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Iodized Salt Coverage in India

According to a national survey to measure the coverage of iodized salt, Tamil Nadu had the lowest consumption of iodized salt. The survey was...

10 Sep 2019 News Analysis
National Conference on Crop Residue Management

Recently, National Conference on Crop Residue Management was held for the farmers from the states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh &...

10 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Augmenting Nature by Green Affordable New-habitat

Recently, an international conference on Augmenting Nature by Green Affordable New-habitat (ANGAN ) commenced in New Delhi. The conference focuses...

10 Sep 2019 News Analysis
The Lancet on Malaria eradication

According to a report by The Lancet on Malaria eradication held that with the right strategies and sufficient funding, it is possible to eradicate...

10 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Democratic Decentralisation in India

The article is based on Throttled at the grass roots that was published in The Hindu on 9th September. It talks about the functioning of Local self...

09 Sep 2019 News Editorials
Biocatalysts Cutting Effluent Discharge

Recently, the researchers at the Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Chennai, developed a new amylase-based biocatalyst. This...

09 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Ocean Energy

For...

09 Sep 2019 Paper 3
Nilgiri Tahr

Recently, Nilgiri tahr’s population has increased from 568 in 2018 to 612 in 2019 in the Mukurthi National Park, Tamil Nadu. The recent...

09 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Hydrogels with Tunable Bactericidal Activities

Recently, researchers at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Kolkata has fabricated Hydrogels which can be tuned with...

09 Sep 2019 News Analysis
National Genomic Grid

Recently, the government has announced to set up a National Genomic Grid (NGG), which will study genomic data of cancer patients from India. NGG...

09 Sep 2019 News Analysis
China Funding NGOs Against Hydro Projects

According to Government officials, China is trying to fund certain civil society organizations to incite protests against hydropower projects in...

09 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Time-Bank in Madhya Pradesh

Recently, the Madhya Pradesh government’s Happiness department has planned to set up a TimeBank. TimeBank is a reciprocal service...

09 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Ocean Energy

Why in News? Recently, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has declared Ocean Energy as renewable energy. Includes all forms of ocean energy...

09 Sep 2019 Paper 3
National Infrastructure Pipeline

The Central Government has constituted a task force to draw up a National Infrastructure Pipeline for each of the financial years from 2019-20 to...

09 Sep 2019 News Analysis
The Problem of Skilling India

“The article is based on The problem of skilling India that was published in The Indian Express on 7th September. It talks about the issues...

07 Sep 2019 News Editorials
Craniopagus Twins

Recently, India has successfully performed rarest of the rare surgery on Craniopagus Twins. This was the first successful craniopagus conjoined...

07 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Indus Valley Civilization’s Independent Origin

According to a study of DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) from skeletal remains excavated from the Harappan cemetery at Rakhigarhi (the biggest IVC site...

07 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Controlling Hepatitis B

Recently, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Thailand became the first four countries in the World Health Organization’s Southeast Asia region to...

07 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Indoor Air Pollution

According to the Centre for Science & Environment (CSE), the three-year average levels of PM 2.5 atmospheric particulate matter (with a diameter...

07 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Avian Influenza

With effect from 3rd September 2019, India has been declared free from Avian Influenza (H5N1), which has also been notified to the World Organization...

