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Restructuring of Indian Statistical System

The government has decided to merge the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) with the Central Statistics Office (CSO) under the Ministry of...

25 May 2019 News Analysis
PEGASUS

The technical document "PEGASUS" i.e. Phycomorph European Guidelines for a Sustainable Aquaculture of Seaweeds, highlights the current state of...

25 May 2019 News Analysis
Challenges of River Interlinking

This editorial is based on the article 'Waterman finds gaping holes in Ken-Betwa promise', that appeared in Times of India on May 3rd, 2019. Why...

24 May 2019 News Editorials
Huge Water Reservoir Found on Mars

Scientists have discovered one of the largest water reservoirs on Mars, in the form of ice layers buried over a kilometer beneath the surface. Key...

24 May 2019 News Analysis
Important Facts For Prelims (24th May 2019)

New Space India Limited (NSIL) New Space India Limited (NSIL) is the commercial arm of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), which was...

24 May 2019 News Analysis
Ken Betwa Interlink Project

Why in News? Recently, central government has announced 90 : 10 funding pattern for Ken Betwa Interlinking Project where 90% of the total...

24 May 2019 Paper 1
Shadow Banking and the Crisis in the Indian Economy

This editorial is based on the news "Crisis in NBFC Sector Could Hurt Economic Growth" which appeared in "The Hindu" on 22nd May 2019. The article...

23 May 2019 News Editorials
Golden Rice

The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and its partners, the Philippines Rice Research Institute and the Bangladesh Rice Research...

23 May 2019 News Analysis
Indo-Bhutan Relations

22 May 2019 Paper 2
Wastewater Management in India

This editorial is based on the news "Gujarat will supply treated wastewater for industrial use" which appeared in "The Hindu" on 21st May...

22 May 2019 News Editorials
Indo-Bhutan Relations

Why in News? The first Indo-Bhutan feature film ‘Singye’ won four awards at 18th Bhutan National Film Awards organized on 21st February...

22 May 2019 Paper 2
Draft Notification to Amend Audit Rules for Trusts

The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) issued a draft notification for amendment of Rule 17B of the Income-tax Rules, 1962 related to audit rules...

22 May 2019 News Analysis
Heat Wave Warning

Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) has issued a heat wave warning to most of the districts in the Odisha state. Temperature rises...

22 May 2019 News Analysis
Important Facts For Prelims (22nd May 2019)

SC Vacates Stay on Retrospective Applicability of Black Money Law The Supreme Court (SC) recently vacated a stay, put by the Delhi High Court, on...

22 May 2019 News Analysis
Data Localisation and Undivided Internet

This editorial is based on the article "What is India’s stand on data storage?" which appeared in "The Hindu" on 18th May, 2019. The article...

21 May 2019 News Editorials
'Not All Animals Migrate by Choice' Campaign

Ahead of the International Day of Biological Diversity celebrated on May 22, UN Environment India and Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) of India...

21 May 2019 News Analysis
Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)

According to India Met Department (IMD), the Arabian Sea arm of south-west monsoon is counting on an itinerant Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) wave...

21 May 2019 News Analysis
Important Facts For Prelims (21st May 2019)

Call Centre for Surveillance of School Teachers by Gujarat Govt. Gujarat government is going to start a new “real-time technology...

21 May 2019 News Analysis
In Depth – Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

The election violence in Bengal has ironically centred attention on one of the greatest figures of social reform in the country and especially...

21 May 2019 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)

About SEBI is a statutory body established on April 12, 1992 in accordance with the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act,...

