Search

Search list matched with tags “class”

New START Treaty

The New START Treaty is a treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on measures for the further reduction and limitation...

27 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Cartosat-3

Why in News Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has launched Cartosat-3 and 13 commercial nanosatellites into Sun Synchronous orbit from...

27 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Currency Swap Arrangement for SAARC

Why in News The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has revised the framework on currency swap arrangement for the South Asian Association for Regional...

27 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Lokpal and Lokayukta

Why in News Recently, a new logo and a new moto were launched for Lokpal, the apex anti-corruption ombudsman. Key Points Logo It...

27 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Tribunals

Tribunal is a quasi-judicial institution that is set up to deal with problems such as resolving administrative or tax-related disputes. It performs a...

26 Nov 2019 National Institutions
Relevance of Fundamental duties

This article is based on ‘Importance of citizens’ duties’ which was published in The Indian Express on 26/11/2019. It talks about...

26 Nov 2019 News Editorials
The Big Picture: Legislative Impact Assessment

Recently, the Chairman of Rajya Sabha advocated the idea of Legislative Impact Assessment. He called for informed law-making process in the country...

26 Nov 2019 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
Etalin Hydroelectric Project

The Central Government has recommended a biodiversity study of the proposed 3,097 MW Etalin Hydroelectric Project in Arunachal Pradesh by a credible...

26 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Panna Tiger Reserve

Why in News The tiger reintroduction project in Panna tiger reserve has completed a decade making it one of the best models of conservation in the...

26 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Viability of BRI and CPEC

Why in News Recently, U.S. criticised China’s international development projects and lending practices under its Belt and Road Initiative...

26 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Review Petition

Why in News The Supreme Court has agreed to review its Sabarimala verdict. Key Points Constitutional Provision: Under Article 137 of the...

26 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Assam Roofed Turtle

The Assam Roofed Turtle (Pangshura sylhetensis) is a small freshwater turtle. Habitat: Primarily in running waters in the hills of northeastern...

26 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Code on wages

This article is based on “The broken promise of decent and fair wages” which was published in The Hindu on 25/11/2019. It talks about...

25 Nov 2019 News Editorials
Dark Net

For...

25 Nov 2019 Paper 3
Dark Net

Introduction The darknet refers to encrypted networks on the Internet that are not indexed by search engines such as Google, Yahoo or Bing. It is...

25 Nov 2019 Paper 3
Sumatran Rhino

Why in News The Sumatran rhinoceros has become extinct in Malaysia, after the death of the last rhino in the country. Sumatran Rhino Its...

25 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Quota for Disabled in Panchayats

Why in News The Chhattisgarh Cabinet has approved an amendment to the State Panchayati Raj Act, 1993, which makes mandatory the presence of a person...

25 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Indian Railways Institute of Financial Management

The Railway Board Chairman has inaugurated the Indian Railways Institute of Financial Management (IRIFM) at Moula Ali in Hyderabad. The Institute...

25 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Golden Rice

Why in News Bangladesh is to be the first country to approve golden rice planting in the country. Golden rice is a genetically modified variety...

25 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Cases under Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act

Why in News As per the National Crime Records Data (NCRB), more than 35% cases registered under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) were...

25 Nov 2019 News Analysis

Warning (2): count(): Parameter must be an array or an object that implements Countable [ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100]