07 Sep 2019 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Iodized Salt Coverage in India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to a national survey to measure the coverage of iodized salt, Tamil Nadu had the <strong>lowest</strong> consumption of iodized salt.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey was conducted by <strong>Nutrition International</strong> (a not for profit agency based in Canada) in collaboration with the All India Institute of Medical Sciences<strong> (AIIMS)</strong> and the Indian Coalition for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders <strong>(ICCIDD).</strong></li>
<li>It was first of its kind, pan India survey that tested the iodine content in samples of cooking salt from households.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey covered a total of <strong>21,406</strong> households across India.</li>
<li>The study shows that <strong>76.3%</strong> of Indian households consumed adequately iodized salt, (which is salt with at least <strong>15</strong> parts per million of iodine).</li>
<li>The <strong>five worst</strong> performers were Tamil Nadu (61.9%), Andhra Pradesh (63.9%), Rajasthan (65.5%), Odisha (65.8%) and Jharkhand (68.8%).</li>
<li>The North-Eastern states were doing well with respect to the consumption of iodized salt as compared to the rest of India.</li>
<li>The key recommendation of the study was to <strong>sustain the momentum</strong> so that iodine coverage does not fall below current levels.</li>
<li>It also recommended that the States and the Centre need to work together to address the current gaps and look into issues that vary from one state to another, in order to produce adequately iodized salt.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568103372_Image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568103372_Image4.jpg" width="491" height="378" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Iodine</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Iodine is a vital <strong>micro-nutrient</strong> for the optimal mental and physical development of human beings.</li>
<li>Deficiency of iodine can result in a range of disabilities and disorders such as <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/making-india-thyroid-aware" target="_blank" rel="noopener">goitre</a>, hypothyroidism, cretinism, abortion, still-births, mental retardation, and psychomotor defects</strong> (defects in which there is a slow down in thought process and a reduction of physical movements in an individual).</li>
<li>In 1992, India made fortification of salt with iodine mandatory, for direct human consumption.</li>
<li>In 2011, the Supreme Court also mandated <strong>universal iodization</strong> for the control of iodine deficiencies.</li>
<li>A recent initiative in this regard named <strong>Jeevan Bindi</strong> (an iodine patch designed like a regular bindi) was started to help one lakh <strong>tribal women</strong> in north-west Maharashtra battle iodine deficiency as these tribals did not consume iodized salt.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-ranks-lowest-in-coverage-of-iodised-salt/article29376941.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iodized-salt-coverage-in-india'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'National Conference on Crop Residue Management',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, National Conference on Crop Residue Management was held for the <strong>farmers from the states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh &amp; Delhi.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568102230_Image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568102230_Image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="291" height="372" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conference was <strong>organized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare in collaboration with Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)</strong> in order <strong>to address concerns of farmers and State Governments.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reduction-in-stubble-burning-incidents" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>straw burning incidents</strong></a> in 2018 have reduced by 15% and 41% as compared to that in 2017 and 2016 respectively.</li>
<li>The conference has proposed to intensify <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/in-situ-crop-residue-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>In-Situ Management of Crop Residue</strong></a> to stop the straw burning.</li>
<li>The multilingual <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mobile-application-to-aid-farmers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mobile App &ldquo;Custom Hiring Centre (CHC)</a></strong> <strong>Farm Machinery&rdquo;</strong> has also been launched for the farmers.</li>
<li><strong>Custom Hiring Centre (CHC) Farm Machinery</strong> Mobile App: It will connect the farmers with Custom Hiring Service Centres in their area.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>autonomous body</strong> responsible for coordinating <strong>agricultural education and research in India.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>reports</strong> to the Department of Agricultural Research and Education, <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Union Minister of Agriculture</strong> serves as its <strong>president.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>largest network of agricultural research and education institutes in the world.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1584549" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-conference-on-crop-residue-management'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Augmenting Nature by Green Affordable New-habitat',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, an <strong>international conference</strong> on Augmenting Nature by Green Affordable New-habitat (ANGAN ) commenced in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conference focuses primarily on <strong>achieving Energy Efficiency</strong> in the building sector.</li>
<li>It is being <strong>organized</strong> by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency <strong>(BEE),</strong> Ministry of Power in collaboration with <strong>GIZ</strong> under the Indo German Technical Cooperation initiative.</li>
<li>Experts and policymakers from around <strong>16</strong> countries are participating in this event.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conference <strong>aims</strong> to identify economically viable alternatives and technologies in the field of <strong>design and construction</strong> of energy-efficient commercial and residential buildings.</li>
<li>It is estimated that an investment of <strong>Rs. 2000 billion</strong> in Building energy efficiency activities would lead to a cumulative savings of <strong>388 billion units of electricity</strong> for the next <strong>ten years.</strong></li>
<li>Apart from energy savings, the emphasis will also be given to other resources like <strong>water</strong> and other materials that can be saved in the building sector.</li>
<li>In India, buildings have become an important component of our <strong>integrated energy policy.</strong> The formidable challenges this sector poses during policy formulation includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Providing adequate energy of desired <strong>quality</strong> to the consumers,</li>
<li>Reasonable <strong>costs</strong> to the consumers,</li>
<li>Improved <strong>efficiency</strong> for the suppliers, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>statutory</strong> body under the <strong>Ministry of Power.</strong></li>
<li>BEE assists in developing policies and strategies with the primary objective of reducing the energy inefficiency of the Indian economy.</li>
<li>BEE in 2007 launched the <strong>Energy Conservation Building Code</strong> (ECBC) to set energy efficiency standards for the design and construction of buildings, as a <strong>first step</strong> towards promoting energy efficiency in the building sector.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Deutsche Gesellschaft f&uuml;r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a German development agency.</li>
<li>The <strong>thematic</strong> areas of GIZ in India are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Renewable Energy &amp; energy efficiency</li>
<li>Environment, Climate Change, and Biodiversity</li>
<li>Sustainable Urban and Industrial Development</li>
<li>Sustainable Economic Development</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1584543" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/augmenting-nature-by-green-affordable-new-habitat'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'The Lancet on Malaria eradication',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to a report by The Lancet on Malaria eradication held that with the right strategies and sufficient funding, it is <strong>possible to eradicate malaria as early as 2050.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is noted that since 2000, global malaria incidence and death rates declined by 36% and 60 % respectively.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Today, <strong>more than half of the world&rsquo;s countries are malaria-free.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, malaria cases are rising in 55 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.</li>
<li>There is also inequity, with 29 countries (27 in Africa) accounting for the large majority of new cases and 85% of global deaths in 2017. On the other hand, 38 countries had incidences of fewer than ten cases per 1,000 population in 2017 and reported just 5% of total malaria deaths.</li>
<li>The report identifies <strong>three ways</strong> to accelerate the decline in malaria cases.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Improve implementation of malaria control programmes globally.</li>
<li>Develop and roll out <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-malaria-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>innovative new tools</strong></a> to overcome the biological challenges to eradication.</li>
<li>Malaria-endemic countries must be provided with the financial investment to fight malaria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Malaria</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Malaria is caused by <strong>Plasmodium parasites.</strong></li>
<li>The parasites are spread to people through the bites of infected <strong>female Anopheles mosquitoes,</strong> called "malaria vectors",</li>
<li><strong>World Malaria Day</strong> is observed on <strong>25<sup>th</sup> April.</strong></li>
<li>It can be noted that WHO officially endorses disease-specific global awareness days for only four <strong>diseases viz. HIV-AIDS, TB, Malaria, and Hepatitis.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568100802_Image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568100802_Image3.jpg" width="633" height="356" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/eradicating-malaria-by-2050-why-study-says-it-can-be-done-5981281/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-lancet-on-malaria-eradication'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Democratic Decentralisation in India',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>The article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/throttled-at-the-grass-roots/article29369019.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Throttled at the grass roots</strong></a> that was published in The Hindu on 9<sup>th</sup> September. It talks about the functioning of Local self governments in India and the issues involved.</p>
</div>
<h3>Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>73<sup>rd</sup> and 74<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendments,</strong> by constitutionally establishing <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs)</strong></a> in India, mandated the establishment of panchayats and municipalities as elected local governments.</li>
<li>They devolved a range of powers and responsibilities to the local governments and made them accountable to the people for their implementation, but very little actual progress has been made in this direction even after more than <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/25-years-of-local-democracy-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>25 years.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Democratic Decentralisation: Devolution of Power</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Democratic decentralization is the <strong>process of devolving the functions and resources</strong> of the state from the centre to the elected representatives at the lower levels so as <strong>to facilitate greater direct participation of citizens in governance.</strong></li>
<li>Devolution, envisioned by the Constitution, is not mere delegation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It implies that precisely defined governance functions are formally assigned by law to local governments, backed by adequate transfer of a basket of financial grants and tax handles, and they are given staff so that they have the necessary wherewithal to carry out their responsibilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Local government,</strong> including panchayats, is a <strong>state subject</strong> in the Constitution, and consequently, the devolution of power and authority to panchayats has been left to the discretion of states.</li>
<li>The Constitution mandates that <strong>panchayats and municipalities shall be elected every five years</strong> and enjoins States to devolve functions and responsibilities to them through law.</li>