21 May 2019 National Institutions

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Restructuring of Indian Statistical System',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>The government has decided to merge the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) with the Central Statistics Office (CSO)</strong> under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). The order dated 23<sup>rd</sup> May 2019 has cleared <strong>formation of an overarching body - National Statistical Office (NSO)</strong> through the merger of the NSSO and the CSO.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The order states that the proposed NSO would be headed by Secretary (Statistics and Programme Implementation), but <strong>skips any mention of National Statistical Commission (NSC),</strong> which has been the overseeing body for all the statistical work done in the country.</li>
<li>The order also does not equate the Secretary (Statistics and Programme Implementation) with the Chief Statistician of India as was done in the earlier resolution notified by the MoSPI on 1st June, 2005.</li>
<li>There is a <strong>concern</strong> that with the merger of NSSO and CSO, <strong>the autonomy of NSSO will go away and the NSC&rsquo;s control over NSSO will not be there</strong>. NSC oversees all technical aspects of the statistical work&ndash;which survey needs to be done, when and how it needs to be done.</li>
<li>The order for restructuring the Indian official statistics system has been <strong>issued in order to streamline and strengthen the present nodal functions of the ministry</strong> and to bring in more synergy by integrating its administrative functions within the ministry.</li>
</ul>
<h3>2019 Order vs 2005 Resolution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 2005 resolution notified initiation of the <strong>setting up of the NSC along with proposing the single entity, National Statistical Organisation,</strong> as the executive wing of the government for statistics which would act according to the policies and priorities as laid down by the NSC.</li>
<li>The <strong>resolution</strong> proposed <strong>NSO with two wings, CSO and NSSO</strong> while <strong>2019 order</strong> states that the statistics wing, comprising the NSO, with constituents as CSO and NSSO, to be an integral part of the main Ministry, with <strong>CSO and NSSO to be merged into NSO</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Present Structure</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has <strong>two wings,</strong> one relating to Statistics and the other- Programme Implementation.</li>
<li>The Statistics Wing called the <strong>National Statistical Office (NSO)</strong> consists of the <strong>Central Statistical Office (CSO),</strong> the <strong>Computer Center and the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CSO coordinates the statistical activities in the country and also evolves statistical standards.</li>
<li>NSSO is responsible for conduct of large scale sample surveys in diverse fields on an all India basis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Programme Implementation Wing has three Divisions,</strong> namely, (i) Twenty Point Programme (ii) Infrastructure Monitoring and Project Monitoring and (iii) Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme.</li>
<li>Besides these two wings, there is <strong>National Statistical Commission</strong> created through a resolution of the Government of India (MOSPI) and one autonomous Institute, viz., <strong>Indian Statistical Institute</strong> declared as an institute of national importance by an act of the Parliament. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NSC has a mandate to evolve policies, priorities and standards in statistical matters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567665656_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567665656_image2.jpg" width="683" height="497" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Issues in the present structure</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The NSC and the office of the chief statistician of India (CSI) -</strong> who apart from being the secretary to the MoSPI is also the secretary to the NSC - have been <strong>at loggerheads for most of the period, fighting battles over turf and resources</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>use of the untested database in national accounts,</strong> the lack of transparency about it, and the lack of any effective audit of the GDP database all point to the <strong>lack of effective oversight of the CSO</strong>.</li>
</ul>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'PEGASUS',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The technical document "PEGASUS" i.e. <strong>Phycomorph European Guidelines for a Sustainable Aquaculture of Seaweeds,</strong> highlights the current state of European seaweed production and pinpoints challenges for the development and proposes recommendations for short-term and long-term improvements at different levels of the chain.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Phycomorph</strong> is a network of international academic laboratories each addressing one or several issues related to <strong>macroalgal development</strong>. The dynamics of the network is based on regular meetings and student exchanges in order to share both recent progress and experience in technical skills preparing guidelines for <strong>sustainable seaweed aquaculture in Europe</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main aim of PHYCOMORPH is to unify a scattered European research landscape to enable a step-change in the basic knowledge of macroalgal reproduction and development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Macroalgae (seaweeds)</strong> are multicellular organisms living mainly in marine or freshwater (a few live almost permanently out of water). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Seaweed</strong> is plant-like organisms, playing a key ecological role in coastal ecosystems. It is a promising <strong>bioresource</strong> for the future and the demand for high-value seaweed-derived compounds (cosmetics, food) is growing across the world.</li>
<li>Like plants, they <strong>use light to fix atmospheric carbon dissolved in water</strong>. Macroalgae are amongst the <strong>most powerful carbon-fixing organisms</strong> on earth. Their size ranges from a few millimetres up to 50 metres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of aquaculture of Seaweeds</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Food security:</strong> By 2050, the edible bioresource biomass will have to satisfy the 9 billion people predicted to live on the planet.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Seaweed aquaculture can help to address global challenges related to nutrition, health and sustainable circular bio-economy.</li>
<li>Domestication of the oceans is widely regarded as a possible solution to increase food and could be one of the next most important developments in human history.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environment protection:</strong> It will support food web, coastal protection of erosion, bioremediation by removal of possible pollutants like nitrogen or phosphate and CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration.</li>
<li><strong>Pharmaceutical and medical applications:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Antibacterial and antifungal activity of various macroalgae has been demonstrated.</li>
<li>It contains some promising compounds in the field of curing cancer. It shows a potent cytotoxic activity (inhibition of cell growth and multiplication) against human cancer cell lines.</li>
<li>It could be potentially useful as therapeutic agents against Adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL).</li>
<li>It can be used as an anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Renewable energy source:</strong> Algal biofuels dispose of quite some benefits compared to fuels of terrestrial origin, such as a higher energy content; a fast growth and the fact that they complement terrestrial biofuels instead of competing with it.</li>
<li><strong>Cosmetics products:</strong> Because of the lipids they contain which can be used to produce oils, these are an excellent choice for the preparation of cosmetic products.</li>
<li><strong>Job creation:</strong> The algal industry is able to create a wide variety of jobs ranging from research to engineering, from constructing to farming and from marketing to financial services.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Seaweed production in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to a report from the <strong>Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI),</strong> only 30 million tonnes of seaweeds, valuing &euro;8 billion, are being harvested every year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, seaweeds grow abundantly along the Tamil Nadu and Gujarat coasts and around Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar islands.</li>
<li>Of the nearly 700 species of marine algae found in both inter-tidal and deepwater regions of the Indian coast, about 60 species are commercially important.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Aquaculture</strong> is breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants. Basically, it&rsquo;s farming in water. It is an environmentally responsible source of food and commercial products, helps to create healthier habitats, and is used to rebuild stocks of threatened or endangered species.</p>
<p><strong>Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI)</strong> was established by Government of India on February 3, 1947, under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1967, it joined the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and emerged as a leading tropical marine fisheries research institute in the world.</li>
<li>The Headquarters of the ICAR-CMFRI is located in Kochi, Kerala.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Challenges of River Interlinking',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on the article <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/waterman-finds-gaping-holes-in-ken-betwa-promise-says-project-wont-end-drought-curse/articleshow/69152228.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">'Waterman finds gaping holes in Ken-Betwa promise'</a>, that appeared in Times of India on May 3rd, 2019.</p>
</div>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>Water conservationist Rajendra Singh firmly believes that the much-touted Ken-Betwa river interlinking project will not solve the crisis in the state&rsquo;s parched Bundelkhand region in even half a century. In this context, it is necessary to understand the intricacies of river interlinking in India.</p>
<h3>What is River Inter-interlinking?</h3>
<p>The National River Linking Project (NRLP) formally known as the National Perspective Plan, envisages the transfer of water from water &lsquo;surplus&rsquo; basins where there is flooding, to water &lsquo;deficit&rsquo; basins where there is drought/scarcity, through inter-basin water transfer projects.</p>
<h3>What&rsquo;s the Definitional Problem?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>'Surplus' means that it is the extra water available in a river after it meets the humans&rsquo; requirement of irrigation, domestic consumption and industries thereby underestimating the need of the water for the river itself.</li>
<li>The term 'deficit' has also been viewed in terms of humans only and not from the river's perspective, which includes many other factors.</li>
</ul>
<h3>History Behind River Interlinking</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In October 2002, the Supreme Court ordered the Central Government to initiate work on inter-linking the major rivers of the country.</li>
<li>In the same year, a task force was appointed and a deadline of 2016 was set to complete the entire project that would link 37 rivers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Scope of the Project</h3>
<p>The National River Interlinking Project will comprise of 30 links to connect 37 rivers across the nation through a network of nearly 3000 storage dams to form a gigantic <strong>South Asian Water Grid</strong>. It includes two components:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Himalayan Rivers Development Component:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This component aims to construct storage reservoirs on the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers, as well as their tributaries in India and Nepal.</li>
<li>The aim is to conserve monsoon flows for irrigation and hydropower generation, along with flood control.</li>
<li>The linkage will transfer surplus flows of the Kosi, Gandak and Ghagra to the west. A link between the Ganga and Yamuna is also proposed to transfer the surplus water to drought-prone areas of Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Southern Water Grid:</strong> It includes 16 links that propose to connect the rivers of South India. It envisages linking the Mahanadi and Godavari to feed the Krishna, Pennar, Cauvery, and Vaigai rivers. This linkage will require several large dams and major canals to be constructed. Besides this, the Ken river will also be linked to the Betwa, Parbati, Kalisindh, and Chambal rivers.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/687image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/687image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Proposed Benefits of the Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hydropower generation</li>
<li>Irrigation benefits</li>
<li>Round the year navigation</li>
<li>Employment generation</li>
<li>Resolution of problem of droughts and floods</li>
<li>Ecological benefits as dried up forests and lands will be replenished</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Opposition</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concerned scholars questioned the merits of inter-link projects citing <strong>lack of holistic assessment of social-ecological impacts</strong> like water-logging, salinisation and the resulting desertification.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>An Environmental Hazard</strong></p>
<p>Ken-Betwa river link entails a 231-kilometre (144 mile) canal between the two rivers in the states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, along with two dams and reservoirs; the felling of more than 1.8 million trees; and the usage of 6,017 hectares (23 sq miles) of forest land, including the Panna Tiger Reserve, with special mention of endangered wildlife species that will be impacted. The project is also expected to consume nearly 6,000 hectares of non-forest land, with approximately 5,000 homes being submerged as per the National Water Development Authority feasibility report.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The concerns about <strong>sediment management,</strong> especially on the Himalayan system loom large. When the idea is to transfer water from the &lsquo;surplus&rsquo; Himalayan river systems to 'deficit' basins of the southern part of India, the differential sediment regime defining the flow regimes need to be plugged into the equation. This will entail changes in ecosystem structures in both parts.</li>
<li>Damming India&rsquo;s east-coast rivers to take their water westwards will <strong>curtail downstream flooding</strong> and thereby, the supply of sediment&mdash;a natural nutrient&mdash;destroying fragile coastal ecosystems and causing coastal and delta erosion</li>
<li>The <strong>spirit of federalism is ignored</strong> in the river interlinking project. There is dissent on the part of the state governments (Kerala)
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The top-down model presumes of near-unanimity of every state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A new analysis of rainfall data reveals that monsoon shortages are growing in river basins with surplus water and falling in those with scarcities.</li>
</ul>
<p>This raises questions about India&rsquo;s Rs. 11 lakh crore ($165 billion) plan to transfer water from "surplus" to "deficit" basins.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>A Snowy Forecast</strong></p>
<p>India&rsquo;s experiment of river interlinking must take lesson from failure of Australia&rsquo;s Snowy River Scheme, a 145-km network of tunnels and 80 km of aqueducts transferring 1.1 cu km of water annually from the basin of the Snowy&mdash;a river flowing through mostly uninhabited mountainous region in eastern Australia into the Tasman Sea&mdash;to the basin of the Murray-Darling&mdash;an inland river developed for irrigation and water supply; construction began in 1949.</p>
<p>As the Snowy passed through one of the largest of its 16 dams, its flow was cut by 99%, as its water was sent to towns and villages downstream, a design that completely ignored&mdash;and ended up destroying&mdash;the river&rsquo;s wetland habitat in its lower reaches, according to a 2007 WWF report.</p>
<p>Efforts to restore the flow of the Snowy have cost Rs 2,381 crore ($358 million), 57% of the project&rsquo;s Rs 4,191 crore ($630 million) c</p>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Local solutions (like better irrigation practice) and watershed management, should be focused on.</li>
<li>The government should alternatively consider the National Waterways Project (NWP) which &ldquo;eliminates&rdquo; friction between states over the sharing of river waters since it uses only the excess flood water that goes into the sea unutilized</li>
<li>The necessity and feasibility of river-interlinking should be seen on case to case basis, with adequate emphasis on easing out federal issues.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #d4f0d1; border-color: #0e7502; border-style: dotted;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1256px;"><em><strong>Drishti Input:</strong></em><br /><br />Development for the sake of development is the ideology of cancer. In this context, highlight the challenges for river interlinking in India.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/challenges-of-river-interlinking'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Huge Water Reservoir Found on Mars',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Scientists have discovered one of the largest water reservoirs on Mars, in the form of ice layers buried over a kilometer beneath the surface.</p>
<h3>Key points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This discovery was made using <strong>measurements gathered by the Shallow Radar (SHARAD) on NASA&rsquo;s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</strong>.</li>
<li>SHARAD emits radar waves that can penetrate up to a mile and a half beneath the surface of Mars.</li>
<li>They <strong>found layers of sand and ice</strong> that were as much as 90% water in some places. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The layers formed when ice accumulated at the poles during past ice ages on Mars.</li>
<li>Each time the planet warmed, a remnant of the ice caps became covered by sand, which protected the ice from solar radiation and prevented it from dissipating into the atmosphere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This finding is particularly important because the layers of ice are record of past climate on Mars. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Studying the geometry and composition of these layers could tell scientists whether climate conditions were previously favourable for life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MRO was launched in 2005, on a search for evidence that water persisted on the surface of Mars for a long period of time.</li>
<li>It contains a host of scientific instruments such as cameras, spectrometers, and radar, which are used to analyze the landforms, stratigraphy, minerals, and ice of Mars.</li>
<li>The spacecraft carries mainly six instruments:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>(HiRISE) High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment:</strong> This visible camera reveals small-scale objects in the debris blankets of mysterious gullies and details of geologic structure of canyons, craters, and layered deposits.</li>
<li><strong>CTX (Context Camera):</strong> This camera provides wide-area views to help provide a context for high-resolution analysis of key spots on Mars provided by HiRISE and CRISM.</li>
<li><strong>MARCI (Mars Color Imager):</strong> This weather camera monitors clouds and dust storms.</li>
<li><strong>CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars):</strong> This instrument splits visible and near-infrared light in its images into hundreds of "colors" that identify minerals, especially those likely formed in the presence of water, in surface areas on Mars not much bigger than a football field.</li>
<li><strong>MCS (Mars Climate Sounder):</strong> This atmospheric profiler detects vertical variations in temperature, dust, and water vapor concentrations in the Martian atmosphere.</li>
<li><strong>Shallow Radar (SHARAD) sounder:</strong> It seeks geologic boundaries in the first tens to thousands of meters (up to 4 kilometers) below the surface of Mars.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SHARAD probe the subsurface using radar waves using a 15-25 MHz frequency band in order to get the desired high depth resolution.</li>
<li>The radar wave return, which is captured by the SHARAD antenna, is sensitive to changes in the electrical reflection characteristics of the rock, sand, and any water present in the surface and subsurface. Water, like high-density rock, is very conducting, and will have a very strong radar return.</li>
<li>Changes in the reflection characteristics of the subsurface, such as layers deposited by geological processes in the ancient history of Mars, will also be visible.</li>
<li>SHARAD was provided by the <strong>Italian Space Agency (ASI)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/huge-water-reservoir-found-on-mars'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts For Prelims (24th May 2019)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>New Space India Limited (NSIL)</h3>
<p>New Space India Limited (NSIL) is the commercial arm of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</a>, which was officially inaugurated in Bengaluru.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NSIL was incorporated on March 6, 2019, for commercially utilising research and development activities carried out by ISRO in the area of space with an authorised share capital of Rs 100 crore and initially paid-up capital of Rs 10 crore.</li>
<li>It is the second commercial arm of the ISRO after the <strong>Antrix Corporation,</strong> which was set up in 1992 primarily to facilitate ISRO&rsquo;s commercial launch of foreign satellites.</li>
<li><strong>The objective of NSIL:</strong> is to enhance industry participation in Indian space programmes. NSIL will act as an aggregator for all space-related activities in industry and develop private entrepreneurship in space-related technologies.</li>
<li><strong>Responsibility of NSIL:</strong> manufacturing and production of Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) and Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) through technology transfer mechanisms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will also cater to emerging global commercial SSLV market demand, providing satellite building and satellite-based services, including the supply of sub-systems for various domestic and international application needs and will enable space technology spin-offs through Indian industry interface.</li>
<li>It will also be organising an interactive workshop with industry, wherein it would seek industry&rsquo;s feedback as well as their expression of interest to take a newer and larger share of work with ISRO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Man Booker International Prize</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Jokha Alharthi has become the first Arabic author</strong> to win the Man Booker International prize for her <strong>novel &lsquo;Celestial Bodies&rsquo;</strong> which reveals her Omani homeland's post-colonial transformation.</li>
<li>The prestigious 50,000-pound prize, which celebrates translated fiction from around the world, is divided equally between the author and translator. Alharthi's <strong>translator was US academic Marilyn Booth,</strong> who teaches Arabic literature at Oxford University.</li>
<li><strong>The Man Booker International Prize</strong> was <strong>established in 2005</strong> and in 2016 became a prize for fiction in translation, awarded annually for a single work, <strong>translated into English</strong> and published in the UK or Ireland.</li>
<li><strong>The Man Booker Prize</strong> launched in <strong>1969,</strong> aims to promote the finest in fiction by rewarding the best novel of the year <strong>written in English</strong> and published in the United Kingdom. <strong>&lsquo;Milkman&rsquo; by the writer Anna Burns won the 2018 prize.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Khyal</h3>
<p>Khyal is a form of Hindustani Classical Music. The word &lsquo;Khyal&rsquo; is derived from Persian and means &ldquo;idea or imagination&rdquo;.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is said that Amir Khusrou in the 13<sup>th</sup> century gave it an impetus.</li>
<li>Sultan Mohammed Sharkhi of the 15<sup>th</sup> century is credited with encouraging this form. However, it attained its maturity at the hands of Niyamat Khan Sadarang and Adarang of the 18<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>The Khyal has two varieties: the slow or <em>Vilambit</em> Khyal and the fast or <em>Drut</em> Khyal. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <em>Vilambit</em> is sung in slow tempo and the <em>Drut</em> at a faster speed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both types of <em>Khyals</em> have <strong>two sections: </strong><em>Asthayee</em> and <em>Antara</em>. Together <em>Asthayee</em> and <em>Antara</em> make one song, a composition, or <em>bandish</em>.</li>
<li>Usually, the theme for these Khyal bandish is romantic in nature.</li>
<li>The major <em>Gharanas</em> (schools) under Khyal music are <strong>Gwalior</strong> <em>Gharana,</em> <strong>Agra</strong> <em>Gharana,</em> <strong>Jaipur</strong> <strong>Atroli </strong><em>Gharana,</em> <strong>Rampur</strong> <strong>Saheswan</strong> <em>Gharana</em>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Thumri</strong></p>
<p><em>Thumri</em> is based on mixed ragas and is commonly considered to be <strong>semi-classical Indian music</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>compositions are romantic or devotional</strong> in nature. This was <strong>inspired by the Bhakti movement</strong>.</li>
<li>As Thumri is a love song and hence the textual beauty is very important. This is <strong>closely coordinated with the musical rendition</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>language of the composition is usually Hindi or Awadhi dialect</strong> <strong>or the Braj Bhasha dialect</strong> and the <strong>grammar is not strictly adhered</strong> in <em>Thumri</em>.</li>
<li>There are two styles of <em>Thumri</em> singing: the <strong>Poorab or Banaras which is fairly slow</strong> and staid and the <strong>Punjab style which is more mercurial</strong>.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<h3>Collaboration of National Health Authority and National Cancer Grid</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Health Authority (NHA)</strong> and <strong>National Cancer Grid (NCG)</strong> have signed an MoU under the <strong>Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)</strong>.</li>
<li>MOU will jointly review existing <strong>cancer treatment packages, pricing</strong> of services, and <strong>standard treatment workflows</strong> covered under the AB-PMJAY, and plug-in necessary gaps to ensure enhanced quality of cancer care.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Cancer Grid (NCG)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>NCG</strong> formed in August 2012, is a <strong>network of major cancer centers, research institutes, patient groups and charitable institutions across India</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of NCG:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Establish <strong>uniform standards</strong> of patient care for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.</li>
<li>Providing <strong>specialized training and education</strong> in oncology.</li>
<li>Facilitating <strong>collaborative basic, translational and clinical research</strong> in cancer and shape cancer policy in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-cabinet-decisions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Authority (NHA)</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NHA is an attached office to the Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare.</li>
<li>Its <strong>Governing Board is chaired by Minister of Health &amp; Family Welfare,</strong> Government of India.</li>
<li>The NHA is envisaged to lead the development of <strong>strategic partnerships and collaborations</strong> with Central and State Governments, <strong>civil society, financial and insurance agencies, academia, think tanks, national and international organizations</strong> and other stakeholders to <strong>further the objectives of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)</a></strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>PRAAPTI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A web portal and an App namely <strong>PRAAPTI (Payment Ratification and Analysis in Power procurement for bringing Transparency in Invoicing of generators),</strong> was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Power</strong> in May 2018 to capture the invoicing and payment data for various long term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) from the Generators.</li>
<li><strong>Purpose</strong> of this initiative is to herald a new era of transparency in a financial transaction in the power sector.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will help the stakeholders in getting month-wise and legacy data on outstanding amounts of Discoms against power purchase.</li>
<li>The portal would facilitate the relative assessment of various State DISCOMs on <strong>&ldquo;Ease of making payments&rdquo;</strong> to various Generation Companies, and will also help make transactions in the power Sector more transparent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is also considering setting up a similar web portal to publicly disclose payment delays to renewable energy players from power distribution companies.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-24th-may-2019'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Ken Betwa Interlink Project',
			'catname' => 'Paper 1',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, central government has announced <strong>90 : 10 funding pattern</strong> for Ken Betwa Interlinking Project where 90% of the total estimated cost is to be borne by the centre.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP) is the River interlinking project that aims to transfer surplus water from the Ken river in MP to Betwa in UP to irrigate the drought-prone Bundelkhand region spread across the districts of two states mainly Jhansi, Banda,Lalitpur and Mahoba districts of UP and Tikamgarh, Panna and Chhatarpur districts of MP.</li>
<li>Ken-Betwa is one of the 30 river inter linking projects conceived across the country.</li>
<li>The project has been delayed due to political and environmental issues</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ken and Betwa rivers originate in MP and are the tributaries of Yamuna.</li>
<li>Ken meets with Yamuna in Banda district of UP and with Betwa in Hamirpur district of UP.</li>
<li>Rajghat, Paricha and Matatila dams are over Betwa river.</li>
<li>Ken River passes through Panna tiger reserve.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need for Interlinking of Rivers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>80% of the water India receives through its annual rains and surface water flow happens over a 4 month period June through September.</li>
<li>This <strong>spatial and time variance in availability of natural water</strong> versus year round demand for irrigation, drinking and industrial water creates demand supply gap, which can be balanced by interlinking of rivers.</li>
<li><strong>Interlinking of rivers involves joining rivers by the network of canals and reservoirs</strong> that solves <strong>twin problems of drought and flood</strong> by maintaining a water balance between the water deficit and surplus areas.</li>
<li>Pattiseema Lift Irrigation Scheme, has already interlinked the Godavari river and the Krishna river in Andhra's West Godavari district.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>River linking will be a solution to <strong>recurring droughts in Bundelkhand region</strong>.</li>
<li>It will curb the rate of <strong>farmers suicide</strong> and will ensure them stable livelihood by providing sustainable means of <strong>irrigation</strong> (6 lakh hec of land) and reducing excessive dependence on groundwater.</li>
<li>It will not only accelerate <strong>the water conservation</strong> by construction of multipurpose dam but will also produce <strong>75MW of electricity</strong> and will <strong>supply drinking</strong> water to 13 lakh people.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Few are of the view that the introduction of dam inside the water scarce regions of panna tiger reserve, will rejuvenate the forests of Panna Tiger reserve that in turn will pave the way for <strong>Rich Biodiversity</strong> in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will provide <strong>employment</strong> during the execution of the project.</li>
<li>The afforestation programme could be implemented on canal banks resulting in environmental improvement.</li>
<li>The communication system will improve because of canal roads and CD works raising marketing opportunities.</li>
<li>The formation of the reservoirs will help tourism development, fish and aquaculture, bird sanctuaries etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Construction of Daudhan dam will result into <strong>submergence of 10% of critical tiger habitat</strong> of MP&rsquo;s Panna Tiger Reserve that will adversely affect the tiger conservation efforts.</li>
<li>Height of the dam (77 meters) will affect the <strong>nesting sites of vulture</strong>.</li>
<li>Construction of one of the barrages inside the <strong>Ken Gharial Sanctuary</strong> will adversely affect the sustainability of the sanctuary.</li>
<li><strong>Submergence by Daudhan and Makodia</strong> reservoirs will result into <strong>displacement of 20,000 people</strong> of the bundelkhand region and will give rise to rehabilitation issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Political:</strong> Politicization of Ken Betwa project is making project more complex and resulting into its further delay. According to the draft project report, MP was to get 2,650 million cubic metres (MCM) of water and UP 1,700 MCM. While none of the states has objection to their share, Uttar Pradesh wants more water (935 MCM) in pre-monsoon months for rabi crops and less for the monsoon months.MP, however, is not willing to release the quantity in months with the least rain.</li>
<li><strong>Environmental:</strong> Because of certain <strong>environmental and wildlife conservation concerns</strong> like passing of project though critical tiger habitat of panna tiger reserve ,project is stuck in for the approval from NGT, and other higher authorities.</li>
