemed universities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NMC can encourage and incentivise innovation and promote research by laying down rules that make research a prerequisite in medical colleges.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The composition of the members of NMC which are to be nominated by the Union government can possibly lead to <strong>favouritism and bureaucratic interference</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The extensive discretionary powers that the Bill provides to government reduce the accountability of NMC and make <strong>it virtually an advisory body</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The NMC Bill provides for licensing of 3.5 lakhs non-medical persons to practise modern medicine. However, the term <strong>Community Health Provider has been vaguely defined</strong>.</li>
<li>The capping of the fees of 50% of seats in private medical colleges is dubbed to be <strong>anti-poor</strong>, as the remaining 50% of seats which is called the management quota, will witness a high rise in fees.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This can deny admission to poor students on 50% seats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>India has suffered from the problem of inappropriately trained doctors of varying quality since a very long time. Decades back, the Mudaliar Committee Report (1959) pointed out that doctors had neither the skills nor the knowledge to handle primary care and infectious diseases that were a high priority concern at the time. In recent times, the excessive reliance on a battery of diagnostic tests is reflective of commercial considerations and weak knowledge.</p>
<p>While NMC can help in improving the medical education and practice in the country, the government must thoroughly focus on addressing much bigger issues like Antibiotic resistance, crunch in public expenditure in health etc.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-medical-commission-bill'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Intellectual Property Rights',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/909Intellectual%20Property Rights (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/909Intellectual Property Rights (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.jpg" width="387" height="1280" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/intellectual-property-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener">For TTP</a></em></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/intellectual-property-rights-mind-map'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Increasing the Strength of SC Judges',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Union Cabinet of India has approved increasing the strength of judges in the Supreme court.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cabinet has taken a decision to increase the strength (an increase of 10%) from 31 to 34 judges including the Chief Justice of India (CJI).</li>
<li>The Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act, 1956 was last amended in 2009 to increase the judge's strength from 25 to 31 (including the CJI).</li>
<li>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/full-strength-of-sc-judges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 124(1)</strong></a> of the Constitution of India, the strength of the Supreme Court is fixed by the law made by the Parliament.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rising Pendency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Between 2006 and 2018 (up to April), there has been an 8.6% rise in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/wish-list-for-judiciary">pendency</a> of cases across all courts.</li>
<li>Pendency before Supreme Court increased by 36%, High Courts by 17%, and subordinate courts by 7%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low Disposal Rate:</strong> The disposal rate has stayed between 55% to 59% in the Supreme Court, at 28% in the High Courts, and at 40% in the subordinate courts.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 124(1)</strong> states that there shall be a Supreme Court of India consisting of a Chief Justice of India and, until Parliament by law prescribes a large number, of not more than seven other judges.</li>
<li><strong>Article 124(2)</strong> states that every judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such number of the judges of Supreme Court and of the High Courts (in states).</li>
<li>The Parliament is competent to increase the number of judges if it deems necessary.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-approves-increasing-strength-of-supreme-court-judges-from-31-to-34/article28773734.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increasing-the-strength-of-sc-judges'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Deciphering Indus Script',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to the research paper titled <strong>&lsquo;Interrogating Indus inscription to unravel their mechanism of meaning conveyance&rsquo;,</strong> the Indus inscriptions <strong>can be compared to the structured messages</strong> found on stamps, coupons, tokens and currency coins of modern times.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indus inscriptions have not been deciphered due to the absence of bilingual texts, extreme brevity of the inscriptions, and ignorance about the language(s) encoded by Indus script.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The majority of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley inscriptions</strong></a> were written <strong>logo graphically</strong> (by using word signs) and not by <strong>using phonograms</strong> (speech sounds units), claims a recent research paper published in Palgrave Communications, a Nature group journal.</li>
<li>The paper mainly focuses on understanding how Indus inscriptions conveyed meanings, rather than on deciphering what they conveyed.</li>
<li>The inscribed seals and tablets were <strong>used in some administrative operation</strong> that controlled the commercial transactions of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation.</li>
<li>According to paper, though many ancient scripts use <strong>rebus methods</strong> to generate new words, the inscriptions found on the Indus seals and tablets have not used rebus as the mechanism to convey meaning.</li>
<li>The researcher also rejected the popular hypothesis that the seals were inscribed with Proto-Dravidian or Proto-Indo-European names of the seal-owners.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rebus Method</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A common perception among some scholars is that the Indus script is logo-syllabic, where one symbol can be used as a word sign at one time and as a syllable-sign at another.</li>
<li>This method, where a word-symbol also gets sometimes used only for its sound value, is called the rebus principle. <strong>E.g.:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The pictures of a honey bee can be combined with a leaf to signify the word &ldquo;belief&rdquo; (bee+leaf).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/new-research-could-show-the-way-to-deciphering-indus-script/article28787527.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Global Honour for Indian Scientist',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>Atish Dabholkar,</strong> a <strong>theoretical physicist</strong> from India, known for his research on <strong>string theory</strong> and <strong>quantum black holes,</strong> has been appointed as the next director of the Italy-based <strong>International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dabhokar will succeed <strong>Fernando Quevedo</strong> from November 2019.</li>
<li>He is the second Indian appointed to the post in ICTP history after <strong>Katepalli Sreenivasan,</strong> who was Quevedo&rsquo;s predecessor.</li>
<li>Dabholkar is currently the head of the High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics section of ICTP based in <strong>Trieste, north-east Italy.</strong></li>
<li>He is also the winner of the 2006 <strong>Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award</strong> for Science and Technology.</li>
<li>He completed his school education in Kolhapur district of Maharashtra and did his graduation from IIT, Kanpur, and earned a PhD in theoretical physics from Princeton University.</li>
<li>Until 2010, he was a professor of theoretical physics at <strong>Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai,</strong> and has been a visiting professor at Stanford University and a visiting scientist at <strong>CERN.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Centre for Theoretical Physics</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) was founded in 1964 by the late Nobel Laureate <strong>Abdus Salam.</strong></li>
<li>Its mandate is to <strong>provide education and skills to scientists from developing countries for their</strong> productive careers.</li>
<li><strong>It</strong> has helped in<strong> stemming the scientific brain drain</strong> from the developing world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>String Theory</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an attempt to combine the <strong>quantum mechanics</strong> (body of scientific laws that describe the behavior of photons, electrons and other particles that make up the universe) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/einstein-was-right:-astronomers-confirm-key-theory-of-relativity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Albert Einstein's theory of relativity</strong></a> &mdash; with an overarching framework that can explain all of physical reality.</li>
<li>It tries to do so by positing that particles are actually <strong>one-dimensional,</strong> string-like entities whose vibrations determine the particles' properties, such as their mass and charge.</li>
</ul>
<h3>European Organization for Nuclear Research</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is the <strong>European Organization founded in 1954 for Nuclear Research.</strong></li>
<li>It aims to provide a unique range of particle accelerator facilities that enable world-class research in <strong>fundamental physics.</strong></li>
<li>It operates the world&rsquo;s largest and most powerful particle accelerator i.e <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/upgrade-at-cern" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Large Hadron Collider (LHC).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Theoretical Physics</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the development of mathematical formalisms and computational protocols for describing all aspects of objects found in the world around us and their interaction.</li>
<li>This can involve both providing models for understanding empirical results or constructing self-logical theories for explaining phenomena beyond current experiments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The award is named after the founder Director of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/membrane-to-clean-toxic-effluents" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research (CSIR) India,</strong></a> the late Dr (Sir) Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and is known as the &lsquo;Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prize for Science and Technology&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The Prize is given each year for outstanding contributions to science and technology.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/honour-for-kolhapur-born-scientist/article28777827.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Multi-cropping',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>A recent study conducted by the <strong>Centre for Economic and Social Studies</strong> (CESS) has highlighted the importance of multi-cropping system.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In multi cropping system, farmers grow <strong>two or more crops</strong> on farmland in one calendar year (unlike mono-cropping, that involves planting only one crop on a field). It includes inter-cropping, mixed-cropping and relay cropping.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Intercropping:</strong> Is growing two or more crops simultaneously in a definite cropping pattern.</li>
<li><strong>Relay cropping:</strong> Relay cropping involves growing of two or more crops on the same field with the planting of the second crop after the first one has reached its reproductive stage.</li>