Code Context


<?php if(count($updates)>0){?>
  <div class="updates">

$viewFile = '/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp'
$dataForView = [
	'progress' => [],
	'bookmarks' => [],
	'notes' => [],
	'mynote' => [],
	'topdata' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'searchdata' => [],
	'searchlist' => [
		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'New START Treaty',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The New START Treaty is a treaty <strong>between</strong> the <strong>United States of America</strong> and the<strong> Russian Federation</strong> on measures for the further reduction and limitation of <strong>strategic offensive arms.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It entered into force on 5<sup>th</sup> February, 2011.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>successor to the START framework of 1991</strong> (at the end of the Cold War) that limited both sides to 1,600 strategic delivery vehicles and 6,000 warheads.</li>
<li>It continues the bipartisan process of verifiably reducing U.S. and Russian strategic nuclear arsenals by limiting both sides to 700 strategic launchers and 1,550 operational warheads.</li>
<li>It will lapse in February 2021 unless extended for a five-year period.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>INF Treaty</strong> is another treaty that was signed during the Cold War.</li>
<li>It was a nuclear arms-control accord reached by the United States and the Soviet Union in 1987 in which the two nations agreed to <strong>eliminate their stocks of intermediate-range and shorter-range (or &ldquo;medium-range&rdquo;) land-based missiles</strong> (which could carry nuclear warheads).</li>
<li>The <strong>United States withdrew</strong> from the Treaty on 2<sup>nd</sup> August 2019.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term &lsquo;strategic offensive arms&rsquo; applies to<strong> nuclear warheads</strong> deployed by Strategic Nuclear Delivery Vehicles (&lsquo;SNDVs&rsquo;).</li>
<li><strong>SNDVs</strong> are Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (&lsquo;ICBMs&rsquo;) with a range exceeding 5,500 kilometres, strategic bombers, warships (including strategic submarines ) and cruise missiles, including air and sea-launched cruise missiles.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-start-treaty'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Cartosat-3',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</strong></a> has launched <strong>Cartosat-3 and 13 commercial</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/isro-to-launch-state-of-the-art-satellites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>nanosatellites</strong></a> <strong>into Sun Synchronous orbit</strong> from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cartosat-3 is an<strong> earth-observation remote sensing satellite</strong> which will replace Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) series. So far, ISRO has orbited <strong>8 Cartosats since 2005.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Remote sensing</strong> is the science of obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The 13 commercial nanosatellites are from the USA, which is the first <strong>commercial order</strong> for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-contract-for-nsil" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Space India Limited</strong></a>, the commercial arm of ISRO which was formed in March 2019.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cartosat-3 is a <strong>third-generation advanced earth observation satellite</strong> carried by Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, <strong>PSLV-C47</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) is an indigenously-developed expendable launch system of the ISRO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Resolution</strong>: It has the <strong>'sharpest eye'</strong> of <strong>civil remote sensing satellites</strong> in the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One of Cartosat-3&rsquo;s cameras offers a<strong> ground resolution of 25 cm</strong> - it can pick up an object of a<strong> minimum of 25 cm size</strong> from a <strong>height of around 500 km.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Currently,</strong> a satellite owned by US private company- <strong>WorldView-3,</strong> has the best ground resolution of <strong>31 cm.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weight:</strong> At <strong>1,625 kg,</strong> Cartosat-3 is unusually <strong>heavy and more than double the mass</strong> of the previous eight in its class.</li>
<li><strong>Orbit:</strong> PSLV will place Cartosat 3 in an <strong>orbit of 509 km.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Inclination:</strong> It has been placed at <strong>97.5 degrees to the equator</strong> of the earth.</li>
<li>It has many new technologies such as a highly agile or flexible camera; high-speed data transmission, advanced computer system, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Applications</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Data from most of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/isro-to-launch-state-of-the-art-satellites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cartosat satellites</strong></a> are exclusively used by the <strong>armed forces.</strong></li>
<li>However, an <strong>existing policy</strong> allows <strong>only government and government authorised agencies</strong> to access ISRO's high-resolution imageries <strong>below a resolution of 1 metre.</strong></li>
<li>Cartosat-3&rsquo;s <strong>optical imaging</strong> will also help to detect precise <strong>cartographic or mapping activities.</strong></li>
<li>The imageries are also used for urban and rural infrastructure planning, coastal land use and regulation, utility management such as monitoring road networks, water grids or distribution, creation of land use maps, disaster management, etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cartosat Satellites</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cartosat satellites are<strong> earth observation satellites,</strong> used mainly for <strong>large-scale mapping of the Earth</strong> through<strong> high-resolution cameras.</strong></li>
<li>It also helps to detect <strong>changes</strong> in natural geographical or man-made features. As their cameras can `look back and forth' in an angle to generate <strong>continuous spot images.</strong></li>
<li>The Earth-observation satellites also include the Resourcesat and RISAT series, the Oceansat series.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Resourcesat and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/risat-2b-satellite" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RISAT</strong></a> series of satellites, for example, provide images and data that are needed for land and water resources applications.</li>
<li>The Oceansat series and the SARAL satellite, meanwhile, produce data on the oceans.</li>
<li>The satellites like INSAT 3D, INSAT-VRR or Megha Tropiques study the atmosphere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574840987_Image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574840987_Image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="406" height="629" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/26-hour-countdown-begins-for-cartosat-3-launch/article30084342.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cartosat-3'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Currency Swap Arrangement for SAARC',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> has revised the framework on <strong>currency swap arrangement</strong> for the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/south-asian-association-for-regional-cooperation-saarc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</strong></a> <strong>countries</strong> for <strong>2019-2022.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This has been done to further financial stability and economic cooperation within the SAARC region.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SAARC currency swap facility came into operation on 15th November, 2012.</li>
<li>Under the revised framework, <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The RBI will continue to offer a swap arrangement within the overall corpus of <strong>USD 2 billion.</strong></li>
<li>The swap drawals can be made in <strong>US dollar, euro</strong> or <strong>Indian rupee.</strong> The framework provides certain concessions for swap drawals in Indian rupee.</li>
<li>The facility will be<strong> available to all SAARC member countries,</strong> subject to their signing the bilateral swap agreements.</li>
<li>The framework is valid from 14<sup>th</sup> November, 2019 to 13<sup>th</sup> November, 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Currency Swap Arrangement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The word swap means exchange. A currency swap between the two countries is an agreement or <strong>contract to exchange currencies</strong> with predetermined terms and conditions.</li>
<li>Central banks and Governments engage in currency swaps with foreign counterparts <strong>to meet short term foreign exchange liquidity requirements</strong> or to ensure adequate foreign currency <strong>to avoid Balance of Payments (BOP) crisis</strong> till longer arrangements can be made.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Japan in the year 2018 signed a bilateral currency swap agreement.</li>
<li>RBI will get a certain amount of yen and the Bank of Japan will get an equivalent amount in Indian rupees on a decided swap rate.</li>
<li>After a specified period, both the countries will repay the amount at the same swap rate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SAARC was established with the signing of the SAARC Charter in Dhaka (Bangladesh) on 8<sup>th</sup> December 1985.</li>
<li><strong>Eight Member States:</strong> Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.</li>
<li><strong>Secretariat:</strong> Kathmandu (Nepal)</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to improve their quality of life, and to accelerate economic growth, among other things.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rbi-revises-framework-on-currency-swap-arrangement-for-saarc-countries-6138245/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/currency-swap-arrangement-for-saarc'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Lokpal and Lokayukta',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a new logo and a new moto were launched for&nbsp;<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/lokpal-lokayukta-ombudsman-upsc-governance-transparency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lokpal</strong></a>, the&nbsp;<strong>apex anti-corruption ombudsman.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574838229_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574838229_image1.png" width="226" height="169" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Logo</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It includes the shapes of the ombudsman (Judges&rsquo; Bench), the people (three human figures), vigilance (an Ashoka Chakra forming an eye), the law (a shape of book) and the judicial (two tri-colour hands placed below, forming a unique balance).</li>
<li>It is designed by Prashant Mishra, a resident of Prayagraj, U.P.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Motto</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>&ldquo;Ma Gridhah Kasyasvidhanam (Do not be greedy for anyone&rsquo;s wealth)&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Lokpal has decided its motto/slogan based on their own inputs and discussions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Lokpal and Lokayukta</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013</strong> provided for the establishment of Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States.</li>
<li>These institutions are <strong>statutory bodies</strong> without any constitutional status.</li>
<li>They perform the function of an "ombudsman&rdquo; and inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for related matters.</li>
<li>In India, the concept of constitutional ombudsman was <strong>first proposed by the then law minister Ashok Kumar Sen</strong> in parliament in the <strong>early 1960s.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>term</strong> Lokpal and Lokayukta were <strong>coined by Dr L. M. Singhvi.</strong></li>
<li>The Bill was <strong>passed in 2013</strong> in both the Houses of Parliament and <strong>came into force on 16 January 2014.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To<strong> tackle</strong> the issues of<strong> maladministration and corruption.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the<strong> anti-corruption agencies</strong> are <strong>advisory</strong> in nature, <strong>hardly independent</strong> and do <strong>not have effective powers.</strong></li>
<li>There is no separate and effective mechanism <strong>to check</strong> the problems of <strong>internal transparency and accountability.</strong></li>
<li>In this context, the independent institutions of Lokpal and Lokayukta have been a landmark move in the history of Indian polity which offers a solution to the corruption and administrative problems.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/logo-motto-introduced-for-lokpal/article30089884.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lokpal-and-lokayukta'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Tribunals',
			'catname' => 'National Institutions',
			'desc' => '<p>Tribunal is a <strong>quasi-judicial institution</strong> that is set up to deal with problems such as resolving administrative or tax-related disputes. It performs a number of functions like <strong>adjudicating disputes, determining rights between contesting parties, making an administrative decision, reviewing an existing administrative decision</strong> and so forth.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term &lsquo;Tribunal&rsquo; is derived from the word &lsquo;Tribunes&rsquo;, which means <strong>&lsquo;Magistrates of the Classical Roman Republic&rsquo;.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tribunal is referred to as the <strong>office of the &lsquo;Tribunes&rsquo;</strong> i.e., a Roman official under the monarchy and the republic with the function of protecting the citizen from arbitrary action by the aristocrat magistrates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A Tribunal, generally, is any person or institution having an authority to judge, adjudicate on, or to determine claims or disputes &ndash; whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need of Tribunal</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To overcome the situation that arose due to the pendency of cases in various Courts, domestic tribunals and other Tribunals have been established under different Statutes, hereinafter referred to as the Tribunals.</li>
<li>The Tribunals were set up to <strong>reduce</strong> the <strong>workload of courts,</strong> to <strong>expedite decisions</strong> and to<strong> provide a forum</strong> which would be manned by lawyers and experts in the areas falling under the jurisdiction of the Tribunal.</li>
<li>The tribunals perform an important and specialised role in justice mechanism. They take a load off the already overburdened courts. They hear disputes related to the environment, armed forces, tax and administrative issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Constitutional Provisions</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574771699_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574771699_image1.jpg" width="427" height="305" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tribunals were not part of the original constitution, it was incorporated in the Indian Constitution by <strong>42<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act, 1976.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 323-A</strong> deals with Administrative Tribunals.</li>
<li><strong>Article 323-B</strong> deals with tribunals for other matters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under <strong>Article 323 B,</strong> the Parliament and the state legislatures are authorised to provide for the establishment of tribunals for the adjudication of disputes relating to the following matters:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Taxation</li>
<li>Foreign exchange, import and export</li>
<li>Industrial and labour</li>
<li>Land reforms</li>
<li>Ceiling on urban property</li>
<li>Elections to Parliament and state legislatures</li>
<li>Food stuff</li>
<li>Rent and tenancy rights</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Articles 323 A and 323 B differ in the following three aspects:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While<strong> Article 323 A</strong> contemplates the establishment of tribunals for public service matters only, <strong>Article 323 B</strong> contemplates the establishment of tribunals for certain other matters (mentioned above).</li>
<li>While tribunals under<strong> Article 323 A</strong> can be established only by Parliament, tribunals under <strong>Article 323 B</strong> can be established both by Parliament and state legislatures with respect to matters falling within their legislative competence.</li>
<li>Under<strong> Article 323 A,</strong> only one tribunal for the Centre and one for each state or two or more states may be established. There is no question of the hierarchy of tribunals, whereas under <strong>Article 323 B</strong> a hierarchy of tribunals may be created.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 262:</strong> The Indian Constitution provides a role for the Central government in adjudicating conflicts surrounding inter-state rivers that arise among the state/regional governments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tribunals in India</h3>
<p><strong>Administrative Tribunals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Administrative Tribunals was set-up by an act of Parliament, <strong>Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985.</strong> It owes its origin to<strong> Article 323 A</strong> of the Constitution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It adjudicates disputes and complaints with respect to recruitment and conditions of service of <strong>persons appointed to the public service </strong>and <strong>posts in connection with the affairs of the Union and the States.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 provides for three types of tribunals:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Central Government establishes an administrative tribunal called the <strong>Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT).</strong></li>
<li>The Central Government may, upon receipt of a request in this behalf from any<strong> State Government,</strong> establish an administrative tribunal for such State employees.</li>
<li>Two or more States might ask for a joint tribunal, which is called the <strong>Joint Administrative Tribunal (JAT),</strong> which exercises powers of the administrative tribunals for such States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are tribunals for settling various administrative and tax-related disputes, including <strong>Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT), Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT), Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal (CESTAT), National Green Tribunal (NGT), Competition Appellate Tribunal (COMPAT)</strong> and<strong> Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT), </strong>among others.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>Central Administrative Tribunal</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has jurisdiction to deal with <strong>service matters</strong> pertaining to the Central Government employees or of any Union Territory, or local or other government under the control of the Government of India, or of a corporation owned or controlled by the Central Government.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CAT was set-up on 1 November 1985.</li>
<li>It has 17 regular benches, 15 of which operate at the<strong> principal seats of High Courts</strong> and the remaining two at <strong>Jaipur and Lucknow.</strong></li>
<li>These Benches also hold <strong>circuit sittings</strong> at other seats of High Courts. The tribunal consists of a<strong> Chairman, Vice-Chairman and Members.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Members are drawn, <strong>both from judicial as well as administrative streams</strong> so as to give the Tribunal the benefit of expertise both in legal and administrative spheres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The appeals against the orders of an <strong>Administrative Tribunal</strong> shall lie before the <strong>Division Bench</strong> of the concerned High Court.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>State Administrative Tribunal</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Article 323 B empowers the state legislatures to set up tribunals for various matters like levy, assessment, collection and enforcement of any of the tax matters connected with land reforms covered by Article 31A.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Water Disputes Tribunal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Parliament has enacted <strong>Inter-State River Water Disputes (ISRWD) Act, 1956</strong> have formed various <strong>Water Disputes Tribunal</strong> for adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers and river valleys thereof.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Standalone Tribunal:</strong> The Inter-State River Water Disputes (Amendment) Bill, 2019 is passed by Parliament for amending the existing ISRWD Act, 1956 to constitute a <strong>standalone Tribunal</strong> to remove with the need to set up a separate Tribunal for each water dispute which is invariably a time-consuming process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a military tribunal in India. It was established under the <strong>Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007.</strong></li>
<li>It has provided the power for the adjudication or trial by AFT of disputes and complaints with respect to commission, appointments, enrolments and conditions of service in respect of persons subject to the <strong>Army Act, 1950, The Navy Act, 1957 and the Air Force Act, 1950.</strong></li>
<li>Besides the <strong>Principal Bench in New Delhi,</strong> AFT has Regional Benches at Chandigarh, Lucknow, Kolkata, Guwahati, Chennai, Kochi, Mumbai and Jaipur.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Each Bench comprises of a Judicial Member and an Administrative Member.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Judicial Members</strong> are <strong>retired High Court Judges</strong> and<strong> Administrative Members</strong> are<strong> retired Members</strong> of the<strong> Armed Forces</strong> who have held the rank of <strong>Major General/ equivalent</strong> or above for a period of three years or more,<strong> Judge Advocate General (JAG),</strong> who have held the appointment for at least one year are also entitled to be appointed as the Administrative Member.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 </strong>and<strong> National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997</strong> were found to be inadequate giving rise to demand for an institution to deal with environmental cases more efficiently and effectively.</li>
<li>The Law Commission in its 186th Report suggested multi-faceted Courts with judicial and technical inputs referring to the practice of environmental Courts in Australia and New Zealand.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a result NGT was formed as a special fast-track, quasi-judicial body comprising of judges and environment experts to ensure expeditious disposal of cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The National Green Tribunal was established in 2010 under the <strong>National Green Tribunal Act 2010 </strong>as a <strong>statutory body.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was setup for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to <strong>environmental protection</strong> and<strong> conservation of forests and other natural resources.</strong></li>
<li>It also ensures enforcement of any legal right relating to environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Tribunal is mandated to make and endeavour for disposal of applications or appeals finally<strong> within 6 months</strong> of filing of the same.</li>
<li>Initially, the NGT is proposed to be set up at five places of sittings and will follow circuit procedure for making itself more accessible.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>New Delhi</strong> is the<strong> Principal Place of Sitting</strong> of the Tribunal and <strong>Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai</strong> shall be the other four place of sitting of the Tribunal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Income Tax Appellate Tribunal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Section 252 of the Income Tax Act, 1961</strong> provides that the Central Government shall constitute an <strong>Appellate Tribunal</strong> consisting of many Judicial Members and Accountant members as it thinks fit to exercise the powers and functions conferred on the Tribunal by the Act.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Characteristics of Administrative Tribunals</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Administrative Tribunal is a creation of a statute.</li>
<li>An Administrative Tribunal is vested in the judicial power of the State and thereby performs <strong>quasi-judicial functions</strong> as distinguished from pure <strong>administrative functions.</strong></li>
<li>Administrative Tribunal is bound to act judicially and follow the principles of <strong>natural justice.</strong></li>
<li>It is required to act openly, fairly and impartially.</li>
<li>An Administrative Tribunal is <strong>not bound</strong> by the strict rules of<strong> procedure and evidence prescribed by the civil procedure court.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Merging of Tribunals</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Finance Act of 2017</strong> merged eight tribunals according to functional similarity. The list of the tribunals that have been merged are given below:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Employees Provident Fund Appellate Tribunal </strong>with<strong> The Industrial Tribunal.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Copyright Board </strong>with<strong> The Intellectual Property Appellate Board .</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Railways Rates Tribunal</strong> with<strong> The Railways Claims Tribunal.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Appellate Tribunal for Foreign Exchange with The Appellate Tribunal (Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act, 1976.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The National Highways Tribunal </strong>with<strong> The Airport Appellate Tribunal.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Cyber Appellate Tribunal</strong> and<strong> The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority Appellate Tribunal </strong>with<strong> The Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) .</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Competition Appellate Tribunal </strong>with<strong> the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Difference Between Tribunal and Court</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Administrative Tribunals and Ordinary Courts both deal with the disputes between the parties which affects the rights of the subjects.</li>
<li>Administrative Tribunal is not a court. Some notable differences between a court and Administrative Tribunal are as follows -</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 19px; background-color: #0785ab; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>No.</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #0785ab;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Court of Law</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #0785ab;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Tribunal</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 67px; background-color: #e0f8ff; text-align: center;"><strong>1.</strong></td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 67px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">A court of law is a part of the <strong>traditional judicial system</strong> whereby judicial powers are derived from the state.</td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 67px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>An Administrative Tribunal is an <strong>agency created by the statute</strong> and invested with judicial power.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 99px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff; text-align: center;"><strong>2.</strong></td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>The Civil Courts have judicial power to try all <strong>suits of a civil nature</strong> unless the cognizance is expressly or impliedly barred.</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">Tribunal is also known as the Quasi-judicial body. Tribunals have the power to try cases of<strong> special matter which are conferred on them by statutes</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 99px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff; text-align: center;">
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>3.</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">Judges of the ordinary courts of law are independent of the executive in respect of their tenure, terms and conditions of service etc. <strong>Judiciary is independent of Executive</strong></td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">Tenure, terms and conditions of the services of the members of <strong>Administrative Tribunal are entirely in the hands of Executive</strong> (government).</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 99px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff; text-align: center;"><strong>4.</strong></td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>The presiding officer of the <strong>court of law is trained in law.</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>The president or a member of the Tribunal may not be trained as well in law. He may be an <strong>expert in the field of Administrative matters.</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 67px; background-color: #e0f8ff; text-align: center;"><strong>5.</strong></td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 67px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>A judge of a court of law <strong>must be impartial</strong> who is not interested in the matter directly or indirectly.</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 67px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">An Administrative Tribunal <strong>may be a party to the dispute</strong> to be decided by it.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 19px; background-color: #e0f8ff; text-align: center;">
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>6.</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 19px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">A court of law is bound by all the <strong>rules of evidence and procedure.</strong></td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 19px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>An Administrative Tribunal is not bound by rules but bound by the <strong>principles of nature of Justice.</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 115px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 115px; background-color: #e0f8ff; text-align: center;">
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>7.</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 115px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>Court must decide all questions <strong>objectively</strong> on the basis of evidence and materials on record.</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 115px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>Administrative Tribunal may decide questions by taking into account departmental policy, the decision of Administrative Tribunal may <strong>be subjective rather than objective.</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 35px; background-color: #e0f8ff; text-align: center;">
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>8.</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 35px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">A court of law can decide <strong>vires of a legislation</strong></td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 35px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>Administrative Tribunal cannot do so</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/tribunals-1'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Relevance of  Fundamental duties',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/fundamental-duties-rights-indian-constitution-6136622/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Importance of citizens&rsquo;</strong></a> duties&rsquo; which was published in The Indian Express on 26/11/2019. It talks about the Relevance of Fundamental duties in present times.</p>