<li>A study for the Fourteenth Finance Commission by the Centre for Policy Research, shows that<strong> all States have formally devolved powers with respect to five core functions</strong> of water supply, sanitation, roads and communication, streetlight provision and the management of community assets to the gram panchayats.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues with Local Governments in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Insufficient Funding:</strong> The money given to the local governments is inadequate to meet their basic requirements.</li>
<li><strong>Inflexibility in spending</strong> the allocated budget. The use of money is constrained through the imposition of several conditions.</li>
<li>There is <strong>little investment</strong> in enabling and strengthening local governments to raise their own taxes and user charges.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of staff:</strong> Local governments do not have the staff to perform even basic tasks. Furthermore, as most staff are hired by higher level departments and placed with local governments on deputation, they do not feel responsible to the latter; they function as part of a vertically integrated departmental system.</li>
<li><strong>Untimely and delayed elections:</strong> States often postpone the elections and violate the constitutional mandate of five yearly elections to local governments.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Tamil Nadu, panchayat elections have not been held for over two years now, resulting in the State losing finance commission grants from the Union government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Local governments are <strong>merely acting as an implementation machinery rather than policy-making body</strong> for local development. Technology-enabled schemes have further downgraded their role.</li>
<li><strong>Corruption:</strong> Criminal elements and contractors are attracted to local government elections, tempted by the large sums of money now flowing to them. A market chain of corruption operates, involving a partnership between elected representatives and officials at all levels.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, there is no evidence to show that corruption has increased due to decentralisation.</li>
<li>Decentralised corruption tends to get exposed faster than national or State-level corruption. People erroneously perceive higher corruption at the local level, simply because it is more visible.</li>
<li>However, we can keep track of corrupt local government representatives more easily than those at the higher levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions to Improve Functioning of Gram Panchayats</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gram sabhas and wards committees in urban areas have to be revitalised to achieve the objective of people&rsquo;s participation in real terms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Standing Committee on Rural Development,</strong> that submitted its report in July 2018, recommended that state governments should put a <strong>quorum in gram sabha meetings</strong> for participation of panchayat representatives, including women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Local government organisational structures have to be strengthened with sufficient manpower. Serious efforts should be made towards <strong>recruitment and appointment of support and technical staff</strong> to ensure the smooth functioning of panchayats.</li>
<li>Devise a comprehensive <strong>mechanism for taxation at the local levels.</strong> We cannot have accountable GPs, without local taxation.</li>
<li>There is <strong>a need for bottom up planning</strong> especially at the district level, based on grassroots inputs received from Gram Sabha.</li>
<li>Strengthening of panchayats through <strong>capacity building and training</strong> should be given more encouragement from the centre and state governments. This would enable them to prepare better Gram Panchayat Development Plans, as well as become more responsive towards citizens&rsquo; needs.</li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong> Ministry of Panchayati Raj should monitor the release and expenditure of Finance Commission grants to ensure that there is <strong>no delay in their release.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It should also be ensured that <strong>grants are utilised in a proper and effective manner.</strong></li>
<li>Panchayats should also be encouraged to carry out <strong>local audits regularly</strong> so that Finance Commission grants are not delayed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s efforts in decentralisation represent one of the largest experiments in deepening democracy.</li>
<li>India has a robust democratic structure for local governance, what we need to practice is the <strong>robust democratic culture</strong> and giving life to our existing structure.</li>
<li>Local bodies need to be seen as institutions of self-governance not as &lsquo;delivery mechanisms&rsquo; to <strong>fulfill Gandhi&rsquo;s vision of Gram Swaraj.</strong></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 495px; border-style: dotted; border-color: #0066ff; background-color: #ffffed;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></span><br /><br />&ldquo;Critically examine the functioning of local governments in India. Suggest measures to address the issues involved in effective functioning of the institutions of local government in India.&rdquo;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/democratic-decentralisation-in-india'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Biocatalysts Cutting Effluent Discharge',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the researchers at the Central Leather Research Institute <strong>(CSIR-CLRI),</strong> Chennai, developed a new <strong>amylase-based biocatalyst.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This biocatalyst helps in processing leather in an <strong>eco-friendly</strong> manner.</li>
<li>It drastically <strong>reduces</strong> the <strong>time taken</strong> to process the skin at the <strong>pre-tanning stage</strong> (or the soaking stage). The pre-tanning process generates 60-70% of total pollution during processing.</li>
<li>When this biocatalyst is used, the quantum of <strong>effluent discharge</strong> is considerably<strong> reduced</strong> as there is a <strong>threefold reduction in water usage.</strong></li>
<li>Since <strong>no</strong> chemicals are used in the process, the <strong>chemical oxygen demand</strong> also drops by about 35%.</li>
<li>The biocatalyst is stable at a high temperature (approx. 90&deg; C) and pH, because of which up to 95% of the enzyme can be <strong>recovered</strong> and <strong>reused,</strong> after a single process.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Biocatalyst</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>enzyme or a protein</strong> that increases or catalyzes the rate of a biochemical reaction.</li>
<li>An amylase-based biocatalyst is like a protein that <strong>breaks down</strong> the starch into simple sugar molecules increasing the rate of a biochemical reaction.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is the <strong>amount of oxygen required</strong> to oxidize all of the organic carbon completely <strong>into CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O.</strong></li>
<li>It is a method of determining the amount of oxygen that gets consumed by a body as a result of bacterial action in the water.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was founded in 1948.</li>
<li>The purpose behind its establishment was to develop an internal strength in the country to generate, assimilate and innovate technologies for the leather sector.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/clris-biocatalyst-cuts-effluent-discharge-during-leather-processing/article29362259.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/biocatalysts-cutting-effluent-discharge'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Ocean Energy',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568017316_Ocean%20Energy (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568017316_Ocean Energy (Mind Map).png" width="496" height="1389" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ocean-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/ocean-energy-mind-map'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Nilgiri Tahr',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, Nilgiri tahr&rsquo;s population has increased from 568 in 2018 to 612 in 2019 in the <strong>Mukurthi National Park, Tamil Nadu.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The recent increase has favoured a healthy sex ratio i.e.slightly skewed in favour of female goats.</li>
<li>There has been almost<strong> 27% increase in the population of the tahr in the Nilgiris over the last three years.</strong></li>
<li>Factors responsible for maintaining an increase in the population of Nilgiri Tahr are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Keeping the national park closed to tourists and free from poaching</li>
<li>Fighting the spread of invasive flora.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Nilgiri Tahr<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568016805_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568016805_image1.jpg" width="212" height="158" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nilgiri Tahr is also known as Nilgiri Ibex.</li>
<li>It has been listed as <strong>&ldquo;Endangered&rdquo;</strong> by IUCN.</li>
<li>It has been listed under <strong>Schedule 1 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong> which provides absolute protection and offences under these are prescribed the highest penalties</li>
<li>The <strong>Adult males of Nilgiri Tahr</strong> species develop a light grey area or<strong> &ldquo;saddle&rdquo; on their backs</strong> and are hence called <strong>&ldquo;Saddlebacks&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>state animal of Tamil Nadu.</strong></li>
<li>It is found in <strong>open montane grassland</strong> habitat of rain forests ecoregion.</li>
<li>It is <strong>endemic to the Nilgiri Hills and the southern portion of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/environmental-conservation-with-grassroot-governance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Western Ghats</a></strong> in<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tamil Nadu</li>
<li>Kerala</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Threats:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Habitat loss (mainly from domestic livestock and spread of invasive plants)</li>
<li>Poaching,</li>
<li>Populations of these animals are small and isolated, making them vulnerable to local extinction,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-july-12-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Climate Change</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mukurthi National Park</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a protected area located in the northwest corner of Tamil Nadu in the Western Ghats.</li>
<li>The park was created to protect its <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/preservation-of-sundarban" target="_blank" rel="noopener">keystone species</a></strong>, the Nilgiri Tahr.</li>
<li>The park is characterised by montane grasslands and shrublands interspersed with sholas in a high altitude area of high rainfall, near-freezing temperatures and high winds.</li>
<li>It is also home to an array of endangered wildlife, including royal Bengal tiger and Asian elephant, but its main mammal attraction is the Nilgiri tahr.</li>
<li>The park was previously known as Nilgiri Tahr National Park.</li>
<li>It is part of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/khangchendzonga-to-be-included-in-the-world-network-of-biosphere-reserves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</strong></a> along with Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Bandipur National Park, Nagarhole National Park, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary and Silent Valley.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nilgiri-tahrs-population-up-27-in-three-years/article29369952.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source:TH</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nilgiri-tahr'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Hydrogels with Tunable Bactericidal Activities',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, researchers at the <strong>Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Kolkata</strong> has fabricated Hydrogels which can be tuned with different bacteria-killing properties.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These hydrogels were fabricated when the naturally occurring nucleoside molecule cytidine was self-assemble into a hydrogel in the presence of <strong>silver acetate and phenylboronic acid.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This hydrogel was found to exhibit antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacterial strains such as E.coli.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Silver Acetate</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Silver is known to have <strong>antibacterial property</strong> but it may not be used due to its <strong>toxicity.</strong></li>
<li>However, when silver acetate was incorporated in the hydrogel the toxicity was reduced and thus suitable for treating bacterial infections.</li>
<li>The hydrogel with the presence of silver reduces the cell size of the E.coli and disrupts its cell membrane, leading to leakage of cellular contents.</li>
<li>The <strong>hydrogel containing silver acetate</strong> was found to be <strong>non-toxic</strong> to normal kidney epithelial cells and red blood cells.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Boronic Acid</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By changing the Boronic Acid component in Hydrogel, a large number of hydrogels with different bacteria-killing properties can be created.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Unique Physical Properties of the Hydrogel</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Thixotropic property</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an ability to <strong>change a gel to a sol phase</strong> when subjected to <strong>mechanical shaking or stirring.</strong> When allowed to stand, it returns to its original gel phase.</li>