<li><strong>Mixed intercropping:</strong> It involves growing more than one crop simultaneously <strong>without any distinct row arrangement.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Multi cropping system is common in <strong>tropical regions</strong> having more rainfall, higher temperatures, and a longer growing season.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Economical Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Higher Productivity:</strong> Multiple cropping system is seen as a way to maximize land productivity in a small area by improving the intensity of land and labor use for better profit and stabilizing farm income.</li>
<li><strong>Fodder Stock:</strong> Growing multicrops or polycrops ensures enough fodder stocks for cattles.</li>
<li><strong>Food Security:</strong> In multi-cropping system, even if one or two crops fail, farmers still be able to harvest other crops to guarantee food throughout the year.</li>
<li><strong>Multiple Uses:</strong> Crops don&rsquo;t just yield grains but also fodder and fuelwood.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Agronomic Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pest Management:</strong> Growing a variety of crops together minimizes pest problems and makes efficient use of soil nutrients, water, and land.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Leguminous (crops having roots that are able to make soil nitrogen available to other plants), when intercropped with other crops, particularly those that require plenty of nitrogen (e.g. young maize plants and sorghum), results into efficient use of soil nutrients.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weed Management:</strong> It helps to suppress weeds, as weeds find it difficult to grow alongside some crops.</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable crop production</strong> <strong>systems:</strong> This reduces the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Centre for Economic and Social Studies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) was established as an autonomous research Centre in 1980.</li>
<li>Later in 1986 it was recognized as a national institute by the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) (Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India).</li>
<li>The Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) has been registered under Section 6(1) (a) of the <strong>Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act 1976.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/multi-cropping-has-economical-and-agronomic-benefits/article28785706.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BL</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Annadata to Urjadata',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-farmers-solar-energy-doubling-farmers-incomes-5878303/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;From Plate to Plough: In the shade of solar trees&rdquo;</strong></a> which appeared in The Indian Express on 5<sup>th</sup> August 2019. It talks about the use of Solar Trees for addressing the energy crisis and moving towards the goal of doubling the farmer's income.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the minister of the state of agriculture admitted that current policies will fall short of the goal of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/doubling-farmers-income-a-promise-to-be-fulfilled-by-2022" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>doubling farmer's income by 2022</strong></a>. In this context, the narrative of turning <strong>Annadata (farmer) into Urjadata (producer of solar power)</strong> as highlighted by Finance Minister in Budget 2019, can provide multidimensional benefits.</p>
<h3>Doubling the Farmer's Income.</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian PM in 2016 set the goal of double farmers&rsquo; income by 2022, in pursuance of which Ashok Dalwai committee was set up.</li>
<li>The committee held that for doubling real incomes, it would require a growth rate of 10.4% per year over seven years (over a base income of 2015-16).</li>
<li>Given that India's agricultural income growth has been hovering around 3-4% over several decades, doubling of farmer's income by 2022, may seem a distant dream.</li>
<li>However, harnessing solar energy can help double farmer's income within a year or two.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Harnessing Solar Energy With Agriculture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India faces the challenge of overcoming its energy crisis and increasing its economic growth while being environmentally responsible.</li>
<li>In pursuit of renewable energy generation, India has launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-assembly-of-international-solar-alliance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></a> and set a target of producing <strong>100 GW of solar power</strong> by 2022.</li>
<li>Government has launched <strong>Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan</strong> (KUSUM) scheme to harness the solar energy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>KUSUM scheme seeks to replace all diesel pump-sets with solar pumps and the excess power generated through solar panels will be purchased by state governments at a price that gives the farmer a good profit.</li>
<li>Also, to develop solar power, bids are invited from large business players to develop solar parks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, one of the issues regarding KUSUM scheme and solar parks is that decreasing solar costs forces state governments to revise the costs of pre-purchased agreements (PPA) downwards, thereby making investment unviable.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>KUSUM Scheme</strong></p>
<p>It seeks to provide:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Installation of grid-connected solar power plants each of capacity up to <strong>2 MW</strong> in the rural areas.</li>
<li>Installation of standalone off-grid solar water pumps to fulfil irrigation needs of farmers not connected to the grid.</li>
<li>Solarization of existing grid-connected agriculture pumps to make farmers independent of grid supply and <strong>also enable them to sell surplus solar power generated to DISCOMs and get an extra income.</strong></li>
<li>Solarization of tube-wells and lift irrigation projects of the Government sector.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Encouraging farmers to grow <strong>&ldquo;Solar Trees&rdquo;</strong> on their lands, can provide with the twin benefits:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solar Trees at a height of about 10-12 feet will provide enough sunlight to plants below. It does not impact their productivity as there is ample sunlight coming from the sides for photosynthesis.</li>
<li><strong>Thereby the farmer can keep growing two irrigated crops.</strong></li>
<li>And the solar tree generates a lot of excess power that can be purchased by the state government.</li>
<li>Therefore there can be increased income augmentation. In one acre land, 500 Solar Trees can be planted.</li>
<li>Solar Trees are being deployed in many countries from Japan to China to Germany.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Solar Tree</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Solar energy is renewable and clean in nature and presents a better alternative over other methods of electricity production.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/822image1.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/822image1.webp" width="218" height="145" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>However, the availability of land of installing solar panels on a large scale is often a hurdle in the progress of renewable energy.</li>
<li><strong>This problem is resolved by Solar Tree.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Solar Tree is much like that of a real tree, where solar panels(act like leaves) connected through metal branches using sunlight to make energy.</li>
<li>Solar trees need nearly 100 times less space to produce the same amount of electricity as a horizontal solar plant. For eg:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), in West Bengal&rsquo;s Durgapur, has designed and developed, a solar tree that takes up only four square feet of space and produces about three kilowatts of power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Solar Trees are also suitable for use in off-the-grid remote areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mobilising enough capital</strong> to instal these Solar Trees remains one of the problems.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For the investment in Solar Trees, bids from big corporates can be invited.</li>
<li>Farmers can be given Rs one lakh/acre per annum as net income, with a fair rate of increment every year.</li>
<li>This can easily double their income and farmers will not have to mobilise capital for solar pumps. That is done by other investors, who also make a profit in the process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is difficult for any government to implement 619 recommendations given by the Ashok Dalwai Committee even in five years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For effective implementation recommendations of Ashok dalwai committee must be summarised and prioritised to just 5-10 recommendations for one year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Saffron revolution (by Solar Trees), will transform Annadata to Urjadata, which also resolve the arduous challenge of supplying accessible and affordable energy to help alleviate poverty and meet energy demands that are necessary for economic growth.<br /><br /></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 0%;" height="100">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 501.818px; border-style: dotted; background-color: #f3f5d7; border-color: #ff5805;">
<p><em><span style="color: #0000ff;"><strong>Drishti Input</strong></span></em><br /><br />Discuss the role of solar energy in resolving the arduous challenge of supplying accessible and affordable energy to help alleviate poverty and meet energy demands that are necessary for economic growth. Also, highlight the benefits of Solar Tree in this regard?</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Article 370 and 35(A) Revoked',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>On 5<sup>th</sup> of August 2019, the President of India promulgated the<strong> Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019.&nbsp;</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The order effectively abrogates the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under the provision of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 370</strong> </a>- whereby provisions of the Constitution which were applicable to other states were not applicable to&nbsp;<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>According to the Order, provisions of the <strong>Indian Constitution are now applicable in the State.</strong></li>
<li>This Order comes into force &ldquo;at once&rdquo;, and shall &ldquo;supersede the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954.&rdquo;</li>
<li>A separate Bill - the <strong>Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill 2019</strong> - was introduced to bifurcate the State into two separate <strong>union territories of Jammu and Kashmir (with legislature)</strong>, and <strong>Ladakh (without legislature).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Jammu and Kashmir Reservation (Second Amendment) Bill, 2019</strong> was also introduced to extend the reservation for<strong> Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)</strong> in educational institutions and government jobs in Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/856J&amp;K%20Map (edit).jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/856J&amp;K Map (edit).jpg" width="354" height="249" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>History</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>J&amp;K acceded to the Dominion of India after the <strong>Instrument of Accession</strong> was signed by Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, on 26 October 1947.</li>
<li><strong>Article 370 of the Indian Constitution</strong> provided that only<strong> Articles 1 and 370 itself would apply to J&amp;K.</strong> The application of other Articles was to be determined by the President in consultation with the government of the state.</li>
<li><strong>The Constitution Order of 1950</strong> specified the matters on which the Union Parliament would be competent to make laws for J&amp;K, in concurrence with the Instrument of Accession - 38 Subjects from the Union List were added.</li>
<li>The <strong>Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954</strong> settled the constitutional relationship of J&amp;K and the Union of India. It made the following provisions -