</div>
<p>Citizenship is the validation of the <strong>social contract</strong> between the people of the country and the government elected by them, which is legitimized by the Constitution of a country. Rights of the citizens is the basis of this contract.</p>
<p>While emphasizing on rights, it is very important that the citizens are also sincere about their duties towards the society at large and the country, especially its safety and security imperatives.</p>
<p>Close scrutiny of the Fundamental duties indicates that a number of them refer to values, which have been part of Indian tradition, mythology, religion and practices.</p>
<h3>Concept of Duties in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is one of the few countries in the world with a glorious tradition of democracy since <strong>ancient times,</strong> where people have had a tradition of performing their duties.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since time immemorial, an individual&rsquo;s <strong>&ldquo;kartavya&rdquo; &mdash;</strong> the performance of one&rsquo;s duties towards society, his/her country and his/her parents, was emphasised.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The concept of the republic in ancient India is older than the Roman or Greek republican system.</li>
<li>The ancient republics or janapadas such as Vaishali, Kapilavastu and Mithila &mdash; and their constitutions &mdash; date back to 600 BC.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Bhagwad Gita and Ramayana</strong> also ask people to perform their duties. In the Gita, Lord Krishna ordains, <strong>&ldquo;One should do one&rsquo;s duties without expectation of any fruits&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>According to <strong>Mahatma Gandhi</strong> the very performance of a duty secures us our right. Rights cannot be divorced from duties.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mahatama Gandhi held that <strong>&ldquo;Satyagraha was born, for I was always striving to decide what my duty was.&rdquo;</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, <strong>Swami Vivekananda</strong> observed, &ldquo;it is the duty of every person to contribute in the development and progress of India&rdquo;.</li>
<li>A very significant feature of the Indian Constitution is that it balances citizens&rsquo; rights and duties.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fundamental duties were added by the <strong>42<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act 1976</strong> upon the recommendation of the <strong>Swaran Singh Committee</strong>.</li>
<li>According to Indira Gandhi, &ldquo;the moral value of fundamental duties would not be to smother rights but to establish a democratic balance by making people conscious of their duties equally as they are conscious of their rights&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Fundamental Duties</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The idea of Fundamental Duties has been borrowed from the Constitution of erstwhile USSR. Till then, Japan was only the democratic state that contains the duties of the citizen.</li>
<li>Fundamental Duties are embedded in Part IV-A of the Indian Constitution under Article 51A. originally the duties were ten in number, later on by 86th Amendment in 2002, they levelled up to eleven.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Importance of Duties</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Many nations across the world have transformed into developed economies by embodying the principles of <strong>&ldquo;Responsible Citizenship&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li><strong>Responsible Citizenship:</strong> All the responsibilities and duties that citizens of a nation should exercise and respect.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The USA is a classic example in this respect. The Citizens&rsquo; Almanac, issued by the US Citizenship and Immigration Services, details the responsibilities of its citizens.</li>
<li>Another example is Singapore, whose growth story has been fuelled by its emphasis on the relentless pursuit of duties by its citizens. As a result, Singapore has transformed from a less developed nation to a highly developed one in a short span of time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Relevance of Fundamental Duties in Present Times</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Even three decades after the fundamental duties were incorporated, there&rsquo;s no adequate awareness among citizens. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1998, Atal Bihari Vajpayee&rsquo;s government had appointed the <strong>Justice J.S. Verma Committee</strong> to operationalise the suggestions to teach fundamental duties to the citizens of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Today, it is important to emphasise the need to remember fundamental duties for the progress of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fundamental duty enshrined <strong>under Article 51A(e)</strong> seeks to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood, transcending the barriers of religion, language, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, India&rsquo;s democratic setup, over six decades has <strong>not fully able to forge this common brotherhood.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Similarly, there is a duty <strong>under Article 51A(g)</strong> to protect and improve the environment, but India has been severely affected by air &amp; water pollution and the impact of climate change.</li>
<li>Fundamental duty envisaged <strong>under Article 51A(h)</strong> developing a sense of oneness, a scientific temper and the spirit of inquiry, nor a healthy, secular attitude
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>On the contrary, the school environment and social milieu are such that children learn all the wrong things about each other and become victims of social prejudices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has a composite culture <strong>(under Article 51A(f)), &ldquo;Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam&rdquo;</strong> sums up that perspective.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, presently there is growing intolerance in Indian society, reflected by cases of cow vigilantism, mob lynching, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Democracy cannot establish deep roots in society until the citizens don&rsquo;t complement fundamental rights with their fundamental duties. For a polity to survive, citizens should have a high sense of duty.</li>
<li>Universally, great emphasis has been laid on citizens&rsquo; duties. <strong>Article 29(1)</strong> of the <strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</strong> states:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It states that &ldquo;Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, Prime Minister of India has rightly said that our children should be taught the Constitution.</li>
<li>Incorporating the essential aspects of fundamental duties in all oaths and pledges.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court has said that since duties are obligatory for citizens, the state should strive to achieve the same goal.</li>
</ul>
<p>Rights and duties have to exist together. Rights without duties will lead to anarchy. In this context, the <strong>Fundamental Duties</strong> serve as a constant reminder of national goals as well as inculcate a profound sense of social responsibility.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f0ffd9;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Rights without duties will lead to anarchy. Analyse the statement in context of the relevance of fundamental duties in present times.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/relevance-of-fundamental-duties'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'The Big Picture: Legislative Impact Assessment',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IlIFN4b5NPc" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>Recently, the Chairman of Rajya Sabha advocated the idea of <strong>Legislative Impact Assessment.</strong> He called for <strong>informed law-making process</strong> in the country by bringing out <strong>social, economic, environmental, and institutional impacts</strong> of legislative proposals which will help in <strong>realizing the stated objectives of various laws.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He also stressed on the need of Parliamentary reforms in the form of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/point-reforms-charter-for-parliament" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>15 point charter.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>What is Legislative Impact Assessment?</h3>
<p>The <strong>study of the impact</strong> of a law (being made and enforced) on the society over a period of time is known as Legislative Impact Assessment (LIA).</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Legislative Impact Assessment</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>LIA is a <strong>method of estimating</strong> the likely impacts of legislative proposals and government policies, before and after they are adopted and enacted, and comparing them with different policy designs to determine which policy produces the best result.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Essential elements of LIA</strong></p>
<p>Following are the essential elements or parts of the LIA:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Identification of the policy problem</li>
<li>Identification of potential legislative/policy options</li>
<li>Comparative analysis of potential legislative/policy options with each other</li>
<li>Stakeholder consultation</li>
<li>Selection of the preferred legislative/policy option</li>
<li>Impact analysis of the preferred option</li>
<li>Identification of impact mitigation measures required (if any)</li>
<li>Cost-benefit analysis of the preferred option</li>
<li>Reporting</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Need for LIA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Quick decision-making</strong> raises the questions regarding implementation of the law, associated costs and most importantly, the negative impacts that the laws may have. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One such example is the <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/6th-national-report-to-cbd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biological Diversity Act, 2002,</strong></a> which aims to protect India&rsquo;s biological resources. However, the inherent contradictions between some of its provisions have caused significant barriers to conservation, use and development of biodiversity, thus undermining the fundamental purpose of the Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Hence, it is essential that laws are analysed in detail before their enactment, as the country cannot afford to make expensive or irreversible mistakes with already limited resources.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Aspects of the Legislative Impact Assessment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pre-Enactment Assessment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a wider <strong>role of Parliament as an institution of law-making</strong> which involves thorough analysis by the Parliament before enacting any law. This includes <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Pre-legislative thought</strong> or the wider consultations and detailed discussions with the experts before making the law,</li>
<li><strong>Making</strong> of the Draft Bill,</li>
<li>Proposing and <strong>discussing</strong> the bills in the Houses,</li>
<li><strong>Detailed scrutiny</strong> by each House and the respective Parliamentary Committees, and</li>
<li>The<strong> final enactment</strong> of the law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In India, there is proper <strong>pre-legislative principle</strong> that is followed before making any law. Any bill is proposed by the government based on either of the two needs: either the society demands it, or the government feels that a particular law must be enacted. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For example- the recently proposed amendments in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rti-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RTI Act,</strong></a> or the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unlawful-activities-prevention-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act-</strong></a> were laid down before the Parliament by the government realising the changing needs of the society. This involved the pre-enactment assessment by relying on inputs from security agencies or the concerned stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Post-Enactment Assessment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The responsibility of Parliament after a law is made is not over. For instance, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-motor-vehicles-bill-for-road-safety" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Motor Vehicles Bill, 2019</strong></a> proposed to ensure road safety of people and timely help to accident victims. Now, whether this intended objectives and needs of the law are achieved or not, needs to be looked at, by the Parliament. This is known as the <strong>Post Enactment Assessment.</strong></li>
<li>There is another responsibility of Parliament to<strong> hold government accountable.</strong> In cases of the operational delegated legislation, the laws created by the executive must come back to the Parliament and be assessed thoroughly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note: Delegated legislation</strong> is referred to as secondary legislation. It is made by a person or body other than Parliament. Parliament, through an Act, can permit another person or body to make such legislation.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Parliament creates the broader framework of a particular law and gives the authority for legislation to other persons or bodies to provide more details to the passed Act.</li>
<li>This offers <strong>several merits</strong> as it allows specifics to be modified at local levels with greater responsiveness to situations. However, <strong>several concerns</strong> such as over-abundance of regulation, lack of scrutiny before the enactment of rules or laws by the delegated bodies, etc. may remain unmitigated.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges to Legislative Impact Assessment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lack of Institutionalized Societal Study-</strong> Currently, no such institutionalized study is conducted to analyse the impact of the legislations being made on the society. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The institutionalised study of impact of legislation can be a good start. For instance, setting up of a <strong>special task force</strong> by the Ministry of Finance under the <strong>company&rsquo;s law</strong> which involves the experts and concerned stakeholders from the relevant fields.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bureaucratic Hurdles-</strong> Sometimes, the hasty passage of laws by the bureaucracy creates various hurdles in the effective implementation of that law. For instance:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the <strong>Goods and Services Tax (GST)</strong> passed in <strong>2017,</strong> there were several lacunae which were resolved over a period of time by passing subsequent rules and legislations. The <strong>Parliamentary Committee on Commerce</strong> was formed to look at the issues associated with GST import and exports.</li>
<li>Similarly the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency &amp; Bankruptcy Code</strong></a> (2016) suffered from untimely redressal of bankruptcy cases leading to huge burden of pending cases. To address the working of IBC, the <strong>Committee on Finance</strong> was recently formed by the Parliament.</li>
<li>Hence, there is a <strong>need of regular scrutiny</strong> to tackle such challenges and LIA can help in achieving it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Evolving Society and Policy Trailing Technology-</strong> In India, the intent of the legislature is great but the implementation of the law suffers from certain drawbacks. Parliament is reflective of the society, hence it needs to evolve the laws having <strong>social and economic</strong> <strong>impact</strong> with time. The <strong>legislations related to technology</strong> also frequently demand changes in the law. For example:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/cyber-crime-data-deprivation-and-data-localisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Data Protection Bill, 2018</strong></a> is expected to have profound implications on the e-commerce (if passed), which was not thought of 15 years back. This will address the current needs of the society, but with time the current need will eventually change, demanding a change in the law.</li>
<li>Likewise, as society evolved, the <em><strong>Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), 1973 became Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999.</strong></em></li>
<li>Therefore, there is a need to address this <strong>legislation mismatch with the changing pace of societal needs,</strong> which can be effectively done by the LIA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implementing Legislative Impact Assessment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sunset Law</strong>: The ending period of a law can be made mandatory in the draft legislations with the help of<strong> sunset clause.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It states that the <strong>law will come to an end after a particular date,</strong> until re-enacted/extended by the legislature after review. Such an analysis helps to evaluate the performance of the legislation against the underlying objectives, and accordingly suggest optimal course correction.</li>
<li>In the absence of these clauses, legislations are rarely reviewed, leading to an overabundance of redundant, outdated and under-performing laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Institutionalized Mechanism:</strong> LIA can also be carried out by a legislator or any private/public consulting entity appointed by the legislator or by a parliamentary committee or any private/public consulting entity. Hence, this can be done in three ways:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>By strengthening Parliamentary Committees-</strong> Empowering the Parliamentary Standing Committees to look at the required changes after a particular time period could better reflect and address the changing societal needs.</li>
<li><strong>Bodies outside the Parliament:</strong> The kind of <strong>post-mortem impact assessment</strong> by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG)</strong>,</a> similar assessments by different official bodies could lead to better scrutiny and appropriate use of resources.</li>
<li><strong>Enforcing a mechanism</strong> in case of <strong>delegated legislation</strong> that no changes would be proposed after a particular time period (for say 3-5 years). This is to ensure that a particular law stabilizes after that defined period. Hence a<strong> clause in the law itself can be mentioned</strong> defining the ending date of the law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Civil Society Activism:</strong> External <strong>professional bodies</strong> can be recruited for this purpose to propose timely changes into the law. It may be carried out by a Civil Society Organisation (CSO) or Non Governmental Organisation (NGO) or private entity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, agencies performing different types of audits like social and economic audit could be appointed to perform the Legislative Impact Assessment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The <em><strong>Forum for Law, Environment, Development and Governance (FLEDGE-</strong></em> <em>a not-for-profit Trust under the <strong>Indian Trusts Act (1882))</strong></em> has been working on the option for developing a LIA framework to help mitigate some of the challenges faced in the law-making process and their implementation in India.</p>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Undertaking an Impact Assessment on legislation provides analysis of the<strong> potential effects and effectiveness of a legislative proposal</strong> before its enactment. It could have the <strong>following benefits:</strong> improve the<strong> quality</strong> of legislation; increase the <strong>productivity</strong> of legislature; improve <strong>governance;</strong> help make <strong>informed choices;</strong> identify potential <strong>effective alternatives,</strong> and reduce <strong>redundant legislation.</strong></li>
<li>Existing mechanisms of post enactment assessment in India are already in place like <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the <strong>Social Impact Assessment</strong> under the <strong>Land Acquisition Law</strong> there is proper mechanism to carry out social impact of the project.</li>
<li>Similarly, the <strong>Environmental Impact Assessment</strong> is done for big manufacturing mines and plants before approving them for the set up.</li>
<li>On similar lines, LIA can be made mandatory for improving the implementation and achieving the intended objectives of the laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides providing an overview of the needs for realising the objectives of the legislation, the LIA can be a tool to act as a checklist for <strong>necessary support systems</strong> to implement the legislations.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>accountability and responsibility</strong> of the Parliament to ensure the effectiveness of the passed legislation.</li>
<li>On the sidelines of <strong>Australian</strong> practise where an institution outside the Parliament specifically performs the post enactment assessment of the passed law, similar institutions can be established in India.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-legislative-impact-assessment'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Etalin Hydroelectric Project',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Central Government has recommended a biodiversity study of the proposed <strong>3,097 MW Etalin Hydroelectric Project</strong> in <strong>Arunachal Pradesh</strong> by a credible international institute since the current environmental impact assessment was found to be &ldquo;completely inadequate&rdquo;.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Project is based on the <strong>river Dibang.</strong> It is proposed to be completed in <strong>7 years.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dibang is a <strong>tributary of the Brahmaputra</strong> <strong>river</strong> which<strong> flows</strong> through the states of <strong>Arunachal Pradesh</strong> and <strong>Assam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It envisages<strong> construction of two dams</strong> over the <strong>tributaries of Dibang: Dir </strong>and <strong>Tangon.</strong></li>
<li>The Project falls under the &ldquo;richest bio-geographical province of the Himalayan zone&rdquo; and would be located at the junction of the Palaearctic, Indo-Chinese and Indo-Malayan bio-geographic regions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Project is in accordance with the Government&rsquo;s push to establish<strong> prior user rights on rivers that originate in China</strong> and an effort to fast-track projects in the north-east.</li>
<li>It is expected to be <strong>one of the biggest hydropower projects in India</strong> in terms of installed capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A total of 18 villages consisting of 285 families are expected to be affected by the proposed project.</li>
<li>It would entail felling 2,80,677 trees and threatens the existence of globally-endangered mammal species.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Biogeographic Zones</strong> are the large distinctive units of <strong>similar ecology,</strong> biome representation, community and species, e.g., The Himalaya, The Western Ghats.</li>
<li><strong>Palaearctic Zone</strong> includes arctic and temperate Eurasia, and all islands surrounding the continent in the Arctic, in the sea of Japan, and the eastern half of the North Atlantic. It thus also includes the Macaronesian islands, Mediterranean North Africa and Arabia.</li>
<li>The I<strong>ndo-Malayan Zone&rsquo;s</strong> natural boundaries contain tropical Asia from the Balochistan mountains of Pakistan eastward to the Indian subcontinent south of the Himalayan crest, including the tropical southern fringe of China with Taiwan, the whole of SouthEast Asia, and the Philippines.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fresh-biodiversity-study-of-proposed-dam-sought/article30080984.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/etalin-hydroelectric-project'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Panna Tiger Reserve',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The tiger reintroduction project in Panna tiger reserve has completed a decade making it one of the best models of conservation in the world.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Panna tiger reserve is situated in the <strong>Vindhya mountain range</strong> in the northern part of <strong>Madhya Pradesh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Madhya Pradesh has the <strong>highest number</strong> of tigers in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ken river</strong> (a tributary of the Yamuna River) flows through the reserve.</li>
<li>The region is also famous for <strong>Panna diamond mining.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/ken-betwa-interlink-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ken-Betwa river interlinking project</strong></a> will be located within the tiger reserve.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574756555_Image3.JPG" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574756555_Image3.JPG" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="554" height="563" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pannas-challenge-from-zero-tigers-to-too-many-now-6136848/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panna-tiger-reserve'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Viability of BRI and CPEC',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, U.S. criticised China&rsquo;s international development projects and lending practices under its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/italy-joins-belt-road-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)</strong></a> and has questioned the <strong>China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC),</strong> on its commercial viability.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Opacity on Lending:</strong> China <strong>does not provide any report on the lending</strong> despite being the<strong> largest lender globally</strong> which makes it difficult for the<strong> Paris Club</strong> or<strong> IMF</strong> to <strong>monitor the financial transactions.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lack of transparency works as a means <strong>to hide risks from the countries that borrow</strong> from China.</li>
<li><strong>Failure to repay</strong> the loans stops further development and leads to the surrender of strategic assets diminishing the sovereignty of such countries.</li>
<li><strong>Hambantota Port in Sri Lanka</strong> and<strong> a runway in the Maldives</strong> are examples of China financing projects of questionable commercial viability, resulting in unsustainable debt. In 2017, Sri Lanka handed over a majority stake and a 99-year operating lease to Chinese state-owned enterprises as it could not service the debt owed to China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China benefited after its <strong>Open Door Policy</strong> when U.S., European and Japanese companies opened shops there but it has not done the same in Pakistan under CPEC.</li>
<li>Even though China is not a member of the <strong>Paris Club</strong>, it offers finances and loans to other countries.</li>
<li>Such issues have raised doubts on the ulterior motive of China in the garb of BRI.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Open Door Policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was a <strong>trade agreement</strong> between the <strong>United States, China, Japan and several European countries.</strong></li>
<li>It was issued in <strong>1899-1900</strong> and intended to protect the rights of all countries to trade equally with China and confirming multi-national acknowledgement of China&rsquo;s administrative and territorial sovereignty.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Paris Club</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>informal group of official creditors</strong> whose role is to <strong>find coordinated and sustainable solutions to the payment difficulties experienced by debtor countries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provides debt treatments to debtor countries in the form of rescheduling (postponement) or by concessional rescheduling (reduction in debt service obligations during a defined period).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was founded in <strong>1956</strong> and has <strong>22 members</strong> currently.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>China Pakistan Economic Corridor<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574762630_Viability%20of BRI and CPEC.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574762630_Viability of BRI and CPEC.jpg" width="308" height="305" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>bilateral project between Pakistan and China,</strong> intended to promote connectivity across Pakistan with a <strong>network of highways, railways, and pipelines</strong> accompanied by <strong>energy, industrial</strong> and other<strong> infrastructure development projects.</strong></li>
<li>CPEC <strong>links the Western part of China (Xinjiang) to the Gwadar Port in Balochistan, Pakistan</strong>&nbsp;via Khunjerab Pass in Northern Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Stand</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has objected to part of the corridor that runs through <strong>Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (PoK)</strong> because it infringes Indian sovereignty.</li>
<li>India is a member of <strong>the Quad</strong> (India, the U.S., Australia and Japan) which can provide realistic alternatives for countries looking for infrastructure and be an alternative to China.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/top-us-diplomat-alice-wells-slams-chinas-international-development-projects/article30058605.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/viability-of-bri-and-cpec'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Review Petition',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Supreme Court</strong> has agreed to <strong>review its Sabarimala verdict.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Provision:</strong> Under <strong>Article 137</strong> of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has the power to review any of its judgments or orders.</li>
<li><strong>Scope of Review</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Court has the power to review its rulings <strong>to correct a &ldquo;patent error&rdquo;</strong> and not &ldquo;minor mistakes of inconsequential import&rdquo;. A review is by no means an appeal in disguise.</li>
<li>That means the Court is allowed<strong> not to take fresh stock of the case</strong> but <strong>to correct grave errors</strong> that have resulted in the miscarriage of justice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Filing Review Petition</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per the Civil Procedure Code and the Supreme Court Rules,<strong> any person aggrieved by a ruling can seek a review.</strong> This implies that it is not necessary that only parties to a case can seek a review of the judgment.</li>
<li>A Review Petition has to be filed <strong>within 30 days</strong> of the date of judgment or order.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In certain circumstances, the court can condone the delay in filing the review petition if the petitioner can establish strong reasons that justify the delay.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> It needs to be noted that <strong>judgment is a final decision in a case</strong> whereas <strong>order is an interim ruling</strong> that is subject to its final judgement.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Grounds for Considering Review Petition</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It needs to be noted that the <strong>Court does not entertain every review petition filed.</strong> It exercises its discretion to allow a review petition only when it shows the grounds for seeking the review.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court has laid down<strong> three grounds</strong> for seeking a review of a verdict it has delivered:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The discovery of new and important matter or evidence which, after the exercise of due diligence, was not within the knowledge of the petitioner or could not be produced by him;</li>