<li><strong>Economic:</strong> There is <strong>a huge economic cost</strong> attached with the projects implementation and maintenance, which has been rising due to delays in project implementation.</li>
<li><strong>Social:</strong> <strong>Reconstruction and rehabilitation</strong> caused due to displacement resulting from submergence of two dams will involve <strong>social cost</strong> as well.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions Involved</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 262(1)</strong> of the constitution deals with the adjudication of interstate water disputes.</li>
<li><strong>Article 262(2)</strong> holds that neither Supreme Court nor any other court shall exercise jurisdiction in respect of interstate water disputes.</li>
<li><strong>Water being a state subject</strong> requires a mutual water sharing arrangement between two riparian states.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ken Betwa interlinking project can act as a <strong>boon to the water scarce districts of the bundelkhand</strong> region where farmers are struggling with their dependency over monsoon.</li>
<li>This can even <strong>boost the agricultural production</strong> of the area by including water intensive, plantation and cash crops in their crop cycle that will <strong>increase the income of farmers</strong>.</li>
<li>Project will also <strong>curb the long pending problems of drinking water and electricity</strong>.</li>
<li>But government cannot avoid the huge <strong>Environmental, Social and Economic cost involved with the project</strong>.</li>
<li>Hence, before proceeding with the final approval of the project, government should comprehensively consider the <strong>social impact assessment, which involves</strong> proper rehabilitation of displaced people including their employment, and wages compensation.</li>
<li><strong>Environmental impact assessment,</strong> that includes minimal environmental loss and diversion of critical habitat.</li>
<li>Apart from that formation of <strong>River basin authority</strong> would act as the cooperating and coordinating authority between the two riparian states and will help in accelerating the progress of the report.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/ken-betwa-interlink-project'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Shadow Banking and the Crisis in the Indian Economy',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on the news <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/crisis-in-nbfc-sector-could-hurt-economic-growth/article27211017.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"Crisis in NBFC Sector Could Hurt Economic Growth"</a> which appeared in "The Hindu" on 22nd May 2019. The article talks about how the current crisis in NBFC can create problems in the Indian economy.</p>
</div>
<p>The current liquidity crisis in the non-banking financial companies&rsquo; (NBFCs) sector may not pose a systemic risk for now but investors can impact on the overall growth of the economy in the long run.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) are financial institutions that offer various banking services but do not have a banking license. Generally, these institutions are not allowed to take traditional demand deposits&mdash;readily available funds, such as those in checking or savings accounts&mdash;from the public. This limitation keeps them outside the scope of conventional oversight.</p>
<p><strong>What is difference between banks &amp; NBFCs?</strong></p>
<p>NBFCs lend and make investments and hence their activities are akin to that of banks; however there are a few differences as given below:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NBFC cannot accept demand deposits;</li>
<li>NBFCs do not form part of the payment and settlement system and cannot issue cheques drawn on itself;</li>
<li>deposit insurance facility of Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation is not available to depositors of NBFCs, unlike in case of banks.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>What is the Contribution of NBFC in the Economy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NBFCs play an important role in promoting inclusive growth in the country, by catering to the diverse financial needs of bank excluded customers.</li>
<li>NBFCs often take a lead role in providing innovative financial services to Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) most suitable to their business requirements.</li>
<li>NBFCs do play a critical role in participating in the development of an economy by providing a fillip to transportation, employment generation, wealth creation, bank credit in rural segments and to support financially weaker sections of the society.</li>
<li>Emergency services like financial assistance and guidance are also provided to the customers in the matters pertaining to insurance.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How NBFC Liquidity Crisis can Impact Economic Growth?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The mutual fund and the NBFC sector is strongly related as the mutual fund is the biggest fund provider to NBFC space by way of commercial paper and debentures.</li>
<li>Experts say all the investment by mutual fund in the NBFC sector is not in high investment grade or triple-A.</li>
<li>If there is a problem with a few NBFCs, there can be a chain reaction of selling the exposure, which could create more trouble for the NBFC sector.</li>
</ul>
<h3>NBFC, Mutual Fund (Shadow Banking) and the Crisis</h3>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>A mutual fund is a type of financial vehicle made up of a pool of money collected from many investors to invest in securities such as stocks, bonds, money market instruments, and other assets.</p>
<p><strong>A shadow banking system is a group of financial intermediaries facilitating the creation of credit across the global financial system but whose members are not subject to regulatory oversight.</strong></p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mutual fund companies have invested in NBFC. Banks have lent to NBFC on the basis of commercial papers (an unsecured, short-term debt instrument issued by a corporation, typically for the financing of accounts payable and inventories and meeting short-term liabilities).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Now such pieces of paper are nothing but junk. Since August 27, 2018, when IL&amp;FS non-banking financial company was unable to repay the loan at the scheduled time and missed deadlines, the share market is retracting, NBFC stock prices started tumbling down.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>About 25%, of loans in India, is taken from 50-odd shadow banks(NBFC) that have expanded quickly. They are less heavily regulated and lend in particular areas such as housing. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are usually prohibited from taking deposits so fund themselves with debt. They are big enough to damage India&rsquo;s entire financial system. Mutual funds, which are sold to the public, have $55bn of exposure to them, or 11% of total assets under management.</li>
<li>Conventional banks have loaned $70bn to shadow banks, the equivalent of two-fifths of the former&rsquo;s core capital</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Even if a full crisis does not erupt shadow banks may be forced to shrink. When combined with the rising NPAs of state banks, that would mean that 75% of India&rsquo;s financial system is on crutches.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Risks of Shadow Banking</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Borrowing short and lending long is a high-risk game as the IL&amp;FS collapse amply manifests.(Generally, NBFC invest in companies with long gestation period, like infrastructural projects where returns come in 12-14 years, while they take capital through short term funds such as mutual funds which entail early repayments within 3-4 years, thereby getting caught in a trap of high risks.) In the aftermath, the government has taken it over though it already indirectly owned 40% of it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a huge mistrust in the financial market with mutual funds and banks are reluctant to lend to NBFCs. In spite of reports of solid capital ratios, there is a great deal of apprehension about the possible time-bombs buried in their balance sheets. For months now, NBFCs have been facing a liquidity crunch.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Defaults by such NBFCs are fatal enough to damage India&rsquo;s entire financial system with mutual funds - which are sold to the public - having $ 55 billion of exposure to them, or 11% of total assets under management.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Traditional banks have loaned $ 70 billion to NBFCs which approximately equals to 40% of the banks&rsquo; core capital.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Experience</strong></p>
<p>In 1997-98 the world&rsquo;s largest hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM) in the US was going bankrupt. This hedge fund management firm led by Nobel prize winning economists and famous Wall Street traders enjoyed enormous clout in the US administration. The US administration forced 14 investment banks to lend money to the hedge fund to keep it alive, till elections were done and dusted. LTCM was allowed to perish quietly thereafter.</p>
<p>It&rsquo;s some of these 14 lenders to LTCM who went bankrupt in the 2008 crisis, the seeds of which were sown in 1998 in the LTCM crisis. Perhaps, IL&amp;FS has the potential to be India&rsquo;s LTCM and not only Lehman Brothers.</p>
<p><strong>A parallel can be drawn in this case and the effort of LIC to save IL&amp;FS. By saving NBFC, govt is rewarding the failure.</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>SEBI Guidelines on Mutual Funds</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SEBI has decided to allow mutual funds to write call options subject to certain conditions (except Index Funds and ETFs).</li>
<li>Currently, mutual fund schemes are permitted to undertake transactions in equity derivatives but cannot write options or purchase instruments with embedded written options.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Call options refer to an agreement that gives a buyer the right to purchase an asset at a specified price within a particular time period.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Assets under management(AUM) of the industry are at a record of Rs 25 lakh crore, resulting in a revenue of about Rs 13,000 crore.</li>
<li>The market regulator has decided to lower expenses paid by investors of equity mutual fund schemes.</li>
<li>Total Expense ratio - TER is a percentage of a scheme's corpus that a mutual fund house charges towards expenses including administrative and management.</li>
<li>TER for equity-oriented mutual fund schemes were capped at 1.25 per cent and for other schemes at one per cent.</li>
<li>The cap for fund of funds will be 2.25 per cent for equity-oriented schemes and two per cent for other schemes.</li>
<li>Also, the TER will go down as the AUM slab increases.</li>
<li>For instance, the TER ranges between 0.8 and 1.05 per cent for the for the highest AUM slab (over Rs 500 billion), whereas it ranges between 2 and 2.25 per cent for the lowest AUM slab (0 to Rs 5 billion).</li>
<li>Transparency - SEBI has mandated that commissions and expenses shall be paid from the scheme only and not by any other route.</li>
<li>Further, the mutual fund industry has to adopt the full trail model of commission in all schemes without paying any upfront commission.</li>
<li>Disclosure - SEBI requires category-wise disclosure of all schemes&rsquo; returns with respect to its total returns to be made available on the Association of Mutual Funds of India&rsquo;s website.</li>
<li>Borrowings &ndash; Companies with outstanding borrowings above Rs 1 billion shall raise 25 per cent of their incremental borrowings for the year through the bond market.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>India also must end the regulatory arbitrage that allows shadow banks to raise most of their funds from retail investors and deposit-taking banks. Either shadow lenders should come out of the dark and be turned into banks, or a firewall will have to be erected around them to protect the rest of banking.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #d2e4fa; border-color: #002d63; border-style: dashed;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 899px;"><em><strong>Drishti Input:</strong></em><br /><br />Shadow banking in India has its own benefits, but entails multiple risks too. Substantiate.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/shadow-banking-and-the-crisis-in-the-indian-economy'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Golden Rice',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)</strong> and its partners, the Philippines Rice Research Institute and the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, have successfully cultivated <strong>Golden Rice</strong> in a controlled environment on IRRI campus.</li>
<li>The safety evaluations have shown that Golden Rice is as safe and nutritious as conventional rice but comes with the added benefit of increased beta-carotene content in the grain.</li>
<li>This is aimed at covering a vast rice-eating population in the world with high prevalence of deficiencies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>About Golden Rice</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Golden Rice is a new type of rice that contains <strong>beta-carotene (provitamin A), which is converted into vitamin A</strong> as needed by the body and gives the grain its <strong>golden color</strong>.</li>
<li>It is <strong>developed through genetic engineering</strong> and produces two new enzymes that complete the beta-carotene expression in the rice grain.</li>
<li>Research has indicated that one cup of Golden Rice can provide up to 50% of the daily requirement of an adult for vitamin A.</li>
<li>But presently, it has a <strong>low shelf life of not more than 3 months</strong> as it may lose its nutrients after that.</li>
<li>Golden Rice can be grown just like ordinary rice and varieties <strong>containing the GR2E Golden Rice trait</strong> have the same yield and agronomic performance as their conventional counterparts.</li>
<li>It is intended to complement current strategies in the <strong>fight against vitamin A deficiency (VAD)</strong> and is intended to supply up to 30-50 percent of the estimated average requirement for vitamin A for preschool age children and pregnant or lactating mothers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vitamin A is a <strong>fat-soluble vitamin</strong> that is good for healthy vision, skin, bones and other tissues in the body.</li>
<li><strong>Source:</strong> There are two types of vitamin A. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Preformed vitamin A,</strong> also called <strong>retinol,</strong> is found in animal products. Good sources are fortified milk, eggs, meat, cheese, liver, halibut fish oil, cream and kidneys.</li>
<li><strong>Pro-vitamin A</strong> is found in plant-based foods such as fruits and vegetables. The most common type of pro-vitamin A is <strong>beta-carotene,</strong> a carotenoid that produces dark pigments in plant foods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As vitamin A affects a wide range of body functions, a deficiency can lead to a variety of problems. These include:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>night blindness</li>
<li>a higher risk of infections, especially in the throat, chest, and abdomen</li>
<li>follicular hyperkeratosis, leading to dry, bumpy skin.</li>
<li>fertility issues</li>
<li>delayed growth in children</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) <strong>afflicts around 250 million people worldwide</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Women and children are the most vulnerable to VAD,</strong> the leading cause of childhood blindness and inability of the immune system to combat disease.</li>
<li>Vitamin A availability could prevent 1.3&ndash;2.5 million of the nearly 8 million late-infancy and preschool-age child deaths annually in developing countries with the highest risk.</li>
<li><strong>Multiple approaches are needed to combat VAD,</strong> including nutrition education and consuming a diverse and nutrient rich diet; promoting breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices; vitamin A capsule supplementation; <strong>food fortification;</strong> and other public health measures aimed at the control of infectious diseases.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IRRI is an independent, non-profit, research and educational institute, founded in 1960 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations with support from the Philippine government.</li>
<li>The institute, <strong>headquartered in Los Ba&ntilde;os, Philippines,</strong> has offices in 17 rice-growing countries in Asia and Africa.</li>
<li>It is the world&rsquo;s premier research organization dedicated to reducing poverty and hunger through rice science; improving the health and welfare of rice farmers and consumers; and protecting the rice-growing environment for future generations.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/golden-rice'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Indo-Bhutan Relations',
			'catname' => 'Paper 2',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/588Drishti_ias_Indo_Bhutan.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/588Drishti_ias_Indo_Bhutan.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper2/indo-bhutan-relations-mindmap'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Wastewater Management in India',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on the news <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujarat-will-supply-treated-waste-water-for-industrial-use/article27189314.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"Gujarat will supply treated wastewater for industrial use"&nbsp;</a>which appeared in "The Hindu" on 21<sup>st</sup> May 2019. The article talks about waste-water management in India.</p>
</div>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>Gujarat government has come up with a detailed plan to address the water shortage by limiting the supply of freshwater for drinking and irrigation purposes only. While the growing <strong>demand of industries will be met through treated wastewater.</strong></p>
<h3>Wastewater Generation in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India generates a staggering 1.7 million tonnes of faecal waste a day. Official figures show that <strong>78% of the sewage generated remains untreated</strong> and is disposed of in rivers, groundwater or lakes.</li>
<li>The <strong>two main sources of water contamination are sewage and industrial waste.</strong> With both the population of India and its industrial landscape increasing at a phenomenal speed, wastewater volume is also at an alarming rise.</li>
<li>Adding to this is the <strong>shrinking of freshwater sources</strong> like rivers, wells, and groundwater.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Effects of Increasing Wastewater</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Harmful effect on the river and marine life</li>
<li>Lack of drinking water</li>
<li>Overabundance of certain harmful chemicals in sources of water, some of which are chronic</li>
<li>Adverse effect on groundwater</li>
<li>Soil pollution</li>
<li>Rise in chronic health conditions related to toxic chemicals like lead and mercury in all living creatures</li>
<li>Rise of pollution in the coastal area</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Legal Mechanism for Waste-water Regulation in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, amended 1988</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This legislation was introduced to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water.</li>
<li>It also provides for the establishment of boards for the control of water pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, amended 2003</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This Act binds consumers who are carrying on an industry that falls within the provisions to affix meters for the purpose of assessing the quantity of water used in the act.</li>
<li>Industries also have to include operations or processes or treatment and disposal systems which consume water or give rise to sewage effluent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Current Status of Waste-water Treatment in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Only one-third of India&rsquo;s wastewater is currently treated,</strong> leading to the high burden of water-borne diseases.</li>
<li>While urban water access is high on average, significant gaps remain across the country, and <strong>wastewater treatment remains stuck at the national average of around 33%.</strong></li>
<li>Large waste water generators&mdash;Punjab, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and UP&mdash;can potentially treat 65-100% of their urban waste water. Despite this, many populous states, such as Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, have only enough installed capacity to treat less than half of their wastewater. Further, several North-Eastern and Himalayan states have low or no capacity for treatment.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Best Practices in Wastewater Management</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Avadi Sewage Treatment Plant: Sustainable off-grid sewage treatment in Chennai</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Tamil Nadu Police Housing Corporation (TNPHC) has successfully constructed an off-grid sewage treatment plant (STP) to improve living conditions in the police housing colony in Avadi, a suburb of Chennai.</li>
<li>This sewage treatment plant has not only solved the problem of sewage disposal but also provided a pond of treated water for fishing, vegetable cultivation and recharging of groundwater.</li>
<li>It treats 12 lakh litres of sewage every day with no negative discharge, produces manure, recharges groundwater, removes the source of foul odour and waterborne diseases, and beautifies the area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sewage-fed aquaculture system of Kolkata: A century-old innovation of farmers</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Farmers around Kolkata city in India developed a technique of using domestic sewage for fish culture and other agricultural purposes, almost a century ago. This technique is widely used to meet the growing demand for fish. The technique is considered to be unique and is the largest operational system in the world to convert waste into consumable products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Zero liquid discharge in textile industry in Tirupur</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The dyeing and bleaching industry in the South Indian knitwear hub Tirupur is known as the first to opt for zero liquid discharge (ZLD) in a systematic manner, eliminating the release of pollutants. The components of ZLD, including reverse osmosis, enable extensive reuse and recovery of water and salts, and the process minimizes the freshwater requirements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way-forward</h3>
<p>Attaining high rates of economic growth for India will directly be a function of the sustainable use of water, particularly in recycling &amp; reuse as it will be crucial for future urban planning and policy.</p>
<p>Wastewater can be a cost-efficient and sustainable source of energy, nutrients and other useful by-products like organic and organic-mineral fertiliser. The benefits of extracting such resources from wastewater go beyond human and environmental health. They have implications on food and energy security as well as climate change mitigation.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/494image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/494image1.png" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="height: 77px; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #0dd91b; background-color: #d0f2db;" height="77">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;">
<p><strong>Drishti Input</strong></p>
<p>In a water deficient country, proper wastewater management is needed to ensure sustainability for all. In this context, discuss the importance of wastewater regulation in India.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/wastewater-management-in-india'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Indo-Bhutan Relations',
			'catname' => 'Paper 2',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>The first Indo-Bhutan feature film &lsquo;Singye&rsquo; won four awards at 18th Bhutan National Film Awards organized on 21st February 2019.</p>
<h3>Historical Ties</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Bhutan have been sharing ties since 1910 when Bhutan became a&nbsp;protectorate&nbsp;of&nbsp;British India, allowing the British to &ldquo;guide&rdquo; its foreign affairs and defence.</li>
<li>When India declared independence in 1947, Bhutan was among the first nations to recognise it. Since then, the relationship between the countries has become stronger, especially because Bhutan also has a historically tense relationship with China.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Besides sharing a 699 Kilometres border, India and Bhutan also share deep religio-cultural links. Guru Padmasambhava, a Buddhist saint played an influential role in spreading Buddhism and cementing traditional ties between people in both nations.&nbsp;</li>
<li>India opened an office of a Special Representative in Thimphu in 1968, Bhutan reciprocated in 1971. The two offices of special representatives were upgraded to full-fledged embassies in 1978</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The basis for bilateral relations between India and Bhutan was formed by the Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1949. However, Article 2 of the treaty critically gave India a role in guiding Bhutan&rsquo;s foreign policy. Hence, some changes in the treaty were made in 2007.</li>
<li>The new treaty says that Bhutan can import arms as long as Indian interests are not harmed and there is no re-export of the weapons, either by the government or individuals.</li>
<li>Article 6 and 7 in the current treaty encompass the issue of &lsquo;national treatment&rsquo; and equal privileges for citizens on each other&rsquo;s soil.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 1949
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Treaty provides for, among other things, perpetual peace and friendship, free trade and commerce and equal justice to each other&rsquo;s citizens.</li>
<li>In 2007 the treaty was re-negotiated, and provisions were included to encourage Bhutan&rsquo;s sovereignty, abolishing the need to take India&rsquo;s guidance on foreign policy.</li>
<li>The updated treaty, besides providing close cooperation on national issues, provides for stronger cooperation in cultural and economic fields.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul></ul>
<h3>Bhutan&rsquo;s Significance to India</h3>
<p><strong>Geographical Significance:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bhutan shares border with four Indian States: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal and Sikkim.</li>
<li>Nestled in the Himalayas, Bhutan serves as a buffer between India and China.</li>
<li>Security of Bhutan&rsquo;s present borders especially its western border is very important for India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Economic Significance:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bhutan provides a market for Indian commodities and is a destination for Indian investment.</li>
<li>Also for India, Bhutan is a rich source of hydropower.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Political Significance:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A politically stable Bhutan is important to India. An unstable and restive Bhutan can provide a safe haven to anti-India activities and anti-India militant groups.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Areas of Cooperation</h3>
<p><strong>Trade:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The trade between the two countries is governed by the India Bhutan Trade and Transit Agreement 1972 which was last renewed in November 2016.</li>
<li>The agreement establishes a free-trade regime between the two countries and also provides for duty-free transit of Bhutanese exports to third countries.</li>
<li>India is Bhutan's largest trading partner. In the period from January- June, 2018, trade between two countries stood at Rs. 4318.59 crore.</li>
<li>Major exports from India to Bhutan are mineral products, machinery and mechanical appliances, electrical equipments etc. whereas major items of import from Bhutan are electricity, ferrosilicon, Portland cement etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Economic Assistance:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is Bhutan&rsquo;s leading development partner. Since the launch of First Five Year Plan of Bhutan in 1961, India has been extending financial support to Bhutan&rsquo;s FYPs. India has allotted Rs 4500 crore to Bhutan&rsquo;s 12th FYP.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Water Resources:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is playing an important role in development of hydro-power projects. This not only provides Bhutanese with electricity for domestic use but also revenue from surplus electricity exported to India.</li>
<li>So far, Government of India has constructed three Hydroelectric Projects (HEPs) in Bhutan. Currently, India is helping Bhutan in the development of power plant on Mangdechhu River.</li>
<li>This hydropower cooperation comes under 2006 Agreement on Cooperation in Hydropower. Under a protocol to this agreement, India has agreed to assist Bhutan in the development of minimum of 10,000 MW of hydropower and import of surplus electricity from same by year 2020.</li>
<li>Also, there is a Joint Group of Experts (JGE) on flood management between India and Bhutan.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Border Management:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a Secretary-level mechanism on border management and security related matters between the two countries.</li>
<li>There is also a Border District Coordination Meeting (BDCM) Mechanism between the bordering States and the Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) to facilitate coordination on border management and other related matters.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Educational and Cultural Cooperation:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A large number of college going Bhutanese students study in India. Government of India provides number of scholarships to Bhutanese students.</li>
<li>Regular cultural exchanges take place between the two countries. One of the basic objectives of India Bhutan Foundation established in 2003 is to enhance people to people exchange in cultural field.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian Community:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>About 60,000 Indian nationals live in Bhutan, employed mostly in the hydro-electric power construction and road industry.</li>
<li>In addition, around 8000-10,000 daily workers enter and exit Bhutan everyday in border towns.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Multilateral Partnership:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both India and Bhutan are founding members of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) that deals with economic, social and cultural development of South Asian Region.</li>
<li>Both of them also share other multilateral forums such as BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal), BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There have been instances when India has meddled in Bhutan&rsquo;s internal affairs. This has led to negative perception of India in the minds of Bhutanese.</li>
<li>There is a growing feeling in Bhutan that India&rsquo;s development of Bhutan&rsquo;s hydropower production is driven by self-interest as it is getting Bhutan&rsquo;s surplus power at relatively cheap rates.</li>
<li>Bhutan&rsquo;s concern regarding profitability of its Hydropower projects in the wake of India&rsquo;s shift to renewable sources of energy like wind, solar etc.</li>
<li>From internal security perspective, illicit establishment of camps by militant outfits in the dense jungles of south-east Bhutan is a cause of concern for both the nations.</li>
<li>China&rsquo;s continuous claims to important border areas such as Chumbi valley and Doklam and its continuous efforts for establishing strong diplomatic and economic relations with Bhutan have been continuous source of concern for India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs to step up efforts to publicise the benefits that accrue to Bhutan from Indian projects.</li>
<li>India continuously needs to explore new areas of cooperation with Bhutan. Decision of setting up of ISRO&rsquo;s ground station in Bhutan is a welcome step. The station will help Bhutan in providing weather related messages to its far flung areas.</li>
<li>India should try as much as possible to remain out of Bhutan&rsquo;s internal matters, though it can act as a mentor.</li>
<li>Safety of Border from China is a concern for both nations. Therefore, both sides need to work together on this issue. Also, it needs to be ensured that border areas remain militants free.</li>
<li>Being neighbours, it is necessary that both nations continuously recognise value of each other. For this, regular high level visits from both the sides are necessary.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/152Drishti_ias_Indo_Bhutan.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/152Drishti_ias_Indo_Bhutan.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/indo-bhutan-relations'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Draft Notification to Amend Audit Rules for Trusts',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) issued a <strong>draft notification for amendment of Rule 17B of the Income-tax Rules, 1962 </strong>related to <strong>audit rules for trusts or institutions.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rule 17B and Form 10B were inserted in the <strong>Income-tax Rules, 1962</strong> (related to <strong>Income-tax Act, 1961</strong>) vide Income-tax (2nd Amendment) Rules, 1973.</li>
<li><strong>Rule 17B</strong> of the Rules provides that said Report of Audit of the accounts of a trust or institution shall be in <strong>Form No. 10B</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>Form No 10B</strong> besides providing the Audit Report, also provides for filing of &ldquo;Statement of particulars&rdquo; as Annexure.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As the Rule and Form were notified long ago, there is a need to rationalize them to align with the requirements of the present times.</li>
<li>The draft notification includes a <strong>new eight-page Form 10B</strong> as against existing three-page form.</li>
<li>The new Form 10B seeks details like
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>foreign donation received and details of donors to whom certificates are issued for claiming deduction under the I-T Act,</li>
<li>the statute under which trust/institution is constituted, registration under Income-tax Act;</li>