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian citizenship and all related benefits (fundamental rights) were extended to the <strong>'permanent residents'</strong> of Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-article-35a" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 35A</a> was</strong> added to the Constitution (empowering the state legislature to legislate on the privileges of permanent residents with regard to immovable property, settlement in the state and employment)</li>
<li>The<strong> jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India</strong> was extended to the State.</li>
<li>Central Government was given the power to <strong>declare a national emergency</strong> in the event of <strong>external aggression.</strong> The power in case of internal disturbances could be exercised only with the concurrence of the State Government.</li>
<li>Normalized the financial relations between the Centre and J&amp;K</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Article 370 - Features and Provisions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Present in part XXI of the Indian Constitution</strong> which comprises of <strong>Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions</strong> with rest to various states of India.</li>
<li>Forms the basis of the <strong>&ldquo;Special Status&rdquo;</strong> of J&amp;K.</li>
<li>Provides for a <strong>separate Constitution of J&amp;K.</strong></li>
<li>Limits the Union Parliament&rsquo;s power to make laws for J&amp;K to those subjects mentioned in the<strong> Instrument of Accession (defense, foreign affairs, and communications)</strong> and others as and when declared by the Presidential Orders with the concurrence of the Government of the State.</li>
<li>Specified the mechanism by which the Article shall cease to be operative. That is, on the <strong>recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the State</strong> before the President issues such a notification. However, this provision has been <strong>amended by the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Was it Temporary</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Article was introduced to accommodate the apprehensions of Maharaja Hari Singh who would not have acceded to India without certain concessions.</li>
<li>Territorial integrity was of paramount importance to India post-independence, thus, such a special provision was inducted in the constitution.</li>
<li>The provision, however, is part of the<strong> &ldquo;Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions&rdquo;</strong> of our constitution.</li>
<li>Moreover, Article 370 could be interpreted as temporary in the sense that the J&amp;K Constituent Assembly had a right to modify/delete/retain it; it decided to retain it.</li>
<li>Another interpretation was that accession was temporary until a plebiscite.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues in Revoking</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Article 370 is the bedrock of the constitutional relationship between Jammu and Kashmir and the rest of India.</li>
<li>It has been described as a tunnel through which the Constitution is applied to J&amp;K.</li>
<li>India has used Article 370 at least 45 times to extend provisions of the Indian Constitution to J&amp;K. This is the only way through which, by mere Presidential Orders, India has almost nullified the effect of J&amp;K&rsquo;s special status.</li>
<li>By the 1954 order, almost the entire Constitution was extended to J&amp;K including most Constitutional amendments.</li>
<li>However, abrogating the article altogether <strong>may threaten the peace in the state</strong> which is already a hotspot of conflicts and militancy.</li>
<li>It will completely change the relationship between the state and the rest of India.</li>
<li>It will also clear the path for <strong>abrogating Article 35A</strong> which would allow Indian citizens to <strong>purchase land and settle permanently</strong> in J&amp;K.</li>
<li>Thus, the move is bound to have a s<strong>ignificant impact on the demography, culture, and politics of J&amp;K.</strong></li>
</ul>',
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	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Genome India Initiative',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>India is planning to launch its first <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Mission%20to%20Sequence%20Genes%20of%20Indians" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Human Genome Mapping project.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Project involves scanning of 20,000 Indian genomes (in the next five years) in order to develop <strong>diagnostic tests</strong> and effective therapies for <strong>treating diseases</strong> such as cancer.</li>
<li>It is to be implemented by <strong>The Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/921image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/921image2.jpg" width="399" height="351" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cancer Incidence in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the study, as India continues to age, cancer cases will <strong>double</strong> every 20 years.</li>
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand </strong>and<strong> Odisha,</strong> will bear the biggest cancer burden in the next 10-20 years.</li>
<li>According to<strong> Epidemiological Transition Level</strong> concept <strong>(ETL)</strong>, number of patients with cancer started to increase as the life expectancy of Indians started to increase.</li>
<li>The States with high ETL have a better development index and higher cancer rates.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ETL is highest in Kerala and is lowest in Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Government should consider <strong>Bhore committee</strong> and <strong>Mudaliar committee</strong> report recommendations for cancer that include creation of a multidisciplinary cancer treatment unit in all medical colleges and setting up of a stand-alone cancer speciality hospital.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project is to be carried out in two phases:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The first phase of the project involves sequencing the <strong>complete genomes</strong> of 10,000 <strong>healthy Indians.</strong></li>
<li>Second phase, involves genome sequencing of 10,000 <strong>diseased individuals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Data on human sequencing would be accessible to researchers through a proposed <strong>National Biological Data Centre</strong> envisaged in <strong>Biological Data Storage, Access and Sharing Policy.</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Centre for Cell Sciences</strong> will collect samples of the microbiome from the human gut.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Centre for Cell Science</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Centre for Cell Science is a national level, biotechnology, tissue engineering and tissue banking research center located at Savitribai Phule Pune University, Maharashtra.</li>
<li>It is one of the premier research centers in India, which works on cell-culture, cell-repository, immunology, chromatin-remodelling.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Healthcare:</strong> For new advancements in medical science (like predictive diagnosis and precision medicine, genomic information) and in disease management,&nbsp;<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-sequencing-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">genome sequencing</a></strong> can play a crucial role.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through genome sequencing methodology, researchers and clinicians can easily detect the disease related to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetic-disorders" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>genetic disorder.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Genetic Screening:</strong> The genome project will lead to improved techniques of genetic screening for <strong>diseases</strong> prior to the birth.</li>
<li><strong>Evolution Puzzle:</strong> The genome project may answer questions regarding evolution by comparing human DNA with primate DNA.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Discrimination:</strong> Discrimination based on genotype is a possible consequence of genome sequencing.For example, employers may obtain genetic information on employees prior to hiring them. If a certain employee is shown to be genetically susceptible to undesirable workforce traits they may be discriminated against their genotype.</li>
<li><strong>Ownership and Control:</strong> Apart from the issue of privacy and confidentiality, questions of ownership and control of genetic information becomes critical.</li>
<li><strong>Fair Use of Genetic Data:</strong> For insurance, employment, criminal justice, education, adoption, and military is necessary.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/biotechnology-department-will-scan-20000-indian-genomes/article28815520.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-india-initiative'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Skilling under MGNREGA',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The central government is working on an initiative to move 10-12.5 million families within the ambit of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-group-of-chief-ministers-on-coordination-between-mgnrega-and-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)</strong></a> out of poverty <strong>by imparting skills and creating durable assets.</strong></p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the <strong>Livelihoods in Full Employment (LIFE) project</strong> of the MGNREGA, started in 2015-16, the government provides training to eligible workers in the age group 15-35 years. However, this is restricted to MGNREGA workers who have completed 100 days&rsquo; work.</li>
<li>In a <strong>mid-term review of the initiative,</strong> a lot of states complained of slow progress.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>States also complaint for <strong>absence of stipends</strong> (for loss of wages due to engagement in skilling),</li>
<li><strong>Candidates ineligibility for skilling</strong> due to the age criterion, was also one of the main complaints of the states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>New Initiative Features</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government is planning to <strong>spend Rs 500-1,000 crore every year</strong> on this and it will <strong>not be limited</strong> to those who completed 100 days of work under the MGNREGA.</li>
<li>As part of the proposed initiative, each year <strong>one member of 400,000-500,000 families will get training for 30-45 days.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Stipends</strong> will be provided for compensation of any loss in wages that may arise.</li>
<li>Training will be provided within the mandated 100 days (of MGNREGA) and conducted under skill-development initiatives such as the <strong>Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY),</strong> self-employment programmes run by banks, and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-rural-economic-transformation-project-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM).</strong></a></li>
<li>The workers will be attached to <strong>Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs)</strong> and trained in grafting, horticulture, growing fruit-bearing crops, etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Livelihoods in Full Employment (LIFE) Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Rural Development has formulated a project for 'Livelihoods in Full Employment' un</strong>der Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act <strong>(Project LIFE-MGNREGA) in April 2015.</strong></li>
<li>The project aims to <strong>promote self reliance</strong> and <strong>improving the skill base of the MGNREGA workers,</strong> and thereby improving the livelihood of the workers, so that they can move from current status of partial employment to full employment status.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Rural Development</strong> announced the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) <strong>Antyodaya Diwas,</strong> on 25th September 2014.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>demand driven placement linked skill training initiative</strong> working under National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM).</li>
<li>It uses skill training and placement in wage employment as a tool to <strong>diversify income </strong>and<strong> enable sustained upward movement out of poverty.</strong></li>