<li>The property of certain gels or fluids that are thick or viscous under static conditions and becomes fluid (become thin, less viscous) over time when shaken, agitated, sheared or otherwise stressed is <strong>termed as Thixotropy.</strong> E.g. Paint, the fluidity vanishes quickly and the surface sets permanent as water (or oil) evaporates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sol</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sol is a <strong>colloid</strong> (aggregate of very fine particles dispersed in a continuous medium) in which the particles are solid and the dispersion medium is fluid.</li>
<li>If the dispersion medium is water, the colloid may be called a hydrosol and if air, an aerosol.</li>
<li>They do <strong>not settle</strong> or separate over time</li>
<li>They display the <strong>Tyndall effect.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tyndall effect is a phenomenon of scattering of a beam of light by a medium containing small suspended particles&mdash;e.g., smoke or dust in a room, which makes visible a light beam entering a window.</li>
<li>This effect is exhibited by all colloidal solutions and some very fine suspensions. Therefore, it can be used to <strong>verify if a given solution is a colloid.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>pH-Responsive</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The hydrogel is stable between pH 3 and 6, whereas it becomes unstable at more acidic or alkaline pH.</li>
<li>The low pH helps to increase intrinsic antibacterial activities as well as changing the pH would act as an external stimulus for drug delivery through hydrogels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Uses of Hydrogel</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It can be used for drug delivery applications.</li>
<li>Intrinsic antibacterial activities.</li>
<li>Cancer drug chemotherapy</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (ICAS) is the <strong>oldest institute</strong> in India devoted for research in frontier <strong>areas of basic sciences.</strong></li>
<li>It was founded in 1876.</li>
<li>It is here that Professor <strong>C V Raman discovered the celebrated Raman Effect for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Raman Effect</strong> is a <strong>change in the wavelength</strong> of light that occurs when a light beam is<strong> deflected by molecules.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>E.Coli Bacteria:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aware" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gram-negative,</strong></a> <strong>anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria</strong>.</li>
<li>It is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms.</li>
<li>Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/iacs-fabricates-hydrogels-with-tunable-bactericidal-activities/article29362252.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hydrogels-with-tunable-bactericidal-activities'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'National Genomic Grid',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the government has announced to set up a <strong>National Genomic Grid (NGG),</strong> which will<strong> study genomic data of cancer patients from India.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NGG will <strong>collect samples from cancer patients,</strong> through a <strong>network of pan-India collection centres</strong> by bringing all cancer treatment institutions on board.</li>
<li>The grid to be formed will be in line with the <strong>National Cancer Tissue Biobank (NCTB)</strong> set up at the Indian Indian Institute of Technology, Madras.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Cancer Tissue Biobank (NCTB), is a <strong>joint initiative</strong> of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India and Indian Institute of Technology, Madras.</li>
<li><strong>The biobank collects cancer tissue samples with consent from patients diagnosed with cancer.</strong></li>
<li>The aim is to provide researchers with high quality of cancer tissues and the patient data in order to facilitate cancer research that will lead to improvements in cancer diagnosis and treatment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This research is carried out through the <strong>technique of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-sequencing-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Genome Sequencing.</a></strong></li>
<li>Moreover, under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-india-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genome India Initiative</strong></a>, the government plans to scan 20,000 Indian genomes (in the next five years) in order to develop <strong>diagnostic tests</strong> and effective therapies for <strong>treating diseases</strong> such as cancer.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Application</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Through the National Genomic Grid, the government <strong>seeks to boost cancer research</strong> and make treatment viable for people of different economic classes.</li>
<li>NGG will help to <strong>study genomic factors</strong> influencing cancer and identifying the right treatment modalities for the Indian population.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/health-minister-announces-plans-of-genomic-grid-for-india-specific-cancer-research/article29364981.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-genomic-grid'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'China Funding NGOs Against Hydro Projects',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to Government officials, China is trying to fund certain civil society organizations to incite <strong>protests against hydropower projects in Arunachal Pradesh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NGOs are protesting on India&rsquo;s <strong>efforts to revive work on the long-pending hydro projects,</strong> including the 2,000 megawatts (MW) Lower Subansiri and 2,880MW Dibang projects by state-run NHPC Ltd.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government is also trying to expedite the completion of <strong>600MW Tawang-I and 800MW Tawang-II</strong> projects in Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
<li>NGO are protesting. for <strong>protection of the Forest Rights Act and ecological importance of the region.</strong> The region is home to exotic species like barking deer, sambar, wild yak, serow, goral, wild boar, red panda, clouded leopard, snow leopard and musk deer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The hydropower potential of Arunachal Pradesh:</strong> There are 103 private hydropower projects in the state (still to take off) with a total capacity of <strong>35 gigawatts (GW).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Framework on Transboundary River between India and China</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is <strong>no bilateral water treaty</strong> between India and China, <strong>except</strong> only a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/high-water-discharge-from-china-threatens-arunachal-assam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)</strong></a> on the Brahmaputra and Sutlej for sharing hydrological data related to floods and emergencies exists.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for the revival of hydropower projects in Arunachal Pradesh</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China is working on an ambitious <strong>$62-billion south-north water diversion scheme</strong> for the Yarlung Tsangpo, the upper stream of the Brahmaputra river.</li>
<li>China seeks to implement the Brahmaputra project to <strong>address its water woes</strong> arising from the demographic explosion, industrial upsurge, the rapid expansion of cities, and greater demand for irrigated agriculture farming.</li>
<li>According to China: <strong>90 % of Tibetan runoff flows downstream to South Asia and Southeast Asia.</strong></li>
<li>Thereby, China is aggressively <strong>working for its priority rights</strong> and is actively building dams on the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra), to claim it&rsquo;s right under <strong>Principle of Prior Appropriation.</strong></li>
<li>India fears that if China builds dam projects in the Tibetan plateau, it would <strong>threaten to reduce the flow of river water into India.</strong></li>
<li>Therefore, in response to that India is of the view that <strong>any delay in building hydropower projects</strong> in Arunachal Pradesh on rivers originating in China will <strong>affect India&rsquo;s strategy of establishing its prior-use claim over the waters.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Principle of Prior Appropriation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The principle of prior appropriation favours neither upstream or downstream State but the one that puts the water to first use, thereby protecting the right to first use of water as in the past.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, according to some experts, <strong>80 %of the waters of the Brahmaputra are added to the river after it enters India.</strong> Hence, Chinese building a dam on the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra), thus, need not be viewed with alarm.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/china-funding-ngos-against-hydro-projects-in-arunachal-pradesh-1567963168729.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: LiveMint</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-funding-ngos-against-hydro-projects'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Time-Bank in Madhya Pradesh',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the <strong>Madhya Pradesh government&rsquo;s Happiness department</strong> has planned to set up a <strong>TimeBank.&nbsp;</strong>TimeBank is&nbsp;a <strong>reciprocal service exchange</strong> which uses units of time as a currency.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>TimeBank would lend <strong>currency in exchange for an hour.</strong></li>
<li>This earned hour could be used to <strong>learn a new skill,</strong> without the need to pay any paper money.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Underlying Idea</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The core value behind this idea is that we all are assets that are driven by reciprocity. Giving focused attention to each &amp; every voice will help <strong>promote the equality and dignity of labour.</strong></li>
<li>It is a new way to link <strong>untapped social capacity to unmet social needs.</strong></li>
<li>Whenever a bank member needs a service or wants to acquire a skill, for e.g, gardening or playing the guitar, the member could exchange a credit worth an hour with another member knowing that particular skill.</li>
<li>In the beginning, the <strong>50,000</strong> volunteers registered with the department through local networks will form <strong>community-level banks</strong> and list skills they could impart or services they could offer. This will help in building the trust factor as known individuals will interact with one another.</li>
<li>Later, an experienced volunteer will induct new members and keep a record of all the transactions.</li>
<li>It can be considered as a <strong>modern barter system.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>History</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The idea of Timebank was conceived in 1827. But the concept gained popularity with the setting up of the <strong>first Time Bank in Japan in 1973.</strong></li>
<li>Later, the CEO of TimeBanks U.S.A popularized the idea of <strong>Time Dollars.</strong></li>
<li>Today, there are more than <strong>500</strong> such communities across <strong>32</strong> countries.</li>
<li>It can also be noted that earlier in October 2018 a panel of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/protection-of-human-rights-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)</strong></a> on disability and elderly persons had <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>recommended the &ldquo;time bank&rdquo; scheme</strong></a> to take care of senior citizens who are living alone without any support from their family.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Madhya Pradesh is the <strong>first state</strong> in the country that created the <strong>Happiness Department</strong> in 2016.</li>
<li>The state government also prepared a <strong>happiness calendar</strong> for helping its citizens to remain happy and dedicated to the right causes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mps-happiness-dept-to-open-time-bank/article29369985.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source- TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/time-bank-in-madhya-pradesh'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Ocean Energy',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy</strong> has declared <strong>Ocean Energy</strong> as <strong>renewable</strong> energy.</li>
<li>Includes all forms of ocean energy such as <strong>tidal, wave, current, ocean thermal etc</strong> and makes them eligible for meeting the <strong>non-solar Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>What is Ocean Energy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Oceans&rsquo; water movement</strong> creates a <strong>vast store of kinetic energy</strong> (energy in motion) in the various forms of renewable energy viz wave energy, tidal energy, ocean current energy, salinity gradient energy and ocean thermal gradient energy which can be <strong>harnessed to generate electricity.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Types of Ocean Energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tidal Energy-</strong> Like conventional hydroelectric dams, power plants are built on river estuaries and hold back huge amounts of tidal water twice a day which generates electricity when released. India is expected to have 9,000 MW of tidal energy potential.</li>