<li>object of trust institution;</li>
<li>details of income and application of income;</li>
<li>registration status under Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, (FCRA), 2010; and</li>
<li>method of accounting policy along with various other details.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In case of trust/institution with object classified as &lsquo;advancement of any other object of general public utility&rsquo;, the draft notification seeks details as to whether such activity is in the nature of trade, commerce, business or services in relation thereto for cess, fees etc., details of receipt from such activity.</li>
<li>The <strong>revised &lsquo;Statement of particulars&rsquo;</strong> seeks extensive details of the operations of the Trusts, which will ensure that the trust is fully compliant with the applicable processes and procedures.</li>
<li>Where a <strong>business undertaking is held as 'property held under trust'</strong>, the proposed form requires extensive details and also filing of the audit report.</li>
<li>According to Tax experts, the various additional disclosure requirements will increase the responsibility of auditors as they would now be required to certify that the particulars given in the annexure are true and correct.</li>
<li>Thus, the responsibility of the Assessee, as well as the auditor, will increase significantly post implementation of these changes.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-notification-to-amend-audit-rules-for-trusts'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Heat Wave Warning',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) has issued a heat wave warning to most of the districts in the Odisha state.</li>
<li>Temperature rises above 45&deg;C-45&deg;C in some isolated pockets of <strong>Vidarbha in eastern Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha</strong> during this week.</li>
<li>The <strong>deficit</strong> in <strong>monsoon and post-monsoon rainfalls</strong> and the intense summer heat have resulted in an <strong>acute water shortage</strong> in both Vidarbha and the neighbouring Marathwada region.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Heat Wave</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A Heat Wave is a period of <strong>abnormally high temperatures</strong>, more than the normal maximum temperature that occurs during the summer season in the <strong>North-Western and South Central parts of India.</strong></li>
<li>Heat Waves typically occur between <strong>March and June</strong>, and in some rare cases even extend till July. The extreme temperatures and resultant atmospheric conditions adversely affect people living in these regions as they cause physiological stress, sometimes resulting in death.</li>
<li>Higher daily peak temperatures and longer, more intense heat waves are becoming increasingly frequent globally due to climate change.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Criteria for Heat Waves</h3>
<p>The <strong>Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong> has given the following criteria for Heat Waves:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Heat Wave need not be considered till the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40&deg;C for Plains and at least 30&deg;C for Hilly regions.</li>
<li>When the normal maximum temperature of a station is less than or equal to 40&deg;C, Heat Wave Departure from normal is 5&deg;C to 6&deg;C and Severe Heat Wave Departure from normal is 7&deg;C or more.</li>
<li>When the normal maximum temperature of a station is more than 40&deg;C, Heat Wave Departure from normal is 4&deg;C to 5&deg;C and Severe Heat Wave Departure from normal is 6&deg;C or more.</li>
<li>When the actual maximum temperature remains 45&deg;C or more irrespective of normal maximum temperature, heat waves should be declared.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Health Impacts of Heat Waves</h3>
<p>The health impacts of Heat Waves typically involve dehydration, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and/or heat stroke. The signs and symptoms are as follows:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Heat Cramps: Ederna (swelling) and Syncope (fainting) generally accompanied by fever below 39&deg;C i.e.102&deg;F.</li>
<li>Heat Exhaustion: fatigue, weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps and sweating.</li>
<li>Heat Stroke: body temperatures of 40&deg;C i.e. 104&deg;F or more along with delirium, seizures or coma. This is a potentially fatal condition.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IMD was established in <strong>1875.</strong></li>
<li>It is an agency of the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences of the Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>It is the principal agency responsible for <strong>meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heat-wave-warning'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts For Prelims (22nd May 2019)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>SC Vacates Stay on Retrospective Applicability of Black Money Law</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court (SC) recently vacated a stay, put by the Delhi High Court, on the retrospective applicability of <strong>Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Key Points</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Delhi High Court order had held that the 2016 black money law cannot be allowed to operate with retrospective effect from July 2015 to book and probe offenders.</li>
<li>The Act was enacted in 2015. It was mentioned in the Act that it will come into effect from April 1, 2016.</li>
<li>However, on July 1, 2015, the government issued a notification in exercise of its powers under Section 86 (Power to remove difficulties) of the Act, changing the date of commencement of the Act to July 1 2015.</li>
<li>The Act gave a one-time opportunity to Indian residents to declare undisclosed foreign income and assets.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>penalises the concealment of foreign income</strong> and provides for criminal liability for attempting to evade tax in relation to foreign income.</li>
<li>The Act <strong>gave a one-time opportunity to Indian residents to declare undisclosed foreign income</strong> and assets.</li>
<li>The concerned person had to pay <strong>tax at the rate of 30% and an equal amount by way of penalty</strong> if found having undisclosed overseas wealth.</li>
<li>However, in case of non-declaration, the provisions included slapping of <strong>tax at the rate of 30% along</strong> with a <strong>penalty equal to three times the amount of tax evaded or 90% of the undisclosed income</strong> or the value of the asset.</li>
<li>The Act provides for punishment of <strong>jail for 3-10 years for the willful evasion.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>West Nile Fever</h3>
<p>Recently, cases of infection due to West Nile Virus have been reported in Malappuram and Kozhikode districts of Kerala which left the State Health Department with the <strong>twin problems of underreporting and identification of the source of West nile fever in the region.</strong></p>
<p><strong>About West Nile Virus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Commonly found in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, North America and West Asia, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-15th-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">West Nile Virus (WNV)</a> causes viral infection which is typically spread by mosquitoes and can cause neurological disease as well as death.</li>
<li>It was first identified in a woman in the West Nile district of Uganda in 1937, and&nbsp;then was identified in birds in the Nile delta region.</li>
<li>Virus can be injected into humans and animals and can also be <strong>transmitted through contact with other infected animals, their blood or tissues.</strong></li>
<li>Rare cases of infection have occurred through organ transplant ,blood transfusion and breastfeeding.</li>
<li>Till date <strong>no human to human transmission is reported.</strong></li>
<li>According to the WHO, its symptoms either remain asymptomatic or cause severe west nile fever disease in 80% of infected people.</li>
<li>20% of people who develop symptoms report fever headache, nausea occasionally with a skin rash and swollen lymph gland.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Joko Widodo re-elected as Indonesian President</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Joko Widodo has been re-elected as the President of Indonesia after defeating former General Prabowo Subianto.</li>
<li>Joko Widodo has been President since 2014 and has focused his campaigns around his image as the &ldquo;Man of the people&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567666515_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567666515_image1.jpg" width="436" height="309" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></h3>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indonesia</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an archipelago that lies across the Equator and spans a distance equivalent to one-eighth of Earth&rsquo;s circumference.</li>
<li>Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia. It shares a border with Malaysia in the northern part of Borneo and Papua New Guinea in the centre of New Guinea (part of Indonesia).</li>
<li>The capital, Jakarta, is located near the northwestern coast of Java.</li>
<li>It is a muslim dominated country with 80% muslim population.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-may-2019'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Data Localisation and Undivided Internet ',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on the article <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/what-is-indias-stand-on-data-storage/article27172841.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"What is India&rsquo;s stand on data storage?"</a> which appeared in "The Hindu" on 18th May, 2019. The article talks about the need and the implications of Data-localisation.</p>
</div>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Facebook&rsquo;s Mark Zuckerberg recently expressed apprehension about nations wanting to store data locally. According to him, it gave rise to possibilities where authoritarian governments would have access to data for possible misuse.</li>
<li>Moreover, U.S. criticised India&rsquo;s proposed norms on data localisation as &lsquo;most discriminatory&rsquo; and &lsquo;trade-distortive&rsquo;. India is at a juncture where various bills are ready to be signed into law that will set data localisation and protection regulations in stone.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is Data Protection?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Data localisation laws refer to regulations that dictate how data on a nation&rsquo;s citizens is collected, processed and stored inside the country.</li>
<li>In India, data localisation law requires that data be stored and processed physically within the territory of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Which Sectors Already Have Data Localisation Requirements?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mandatory rule on data localisation in India has been placed by the <strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong> for payment systems.</li>
<li><strong>Telecom:</strong> where telecom companies are required under their licence terms to store &ldquo;user information&rdquo; only in India. The Indian government isn&rsquo;t unique in this belief &ndash; countries such as Germany have similar restrictions in the telecom sector.</li>
<li>Apart from telecom, there are limited data localisations requirements in just a few other sectors such as <strong>insurance (details of policies and claims are to be stored only in India) and banking (where certain original records need to be maintained in India, though there is no bar on transfers of copies outside)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the Policies in India on Data-localisation Laws?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Justice Srikrishna recommendation on data protection</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The committee has proposed strict standards for cross-border transfer of data and storage.</li>
<li>Critical personal data, to be notified by the government, must be stored and processed at a data centre located in India.</li>
<li>Personal data can be transferred outside India but will need to comply with conditions of security, purpose limitation, storage limitation, data principals&rsquo; rights as laid down under the Indian law.</li>
<li>Every <strong>data fiduciary</strong> will need to store at least one serving copy of personal data on a server or data centre located in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Draft Personal Data Protection Bill, 2018 which has specific requirements on cross-border data transfers.</strong></li>
<li>The draft e-commerce policy also has clauses on cross-border data transfer.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why Data Localisation is Important?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To protect the personal and financial information of the country&rsquo;s citizens and residents from <strong>foreign surveillance</strong> and give local governments and regulators the jurisdiction to call for the data when required.</li>
<li>Storing of data locally is expected to <strong>help law enforcement agencies</strong> to access information that is needed for the detection of a crime or to gather evidence. This gets significant importance due to increasing relevance of technology in nature as well as the resolution of crimes.</li>
<li>Where data is not localized, the agencies need to rely on <strong>mutual legal assistance treaties (MLATs)</strong> to obtain access, delaying investigations.</li>
<li>On-shoring global data could also <strong>create domestic jobs and skills</strong> in data storage and analytics too, as the Srikrishna report had pointed out.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why are Companies Reluctant to Comply?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>High costs-</strong>costs, in the form of servers, the UPS, generators, cooling costs, building and personnel and carious physical and infrastructural costs.</li>
<li><strong>IT infrastructure:</strong> Companies feel that infrastructure in India is not yet ready to support this kind of ecosystem. For any large e-commerce player in India, costs may go up between 10% and 50% depending on the provisions of final law.</li>
<li>Small companies providing services in India will find compliance tough. In fact, one of the objectives of data localisation is to give a fillip to the start-up sector in India, but stringent norms can make it costly for small firms to comply thereby defeating this objective.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Is Location Sole Measure of Claiming Data Rights?</h3>
<p>Some provision of cross-border data sharing conundrum can be solved by the <strong>CLOUD Act</strong> passed by the US congress are as following.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data (CLOUD) Act, passed by the U.S. Congress earlier last year, seeks to de-monopolize control over data from U.S. authorities.</li>
<li>The law will for the first time allow tech companies to share data directly with certain foreign governments.</li>
<li>This requires an executive agreement between the U.S. and the foreign country certifying that the state has robust privacy protections and respect for due process and the rule of law.</li>
<li>The CLOUD Act creates a potential mechanism through with countries such as India can request data not just for crimes committed within their borders but also for transnational crimes involving their state interests.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Data-localisation and Splinter-net</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Data localisation is undoubtedly a problem on the face of the idealised conception of the internet as a borderless world.</li>
<li>And though this idea of the borderless internet has lost some of its sheen in recent years, it&rsquo;s hard to deny that it has been one of the main reasons for explosive digital growth. Online services can spread and scale across dozens of countries without having to set up physical infrastructure in more than a few.</li>
<li>Additionally, the ability to aggregate data and derive value from it is a key value proposition for many internet businesses, and data localisation jeopardises that model.</li>
<li>Major Indian start-ups, benefited from this borderless world which allows them to offer their services in new countries while still largely operating their digital infrastructure out of just one, with reduced infrastructure and compliance cost.</li>
<li>A fragmented internet, or <strong>&ldquo;splinternet&rdquo;</strong>, is not a friend to permission less innovation and would be at odds with the goal of India as a major digital power.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Policymakers must believe in the transformative power of Indian entrepreneurs to succeed globally and allow those entrepreneurs to sit at the table and be part of decisions regarding privacy and data flows.</li>
<li>Incorporation should also be made from EU&rsquo;s <strong>Data Transfer model and the CLOUD Act</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Data Transfer Model</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This model has been successfully adopted by the EU, which allows for data transfer upon review and approval of a company&rsquo;s data processing policies by the relevant Data Protection Authority.</li>
<li>Through this process, user rights are protected, data is secured, and companies can still do business.</li>
<li>By giving all Indian companies the benefits of data transfer the Indian industry will likely be able to expand globally with fewer policy obstacles.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #faf4be; border-color: #003a9e; border-style: double;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1256px;"><em><strong>Drishti Input:<br /><br /></strong></em>Data localisation is undoubtedly a wrinkle on the face of the idealised conception of the internet as a borderless world.In this context, discuss the scope and extent of Data-localisation.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/data-localisation-and-undivided-internet'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => ''Not All Animals Migrate by Choice' Campaign',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Ahead of the International Day of Biological Diversity celebrated on May 22, <strong>UN Environment India and Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) of India</strong> has launched an <strong>awareness campaign &lsquo;Not all animals migrate by choice&rsquo; to be displayed at major airports across the country</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The campaign aims at creating awareness and garnering public support for the protection and conservation of wildlife, prevention of smuggling and reduction in demand for wildlife products.</li>
<li><strong>The campaign also complements worldwide action on illegal trade in wildlife through UN Environment&rsquo;s global campaign, Wild for Life.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Impact of illegal wildlife trade</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Species face extinction</strong> because of demands arising out of illegal wildlife trade.</li>
<li>Overexploitation of the wildlife resources due to its illegal trade creates <strong>imbalances in the ecosystem</strong>.</li>
<li>Illegal wildlife trade as part of the illegal trade syndicates <strong>undermines the economy</strong> of the country and thereby creating social insecurity.</li>
<li>Wild plants that provide genetic variation for crops (natural source for many medicines) are threatened by the illegal trade.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the first phase of the campaign, <strong>Tiger, Pangolin, Star Tortoise and Tokay Gecko have been chosen</strong> as they are highly endangered due to illegal trading in international markets. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recent media reports on seizures of illegally traded species and their parts at airports is a growing indication of rampant wildlife trafficking.</li>
<li>Some of the major wildlife species being smuggled through airports are star tortoises, live birds, Shahtoosh shawls, tiger and leopard body parts, ivory, rhino horns, pangolin and pangolin scales, sea shells, sea-horse, Sea-cucumber, red sanders, agarwood, deer antlers, mongoose hairs, reptile skins, live snakes, lizards, corals, orchids and medicinal plants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phase two</strong> will include more threatened species and will also consider other routes of trafficking.</li>
<li>Illegal Trade in Wildlife will continue as long as there is a demand-market for it. Awareness supported by co-ordinated action of all enforcement agencies, people's participation and proper implementation of national and international wildlife law can help the fight against wildlife crime.</li>
</ul>
<h3>UN Environment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) is a leading global environmental authority</strong> that sets the global environmental agenda, promotes the coherent implementation of the environmental dimension of sustainable development within the United Nations system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for the global environment.</li>
<li><strong>It is headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>statutory multi-disciplinary body,</strong> established by the Government of India <strong>under the Ministry of Environment and Forests,</strong> to combat organized wildlife crime in the country.</li>
<li>The Bureau has its <strong>headquarters in New Delhi</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Under Section 38 (Z) of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972,</a></strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> <strong>it is mandated to:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>collect and collate intelligence related to organized wildlife crime activities and to disseminate the same to the State and other enforcement agencies for immediate action so as to apprehend the criminals.</li>
<li>establish a centralized wildlife crime data bank.</li>
<li>assist foreign authorities and international organization concerned to facilitate coordination and universal action for wildlife crime control.</li>
<li>build capacity of the wildlife crime enforcement agencies for scientific and professional investigation into wildlife crimes.</li>
<li>assist State Governments to ensure success in prosecutions related to wildlife crimes.</li>
<li>advise the Government of India on issues relating to wildlife crimes having national and international ramifications, relevant policy and laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also <strong>assists and advises the customs authorities in inspection of the consignments of flora &amp; faun</strong>a as per the provisions of the Wild Life Protection Act, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and Export Import (EXIM) Policy governing such an item.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/not-all-animals-migrate-by-choice-campaign'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to India Met Department (IMD), the Arabian Sea arm of south-west monsoon is counting on an itinerant Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) wave for normal<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-monsoon-respite-for-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> monsoon.</a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an oceanic-atmospheric phenomenon which affects weather activities across the globe. It brings major fluctuation in tropical weather on weekly to monthly timescales.</li>
<li>The MJO can be defined as an eastward moving 'pulse' of clouds, rainfall, winds and pressure near the equator that typically recurs every 30 to 60 days.</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s a <strong>traversing phenomenon</strong> and is most prominent over the Indian and Pacific Oceans.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Phases of Madden-Julian Oscillation<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567667265_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567667265_image1.jpg" width="505" height="342" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The MJO consists of two parts or phases. Strong MJO activity often dissects the planet into halves. One half within the enhanced convective phase and the other half in the suppressed convective phase.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enhanced rainfall (or convective) phase:</strong> winds at the surface converge, and the air is pushed up throughout the atmosphere. At the top of the atmosphere, the winds reverse (i.e., diverge). Such rising air motion in the atmosphere tends to increase condensation and rainfall.</li>
<li><strong>Suppressed rainfall phase:</strong> winds converge at the top of the atmosphere, forcing air to sink and, later, to diverge at the surface. As air sinks from high altitudes, it warms and dries, which suppresses rainfall.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is this entire dipole structure, that moves west to east with time in the Tropics, causing more cloudiness, rainfall, and even storminess in the enhanced convective phase, and more sunshine and dryness in the suppressed convective phase.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How Does MJO Affect Indian Monsoon?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/near-normal-monsoon-in-2019-imd" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), El Nino</a> and MJO are all oceanic and atmospheric phenomena, which affect weather on a large scale. IOD only pertains to the Indian Ocean, but the other two affect weather on a global scale-up to the mid-latitudes.</li>
<li>IOD and El Nino remain over their respective positions, while MJO is a <strong>traversing phenomenon</strong>.</li>
<li>The journey of MJO goes through <strong>eight phases</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When it is over the Indian Ocean during the Monsoon season, <strong>it brings good rainfall over the Indian subcontinent</strong>.</li>
<li>On the other hand, when it witnesses a <strong>longer cycle and stays over the Pacific Ocean,</strong> MJO brings bad news for the Indian Monsoon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is linked with enhanced and suppressed rainfall activity in the tropics and is very important for the Indian monsoonal rainfall.</li>
<li><strong>Periodicity of MJO:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If it is nearly 30 days then it brings <strong>good rainfall</strong> during the Monsoon season.</li>
<li>If it is above 40 days then MJO <strong>doesn't give good showers</strong> and could even lead to a dry Monsoon.</li>
<li>Shorter the cycle of MJO, better the Indian Monsoon. Simply because it then visits the Indian Ocean more often during the four-month-long period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Presence of MJO over the Pacific Ocean along with an El Nino is detrimental for Monsoon rains.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/madden-julian-oscillation-mjo'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts For Prelims (21st May 2019)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Call Centre for Surveillance of School Teachers by Gujarat Govt.</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gujarat government</strong> is going to start a new <strong>&ldquo;real-time technology enabled&rdquo; surveillance plan to monitor government school teachers</strong> when the new academic session will start in June.</li>
<li>The aim is to improve the quality of education by ensuring that teachers stick to their assigned tasks on a daily basis.</li>
<li>The entire operation will be run from a tech-equipped <strong>&ldquo;command and control centre&rdquo;,</strong> which is being set up in Gandhinagar.</li>
<li>Not only the teachers but also the personnel who monitor them will be handed <strong>GPS-enabled tablets</strong> and <strong>tracked through geofencing</strong> by which an alert will be triggered when a mobile device enters or leaves a specified area.</li>
<li>The executives of the call centre will <strong>ask the teachers a series of questions from a template about the location of their assignment for the day, the task, and who assigned it</strong>.</li>
<li>If they are on leave, they will have to provide details, including the number of days and the approval authority.</li>
<li>Then, the data would feed into Excel sheets to record responses for each day. The call centre feedback would be verified with online data collected by other means.</li>
<li>The control centre will be monitored on a daily basis by the heads of department under the Education Department, Director Primary Education, Director SSA, Gujarat Council of Educational Research and Training, Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board and Schools Commissioner.</li>
<li>According to the officials, the <strong>new tracking system will have "a positive impact on the teaching fraternity"</strong>. Apart from their whereabouts and assignment, suggestions related to new teaching methods and innovation will also be taken and recorded.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India Adopts New Standards for Measuring Kilogram</h3>
<p>Recently, the CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (NPL), which is India&rsquo;s official reference keeper of units of measurements, released a set of recommendations to update the definition of the kilogram.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The kilogram joined other standard units of measure such as the second, metre, ampere, Kelvin, mole and candela that would no longer be defined by physical objects.</li>
<li>The measures are all now <strong>defined on the basis of unchanging universal, physics constants</strong>. The kilogram now hinges on the definition of the <strong>&ldquo;Planck Constant&rdquo;, a constant of nature that relates to how matter releases energy</strong>.</li>
<li>In 2018, at the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in Versailles (France), delegates of International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) had voted to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Kg%20Gets%20a%20New%20Definition" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>redefine the kilogram</strong></a> in terms of <strong>Planck constant</strong>.</li>
<li>Earlier, the kilogram derived its provenance from the weight of a block of a platinum-iridium alloy housed at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> CSIR-NPL is also in the process of making its own <strong>'Kibble Balance'</strong>, a device that was used to measure the Planck Constant.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567667313_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567667313_image2.jpg" width="669" height="268" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>VAYOSHRESTHA SAMMAN</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Department of Social Justice and Empowerment</strong> is inviting nominations for the Vayoshreshtha Samman.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>About the Awards</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vayoshrestha Samman is&nbsp;<strong>National award for Senior citizens</strong> conferred on the <strong>Individuals&nbsp;</strong>(eminent senior citizens) as well as the <strong>Institutions</strong> working for the welfare of older people.</li>
<li>Vayoshreshtha Awards are presented on the eve of <strong>International Day of Older Person,</strong> which is observed every year on the <strong>1<sup>st</sup> of October</strong>.</li>
<li>United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution to observe 1<sup>st</sup> October 1999 as the International Year of Older Persons.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mount Thinchinkhang</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, a team consisting of 20 NCC girl cadets was flagged for mountaineering expedition to Mt. Tenchenkhang.</li>
<li><strong>Mount Thinchinkhang (6010m)</strong> is situated in Western Sikkim and falls under <strong>Khangchendzonga National Park</strong> which is a window to natural beauty, bio-diversity, sacred lakes and snow-capped Mountains.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a National Park and a Biosphere Reserve located in Sikkim, India. It was inscribed to the <strong>UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in July 2016,</strong> becoming the first <strong>"Mixed Heritage" site</strong> of India.</li>
<li>It is included in the UNESCO <strong>Man and the Biosphere Programme</strong>. The park gets its name from the mountain Kangchenjunga (alternative spelling Khangchendzonga) which is 8,586 metres (28,169 ft) tall, the third-highest peak in the world. The total area of this park is 849.5 km2 (328.0 sq mi).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>IIT BOMBAY fabricates wearable supply capacitors</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>IIT BOMBAY</strong> has come up with a supercapacitor which when stitched to a fabric can generate energy ranging from microwatt to milliwatt, which can be further used for <strong>charging GPS location-based devices, LED lamp or even small electronic devices</strong>.</li>
<li>When Supercapacitor is integrated with piezoelectric generator , it can run on its own without requiring any external power or energy.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>About Piezoelectric Currents</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Where <strong>Piezoelectric generator</strong> works on the principle of converting structural vibrations in the form of accumulated charge over the solid (produced by Mechanical stress) into Electricity.</li>
<li>Piezoelectric effect can be seen in the solid crystal which when subjected to external pressure will generate Alternating Current.</li>
<li>Piezoelectric effect is a reversible process which implies that applied External stress will result into internal generation of electricity and applied internal stress will result into external electricity.</li>
<li>Most common piezoelectric materials are Quartz, Ceramic and Salts. Application of piezoelectric effect can be seen in Inkjet printing, generation of high voltages, cigarette lighters etc.</li>
<li>Fabrication of Electrodes of superconductor done by <strong>coating cotton yarn with carbon nanotubes converts</strong> insulating yarn into metallic superconductor that further increases the electrical conductivity of the wearable superconductor and increases its energy storage capacity.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Ongole Cattle Breed</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Vice President of India has lamented the neglect of the indigenous <strong>Ongole cattle breed and called for protecting and promoting the animal,</strong> which has become popular all over the world.</li>
<li>The Ongole breed takes its name from the geographical area in <strong>Andhra Pradesh</strong> in which it is produced.</li>