<li>DDU-GKY is <strong>uniquely focused on rural youth</strong> between the ages of 15 and 35 years from poor families.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>KVK, is an integral part of the <strong>National Agricultural Research System (NARS)</strong>, which aims at assessment of location specific technology modules in agriculture and allied enterprises, through technology assessment, refinement and demonstrations.</li>
<li>KVKs have been functioning as <strong>Knowledge and Resource Centre</strong> of agricultural technology supporting initiatives of public, private and voluntary sector for <strong>improving the agricultural economy</strong> of the district and are linking the NARS with extension system and farmers.</li>
<li>The KVK scheme is <strong>100% financed by the Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>KVKs are sanctioned to <strong>Agricultural Universities, ICAR institutes, related Government Departments and Non Government Organizations (NGOs)</strong> working in Agriculture</li>
<li>The first KVK was established in 1974 at <strong>Puducherry.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/building-lives-mgnregs-aims-to-pull-out-12-million-families-of-poverty-119080400824_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skilling-under-mgnrega'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'A 3600 Years Old Site',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>As per the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monuments-of-national-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)</a></strong>, <strong>a rural settlement had thrived at Bharati Huda</strong> in Jalalpur village in <strong>Odisha&rsquo;s</strong> Cuttack district, about <strong>3600 years ago.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is based on the ancient artefacts and grain discovered by the ASI from the mentioned site in the year 2018.</li>
<li>The age of the settlement was arrived at after <strong>radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples</strong> found at the site by the <strong>Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC)</strong> in New Delhi using <strong>Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Chalcolithic Culture:</strong> The excavated remains indicate <strong>existence of Chalcolithic culture</strong> in the valley as attested by the presence of mud structural remains, large quantity of potsherds, ground and polished stone tools, bone tools, beads of semi-precious stones, terracotta objects, huge quantity of faunal remains and carbonized grains.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The site has cultural <strong>similarity</strong> with Golabai Sasan, Suabarei and other excavated and explored sites in the <strong>Mahanadi delta</strong> and <strong>partial similarity</strong> with the chalcolithic sites of <strong>middle Mahanadi valley</strong> and sites of central and eastern India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economy:</strong> The inhabitants <strong>practised agriculture and animal husbandry</strong> as attested by the findings of <strong>domesticated varieties of rice and jute and evidence of domesticated cattle</strong> among the faunal remains as well as <strong>terracotta bull figurine.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Worship:</strong> A <strong>new religious belief</strong> emerged in the<strong> form of nature worship</strong> as evident from a single specimen of the <strong>Sun motif</strong> found arrayed in chocolate-slipped pottery.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sun worship</strong> dated back to 1099 BCE in the Prachi valley. Devotees from different parts of Odisha as well as the neighbouring States congregated at Chandrabhaga on the shore of the Bay of Bengal on the occasion of Magha Saptami to pay homage to Sun God.</li>
<li>The world famous <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/konark-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sun temple of Konark</strong></a>, located some 30 kilometres from the excavation, was built in the 13<sup>th</sup> century CE. <strong>The tradition of Sun worship seems to have evolved with human settlements in the region.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Co-existence:</strong> The excavation confirmed that a <strong>separate ethnic group</strong> that was using <strong>non-black-and-red ware</strong> might have existed during the early chalcolithic cultural horizon and a new class of ethnic group might have come into contact with the rural settlers at Bharati Huda during the mature phase of chalcolithic culture.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Chalcolithic Culture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As the name indicates, during the Chalcolithic<strong> (Chalco = Copper and Lithic = Stone)</strong> period, both <strong>metal and stone were utilized</strong> for the manufacture of the equipment in day-to-day life.</li>
<li>It spanned around <strong>2500 BC to 700 BC.</strong></li>
<li>Since this was the first metal age, copper and its alloy bronze which melt at low temperature were used for the manufacture of various objects during this period.</li>
<li>By far the most important sites of this period are the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley Sites.</strong> </a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Radiocarbon Dating</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Radiocarbon dating (usually referred to simply as <strong>carbon-14 dating</strong>) is a radiometric dating method. It uses the naturally occurring radioisotope carbon-14 (14C) to estimate the age of carbon-bearing materials up to about 58,000 to 62,000 years old.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>14C is also used in climate studies, biomedicine applications and many other fields.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)</strong> is a highly sensitive method of <strong>counting atoms.</strong> The most widely used isotope studied with AMS is 14C. It is used to detect very low concentrations of natural isotopic abundances (typically in the range between 10*(-12) and 10*(-16)) of both radionuclides and stable nuclides.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Inter University Accelerator Centre</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Inter University Accelerator Centre was <strong>the first Inter-University Centre</strong> to be established by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/stride" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>University Grants Commission (UGC)</strong></a> in <strong>1984.</strong></li>
<li>It was formerly known as Nuclear Science Centre.</li>
<li>The primary objective of the Centre is to establish within the university system a world class facilities for <strong>accelerator based research.</strong></li>
<li>Its aim is to formulate common research programmes of research and development in collaboration with universities, IITs and other research institutions.</li>
<li>It is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/radiocarbon-dating-says-odisha-delta-site-is-3600-years-old/article28809302.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/a-3600-years-old-site'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Urkund Software',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to a <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/stride" target="_blank" rel="noopener">University Grants Commission (UGC)</a></strong> notice, all universities in India will get final subscription to access the<strong> Swedish anti-plagiarism software &lsquo;Urkund&rsquo;</strong> from September 1, 2019.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Plagiarism is the practice of taking someone else&rsquo;s work or ideas and passing them off as one&rsquo;s own.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Urkund software was chosen through a<strong> global tender process.</strong></li>
<li>While <strong>Turnitin</strong> (US anti-plagiarism software) is more commonly used by global academics, it was found to be 10 times more expensive without a proportionate increase in features or reliability.</li>
<li>The central government is following a <strong>two-pronged approach</strong> to prevent plagiarism.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a part of this process, in the coming years the <strong>software will be available free of cost</strong> to all 900 universities, including teachers, students and researchers.</li>
<li>The Centre also notified the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hrd-ministry-approves-norms-against-plagiarism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>University Grants Commission (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2018</strong></a> to prescribe the graded punishment for plagiarism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>UGC Panel on Improving Research Culture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A UGC <strong>panel on improving research culture,</strong> headed by <strong>P. Balaram,</strong> noted that Indian academics have contributed <strong>35% of all articles published in about 11,000 fake journals</strong> between 2010 and 2014.</li>
<li>The panel found that most of these articles were in <strong>fake engineering journals,</strong> followed by articles in fake journals of biomedicine and social sciences.</li>
<li>According to the panel report, primary responsibility to ensure high standards of academic research should lie with institutions themselves.</li>
<li>Central rules and regulations can only complement the vigilant internal processes of institutions.</li>
<li>The report submitted by the panel in July 2019 said that, <strong>&lsquo;&rsquo;Institutions must take the responsibility</strong> for ensuring academic standards and for emphasising, to both students and faculty, the importance of <strong>maintaining the highest standards of integrity</strong> in academic research.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/indian-universities-get-free-access-to-urkund-software/article28810881.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/urkund-software'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Gandhian Ideologies',
		'catname' => 'Paper 4',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/892Gandhian%20Ideologies (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/892Gandhian Ideologies (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.png" width="506" height="1121" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/gandhian-ideologies" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper4/gandhian-ideologies-mind-map'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Area 51',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Hundreds of thousands of people have signed up to a <strong>Facebook event,</strong> promising to storm the <strong>alleged secret US military base, Area 51,</strong> located in the Nevada desert.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On a Facebook event titled <strong>&ldquo;Storm Area 51, They Can&rsquo;t Stop All of us&rdquo;,</strong> two million people on September 20, plan to storm a US Air Force facility called Area 51.</li>
<li>Officially known as the <strong>Nevada Test and Training Range,</strong> Area 51 is part of the <strong>Nellis Air Force Base</strong> and is used as a training centre for the US Air Force. The name originates from its location of the Nevada map.</li>
<li>With the facility <strong>shrouded in secrecy,</strong> several conspiracy theories have emerged over the years.</li>
<li>Several Americans believed it was where the government <strong>hid the bodies of aliens</strong> and <strong>Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs)</strong>, some believed it was where the government held<strong> &ldquo;meetings&rdquo; with extraterrestrials,</strong> and others speculated it was where the government developed<strong> &ldquo;time travel&rdquo; technology.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),</strong> according to official documents, has been using the facility since 1955 to <strong>develop and test supersonic aircraft and stealth fighter jets.</strong></li>