<li><strong>Wave Energy-</strong> This is generated by the movement of a device either floating on the surface of the ocean or moored to the ocean floor.</li>
<li><strong>Current Energy-</strong> It is very similar to the wind above the oceans. Underwater turbines, large propellers tethered to the seabed, are moved with the marine currents to generate electricity. According to the <strong>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),</strong> given the scale of open ocean currents, there is a promise of significant project scale growth when technologies harness lower-velocity currents.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was created in <strong>1988</strong> by the <strong>World Meteorological Organization (WMO)</strong> and <strong>the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).</strong></li>
<li>Currently has <strong>195</strong> members.</li>
<li>Headquartered in <strong>Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>It has the objective to provide governments at all levels with <strong>scientific information</strong> that they can use to <strong>develop climate policies.</strong></li>
<li>It provides regular assessments of the scientific basis of climate change, its impact and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation.</li>
<li>It gives the report on <strong>Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation</strong> among other various reports.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ocean Thermal Energy-</strong> Oceans are huge heat reservoirs as they cover almost 70% of Earth&rsquo;s surface. The temperature difference between warm surface waters and the cold deeper layers can be used to generate steam and then power.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The technology which uses ocean temperature differences from the surface to depths lower than 1,000 meters, to extract energy.</li>
<li>Research focuses on <strong>two types of OTEC technologies-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>Closed cycle method,</strong> a working fluid (ammonia) is pumped through a heat exchanger for evaporation and the steam runs a turbine. The vapour is turned back to fluid (condensation) by the cold water found at the depths of the ocean where it returns to the heat exchanger.</li>
<li>In <strong>Open cycle method,</strong> the warm surface water is pressurized in a vacuum chamber and converted to steam which runs the turbine. The steam is then condensed using cold ocean water from lower depths.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has high (94%) capacity factor which makes it the best power source and although it has a high initial cost, low maintenance and regular power supply makes it an attractive alternative.</li>
<li>OTEC is supplied by an infinite supply of solar energy and the stored energy in it after sundown makes it a 24 hour power supplier.</li>
<li>There are no emissions from the OTEC power plants so air quality will not be degraded.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Osmotic Energy-</strong> This technique produces energy from the movement of water across a membrane between a saltwater reservoir and fresh water reservoir. It is also called <strong>Salinity Gradient Energy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Salient Features</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Predictable and Reliable:</strong> Unlike wind, ocean energy sources are more predictable. The endless flows create a reliable supply source for future availability.</li>
<li><strong>Global presence:</strong> Tidal streams and ocean currents are available almost everywhere across the globe.</li>
<li><strong>Energy-rich:</strong> Moving water is more than 800 times denser than moving air, which multiplies the kinetic energy by the same factor and opens up the scope of huge amounts of energy.</li>
<li><strong>Unlimited usage area:</strong> Land is a scarce resource for many regions so on-shore solutions have to compete and can extend to a limit but ocean energies are provided by the vast and deep oceans ending the competition.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To <strong>accelerate and enhance support</strong> for the resource assessment and deployment of ocean energy in the country.</li>
<li>To harness the ocean energies for power generation and to overcome the barrier of energy deficiency.</li>
<li>This sector has been <strong>opened to the public and private sectors</strong> so that more projects can be carried out in India.</li>
<li><strong>Industry led research and development proposals are invited</strong> from stakeholders, for solving problems in Indian conditions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Limitations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Deployment is currently limited</strong> in our country and already deployed technologies are under utilised.</li>
<li>Either there is <strong>not much research done</strong> on the technologies or most are currently at the initial stage of R&amp;D, demonstration and commercialization.</li>
<li><strong>Uncertainty of the marine environment</strong> and <strong>commercial scale risks</strong> like- corrosion of materials due to the salinity of seawater, offshore maintenance difficulties, the environmental impact on landscapes and the marine ecosystem and competition from other marine activities such as fishing.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Potential</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Total identified potential of <strong>Tidal Energy</strong> is about <strong>12455 MW,</strong> with potential locations identified at <strong>Khambat &amp; Kutch regions,</strong> and large backwaters, where barrage technology could be used.</li>
<li>The total theoretical potential of <strong>wave energy</strong> is estimated to be about <strong>40,000 MW.</strong> This energy is however less intensive than what is available in more northern and southern latitudes.</li>
<li><strong>OTEC</strong> has a theoretical potential of <strong>180,000 MW</strong> in India subject to suitable technological evolution.</li>
<li>Ocean energy has the potential to grow fully,<strong> fuelling economic growth, reducing carbon footprint</strong> and <strong>creating jobs</strong> not only along the coasts but also inland along its supply chains.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has a <strong>long coastline</strong> with the estuaries and gulfs which can be fully used to harness this energy.</li>
<li>Tidal streams and ocean currents are huge and almost endless resources which can be used with relatively small environmental interactions for large scale electricity generation.</li>
<li>Basic R&amp;D is being looked after by <strong>National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai under the Ministry of Earth Sciences</strong> but more inputs by other prominent institutions will help us understand and develop the technologies faster.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Established in <strong>November 1993</strong> as an <strong>autonomous society</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences,</strong> Government of India.</li>
<li>It aims to develop reliable indigenous technologies to solve various engineering problems associated with harvesting of non-living and living resources in the <strong>Indian Exclusive Economic Zone.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ocean energy technology can help India stimulate innovation, create economic growth and new jobs as well as to reduce its carbon footprint.</li>
<li>It will also <strong>help India to support its neighbouring countries who have energy deficits,</strong> for their better economic growth and can guide them on their way to being self sufficient in energy sector.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/ocean-energy-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/ocean-energy'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'National Infrastructure Pipeline',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Central Government has constituted <strong>a task force</strong> to draw up a <strong>National Infrastructure Pipeline</strong> for each of the financial years from <strong>2019-20 to 2024-25.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Task Force is <strong>chaired by the Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs,</strong> Ministry of Finance.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Infrastructure Pipeline</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This in line with the Prime Minister&rsquo;s Independence day speech that Rs.100 lakh crore ($1.4 trillion) would be invested in infrastructure over the next five years.</li>
<li>National Infrastructure Pipeline will ensure that infrastructure <strong>projects are adequately prepared and launched.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Infrastructure projects will include both <strong>social and economic</strong> infrastructure projects.</li>
<li>It would include <strong>greenfield and brownfield projects</strong> costing <strong>above Rs 100 crore</strong> each.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Each Ministry/ Department would be responsible for the monitoring of projects so as to ensure their timely and within-cost implementation.</li>
<li>It will help in stepping-up annual infrastructure investment <strong>to achieve the Gross Domestic Product <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(GDP) of $5 trillion by 2024-25.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the past decade (2008-17), India invested about $1.1 trillion on infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Terms of Reference of the Task Force</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To <strong>identify technically feasible and economically viable infrastructure projects</strong> that can be initiated in the Financial Year (FY) 2019-20.</li>
<li>To list the projects that can be included in the pipeline for each of the remaining 5 years between FY 2021-25.</li>
<li>To estimate annual infrastructure investment/capital costs.</li>
<li>To guide the Ministries in identifying appropriate sources of financing.</li>
<li>To suggest <strong>measures to monitor the projects</strong> so that cost and time overrun is minimized.</li>
<li>To enable robust <strong>marketing of the pipeline of projects</strong> requiring private investment through the <strong>India Investment Grid (IIG), National Investment &amp; Infrastructure Fund (NIIF),</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Investment Grid</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India Investment Grid (IIG)</strong> is an initiative of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dipp-renamed-as-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department for Promotion of Industry &amp; Internal Trade (DPIIT)</strong></a> Ministry of Commerce and <strong>Invest India,</strong> the National Investment Promotion and Facilitation Agency.</li>
<li>It showcases a menu of investment options across India on <strong>a single online interactive platform.</strong> It connects potential investors to project promoters across India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Investment &amp; Infrastructure Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Investment &amp; Infrastructure Fund (NIIF)</strong> is an Indian-government backed entity established to provide <strong>long-term capital to the country&rsquo;s infrastructure sector.</strong></li>
<li>The Indian government has a 49% stake in NIIF with the rest held by foreign and domestic investors.</li>
<li>With the Centre&rsquo;s significant stake, NIIF is considered India&rsquo;s <strong>quasi-sovereign wealth fund.</strong></li>
<li>Across its three funds- Master Fund, Fund of Funds, and Strategic Fund - it manages over $3 billion of capital.</li>
<li>Its registered office is in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1584408" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-infrastructure-pipeline'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'The Problem of Skilling India',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>&ldquo;The article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-problem-of-skilling-india-unemployment-joblessness-modi-government-5973808/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The problem of skilling India</strong></a> that was published in The Indian Express on 7<sup>th</sup> September. It talks about the issues and challenges associated with Skill Development in India.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
<h3>Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/unemployment-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">unemployment</a> rate</strong> reached 34% among the 20-24 year-olds in the first quarter of 2019 &mdash; it was 37.9% among the urban lot.</li>
<li>At least eight million new job seekers enter the job market every year. In 2017, only 5.5 million jobs had been created, and the situation is worsening: Unemployment rate is the highest in 45 years today.</li>
<li>According to the last 2018 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/periodic-labour-force-survey-plfs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)</strong></a>, the unemployment rate among the urban 15-29-years-old was 23.7%.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Skill Training and Unemployment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This pervasive joblessness is mainly due to the poor training of the youth as only 7% of the people surveyed in the framework of the PLFS declared any formal or informal training.</li>
<li>The current data suggest that <strong>only 2.3% of the workforce in India has undergone formal skill training</strong> as compared to 68% in the UK, 75% in Germany, 52% in the USA, 80% in Japan and 96% in South Korea.</li>