<li>It is also called the <strong>Nellore breed</strong> for the reason that formerly, Ongole Taluk was included in the Nellore district but now it is included in Guntur district.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>native</strong> of the coastal districts: <strong>Guntur, Prakasam</strong> and <strong>Nellore</strong> of Andhra Pradesh.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>dual-purpose breed</strong> that is it can be raised for the production of milk as well as for the use in field works like for ploughing etc.</li>
<li>The breed is known for its <strong>toughness, high milk yield, tolerance to tropical heat and disease resistance</strong>.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-21st-may-2019'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'In Depth – Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qVk1jm6Rgzc" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>The election violence in Bengal has ironically centred attention on one of the greatest figures of social reform in the country and especially Bengal: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. Vidyasagar was a Bengali Sanskrit pundit, educator, social reformer, writer and philanthropist. <strong>He was one of the greatest intellectuals and activists of the 19<sup>th</sup> century (century of social-religious reforms in the modern history).</strong></p>
<h3>Early Life and Education</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Born as Ishwar Chandra Bandyopadhyay on 26<sup>th</sup> September, 1820 in West Bengal, he was <strong>bestowed the title of Vidyasagar in 1839</strong> for his mastery over Sanskrit and philosophy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The word &lsquo;Vidyasagar&rsquo; means &lsquo;Ocean of Knowledge&rsquo; in hindi.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1839, he successfully cleared his law examination. He passed out of Sanskrit College in Kolkata in 1841 qualifying in Sanskrit grammar, literature, dialectics, Vedanta, Smruti and Astronomy.</li>
<li>At the age of twenty one, Ishwar Chandra joined the Fort William College as the head of the Sanskrit department.</li>
<li>He helped revered Bengali poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta to relocate from France to England and study for the bar. He also felicitated his return to India and inspired him to write poetry in Bengali creating some of the most legendary literary works in the language.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Michael Madhusudan is understood to have given him the epithet &lsquo;Dayasagar&rsquo; or &lsquo;Ocean of Generosity&rsquo; for his selfless altruism.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He passed away on 29<sup>th</sup> July, 1891 at the age of 70 years.</li>
</ul>
<h3>An Educationist</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1846, Vidyasagar joined the Sanskrit College as &lsquo;Assistant Secretary&rsquo;. Within a year, he brought number of changes to the existing education system.</li>
<li>During his tenure as the Principal of Sanskrit College from 1851 to 1858, Vidyasagar initiated unprecedented changes in both administration and education.</li>
<li>At the time when there was no concept of universal education, <strong>Vidyasagar strongly believed that everyone irrespective of caste or gender, had the right to education</strong>.</li>
<li>He even opened up the premises of the Sanskrit college for people from lower castes.</li>
<li>He also encouraged scholars to study ancient sacred texts and interpret them for contemporary usage.</li>
<li><strong>He established 20 model schools in Hooghly, Midnapore, Burdwan and Nadia.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He supervised the schools, recruited teachers and formulated their syllabus.</li>
<li>He revised the exam pattern by introducing monthly exams instead of annual ones.</li>
<li>He also introduced the study of English, Western Sciences and Mathematics.</li>
<li>He initiated the acceptance of admission fees and tuition fees. <strong>He also introduced &lsquo;Sunday&rsquo; as the weekly holiday and summer vacation in the months of May and June.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He brought about a revolution in the Bengali education system by changing the way Bengali language was written and taught.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>&ldquo;Education is the priceless treasure of life. Just its arrival not only ascertains welfare at individual level but paves the way for large scale development of the society.&rdquo;</em></p>
<h3>The Linguist</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He is credited with <strong>reconstructing the Bengali Alphabet</strong>. He simplified Bengali typography into an alphabet of 12 vowels and 40 consonants eliminating the sanskrit phonemes.</li>
<li><strong>His book &lsquo;Borno Porichoy&rsquo; meaning &lsquo;introduction to the letter&rsquo; is still used as the introductory text to learn Bengali alphabet.</strong></li>
<li>He was also a <strong>key figure in Bengal Renaissance</strong> - a cultural, social, intellectual and artistic movement in Bengal from the 19<sup>th</sup> century to the early 20th century.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The renaissance period saw a magnificent outburst of Bengali literature with Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar being the pioneer. Vidyasagar wrote nearly ten books on Bengal&rsquo;s history and literature, all of them being considered classics in today&rsquo;s times.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>A Social Reformer</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He was the <strong>nineteenth century polymath reformer</strong> whose contribution towards changing the status of women in India is remarkable.</li>
<li>His study of ancient texts convinced him that the status of hindu women of his time was not sanctioned by the scriptures and was because of the existing power relations in the society.</li>
<li><strong>It was the result of his untiring struggle that the then Government of India passed the Widow Remarriage Act in 1856.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the purpose of gathering people&rsquo;s support for the implementation of the provision of remarriage of widows, he encouraged his own son Narayan Chandra Bandyopadhyaya to marry a widow.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unlike other reformers who sought to set up alternative societies or systems, Vidyasagar sought to transform society from within.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to his courageous entrepreneurship, widow remarriage was ushered in the conservative hindu brahmin society of Bengal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>He fought for women education and vigorously challenged the barbaric practice of Child Marriage.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He founded 35 schools for girls throughout Bengal. The Metropolitan School of Calcutta was one of the institutions. The sole purpose of these schools was to make women self sufficient and empowered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He also fought a <strong>determined battle against the then prevailing social custom of Kulin Brahmin polygamy</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such was the nature of this horrible practice that some men ended up marrying as many as eighty women.</li>
<li>This practice ensured that aged persons married teenage girls and even children.</li>
<li>The unfortunate girl who would be widowed by the death of her elderly husband was condemned to a life misery.</li>
<li>From discrimination to deprivation, these widows were subjected to severe restrictions and had to dress in plain white cotton sarees and remain with their shaved off heads.</li>
<li>Some widows would even be thrown out of their houses ending up as prostitutes, rape victims and unsupported mothers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Standing tall against the conservative power centers of the hindu society, <strong>Vidyasagar was the man who was way ahead of his times</strong>.</li>
<li>His work for the upliftment of women, their self-sufficiency, prosperity and empowerment along with his untiring efforts for &lsquo;nari shiksha&rsquo; remains unique.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significant Works</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He wrote <strong>biographical notes on numerous noteworthy personalities</strong> in the history of the world so that the young generation can get inspired by reading the great examples of endurance, hard work, honesty, patience, perseverance, courage, determination and philosophy of life.</li>
<li>Some of his works are : <strong>Betaal Panchavinsati (1847), Banglar Itihaas (1848), Jivancharita (1849), Shakuntala (1854), Mahabharata (1860), Seetar Vanavas (1860), Bhrantivilaas (1869), Oti Alpa Hoilo (1873), Aabaar Oti Alpa Hoilo (1873), Brajavilaas (1884), Ratnopariksha (1886)</strong>.</li>
<li>Vidyasagar&rsquo;s work on social reforms include <strong>&lsquo;Bidhobabivah&rsquo; on widow&rsquo;s right to remarry (1855), &lsquo;Bahubivah&rsquo; on banning of polygamy (1871) and Balyabivah on the flaws of child marriage</strong>.</li>
</ul>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)',
			'catname' => 'National Institutions',
			'desc' => '<h3>About</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SEBI is a <strong>statutory body</strong> established on April 12, 1992 in accordance with the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992.</li>
<li>The basic functions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India is to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote and regulate the securities market.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Before SEBI came into existence, Controller of Capital Issues was the regulatory authority; it derived authority from the Capital Issues (Control) Act, 1947.</li>
<li>In April, 1988 the SEBI was constituted as the regulator of capital markets in India under a resolution of the Government of India.</li>
<li>Initially SEBI was a non statutory body without any statutory power.</li>
<li>It became autonomous and given statutory powers by SEBI Act 1992.</li>
<li>The headquarters of SEBI is situated in Mumbai. The regional offices of SEBI are located in Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Chennai and Delhi.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Structure</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SEBI Board consists of a Chairman and several other whole time and part time members.</li>
<li>SEBI also appoints various committees, whenever required to look into the pressing issues of that time.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/921image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/921image1.png" width="849" height="279" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Further, a <strong>Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT)</strong> has been constituted to protect the interest of entities that feel aggrieved by SEBI&rsquo;s decision.</li>
<li>SAT consists of a Presiding Officer and two other Members.</li>
<li>It has the same <strong>powers as vested in a civil court</strong>. Further, if any person feels aggrieved by SAT&rsquo;s decision or order can <strong>appeal to the Supreme Court</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SAT is a statutory body</strong> established under the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992.</li>
<li>It is to hear and dispose of appeals against orders passed by the Securities and Exchange Board of India or by an adjudicating officer under the Act; and to exercise jurisdiction, powers and authority conferred on the Tribunal by or under this Act or any other law for the time being in force.</li>
<li>Consequent to government notification dated 27<sup>th</sup> May, 2014; SAT hears and disposes of appeals against orders passed by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) under the PFRDA Act, 2013.</li>
<li>Further, in terms of government notification dated 23rd March, 2015, SAT hears and disposes of appeals <strong>against orders passed by the</strong> Insurance Regulatory Development Authority of India (IRDAI) under the Insurance Act, 1938, the <strong>General Insurance Business (Nationalization) Act, 1972</strong> and the <strong>Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999</strong> and the Rules and Regulations framed there under.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Powers and Functions of SEBI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SEBI is a <strong>quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial body</strong> which can draft regulations, conduct inquiries, pass rulings and impose penalties.</li>
<li>It functions to fulfill the requirements of three categories &ndash;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Issuers &ndash;</strong> By providing a marketplace in which the issuers can increase their finance.</li>
<li><strong>Investors &ndash;</strong> By ensuring safety and supply of precise and accurate information.</li>
<li><strong>Intermediaries &ndash;</strong> By enabling a competitive professional market for intermediaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>By <strong>Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014,</strong> SEBI is now able to regulate any money pooling scheme worth Rs. 100 cr. or more and attach assets in cases of non-compliance.</li>
<li>SEBI Chairman has the authority to order <strong>"search and seizure operations"</strong>. SEBI board can also seek information, such as telephone call data records, from any persons or entities in respect to any securities transaction being investigated by it.</li>
<li>SEBI perform the function of registration and regulation of the working of venture capital funds and collective investment schemes including mutual funds.</li>
<li>It also works for promoting and regulating self-regulatory organizations and prohibiting fraudulent and unfair trade practices relating to securities markets.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>SEBI&rsquo;s Achievements</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2006 said that <strong>eternal vigilance</strong> is the price of market stability and market growth. The regulator has kept the faith in its 25-year journey that has seen it steadily gain more powers to oversee India&rsquo;s capital markets.</li>
<li>It has ensured a well-functioning market and driven market development: dematerialisation of shares, shortening settlement cycles, initiating nationwide electronic trading, introducing risk management systems, establishing clearing corporations, nurturing the mutual fund industry and so on.</li>
<li>Rightly, the regulator has earned respect from domestic and global investors for improving the efficacy of the market. After all, there have been no broker defaults after 2001.</li>
<li>Initiating the process of consultation papers before framing regulation has also enhanced its credibility with stakeholders.</li>
<li>Today, the Indian capital market can compares favorably with mature markets.</li>
<li>New initiatives for improving analytical capabilities, strengthening surveillance &amp; risk management and to promote research have been taken by SEBI in recent years to counter the volatility in market.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Issues with SEBI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In recent years SEBI role became more complex, the capital markets regulator is at a crossroads.</li>
<li>There is <strong>excessive focus on regulation of market</strong> conduct and lesser emphasis on prudential regulation.</li>
<li>SEBI statutory <strong>enforcement powers are greater than its counterparts</strong> in the US and the UK as it is armed with far greater power to inflict serious economic injury.</li>
<li>It can <strong>impose serious restraints on economic activity,</strong> this is done based on suspicion, leaving it to those affected to shoulder the burden of disproving the suspicion, somewhat like preventive detention.</li>
<li>Its <strong>legislative powers are near absolute</strong> as the SEBI Act grants wide discretion to make subordinate legislation.</li>
<li>The component of prior consultation with the market and a system of review of regulations to see if they have met the articulated purpose is substantially missing. As a result, the fear of the regulator is widespread.</li>
<li>Regulation, either rules or enforcement, is far from perfect, particularly in areas like insider trading.</li>
<li>The Securities offering documents are extraordinarily bulky and have substantially been reduced to formal compliance rather than resulting in substantive disclosures of high quality.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is need of an attitudinal change, indeed, hundreds of inputs about the market being full of crooks necessitating a crackdown and severe intervention would be received.</li>
<li>SEBI needs deep review and research as to what can be done better. The size of funds that get raised can never be a barometer of success for how this segment of the market regulation is performing.</li>
<li>The foremost objective of SEBI should be cleaning up the policy space in this area of the market.</li>
<li>SEBI must give special attention to human resources and matters within the organisation. SEBI must encourage lateral entry to draw the best talent.</li>
<li>Alignment and fitment of senior employees upon merger of the Forward Markets Commission into Sebi remains an open area of work.</li>
<li>Enforcement can be strengthened with continuous monitoring and improving market intelligence. This requires a rich talent pool.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s financial markets are still segmented. One regulator can&rsquo;t be blamed for another&rsquo;s failure when the remit over a financial product overlaps.</li>
<li>In this context a unified financial regulator makes eminent sense to remove both overlap and excluded boundaries.</li>
</ul>',
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		'title' => 'Restructuring of Indian Statistical System',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>The government has decided to merge the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) with the Central Statistics Office (CSO)</strong> under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). The order dated 23<sup>rd</sup> May 2019 has cleared <strong>formation of an overarching body - National Statistical Office (NSO)</strong> through the merger of the NSSO and the CSO.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The order states that the proposed NSO would be headed by Secretary (Statistics and Programme Implementation), but <strong>skips any mention of National Statistical Commission (NSC),</strong> which has been the overseeing body for all the statistical work done in the country.</li>
<li>The order also does not equate the Secretary (Statistics and Programme Implementation) with the Chief Statistician of India as was done in the earlier resolution notified by the MoSPI on 1st June, 2005.</li>
<li>There is a <strong>concern</strong> that with the merger of NSSO and CSO, <strong>the autonomy of NSSO will go away and the NSC&rsquo;s control over NSSO will not be there</strong>. NSC oversees all technical aspects of the statistical work&ndash;which survey needs to be done, when and how it needs to be done.</li>
<li>The order for restructuring the Indian official statistics system has been <strong>issued in order to streamline and strengthen the present nodal functions of the ministry</strong> and to bring in more synergy by integrating its administrative functions within the ministry.</li>
</ul>
<h3>2019 Order vs 2005 Resolution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 2005 resolution notified initiation of the <strong>setting up of the NSC along with proposing the single entity, National Statistical Organisation,</strong> as the executive wing of the government for statistics which would act according to the policies and priorities as laid down by the NSC.</li>
<li>The <strong>resolution</strong> proposed <strong>NSO with two wings, CSO and NSSO</strong> while <strong>2019 order</strong> states that the statistics wing, comprising the NSO, with constituents as CSO and NSSO, to be an integral part of the main Ministry, with <strong>CSO and NSSO to be merged into NSO</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Present Structure</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has <strong>two wings,</strong> one relating to Statistics and the other- Programme Implementation.</li>
<li>The Statistics Wing called the <strong>National Statistical Office (NSO)</strong> consists of the <strong>Central Statistical Office (CSO),</strong> the <strong>Computer Center and the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CSO coordinates the statistical activities in the country and also evolves statistical standards.</li>
<li>NSSO is responsible for conduct of large scale sample surveys in diverse fields on an all India basis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Programme Implementation Wing has three Divisions,</strong> namely, (i) Twenty Point Programme (ii) Infrastructure Monitoring and Project Monitoring and (iii) Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme.</li>
<li>Besides these two wings, there is <strong>National Statistical Commission</strong> created through a resolution of the Government of India (MOSPI) and one autonomous Institute, viz., <strong>Indian Statistical Institute</strong> declared as an institute of national importance by an act of the Parliament. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NSC has a mandate to evolve policies, priorities and standards in statistical matters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567665656_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567665656_image2.jpg" width="683" height="497" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Issues in the present structure</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The NSC and the office of the chief statistician of India (CSI) -</strong> who apart from being the secretary to the MoSPI is also the secretary to the NSC - have been <strong>at loggerheads for most of the period, fighting battles over turf and resources</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>use of the untested database in national accounts,</strong> the lack of transparency about it, and the lack of any effective audit of the GDP database all point to the <strong>lack of effective oversight of the CSO</strong>.</li>
</ul>',
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		'title' => 'PEGASUS',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The technical document "PEGASUS" i.e. <strong>Phycomorph European Guidelines for a Sustainable Aquaculture of Seaweeds,</strong> highlights the current state of European seaweed production and pinpoints challenges for the development and proposes recommendations for short-term and long-term improvements at different levels of the chain.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Phycomorph</strong> is a network of international academic laboratories each addressing one or several issues related to <strong>macroalgal development</strong>. The dynamics of the network is based on regular meetings and student exchanges in order to share both recent progress and experience in technical skills preparing guidelines for <strong>sustainable seaweed aquaculture in Europe</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main aim of PHYCOMORPH is to unify a scattered European research landscape to enable a step-change in the basic knowledge of macroalgal reproduction and development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Macroalgae (seaweeds)</strong> are multicellular organisms living mainly in marine or freshwater (a few live almost permanently out of water). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Seaweed</strong> is plant-like organisms, playing a key ecological role in coastal ecosystems. It is a promising <strong>bioresource</strong> for the future and the demand for high-value seaweed-derived compounds (cosmetics, food) is growing across the world.</li>
<li>Like plants, they <strong>use light to fix atmospheric carbon dissolved in water</strong>. Macroalgae are amongst the <strong>most powerful carbon-fixing organisms</strong> on earth. Their size ranges from a few millimetres up to 50 metres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of aquaculture of Seaweeds</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Food security:</strong> By 2050, the edible bioresource biomass will have to satisfy the 9 billion people predicted to live on the planet.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Seaweed aquaculture can help to address global challenges related to nutrition, health and sustainable circular bio-economy.</li>
<li>Domestication of the oceans is widely regarded as a possible solution to increase food and could be one of the next most important developments in human history.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environment protection:</strong> It will support food web, coastal protection of erosion, bioremediation by removal of possible pollutants like nitrogen or phosphate and CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration.</li>
<li><strong>Pharmaceutical and medical applications:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Antibacterial and antifungal activity of various macroalgae has been demonstrated.</li>
<li>It contains some promising compounds in the field of curing cancer. It shows a potent cytotoxic activity (inhibition of cell growth and multiplication) against human cancer cell lines.</li>
<li>It could be potentially useful as therapeutic agents against Adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL).</li>
<li>It can be used as an anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Renewable energy source:</strong> Algal biofuels dispose of quite some benefits compared to fuels of terrestrial origin, such as a higher energy content; a fast growth and the fact that they complement terrestrial biofuels instead of competing with it.</li>
<li><strong>Cosmetics products:</strong> Because of the lipids they contain which can be used to produce oils, these are an excellent choice for the preparation of cosmetic products.</li>
<li><strong>Job creation:</strong> The algal industry is able to create a wide variety of jobs ranging from research to engineering, from constructing to farming and from marketing to financial services.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Seaweed production in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to a report from the <strong>Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI),</strong> only 30 million tonnes of seaweeds, valuing &euro;8 billion, are being harvested every year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, seaweeds grow abundantly along the Tamil Nadu and Gujarat coasts and around Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar islands.</li>
<li>Of the nearly 700 species of marine algae found in both inter-tidal and deepwater regions of the Indian coast, about 60 species are commercially important.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Aquaculture</strong> is breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants. Basically, it&rsquo;s farming in water. It is an environmentally responsible source of food and commercial products, helps to create healthier habitats, and is used to rebuild stocks of threatened or endangered species.</p>
<p><strong>Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI)</strong> was established by Government of India on February 3, 1947, under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1967, it joined the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and emerged as a leading tropical marine fisheries research institute in the world.</li>
<li>The Headquarters of the ICAR-CMFRI is located in Kochi, Kerala.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pegasus'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Challenges of River Interlinking',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on the article <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/waterman-finds-gaping-holes-in-ken-betwa-promise-says-project-wont-end-drought-curse/articleshow/69152228.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">'Waterman finds gaping holes in Ken-Betwa promise'</a>, that appeared in Times of India on May 3rd, 2019.</p>
</div>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>Water conservationist Rajendra Singh firmly believes that the much-touted Ken-Betwa river interlinking project will not solve the crisis in the state&rsquo;s parched Bundelkhand region in even half a century. In this context, it is necessary to understand the intricacies of river interlinking in India.</p>
<h3>What is River Inter-interlinking?</h3>
<p>The National River Linking Project (NRLP) formally known as the National Perspective Plan, envisages the transfer of water from water &lsquo;surplus&rsquo; basins where there is flooding, to water &lsquo;deficit&rsquo; basins where there is drought/scarcity, through inter-basin water transfer projects.</p>
<h3>What&rsquo;s the Definitional Problem?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>'Surplus' means that it is the extra water available in a river after it meets the humans&rsquo; requirement of irrigation, domestic consumption and industries thereby underestimating the need of the water for the river itself.</li>
<li>The term 'deficit' has also been viewed in terms of humans only and not from the river's perspective, which includes many other factors.</li>
</ul>
<h3>History Behind River Interlinking</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In October 2002, the Supreme Court ordered the Central Government to initiate work on inter-linking the major rivers of the country.</li>
<li>In the same year, a task force was appointed and a deadline of 2016 was set to complete the entire project that would link 37 rivers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Scope of the Project</h3>
<p>The National River Interlinking Project will comprise of 30 links to connect 37 rivers across the nation through a network of nearly 3000 storage dams to form a gigantic <strong>South Asian Water Grid</strong>. It includes two components:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Himalayan Rivers Development Component:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This component aims to construct storage reservoirs on the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers, as well as their tributaries in India and Nepal.</li>
<li>The aim is to conserve monsoon flows for irrigation and hydropower generation, along with flood control.</li>
<li>The linkage will transfer surplus flows of the Kosi, Gandak and Ghagra to the west. A link between the Ganga and Yamuna is also proposed to transfer the surplus water to drought-prone areas of Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Southern Water Grid:</strong> It includes 16 links that propose to connect the rivers of South India. It envisages linking the Mahanadi and Godavari to feed the Krishna, Pennar, Cauvery, and Vaigai rivers. This linkage will require several large dams and major canals to be constructed. Besides this, the Ken river will also be linked to the Betwa, Parbati, Kalisindh, and Chambal rivers.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/687image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/687image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Proposed Benefits of the Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hydropower generation</li>
<li>Irrigation benefits</li>
<li>Round the year navigation</li>
<li>Employment generation</li>
<li>Resolution of problem of droughts and floods</li>
<li>Ecological benefits as dried up forests and lands will be replenished</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Opposition</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concerned scholars questioned the merits of inter-link projects citing <strong>lack of holistic assessment of social-ecological impacts</strong> like water-logging, salinisation and the resulting desertification.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>An Environmental Hazard</strong></p>
<p>Ken-Betwa river link entails a 231-kilometre (144 mile) canal between the two rivers in the states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, along with two dams and reservoirs; the felling of more than 1.8 million trees; and the usage of 6,017 hectares (23 sq miles) of forest land, including the Panna Tiger Reserve, with special mention of endangered wildlife species that will be impacted. The project is also expected to consume nearly 6,000 hectares of non-forest land, with approximately 5,000 homes being submerged as per the National Water Development Authority feasibility report.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The concerns about <strong>sediment management,</strong> especially on the Himalayan system loom large. When the idea is to transfer water from the &lsquo;surplus&rsquo; Himalayan river systems to 'deficit' basins of the southern part of India, the differential sediment regime defining the flow regimes need to be plugged into the equation. This will entail changes in ecosystem structures in both parts.</li>
<li>Damming India&rsquo;s east-coast rivers to take their water westwards will <strong>curtail downstream flooding</strong> and thereby, the supply of sediment&mdash;a natural nutrient&mdash;destroying fragile coastal ecosystems and causing coastal and delta erosion</li>
<li>The <strong>spirit of federalism is ignored</strong> in the river interlinking project. There is dissent on the part of the state governments (Kerala)
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The top-down model presumes of near-unanimity of every state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A new analysis of rainfall data reveals that monsoon shortages are growing in river basins with surplus water and falling in those with scarcities.</li>
</ul>
<p>This raises questions about India&rsquo;s Rs. 11 lakh crore ($165 billion) plan to transfer water from "surplus" to "deficit" basins.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>A Snowy Forecast</strong></p>
<p>India&rsquo;s experiment of river interlinking must take lesson from failure of Australia&rsquo;s Snowy River Scheme, a 145-km network of tunnels and 80 km of aqueducts transferring 1.1 cu km of water annually from the basin of the Snowy&mdash;a river flowing through mostly uninhabited mountainous region in eastern Australia into the Tasman Sea&mdash;to the basin of the Murray-Darling&mdash;an inland river developed for irrigation and water supply; construction began in 1949.</p>
<p>As the Snowy passed through one of the largest of its 16 dams, its flow was cut by 99%, as its water was sent to towns and villages downstream, a design that completely ignored&mdash;and ended up destroying&mdash;the river&rsquo;s wetland habitat in its lower reaches, according to a 2007 WWF report.</p>
<p>Efforts to restore the flow of the Snowy have cost Rs 2,381 crore ($358 million), 57% of the project&rsquo;s Rs 4,191 crore ($630 million) c</p>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Local solutions (like better irrigation practice) and watershed management, should be focused on.</li>
<li>The government should alternatively consider the National Waterways Project (NWP) which &ldquo;eliminates&rdquo; friction between states over the sharing of river waters since it uses only the excess flood water that goes into the sea unutilized</li>