<li>It was only in 2013 that the CIA published declassified documents admitting that the Area 51 is a secret military site.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-this-word-means-area-51-5877990/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/area-51'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'TechEx: Technology and Innovation Platform',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Union Ministry of Human Resource Development has inaugurated the TechEx - technology exhibition at IIT Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>TechEx was organized to demonstrate products and prototypes developed under the Ministry of Human Resource Development&rsquo;s <strong>IMPacting Research INnovation and Technology</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-research-project-proposals-selected-under-imprint-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(IMPRINT)</strong></a> and <strong>Uchhatar Avishkar Yojana</strong> (UAY) schemes.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/872image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/872image1.jpg" width="514" height="374" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Uchhatar Avishkar Yojana</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UchhatarAvishkar Yojana (UAY) was announced with a view to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ministry-of-human-resource-development-launches-innovation-cell" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>promote innovation</strong></a> of a higher order that directly impacts the needs of the Industry and thereby improves the <strong>competitive edge</strong> of Indian manufacturing.</li>
<li>The scheme focuses on a viable <strong>industry-academic collaboration</strong> where industry shares a part of the cost of research.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Initiatives/Schemes to Promote Research and Technology Ecosystem</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Setting up of Research Parks:</strong> The Government has approved setting up of Research Parks at IIT Kharagpur, IIT Bombay, IIT Delhi, IIT Guwahati, IIT Kanpur, IIT Hyderabad, IIT Gandhinagar and IISc Bengaluru.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prime-minister-s-research-fellows-pmrf-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Research Fellowship:</strong></a> The scheme offers direct admission to meritorious students in the Ph. D programmes in IITs, IISERs and IISc.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-30th-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart India Hackathons:</strong></a> It is a nationwide initiative to provide students a platform to solve some of the pressing problems of daily lives.</li>
<li><strong>SETU (Self Employment and Talent Utilization):</strong> It is a techno- financial, incubation and facilitation program to support all aspects of start-up particularly in technology driven areas.</li>
<li><strong>Institution&rsquo;s Innovation Council (IIC)</strong> is established in Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) for promoting innovation ecosystem within their campus.</li>
<li><strong>Trainee Teacher Scheme:</strong> It had been initiated in National Institute of Technologies (NITs) with the objective to attract, motivate and sponsor best graduate engineers for part time M.Tech and Ph.D. programmes.</li>
<li><strong>VAJRA (Visiting Advanced Joint Research Faculty):</strong> This enables NRIs and overseas scientific community to participate and contribute to research and development in India through monetary support by the government.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nine-science-and-technology-missions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Science, Technology &amp; Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC)</strong></a>: It is an overarching body which assesses the status of specific S&amp;T domains, comprehends challenges, formulates immediate, mid and long term interventions and presents a roadmap to the Prime Minister.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1581265" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/techex-technology-and-innovation-platform'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Gandhian Ideologies',
		'catname' => 'Paper 4',
		'desc' => '<h3>What is Gandhian ideology?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gandhian ideology is the set of religious and social ideas adopted and developed by Mahatma Gandhi, first during his period in South Africa from 1893 to 1914, and later in India.</li>
<li>Gandhian philosophy is not only simultaneously political, moral and religious, it is also traditional and modern, simple and complex. It embodies numerous Western influences to which Gandhiji was exposed, but is <strong>rooted in ancient Indian culture</strong> harnessing universal moral &amp; religious principles.</li>
<li>The philosophy exists on several planes - the spiritual or religious, moral, political, economic, social, individual and collective. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The spiritual or religious element, and God, are at its core.</li>
<li>Human nature is regarded as fundamentally virtuous.</li>
<li>All individuals are believed to be capable of high moral development, and of reform.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Gandhian ideology emphasises not on idealism, but on <strong>practical idealism.</strong></li>
<li>Gandhian philosophy is a <strong>double-edged weapon.</strong> Its objective is to transform the individual and society simultaneously, in accordance with the principles of truth and non-violence.</li>
<li>Gandhiji developed these ideologies from various inspirational sources vis <strong>Bhagvad Geeta,</strong> Jainism, Buddhism, Bible, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Tolstoy, John Ruskin among others. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tolstoy's book <strong>'The Kingdom of God is within you'</strong> had a deep influence on Mahatma Gandhi.</li>
<li>Gandhiji paraphrased Ruskin's book <strong>'Unto this Last' </strong>as<strong> 'Sarvodaya'.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These ideas have been further developed by later "Gandhians", most notably, in India by, Vinoba Bhave and Jayaprakash Narayan and outside of India by Martin Luther King Jr. and others.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Gandhian Ideologies</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Truth and nonviolence:</strong> They are the twin cardinal principles of Gandhian thoughts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Gandhi ji, truth is the relative truth of truthfulness in word and deed, and the absolute truth - the ultimate reality. This <strong>ultimate truth is God (as God is also Truth)</strong> and <strong>morality</strong> - the moral laws and code - <strong>its basis.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Nonviolence,</strong> far from meaning mere peacefulness or the absence of overt violence, is understood by Mahatma Gandhi to <strong>denote active love</strong> - the pole opposite of violence, in every sense. Nonviolence or love is regarded as the highest law of humankind.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Satyagraha:</strong> Gandhi ji called his overall method of nonviolent action Satyagraha. It means the exercise of the purest soul-force against all injustice, oppression and exploitation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a method of securing rights by personal suffering and not inflicting injury on others.</li>
<li>The origin of Satyagraha can be found in the Upanishads, and in the teachings of Buddha, Mahavira and a number of other other greats including Tolstoy and Ruskin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sarvodaya-</strong> Sarvodaya is a term meaning<em><strong> 'Universal Uplift'</strong></em> or <em><strong>'Progress of All'.</strong></em> The term was first coined by Gandhi ji as the title of his translation of <strong>John Ruskin's</strong> tract on political economy, <em><strong>"Unto This Last".</strong></em></li>
<li><strong>Swaraj-</strong> Although the word swaraj means self-rule, Gandhi ji gave it the content of an integral revolution that encompasses all spheres of life.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Gandhi ji, swaraj of people meant the sum total of the swaraj (self-rule) of individuals and so he clarified that for him swaraj meant freedom for the meanest of his countrymen. And in its fullest sense, swaraj is much more than freedom from all restraints, it is self-rule, self-restraint and could be equated with moksha or salvation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trusteeship-</strong> Trusteeship is a <strong>socio-economic philosophy</strong> that was propounded by Gandhi ji. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provides a means by which the wealthy people would be the trustees of trusts that looked after the welfare of the people in general.</li>
<li>This principle reflects Gandhi ji&rsquo;s spiritual development, which he owed partly to his deep involvement with and the study of theosophical literature and the Bhagavad Gita.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Swadeshi</strong> The word swadeshi derives from Sanskrit and is a conjunction of two Sanskrit words. &lsquo;Swa&rsquo; means self or own and &lsquo;desh&rsquo; means country. So swadesh means one's own country. Swadeshi, the adjectival form, means of one&rsquo;s own country, but can be loosely translated in most contexts as self-sufficiency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Swadeshi is the <strong>focus on acting within and from one's own community,</strong> both politically and economically.</li>
<li>It is the interdependence of community and self-sufficiency.</li>
<li>Gandhi ji believed this would lead to independence (swaraj), as British control of India was rooted in control of her indigenous industries. Swadeshi was the key to the independence of India, and was represented by the charkha or the spinning wheel, the &ldquo;center of the solar system&rdquo; of Mahatma Gandhi&rsquo;s <strong>constructive program.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Relevance in Today&rsquo;s Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ideals of truth and nonviolence, which underpin the whole philosophy, are relevant to all humankind, and are considered as universal by the Gandhians.</li>
<li>More than ever before, Mahatma Gandhi's teachings are valid today, when people are trying to find solutions to the rampant greed, widespread violence, and runaway consumptive style of living.</li>
<li>The Gandhian technique of mobilising people has been successfully employed by many oppressed societies around the world under the leadership of people like <strong>Martin Luther King in the United States, Nelson Mandela in South Africa, </strong>and <strong>Aung San Suu Kyi in Myanmar,</strong> which is an eloquent testimony to the continuing relevance of Mahatma Gandhi.</li>
<li><strong>Dalai Lama said,</strong> "We have a big war going on today between world peace and world war, between the force of mind and force of materialism, between democracy and totalitarianism." It is precisely to fight these big wars that the Gandhian philosophy needed in contemporary times.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><em>In my life, I have always looked to Mahatma Gandhi as an inspiration, because he embodies the kind of transformational change that can be made when ordinary people come together to do extraordinary things." -Barack Obama</em></p>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gandhian ideologies shaped the creation of institutions and practices where the<strong> voice and perspective of everyone can be articulated, tested and transformed.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>According to him, democracy provided the weak with the same chance as the strong.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Functioning on the basis of voluntary cooperation and dignified &amp; peaceful co-existence was replicated in several other modern democracies. Also, his emphasis on political tolerance and religious pluralism holds relevance in contemporary Indian politics.</li>
<li>Truth, nonviolence, Sarvodaya and Satyagraha and their significance constitute Gandhian philosophy and are the four pillars of Gandhian thought.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper4/gandhian-ideologies-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper4/gandhian-ideologies'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Sustainable Plantations',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/how-plantation-sector-can-turn-near-organic/article28805012.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;How plantation sector can turn &lsquo;near organic&rsquo;&rdquo;</a> that appeared in The Hindu BusinessLine on 3 August 2019. It talks about the sustainability of Plantations.</strong></p>
</div>
<p>The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry. It is a type of commercial farming where a single crop is grown on a large area. It was introduced by the Europeans in colonies situated in tropical countries.</p>
<p>In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc. are the important plantation crops. However environmental and man-made excesses of the input-intensive Green Revolution has made plantations unsustainable.</p>