<li>On the other hand, according to a recent survey, 48% of Indian employers reported difficulties filling job vacancies due to <strong>skill shortage.</strong></li>
<li>The CMIE reports show that the more educated Indians are, the more likely they are to remain unemployed too. <strong>The last PLFS for 2018 revealed that 33% of the formally trained 15-29-year-olds were jobless.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives Taken</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>&ldquo;Skill India&rdquo; programme,</strong> that aims to train a minimum of 300 million skilled people by the year 2022.</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(PMKVY)</a>,</strong> a dimension of skill India, under which the training fees were paid by the government. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its main tool was the &ldquo;short-term training&rdquo;, which could last between 150 and 300 hours, and which included some placement assistance by Training Partners upon successful completion of their assessment by the candidates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2014, <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship</strong> was created to harmonise training processes, assessments, certification and outcomes and, crucially, to develop Industrial Training Institutions (ITIs) &mdash; the building blocks of this endeavour.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Shortcomings in the Desired Outcome</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The target of Skill India was to reach out to 300 million young people by 2022, but only 25 million had been trained under this scheme by the end of 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is <strong>partly due to mismanagement</strong> and partly due to <strong>not spending available funds</strong> because of lack of candidates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Even those who have been trained under Skill India and PMKVY are unable to find jobs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The number of those who have benefited from the Skill India scheme has increased, from 3,50,000 in 2016-17 to 1.6 million in 2017-18, but the percentage of those who could find a job upon completion of their training has dropped from more than 50% to 30%.</li>
<li>Under PMKVY, only 15% of those trained got a job.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges in Skill Development</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Insufficient training capacity:</strong> The training was not sufficient to ensure a job for those who got the training &ndash; and this is why the employability rate remains very low.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of entrepreneurship skills:</strong> While the government expected that some of the PMKVY-trainees would create their own enterprise, only 24% of the trainees started their business. And out of them, only 10,000 applied for MUDRA loans.</li>
<li><strong>Low industry interface:</strong> Most of the training institutes have low industry interface as a result of which the performance of the skill development sector is poor in terms of placement records and salaries offered.</li>
<li><strong>Low student mobilization:</strong> The enrolment in skill institutes like ITIs, and polytechnics, remains low as compared to their enrolment capacity. This is due to low <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/70-youth-unaware-of-govts-skill-development-programmes-wef" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>awareness level among youths</strong></a> about the skill development programmes.</li>
<li><strong>Employers&rsquo; unwillingness:</strong> India&rsquo;s joblessness issue is not only a skills problem, it is representative of the lack of appetite of industrialists and SMEs for recruiting.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to limited access to credit because of Banks&rsquo; NPAs, investment rate has declined and thus a negative impact on job creation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enhanced Expenditure on Education and Training:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the long run, Skill India will also not be enough if government expenditures in education remain low and if, therefore, the ground isn&rsquo;t prepared for proper training.</li>
<li>Government allocation for school education has declined from 2.81% of the budget in 2013-14 to 2.05% in 2018-19 which is further alarming situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Evaluation of Training Institutes:</strong> NSDC should also develop some techniques to evaluate the performance of training institutes and encourage them to perform better.</li>
<li><strong>Skills survey:</strong> Surveys can be conducted to find the exact skill requirements from the employers. Analysis of such surveys would help in designing course structures of the training programs and thus standardized course curriculum or training delivery systems can be developed.</li>
<li>India needs to <strong>learn from technical and vocational training/education models in China, Germany, Japan, Brazil, and Singapore,</strong> who had similar challenges in the past, along with learning from its own experiences to adopt a comprehensive model that can bridge the skill gaps and ensure employability of youths.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #ebfaf8;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></span><br /><br />&ldquo;Discuss the issues and challenges associated with skill development in India and also suggest measures to enhance the skills and hence employability of Indian youths&rdquo;.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Craniopagus Twins',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, India has successfully performed rarest <strong>of the rare surgery on Craniopagus Twins.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This was the <strong>first successful craniopagus conjoined twin separation surgery</strong> from India wherein <strong>both the children had survived.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Worldwide only 10-15 children have survived after surgical separation</strong> of this condition in the last 50 years.</li>
<li>All modern adjuncts of technology for surgical planning, 3D print model technology for brain and skull model development, venous bypass, staged surgeries and continuous post-operative care is needed for craniopagus surgery.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Craniopagus Twins</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Craniopagus twins are conjoined twins that are <strong>fused at the skull.</strong></li>
<li>It represents the<strong> rarest of congenital abnormalities.</strong></li>
<li>Conjoined twins are <strong>genetically identical and always share the same sex.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/craniopagus-twins-head-home/article29355180.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/craniopagus-twins'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Indus Valley Civilization’s Independent Origin ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to a study of <strong>DNA</strong> (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) from skeletal remains excavated from the Harappan cemetery at <strong>Rakhigarhi</strong> (the biggest IVC site located in Haryana) , the researchers found that the people in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley Civilization</strong></a> (IVC) have an <strong>independent origin.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study <strong>negates</strong> the theory of the Harappans having Steppe pastoral or ancient <strong>Iranian farmer ancestry.</strong> As per the study, the DNA does not contain any genome from either the Steppe region or the ancient Iranian farmers.</li>
<li>The finding also refuses the hypothesis about mass migration that happened during Harappan times from outside South Asia.</li>
<li>According to the study, the <strong>genetic continuity</strong> from hunter-gatherer to modern times is clearly visible in the DNA results. The same hunter-gatherer communities developed into agricultural communities and formed the Harappan civilization.</li>
<li>The researchers, therefore, concluded that farming in South Asia was not due to the movement of people from the farming cultures of the west to the Indian subcontinent, &amp; people during IVS developed their own <strong>farming culture.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indus Valley Civilization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is popularly known as <strong>Harappan Civilization.</strong></li>
<li>It flourished around 2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia, in contemporary Pakistan and Western India.</li>
<li>The Indus Valley was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China.</li>
<li>In the 1920s, the Archaeological Department of India carried out excavations in the Indus valley wherein the ruins of the two old cities, viz. Mohenjodaro and Harappa were unearthed.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indus-valley-settlers-had-a-distinct-genetic-lineage/article29355941.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indus-valley-civilization-s-independent-origin'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Controlling Hepatitis B',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, <strong>Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Thailand</strong> became the <strong>first four countries in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-regional-committee-for-south-east-asia" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Health Organization&rsquo;s Southeast Asia region</a></strong> to have successfully controlled <strong>Hepatitis B.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>When the disease prevalence is<strong> reduced to less than 1% among children less than five years of age</strong> the Hepatitis B virus is said to be <strong>controlled.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hepatitis B</strong> infection at a young age turns chronic, causing over 1,00,000 premature deaths annually from liver cirrhosis or liver cancer.</li>
<li>Despite the introduction of hepatitis B vaccine in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intensified-mission-indradhanush-best-practice-in-the-world-bmj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Immunisation Programme</strong></a> <strong>in 2002</strong> and <strong>scaling-up nationwide in 2011</strong>, about <strong>one million people</strong> in India become chronically infected with the virus <strong>every year.</strong></li>
<li>High prevalence among children aged less than five years <strong>has not dropped below 1%</strong> due to <strong>suboptimal coverage of birth dose in all infants within 24 hours of birth.</strong></li>
<li>Hepatitis B birth dose, given in the <strong>first 24 hours,</strong> helps to <strong>prevent vertical transmission from mother to child.</strong></li>
<li>Nearly,<strong>70-90% newborns infected</strong> and <strong>20-30% carriers</strong> are the result of Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B , in India.</li>
<li>Although the Health Ministry has approved the birth dose in 2008, its coverage remained low &mdash; 45% in 2015 and 60% in 2016 &mdash; according to a <strong>2019 Health Ministry report.</strong></li>
<li>Reasons for the low coverage are :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>fear of wastage of vaccine</strong> when a 10-dose vial is used.</li>
<li>Unawareness of health-care workers about WHO recommendation that allows <strong>Hepatitis B Open-Vial Policy</strong> which states that vaccine can be kept for a maximum duration of 28 days for use in other children if the vaccine meets certain conditions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hepatitis B</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>viral infection</strong> that attacks the <strong>liver</strong> and can cause both <strong>acute and chronic disease.</strong></li>
<li>The virus is most commonly transmitted from <strong>mother to child during birth</strong> and delivery, as well as through <strong>contact with blood or other body fluids.</strong></li>
<li>It is the primary cause of<strong> liver cancer.</strong></li>
<li>Hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccines that are safe, available and effective.</li>
<li>Every year, <strong>World Hepatitis Day</strong> is celebrated on the <strong>28<sup>th</sup> of July.</strong></li>
<li>It is among the four diseases apart from HIV-AIDS, TB, Malaria for which, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization (WHO)</strong></a> officially endorses disease-specific global awareness days.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-weak-chase-on-controlling-hepatitis-b/article29345193.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/controlling-hepatitis-b'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Indoor Air Pollution',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to the Centre for Science &amp; Environment (CSE), the three-year average levels of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-global-air-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM 2.5</strong></a> atmospheric particulate matter (with a diameter less than 2.5 microns) during 2016-18 were <strong>25% lower</strong> than the 2011-14 baseline (three-year average).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Though the number of days with severe PM 2.5 levels have come down since 2015, Delhi still needs to cut pollution levels by 65% to meet global air quality standards.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indoor Pollution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The environmental <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/air-pollution-and-life-expectancy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">air pollution</a></strong> and indoor air pollution are inseparably linked, as people spend around 90% of their time staying indoors.</li>