<li>Mistake or error apparent on the face of the record; or</li>
<li>Any other sufficient reason that is analogous to the other two grounds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Procedure in the Court</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Review petitions are ordinarily be entertained <strong>without oral arguments</strong> by lawyers. Thus, it is heard <strong>&ldquo;through circulation&rdquo;</strong> by the judges in their chambers.</li>
<li>However, in exceptional cases, the court allows an oral hearing. In a 2014 case, the Supreme Court held that review petitions in all death penalty cases will be heard in open court by a Bench of three judges.</li>
<li>Review petitions are also <strong>heard by the same combination of judges who delivered the original order or judgment</strong> that is sought to be reviewed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Option after Review Petition Fails</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <em>Roopa Hurra v Ashok Hurra</em> case (2002), the Court evolved the concept of a<strong> curative petition,</strong> which can be heard after a review petition is dismissed. Anyhow, the Supreme Court&rsquo;s verdict cannot result in a miscarriage of justice.</li>
<li>A curative petition is also <strong>entertained on very narrow grounds</strong> like a review petition and is generally <strong>not granted an oral hearing.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/supreme-court-babri-masjid-ram-temple-review-petition-6135075/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/review-petition'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Assam Roofed Turtle',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>Assam Roofed Turtle</strong> (Pangshura sylhetensis) is a <strong>small freshwater turtle.</strong> <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574752525_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574752525_image1.png" width="212" height="160" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> Primarily in running waters in the hills of <strong>northeastern India</strong> and northeastern and southeastern<strong> Bangladesh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Threatened by</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Logging of primary forests that causes siltation,</li>
<li>Capture for food and the pet trade, and</li>
<li>Incidental capture in fishing gear.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>IUCN:</strong> Endangered</li>
<li><strong>CITES:</strong> Appendix II.</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 :</strong> Protected under Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/turtle-survival-rides-on-handmade-towel-in-assam/article30079620.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assam-roofed-turtle'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Code on wages',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-broken-promise-of-decent-and-fair-wages/article30070255.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;The broken promise of decent and fair wages&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 25/11/2019. It talks about issues related to Code on Wages Act 2019.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the government proposed the rules to the Code of Wages Act 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Informal workers accounts for 93% of the total working population and contribute to over 60% of India&rsquo;s GDP. Therefore, the new wage code has the potential to influence the lives of around 50 Crore workers in the country.</li>
<li>A well designed minimum wage system can reduce inequalities in incomes, bridge gender gaps in wages and alleviate poverty.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why new Code on Wages?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, labour market preys on excess availability of workers, therefore workers are not able to demand fair minimum wages and continue to live a precarious life.</li>
<li>In India, labour laws fall in the concurrent list and are extremely complicated, therefore there was a need to bring reform by addressing some of the issues like multiple definition of wages, low wages etc.</li>
<li>It will also lead to more formalization of the economy.</li>
<li>An effective minimum wage policy that targets the vulnerable bottom rung of wage earners can help in driving up aggregate demand and building and strengthening the middle class, and thus spur a phase of sustainable and inclusive growth.</li>
<li>Minimum wages can promote social justice without any major negative implication for employment if wages are set at an adequate level.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574687391_Image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574687391_Image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="591" height="497" /></a></p>
<h3>Code on Wages Act 2019</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-code-on-wages-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new wage code</strong> </a>removes the multiplicity of wage definitions, which can significantly reduce litigation as well as compliance cost for employers.</li>
<li>The new Act links minimum wage across the country to the<strong> skills of the employee and the place of employment.</strong></li>
<li>It seeks to universalizes the provisions of minimum wages and timely payment of wages to all employees irrespective of the sector and wage ceiling.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It seeks to<strong> ensure "Right to Sustenance" for every worker</strong> and intends to increase the legislative protection of minimum wage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>National Floor Level Minimum Wage</strong> will be set by the Centre and will be revised every<strong> five years,</strong> while states will fix minimum wages for their regions, which cannot be lower than the floor wage.</li>
<li>It subsumes the following four labour laws:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Payment of Wages Act, 1936</li>
<li>The Minimum Wages Act, 1948</li>
<li>The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965</li>
<li>The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Types of Wages</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Minimum Wage:<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-anniversary-of-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> International Labour Organisation</a></strong> defines it as &ldquo;the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work performed during a given period, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract&rdquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The minimum wage includes the bare needs of life like food, shelter, and clothing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Living Wage:</strong> It is the wage needed to provide the minimum income necessary to pay for basic needs based on the cost of living in a specific community. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In addition to bare needs, a &lsquo;living wage&rsquo; includes education, health, insurance, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fair Wage:</strong> A &lsquo;fair wage&rsquo; is a mean between &lsquo;living wage&rsquo; and &lsquo;minimum wage&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Starvation Wage:</strong> It refers to the wages which are insufficient to provide the ordinary necessities of life.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Concerns with New Wage Code</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Starvation Wages:</strong> It has been alleged that the new wage code will <strong>push the starvation wages</strong> further by increasing the income capacity and<strong> purchasing power</strong> of the informal workers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The increase in purchasing power of the workers will lead to the decrease in savings which inturn will reduce expenditure for productive purposes.</li>
<li>The introduction of concept of<strong> &ldquo;floor wages&rdquo;</strong> would mean that &ldquo;starvation wages&rdquo; which currently guarantees just<strong> ₹178 per day,</strong> will continue to exist and would promote forced labour.</li>
<li>This has been highlighted by Supreme Court in his judgement in<strong> U. Unichoyi and Others vs. The State of Kerala case,</strong> where it remarked that in an underdeveloped country which faces the problem of unemployment on a very large scale, it is likely that labour offers to work even on starvation wages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Deduction of Wages Clause:</strong> The new law provides for the arbitrary deduction of wages (upto 50% of monthly wage) based on performance, damage or loss, advances etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The deduction clause will lead to reduced bargaining power and right of association of workers. The workers will not be able to demand even basic work rights in fear of wage deduction.</li>
<li>In India, the informal sector employers dominate the workers due to caste and higher social status, therefore the above provision may have the potential to become a handy tool for exploitation of these workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>In Raptakos case</strong> (1991), the<strong> Supreme Court</strong> advocated the concept and the <strong>right of living wage.</strong></p>
<p><strong>&ldquo;Consumer Expenditure Survey&rdquo;</strong> result shows that the average family expenditure in<strong> rural areas to be ₹83 per day and in urban areas as ₹134 per day.</strong></p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inspection Framework:</strong> The rules do not clarify the governance and institutional structure for &ldquo;labour inspection system&rdquo;. The rules propose an ad-hoc unclear mechanism called &ldquo;inspection scheme&rdquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme provides for appointment of<strong> Inspector-cum-Facilator</strong> by notification by the appropriate government. This may lead to the revival of <strong>inspector-raj system</strong> in the labour market.</li>
<li>The <strong>International Labour Organisation&rsquo;s (ILO) Labour Inspection Convention of 1947 (Convention C081) &mdash;</strong> which has been ratified by India &mdash; provides for a <strong>well-resourced and independent inspectorate</strong> with provisions to allow thorough inspections and free access to workplaces. However, the provisions of <strong>ILO&rsquo;s convention</strong> has been overlooked while framing the new law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government should focus on<strong> &ldquo;Need Based Minimum Wage&rdquo;</strong> covering nutrition, healthcare, education, housing and provisions of old-age. Therefore,<strong> guaranteed minimum wage</strong> should be treated as a <strong>fundamental constitutional right</strong> for every citizen of India.</li>
<li>According to the new law, the revision of minimum wages is to be done after every<strong> 5 year,</strong> which is quite a long period considering the volatility in the market. Therefore, minimum wages should be <strong>adjusted to inflation</strong> so as to align the wages to market volatility.</li>
<li>The <strong>National Commission for Labours</strong> should be formed to streamline the issues and challenges of labour market and fixing discrepancies in national level minimum wage computation.</li>
</ul>
<p>For the minimum wage system to play a meaningful role in aligning protection with the promotion of sustainable growth, it must be properly designed, its goals clarified, and its enforcement made effective.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9ffd9;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Inputs</strong></em></span><br /><br />Briefly explain the various types of wages. Also explain the challenges related to new wage code.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/code-on-wages-1'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Dark Net',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574679980_Dark%20Net (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574679980_Dark Net (Mind Map).png" width="320" height="740" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/dark-net" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/dark-net-mind-map'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Dark Net',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The darknet refers to encrypted networks on the Internet that are not indexed by search engines such as Google, Yahoo or Bing. It is a layer of the Internet accessible only by using special software like <strong>Tor</strong> (The Onion Router), or I2P (Invisible Internet Project).</li>
<li>These are networks that are only available to a select group of people and not to the general Internet public, and only accessible via authorization, specific software and configurations.</li>
<li>This includes harmless places such as academic databases and corporate sites, as well as those with shadier subjects such as black markets, fetish communities, and hacking and piracy.</li>
<li>The terms "dark net" and "dark web" are occasionally used interchangeably, but with subtle differences in meaning. Dark net is a network built over the Internet whereas <strong>dark web refers to websites on a darknet.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Dark Net, Deep Web and Surface Web</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>"Dark net" is commonly confused with "deep web." The deep web refers to unindexed sites which are unsearchable; in most cases, this is because those sites are protected by passwords.</li>
<li>Part of the WWW (World Wide Web) which is not indexed by a search engine like Google is Deep Web and it about 500-600 times larger than the surface web.</li>
<li><strong>Surface Web -</strong>Also called the Visible Web, Indexed Web, Indexable Web or Lightnet -is that portion of the World Wide Web that is readily available to the general public and searchable with standard web search engines. It is the opposite of the deep web. It only constitutes 4-6% of the whole web.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574675064_Image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574675064_Image4.jpg" width="425" height="239" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Usefulness of DarkNet</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>To avoid Censorship:</strong> Individuals within closed societies and facing extreme censorship can utilize the dark net to communicate with others outside of their society.</li>
<li><strong>Anonymity and Secrecy:</strong> Even individuals within open societies may have some interest in using the darknet, particularly as concerns about <strong>government snooping</strong> and data collection continue to grow worldwide.</li>
<li>Useful for <strong>whistleblowers and journalists</strong> to maintain secrecy in communication and leaking and transferring information.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns Regarding Darknet</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Facilitates Illegal Activities :</strong> A large portion of the activity which takes place on the dark net is illegal. The dark net offers a level of <strong>identity security</strong> that the surface net does not.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dark net is the virtual equivalent of a black market.</li>
<li>Criminals looking to protect their identities in order to evade detection and capture are drawn to this aspect of the dark net. For that reason, it's unsurprising that a number of notable <strong>hacks and data breaches</strong> have been associated with the dark net in some way or another.</li>
<li>The relative impermeability of dark net has made it a major haven for drug dealers, arms traffickers, child pornography collectors and other criminals involved in financial and physical crimes so much so that one can buy anything from tigers to hand grenades to any kind of narcotic substances, provided the potential buyer finds the right website on the dark net.</li>
<li>One of the most famous examples of a dark network was the<strong> Silk Road marketplace. Silk Road was a website used for the buying and selling of a variety of illegal items, including recreational drugs and weapons.</strong> Although it was shut down by government authorities in 2013, it has spawned a number of copycat markets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Used by Activists and revolutionaries to organize themselves without fear of giving away their position to governments they oppose.</li>
<li>Terrorists use dark net to provide information to fellow terrorists, to recruit and radicalize, to spread propaganda, raise funds, and to coordinate actions and attacks.</li>
<li>Terrorists also use the dark net for illegal purchase of explosives and weapons, using virtual currencies like Bitcoin and other crypto-currencies.</li>
<li>Security experts are claiming that hackers and fraudsters have started to offer access to SCADA and ICS systems via discussion forums on the dark web, potentially compromising vital infrastructure networks across the world. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SCADA systems are used to run facilities like nuclear power stations, oil refineries and chemical plants, so if cyber-criminals gained access to major networks, then the consequences could be lethal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Given the increased importance of cryptocurrencies in the financial world, it's possible that dark nets will become more of a feature for everyday Internet users in the future. In the meantime, they may also still provide criminals with a means of eluding capture, although true anonymity is never guaranteed, even when using encryption of the type found in these networks.</li>
<li>Governments across the world should strengthen their Cybersecurity Framework to deal with the threats posed by dark net. They must cooperate with each other regarding securing the Cyberspaces worldwide through intelligence, information, technology and expertise sharing.</li>
<li>India should invest enough in research and development and training and capacity building of personnel in the field of Cybersecurity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Kerala Police Department&rsquo;s initiative, Cyberdome,</strong> a premier facility dedicated to prevent cybercrime and mitigate cybersecurity threats to the State&rsquo;s critical information infrastructure, is a step in right direction which other concerned authorities across the nation can learn from.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/dark-net-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/dark-net'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Sumatran Rhino',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Sumatran rhinoceros has become extinct in Malaysia, after the death of the last rhino in the country.</p>
<h3>Sumatran Rhino<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574670925_image%200.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574670925_image 0.jpg" width="241" height="142" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Its scientific name is <strong>Dicerorhinus sumatrensis</strong> and is the <strong>smallest of all</strong> rhino species.</li>
<li>It is listed as <strong>Critically Endangered</strong> on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a> of Threatened Species.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-1st-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Wild Life (WWF)</strong></a> estimates that there are<strong> only about 80</strong> of them and are left mainly in <strong>Sumatra</strong> and <strong>Borneo</strong> in Indonesia.</li>
<li><strong>Black Rhino, White Rhino, Greater One-Horned Rhino, Javan Rhino and Sumatran Rhino</strong> are the five different species of Rhino.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The three species of Rhino in Asia &mdash; Greater one-horned, Javan and Sumatran. Javan and Sumatran Rhino are critically endangered and the Greater one-horned (or Indian) rhino is vulnerable in the IUCN Red List.</li>
<li>They are spread across India, Nepal, Bhutan, Indonesia and Malaysia. These countries are also known as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asian-rhino-range-countries-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asian Rhino Range Countries.</strong></a></li>
<li>Only the<strong> Great one-horned rhino is found in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2019/nov/24/sumatran-rhino-extinct-in-malaysia-as-lone-survivor-dies-2066387.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sumatran-rhino'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Quota for Disabled in Panchayats',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Chhattisgarh Cabinet has approved an amendment to the State Panchayati Raj Act, 1993, which makes <strong>mandatory the presence of a person with disabilities</strong> in all panchayats across the state.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This implies that if differently abled members are not elected through the electoral process, then one member, either male or female, would be nominated by the government.</li>
<li>The Cabinet has also decided to <strong>remove</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rajasthan-to-scrap-education-criterion" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>educational qualification as a requirement for the members of Panchayat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chhattisgarh will be the <strong>only State to have Persons with Disabilities (PwD) as members</strong> in all panchayats. It needs to be noted that there is <strong>no such quota</strong> for the disabled community <strong>in the elections to the central, state legislative assemblies and Panchayats</strong> (in general).</li>
<li>The State government would also nominate two such members, one male and one female, to Janpads and Zilla Panchayats.</li>
<li><strong>Only being literate</strong> would be enough to contest election. The cabinet has decided to<strong> remove the educational stipulations</strong> of Class V and Class VII for members of the Panch and those above Panch, respectively. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This in <strong>contrast to the Supreme Court&rsquo;s judgement in 2015 ( Rajbala v. the State of Haryana)</strong> where it upheld the decision of the Haryana government which mandated &ldquo;minimum&rdquo; educational qualifications as an eligibility to contest panchayat elections in the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional and Legal Provisions Related to PwD</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 41</strong> of the <strong>Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)</strong> states that State shall make effective provision for securing right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, within the limits of its economic capacity and development.</li>
<li>The <strong>subject of &lsquo;relief of the disabled and unemployable&rsquo;</strong> is specified in the <strong>State List of the Seventh Schedule of the constitution.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-on-implementation-of-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016</a></strong> provides reservation of 4% in government jobs and 5% in higher education institutes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Panchayati Raj Institution in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayati Raj in India</strong> </a>signifies the system of rural <strong>local self government.</strong></li>
<li>It has been <strong>established in all the states of India</strong> by the Acts of the state legislatures to build democracy at the grass root level.</li>
<li>It was constitutionalised through the <strong>73<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Part-IX</strong> to the Constitution of India has been entitled as &lsquo;The Panchayats&rsquo;.</li>
<li>It consists of provisions from<strong> Articles 243 to 243 O.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Eleventh Schedule</strong> to the Constitution contains 29 functional items of the Panchayats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Three - Tier System</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gram Panchayat at the village level,</li>
<li>Janpad Panchayat at the intermediate/ block level and</li>
<li>Zilla Panchayat at the district level</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Election of Members</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All the members of panchayats at the village, intermediate and district levels are elected <strong>directly</strong> by the people.</li>
<li>The <strong>State Election Commission</strong> conducts elections to the panchayats.</li>
<li>There is a<strong> five-year term</strong> of office to the panchayat at every level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reservation of Seats</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reservation of seats (both members and chairpersons) for <strong>Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)</strong> in panchayats at all three levels.</li>
<li>Reservation of one-third seats (both members and chairpersons) <strong>for women</strong> in panchayats at all the three levels.</li>
<li>It is to be noted that providing <strong>reservation of seats</strong> (both members and chairpersons)<strong> for backward classes</strong> in panchayats at any level is a <strong>voluntary provision.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Powers and Functions</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The State Legislature may endow the Panchayats with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self-government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-cabinet-nod-for-one-disabled-person-in-each-panchayat-6134018/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quota-for-disabled-in-panchayats'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Indian Railways Institute of Financial Management',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Railway Board Chairman has inaugurated the Indian Railways Institute of Financial Management (IRIFM) at <strong>Moula Ali in Hyderabad.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Institute will impart structured and professional training to finance and accounts officers of the railways.</li>
<li>Built by the <strong>Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL),</strong> IRIFM would be meeting 90% of its electricity needs through solar power, is covered with rainwater harvesting structures and has a 100% wastewater treatment plant.</li>
<li>RVNL has also been tasked for building <strong>India's first railways university - National Rail and Transportation Institute, at Vadodara (Gujarat).</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rail Vikas Nigam Limited</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RVNL functions as an <strong>extended arm of the Ministry of Railways (MoR)</strong> working for &amp; on behalf of MoR.</li>
<li>It has been granted <strong>Mini Ratna-I</strong> status in 2013.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/railways-finance-wing-gets-world-class-training-institute/article30069150.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-railways-institute-of-financial-management'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Golden Rice',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574668824_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574668824_image1.jpg" width="299" height="168" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>Bangladesh is to be the <strong>first country to approve golden rice planting</strong> in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Golden rice is a <strong>genetically modified variety</strong> of rice.</li>
<li>It is developed by the <strong>Philippines-based International Rice Research Institute (IRRI).</strong></li>
<li>This <strong>variety of rice</strong> is claimed to be able to <strong>fight vitamin A deficiency.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of blindness among children and can also lead to death due to infectious diseases such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>measles.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This rice variety will <strong>not be more expensive than the conventional variety.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>presence of beta-carotene pigment</strong> is the reason for its <strong>golden colour.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>conventional rice</strong> is naturally <strong>low in the pigment beta-carotene.</strong></li>
<li>The beta-carotene is used by the human body to make vitamin A</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vitamin A Deficiency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vitamin A is a<strong> fat-soluble</strong> vitamin that maintains <strong>healthy vision, skin, bones and other tissues</strong> in the body.</li>
<li><strong>Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD)</strong> can lead to night blindness, a higher risk of the throat, chest, and abdomen infections, follicular hyperkeratosis (dry, bumpy skin), fertility issues and delayed growth in children, etc.</li>
<li>Women and children are the most vulnerable to VAD which is the leading cause of childhood blindness and inability of the immune system to combat disease.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IRRI is an <strong>independent, non-profit,</strong> research and educational institute, founded in 1960 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations with support from the Philippine government.</li>
<li>The institute, headquartered in Los Ba&ntilde;os, Philippines, has offices in 17 rice-growing countries in Asia and Africa.</li>
<li>The <strong>IRRI South Asia Regional Centre</strong> is located at <strong>Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh).</strong></li>
<li>It aims to improve the health and welfare of rice farmers and consumers; and protect the rice-growing environment for future generations.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-golden-rice-6135523/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/golden-rice-1'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Cases under Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ncrb-to-track-complaints-on-sexual-violence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Crime Records Data (NCRB)</strong></a>, <strong>more than 35% cases registered</strong> under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) were recorded in <strong>Manipur.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Of all cases registered under UAPA in 2017, Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K) recorded 17%, Assam recorded 14%, Uttar Pradesh recorded 12% and Bihar accounted for 5% of total cases.</li>
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh topped the States in the number of arrests</strong> made with 382 arrests (nearly one-fourth) of the 1,554 persons.</li>
<li>It is followed by Assam-374, Manipur-352, J&amp;K-35 and Jharkhand-57.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574668128_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574668128_image2.png" width="406" height="363" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was passed in <strong>1967 and aims at effective prevention of unlawful activities associations in India.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>2004 amendment,</strong> added <strong>&ldquo;terrorist act"</strong> to the list of offences to ban organisations for terrorist activities, under which 34 outfits were banned.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Till 2004, <strong>&ldquo;unlawful" activities referred to actions related to secession and cession of territory.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under the UAPA, the investigating agency can <strong>file a charge sheet in maximum 180 days after the arrests</strong> and the duration can be extended further after intimating the court.</li>
<li>The Act assigns absolute power to the central government, by way of which if the <strong>Centre deems an activity as unlawful</strong> then it may, <strong>by way of an Official Gazette, declare it so.</strong></li>
<li>It has death penalty and life imprisonment as highest punishments.</li>
<li>In August, Parliament cleared the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/unlawful-activities-prevention-amendment-bill-2019-and-the-related-issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019</strong></a> to designate individuals as terrorists on certain grounds provided in the Act.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur-jk-record-maximum-number-of-cases-under-unlawful-activities-prevention-act/article30070028.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cases-under-unlawful-activities-prevention-act'
		]
	],
	'updates' => object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