<h3>Why the current model of Plantation is unsustainable?</h3>
<p>Plantation agriculture is characterised by features like large estates or plantations, high capital investment, single crop specialisation, labour intensive etc., but it adversely affects the environment. For example:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The biggest negative impact is due to the change in land use.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over the 150-200 years, the forest was cleared to develop commercial crops, and that too dominated by mono-cropping.</li>
<li>This has lead to the loss of productivity and biodiversity of the region.</li>
<li>Further, the plantations are converted into resorts, health cities or housing complexes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The plantation is India is motivated by the Green Revolution, which heavily relies on the use of inorganic fertilizers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This leads to problems like deterioration of soil fertility, water pollution due to run-off etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These negative effects further get aggravated due to heavy rains, floods and landslides- fallouts of climate change.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How to make plantations sustainable?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For environmentally sustainable agriculture in India, a new approach based on the prudent application of inputs and optimal use of <strong>Nitrate Reductase</strong> can be utilized.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nitrate Reductase&rsquo; Principle</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nitrate Reductase is an <strong>enzyme</strong> that is secreted in the<strong> root zone</strong> to denote that plant is ready to absorb the nutrients derived out of the nitrogenous format.</li>
<li>It furthers absorption of zinc sulphate, boron, magnesium sulphate and manganese, which are essential micronutrients to ward off infections such as blister blight and tea mosquito attack.</li>
<li>This enzyme is synchronised with the<strong> sunshine hours.</strong> It is supposed to remain active for<strong> two hours</strong> a day.</li>
<li><strong>By synchronising the use of nitrogenous fertiliser with the secretion of the enzyme, the use of fertilizers can be minimised and a near-organic form of cultivation can be achieved.</strong></li>
<li>Thereby the abuse of nitrogenous fertilisers can be contained.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rather than planting community selling land to real estate developers, the plantation sector can take up pisciculture.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Pisciculture, mini earthen dams can be created. These earthen dams can be a source of additional income to the planters.</li>
<li>Since the regions in India dominated by plantations are located in the seismologically disturbed area.</li>
<li>So for the construction of permission from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) has to be taken.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Precision Farming techniques like drip irrigation and fertigation, along with the use of technologies like artificial intelligence should be used in plantation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The plantation sector in India suffers from lack of long-term policies or distorted policies since Independence, climate change, increasing labour and input costs, the need to improve yield, the necessity of growers to focus on value addition and unavailability of both skilled &amp; unskilled labour.</li>
<li>Comprehensive and integrated government policy is needed that focuses on value-addition of existing crops, inter-cropping of high-value crops, the introduction of the concept of integrated farming and ecotourism in plantations.</li>
<li>The policy should also encourage increase in the revenue and employment opportunities from unit area of plantation through different ecologically sustainable vocations and other activities like inter-cropping, integrated farming activities, harnessing of non-renewable energy sources, fruit processing etc.</li>
</ul>
<p>Plantation agriculture is very important for an agrarian country like India, but unsustainable plantations will lead to an environmental disaster. Hence, the government should address the ills of the plantations and while promoting sustainable practices in plantations keeping in mind the menace of global warming.<br /><br /></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" height="83">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; background-color: #d3f5db; border-color: #001aff;">
<p><em><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">Drishti input</span><br /><br /></strong></em>Plantation agriculture is very important for an agrarian country like India, but unsustainable plantations will lead to an environmental disaster. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sustainable-plantations'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Farmland Fragmentation',
		'catname' => 'GS Paper III',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="/pdf/farmland-fragmentation.pdf" target="_blank" class="downloadbtn" rel="noopener">Download PDF</a><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 700px; border: none; left: 0; top: 0;" src="//docs.google.com/viewer?url=https://www.drishtiias.com/pdf/farmland-fragmentation.pdf&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en" title="Embedded Document"></iframe></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/infographics/info-paper3/farmland-fragmentation'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Census 2021',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The next census of India to be conducted in 2021 with March 1, 2021 as the reference date, except for the states of Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Census 2021 <strong>will be conducted in 18 languages out of the 22 scheduled languages (under 8<sup>th</sup> schedule) and English,</strong> while Census 2011 was in 16 of the 22 scheduled languages declared at that time.</li>
<li>It also <strong>will introduce a code directory</strong> to streamline the process</li>
<li>The option of &ldquo;Other&rdquo; under the gender category will be changed to <strong>&ldquo;Third Gender&rdquo;.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There were roughly 5 lakh people under "other" category in 2011.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For the first time in the 140 year history of census in India, data is proposed to be collected through a mobile app by enumerators and they will receive an additional payment as an incentive.</li>
<li><strong>The Census data would be available by the year 2024-25</strong> as the entire process would be conducted digitally and data crunching would be quicker.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Data from the Census 2011 is still being released. <strong>E.g.:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2011-census-data-on-migration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>dataset on migration was published recently.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issue of Caste Data Collection</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier in 2018, the Ministry of Home Affairs had declared that the Other Backward Class (OBC) category would be included in the Census 2021.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the Registrar-General of India (RGI) has said that only SC/ST will be included as the unreliable nature of caste data collection decreases the credibility of the results.<strong> E.g.:</strong> A person belonging to the Yadav caste writes Yadu, Yaduvanshi, etc. in the form; there is no standardisation. People sometimes even confuse caste with gotra.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The 2011 caste data, collected as part of the Socio Economic Caste Census (SECC), is yet to be released by the Centre.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even a committee formed under former vice-chairman of NITI Aayog, Arvind Panagariya to find a way to publish the 2011 Socio-economic and Caste Census data failed to provide any tangible outcome.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The last caste-based census was conducted by the British in 1931.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Census</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The census provides information on size, distribution and socio-economic, demographic and other characteristics of the country's population.</li>
<li><strong>'Rig-Veda' reveals</strong> that some kind of population count was maintained during 800-600 BC in India.</li>
<li><strong>Arthashastr by 'Kautilya' written in the 3<sup>rd</sup> Century BC</strong> prescribed the collection of population statistics as a measure of state policy for taxation.</li>
<li>During the regime of the <strong>Mughal king Akbar, the administrative report 'Ain-e-Akbari'</strong> included comprehensive data pertaining to population, industry, wealth and many other characteristics.</li>
<li>A systematic and modern population census, in its present form was conducted non synchronously between 1865 and 1872 in different parts of the country.</li>
<li>However, <strong>the first synchronous census in India was held in 1881</strong>. Since then, censuses have been undertaken uninterruptedly once every ten years.</li>
<li>India's last census was carried out in<strong> 2011 when the country's population stood at 121 crore</strong>. The Indian Census is one of the largest administrative exercises undertaken in the world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/census-may-skip-caste-count/article28801333.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Accused Can be Ordered to Give Voice Samples',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Supreme Court has ruled that <strong>a judicial magistrate</strong> can order an <strong>accused</strong> to give his voice <strong>samples even against his consent</strong> in the course of a <strong>criminal investigation.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court has issued this order under <strong>Article 142</strong> of the Constitution of India.</li>
<li>It called upon the Parliament to make requisite changes in the Code of Criminal Procedure to provide for the same and till that happens, the magistrate will have the power to order the same.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>87<sup>th</sup> Report of the Law Commission of India</strong> describes a voiceprint as a <strong>&ldquo;visual recording of voice&rdquo;.</strong> Voiceprints resemble fingerprints, in that each person has a distinctive voice with characteristic features dictated by vocal cavities and articulates.</li>
<li>In a past judgment, the court said that the making of such far-reaching interpretations in the Criminal Procedure Code &ndash; which is silent on whether a court can order a person to give voice sample to police &ndash; should be best left to the legislature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The court also observed that the <strong>fundamental right to privacy (Article 21)</strong> cannot be construed as absolute and must bow down to compelling public interest.</li>
<li>The court did not give any direct observation on <strong>Article 20 (3)</strong> of the Constitution which protects an accused from being compelled to be a witness against himself.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, with this order, a person can be compelled to give his voice sample during the criminal investigation.</li>
<li>The <strong>Chief Justice compared a voice sample</strong> with other impressions like <strong>specimen handwriting, or impressions of his fingers, palm or foot collected by police during the investigation.</strong> By themselves, these impressions or the handwriting do not incriminate the accused person, or even tend to do so.</li>
<li>A voice sample will be taken for the <strong>reason of comparison with other voices</strong> in order to see if they match and are of the same person.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Article 142</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition:</strong> Article 142 provides <strong>discretionary power</strong> to the Supreme Court as it states that the Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make <strong>such order</strong> as is necessary <strong>for doing complete justice</strong> in any cause or matter pending before it.</li>