<li>According to the <em><strong>State Of Global Air Report 2019,</strong></em> an estimated 846 million people in India were exposed to household air pollution in 2017. That forms around <strong>60%</strong> of the country&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>Gases and particles in the air can be divided into <strong>two categories: primary and secondary sources.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Primary gases</strong> and components are <em><strong>emitted directly from sources</strong></em> that include the building itself, consumer products (e.g. personal care products, cleaning or cooking products, equipment and office products, off-gassing from items brought into the home), microbial and human metabolic emissions, and also the entry of outdoor air into the house through openings, ventilation systems or leaks.</li>
<li><strong>Secondary gases</strong> are produced through <em><strong>chemical reactions</strong></em> in the air. For e.g, cooking releases a large amount of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), CO<sub>2</sub> (Carbon Dioxide), NOx (Nitrogen Oxide) and other particles. VOCs and NOx react in the presence of sunlight to form <strong>ozone.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ground-level ozone not only has long-term effects on human health but is also a critical pollutant in smog.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Harmful Effects of Indoor Pollution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Exposure to ground-level ozone increases a person&rsquo;s likelihood of dying from respiratory disease, specifically <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/higher-mortality-from-cardio-vascular-diseases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cardiovascular diseases.</strong></a></li>
<li>In 2017, exposure to PM 2.5 was the <strong>third leading risk</strong> factor for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-injection-for-type-2-diabetes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>type 2 diabetes</strong></a>-related deaths and disability.</li>
<li>Nitrogen oxide (NOx) can cause <strong>inflammation</strong> of the airways. Long-term exposure can diminish lung function and increase susceptibility to allergens.</li>
<li>Particulate matter from burning cigarettes, mosquito coils in a closed indoor environment can lead to increased cases of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, following prolonged exposure.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567848976_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567848976_image2.jpg" width="406" height="582" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Related Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cooking, cleaning, and other routine household activities generate significant levels of volatile and particulate chemicals</li>
<li>The purpose of the experiment <strong>HOMEChem (House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry)</strong> conducted by The University of Texas was to identify the sources of chemical oxidants in the indoor environment, and how they were affected by human activities and changes in light conditions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are two main associated issues that were identified are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>First, the issue of solid fuel use in homes- a problem associated with <strong>rural</strong> households, and</li>
<li>Second, the issue of exposure related to cooking, smoking, use of incense and/or mosquito coils, consumer products, infiltration of outdoor air, etc. This has more relevance in <strong>urban</strong> households, offices and public spaces.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Simple measures such as, <strong>cooking with appropriate ventilation</strong> (especially when frying food), <strong>avoiding</strong> the use of incense sticks and candles, room fresheners, etc., (whenever possible), and <strong>restricting</strong> the infiltration of outdoor air, especially on days when pollution levels are high can help to <strong>keep a check</strong> on indoor air pollution in urban households.</li>
<li>It is important to note that buildings in India often have natural ventilation and tend to be leaky. Special care is needed to <strong>fully seal</strong> the building.</li>
<li>There is a big gap in the lack of a standard to measure indoor air pollution that needs to be resolved. In India, indoor air is as bad as outdoor air.</li>
<li>Household air pollution needs to remain a<strong> focus for policy action,</strong> especially in Asia and Africa, where the use of solid fuel for residential cooking and heating is still very high.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/indoor-air-pollution-the-invisible-adversary-1567759328936.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: Mint</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Avian Influenza',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>With effect from 3<sup>rd</sup> September 2019, India has been <strong>declared free from Avian Influenza (H5N1),</strong> which has also been notified to the <strong>World Organization for Animal Health (OIE).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The declaration is a result of measures taken to control the recent outbreak of the disease at several places in Jharkhand, Bihar and Odisha and hence there is <strong>no presence of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Virus.</strong></li>
<li>The status will last only till another outbreak is reported. India was <strong>last declared free of the disease in 2017.</strong></li>
<li>This declaration is important not just from the poultry industry standpoint, but also because humans can contact the disease from animals. Though the pathogen is not capable of sustained human-to-human transmission.</li>
</ul>
<h3>About Avian Influenza</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Avian influenza (AI) is a highly <strong>contagious viral disease</strong> affecting several species of <strong>food-producing birds</strong> (chickens, turkeys, quails, guinea fowl, etc.), as well as pet birds and wild birds. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Occasionally mammals, including humans, may contract avian influenza.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes based on two surface proteins, <strong>Hemagglutinin (HA)</strong> and <strong>Neuraminidase (NA).</strong> For example, a virus that has an HA 7 protein and NA 9 protein is designated as subtype H7N9.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Avian influenza virus subtypes include A(H5N1), A(H7N9), and A(H9N2).</li>
<li>HPAI A(H5N1) virus occurs mainly in birds and is highly contagious among them.</li>
<li><strong>HPAI Asian <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gene-editing-to-halt-human-flu-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener">H5N1</a> is especially deadly for poultry.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Avian Influenza outbreaks can lead to devastating consequences for the country, particularly the poultry industry.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Farmers might experience a high level of mortality in their flocks, with rates often around 50%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevention: Strict biosecurity</strong> measures and good <strong>hygiene</strong> are essential in protecting against disease outbreaks.</li>
<li><strong>Eradication:</strong> If the infection is detected in animals, a policy of <strong>culling infected and contact animals</strong> is normally used in an effort to rapidly contain, control and eradicate the disease.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Organization for Animal Health</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The OIE is an <strong>intergovernmental organisation</strong> responsible for improving animal health worldwide.</li>
<li>It is recognised as a reference organisation by the World Trade Organization (WTO).</li>
<li>In 2018, it had a total of 182 Member Countries.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in <strong>Paris, France.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-declared-free-of-avian-influenza-h5n1-virus-5974116/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Iodized Salt Coverage in India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to a national survey to measure the coverage of iodized salt, Tamil Nadu had the <strong>lowest</strong> consumption of iodized salt.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey was conducted by <strong>Nutrition International</strong> (a not for profit agency based in Canada) in collaboration with the All India Institute of Medical Sciences<strong> (AIIMS)</strong> and the Indian Coalition for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders <strong>(ICCIDD).</strong></li>
<li>It was first of its kind, pan India survey that tested the iodine content in samples of cooking salt from households.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey covered a total of <strong>21,406</strong> households across India.</li>
<li>The study shows that <strong>76.3%</strong> of Indian households consumed adequately iodized salt, (which is salt with at least <strong>15</strong> parts per million of iodine).</li>
<li>The <strong>five worst</strong> performers were Tamil Nadu (61.9%), Andhra Pradesh (63.9%), Rajasthan (65.5%), Odisha (65.8%) and Jharkhand (68.8%).</li>
<li>The North-Eastern states were doing well with respect to the consumption of iodized salt as compared to the rest of India.</li>
<li>The key recommendation of the study was to <strong>sustain the momentum</strong> so that iodine coverage does not fall below current levels.</li>
<li>It also recommended that the States and the Centre need to work together to address the current gaps and look into issues that vary from one state to another, in order to produce adequately iodized salt.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568103372_Image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568103372_Image4.jpg" width="491" height="378" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Iodine</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Iodine is a vital <strong>micro-nutrient</strong> for the optimal mental and physical development of human beings.</li>
<li>Deficiency of iodine can result in a range of disabilities and disorders such as <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/making-india-thyroid-aware" target="_blank" rel="noopener">goitre</a>, hypothyroidism, cretinism, abortion, still-births, mental retardation, and psychomotor defects</strong> (defects in which there is a slow down in thought process and a reduction of physical movements in an individual).</li>
<li>In 1992, India made fortification of salt with iodine mandatory, for direct human consumption.</li>
<li>In 2011, the Supreme Court also mandated <strong>universal iodization</strong> for the control of iodine deficiencies.</li>
<li>A recent initiative in this regard named <strong>Jeevan Bindi</strong> (an iodine patch designed like a regular bindi) was started to help one lakh <strong>tribal women</strong> in north-west Maharashtra battle iodine deficiency as these tribals did not consume iodized salt.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-ranks-lowest-in-coverage-of-iodised-salt/article29376941.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iodized-salt-coverage-in-india'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'National Conference on Crop Residue Management',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, National Conference on Crop Residue Management was held for the <strong>farmers from the states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh &amp; Delhi.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568102230_Image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568102230_Image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="291" height="372" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conference was <strong>organized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare in collaboration with Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)</strong> in order <strong>to address concerns of farmers and State Governments.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reduction-in-stubble-burning-incidents" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>straw burning incidents</strong></a> in 2018 have reduced by 15% and 41% as compared to that in 2017 and 2016 respectively.</li>
<li>The conference has proposed to intensify <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/in-situ-crop-residue-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>In-Situ Management of Crop Residue</strong></a> to stop the straw burning.</li>
<li>The multilingual <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mobile-application-to-aid-farmers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mobile App &ldquo;Custom Hiring Centre (CHC)</a></strong> <strong>Farm Machinery&rdquo;</strong> has also been launched for the farmers.</li>
<li><strong>Custom Hiring Centre (CHC) Farm Machinery</strong> Mobile App: It will connect the farmers with Custom Hiring Service Centres in their area.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>autonomous body</strong> responsible for coordinating <strong>agricultural education and research in India.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>reports</strong> to the Department of Agricultural Research and Education, <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Union Minister of Agriculture</strong> serves as its <strong>president.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>largest network of agricultural research and education institutes in the world.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1584549" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-conference-on-crop-residue-management'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Augmenting Nature by Green Affordable New-habitat',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, an <strong>international conference</strong> on Augmenting Nature by Green Affordable New-habitat (ANGAN ) commenced in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conference focuses primarily on <strong>achieving Energy Efficiency</strong> in the building sector.</li>