		'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
		'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive`, articles.star_rating AS `articles__star_rating`, articles.display_in_states AS `articles__display_in_states` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
		'params' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'defaultTypes' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'decorators' => (int) 0,
		'executed' => false,
		'hydrate' => true,
		'buffered' => true,
		'formatters' => (int) 0,
		'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
		'contain' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'matching' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'extraOptions' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}
	
	},
	'page' => (int) 196,
	'search' => 'class',
	'totalPages' => (float) 336,
	'title' => 'Search'
]
$progress = []
$bookmarks = []
$notes = []
$mynote = []
$topdata = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/careers',
		'title' => 'We are hiring Full Time Content Developers, to know more, please click here.',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	}
]
$searchdata = []
$searchlist = [
	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'New START Treaty',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The New START Treaty is a treaty <strong>between</strong> the <strong>United States of America</strong> and the<strong> Russian Federation</strong> on measures for the further reduction and limitation of <strong>strategic offensive arms.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It entered into force on 5<sup>th</sup> February, 2011.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>successor to the START framework of 1991</strong> (at the end of the Cold War) that limited both sides to 1,600 strategic delivery vehicles and 6,000 warheads.</li>
<li>It continues the bipartisan process of verifiably reducing U.S. and Russian strategic nuclear arsenals by limiting both sides to 700 strategic launchers and 1,550 operational warheads.</li>
<li>It will lapse in February 2021 unless extended for a five-year period.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>INF Treaty</strong> is another treaty that was signed during the Cold War.</li>
<li>It was a nuclear arms-control accord reached by the United States and the Soviet Union in 1987 in which the two nations agreed to <strong>eliminate their stocks of intermediate-range and shorter-range (or &ldquo;medium-range&rdquo;) land-based missiles</strong> (which could carry nuclear warheads).</li>
<li>The <strong>United States withdrew</strong> from the Treaty on 2<sup>nd</sup> August 2019.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term &lsquo;strategic offensive arms&rsquo; applies to<strong> nuclear warheads</strong> deployed by Strategic Nuclear Delivery Vehicles (&lsquo;SNDVs&rsquo;).</li>
<li><strong>SNDVs</strong> are Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (&lsquo;ICBMs&rsquo;) with a range exceeding 5,500 kilometres, strategic bombers, warships (including strategic submarines ) and cruise missiles, including air and sea-launched cruise missiles.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-start-treaty'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Cartosat-3',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</strong></a> has launched <strong>Cartosat-3 and 13 commercial</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/isro-to-launch-state-of-the-art-satellites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>nanosatellites</strong></a> <strong>into Sun Synchronous orbit</strong> from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cartosat-3 is an<strong> earth-observation remote sensing satellite</strong> which will replace Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) series. So far, ISRO has orbited <strong>8 Cartosats since 2005.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Remote sensing</strong> is the science of obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The 13 commercial nanosatellites are from the USA, which is the first <strong>commercial order</strong> for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-contract-for-nsil" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Space India Limited</strong></a>, the commercial arm of ISRO which was formed in March 2019.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cartosat-3 is a <strong>third-generation advanced earth observation satellite</strong> carried by Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, <strong>PSLV-C47</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) is an indigenously-developed expendable launch system of the ISRO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Resolution</strong>: It has the <strong>'sharpest eye'</strong> of <strong>civil remote sensing satellites</strong> in the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One of Cartosat-3&rsquo;s cameras offers a<strong> ground resolution of 25 cm</strong> - it can pick up an object of a<strong> minimum of 25 cm size</strong> from a <strong>height of around 500 km.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Currently,</strong> a satellite owned by US private company- <strong>WorldView-3,</strong> has the best ground resolution of <strong>31 cm.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weight:</strong> At <strong>1,625 kg,</strong> Cartosat-3 is unusually <strong>heavy and more than double the mass</strong> of the previous eight in its class.</li>
<li><strong>Orbit:</strong> PSLV will place Cartosat 3 in an <strong>orbit of 509 km.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Inclination:</strong> It has been placed at <strong>97.5 degrees to the equator</strong> of the earth.</li>
<li>It has many new technologies such as a highly agile or flexible camera; high-speed data transmission, advanced computer system, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Applications</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Data from most of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/isro-to-launch-state-of-the-art-satellites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cartosat satellites</strong></a> are exclusively used by the <strong>armed forces.</strong></li>
<li>However, an <strong>existing policy</strong> allows <strong>only government and government authorised agencies</strong> to access ISRO's high-resolution imageries <strong>below a resolution of 1 metre.</strong></li>
<li>Cartosat-3&rsquo;s <strong>optical imaging</strong> will also help to detect precise <strong>cartographic or mapping activities.</strong></li>
<li>The imageries are also used for urban and rural infrastructure planning, coastal land use and regulation, utility management such as monitoring road networks, water grids or distribution, creation of land use maps, disaster management, etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cartosat Satellites</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cartosat satellites are<strong> earth observation satellites,</strong> used mainly for <strong>large-scale mapping of the Earth</strong> through<strong> high-resolution cameras.</strong></li>
<li>It also helps to detect <strong>changes</strong> in natural geographical or man-made features. As their cameras can `look back and forth' in an angle to generate <strong>continuous spot images.</strong></li>
<li>The Earth-observation satellites also include the Resourcesat and RISAT series, the Oceansat series.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Resourcesat and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/risat-2b-satellite" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RISAT</strong></a> series of satellites, for example, provide images and data that are needed for land and water resources applications.</li>
<li>The Oceansat series and the SARAL satellite, meanwhile, produce data on the oceans.</li>
<li>The satellites like INSAT 3D, INSAT-VRR or Megha Tropiques study the atmosphere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574840987_Image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574840987_Image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="406" height="629" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/26-hour-countdown-begins-for-cartosat-3-launch/article30084342.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cartosat-3'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Currency Swap Arrangement for SAARC',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> has revised the framework on <strong>currency swap arrangement</strong> for the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/south-asian-association-for-regional-cooperation-saarc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</strong></a> <strong>countries</strong> for <strong>2019-2022.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This has been done to further financial stability and economic cooperation within the SAARC region.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SAARC currency swap facility came into operation on 15th November, 2012.</li>
<li>Under the revised framework, <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The RBI will continue to offer a swap arrangement within the overall corpus of <strong>USD 2 billion.</strong></li>
<li>The swap drawals can be made in <strong>US dollar, euro</strong> or <strong>Indian rupee.</strong> The framework provides certain concessions for swap drawals in Indian rupee.</li>
<li>The facility will be<strong> available to all SAARC member countries,</strong> subject to their signing the bilateral swap agreements.</li>
<li>The framework is valid from 14<sup>th</sup> November, 2019 to 13<sup>th</sup> November, 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Currency Swap Arrangement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The word swap means exchange. A currency swap between the two countries is an agreement or <strong>contract to exchange currencies</strong> with predetermined terms and conditions.</li>
<li>Central banks and Governments engage in currency swaps with foreign counterparts <strong>to meet short term foreign exchange liquidity requirements</strong> or to ensure adequate foreign currency <strong>to avoid Balance of Payments (BOP) crisis</strong> till longer arrangements can be made.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Japan in the year 2018 signed a bilateral currency swap agreement.</li>
<li>RBI will get a certain amount of yen and the Bank of Japan will get an equivalent amount in Indian rupees on a decided swap rate.</li>
<li>After a specified period, both the countries will repay the amount at the same swap rate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SAARC was established with the signing of the SAARC Charter in Dhaka (Bangladesh) on 8<sup>th</sup> December 1985.</li>
<li><strong>Eight Member States:</strong> Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.</li>
<li><strong>Secretariat:</strong> Kathmandu (Nepal)</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to improve their quality of life, and to accelerate economic growth, among other things.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rbi-revises-framework-on-currency-swap-arrangement-for-saarc-countries-6138245/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/currency-swap-arrangement-for-saarc'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Lokpal and Lokayukta',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a new logo and a new moto were launched for&nbsp;<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/lokpal-lokayukta-ombudsman-upsc-governance-transparency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lokpal</strong></a>, the&nbsp;<strong>apex anti-corruption ombudsman.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574838229_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574838229_image1.png" width="226" height="169" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Logo</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It includes the shapes of the ombudsman (Judges&rsquo; Bench), the people (three human figures), vigilance (an Ashoka Chakra forming an eye), the law (a shape of book) and the judicial (two tri-colour hands placed below, forming a unique balance).</li>
<li>It is designed by Prashant Mishra, a resident of Prayagraj, U.P.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Motto</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>&ldquo;Ma Gridhah Kasyasvidhanam (Do not be greedy for anyone&rsquo;s wealth)&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Lokpal has decided its motto/slogan based on their own inputs and discussions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Lokpal and Lokayukta</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013</strong> provided for the establishment of Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States.</li>
<li>These institutions are <strong>statutory bodies</strong> without any constitutional status.</li>
<li>They perform the function of an "ombudsman&rdquo; and inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for related matters.</li>
<li>In India, the concept of constitutional ombudsman was <strong>first proposed by the then law minister Ashok Kumar Sen</strong> in parliament in the <strong>early 1960s.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>term</strong> Lokpal and Lokayukta were <strong>coined by Dr L. M. Singhvi.</strong></li>
<li>The Bill was <strong>passed in 2013</strong> in both the Houses of Parliament and <strong>came into force on 16 January 2014.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To<strong> tackle</strong> the issues of<strong> maladministration and corruption.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the<strong> anti-corruption agencies</strong> are <strong>advisory</strong> in nature, <strong>hardly independent</strong> and do <strong>not have effective powers.</strong></li>
<li>There is no separate and effective mechanism <strong>to check</strong> the problems of <strong>internal transparency and accountability.</strong></li>
<li>In this context, the independent institutions of Lokpal and Lokayukta have been a landmark move in the history of Indian polity which offers a solution to the corruption and administrative problems.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/logo-motto-introduced-for-lokpal/article30089884.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lokpal-and-lokayukta'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Tribunals',
		'catname' => 'National Institutions',
		'desc' => '<p>Tribunal is a <strong>quasi-judicial institution</strong> that is set up to deal with problems such as resolving administrative or tax-related disputes. It performs a number of functions like <strong>adjudicating disputes, determining rights between contesting parties, making an administrative decision, reviewing an existing administrative decision</strong> and so forth.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term &lsquo;Tribunal&rsquo; is derived from the word &lsquo;Tribunes&rsquo;, which means <strong>&lsquo;Magistrates of the Classical Roman Republic&rsquo;.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tribunal is referred to as the <strong>office of the &lsquo;Tribunes&rsquo;</strong> i.e., a Roman official under the monarchy and the republic with the function of protecting the citizen from arbitrary action by the aristocrat magistrates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A Tribunal, generally, is any person or institution having an authority to judge, adjudicate on, or to determine claims or disputes &ndash; whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need of Tribunal</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To overcome the situation that arose due to the pendency of cases in various Courts, domestic tribunals and other Tribunals have been established under different Statutes, hereinafter referred to as the Tribunals.</li>
<li>The Tribunals were set up to <strong>reduce</strong> the <strong>workload of courts,</strong> to <strong>expedite decisions</strong> and to<strong> provide a forum</strong> which would be manned by lawyers and experts in the areas falling under the jurisdiction of the Tribunal.</li>
<li>The tribunals perform an important and specialised role in justice mechanism. They take a load off the already overburdened courts. They hear disputes related to the environment, armed forces, tax and administrative issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Constitutional Provisions</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574771699_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574771699_image1.jpg" width="427" height="305" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tribunals were not part of the original constitution, it was incorporated in the Indian Constitution by <strong>42<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act, 1976.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 323-A</strong> deals with Administrative Tribunals.</li>
<li><strong>Article 323-B</strong> deals with tribunals for other matters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under <strong>Article 323 B,</strong> the Parliament and the state legislatures are authorised to provide for the establishment of tribunals for the adjudication of disputes relating to the following matters:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Taxation</li>
<li>Foreign exchange, import and export</li>
<li>Industrial and labour</li>
<li>Land reforms</li>
<li>Ceiling on urban property</li>
<li>Elections to Parliament and state legislatures</li>
<li>Food stuff</li>
<li>Rent and tenancy rights</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Articles 323 A and 323 B differ in the following three aspects:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While<strong> Article 323 A</strong> contemplates the establishment of tribunals for public service matters only, <strong>Article 323 B</strong> contemplates the establishment of tribunals for certain other matters (mentioned above).</li>
<li>While tribunals under<strong> Article 323 A</strong> can be established only by Parliament, tribunals under <strong>Article 323 B</strong> can be established both by Parliament and state legislatures with respect to matters falling within their legislative competence.</li>
<li>Under<strong> Article 323 A,</strong> only one tribunal for the Centre and one for each state or two or more states may be established. There is no question of the hierarchy of tribunals, whereas under <strong>Article 323 B</strong> a hierarchy of tribunals may be created.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 262:</strong> The Indian Constitution provides a role for the Central government in adjudicating conflicts surrounding inter-state rivers that arise among the state/regional governments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tribunals in India</h3>
<p><strong>Administrative Tribunals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Administrative Tribunals was set-up by an act of Parliament, <strong>Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985.</strong> It owes its origin to<strong> Article 323 A</strong> of the Constitution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It adjudicates disputes and complaints with respect to recruitment and conditions of service of <strong>persons appointed to the public service </strong>and <strong>posts in connection with the affairs of the Union and the States.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 provides for three types of tribunals:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Central Government establishes an administrative tribunal called the <strong>Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT).</strong></li>
<li>The Central Government may, upon receipt of a request in this behalf from any<strong> State Government,</strong> establish an administrative tribunal for such State employees.</li>
<li>Two or more States might ask for a joint tribunal, which is called the <strong>Joint Administrative Tribunal (JAT),</strong> which exercises powers of the administrative tribunals for such States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are tribunals for settling various administrative and tax-related disputes, including <strong>Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT), Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT), Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal (CESTAT), National Green Tribunal (NGT), Competition Appellate Tribunal (COMPAT)</strong> and<strong> Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT), </strong>among others.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>Central Administrative Tribunal</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has jurisdiction to deal with <strong>service matters</strong> pertaining to the Central Government employees or of any Union Territory, or local or other government under the control of the Government of India, or of a corporation owned or controlled by the Central Government.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CAT was set-up on 1 November 1985.</li>
<li>It has 17 regular benches, 15 of which operate at the<strong> principal seats of High Courts</strong> and the remaining two at <strong>Jaipur and Lucknow.</strong></li>
<li>These Benches also hold <strong>circuit sittings</strong> at other seats of High Courts. The tribunal consists of a<strong> Chairman, Vice-Chairman and Members.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Members are drawn, <strong>both from judicial as well as administrative streams</strong> so as to give the Tribunal the benefit of expertise both in legal and administrative spheres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The appeals against the orders of an <strong>Administrative Tribunal</strong> shall lie before the <strong>Division Bench</strong> of the concerned High Court.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>State Administrative Tribunal</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Article 323 B empowers the state legislatures to set up tribunals for various matters like levy, assessment, collection and enforcement of any of the tax matters connected with land reforms covered by Article 31A.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Water Disputes Tribunal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Parliament has enacted <strong>Inter-State River Water Disputes (ISRWD) Act, 1956</strong> have formed various <strong>Water Disputes Tribunal</strong> for adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers and river valleys thereof.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Standalone Tribunal:</strong> The Inter-State River Water Disputes (Amendment) Bill, 2019 is passed by Parliament for amending the existing ISRWD Act, 1956 to constitute a <strong>standalone Tribunal</strong> to remove with the need to set up a separate Tribunal for each water dispute which is invariably a time-consuming process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a military tribunal in India. It was established under the <strong>Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007.</strong></li>
<li>It has provided the power for the adjudication or trial by AFT of disputes and complaints with respect to commission, appointments, enrolments and conditions of service in respect of persons subject to the <strong>Army Act, 1950, The Navy Act, 1957 and the Air Force Act, 1950.</strong></li>
<li>Besides the <strong>Principal Bench in New Delhi,</strong> AFT has Regional Benches at Chandigarh, Lucknow, Kolkata, Guwahati, Chennai, Kochi, Mumbai and Jaipur.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Each Bench comprises of a Judicial Member and an Administrative Member.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Judicial Members</strong> are <strong>retired High Court Judges</strong> and<strong> Administrative Members</strong> are<strong> retired Members</strong> of the<strong> Armed Forces</strong> who have held the rank of <strong>Major General/ equivalent</strong> or above for a period of three years or more,<strong> Judge Advocate General (JAG),</strong> who have held the appointment for at least one year are also entitled to be appointed as the Administrative Member.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 </strong>and<strong> National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997</strong> were found to be inadequate giving rise to demand for an institution to deal with environmental cases more efficiently and effectively.</li>
<li>The Law Commission in its 186th Report suggested multi-faceted Courts with judicial and technical inputs referring to the practice of environmental Courts in Australia and New Zealand.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a result NGT was formed as a special fast-track, quasi-judicial body comprising of judges and environment experts to ensure expeditious disposal of cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The National Green Tribunal was established in 2010 under the <strong>National Green Tribunal Act 2010 </strong>as a <strong>statutory body.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was setup for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to <strong>environmental protection</strong> and<strong> conservation of forests and other natural resources.</strong></li>
<li>It also ensures enforcement of any legal right relating to environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Tribunal is mandated to make and endeavour for disposal of applications or appeals finally<strong> within 6 months</strong> of filing of the same.</li>
<li>Initially, the NGT is proposed to be set up at five places of sittings and will follow circuit procedure for making itself more accessible.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>New Delhi</strong> is the<strong> Principal Place of Sitting</strong> of the Tribunal and <strong>Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai</strong> shall be the other four place of sitting of the Tribunal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Income Tax Appellate Tribunal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Section 252 of the Income Tax Act, 1961</strong> provides that the Central Government shall constitute an <strong>Appellate Tribunal</strong> consisting of many Judicial Members and Accountant members as it thinks fit to exercise the powers and functions conferred on the Tribunal by the Act.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Characteristics of Administrative Tribunals</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Administrative Tribunal is a creation of a statute.</li>
<li>An Administrative Tribunal is vested in the judicial power of the State and thereby performs <strong>quasi-judicial functions</strong> as distinguished from pure <strong>administrative functions.</strong></li>
<li>Administrative Tribunal is bound to act judicially and follow the principles of <strong>natural justice.</strong></li>
<li>It is required to act openly, fairly and impartially.</li>
<li>An Administrative Tribunal is <strong>not bound</strong> by the strict rules of<strong> procedure and evidence prescribed by the civil procedure court.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Merging of Tribunals</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Finance Act of 2017</strong> merged eight tribunals according to functional similarity. The list of the tribunals that have been merged are given below:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Employees Provident Fund Appellate Tribunal </strong>with<strong> The Industrial Tribunal.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Copyright Board </strong>with<strong> The Intellectual Property Appellate Board .</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Railways Rates Tribunal</strong> with<strong> The Railways Claims Tribunal.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Appellate Tribunal for Foreign Exchange with The Appellate Tribunal (Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act, 1976.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The National Highways Tribunal </strong>with<strong> The Airport Appellate Tribunal.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Cyber Appellate Tribunal</strong> and<strong> The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority Appellate Tribunal </strong>with<strong> The Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) .</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Competition Appellate Tribunal </strong>with<strong> the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Difference Between Tribunal and Court</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Administrative Tribunals and Ordinary Courts both deal with the disputes between the parties which affects the rights of the subjects.</li>
<li>Administrative Tribunal is not a court. Some notable differences between a court and Administrative Tribunal are as follows -</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 19px; background-color: #0785ab; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>No.</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #0785ab;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Court of Law</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #0785ab;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Tribunal</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 67px; background-color: #e0f8ff; text-align: center;"><strong>1.</strong></td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 67px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">A court of law is a part of the <strong>traditional judicial system</strong> whereby judicial powers are derived from the state.</td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 67px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>An Administrative Tribunal is an <strong>agency created by the statute</strong> and invested with judicial power.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 99px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff; text-align: center;"><strong>2.</strong></td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>The Civil Courts have judicial power to try all <strong>suits of a civil nature</strong> unless the cognizance is expressly or impliedly barred.</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">Tribunal is also known as the Quasi-judicial body. Tribunals have the power to try cases of<strong> special matter which are conferred on them by statutes</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 99px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff; text-align: center;">
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>3.</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">Judges of the ordinary courts of law are independent of the executive in respect of their tenure, terms and conditions of service etc. <strong>Judiciary is independent of Executive</strong></td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">Tenure, terms and conditions of the services of the members of <strong>Administrative Tribunal are entirely in the hands of Executive</strong> (government).</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 99px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff; text-align: center;"><strong>4.</strong></td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>The presiding officer of the <strong>court of law is trained in law.</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 99px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>The president or a member of the Tribunal may not be trained as well in law. He may be an <strong>expert in the field of Administrative matters.</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 67px; background-color: #e0f8ff; text-align: center;"><strong>5.</strong></td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 67px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>A judge of a court of law <strong>must be impartial</strong> who is not interested in the matter directly or indirectly.</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 67px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">An Administrative Tribunal <strong>may be a party to the dispute</strong> to be decided by it.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 19px; background-color: #e0f8ff; text-align: center;">
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>6.</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 19px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">A court of law is bound by all the <strong>rules of evidence and procedure.</strong></td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 19px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>An Administrative Tribunal is not bound by rules but bound by the <strong>principles of nature of Justice.</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 115px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 115px; background-color: #e0f8ff; text-align: center;">
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>7.</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 115px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>Court must decide all questions <strong>objectively</strong> on the basis of evidence and materials on record.</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 115px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>Administrative Tribunal may decide questions by taking into account departmental policy, the decision of Administrative Tribunal may <strong>be subjective rather than objective.</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 75px; height: 35px; background-color: #e0f8ff; text-align: center;">