<li>The necessity and feasibility of river-interlinking should be seen on case to case basis, with adequate emphasis on easing out federal issues.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #d4f0d1; border-color: #0e7502; border-style: dotted;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1256px;"><em><strong>Drishti Input:</strong></em><br /><br />Development for the sake of development is the ideology of cancer. In this context, highlight the challenges for river interlinking in India.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/challenges-of-river-interlinking'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Huge Water Reservoir Found on Mars',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Scientists have discovered one of the largest water reservoirs on Mars, in the form of ice layers buried over a kilometer beneath the surface.</p>
<h3>Key points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This discovery was made using <strong>measurements gathered by the Shallow Radar (SHARAD) on NASA&rsquo;s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</strong>.</li>
<li>SHARAD emits radar waves that can penetrate up to a mile and a half beneath the surface of Mars.</li>
<li>They <strong>found layers of sand and ice</strong> that were as much as 90% water in some places. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The layers formed when ice accumulated at the poles during past ice ages on Mars.</li>
<li>Each time the planet warmed, a remnant of the ice caps became covered by sand, which protected the ice from solar radiation and prevented it from dissipating into the atmosphere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This finding is particularly important because the layers of ice are record of past climate on Mars. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Studying the geometry and composition of these layers could tell scientists whether climate conditions were previously favourable for life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MRO was launched in 2005, on a search for evidence that water persisted on the surface of Mars for a long period of time.</li>
<li>It contains a host of scientific instruments such as cameras, spectrometers, and radar, which are used to analyze the landforms, stratigraphy, minerals, and ice of Mars.</li>
<li>The spacecraft carries mainly six instruments:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>(HiRISE) High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment:</strong> This visible camera reveals small-scale objects in the debris blankets of mysterious gullies and details of geologic structure of canyons, craters, and layered deposits.</li>
<li><strong>CTX (Context Camera):</strong> This camera provides wide-area views to help provide a context for high-resolution analysis of key spots on Mars provided by HiRISE and CRISM.</li>
<li><strong>MARCI (Mars Color Imager):</strong> This weather camera monitors clouds and dust storms.</li>
<li><strong>CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars):</strong> This instrument splits visible and near-infrared light in its images into hundreds of "colors" that identify minerals, especially those likely formed in the presence of water, in surface areas on Mars not much bigger than a football field.</li>
<li><strong>MCS (Mars Climate Sounder):</strong> This atmospheric profiler detects vertical variations in temperature, dust, and water vapor concentrations in the Martian atmosphere.</li>
<li><strong>Shallow Radar (SHARAD) sounder:</strong> It seeks geologic boundaries in the first tens to thousands of meters (up to 4 kilometers) below the surface of Mars.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SHARAD probe the subsurface using radar waves using a 15-25 MHz frequency band in order to get the desired high depth resolution.</li>
<li>The radar wave return, which is captured by the SHARAD antenna, is sensitive to changes in the electrical reflection characteristics of the rock, sand, and any water present in the surface and subsurface. Water, like high-density rock, is very conducting, and will have a very strong radar return.</li>
<li>Changes in the reflection characteristics of the subsurface, such as layers deposited by geological processes in the ancient history of Mars, will also be visible.</li>
<li>SHARAD was provided by the <strong>Italian Space Agency (ASI)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/huge-water-reservoir-found-on-mars'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts For Prelims (24th May 2019)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>New Space India Limited (NSIL)</h3>
<p>New Space India Limited (NSIL) is the commercial arm of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</a>, which was officially inaugurated in Bengaluru.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NSIL was incorporated on March 6, 2019, for commercially utilising research and development activities carried out by ISRO in the area of space with an authorised share capital of Rs 100 crore and initially paid-up capital of Rs 10 crore.</li>
<li>It is the second commercial arm of the ISRO after the <strong>Antrix Corporation,</strong> which was set up in 1992 primarily to facilitate ISRO&rsquo;s commercial launch of foreign satellites.</li>
<li><strong>The objective of NSIL:</strong> is to enhance industry participation in Indian space programmes. NSIL will act as an aggregator for all space-related activities in industry and develop private entrepreneurship in space-related technologies.</li>
<li><strong>Responsibility of NSIL:</strong> manufacturing and production of Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) and Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) through technology transfer mechanisms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will also cater to emerging global commercial SSLV market demand, providing satellite building and satellite-based services, including the supply of sub-systems for various domestic and international application needs and will enable space technology spin-offs through Indian industry interface.</li>
<li>It will also be organising an interactive workshop with industry, wherein it would seek industry&rsquo;s feedback as well as their expression of interest to take a newer and larger share of work with ISRO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Man Booker International Prize</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Jokha Alharthi has become the first Arabic author</strong> to win the Man Booker International prize for her <strong>novel &lsquo;Celestial Bodies&rsquo;</strong> which reveals her Omani homeland's post-colonial transformation.</li>
<li>The prestigious 50,000-pound prize, which celebrates translated fiction from around the world, is divided equally between the author and translator. Alharthi's <strong>translator was US academic Marilyn Booth,</strong> who teaches Arabic literature at Oxford University.</li>
<li><strong>The Man Booker International Prize</strong> was <strong>established in 2005</strong> and in 2016 became a prize for fiction in translation, awarded annually for a single work, <strong>translated into English</strong> and published in the UK or Ireland.</li>
<li><strong>The Man Booker Prize</strong> launched in <strong>1969,</strong> aims to promote the finest in fiction by rewarding the best novel of the year <strong>written in English</strong> and published in the United Kingdom. <strong>&lsquo;Milkman&rsquo; by the writer Anna Burns won the 2018 prize.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Khyal</h3>
<p>Khyal is a form of Hindustani Classical Music. The word &lsquo;Khyal&rsquo; is derived from Persian and means &ldquo;idea or imagination&rdquo;.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is said that Amir Khusrou in the 13<sup>th</sup> century gave it an impetus.</li>
<li>Sultan Mohammed Sharkhi of the 15<sup>th</sup> century is credited with encouraging this form. However, it attained its maturity at the hands of Niyamat Khan Sadarang and Adarang of the 18<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>The Khyal has two varieties: the slow or <em>Vilambit</em> Khyal and the fast or <em>Drut</em> Khyal. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <em>Vilambit</em> is sung in slow tempo and the <em>Drut</em> at a faster speed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both types of <em>Khyals</em> have <strong>two sections: </strong><em>Asthayee</em> and <em>Antara</em>. Together <em>Asthayee</em> and <em>Antara</em> make one song, a composition, or <em>bandish</em>.</li>
<li>Usually, the theme for these Khyal bandish is romantic in nature.</li>
<li>The major <em>Gharanas</em> (schools) under Khyal music are <strong>Gwalior</strong> <em>Gharana,</em> <strong>Agra</strong> <em>Gharana,</em> <strong>Jaipur</strong> <strong>Atroli </strong><em>Gharana,</em> <strong>Rampur</strong> <strong>Saheswan</strong> <em>Gharana</em>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Thumri</strong></p>
<p><em>Thumri</em> is based on mixed ragas and is commonly considered to be <strong>semi-classical Indian music</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>compositions are romantic or devotional</strong> in nature. This was <strong>inspired by the Bhakti movement</strong>.</li>
<li>As Thumri is a love song and hence the textual beauty is very important. This is <strong>closely coordinated with the musical rendition</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>language of the composition is usually Hindi or Awadhi dialect</strong> <strong>or the Braj Bhasha dialect</strong> and the <strong>grammar is not strictly adhered</strong> in <em>Thumri</em>.</li>
<li>There are two styles of <em>Thumri</em> singing: the <strong>Poorab or Banaras which is fairly slow</strong> and staid and the <strong>Punjab style which is more mercurial</strong>.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<h3>Collaboration of National Health Authority and National Cancer Grid</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Health Authority (NHA)</strong> and <strong>National Cancer Grid (NCG)</strong> have signed an MoU under the <strong>Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)</strong>.</li>
<li>MOU will jointly review existing <strong>cancer treatment packages, pricing</strong> of services, and <strong>standard treatment workflows</strong> covered under the AB-PMJAY, and plug-in necessary gaps to ensure enhanced quality of cancer care.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Cancer Grid (NCG)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>NCG</strong> formed in August 2012, is a <strong>network of major cancer centers, research institutes, patient groups and charitable institutions across India</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of NCG:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Establish <strong>uniform standards</strong> of patient care for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.</li>
<li>Providing <strong>specialized training and education</strong> in oncology.</li>
<li>Facilitating <strong>collaborative basic, translational and clinical research</strong> in cancer and shape cancer policy in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-cabinet-decisions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Authority (NHA)</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NHA is an attached office to the Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare.</li>
<li>Its <strong>Governing Board is chaired by Minister of Health &amp; Family Welfare,</strong> Government of India.</li>
<li>The NHA is envisaged to lead the development of <strong>strategic partnerships and collaborations</strong> with Central and State Governments, <strong>civil society, financial and insurance agencies, academia, think tanks, national and international organizations</strong> and other stakeholders to <strong>further the objectives of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)</a></strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>PRAAPTI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A web portal and an App namely <strong>PRAAPTI (Payment Ratification and Analysis in Power procurement for bringing Transparency in Invoicing of generators),</strong> was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Power</strong> in May 2018 to capture the invoicing and payment data for various long term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) from the Generators.</li>
<li><strong>Purpose</strong> of this initiative is to herald a new era of transparency in a financial transaction in the power sector.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will help the stakeholders in getting month-wise and legacy data on outstanding amounts of Discoms against power purchase.</li>
<li>The portal would facilitate the relative assessment of various State DISCOMs on <strong>&ldquo;Ease of making payments&rdquo;</strong> to various Generation Companies, and will also help make transactions in the power Sector more transparent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is also considering setting up a similar web portal to publicly disclose payment delays to renewable energy players from power distribution companies.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-24th-may-2019'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Ken Betwa Interlink Project',
		'catname' => 'Paper 1',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, central government has announced <strong>90 : 10 funding pattern</strong> for Ken Betwa Interlinking Project where 90% of the total estimated cost is to be borne by the centre.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP) is the River interlinking project that aims to transfer surplus water from the Ken river in MP to Betwa in UP to irrigate the drought-prone Bundelkhand region spread across the districts of two states mainly Jhansi, Banda,Lalitpur and Mahoba districts of UP and Tikamgarh, Panna and Chhatarpur districts of MP.</li>
<li>Ken-Betwa is one of the 30 river inter linking projects conceived across the country.</li>
<li>The project has been delayed due to political and environmental issues</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ken and Betwa rivers originate in MP and are the tributaries of Yamuna.</li>
<li>Ken meets with Yamuna in Banda district of UP and with Betwa in Hamirpur district of UP.</li>
<li>Rajghat, Paricha and Matatila dams are over Betwa river.</li>
<li>Ken River passes through Panna tiger reserve.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need for Interlinking of Rivers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>80% of the water India receives through its annual rains and surface water flow happens over a 4 month period June through September.</li>
<li>This <strong>spatial and time variance in availability of natural water</strong> versus year round demand for irrigation, drinking and industrial water creates demand supply gap, which can be balanced by interlinking of rivers.</li>
<li><strong>Interlinking of rivers involves joining rivers by the network of canals and reservoirs</strong> that solves <strong>twin problems of drought and flood</strong> by maintaining a water balance between the water deficit and surplus areas.</li>
<li>Pattiseema Lift Irrigation Scheme, has already interlinked the Godavari river and the Krishna river in Andhra's West Godavari district.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>River linking will be a solution to <strong>recurring droughts in Bundelkhand region</strong>.</li>
<li>It will curb the rate of <strong>farmers suicide</strong> and will ensure them stable livelihood by providing sustainable means of <strong>irrigation</strong> (6 lakh hec of land) and reducing excessive dependence on groundwater.</li>
<li>It will not only accelerate <strong>the water conservation</strong> by construction of multipurpose dam but will also produce <strong>75MW of electricity</strong> and will <strong>supply drinking</strong> water to 13 lakh people.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Few are of the view that the introduction of dam inside the water scarce regions of panna tiger reserve, will rejuvenate the forests of Panna Tiger reserve that in turn will pave the way for <strong>Rich Biodiversity</strong> in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will provide <strong>employment</strong> during the execution of the project.</li>
<li>The afforestation programme could be implemented on canal banks resulting in environmental improvement.</li>
<li>The communication system will improve because of canal roads and CD works raising marketing opportunities.</li>
<li>The formation of the reservoirs will help tourism development, fish and aquaculture, bird sanctuaries etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Construction of Daudhan dam will result into <strong>submergence of 10% of critical tiger habitat</strong> of MP&rsquo;s Panna Tiger Reserve that will adversely affect the tiger conservation efforts.</li>
<li>Height of the dam (77 meters) will affect the <strong>nesting sites of vulture</strong>.</li>
<li>Construction of one of the barrages inside the <strong>Ken Gharial Sanctuary</strong> will adversely affect the sustainability of the sanctuary.</li>
<li><strong>Submergence by Daudhan and Makodia</strong> reservoirs will result into <strong>displacement of 20,000 people</strong> of the bundelkhand region and will give rise to rehabilitation issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Political:</strong> Politicization of Ken Betwa project is making project more complex and resulting into its further delay. According to the draft project report, MP was to get 2,650 million cubic metres (MCM) of water and UP 1,700 MCM. While none of the states has objection to their share, Uttar Pradesh wants more water (935 MCM) in pre-monsoon months for rabi crops and less for the monsoon months.MP, however, is not willing to release the quantity in months with the least rain.</li>
<li><strong>Environmental:</strong> Because of certain <strong>environmental and wildlife conservation concerns</strong> like passing of project though critical tiger habitat of panna tiger reserve ,project is stuck in for the approval from NGT, and other higher authorities.</li>
<li><strong>Economic:</strong> There is <strong>a huge economic cost</strong> attached with the projects implementation and maintenance, which has been rising due to delays in project implementation.</li>
<li><strong>Social:</strong> <strong>Reconstruction and rehabilitation</strong> caused due to displacement resulting from submergence of two dams will involve <strong>social cost</strong> as well.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions Involved</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 262(1)</strong> of the constitution deals with the adjudication of interstate water disputes.</li>
<li><strong>Article 262(2)</strong> holds that neither Supreme Court nor any other court shall exercise jurisdiction in respect of interstate water disputes.</li>
<li><strong>Water being a state subject</strong> requires a mutual water sharing arrangement between two riparian states.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ken Betwa interlinking project can act as a <strong>boon to the water scarce districts of the bundelkhand</strong> region where farmers are struggling with their dependency over monsoon.</li>
<li>This can even <strong>boost the agricultural production</strong> of the area by including water intensive, plantation and cash crops in their crop cycle that will <strong>increase the income of farmers</strong>.</li>
<li>Project will also <strong>curb the long pending problems of drinking water and electricity</strong>.</li>
<li>But government cannot avoid the huge <strong>Environmental, Social and Economic cost involved with the project</strong>.</li>
<li>Hence, before proceeding with the final approval of the project, government should comprehensively consider the <strong>social impact assessment, which involves</strong> proper rehabilitation of displaced people including their employment, and wages compensation.</li>
<li><strong>Environmental impact assessment,</strong> that includes minimal environmental loss and diversion of critical habitat.</li>
<li>Apart from that formation of <strong>River basin authority</strong> would act as the cooperating and coordinating authority between the two riparian states and will help in accelerating the progress of the report.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/ken-betwa-interlink-project'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Shadow Banking and the Crisis in the Indian Economy',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on the news <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/crisis-in-nbfc-sector-could-hurt-economic-growth/article27211017.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"Crisis in NBFC Sector Could Hurt Economic Growth"</a> which appeared in "The Hindu" on 22nd May 2019. The article talks about how the current crisis in NBFC can create problems in the Indian economy.</p>
</div>
<p>The current liquidity crisis in the non-banking financial companies&rsquo; (NBFCs) sector may not pose a systemic risk for now but investors can impact on the overall growth of the economy in the long run.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) are financial institutions that offer various banking services but do not have a banking license. Generally, these institutions are not allowed to take traditional demand deposits&mdash;readily available funds, such as those in checking or savings accounts&mdash;from the public. This limitation keeps them outside the scope of conventional oversight.</p>
<p><strong>What is difference between banks &amp; NBFCs?</strong></p>
<p>NBFCs lend and make investments and hence their activities are akin to that of banks; however there are a few differences as given below:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NBFC cannot accept demand deposits;</li>
<li>NBFCs do not form part of the payment and settlement system and cannot issue cheques drawn on itself;</li>
<li>deposit insurance facility of Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation is not available to depositors of NBFCs, unlike in case of banks.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>What is the Contribution of NBFC in the Economy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NBFCs play an important role in promoting inclusive growth in the country, by catering to the diverse financial needs of bank excluded customers.</li>
<li>NBFCs often take a lead role in providing innovative financial services to Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) most suitable to their business requirements.</li>
<li>NBFCs do play a critical role in participating in the development of an economy by providing a fillip to transportation, employment generation, wealth creation, bank credit in rural segments and to support financially weaker sections of the society.</li>
<li>Emergency services like financial assistance and guidance are also provided to the customers in the matters pertaining to insurance.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How NBFC Liquidity Crisis can Impact Economic Growth?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The mutual fund and the NBFC sector is strongly related as the mutual fund is the biggest fund provider to NBFC space by way of commercial paper and debentures.</li>
<li>Experts say all the investment by mutual fund in the NBFC sector is not in high investment grade or triple-A.</li>
<li>If there is a problem with a few NBFCs, there can be a chain reaction of selling the exposure, which could create more trouble for the NBFC sector.</li>
</ul>
<h3>NBFC, Mutual Fund (Shadow Banking) and the Crisis</h3>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>A mutual fund is a type of financial vehicle made up of a pool of money collected from many investors to invest in securities such as stocks, bonds, money market instruments, and other assets.</p>
<p><strong>A shadow banking system is a group of financial intermediaries facilitating the creation of credit across the global financial system but whose members are not subject to regulatory oversight.</strong></p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mutual fund companies have invested in NBFC. Banks have lent to NBFC on the basis of commercial papers (an unsecured, short-term debt instrument issued by a corporation, typically for the financing of accounts payable and inventories and meeting short-term liabilities).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Now such pieces of paper are nothing but junk. Since August 27, 2018, when IL&amp;FS non-banking financial company was unable to repay the loan at the scheduled time and missed deadlines, the share market is retracting, NBFC stock prices started tumbling down.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>About 25%, of loans in India, is taken from 50-odd shadow banks(NBFC) that have expanded quickly. They are less heavily regulated and lend in particular areas such as housing. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are usually prohibited from taking deposits so fund themselves with debt. They are big enough to damage India&rsquo;s entire financial system. Mutual funds, which are sold to the public, have $55bn of exposure to them, or 11% of total assets under management.</li>
<li>Conventional banks have loaned $70bn to shadow banks, the equivalent of two-fifths of the former&rsquo;s core capital</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Even if a full crisis does not erupt shadow banks may be forced to shrink. When combined with the rising NPAs of state banks, that would mean that 75% of India&rsquo;s financial system is on crutches.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Risks of Shadow Banking</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Borrowing short and lending long is a high-risk game as the IL&amp;FS collapse amply manifests.(Generally, NBFC invest in companies with long gestation period, like infrastructural projects where returns come in 12-14 years, while they take capital through short term funds such as mutual funds which entail early repayments within 3-4 years, thereby getting caught in a trap of high risks.) In the aftermath, the government has taken it over though it already indirectly owned 40% of it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a huge mistrust in the financial market with mutual funds and banks are reluctant to lend to NBFCs. In spite of reports of solid capital ratios, there is a great deal of apprehension about the possible time-bombs buried in their balance sheets. For months now, NBFCs have been facing a liquidity crunch.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Defaults by such NBFCs are fatal enough to damage India&rsquo;s entire financial system with mutual funds - which are sold to the public - having $ 55 billion of exposure to them, or 11% of total assets under management.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Traditional banks have loaned $ 70 billion to NBFCs which approximately equals to 40% of the banks&rsquo; core capital.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Experience</strong></p>
<p>In 1997-98 the world&rsquo;s largest hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM) in the US was going bankrupt. This hedge fund management firm led by Nobel prize winning economists and famous Wall Street traders enjoyed enormous clout in the US administration. The US administration forced 14 investment banks to lend money to the hedge fund to keep it alive, till elections were done and dusted. LTCM was allowed to perish quietly thereafter.</p>
<p>It&rsquo;s some of these 14 lenders to LTCM who went bankrupt in the 2008 crisis, the seeds of which were sown in 1998 in the LTCM crisis. Perhaps, IL&amp;FS has the potential to be India&rsquo;s LTCM and not only Lehman Brothers.</p>
<p><strong>A parallel can be drawn in this case and the effort of LIC to save IL&amp;FS. By saving NBFC, govt is rewarding the failure.</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>SEBI Guidelines on Mutual Funds</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SEBI has decided to allow mutual funds to write call options subject to certain conditions (except Index Funds and ETFs).</li>
<li>Currently, mutual fund schemes are permitted to undertake transactions in equity derivatives but cannot write options or purchase instruments with embedded written options.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Call options refer to an agreement that gives a buyer the right to purchase an asset at a specified price within a particular time period.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Assets under management(AUM) of the industry are at a record of Rs 25 lakh crore, resulting in a revenue of about Rs 13,000 crore.</li>
<li>The market regulator has decided to lower expenses paid by investors of equity mutual fund schemes.</li>
<li>Total Expense ratio - TER is a percentage of a scheme's corpus that a mutual fund house charges towards expenses including administrative and management.</li>
<li>TER for equity-oriented mutual fund schemes were capped at 1.25 per cent and for other schemes at one per cent.</li>
<li>The cap for fund of funds will be 2.25 per cent for equity-oriented schemes and two per cent for other schemes.</li>
<li>Also, the TER will go down as the AUM slab increases.</li>
<li>For instance, the TER ranges between 0.8 and 1.05 per cent for the for the highest AUM slab (over Rs 500 billion), whereas it ranges between 2 and 2.25 per cent for the lowest AUM slab (0 to Rs 5 billion).</li>
<li>Transparency - SEBI has mandated that commissions and expenses shall be paid from the scheme only and not by any other route.</li>
<li>Further, the mutual fund industry has to adopt the full trail model of commission in all schemes without paying any upfront commission.</li>
<li>Disclosure - SEBI requires category-wise disclosure of all schemes&rsquo; returns with respect to its total returns to be made available on the Association of Mutual Funds of India&rsquo;s website.</li>
<li>Borrowings &ndash; Companies with outstanding borrowings above Rs 1 billion shall raise 25 per cent of their incremental borrowings for the year through the bond market.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>India also must end the regulatory arbitrage that allows shadow banks to raise most of their funds from retail investors and deposit-taking banks. Either shadow lenders should come out of the dark and be turned into banks, or a firewall will have to be erected around them to protect the rest of banking.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #d2e4fa; border-color: #002d63; border-style: dashed;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 899px;"><em><strong>Drishti Input:</strong></em><br /><br />Shadow banking in India has its own benefits, but entails multiple risks too. Substantiate.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/shadow-banking-and-the-crisis-in-the-indian-economy'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Golden Rice',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)</strong> and its partners, the Philippines Rice Research Institute and the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, have successfully cultivated <strong>Golden Rice</strong> in a controlled environment on IRRI campus.</li>
<li>The safety evaluations have shown that Golden Rice is as safe and nutritious as conventional rice but comes with the added benefit of increased beta-carotene content in the grain.</li>
<li>This is aimed at covering a vast rice-eating population in the world with high prevalence of deficiencies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>About Golden Rice</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Golden Rice is a new type of rice that contains <strong>beta-carotene (provitamin A), which is converted into vitamin A</strong> as needed by the body and gives the grain its <strong>golden color</strong>.</li>
<li>It is <strong>developed through genetic engineering</strong> and produces two new enzymes that complete the beta-carotene expression in the rice grain.</li>
<li>Research has indicated that one cup of Golden Rice can provide up to 50% of the daily requirement of an adult for vitamin A.</li>
<li>But presently, it has a <strong>low shelf life of not more than 3 months</strong> as it may lose its nutrients after that.</li>
<li>Golden Rice can be grown just like ordinary rice and varieties <strong>containing the GR2E Golden Rice trait</strong> have the same yield and agronomic performance as their conventional counterparts.</li>
<li>It is intended to complement current strategies in the <strong>fight against vitamin A deficiency (VAD)</strong> and is intended to supply up to 30-50 percent of the estimated average requirement for vitamin A for preschool age children and pregnant or lactating mothers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vitamin A is a <strong>fat-soluble vitamin</strong> that is good for healthy vision, skin, bones and other tissues in the body.</li>
<li><strong>Source:</strong> There are two types of vitamin A. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Preformed vitamin A,</strong> also called <strong>retinol,</strong> is found in animal products. Good sources are fortified milk, eggs, meat, cheese, liver, halibut fish oil, cream and kidneys.</li>
<li><strong>Pro-vitamin A</strong> is found in plant-based foods such as fruits and vegetables. The most common type of pro-vitamin A is <strong>beta-carotene,</strong> a carotenoid that produces dark pigments in plant foods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As vitamin A affects a wide range of body functions, a deficiency can lead to a variety of problems. These include:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>night blindness</li>
<li>a higher risk of infections, especially in the throat, chest, and abdomen</li>
<li>follicular hyperkeratosis, leading to dry, bumpy skin.</li>
<li>fertility issues</li>
<li>delayed growth in children</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) <strong>afflicts around 250 million people worldwide</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Women and children are the most vulnerable to VAD,</strong> the leading cause of childhood blindness and inability of the immune system to combat disease.</li>
<li>Vitamin A availability could prevent 1.3&ndash;2.5 million of the nearly 8 million late-infancy and preschool-age child deaths annually in developing countries with the highest risk.</li>
<li><strong>Multiple approaches are needed to combat VAD,</strong> including nutrition education and consuming a diverse and nutrient rich diet; promoting breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices; vitamin A capsule supplementation; <strong>food fortification;</strong> and other public health measures aimed at the control of infectious diseases.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IRRI is an independent, non-profit, research and educational institute, founded in 1960 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations with support from the Philippine government.</li>
<li>The institute, <strong>headquartered in Los Ba&ntilde;os, Philippines,</strong> has offices in 17 rice-growing countries in Asia and Africa.</li>
<li>It is the world&rsquo;s premier research organization dedicated to reducing poverty and hunger through rice science; improving the health and welfare of rice farmers and consumers; and protecting the rice-growing environment for future generations.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/golden-rice'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Indo-Bhutan Relations',