<li><strong>Constructive Application:</strong> In the early years of the evolution of Article 142, the general public and the lawyers both lauded the Supreme Court for its efforts to bring complete justice to various deprived sections of society or to protect the environment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Cleansing of Taj Mahal</strong> and <strong>justice to many undertrials</strong> is a result of the invocation of this article only.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the <strong>Union Carbide case,</strong> relating to the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy, the <strong>Supreme Court placed itself above the laws made by the Parliament</strong> or the legislatures of the States by saying that, to do complete justice, it <strong>could even override the laws made by Parliament.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, in the&nbsp;<em><strong>Supreme Court Bar Association v. Union of India,</strong></em> the Supreme Court stated that <strong>Article 142 could not be used to supplant</strong> the existing law, but only to <strong>supplement the law.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cases of Judicial Overreach:</strong> In recent years, there have been several judgments of the Supreme Court wherein it has been <strong>foraying into areas which had long been forbidden to the judiciary by reason of the doctrine of &lsquo;separation of powers&rsquo;,</strong> which is part of the basic structure of the Constitution. One such example is:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The ban on the sale of alcohol along national and state highways:</strong> While the notification by the central government prohibited liquor stores along National Highways only, the Supreme Court put in place a ban on a distance of 500 metres by invoking Article 142.</li>
<li>Additionally, and in the absence of any similar notification by any of the State governments, the court extended the ban to State highways as well.</li>
<li>Such judgments have <strong>created uncertainty about the discretion</strong> vested in the court to invoke Article 142 where even fundamental rights of individuals are being ignored.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Way Forward</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Supreme Court needs to introspect</strong> on whether the use of Article 142 as an independent source of power should be regulated by strict guidelines.</li>
<li>Another option is that <strong>all cases invoking Article 142 should be referred to a Constitution Bench of at least five judges</strong> so that this exercise of discretion may be the outcome of five independent judicial minds operating on matters having such far-reaching impact on the lives of people.</li>
<li>In all cases where the court invokes Article 142, the government should bring out a white paper to study the beneficial as well as the negative effects of the judgment after a period of six months or so from its date.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/accused-can-be-ordered-to-give-voice-sample-sc/articleshow/70506253.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ToI</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accused-can-be-ordered-to-give-voice-samples'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'National Medical Commission Bill',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/health-care-is-ailing-aiims-neet-exam-doctors-protest-nmc-bill-5870681/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;National Medical Commission is no cure-all, many important questions remain&rdquo;</a> which appeared in The Indian Express on 2 August 2019. It critically analyses the National Medical Commission Bill, 2019.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the National Medical Commission Bill, 2019 was passed by the parliament. The bill sets up the National Medical Commission (NMC) which will act as an umbrella regulatory body in the medical education system.</p>
<p>Also, the NMC will subsume the MCI and will regulate medical education and practice in India. Apart from this, it also provides for the reforms in the medical education system.</p>
<h3>What are the issues in MCI?</h3>
<p>The Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 established The Medical Council of India (MCI) which till now is responsible for regulating medical education and practice.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, over the years, MCI has been marred by several issues regarding its <strong>regulatory role, composition, allegations of corruption, and lack of accountability</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2009, the Yashpal Committee and the National Knowledge Commission recommended separating the regulation of medical education and medical practice.</li>
<li>MCI is an elected body where its members are elected by medical practitioners themselves, i.e., the regulator is elected by the regulated.</li>
<li><strong>This creates a conflict of interest.</strong></li>
<li>MCI is solely dominated by doctors: Since medical education is a diverse stream, MCI should include diverse stakeholders such as public health experts, social scientists, and health economists.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For example, in the United Kingdom, the General Medical Council (the counterpart of MCI), consists of 12 medical practitioners and 12 lay members (such as community health members, administrators from local government).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per MCI regulations, a college is required to be inspected 25 times to get final recognition. This establishes an <strong>Inspector Raj</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Salient Features of the Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill <strong>establishes the National Medical Commission (NMC)</strong> at union level and directs states to establish State Medical Councils, within three years of the passage of the Bill.</li>
<li>The NMC will consist of <strong>25 members</strong> partly nominated by the central government.</li>
<li><strong>Functions of the National Medical Commission will include:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Regulating medical institutions and medical professionals</li>
<li>Assessing the requirements of healthcare-related human resources and infrastructure</li>
<li>Ensuring compliance by the State Medical Councils</li>
<li>Framing guidelines for determination of fees for up to 50% of the seats in private medical institutions and deemed universities</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Bill sets up autonomous boards under the supervision of the NMC.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Under-Graduate Medical Education Board (UGMEB) and the Post-Graduate Medical Education Board (PGMEB).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These will be responsible for formulating standards, curriculum, guidelines, and granting recognition to medical qualifications at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Medical Assessment and Rating Board (MARB)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will levy monetary penalties on medical institutions which fail to maintain the minimum standards as laid down by the UGMEB and PGMEB.</li>
<li>It will also grant permission for establishing a new medical college, starting any postgraduate course, or increasing the number of seats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Ethics and Medical Registration Board:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It maintains a National Register of all licensed medical practitioners and regulates professional conduct.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Community Health Provider:</strong> Under the Bill, the NMC may grant limited <strong>license to certain mid-level practitioners</strong> connected with the modern medical profession to practice medicine.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These mid-level medical practitioners may prescribe specified medicines in primary and preventive healthcare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Qualifying examinations:</strong> There will be a uniform <strong>National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test</strong> (NEET) for admission to under-graduate and post-graduate super-speciality medical education in all medical institutions regulated.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bill proposes a common final year undergraduate examination, the National Exit Test, for the students graduating from medical institutions to obtain the license for the practice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages of National Medical Commission Bill, 2019</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NMC has the potential to link the disease burden and the specialties being produced.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the UK, for example, it is the government that lays down how many specialists of which discipline need to be produced, which the British Medical Council then adheres to.</li>
<li>In India, the MCI has so far been operating independently. This gap can be bridged by the NMC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>By introducing qualifying exams like NEET and NEXT, NMC can instill <strong>uniformity in the standard of competence</strong> and skills.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can reduce the burden of taking multiple exams, ensure a minimum level of knowledge in science, and reduce corruption by restricting student admission to those qualifying these exams.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The State Medical Council will act as a <strong>grievance redressal body</strong> for any complaints relating to professional or ethical misconduct against a registered medical practitioner.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will protect the interest of the patients and checks the corrosive impact of the process of <strong>commercialisation of medical services</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The differential pricing of medical education can benefit the economically weaker sections of society.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NMC will have a final say in the <strong>determination of fees for up to 50% of the seats</strong> in private medical institutions and deemed universities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NMC can encourage and incentivise innovation and promote research by laying down rules that make research a prerequisite in medical colleges.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The composition of the members of NMC which are to be nominated by the Union government can possibly lead to <strong>favouritism and bureaucratic interference</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The extensive discretionary powers that the Bill provides to government reduce the accountability of NMC and make <strong>it virtually an advisory body</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The NMC Bill provides for licensing of 3.5 lakhs non-medical persons to practise modern medicine. However, the term <strong>Community Health Provider has been vaguely defined</strong>.</li>
<li>The capping of the fees of 50% of seats in private medical colleges is dubbed to be <strong>anti-poor</strong>, as the remaining 50% of seats which is called the management quota, will witness a high rise in fees.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This can deny admission to poor students on 50% seats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>India has suffered from the problem of inappropriately trained doctors of varying quality since a very long time. Decades back, the Mudaliar Committee Report (1959) pointed out that doctors had neither the skills nor the knowledge to handle primary care and infectious diseases that were a high priority concern at the time. In recent times, the excessive reliance on a battery of diagnostic tests is reflective of commercial considerations and weak knowledge.</p>
<p>While NMC can help in improving the medical education and practice in the country, the government must thoroughly focus on addressing much bigger issues like Antibiotic resistance, crunch in public expenditure in health etc.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-medical-commission-bill'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Intellectual Property Rights',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/909Intellectual%20Property Rights (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/909Intellectual Property Rights (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.jpg" width="387" height="1280" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/intellectual-property-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener">For TTP</a></em></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/intellectual-property-rights-mind-map'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Increasing the Strength of SC Judges',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Union Cabinet of India has approved increasing the strength of judges in the Supreme court.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cabinet has taken a decision to increase the strength (an increase of 10%) from 31 to 34 judges including the Chief Justice of India (CJI).</li>