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>8.</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 550px; height: 35px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">A court of law can decide <strong>vires of a legislation</strong></td>
<td style="width: 631px; height: 35px; background-color: #e0f8ff;">
<p>Administrative Tribunal cannot do so</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/tribunals-1'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Relevance of  Fundamental duties',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/fundamental-duties-rights-indian-constitution-6136622/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Importance of citizens&rsquo;</strong></a> duties&rsquo; which was published in The Indian Express on 26/11/2019. It talks about the Relevance of Fundamental duties in present times.</p>
</div>
<p>Citizenship is the validation of the <strong>social contract</strong> between the people of the country and the government elected by them, which is legitimized by the Constitution of a country. Rights of the citizens is the basis of this contract.</p>
<p>While emphasizing on rights, it is very important that the citizens are also sincere about their duties towards the society at large and the country, especially its safety and security imperatives.</p>
<p>Close scrutiny of the Fundamental duties indicates that a number of them refer to values, which have been part of Indian tradition, mythology, religion and practices.</p>
<h3>Concept of Duties in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is one of the few countries in the world with a glorious tradition of democracy since <strong>ancient times,</strong> where people have had a tradition of performing their duties.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since time immemorial, an individual&rsquo;s <strong>&ldquo;kartavya&rdquo; &mdash;</strong> the performance of one&rsquo;s duties towards society, his/her country and his/her parents, was emphasised.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The concept of the republic in ancient India is older than the Roman or Greek republican system.</li>
<li>The ancient republics or janapadas such as Vaishali, Kapilavastu and Mithila &mdash; and their constitutions &mdash; date back to 600 BC.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Bhagwad Gita and Ramayana</strong> also ask people to perform their duties. In the Gita, Lord Krishna ordains, <strong>&ldquo;One should do one&rsquo;s duties without expectation of any fruits&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>According to <strong>Mahatma Gandhi</strong> the very performance of a duty secures us our right. Rights cannot be divorced from duties.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mahatama Gandhi held that <strong>&ldquo;Satyagraha was born, for I was always striving to decide what my duty was.&rdquo;</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, <strong>Swami Vivekananda</strong> observed, &ldquo;it is the duty of every person to contribute in the development and progress of India&rdquo;.</li>
<li>A very significant feature of the Indian Constitution is that it balances citizens&rsquo; rights and duties.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fundamental duties were added by the <strong>42<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act 1976</strong> upon the recommendation of the <strong>Swaran Singh Committee</strong>.</li>
<li>According to Indira Gandhi, &ldquo;the moral value of fundamental duties would not be to smother rights but to establish a democratic balance by making people conscious of their duties equally as they are conscious of their rights&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Fundamental Duties</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The idea of Fundamental Duties has been borrowed from the Constitution of erstwhile USSR. Till then, Japan was only the democratic state that contains the duties of the citizen.</li>
<li>Fundamental Duties are embedded in Part IV-A of the Indian Constitution under Article 51A. originally the duties were ten in number, later on by 86th Amendment in 2002, they levelled up to eleven.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Importance of Duties</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Many nations across the world have transformed into developed economies by embodying the principles of <strong>&ldquo;Responsible Citizenship&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li><strong>Responsible Citizenship:</strong> All the responsibilities and duties that citizens of a nation should exercise and respect.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The USA is a classic example in this respect. The Citizens&rsquo; Almanac, issued by the US Citizenship and Immigration Services, details the responsibilities of its citizens.</li>
<li>Another example is Singapore, whose growth story has been fuelled by its emphasis on the relentless pursuit of duties by its citizens. As a result, Singapore has transformed from a less developed nation to a highly developed one in a short span of time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Relevance of Fundamental Duties in Present Times</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Even three decades after the fundamental duties were incorporated, there&rsquo;s no adequate awareness among citizens. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1998, Atal Bihari Vajpayee&rsquo;s government had appointed the <strong>Justice J.S. Verma Committee</strong> to operationalise the suggestions to teach fundamental duties to the citizens of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Today, it is important to emphasise the need to remember fundamental duties for the progress of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fundamental duty enshrined <strong>under Article 51A(e)</strong> seeks to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood, transcending the barriers of religion, language, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, India&rsquo;s democratic setup, over six decades has <strong>not fully able to forge this common brotherhood.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Similarly, there is a duty <strong>under Article 51A(g)</strong> to protect and improve the environment, but India has been severely affected by air &amp; water pollution and the impact of climate change.</li>
<li>Fundamental duty envisaged <strong>under Article 51A(h)</strong> developing a sense of oneness, a scientific temper and the spirit of inquiry, nor a healthy, secular attitude
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>On the contrary, the school environment and social milieu are such that children learn all the wrong things about each other and become victims of social prejudices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has a composite culture <strong>(under Article 51A(f)), &ldquo;Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam&rdquo;</strong> sums up that perspective.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, presently there is growing intolerance in Indian society, reflected by cases of cow vigilantism, mob lynching, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Democracy cannot establish deep roots in society until the citizens don&rsquo;t complement fundamental rights with their fundamental duties. For a polity to survive, citizens should have a high sense of duty.</li>
<li>Universally, great emphasis has been laid on citizens&rsquo; duties. <strong>Article 29(1)</strong> of the <strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</strong> states:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It states that &ldquo;Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, Prime Minister of India has rightly said that our children should be taught the Constitution.</li>
<li>Incorporating the essential aspects of fundamental duties in all oaths and pledges.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court has said that since duties are obligatory for citizens, the state should strive to achieve the same goal.</li>
</ul>
<p>Rights and duties have to exist together. Rights without duties will lead to anarchy. In this context, the <strong>Fundamental Duties</strong> serve as a constant reminder of national goals as well as inculcate a profound sense of social responsibility.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f0ffd9;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Rights without duties will lead to anarchy. Analyse the statement in context of the relevance of fundamental duties in present times.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/relevance-of-fundamental-duties'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Legislative Impact Assessment',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IlIFN4b5NPc" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>Recently, the Chairman of Rajya Sabha advocated the idea of <strong>Legislative Impact Assessment.</strong> He called for <strong>informed law-making process</strong> in the country by bringing out <strong>social, economic, environmental, and institutional impacts</strong> of legislative proposals which will help in <strong>realizing the stated objectives of various laws.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He also stressed on the need of Parliamentary reforms in the form of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/point-reforms-charter-for-parliament" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>15 point charter.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>What is Legislative Impact Assessment?</h3>
<p>The <strong>study of the impact</strong> of a law (being made and enforced) on the society over a period of time is known as Legislative Impact Assessment (LIA).</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Legislative Impact Assessment</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>LIA is a <strong>method of estimating</strong> the likely impacts of legislative proposals and government policies, before and after they are adopted and enacted, and comparing them with different policy designs to determine which policy produces the best result.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Essential elements of LIA</strong></p>
<p>Following are the essential elements or parts of the LIA:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Identification of the policy problem</li>
<li>Identification of potential legislative/policy options</li>
<li>Comparative analysis of potential legislative/policy options with each other</li>
<li>Stakeholder consultation</li>
<li>Selection of the preferred legislative/policy option</li>
<li>Impact analysis of the preferred option</li>
<li>Identification of impact mitigation measures required (if any)</li>
<li>Cost-benefit analysis of the preferred option</li>
<li>Reporting</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Need for LIA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Quick decision-making</strong> raises the questions regarding implementation of the law, associated costs and most importantly, the negative impacts that the laws may have. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One such example is the <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/6th-national-report-to-cbd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biological Diversity Act, 2002,</strong></a> which aims to protect India&rsquo;s biological resources. However, the inherent contradictions between some of its provisions have caused significant barriers to conservation, use and development of biodiversity, thus undermining the fundamental purpose of the Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Hence, it is essential that laws are analysed in detail before their enactment, as the country cannot afford to make expensive or irreversible mistakes with already limited resources.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Aspects of the Legislative Impact Assessment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pre-Enactment Assessment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a wider <strong>role of Parliament as an institution of law-making</strong> which involves thorough analysis by the Parliament before enacting any law. This includes <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Pre-legislative thought</strong> or the wider consultations and detailed discussions with the experts before making the law,</li>
<li><strong>Making</strong> of the Draft Bill,</li>
<li>Proposing and <strong>discussing</strong> the bills in the Houses,</li>
<li><strong>Detailed scrutiny</strong> by each House and the respective Parliamentary Committees, and</li>
<li>The<strong> final enactment</strong> of the law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In India, there is proper <strong>pre-legislative principle</strong> that is followed before making any law. Any bill is proposed by the government based on either of the two needs: either the society demands it, or the government feels that a particular law must be enacted. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For example- the recently proposed amendments in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rti-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RTI Act,</strong></a> or the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unlawful-activities-prevention-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act-</strong></a> were laid down before the Parliament by the government realising the changing needs of the society. This involved the pre-enactment assessment by relying on inputs from security agencies or the concerned stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Post-Enactment Assessment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The responsibility of Parliament after a law is made is not over. For instance, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-motor-vehicles-bill-for-road-safety" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Motor Vehicles Bill, 2019</strong></a> proposed to ensure road safety of people and timely help to accident victims. Now, whether this intended objectives and needs of the law are achieved or not, needs to be looked at, by the Parliament. This is known as the <strong>Post Enactment Assessment.</strong></li>
<li>There is another responsibility of Parliament to<strong> hold government accountable.</strong> In cases of the operational delegated legislation, the laws created by the executive must come back to the Parliament and be assessed thoroughly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note: Delegated legislation</strong> is referred to as secondary legislation. It is made by a person or body other than Parliament. Parliament, through an Act, can permit another person or body to make such legislation.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Parliament creates the broader framework of a particular law and gives the authority for legislation to other persons or bodies to provide more details to the passed Act.</li>
<li>This offers <strong>several merits</strong> as it allows specifics to be modified at local levels with greater responsiveness to situations. However, <strong>several concerns</strong> such as over-abundance of regulation, lack of scrutiny before the enactment of rules or laws by the delegated bodies, etc. may remain unmitigated.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges to Legislative Impact Assessment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lack of Institutionalized Societal Study-</strong> Currently, no such institutionalized study is conducted to analyse the impact of the legislations being made on the society. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The institutionalised study of impact of legislation can be a good start. For instance, setting up of a <strong>special task force</strong> by the Ministry of Finance under the <strong>company&rsquo;s law</strong> which involves the experts and concerned stakeholders from the relevant fields.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bureaucratic Hurdles-</strong> Sometimes, the hasty passage of laws by the bureaucracy creates various hurdles in the effective implementation of that law. For instance:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the <strong>Goods and Services Tax (GST)</strong> passed in <strong>2017,</strong> there were several lacunae which were resolved over a period of time by passing subsequent rules and legislations. The <strong>Parliamentary Committee on Commerce</strong> was formed to look at the issues associated with GST import and exports.</li>
<li>Similarly the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency &amp; Bankruptcy Code</strong></a> (2016) suffered from untimely redressal of bankruptcy cases leading to huge burden of pending cases. To address the working of IBC, the <strong>Committee on Finance</strong> was recently formed by the Parliament.</li>
<li>Hence, there is a <strong>need of regular scrutiny</strong> to tackle such challenges and LIA can help in achieving it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Evolving Society and Policy Trailing Technology-</strong> In India, the intent of the legislature is great but the implementation of the law suffers from certain drawbacks. Parliament is reflective of the society, hence it needs to evolve the laws having <strong>social and economic</strong> <strong>impact</strong> with time. The <strong>legislations related to technology</strong> also frequently demand changes in the law. For example:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/cyber-crime-data-deprivation-and-data-localisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Data Protection Bill, 2018</strong></a> is expected to have profound implications on the e-commerce (if passed), which was not thought of 15 years back. This will address the current needs of the society, but with time the current need will eventually change, demanding a change in the law.</li>
<li>Likewise, as society evolved, the <em><strong>Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), 1973 became Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999.</strong></em></li>
<li>Therefore, there is a need to address this <strong>legislation mismatch with the changing pace of societal needs,</strong> which can be effectively done by the LIA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implementing Legislative Impact Assessment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sunset Law</strong>: The ending period of a law can be made mandatory in the draft legislations with the help of<strong> sunset clause.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It states that the <strong>law will come to an end after a particular date,</strong> until re-enacted/extended by the legislature after review. Such an analysis helps to evaluate the performance of the legislation against the underlying objectives, and accordingly suggest optimal course correction.</li>
<li>In the absence of these clauses, legislations are rarely reviewed, leading to an overabundance of redundant, outdated and under-performing laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Institutionalized Mechanism:</strong> LIA can also be carried out by a legislator or any private/public consulting entity appointed by the legislator or by a parliamentary committee or any private/public consulting entity. Hence, this can be done in three ways:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>By strengthening Parliamentary Committees-</strong> Empowering the Parliamentary Standing Committees to look at the required changes after a particular time period could better reflect and address the changing societal needs.</li>
<li><strong>Bodies outside the Parliament:</strong> The kind of <strong>post-mortem impact assessment</strong> by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG)</strong>,</a> similar assessments by different official bodies could lead to better scrutiny and appropriate use of resources.</li>
<li><strong>Enforcing a mechanism</strong> in case of <strong>delegated legislation</strong> that no changes would be proposed after a particular time period (for say 3-5 years). This is to ensure that a particular law stabilizes after that defined period. Hence a<strong> clause in the law itself can be mentioned</strong> defining the ending date of the law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Civil Society Activism:</strong> External <strong>professional bodies</strong> can be recruited for this purpose to propose timely changes into the law. It may be carried out by a Civil Society Organisation (CSO) or Non Governmental Organisation (NGO) or private entity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, agencies performing different types of audits like social and economic audit could be appointed to perform the Legislative Impact Assessment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The <em><strong>Forum for Law, Environment, Development and Governance (FLEDGE-</strong></em> <em>a not-for-profit Trust under the <strong>Indian Trusts Act (1882))</strong></em> has been working on the option for developing a LIA framework to help mitigate some of the challenges faced in the law-making process and their implementation in India.</p>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Undertaking an Impact Assessment on legislation provides analysis of the<strong> potential effects and effectiveness of a legislative proposal</strong> before its enactment. It could have the <strong>following benefits:</strong> improve the<strong> quality</strong> of legislation; increase the <strong>productivity</strong> of legislature; improve <strong>governance;</strong> help make <strong>informed choices;</strong> identify potential <strong>effective alternatives,</strong> and reduce <strong>redundant legislation.</strong></li>
<li>Existing mechanisms of post enactment assessment in India are already in place like <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the <strong>Social Impact Assessment</strong> under the <strong>Land Acquisition Law</strong> there is proper mechanism to carry out social impact of the project.</li>
<li>Similarly, the <strong>Environmental Impact Assessment</strong> is done for big manufacturing mines and plants before approving them for the set up.</li>
<li>On similar lines, LIA can be made mandatory for improving the implementation and achieving the intended objectives of the laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides providing an overview of the needs for realising the objectives of the legislation, the LIA can be a tool to act as a checklist for <strong>necessary support systems</strong> to implement the legislations.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>accountability and responsibility</strong> of the Parliament to ensure the effectiveness of the passed legislation.</li>
<li>On the sidelines of <strong>Australian</strong> practise where an institution outside the Parliament specifically performs the post enactment assessment of the passed law, similar institutions can be established in India.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-legislative-impact-assessment'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Etalin Hydroelectric Project',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Central Government has recommended a biodiversity study of the proposed <strong>3,097 MW Etalin Hydroelectric Project</strong> in <strong>Arunachal Pradesh</strong> by a credible international institute since the current environmental impact assessment was found to be &ldquo;completely inadequate&rdquo;.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Project is based on the <strong>river Dibang.</strong> It is proposed to be completed in <strong>7 years.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dibang is a <strong>tributary of the Brahmaputra</strong> <strong>river</strong> which<strong> flows</strong> through the states of <strong>Arunachal Pradesh</strong> and <strong>Assam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It envisages<strong> construction of two dams</strong> over the <strong>tributaries of Dibang: Dir </strong>and <strong>Tangon.</strong></li>
<li>The Project falls under the &ldquo;richest bio-geographical province of the Himalayan zone&rdquo; and would be located at the junction of the Palaearctic, Indo-Chinese and Indo-Malayan bio-geographic regions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Project is in accordance with the Government&rsquo;s push to establish<strong> prior user rights on rivers that originate in China</strong> and an effort to fast-track projects in the north-east.</li>
<li>It is expected to be <strong>one of the biggest hydropower projects in India</strong> in terms of installed capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A total of 18 villages consisting of 285 families are expected to be affected by the proposed project.</li>
<li>It would entail felling 2,80,677 trees and threatens the existence of globally-endangered mammal species.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Biogeographic Zones</strong> are the large distinctive units of <strong>similar ecology,</strong> biome representation, community and species, e.g., The Himalaya, The Western Ghats.</li>
<li><strong>Palaearctic Zone</strong> includes arctic and temperate Eurasia, and all islands surrounding the continent in the Arctic, in the sea of Japan, and the eastern half of the North Atlantic. It thus also includes the Macaronesian islands, Mediterranean North Africa and Arabia.</li>
<li>The I<strong>ndo-Malayan Zone&rsquo;s</strong> natural boundaries contain tropical Asia from the Balochistan mountains of Pakistan eastward to the Indian subcontinent south of the Himalayan crest, including the tropical southern fringe of China with Taiwan, the whole of SouthEast Asia, and the Philippines.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fresh-biodiversity-study-of-proposed-dam-sought/article30080984.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/etalin-hydroelectric-project'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Panna Tiger Reserve',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The tiger reintroduction project in Panna tiger reserve has completed a decade making it one of the best models of conservation in the world.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Panna tiger reserve is situated in the <strong>Vindhya mountain range</strong> in the northern part of <strong>Madhya Pradesh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Madhya Pradesh has the <strong>highest number</strong> of tigers in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ken river</strong> (a tributary of the Yamuna River) flows through the reserve.</li>
<li>The region is also famous for <strong>Panna diamond mining.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/ken-betwa-interlink-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ken-Betwa river interlinking project</strong></a> will be located within the tiger reserve.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574756555_Image3.JPG" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574756555_Image3.JPG" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="554" height="563" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pannas-challenge-from-zero-tigers-to-too-many-now-6136848/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panna-tiger-reserve'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Viability of BRI and CPEC',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, U.S. criticised China&rsquo;s international development projects and lending practices under its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/italy-joins-belt-road-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)</strong></a> and has questioned the <strong>China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC),</strong> on its commercial viability.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Opacity on Lending:</strong> China <strong>does not provide any report on the lending</strong> despite being the<strong> largest lender globally</strong> which makes it difficult for the<strong> Paris Club</strong> or<strong> IMF</strong> to <strong>monitor the financial transactions.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lack of transparency works as a means <strong>to hide risks from the countries that borrow</strong> from China.</li>
<li><strong>Failure to repay</strong> the loans stops further development and leads to the surrender of strategic assets diminishing the sovereignty of such countries.</li>
<li><strong>Hambantota Port in Sri Lanka</strong> and<strong> a runway in the Maldives</strong> are examples of China financing projects of questionable commercial viability, resulting in unsustainable debt. In 2017, Sri Lanka handed over a majority stake and a 99-year operating lease to Chinese state-owned enterprises as it could not service the debt owed to China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China benefited after its <strong>Open Door Policy</strong> when U.S., European and Japanese companies opened shops there but it has not done the same in Pakistan under CPEC.</li>
<li>Even though China is not a member of the <strong>Paris Club</strong>, it offers finances and loans to other countries.</li>
<li>Such issues have raised doubts on the ulterior motive of China in the garb of BRI.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Open Door Policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was a <strong>trade agreement</strong> between the <strong>United States, China, Japan and several European countries.</strong></li>
<li>It was issued in <strong>1899-1900</strong> and intended to protect the rights of all countries to trade equally with China and confirming multi-national acknowledgement of China&rsquo;s administrative and territorial sovereignty.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Paris Club</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>informal group of official creditors</strong> whose role is to <strong>find coordinated and sustainable solutions to the payment difficulties experienced by debtor countries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provides debt treatments to debtor countries in the form of rescheduling (postponement) or by concessional rescheduling (reduction in debt service obligations during a defined period).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was founded in <strong>1956</strong> and has <strong>22 members</strong> currently.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>China Pakistan Economic Corridor<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574762630_Viability%20of BRI and CPEC.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574762630_Viability of BRI and CPEC.jpg" width="308" height="305" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>bilateral project between Pakistan and China,</strong> intended to promote connectivity across Pakistan with a <strong>network of highways, railways, and pipelines</strong> accompanied by <strong>energy, industrial</strong> and other<strong> infrastructure development projects.</strong></li>
<li>CPEC <strong>links the Western part of China (Xinjiang) to the Gwadar Port in Balochistan, Pakistan</strong>&nbsp;via Khunjerab Pass in Northern Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Stand</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has objected to part of the corridor that runs through <strong>Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (PoK)</strong> because it infringes Indian sovereignty.</li>
<li>India is a member of <strong>the Quad</strong> (India, the U.S., Australia and Japan) which can provide realistic alternatives for countries looking for infrastructure and be an alternative to China.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/top-us-diplomat-alice-wells-slams-chinas-international-development-projects/article30058605.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/viability-of-bri-and-cpec'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Review Petition',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Supreme Court</strong> has agreed to <strong>review its Sabarimala verdict.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Provision:</strong> Under <strong>Article 137</strong> of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has the power to review any of its judgments or orders.</li>
<li><strong>Scope of Review</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Court has the power to review its rulings <strong>to correct a &ldquo;patent error&rdquo;</strong> and not &ldquo;minor mistakes of inconsequential import&rdquo;. A review is by no means an appeal in disguise.</li>
<li>That means the Court is allowed<strong> not to take fresh stock of the case</strong> but <strong>to correct grave errors</strong> that have resulted in the miscarriage of justice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Filing Review Petition</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per the Civil Procedure Code and the Supreme Court Rules,<strong> any person aggrieved by a ruling can seek a review.</strong> This implies that it is not necessary that only parties to a case can seek a review of the judgment.</li>