		'catname' => 'Paper 2',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/588Drishti_ias_Indo_Bhutan.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/588Drishti_ias_Indo_Bhutan.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper2/indo-bhutan-relations-mindmap'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Wastewater Management in India',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on the news <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujarat-will-supply-treated-waste-water-for-industrial-use/article27189314.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"Gujarat will supply treated wastewater for industrial use"&nbsp;</a>which appeared in "The Hindu" on 21<sup>st</sup> May 2019. The article talks about waste-water management in India.</p>
</div>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>Gujarat government has come up with a detailed plan to address the water shortage by limiting the supply of freshwater for drinking and irrigation purposes only. While the growing <strong>demand of industries will be met through treated wastewater.</strong></p>
<h3>Wastewater Generation in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India generates a staggering 1.7 million tonnes of faecal waste a day. Official figures show that <strong>78% of the sewage generated remains untreated</strong> and is disposed of in rivers, groundwater or lakes.</li>
<li>The <strong>two main sources of water contamination are sewage and industrial waste.</strong> With both the population of India and its industrial landscape increasing at a phenomenal speed, wastewater volume is also at an alarming rise.</li>
<li>Adding to this is the <strong>shrinking of freshwater sources</strong> like rivers, wells, and groundwater.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Effects of Increasing Wastewater</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Harmful effect on the river and marine life</li>
<li>Lack of drinking water</li>
<li>Overabundance of certain harmful chemicals in sources of water, some of which are chronic</li>
<li>Adverse effect on groundwater</li>
<li>Soil pollution</li>
<li>Rise in chronic health conditions related to toxic chemicals like lead and mercury in all living creatures</li>
<li>Rise of pollution in the coastal area</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Legal Mechanism for Waste-water Regulation in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, amended 1988</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This legislation was introduced to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water.</li>
<li>It also provides for the establishment of boards for the control of water pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, amended 2003</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This Act binds consumers who are carrying on an industry that falls within the provisions to affix meters for the purpose of assessing the quantity of water used in the act.</li>
<li>Industries also have to include operations or processes or treatment and disposal systems which consume water or give rise to sewage effluent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Current Status of Waste-water Treatment in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Only one-third of India&rsquo;s wastewater is currently treated,</strong> leading to the high burden of water-borne diseases.</li>
<li>While urban water access is high on average, significant gaps remain across the country, and <strong>wastewater treatment remains stuck at the national average of around 33%.</strong></li>
<li>Large waste water generators&mdash;Punjab, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and UP&mdash;can potentially treat 65-100% of their urban waste water. Despite this, many populous states, such as Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, have only enough installed capacity to treat less than half of their wastewater. Further, several North-Eastern and Himalayan states have low or no capacity for treatment.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Best Practices in Wastewater Management</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Avadi Sewage Treatment Plant: Sustainable off-grid sewage treatment in Chennai</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Tamil Nadu Police Housing Corporation (TNPHC) has successfully constructed an off-grid sewage treatment plant (STP) to improve living conditions in the police housing colony in Avadi, a suburb of Chennai.</li>
<li>This sewage treatment plant has not only solved the problem of sewage disposal but also provided a pond of treated water for fishing, vegetable cultivation and recharging of groundwater.</li>
<li>It treats 12 lakh litres of sewage every day with no negative discharge, produces manure, recharges groundwater, removes the source of foul odour and waterborne diseases, and beautifies the area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sewage-fed aquaculture system of Kolkata: A century-old innovation of farmers</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Farmers around Kolkata city in India developed a technique of using domestic sewage for fish culture and other agricultural purposes, almost a century ago. This technique is widely used to meet the growing demand for fish. The technique is considered to be unique and is the largest operational system in the world to convert waste into consumable products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Zero liquid discharge in textile industry in Tirupur</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The dyeing and bleaching industry in the South Indian knitwear hub Tirupur is known as the first to opt for zero liquid discharge (ZLD) in a systematic manner, eliminating the release of pollutants. The components of ZLD, including reverse osmosis, enable extensive reuse and recovery of water and salts, and the process minimizes the freshwater requirements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way-forward</h3>
<p>Attaining high rates of economic growth for India will directly be a function of the sustainable use of water, particularly in recycling &amp; reuse as it will be crucial for future urban planning and policy.</p>
<p>Wastewater can be a cost-efficient and sustainable source of energy, nutrients and other useful by-products like organic and organic-mineral fertiliser. The benefits of extracting such resources from wastewater go beyond human and environmental health. They have implications on food and energy security as well as climate change mitigation.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/494image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/494image1.png" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="height: 77px; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #0dd91b; background-color: #d0f2db;" height="77">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;">
<p><strong>Drishti Input</strong></p>
<p>In a water deficient country, proper wastewater management is needed to ensure sustainability for all. In this context, discuss the importance of wastewater regulation in India.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/wastewater-management-in-india'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Indo-Bhutan Relations',
		'catname' => 'Paper 2',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>The first Indo-Bhutan feature film &lsquo;Singye&rsquo; won four awards at 18th Bhutan National Film Awards organized on 21st February 2019.</p>
<h3>Historical Ties</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Bhutan have been sharing ties since 1910 when Bhutan became a&nbsp;protectorate&nbsp;of&nbsp;British India, allowing the British to &ldquo;guide&rdquo; its foreign affairs and defence.</li>
<li>When India declared independence in 1947, Bhutan was among the first nations to recognise it. Since then, the relationship between the countries has become stronger, especially because Bhutan also has a historically tense relationship with China.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Besides sharing a 699 Kilometres border, India and Bhutan also share deep religio-cultural links. Guru Padmasambhava, a Buddhist saint played an influential role in spreading Buddhism and cementing traditional ties between people in both nations.&nbsp;</li>
<li>India opened an office of a Special Representative in Thimphu in 1968, Bhutan reciprocated in 1971. The two offices of special representatives were upgraded to full-fledged embassies in 1978</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The basis for bilateral relations between India and Bhutan was formed by the Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1949. However, Article 2 of the treaty critically gave India a role in guiding Bhutan&rsquo;s foreign policy. Hence, some changes in the treaty were made in 2007.</li>
<li>The new treaty says that Bhutan can import arms as long as Indian interests are not harmed and there is no re-export of the weapons, either by the government or individuals.</li>
<li>Article 6 and 7 in the current treaty encompass the issue of &lsquo;national treatment&rsquo; and equal privileges for citizens on each other&rsquo;s soil.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 1949
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Treaty provides for, among other things, perpetual peace and friendship, free trade and commerce and equal justice to each other&rsquo;s citizens.</li>
<li>In 2007 the treaty was re-negotiated, and provisions were included to encourage Bhutan&rsquo;s sovereignty, abolishing the need to take India&rsquo;s guidance on foreign policy.</li>
<li>The updated treaty, besides providing close cooperation on national issues, provides for stronger cooperation in cultural and economic fields.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul></ul>
<h3>Bhutan&rsquo;s Significance to India</h3>
<p><strong>Geographical Significance:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bhutan shares border with four Indian States: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal and Sikkim.</li>
<li>Nestled in the Himalayas, Bhutan serves as a buffer between India and China.</li>
<li>Security of Bhutan&rsquo;s present borders especially its western border is very important for India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Economic Significance:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bhutan provides a market for Indian commodities and is a destination for Indian investment.</li>
<li>Also for India, Bhutan is a rich source of hydropower.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Political Significance:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A politically stable Bhutan is important to India. An unstable and restive Bhutan can provide a safe haven to anti-India activities and anti-India militant groups.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Areas of Cooperation</h3>
<p><strong>Trade:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The trade between the two countries is governed by the India Bhutan Trade and Transit Agreement 1972 which was last renewed in November 2016.</li>
<li>The agreement establishes a free-trade regime between the two countries and also provides for duty-free transit of Bhutanese exports to third countries.</li>
<li>India is Bhutan's largest trading partner. In the period from January- June, 2018, trade between two countries stood at Rs. 4318.59 crore.</li>
<li>Major exports from India to Bhutan are mineral products, machinery and mechanical appliances, electrical equipments etc. whereas major items of import from Bhutan are electricity, ferrosilicon, Portland cement etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Economic Assistance:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is Bhutan&rsquo;s leading development partner. Since the launch of First Five Year Plan of Bhutan in 1961, India has been extending financial support to Bhutan&rsquo;s FYPs. India has allotted Rs 4500 crore to Bhutan&rsquo;s 12th FYP.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Water Resources:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is playing an important role in development of hydro-power projects. This not only provides Bhutanese with electricity for domestic use but also revenue from surplus electricity exported to India.</li>
<li>So far, Government of India has constructed three Hydroelectric Projects (HEPs) in Bhutan. Currently, India is helping Bhutan in the development of power plant on Mangdechhu River.</li>
<li>This hydropower cooperation comes under 2006 Agreement on Cooperation in Hydropower. Under a protocol to this agreement, India has agreed to assist Bhutan in the development of minimum of 10,000 MW of hydropower and import of surplus electricity from same by year 2020.</li>
<li>Also, there is a Joint Group of Experts (JGE) on flood management between India and Bhutan.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Border Management:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a Secretary-level mechanism on border management and security related matters between the two countries.</li>
<li>There is also a Border District Coordination Meeting (BDCM) Mechanism between the bordering States and the Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) to facilitate coordination on border management and other related matters.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Educational and Cultural Cooperation:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A large number of college going Bhutanese students study in India. Government of India provides number of scholarships to Bhutanese students.</li>
<li>Regular cultural exchanges take place between the two countries. One of the basic objectives of India Bhutan Foundation established in 2003 is to enhance people to people exchange in cultural field.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian Community:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>About 60,000 Indian nationals live in Bhutan, employed mostly in the hydro-electric power construction and road industry.</li>
<li>In addition, around 8000-10,000 daily workers enter and exit Bhutan everyday in border towns.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Multilateral Partnership:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both India and Bhutan are founding members of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) that deals with economic, social and cultural development of South Asian Region.</li>
<li>Both of them also share other multilateral forums such as BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal), BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There have been instances when India has meddled in Bhutan&rsquo;s internal affairs. This has led to negative perception of India in the minds of Bhutanese.</li>
<li>There is a growing feeling in Bhutan that India&rsquo;s development of Bhutan&rsquo;s hydropower production is driven by self-interest as it is getting Bhutan&rsquo;s surplus power at relatively cheap rates.</li>
<li>Bhutan&rsquo;s concern regarding profitability of its Hydropower projects in the wake of India&rsquo;s shift to renewable sources of energy like wind, solar etc.</li>
<li>From internal security perspective, illicit establishment of camps by militant outfits in the dense jungles of south-east Bhutan is a cause of concern for both the nations.</li>
<li>China&rsquo;s continuous claims to important border areas such as Chumbi valley and Doklam and its continuous efforts for establishing strong diplomatic and economic relations with Bhutan have been continuous source of concern for India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs to step up efforts to publicise the benefits that accrue to Bhutan from Indian projects.</li>
<li>India continuously needs to explore new areas of cooperation with Bhutan. Decision of setting up of ISRO&rsquo;s ground station in Bhutan is a welcome step. The station will help Bhutan in providing weather related messages to its far flung areas.</li>
<li>India should try as much as possible to remain out of Bhutan&rsquo;s internal matters, though it can act as a mentor.</li>
<li>Safety of Border from China is a concern for both nations. Therefore, both sides need to work together on this issue. Also, it needs to be ensured that border areas remain militants free.</li>
<li>Being neighbours, it is necessary that both nations continuously recognise value of each other. For this, regular high level visits from both the sides are necessary.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/152Drishti_ias_Indo_Bhutan.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/152Drishti_ias_Indo_Bhutan.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/indo-bhutan-relations'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Draft Notification to Amend Audit Rules for Trusts',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) issued a <strong>draft notification for amendment of Rule 17B of the Income-tax Rules, 1962 </strong>related to <strong>audit rules for trusts or institutions.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rule 17B and Form 10B were inserted in the <strong>Income-tax Rules, 1962</strong> (related to <strong>Income-tax Act, 1961</strong>) vide Income-tax (2nd Amendment) Rules, 1973.</li>
<li><strong>Rule 17B</strong> of the Rules provides that said Report of Audit of the accounts of a trust or institution shall be in <strong>Form No. 10B</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>Form No 10B</strong> besides providing the Audit Report, also provides for filing of &ldquo;Statement of particulars&rdquo; as Annexure.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As the Rule and Form were notified long ago, there is a need to rationalize them to align with the requirements of the present times.</li>
<li>The draft notification includes a <strong>new eight-page Form 10B</strong> as against existing three-page form.</li>
<li>The new Form 10B seeks details like
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>foreign donation received and details of donors to whom certificates are issued for claiming deduction under the I-T Act,</li>
<li>the statute under which trust/institution is constituted, registration under Income-tax Act;</li>
<li>object of trust institution;</li>
<li>details of income and application of income;</li>
<li>registration status under Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, (FCRA), 2010; and</li>
<li>method of accounting policy along with various other details.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In case of trust/institution with object classified as &lsquo;advancement of any other object of general public utility&rsquo;, the draft notification seeks details as to whether such activity is in the nature of trade, commerce, business or services in relation thereto for cess, fees etc., details of receipt from such activity.</li>
<li>The <strong>revised &lsquo;Statement of particulars&rsquo;</strong> seeks extensive details of the operations of the Trusts, which will ensure that the trust is fully compliant with the applicable processes and procedures.</li>
<li>Where a <strong>business undertaking is held as 'property held under trust'</strong>, the proposed form requires extensive details and also filing of the audit report.</li>
<li>According to Tax experts, the various additional disclosure requirements will increase the responsibility of auditors as they would now be required to certify that the particulars given in the annexure are true and correct.</li>
<li>Thus, the responsibility of the Assessee, as well as the auditor, will increase significantly post implementation of these changes.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-notification-to-amend-audit-rules-for-trusts'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Heat Wave Warning',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) has issued a heat wave warning to most of the districts in the Odisha state.</li>
<li>Temperature rises above 45&deg;C-45&deg;C in some isolated pockets of <strong>Vidarbha in eastern Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha</strong> during this week.</li>
<li>The <strong>deficit</strong> in <strong>monsoon and post-monsoon rainfalls</strong> and the intense summer heat have resulted in an <strong>acute water shortage</strong> in both Vidarbha and the neighbouring Marathwada region.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Heat Wave</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A Heat Wave is a period of <strong>abnormally high temperatures</strong>, more than the normal maximum temperature that occurs during the summer season in the <strong>North-Western and South Central parts of India.</strong></li>
<li>Heat Waves typically occur between <strong>March and June</strong>, and in some rare cases even extend till July. The extreme temperatures and resultant atmospheric conditions adversely affect people living in these regions as they cause physiological stress, sometimes resulting in death.</li>
<li>Higher daily peak temperatures and longer, more intense heat waves are becoming increasingly frequent globally due to climate change.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Criteria for Heat Waves</h3>
<p>The <strong>Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong> has given the following criteria for Heat Waves:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Heat Wave need not be considered till the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40&deg;C for Plains and at least 30&deg;C for Hilly regions.</li>
<li>When the normal maximum temperature of a station is less than or equal to 40&deg;C, Heat Wave Departure from normal is 5&deg;C to 6&deg;C and Severe Heat Wave Departure from normal is 7&deg;C or more.</li>
<li>When the normal maximum temperature of a station is more than 40&deg;C, Heat Wave Departure from normal is 4&deg;C to 5&deg;C and Severe Heat Wave Departure from normal is 6&deg;C or more.</li>
<li>When the actual maximum temperature remains 45&deg;C or more irrespective of normal maximum temperature, heat waves should be declared.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Health Impacts of Heat Waves</h3>
<p>The health impacts of Heat Waves typically involve dehydration, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and/or heat stroke. The signs and symptoms are as follows:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Heat Cramps: Ederna (swelling) and Syncope (fainting) generally accompanied by fever below 39&deg;C i.e.102&deg;F.</li>
<li>Heat Exhaustion: fatigue, weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps and sweating.</li>
<li>Heat Stroke: body temperatures of 40&deg;C i.e. 104&deg;F or more along with delirium, seizures or coma. This is a potentially fatal condition.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IMD was established in <strong>1875.</strong></li>
<li>It is an agency of the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences of the Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>It is the principal agency responsible for <strong>meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heat-wave-warning'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts For Prelims (22nd May 2019)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>SC Vacates Stay on Retrospective Applicability of Black Money Law</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court (SC) recently vacated a stay, put by the Delhi High Court, on the retrospective applicability of <strong>Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Key Points</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Delhi High Court order had held that the 2016 black money law cannot be allowed to operate with retrospective effect from July 2015 to book and probe offenders.</li>
<li>The Act was enacted in 2015. It was mentioned in the Act that it will come into effect from April 1, 2016.</li>
<li>However, on July 1, 2015, the government issued a notification in exercise of its powers under Section 86 (Power to remove difficulties) of the Act, changing the date of commencement of the Act to July 1 2015.</li>
<li>The Act gave a one-time opportunity to Indian residents to declare undisclosed foreign income and assets.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>penalises the concealment of foreign income</strong> and provides for criminal liability for attempting to evade tax in relation to foreign income.</li>
<li>The Act <strong>gave a one-time opportunity to Indian residents to declare undisclosed foreign income</strong> and assets.</li>
<li>The concerned person had to pay <strong>tax at the rate of 30% and an equal amount by way of penalty</strong> if found having undisclosed overseas wealth.</li>
<li>However, in case of non-declaration, the provisions included slapping of <strong>tax at the rate of 30% along</strong> with a <strong>penalty equal to three times the amount of tax evaded or 90% of the undisclosed income</strong> or the value of the asset.</li>
<li>The Act provides for punishment of <strong>jail for 3-10 years for the willful evasion.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>West Nile Fever</h3>
<p>Recently, cases of infection due to West Nile Virus have been reported in Malappuram and Kozhikode districts of Kerala which left the State Health Department with the <strong>twin problems of underreporting and identification of the source of West nile fever in the region.</strong></p>
<p><strong>About West Nile Virus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Commonly found in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, North America and West Asia, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-15th-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">West Nile Virus (WNV)</a> causes viral infection which is typically spread by mosquitoes and can cause neurological disease as well as death.</li>
<li>It was first identified in a woman in the West Nile district of Uganda in 1937, and&nbsp;then was identified in birds in the Nile delta region.</li>
<li>Virus can be injected into humans and animals and can also be <strong>transmitted through contact with other infected animals, their blood or tissues.</strong></li>
<li>Rare cases of infection have occurred through organ transplant ,blood transfusion and breastfeeding.</li>
<li>Till date <strong>no human to human transmission is reported.</strong></li>
<li>According to the WHO, its symptoms either remain asymptomatic or cause severe west nile fever disease in 80% of infected people.</li>
<li>20% of people who develop symptoms report fever headache, nausea occasionally with a skin rash and swollen lymph gland.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Joko Widodo re-elected as Indonesian President</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Joko Widodo has been re-elected as the President of Indonesia after defeating former General Prabowo Subianto.</li>
<li>Joko Widodo has been President since 2014 and has focused his campaigns around his image as the &ldquo;Man of the people&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567666515_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567666515_image1.jpg" width="436" height="309" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></h3>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indonesia</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an archipelago that lies across the Equator and spans a distance equivalent to one-eighth of Earth&rsquo;s circumference.</li>
<li>Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia. It shares a border with Malaysia in the northern part of Borneo and Papua New Guinea in the centre of New Guinea (part of Indonesia).</li>
<li>The capital, Jakarta, is located near the northwestern coast of Java.</li>
<li>It is a muslim dominated country with 80% muslim population.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-may-2019'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Data Localisation and Undivided Internet ',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on the article <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/what-is-indias-stand-on-data-storage/article27172841.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"What is India&rsquo;s stand on data storage?"</a> which appeared in "The Hindu" on 18th May, 2019. The article talks about the need and the implications of Data-localisation.</p>
</div>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Facebook&rsquo;s Mark Zuckerberg recently expressed apprehension about nations wanting to store data locally. According to him, it gave rise to possibilities where authoritarian governments would have access to data for possible misuse.</li>
<li>Moreover, U.S. criticised India&rsquo;s proposed norms on data localisation as &lsquo;most discriminatory&rsquo; and &lsquo;trade-distortive&rsquo;. India is at a juncture where various bills are ready to be signed into law that will set data localisation and protection regulations in stone.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is Data Protection?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Data localisation laws refer to regulations that dictate how data on a nation&rsquo;s citizens is collected, processed and stored inside the country.</li>
<li>In India, data localisation law requires that data be stored and processed physically within the territory of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Which Sectors Already Have Data Localisation Requirements?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mandatory rule on data localisation in India has been placed by the <strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong> for payment systems.</li>
<li><strong>Telecom:</strong> where telecom companies are required under their licence terms to store &ldquo;user information&rdquo; only in India. The Indian government isn&rsquo;t unique in this belief &ndash; countries such as Germany have similar restrictions in the telecom sector.</li>
<li>Apart from telecom, there are limited data localisations requirements in just a few other sectors such as <strong>insurance (details of policies and claims are to be stored only in India) and banking (where certain original records need to be maintained in India, though there is no bar on transfers of copies outside)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the Policies in India on Data-localisation Laws?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Justice Srikrishna recommendation on data protection</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The committee has proposed strict standards for cross-border transfer of data and storage.</li>
<li>Critical personal data, to be notified by the government, must be stored and processed at a data centre located in India.</li>
<li>Personal data can be transferred outside India but will need to comply with conditions of security, purpose limitation, storage limitation, data principals&rsquo; rights as laid down under the Indian law.</li>
<li>Every <strong>data fiduciary</strong> will need to store at least one serving copy of personal data on a server or data centre located in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Draft Personal Data Protection Bill, 2018 which has specific requirements on cross-border data transfers.</strong></li>
<li>The draft e-commerce policy also has clauses on cross-border data transfer.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why Data Localisation is Important?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To protect the personal and financial information of the country&rsquo;s citizens and residents from <strong>foreign surveillance</strong> and give local governments and regulators the jurisdiction to call for the data when required.</li>
<li>Storing of data locally is expected to <strong>help law enforcement agencies</strong> to access information that is needed for the detection of a crime or to gather evidence. This gets significant importance due to increasing relevance of technology in nature as well as the resolution of crimes.</li>
<li>Where data is not localized, the agencies need to rely on <strong>mutual legal assistance treaties (MLATs)</strong> to obtain access, delaying investigations.</li>
<li>On-shoring global data could also <strong>create domestic jobs and skills</strong> in data storage and analytics too, as the Srikrishna report had pointed out.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why are Companies Reluctant to Comply?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>High costs-</strong>costs, in the form of servers, the UPS, generators, cooling costs, building and personnel and carious physical and infrastructural costs.</li>
<li><strong>IT infrastructure:</strong> Companies feel that infrastructure in India is not yet ready to support this kind of ecosystem. For any large e-commerce player in India, costs may go up between 10% and 50% depending on the provisions of final law.</li>
<li>Small companies providing services in India will find compliance tough. In fact, one of the objectives of data localisation is to give a fillip to the start-up sector in India, but stringent norms can make it costly for small firms to comply thereby defeating this objective.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Is Location Sole Measure of Claiming Data Rights?</h3>
<p>Some provision of cross-border data sharing conundrum can be solved by the <strong>CLOUD Act</strong> passed by the US congress are as following.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data (CLOUD) Act, passed by the U.S. Congress earlier last year, seeks to de-monopolize control over data from U.S. authorities.</li>
<li>The law will for the first time allow tech companies to share data directly with certain foreign governments.</li>
<li>This requires an executive agreement between the U.S. and the foreign country certifying that the state has robust privacy protections and respect for due process and the rule of law.</li>
<li>The CLOUD Act creates a potential mechanism through with countries such as India can request data not just for crimes committed within their borders but also for transnational crimes involving their state interests.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Data-localisation and Splinter-net</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Data localisation is undoubtedly a problem on the face of the idealised conception of the internet as a borderless world.</li>
<li>And though this idea of the borderless internet has lost some of its sheen in recent years, it&rsquo;s hard to deny that it has been one of the main reasons for explosive digital growth. Online services can spread and scale across dozens of countries without having to set up physical infrastructure in more than a few.</li>
<li>Additionally, the ability to aggregate data and derive value from it is a key value proposition for many internet businesses, and data localisation jeopardises that model.</li>
<li>Major Indian start-ups, benefited from this borderless world which allows them to offer their services in new countries while still largely operating their digital infrastructure out of just one, with reduced infrastructure and compliance cost.</li>
<li>A fragmented internet, or <strong>&ldquo;splinternet&rdquo;</strong>, is not a friend to permission less innovation and would be at odds with the goal of India as a major digital power.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Policymakers must believe in the transformative power of Indian entrepreneurs to succeed globally and allow those entrepreneurs to sit at the table and be part of decisions regarding privacy and data flows.</li>
<li>Incorporation should also be made from EU&rsquo;s <strong>Data Transfer model and the CLOUD Act</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Data Transfer Model</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This model has been successfully adopted by the EU, which allows for data transfer upon review and approval of a company&rsquo;s data processing policies by the relevant Data Protection Authority.</li>
<li>Through this process, user rights are protected, data is secured, and companies can still do business.</li>