<li>The Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act, 1956 was last amended in 2009 to increase the judge's strength from 25 to 31 (including the CJI).</li>
<li>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/full-strength-of-sc-judges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 124(1)</strong></a> of the Constitution of India, the strength of the Supreme Court is fixed by the law made by the Parliament.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rising Pendency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Between 2006 and 2018 (up to April), there has been an 8.6% rise in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/wish-list-for-judiciary">pendency</a> of cases across all courts.</li>
<li>Pendency before Supreme Court increased by 36%, High Courts by 17%, and subordinate courts by 7%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low Disposal Rate:</strong> The disposal rate has stayed between 55% to 59% in the Supreme Court, at 28% in the High Courts, and at 40% in the subordinate courts.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 124(1)</strong> states that there shall be a Supreme Court of India consisting of a Chief Justice of India and, until Parliament by law prescribes a large number, of not more than seven other judges.</li>
<li><strong>Article 124(2)</strong> states that every judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such number of the judges of Supreme Court and of the High Courts (in states).</li>
<li>The Parliament is competent to increase the number of judges if it deems necessary.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-approves-increasing-strength-of-supreme-court-judges-from-31-to-34/article28773734.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increasing-the-strength-of-sc-judges'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Deciphering Indus Script',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to the research paper titled <strong>&lsquo;Interrogating Indus inscription to unravel their mechanism of meaning conveyance&rsquo;,</strong> the Indus inscriptions <strong>can be compared to the structured messages</strong> found on stamps, coupons, tokens and currency coins of modern times.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indus inscriptions have not been deciphered due to the absence of bilingual texts, extreme brevity of the inscriptions, and ignorance about the language(s) encoded by Indus script.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The majority of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley inscriptions</strong></a> were written <strong>logo graphically</strong> (by using word signs) and not by <strong>using phonograms</strong> (speech sounds units), claims a recent research paper published in Palgrave Communications, a Nature group journal.</li>
<li>The paper mainly focuses on understanding how Indus inscriptions conveyed meanings, rather than on deciphering what they conveyed.</li>
<li>The inscribed seals and tablets were <strong>used in some administrative operation</strong> that controlled the commercial transactions of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation.</li>
<li>According to paper, though many ancient scripts use <strong>rebus methods</strong> to generate new words, the inscriptions found on the Indus seals and tablets have not used rebus as the mechanism to convey meaning.</li>
<li>The researcher also rejected the popular hypothesis that the seals were inscribed with Proto-Dravidian or Proto-Indo-European names of the seal-owners.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rebus Method</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A common perception among some scholars is that the Indus script is logo-syllabic, where one symbol can be used as a word sign at one time and as a syllable-sign at another.</li>
<li>This method, where a word-symbol also gets sometimes used only for its sound value, is called the rebus principle. <strong>E.g.:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The pictures of a honey bee can be combined with a leaf to signify the word &ldquo;belief&rdquo; (bee+leaf).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/new-research-could-show-the-way-to-deciphering-indus-script/article28787527.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deciphering-indus-script'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Global Honour for Indian Scientist',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>Atish Dabholkar,</strong> a <strong>theoretical physicist</strong> from India, known for his research on <strong>string theory</strong> and <strong>quantum black holes,</strong> has been appointed as the next director of the Italy-based <strong>International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dabhokar will succeed <strong>Fernando Quevedo</strong> from November 2019.</li>
<li>He is the second Indian appointed to the post in ICTP history after <strong>Katepalli Sreenivasan,</strong> who was Quevedo&rsquo;s predecessor.</li>
<li>Dabholkar is currently the head of the High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics section of ICTP based in <strong>Trieste, north-east Italy.</strong></li>
<li>He is also the winner of the 2006 <strong>Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award</strong> for Science and Technology.</li>
<li>He completed his school education in Kolhapur district of Maharashtra and did his graduation from IIT, Kanpur, and earned a PhD in theoretical physics from Princeton University.</li>
<li>Until 2010, he was a professor of theoretical physics at <strong>Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai,</strong> and has been a visiting professor at Stanford University and a visiting scientist at <strong>CERN.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Centre for Theoretical Physics</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) was founded in 1964 by the late Nobel Laureate <strong>Abdus Salam.</strong></li>
<li>Its mandate is to <strong>provide education and skills to scientists from developing countries for their</strong> productive careers.</li>
<li><strong>It</strong> has helped in<strong> stemming the scientific brain drain</strong> from the developing world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>String Theory</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an attempt to combine the <strong>quantum mechanics</strong> (body of scientific laws that describe the behavior of photons, electrons and other particles that make up the universe) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/einstein-was-right:-astronomers-confirm-key-theory-of-relativity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Albert Einstein's theory of relativity</strong></a> &mdash; with an overarching framework that can explain all of physical reality.</li>
<li>It tries to do so by positing that particles are actually <strong>one-dimensional,</strong> string-like entities whose vibrations determine the particles' properties, such as their mass and charge.</li>
</ul>
<h3>European Organization for Nuclear Research</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is the <strong>European Organization founded in 1954 for Nuclear Research.</strong></li>
<li>It aims to provide a unique range of particle accelerator facilities that enable world-class research in <strong>fundamental physics.</strong></li>
<li>It operates the world&rsquo;s largest and most powerful particle accelerator i.e <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/upgrade-at-cern" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Large Hadron Collider (LHC).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Theoretical Physics</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the development of mathematical formalisms and computational protocols for describing all aspects of objects found in the world around us and their interaction.</li>
<li>This can involve both providing models for understanding empirical results or constructing self-logical theories for explaining phenomena beyond current experiments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The award is named after the founder Director of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/membrane-to-clean-toxic-effluents" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research (CSIR) India,</strong></a> the late Dr (Sir) Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and is known as the &lsquo;Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prize for Science and Technology&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The Prize is given each year for outstanding contributions to science and technology.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/honour-for-kolhapur-born-scientist/article28777827.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-honour-for-indian-scientist'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Multi-cropping',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>A recent study conducted by the <strong>Centre for Economic and Social Studies</strong> (CESS) has highlighted the importance of multi-cropping system.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In multi cropping system, farmers grow <strong>two or more crops</strong> on farmland in one calendar year (unlike mono-cropping, that involves planting only one crop on a field). It includes inter-cropping, mixed-cropping and relay cropping.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Intercropping:</strong> Is growing two or more crops simultaneously in a definite cropping pattern.</li>
<li><strong>Relay cropping:</strong> Relay cropping involves growing of two or more crops on the same field with the planting of the second crop after the first one has reached its reproductive stage.</li>
<li><strong>Mixed intercropping:</strong> It involves growing more than one crop simultaneously <strong>without any distinct row arrangement.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Multi cropping system is common in <strong>tropical regions</strong> having more rainfall, higher temperatures, and a longer growing season.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Economical Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Higher Productivity:</strong> Multiple cropping system is seen as a way to maximize land productivity in a small area by improving the intensity of land and labor use for better profit and stabilizing farm income.</li>
<li><strong>Fodder Stock:</strong> Growing multicrops or polycrops ensures enough fodder stocks for cattles.</li>
<li><strong>Food Security:</strong> In multi-cropping system, even if one or two crops fail, farmers still be able to harvest other crops to guarantee food throughout the year.</li>
<li><strong>Multiple Uses:</strong> Crops don&rsquo;t just yield grains but also fodder and fuelwood.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Agronomic Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pest Management:</strong> Growing a variety of crops together minimizes pest problems and makes efficient use of soil nutrients, water, and land.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Leguminous (crops having roots that are able to make soil nitrogen available to other plants), when intercropped with other crops, particularly those that require plenty of nitrogen (e.g. young maize plants and sorghum), results into efficient use of soil nutrients.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weed Management:</strong> It helps to suppress weeds, as weeds find it difficult to grow alongside some crops.</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable crop production</strong> <strong>systems:</strong> This reduces the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Centre for Economic and Social Studies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) was established as an autonomous research Centre in 1980.</li>
<li>Later in 1986 it was recognized as a national institute by the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) (Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India).</li>
<li>The Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) has been registered under Section 6(1) (a) of the <strong>Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act 1976.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/multi-cropping-has-economical-and-agronomic-benefits/article28785706.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BL</strong></a></p>',
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