<li>A Review Petition has to be filed <strong>within 30 days</strong> of the date of judgment or order.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In certain circumstances, the court can condone the delay in filing the review petition if the petitioner can establish strong reasons that justify the delay.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> It needs to be noted that <strong>judgment is a final decision in a case</strong> whereas <strong>order is an interim ruling</strong> that is subject to its final judgement.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Grounds for Considering Review Petition</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It needs to be noted that the <strong>Court does not entertain every review petition filed.</strong> It exercises its discretion to allow a review petition only when it shows the grounds for seeking the review.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court has laid down<strong> three grounds</strong> for seeking a review of a verdict it has delivered:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The discovery of new and important matter or evidence which, after the exercise of due diligence, was not within the knowledge of the petitioner or could not be produced by him;</li>
<li>Mistake or error apparent on the face of the record; or</li>
<li>Any other sufficient reason that is analogous to the other two grounds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Procedure in the Court</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Review petitions are ordinarily be entertained <strong>without oral arguments</strong> by lawyers. Thus, it is heard <strong>&ldquo;through circulation&rdquo;</strong> by the judges in their chambers.</li>
<li>However, in exceptional cases, the court allows an oral hearing. In a 2014 case, the Supreme Court held that review petitions in all death penalty cases will be heard in open court by a Bench of three judges.</li>
<li>Review petitions are also <strong>heard by the same combination of judges who delivered the original order or judgment</strong> that is sought to be reviewed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Option after Review Petition Fails</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <em>Roopa Hurra v Ashok Hurra</em> case (2002), the Court evolved the concept of a<strong> curative petition,</strong> which can be heard after a review petition is dismissed. Anyhow, the Supreme Court&rsquo;s verdict cannot result in a miscarriage of justice.</li>
<li>A curative petition is also <strong>entertained on very narrow grounds</strong> like a review petition and is generally <strong>not granted an oral hearing.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/supreme-court-babri-masjid-ram-temple-review-petition-6135075/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/review-petition'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Assam Roofed Turtle',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>Assam Roofed Turtle</strong> (Pangshura sylhetensis) is a <strong>small freshwater turtle.</strong> <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574752525_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574752525_image1.png" width="212" height="160" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> Primarily in running waters in the hills of <strong>northeastern India</strong> and northeastern and southeastern<strong> Bangladesh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Threatened by</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Logging of primary forests that causes siltation,</li>
<li>Capture for food and the pet trade, and</li>
<li>Incidental capture in fishing gear.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>IUCN:</strong> Endangered</li>
<li><strong>CITES:</strong> Appendix II.</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 :</strong> Protected under Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/turtle-survival-rides-on-handmade-towel-in-assam/article30079620.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assam-roofed-turtle'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Code on wages',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-broken-promise-of-decent-and-fair-wages/article30070255.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;The broken promise of decent and fair wages&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 25/11/2019. It talks about issues related to Code on Wages Act 2019.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the government proposed the rules to the Code of Wages Act 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Informal workers accounts for 93% of the total working population and contribute to over 60% of India&rsquo;s GDP. Therefore, the new wage code has the potential to influence the lives of around 50 Crore workers in the country.</li>
<li>A well designed minimum wage system can reduce inequalities in incomes, bridge gender gaps in wages and alleviate poverty.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why new Code on Wages?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, labour market preys on excess availability of workers, therefore workers are not able to demand fair minimum wages and continue to live a precarious life.</li>
<li>In India, labour laws fall in the concurrent list and are extremely complicated, therefore there was a need to bring reform by addressing some of the issues like multiple definition of wages, low wages etc.</li>
<li>It will also lead to more formalization of the economy.</li>
<li>An effective minimum wage policy that targets the vulnerable bottom rung of wage earners can help in driving up aggregate demand and building and strengthening the middle class, and thus spur a phase of sustainable and inclusive growth.</li>
<li>Minimum wages can promote social justice without any major negative implication for employment if wages are set at an adequate level.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574687391_Image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574687391_Image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="591" height="497" /></a></p>
<h3>Code on Wages Act 2019</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-code-on-wages-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new wage code</strong> </a>removes the multiplicity of wage definitions, which can significantly reduce litigation as well as compliance cost for employers.</li>
<li>The new Act links minimum wage across the country to the<strong> skills of the employee and the place of employment.</strong></li>
<li>It seeks to universalizes the provisions of minimum wages and timely payment of wages to all employees irrespective of the sector and wage ceiling.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It seeks to<strong> ensure "Right to Sustenance" for every worker</strong> and intends to increase the legislative protection of minimum wage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>National Floor Level Minimum Wage</strong> will be set by the Centre and will be revised every<strong> five years,</strong> while states will fix minimum wages for their regions, which cannot be lower than the floor wage.</li>
<li>It subsumes the following four labour laws:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Payment of Wages Act, 1936</li>
<li>The Minimum Wages Act, 1948</li>
<li>The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965</li>
<li>The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Types of Wages</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Minimum Wage:<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-anniversary-of-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> International Labour Organisation</a></strong> defines it as &ldquo;the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work performed during a given period, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract&rdquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The minimum wage includes the bare needs of life like food, shelter, and clothing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Living Wage:</strong> It is the wage needed to provide the minimum income necessary to pay for basic needs based on the cost of living in a specific community. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In addition to bare needs, a &lsquo;living wage&rsquo; includes education, health, insurance, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fair Wage:</strong> A &lsquo;fair wage&rsquo; is a mean between &lsquo;living wage&rsquo; and &lsquo;minimum wage&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Starvation Wage:</strong> It refers to the wages which are insufficient to provide the ordinary necessities of life.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Concerns with New Wage Code</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Starvation Wages:</strong> It has been alleged that the new wage code will <strong>push the starvation wages</strong> further by increasing the income capacity and<strong> purchasing power</strong> of the informal workers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The increase in purchasing power of the workers will lead to the decrease in savings which inturn will reduce expenditure for productive purposes.</li>
<li>The introduction of concept of<strong> &ldquo;floor wages&rdquo;</strong> would mean that &ldquo;starvation wages&rdquo; which currently guarantees just<strong> ₹178 per day,</strong> will continue to exist and would promote forced labour.</li>
<li>This has been highlighted by Supreme Court in his judgement in<strong> U. Unichoyi and Others vs. The State of Kerala case,</strong> where it remarked that in an underdeveloped country which faces the problem of unemployment on a very large scale, it is likely that labour offers to work even on starvation wages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Deduction of Wages Clause:</strong> The new law provides for the arbitrary deduction of wages (upto 50% of monthly wage) based on performance, damage or loss, advances etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The deduction clause will lead to reduced bargaining power and right of association of workers. The workers will not be able to demand even basic work rights in fear of wage deduction.</li>
<li>In India, the informal sector employers dominate the workers due to caste and higher social status, therefore the above provision may have the potential to become a handy tool for exploitation of these workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>In Raptakos case</strong> (1991), the<strong> Supreme Court</strong> advocated the concept and the <strong>right of living wage.</strong></p>
<p><strong>&ldquo;Consumer Expenditure Survey&rdquo;</strong> result shows that the average family expenditure in<strong> rural areas to be ₹83 per day and in urban areas as ₹134 per day.</strong></p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inspection Framework:</strong> The rules do not clarify the governance and institutional structure for &ldquo;labour inspection system&rdquo;. The rules propose an ad-hoc unclear mechanism called &ldquo;inspection scheme&rdquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme provides for appointment of<strong> Inspector-cum-Facilator</strong> by notification by the appropriate government. This may lead to the revival of <strong>inspector-raj system</strong> in the labour market.</li>
<li>The <strong>International Labour Organisation&rsquo;s (ILO) Labour Inspection Convention of 1947 (Convention C081) &mdash;</strong> which has been ratified by India &mdash; provides for a <strong>well-resourced and independent inspectorate</strong> with provisions to allow thorough inspections and free access to workplaces. However, the provisions of <strong>ILO&rsquo;s convention</strong> has been overlooked while framing the new law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government should focus on<strong> &ldquo;Need Based Minimum Wage&rdquo;</strong> covering nutrition, healthcare, education, housing and provisions of old-age. Therefore,<strong> guaranteed minimum wage</strong> should be treated as a <strong>fundamental constitutional right</strong> for every citizen of India.</li>
<li>According to the new law, the revision of minimum wages is to be done after every<strong> 5 year,</strong> which is quite a long period considering the volatility in the market. Therefore, minimum wages should be <strong>adjusted to inflation</strong> so as to align the wages to market volatility.</li>
<li>The <strong>National Commission for Labours</strong> should be formed to streamline the issues and challenges of labour market and fixing discrepancies in national level minimum wage computation.</li>
</ul>
<p>For the minimum wage system to play a meaningful role in aligning protection with the promotion of sustainable growth, it must be properly designed, its goals clarified, and its enforcement made effective.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9ffd9;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Inputs</strong></em></span><br /><br />Briefly explain the various types of wages. Also explain the challenges related to new wage code.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/code-on-wages-1'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Dark Net',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574679980_Dark%20Net (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574679980_Dark Net (Mind Map).png" width="320" height="740" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/dark-net" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/dark-net-mind-map'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Dark Net',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The darknet refers to encrypted networks on the Internet that are not indexed by search engines such as Google, Yahoo or Bing. It is a layer of the Internet accessible only by using special software like <strong>Tor</strong> (The Onion Router), or I2P (Invisible Internet Project).</li>
<li>These are networks that are only available to a select group of people and not to the general Internet public, and only accessible via authorization, specific software and configurations.</li>
<li>This includes harmless places such as academic databases and corporate sites, as well as those with shadier subjects such as black markets, fetish communities, and hacking and piracy.</li>
<li>The terms "dark net" and "dark web" are occasionally used interchangeably, but with subtle differences in meaning. Dark net is a network built over the Internet whereas <strong>dark web refers to websites on a darknet.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Dark Net, Deep Web and Surface Web</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>"Dark net" is commonly confused with "deep web." The deep web refers to unindexed sites which are unsearchable; in most cases, this is because those sites are protected by passwords.</li>
<li>Part of the WWW (World Wide Web) which is not indexed by a search engine like Google is Deep Web and it about 500-600 times larger than the surface web.</li>
<li><strong>Surface Web -</strong>Also called the Visible Web, Indexed Web, Indexable Web or Lightnet -is that portion of the World Wide Web that is readily available to the general public and searchable with standard web search engines. It is the opposite of the deep web. It only constitutes 4-6% of the whole web.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574675064_Image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574675064_Image4.jpg" width="425" height="239" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Usefulness of DarkNet</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>To avoid Censorship:</strong> Individuals within closed societies and facing extreme censorship can utilize the dark net to communicate with others outside of their society.</li>
<li><strong>Anonymity and Secrecy:</strong> Even individuals within open societies may have some interest in using the darknet, particularly as concerns about <strong>government snooping</strong> and data collection continue to grow worldwide.</li>
<li>Useful for <strong>whistleblowers and journalists</strong> to maintain secrecy in communication and leaking and transferring information.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns Regarding Darknet</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Facilitates Illegal Activities :</strong> A large portion of the activity which takes place on the dark net is illegal. The dark net offers a level of <strong>identity security</strong> that the surface net does not.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dark net is the virtual equivalent of a black market.</li>
<li>Criminals looking to protect their identities in order to evade detection and capture are drawn to this aspect of the dark net. For that reason, it's unsurprising that a number of notable <strong>hacks and data breaches</strong> have been associated with the dark net in some way or another.</li>
<li>The relative impermeability of dark net has made it a major haven for drug dealers, arms traffickers, child pornography collectors and other criminals involved in financial and physical crimes so much so that one can buy anything from tigers to hand grenades to any kind of narcotic substances, provided the potential buyer finds the right website on the dark net.</li>
<li>One of the most famous examples of a dark network was the<strong> Silk Road marketplace. Silk Road was a website used for the buying and selling of a variety of illegal items, including recreational drugs and weapons.</strong> Although it was shut down by government authorities in 2013, it has spawned a number of copycat markets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Used by Activists and revolutionaries to organize themselves without fear of giving away their position to governments they oppose.</li>
<li>Terrorists use dark net to provide information to fellow terrorists, to recruit and radicalize, to spread propaganda, raise funds, and to coordinate actions and attacks.</li>
<li>Terrorists also use the dark net for illegal purchase of explosives and weapons, using virtual currencies like Bitcoin and other crypto-currencies.</li>
<li>Security experts are claiming that hackers and fraudsters have started to offer access to SCADA and ICS systems via discussion forums on the dark web, potentially compromising vital infrastructure networks across the world. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SCADA systems are used to run facilities like nuclear power stations, oil refineries and chemical plants, so if cyber-criminals gained access to major networks, then the consequences could be lethal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Given the increased importance of cryptocurrencies in the financial world, it's possible that dark nets will become more of a feature for everyday Internet users in the future. In the meantime, they may also still provide criminals with a means of eluding capture, although true anonymity is never guaranteed, even when using encryption of the type found in these networks.</li>
<li>Governments across the world should strengthen their Cybersecurity Framework to deal with the threats posed by dark net. They must cooperate with each other regarding securing the Cyberspaces worldwide through intelligence, information, technology and expertise sharing.</li>
<li>India should invest enough in research and development and training and capacity building of personnel in the field of Cybersecurity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Kerala Police Department&rsquo;s initiative, Cyberdome,</strong> a premier facility dedicated to prevent cybercrime and mitigate cybersecurity threats to the State&rsquo;s critical information infrastructure, is a step in right direction which other concerned authorities across the nation can learn from.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/dark-net-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/dark-net'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Sumatran Rhino',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Sumatran rhinoceros has become extinct in Malaysia, after the death of the last rhino in the country.</p>
<h3>Sumatran Rhino<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574670925_image%200.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574670925_image 0.jpg" width="241" height="142" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Its scientific name is <strong>Dicerorhinus sumatrensis</strong> and is the <strong>smallest of all</strong> rhino species.</li>
<li>It is listed as <strong>Critically Endangered</strong> on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a> of Threatened Species.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-1st-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Wild Life (WWF)</strong></a> estimates that there are<strong> only about 80</strong> of them and are left mainly in <strong>Sumatra</strong> and <strong>Borneo</strong> in Indonesia.</li>
<li><strong>Black Rhino, White Rhino, Greater One-Horned Rhino, Javan Rhino and Sumatran Rhino</strong> are the five different species of Rhino.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The three species of Rhino in Asia &mdash; Greater one-horned, Javan and Sumatran. Javan and Sumatran Rhino are critically endangered and the Greater one-horned (or Indian) rhino is vulnerable in the IUCN Red List.</li>
<li>They are spread across India, Nepal, Bhutan, Indonesia and Malaysia. These countries are also known as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asian-rhino-range-countries-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asian Rhino Range Countries.</strong></a></li>
<li>Only the<strong> Great one-horned rhino is found in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2019/nov/24/sumatran-rhino-extinct-in-malaysia-as-lone-survivor-dies-2066387.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sumatran-rhino'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Quota for Disabled in Panchayats',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Chhattisgarh Cabinet has approved an amendment to the State Panchayati Raj Act, 1993, which makes <strong>mandatory the presence of a person with disabilities</strong> in all panchayats across the state.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This implies that if differently abled members are not elected through the electoral process, then one member, either male or female, would be nominated by the government.</li>
<li>The Cabinet has also decided to <strong>remove</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rajasthan-to-scrap-education-criterion" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>educational qualification as a requirement for the members of Panchayat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chhattisgarh will be the <strong>only State to have Persons with Disabilities (PwD) as members</strong> in all panchayats. It needs to be noted that there is <strong>no such quota</strong> for the disabled community <strong>in the elections to the central, state legislative assemblies and Panchayats</strong> (in general).</li>
<li>The State government would also nominate two such members, one male and one female, to Janpads and Zilla Panchayats.</li>
<li><strong>Only being literate</strong> would be enough to contest election. The cabinet has decided to<strong> remove the educational stipulations</strong> of Class V and Class VII for members of the Panch and those above Panch, respectively. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This in <strong>contrast to the Supreme Court&rsquo;s judgement in 2015 ( Rajbala v. the State of Haryana)</strong> where it upheld the decision of the Haryana government which mandated &ldquo;minimum&rdquo; educational qualifications as an eligibility to contest panchayat elections in the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional and Legal Provisions Related to PwD</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 41</strong> of the <strong>Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)</strong> states that State shall make effective provision for securing right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, within the limits of its economic capacity and development.</li>
<li>The <strong>subject of &lsquo;relief of the disabled and unemployable&rsquo;</strong> is specified in the <strong>State List of the Seventh Schedule of the constitution.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-on-implementation-of-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016</a></strong> provides reservation of 4% in government jobs and 5% in higher education institutes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Panchayati Raj Institution in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayati Raj in India</strong> </a>signifies the system of rural <strong>local self government.</strong></li>
<li>It has been <strong>established in all the states of India</strong> by the Acts of the state legislatures to build democracy at the grass root level.</li>
<li>It was constitutionalised through the <strong>73<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Part-IX</strong> to the Constitution of India has been entitled as &lsquo;The Panchayats&rsquo;.</li>
<li>It consists of provisions from<strong> Articles 243 to 243 O.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Eleventh Schedule</strong> to the Constitution contains 29 functional items of the Panchayats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Three - Tier System</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gram Panchayat at the village level,</li>
<li>Janpad Panchayat at the intermediate/ block level and</li>
<li>Zilla Panchayat at the district level</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Election of Members</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All the members of panchayats at the village, intermediate and district levels are elected <strong>directly</strong> by the people.</li>
<li>The <strong>State Election Commission</strong> conducts elections to the panchayats.</li>
<li>There is a<strong> five-year term</strong> of office to the panchayat at every level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reservation of Seats</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reservation of seats (both members and chairpersons) for <strong>Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)</strong> in panchayats at all three levels.</li>
<li>Reservation of one-third seats (both members and chairpersons) <strong>for women</strong> in panchayats at all the three levels.</li>
<li>It is to be noted that providing <strong>reservation of seats</strong> (both members and chairpersons)<strong> for backward classes</strong> in panchayats at any level is a <strong>voluntary provision.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Powers and Functions</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The State Legislature may endow the Panchayats with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self-government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-cabinet-nod-for-one-disabled-person-in-each-panchayat-6134018/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quota-for-disabled-in-panchayats'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Indian Railways Institute of Financial Management',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Railway Board Chairman has inaugurated the Indian Railways Institute of Financial Management (IRIFM) at <strong>Moula Ali in Hyderabad.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Institute will impart structured and professional training to finance and accounts officers of the railways.</li>
<li>Built by the <strong>Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL),</strong> IRIFM would be meeting 90% of its electricity needs through solar power, is covered with rainwater harvesting structures and has a 100% wastewater treatment plant.</li>
<li>RVNL has also been tasked for building <strong>India's first railways university - National Rail and Transportation Institute, at Vadodara (Gujarat).</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rail Vikas Nigam Limited</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RVNL functions as an <strong>extended arm of the Ministry of Railways (MoR)</strong> working for &amp; on behalf of MoR.</li>
<li>It has been granted <strong>Mini Ratna-I</strong> status in 2013.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/railways-finance-wing-gets-world-class-training-institute/article30069150.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-railways-institute-of-financial-management'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Golden Rice',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574668824_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574668824_image1.jpg" width="299" height="168" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>Bangladesh is to be the <strong>first country to approve golden rice planting</strong> in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Golden rice is a <strong>genetically modified variety</strong> of rice.</li>
<li>It is developed by the <strong>Philippines-based International Rice Research Institute (IRRI).</strong></li>
<li>This <strong>variety of rice</strong> is claimed to be able to <strong>fight vitamin A deficiency.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of blindness among children and can also lead to death due to infectious diseases such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>measles.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This rice variety will <strong>not be more expensive than the conventional variety.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>presence of beta-carotene pigment</strong> is the reason for its <strong>golden colour.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>conventional rice</strong> is naturally <strong>low in the pigment beta-carotene.</strong></li>
<li>The beta-carotene is used by the human body to make vitamin A</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vitamin A Deficiency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vitamin A is a<strong> fat-soluble</strong> vitamin that maintains <strong>healthy vision, skin, bones and other tissues</strong> in the body.</li>
<li><strong>Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD)</strong> can lead to night blindness, a higher risk of the throat, chest, and abdomen infections, follicular hyperkeratosis (dry, bumpy skin), fertility issues and delayed growth in children, etc.</li>
<li>Women and children are the most vulnerable to VAD which is the leading cause of childhood blindness and inability of the immune system to combat disease.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IRRI is an <strong>independent, non-profit,</strong> research and educational institute, founded in 1960 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations with support from the Philippine government.</li>
<li>The institute, headquartered in Los Ba&ntilde;os, Philippines, has offices in 17 rice-growing countries in Asia and Africa.</li>
<li>The <strong>IRRI South Asia Regional Centre</strong> is located at <strong>Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh).</strong></li>
<li>It aims to improve the health and welfare of rice farmers and consumers; and protect the rice-growing environment for future generations.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-golden-rice-6135523/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/golden-rice-1'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Cases under Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ncrb-to-track-complaints-on-sexual-violence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Crime Records Data (NCRB)</strong></a>, <strong>more than 35% cases registered</strong> under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) were recorded in <strong>Manipur.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Of all cases registered under UAPA in 2017, Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K) recorded 17%, Assam recorded 14%, Uttar Pradesh recorded 12% and Bihar accounted for 5% of total cases.</li>
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh topped the States in the number of arrests</strong> made with 382 arrests (nearly one-fourth) of the 1,554 persons.</li>
<li>It is followed by Assam-374, Manipur-352, J&amp;K-35 and Jharkhand-57.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574668128_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574668128_image2.png" width="406" height="363" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was passed in <strong>1967 and aims at effective prevention of unlawful activities associations in India.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>2004 amendment,</strong> added <strong>&ldquo;terrorist act"</strong> to the list of offences to ban organisations for terrorist activities, under which 34 outfits were banned.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Till 2004, <strong>&ldquo;unlawful" activities referred to actions related to secession and cession of territory.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under the UAPA, the investigating agency can <strong>file a charge sheet in maximum 180 days after the arrests</strong> and the duration can be extended further after intimating the court.</li>
<li>The Act assigns absolute power to the central government, by way of which if the <strong>Centre deems an activity as unlawful</strong> then it may, <strong>by way of an Official Gazette, declare it so.</strong></li>
<li>It has death penalty and life imprisonment as highest punishments.</li>
<li>In August, Parliament cleared the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/unlawful-activities-prevention-amendment-bill-2019-and-the-related-issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019</strong></a> to designate individuals as terrorists on certain grounds provided in the Act.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur-jk-record-maximum-number-of-cases-under-unlawful-activities-prevention-act/article30070028.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cases-under-unlawful-activities-prevention-act'
	]
]
$updates = object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