<li>By giving all Indian companies the benefits of data transfer the Indian industry will likely be able to expand globally with fewer policy obstacles.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #faf4be; border-color: #003a9e; border-style: double;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1256px;"><em><strong>Drishti Input:<br /><br /></strong></em>Data localisation is undoubtedly a wrinkle on the face of the idealised conception of the internet as a borderless world.In this context, discuss the scope and extent of Data-localisation.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/data-localisation-and-undivided-internet'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => ''Not All Animals Migrate by Choice' Campaign',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Ahead of the International Day of Biological Diversity celebrated on May 22, <strong>UN Environment India and Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) of India</strong> has launched an <strong>awareness campaign &lsquo;Not all animals migrate by choice&rsquo; to be displayed at major airports across the country</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The campaign aims at creating awareness and garnering public support for the protection and conservation of wildlife, prevention of smuggling and reduction in demand for wildlife products.</li>
<li><strong>The campaign also complements worldwide action on illegal trade in wildlife through UN Environment&rsquo;s global campaign, Wild for Life.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Impact of illegal wildlife trade</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Species face extinction</strong> because of demands arising out of illegal wildlife trade.</li>
<li>Overexploitation of the wildlife resources due to its illegal trade creates <strong>imbalances in the ecosystem</strong>.</li>
<li>Illegal wildlife trade as part of the illegal trade syndicates <strong>undermines the economy</strong> of the country and thereby creating social insecurity.</li>
<li>Wild plants that provide genetic variation for crops (natural source for many medicines) are threatened by the illegal trade.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the first phase of the campaign, <strong>Tiger, Pangolin, Star Tortoise and Tokay Gecko have been chosen</strong> as they are highly endangered due to illegal trading in international markets. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recent media reports on seizures of illegally traded species and their parts at airports is a growing indication of rampant wildlife trafficking.</li>
<li>Some of the major wildlife species being smuggled through airports are star tortoises, live birds, Shahtoosh shawls, tiger and leopard body parts, ivory, rhino horns, pangolin and pangolin scales, sea shells, sea-horse, Sea-cucumber, red sanders, agarwood, deer antlers, mongoose hairs, reptile skins, live snakes, lizards, corals, orchids and medicinal plants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phase two</strong> will include more threatened species and will also consider other routes of trafficking.</li>
<li>Illegal Trade in Wildlife will continue as long as there is a demand-market for it. Awareness supported by co-ordinated action of all enforcement agencies, people's participation and proper implementation of national and international wildlife law can help the fight against wildlife crime.</li>
</ul>
<h3>UN Environment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) is a leading global environmental authority</strong> that sets the global environmental agenda, promotes the coherent implementation of the environmental dimension of sustainable development within the United Nations system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for the global environment.</li>
<li><strong>It is headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>statutory multi-disciplinary body,</strong> established by the Government of India <strong>under the Ministry of Environment and Forests,</strong> to combat organized wildlife crime in the country.</li>
<li>The Bureau has its <strong>headquarters in New Delhi</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Under Section 38 (Z) of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972,</a></strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> <strong>it is mandated to:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>collect and collate intelligence related to organized wildlife crime activities and to disseminate the same to the State and other enforcement agencies for immediate action so as to apprehend the criminals.</li>
<li>establish a centralized wildlife crime data bank.</li>
<li>assist foreign authorities and international organization concerned to facilitate coordination and universal action for wildlife crime control.</li>
<li>build capacity of the wildlife crime enforcement agencies for scientific and professional investigation into wildlife crimes.</li>
<li>assist State Governments to ensure success in prosecutions related to wildlife crimes.</li>
<li>advise the Government of India on issues relating to wildlife crimes having national and international ramifications, relevant policy and laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also <strong>assists and advises the customs authorities in inspection of the consignments of flora &amp; faun</strong>a as per the provisions of the Wild Life Protection Act, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and Export Import (EXIM) Policy governing such an item.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/not-all-animals-migrate-by-choice-campaign'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to India Met Department (IMD), the Arabian Sea arm of south-west monsoon is counting on an itinerant Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) wave for normal<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-monsoon-respite-for-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> monsoon.</a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an oceanic-atmospheric phenomenon which affects weather activities across the globe. It brings major fluctuation in tropical weather on weekly to monthly timescales.</li>
<li>The MJO can be defined as an eastward moving 'pulse' of clouds, rainfall, winds and pressure near the equator that typically recurs every 30 to 60 days.</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s a <strong>traversing phenomenon</strong> and is most prominent over the Indian and Pacific Oceans.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Phases of Madden-Julian Oscillation<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567667265_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567667265_image1.jpg" width="505" height="342" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The MJO consists of two parts or phases. Strong MJO activity often dissects the planet into halves. One half within the enhanced convective phase and the other half in the suppressed convective phase.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enhanced rainfall (or convective) phase:</strong> winds at the surface converge, and the air is pushed up throughout the atmosphere. At the top of the atmosphere, the winds reverse (i.e., diverge). Such rising air motion in the atmosphere tends to increase condensation and rainfall.</li>
<li><strong>Suppressed rainfall phase:</strong> winds converge at the top of the atmosphere, forcing air to sink and, later, to diverge at the surface. As air sinks from high altitudes, it warms and dries, which suppresses rainfall.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is this entire dipole structure, that moves west to east with time in the Tropics, causing more cloudiness, rainfall, and even storminess in the enhanced convective phase, and more sunshine and dryness in the suppressed convective phase.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How Does MJO Affect Indian Monsoon?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/near-normal-monsoon-in-2019-imd" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), El Nino</a> and MJO are all oceanic and atmospheric phenomena, which affect weather on a large scale. IOD only pertains to the Indian Ocean, but the other two affect weather on a global scale-up to the mid-latitudes.</li>
<li>IOD and El Nino remain over their respective positions, while MJO is a <strong>traversing phenomenon</strong>.</li>
<li>The journey of MJO goes through <strong>eight phases</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When it is over the Indian Ocean during the Monsoon season, <strong>it brings good rainfall over the Indian subcontinent</strong>.</li>
<li>On the other hand, when it witnesses a <strong>longer cycle and stays over the Pacific Ocean,</strong> MJO brings bad news for the Indian Monsoon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is linked with enhanced and suppressed rainfall activity in the tropics and is very important for the Indian monsoonal rainfall.</li>
<li><strong>Periodicity of MJO:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If it is nearly 30 days then it brings <strong>good rainfall</strong> during the Monsoon season.</li>
<li>If it is above 40 days then MJO <strong>doesn't give good showers</strong> and could even lead to a dry Monsoon.</li>
<li>Shorter the cycle of MJO, better the Indian Monsoon. Simply because it then visits the Indian Ocean more often during the four-month-long period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Presence of MJO over the Pacific Ocean along with an El Nino is detrimental for Monsoon rains.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/madden-julian-oscillation-mjo'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts For Prelims (21st May 2019)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Call Centre for Surveillance of School Teachers by Gujarat Govt.</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gujarat government</strong> is going to start a new <strong>&ldquo;real-time technology enabled&rdquo; surveillance plan to monitor government school teachers</strong> when the new academic session will start in June.</li>
<li>The aim is to improve the quality of education by ensuring that teachers stick to their assigned tasks on a daily basis.</li>
<li>The entire operation will be run from a tech-equipped <strong>&ldquo;command and control centre&rdquo;,</strong> which is being set up in Gandhinagar.</li>
<li>Not only the teachers but also the personnel who monitor them will be handed <strong>GPS-enabled tablets</strong> and <strong>tracked through geofencing</strong> by which an alert will be triggered when a mobile device enters or leaves a specified area.</li>
<li>The executives of the call centre will <strong>ask the teachers a series of questions from a template about the location of their assignment for the day, the task, and who assigned it</strong>.</li>
<li>If they are on leave, they will have to provide details, including the number of days and the approval authority.</li>
<li>Then, the data would feed into Excel sheets to record responses for each day. The call centre feedback would be verified with online data collected by other means.</li>
<li>The control centre will be monitored on a daily basis by the heads of department under the Education Department, Director Primary Education, Director SSA, Gujarat Council of Educational Research and Training, Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board and Schools Commissioner.</li>
<li>According to the officials, the <strong>new tracking system will have "a positive impact on the teaching fraternity"</strong>. Apart from their whereabouts and assignment, suggestions related to new teaching methods and innovation will also be taken and recorded.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India Adopts New Standards for Measuring Kilogram</h3>
<p>Recently, the CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (NPL), which is India&rsquo;s official reference keeper of units of measurements, released a set of recommendations to update the definition of the kilogram.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The kilogram joined other standard units of measure such as the second, metre, ampere, Kelvin, mole and candela that would no longer be defined by physical objects.</li>
<li>The measures are all now <strong>defined on the basis of unchanging universal, physics constants</strong>. The kilogram now hinges on the definition of the <strong>&ldquo;Planck Constant&rdquo;, a constant of nature that relates to how matter releases energy</strong>.</li>
<li>In 2018, at the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in Versailles (France), delegates of International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) had voted to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Kg%20Gets%20a%20New%20Definition" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>redefine the kilogram</strong></a> in terms of <strong>Planck constant</strong>.</li>
<li>Earlier, the kilogram derived its provenance from the weight of a block of a platinum-iridium alloy housed at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> CSIR-NPL is also in the process of making its own <strong>'Kibble Balance'</strong>, a device that was used to measure the Planck Constant.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567667313_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567667313_image2.jpg" width="669" height="268" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>VAYOSHRESTHA SAMMAN</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Department of Social Justice and Empowerment</strong> is inviting nominations for the Vayoshreshtha Samman.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>About the Awards</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vayoshrestha Samman is&nbsp;<strong>National award for Senior citizens</strong> conferred on the <strong>Individuals&nbsp;</strong>(eminent senior citizens) as well as the <strong>Institutions</strong> working for the welfare of older people.</li>
<li>Vayoshreshtha Awards are presented on the eve of <strong>International Day of Older Person,</strong> which is observed every year on the <strong>1<sup>st</sup> of October</strong>.</li>
<li>United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution to observe 1<sup>st</sup> October 1999 as the International Year of Older Persons.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mount Thinchinkhang</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, a team consisting of 20 NCC girl cadets was flagged for mountaineering expedition to Mt. Tenchenkhang.</li>
<li><strong>Mount Thinchinkhang (6010m)</strong> is situated in Western Sikkim and falls under <strong>Khangchendzonga National Park</strong> which is a window to natural beauty, bio-diversity, sacred lakes and snow-capped Mountains.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a National Park and a Biosphere Reserve located in Sikkim, India. It was inscribed to the <strong>UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in July 2016,</strong> becoming the first <strong>"Mixed Heritage" site</strong> of India.</li>
<li>It is included in the UNESCO <strong>Man and the Biosphere Programme</strong>. The park gets its name from the mountain Kangchenjunga (alternative spelling Khangchendzonga) which is 8,586 metres (28,169 ft) tall, the third-highest peak in the world. The total area of this park is 849.5 km2 (328.0 sq mi).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>IIT BOMBAY fabricates wearable supply capacitors</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>IIT BOMBAY</strong> has come up with a supercapacitor which when stitched to a fabric can generate energy ranging from microwatt to milliwatt, which can be further used for <strong>charging GPS location-based devices, LED lamp or even small electronic devices</strong>.</li>
<li>When Supercapacitor is integrated with piezoelectric generator , it can run on its own without requiring any external power or energy.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>About Piezoelectric Currents</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Where <strong>Piezoelectric generator</strong> works on the principle of converting structural vibrations in the form of accumulated charge over the solid (produced by Mechanical stress) into Electricity.</li>
<li>Piezoelectric effect can be seen in the solid crystal which when subjected to external pressure will generate Alternating Current.</li>
<li>Piezoelectric effect is a reversible process which implies that applied External stress will result into internal generation of electricity and applied internal stress will result into external electricity.</li>
<li>Most common piezoelectric materials are Quartz, Ceramic and Salts. Application of piezoelectric effect can be seen in Inkjet printing, generation of high voltages, cigarette lighters etc.</li>
<li>Fabrication of Electrodes of superconductor done by <strong>coating cotton yarn with carbon nanotubes converts</strong> insulating yarn into metallic superconductor that further increases the electrical conductivity of the wearable superconductor and increases its energy storage capacity.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Ongole Cattle Breed</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Vice President of India has lamented the neglect of the indigenous <strong>Ongole cattle breed and called for protecting and promoting the animal,</strong> which has become popular all over the world.</li>
<li>The Ongole breed takes its name from the geographical area in <strong>Andhra Pradesh</strong> in which it is produced.</li>
<li>It is also called the <strong>Nellore breed</strong> for the reason that formerly, Ongole Taluk was included in the Nellore district but now it is included in Guntur district.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>native</strong> of the coastal districts: <strong>Guntur, Prakasam</strong> and <strong>Nellore</strong> of Andhra Pradesh.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>dual-purpose breed</strong> that is it can be raised for the production of milk as well as for the use in field works like for ploughing etc.</li>
<li>The breed is known for its <strong>toughness, high milk yield, tolerance to tropical heat and disease resistance</strong>.</li>
</ul>',
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	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'In Depth – Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qVk1jm6Rgzc" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>The election violence in Bengal has ironically centred attention on one of the greatest figures of social reform in the country and especially Bengal: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. Vidyasagar was a Bengali Sanskrit pundit, educator, social reformer, writer and philanthropist. <strong>He was one of the greatest intellectuals and activists of the 19<sup>th</sup> century (century of social-religious reforms in the modern history).</strong></p>
<h3>Early Life and Education</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Born as Ishwar Chandra Bandyopadhyay on 26<sup>th</sup> September, 1820 in West Bengal, he was <strong>bestowed the title of Vidyasagar in 1839</strong> for his mastery over Sanskrit and philosophy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The word &lsquo;Vidyasagar&rsquo; means &lsquo;Ocean of Knowledge&rsquo; in hindi.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1839, he successfully cleared his law examination. He passed out of Sanskrit College in Kolkata in 1841 qualifying in Sanskrit grammar, literature, dialectics, Vedanta, Smruti and Astronomy.</li>
<li>At the age of twenty one, Ishwar Chandra joined the Fort William College as the head of the Sanskrit department.</li>
<li>He helped revered Bengali poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta to relocate from France to England and study for the bar. He also felicitated his return to India and inspired him to write poetry in Bengali creating some of the most legendary literary works in the language.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Michael Madhusudan is understood to have given him the epithet &lsquo;Dayasagar&rsquo; or &lsquo;Ocean of Generosity&rsquo; for his selfless altruism.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He passed away on 29<sup>th</sup> July, 1891 at the age of 70 years.</li>
</ul>
<h3>An Educationist</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1846, Vidyasagar joined the Sanskrit College as &lsquo;Assistant Secretary&rsquo;. Within a year, he brought number of changes to the existing education system.</li>
<li>During his tenure as the Principal of Sanskrit College from 1851 to 1858, Vidyasagar initiated unprecedented changes in both administration and education.</li>
<li>At the time when there was no concept of universal education, <strong>Vidyasagar strongly believed that everyone irrespective of caste or gender, had the right to education</strong>.</li>
<li>He even opened up the premises of the Sanskrit college for people from lower castes.</li>
<li>He also encouraged scholars to study ancient sacred texts and interpret them for contemporary usage.</li>
<li><strong>He established 20 model schools in Hooghly, Midnapore, Burdwan and Nadia.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He supervised the schools, recruited teachers and formulated their syllabus.</li>
<li>He revised the exam pattern by introducing monthly exams instead of annual ones.</li>
<li>He also introduced the study of English, Western Sciences and Mathematics.</li>
<li>He initiated the acceptance of admission fees and tuition fees. <strong>He also introduced &lsquo;Sunday&rsquo; as the weekly holiday and summer vacation in the months of May and June.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He brought about a revolution in the Bengali education system by changing the way Bengali language was written and taught.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>&ldquo;Education is the priceless treasure of life. Just its arrival not only ascertains welfare at individual level but paves the way for large scale development of the society.&rdquo;</em></p>
<h3>The Linguist</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He is credited with <strong>reconstructing the Bengali Alphabet</strong>. He simplified Bengali typography into an alphabet of 12 vowels and 40 consonants eliminating the sanskrit phonemes.</li>
<li><strong>His book &lsquo;Borno Porichoy&rsquo; meaning &lsquo;introduction to the letter&rsquo; is still used as the introductory text to learn Bengali alphabet.</strong></li>
<li>He was also a <strong>key figure in Bengal Renaissance</strong> - a cultural, social, intellectual and artistic movement in Bengal from the 19<sup>th</sup> century to the early 20th century.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The renaissance period saw a magnificent outburst of Bengali literature with Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar being the pioneer. Vidyasagar wrote nearly ten books on Bengal&rsquo;s history and literature, all of them being considered classics in today&rsquo;s times.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>A Social Reformer</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He was the <strong>nineteenth century polymath reformer</strong> whose contribution towards changing the status of women in India is remarkable.</li>
<li>His study of ancient texts convinced him that the status of hindu women of his time was not sanctioned by the scriptures and was because of the existing power relations in the society.</li>
<li><strong>It was the result of his untiring struggle that the then Government of India passed the Widow Remarriage Act in 1856.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the purpose of gathering people&rsquo;s support for the implementation of the provision of remarriage of widows, he encouraged his own son Narayan Chandra Bandyopadhyaya to marry a widow.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unlike other reformers who sought to set up alternative societies or systems, Vidyasagar sought to transform society from within.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to his courageous entrepreneurship, widow remarriage was ushered in the conservative hindu brahmin society of Bengal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>He fought for women education and vigorously challenged the barbaric practice of Child Marriage.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He founded 35 schools for girls throughout Bengal. The Metropolitan School of Calcutta was one of the institutions. The sole purpose of these schools was to make women self sufficient and empowered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He also fought a <strong>determined battle against the then prevailing social custom of Kulin Brahmin polygamy</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such was the nature of this horrible practice that some men ended up marrying as many as eighty women.</li>
<li>This practice ensured that aged persons married teenage girls and even children.</li>
<li>The unfortunate girl who would be widowed by the death of her elderly husband was condemned to a life misery.</li>
<li>From discrimination to deprivation, these widows were subjected to severe restrictions and had to dress in plain white cotton sarees and remain with their shaved off heads.</li>
<li>Some widows would even be thrown out of their houses ending up as prostitutes, rape victims and unsupported mothers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Standing tall against the conservative power centers of the hindu society, <strong>Vidyasagar was the man who was way ahead of his times</strong>.</li>
<li>His work for the upliftment of women, their self-sufficiency, prosperity and empowerment along with his untiring efforts for &lsquo;nari shiksha&rsquo; remains unique.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significant Works</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He wrote <strong>biographical notes on numerous noteworthy personalities</strong> in the history of the world so that the young generation can get inspired by reading the great examples of endurance, hard work, honesty, patience, perseverance, courage, determination and philosophy of life.</li>
<li>Some of his works are : <strong>Betaal Panchavinsati (1847), Banglar Itihaas (1848), Jivancharita (1849), Shakuntala (1854), Mahabharata (1860), Seetar Vanavas (1860), Bhrantivilaas (1869), Oti Alpa Hoilo (1873), Aabaar Oti Alpa Hoilo (1873), Brajavilaas (1884), Ratnopariksha (1886)</strong>.</li>
<li>Vidyasagar&rsquo;s work on social reforms include <strong>&lsquo;Bidhobabivah&rsquo; on widow&rsquo;s right to remarry (1855), &lsquo;Bahubivah&rsquo; on banning of polygamy (1871) and Balyabivah on the flaws of child marriage</strong>.</li>
</ul>',
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	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)',
		'catname' => 'National Institutions',
		'desc' => '<h3>About</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SEBI is a <strong>statutory body</strong> established on April 12, 1992 in accordance with the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992.</li>
<li>The basic functions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India is to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote and regulate the securities market.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Before SEBI came into existence, Controller of Capital Issues was the regulatory authority; it derived authority from the Capital Issues (Control) Act, 1947.</li>
<li>In April, 1988 the SEBI was constituted as the regulator of capital markets in India under a resolution of the Government of India.</li>
<li>Initially SEBI was a non statutory body without any statutory power.</li>
<li>It became autonomous and given statutory powers by SEBI Act 1992.</li>
<li>The headquarters of SEBI is situated in Mumbai. The regional offices of SEBI are located in Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Chennai and Delhi.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Structure</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SEBI Board consists of a Chairman and several other whole time and part time members.</li>
<li>SEBI also appoints various committees, whenever required to look into the pressing issues of that time.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/921image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/921image1.png" width="849" height="279" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Further, a <strong>Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT)</strong> has been constituted to protect the interest of entities that feel aggrieved by SEBI&rsquo;s decision.</li>
<li>SAT consists of a Presiding Officer and two other Members.</li>
<li>It has the same <strong>powers as vested in a civil court</strong>. Further, if any person feels aggrieved by SAT&rsquo;s decision or order can <strong>appeal to the Supreme Court</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SAT is a statutory body</strong> established under the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992.</li>
<li>It is to hear and dispose of appeals against orders passed by the Securities and Exchange Board of India or by an adjudicating officer under the Act; and to exercise jurisdiction, powers and authority conferred on the Tribunal by or under this Act or any other law for the time being in force.</li>
<li>Consequent to government notification dated 27<sup>th</sup> May, 2014; SAT hears and disposes of appeals against orders passed by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) under the PFRDA Act, 2013.</li>
<li>Further, in terms of government notification dated 23rd March, 2015, SAT hears and disposes of appeals <strong>against orders passed by the</strong> Insurance Regulatory Development Authority of India (IRDAI) under the Insurance Act, 1938, the <strong>General Insurance Business (Nationalization) Act, 1972</strong> and the <strong>Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999</strong> and the Rules and Regulations framed there under.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Powers and Functions of SEBI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SEBI is a <strong>quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial body</strong> which can draft regulations, conduct inquiries, pass rulings and impose penalties.</li>
<li>It functions to fulfill the requirements of three categories &ndash;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Issuers &ndash;</strong> By providing a marketplace in which the issuers can increase their finance.</li>
<li><strong>Investors &ndash;</strong> By ensuring safety and supply of precise and accurate information.</li>
<li><strong>Intermediaries &ndash;</strong> By enabling a competitive professional market for intermediaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>By <strong>Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014,</strong> SEBI is now able to regulate any money pooling scheme worth Rs. 100 cr. or more and attach assets in cases of non-compliance.</li>
<li>SEBI Chairman has the authority to order <strong>"search and seizure operations"</strong>. SEBI board can also seek information, such as telephone call data records, from any persons or entities in respect to any securities transaction being investigated by it.</li>
<li>SEBI perform the function of registration and regulation of the working of venture capital funds and collective investment schemes including mutual funds.</li>
<li>It also works for promoting and regulating self-regulatory organizations and prohibiting fraudulent and unfair trade practices relating to securities markets.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>SEBI&rsquo;s Achievements</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2006 said that <strong>eternal vigilance</strong> is the price of market stability and market growth. The regulator has kept the faith in its 25-year journey that has seen it steadily gain more powers to oversee India&rsquo;s capital markets.</li>
<li>It has ensured a well-functioning market and driven market development: dematerialisation of shares, shortening settlement cycles, initiating nationwide electronic trading, introducing risk management systems, establishing clearing corporations, nurturing the mutual fund industry and so on.</li>
<li>Rightly, the regulator has earned respect from domestic and global investors for improving the efficacy of the market. After all, there have been no broker defaults after 2001.</li>
<li>Initiating the process of consultation papers before framing regulation has also enhanced its credibility with stakeholders.</li>
<li>Today, the Indian capital market can compares favorably with mature markets.</li>
<li>New initiatives for improving analytical capabilities, strengthening surveillance &amp; risk management and to promote research have been taken by SEBI in recent years to counter the volatility in market.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Issues with SEBI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In recent years SEBI role became more complex, the capital markets regulator is at a crossroads.</li>
<li>There is <strong>excessive focus on regulation of market</strong> conduct and lesser emphasis on prudential regulation.</li>
<li>SEBI statutory <strong>enforcement powers are greater than its counterparts</strong> in the US and the UK as it is armed with far greater power to inflict serious economic injury.</li>
<li>It can <strong>impose serious restraints on economic activity,</strong> this is done based on suspicion, leaving it to those affected to shoulder the burden of disproving the suspicion, somewhat like preventive detention.</li>
<li>Its <strong>legislative powers are near absolute</strong> as the SEBI Act grants wide discretion to make subordinate legislation.</li>
<li>The component of prior consultation with the market and a system of review of regulations to see if they have met the articulated purpose is substantially missing. As a result, the fear of the regulator is widespread.</li>
<li>Regulation, either rules or enforcement, is far from perfect, particularly in areas like insider trading.</li>
<li>The Securities offering documents are extraordinarily bulky and have substantially been reduced to formal compliance rather than resulting in substantive disclosures of high quality.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is need of an attitudinal change, indeed, hundreds of inputs about the market being full of crooks necessitating a crackdown and severe intervention would be received.</li>
<li>SEBI needs deep review and research as to what can be done better. The size of funds that get raised can never be a barometer of success for how this segment of the market regulation is performing.</li>
<li>The foremost objective of SEBI should be cleaning up the policy space in this area of the market.</li>
<li>SEBI must give special attention to human resources and matters within the organisation. SEBI must encourage lateral entry to draw the best talent.</li>
<li>Alignment and fitment of senior employees upon merger of the Forward Markets Commission into Sebi remains an open area of work.</li>
<li>Enforcement can be strengthened with continuous monitoring and improving market intelligence. This requires a rich talent pool.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s financial markets are still segmented. One regulator can&rsquo;t be blamed for another&rsquo;s failure when the remit over a financial product overlaps.</li>
<li>In this context a unified financial regulator makes eminent sense to remove both overlap and excluded boundaries.</li>
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