	'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
	'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive`, articles.star_rating AS `articles__star_rating`, articles.display_in_states AS `articles__display_in_states` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
	'params' => [
		':c0' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	],
	'defaultTypes' => [
		'articles__article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.article_id' => 'integer',
		'article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.category_id' => 'integer',
		'category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__title' => 'string',
		'articles.title' => 'string',
		'title' => 'string',
		'articles__description' => 'text',
		'articles.description' => 'text',
		'description' => 'text',
		'articles__shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles.shortdescription' => 'string',
		'shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles__featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles.featuredimage' => 'string',
		'featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles__tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.tag_id' => 'integer',
		'tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles.secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles__type' => 'integer',
		'articles.type' => 'integer',
		'type' => 'integer',
		'articles__publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles.publishon' => 'datetime',
		'publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles__posturl' => 'string',
		'articles.posturl' => 'string',
		'posturl' => 'string',
		'articles__metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles.metatitle' => 'string',
		'metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles__metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles.metadescription' => 'string',
		'metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles__metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles.metakeyword' => 'text',
		'metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles__status' => 'integer',
		'articles.status' => 'integer',
		'status' => 'integer',
		'articles__sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles.sort_order' => 'integer',
		'sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles__addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.addedby' => 'integer',
		'addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.updatedby' => 'integer',
		'updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.added' => 'timestamp',
		'added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.modified' => 'timestamp',
		'modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles.whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_comments' => 'integer',
		'display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles__pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles.pdf_name' => 'string',
		'pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles__display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_archive' => 'integer',
		'display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles__star_rating' => 'integer',
		'articles.star_rating' => 'integer',
		'star_rating' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_in_states' => 'string',
		'articles.display_in_states' => 'string',
		'display_in_states' => 'string'
	],
	'decorators' => (int) 0,
	'executed' => false,
	'hydrate' => true,
	'buffered' => true,
	'formatters' => (int) 0,
	'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
	'contain' => [],
	'matching' => [],
	'extraOptions' => [],
	'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}

}
$page = (int) 196
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 336
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

Achievers Corner

Prelims

Mains & Interview

Current Affairs

Drishti Specials

Free Downloads

Test Series

Videos

Search

Search list matched with tags “class”