<li>It is being <strong>organized</strong> by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency <strong>(BEE),</strong> Ministry of Power in collaboration with <strong>GIZ</strong> under the Indo German Technical Cooperation initiative.</li>
<li>Experts and policymakers from around <strong>16</strong> countries are participating in this event.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conference <strong>aims</strong> to identify economically viable alternatives and technologies in the field of <strong>design and construction</strong> of energy-efficient commercial and residential buildings.</li>
<li>It is estimated that an investment of <strong>Rs. 2000 billion</strong> in Building energy efficiency activities would lead to a cumulative savings of <strong>388 billion units of electricity</strong> for the next <strong>ten years.</strong></li>
<li>Apart from energy savings, the emphasis will also be given to other resources like <strong>water</strong> and other materials that can be saved in the building sector.</li>
<li>In India, buildings have become an important component of our <strong>integrated energy policy.</strong> The formidable challenges this sector poses during policy formulation includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Providing adequate energy of desired <strong>quality</strong> to the consumers,</li>
<li>Reasonable <strong>costs</strong> to the consumers,</li>
<li>Improved <strong>efficiency</strong> for the suppliers, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>statutory</strong> body under the <strong>Ministry of Power.</strong></li>
<li>BEE assists in developing policies and strategies with the primary objective of reducing the energy inefficiency of the Indian economy.</li>
<li>BEE in 2007 launched the <strong>Energy Conservation Building Code</strong> (ECBC) to set energy efficiency standards for the design and construction of buildings, as a <strong>first step</strong> towards promoting energy efficiency in the building sector.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Deutsche Gesellschaft f&uuml;r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a German development agency.</li>
<li>The <strong>thematic</strong> areas of GIZ in India are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Renewable Energy &amp; energy efficiency</li>
<li>Environment, Climate Change, and Biodiversity</li>
<li>Sustainable Urban and Industrial Development</li>
<li>Sustainable Economic Development</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1584543" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/augmenting-nature-by-green-affordable-new-habitat'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'The Lancet on Malaria eradication',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to a report by The Lancet on Malaria eradication held that with the right strategies and sufficient funding, it is <strong>possible to eradicate malaria as early as 2050.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is noted that since 2000, global malaria incidence and death rates declined by 36% and 60 % respectively.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Today, <strong>more than half of the world&rsquo;s countries are malaria-free.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, malaria cases are rising in 55 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.</li>
<li>There is also inequity, with 29 countries (27 in Africa) accounting for the large majority of new cases and 85% of global deaths in 2017. On the other hand, 38 countries had incidences of fewer than ten cases per 1,000 population in 2017 and reported just 5% of total malaria deaths.</li>
<li>The report identifies <strong>three ways</strong> to accelerate the decline in malaria cases.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Improve implementation of malaria control programmes globally.</li>
<li>Develop and roll out <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-malaria-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>innovative new tools</strong></a> to overcome the biological challenges to eradication.</li>
<li>Malaria-endemic countries must be provided with the financial investment to fight malaria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Malaria</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Malaria is caused by <strong>Plasmodium parasites.</strong></li>
<li>The parasites are spread to people through the bites of infected <strong>female Anopheles mosquitoes,</strong> called "malaria vectors",</li>
<li><strong>World Malaria Day</strong> is observed on <strong>25<sup>th</sup> April.</strong></li>
<li>It can be noted that WHO officially endorses disease-specific global awareness days for only four <strong>diseases viz. HIV-AIDS, TB, Malaria, and Hepatitis.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568100802_Image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568100802_Image3.jpg" width="633" height="356" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/eradicating-malaria-by-2050-why-study-says-it-can-be-done-5981281/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-lancet-on-malaria-eradication'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Democratic Decentralisation in India',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>The article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/throttled-at-the-grass-roots/article29369019.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Throttled at the grass roots</strong></a> that was published in The Hindu on 9<sup>th</sup> September. It talks about the functioning of Local self governments in India and the issues involved.</p>
</div>
<h3>Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>73<sup>rd</sup> and 74<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendments,</strong> by constitutionally establishing <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs)</strong></a> in India, mandated the establishment of panchayats and municipalities as elected local governments.</li>
<li>They devolved a range of powers and responsibilities to the local governments and made them accountable to the people for their implementation, but very little actual progress has been made in this direction even after more than <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/25-years-of-local-democracy-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>25 years.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Democratic Decentralisation: Devolution of Power</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Democratic decentralization is the <strong>process of devolving the functions and resources</strong> of the state from the centre to the elected representatives at the lower levels so as <strong>to facilitate greater direct participation of citizens in governance.</strong></li>
<li>Devolution, envisioned by the Constitution, is not mere delegation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It implies that precisely defined governance functions are formally assigned by law to local governments, backed by adequate transfer of a basket of financial grants and tax handles, and they are given staff so that they have the necessary wherewithal to carry out their responsibilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Local government,</strong> including panchayats, is a <strong>state subject</strong> in the Constitution, and consequently, the devolution of power and authority to panchayats has been left to the discretion of states.</li>
<li>The Constitution mandates that <strong>panchayats and municipalities shall be elected every five years</strong> and enjoins States to devolve functions and responsibilities to them through law.</li>
<li>A study for the Fourteenth Finance Commission by the Centre for Policy Research, shows that<strong> all States have formally devolved powers with respect to five core functions</strong> of water supply, sanitation, roads and communication, streetlight provision and the management of community assets to the gram panchayats.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues with Local Governments in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Insufficient Funding:</strong> The money given to the local governments is inadequate to meet their basic requirements.</li>
<li><strong>Inflexibility in spending</strong> the allocated budget. The use of money is constrained through the imposition of several conditions.</li>
<li>There is <strong>little investment</strong> in enabling and strengthening local governments to raise their own taxes and user charges.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of staff:</strong> Local governments do not have the staff to perform even basic tasks. Furthermore, as most staff are hired by higher level departments and placed with local governments on deputation, they do not feel responsible to the latter; they function as part of a vertically integrated departmental system.</li>
<li><strong>Untimely and delayed elections:</strong> States often postpone the elections and violate the constitutional mandate of five yearly elections to local governments.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Tamil Nadu, panchayat elections have not been held for over two years now, resulting in the State losing finance commission grants from the Union government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Local governments are <strong>merely acting as an implementation machinery rather than policy-making body</strong> for local development. Technology-enabled schemes have further downgraded their role.</li>
<li><strong>Corruption:</strong> Criminal elements and contractors are attracted to local government elections, tempted by the large sums of money now flowing to them. A market chain of corruption operates, involving a partnership between elected representatives and officials at all levels.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, there is no evidence to show that corruption has increased due to decentralisation.</li>
<li>Decentralised corruption tends to get exposed faster than national or State-level corruption. People erroneously perceive higher corruption at the local level, simply because it is more visible.</li>
<li>However, we can keep track of corrupt local government representatives more easily than those at the higher levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions to Improve Functioning of Gram Panchayats</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gram sabhas and wards committees in urban areas have to be revitalised to achieve the objective of people&rsquo;s participation in real terms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Standing Committee on Rural Development,</strong> that submitted its report in July 2018, recommended that state governments should put a <strong>quorum in gram sabha meetings</strong> for participation of panchayat representatives, including women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Local government organisational structures have to be strengthened with sufficient manpower. Serious efforts should be made towards <strong>recruitment and appointment of support and technical staff</strong> to ensure the smooth functioning of panchayats.</li>
<li>Devise a comprehensive <strong>mechanism for taxation at the local levels.</strong> We cannot have accountable GPs, without local taxation.</li>
<li>There is <strong>a need for bottom up planning</strong> especially at the district level, based on grassroots inputs received from Gram Sabha.</li>
<li>Strengthening of panchayats through <strong>capacity building and training</strong> should be given more encouragement from the centre and state governments. This would enable them to prepare better Gram Panchayat Development Plans, as well as become more responsive towards citizens&rsquo; needs.</li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong> Ministry of Panchayati Raj should monitor the release and expenditure of Finance Commission grants to ensure that there is <strong>no delay in their release.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It should also be ensured that <strong>grants are utilised in a proper and effective manner.</strong></li>
<li>Panchayats should also be encouraged to carry out <strong>local audits regularly</strong> so that Finance Commission grants are not delayed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s efforts in decentralisation represent one of the largest experiments in deepening democracy.</li>
<li>India has a robust democratic structure for local governance, what we need to practice is the <strong>robust democratic culture</strong> and giving life to our existing structure.</li>
<li>Local bodies need to be seen as institutions of self-governance not as &lsquo;delivery mechanisms&rsquo; to <strong>fulfill Gandhi&rsquo;s vision of Gram Swaraj.</strong></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 495px; border-style: dotted; border-color: #0066ff; background-color: #ffffed;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></span><br /><br />&ldquo;Critically examine the functioning of local governments in India. Suggest measures to address the issues involved in effective functioning of the institutions of local government in India.&rdquo;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/democratic-decentralisation-in-india'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Biocatalysts Cutting Effluent Discharge',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the researchers at the Central Leather Research Institute <strong>(CSIR-CLRI),</strong> Chennai, developed a new <strong>amylase-based biocatalyst.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This biocatalyst helps in processing leather in an <strong>eco-friendly</strong> manner.</li>
<li>It drastically <strong>reduces</strong> the <strong>time taken</strong> to process the skin at the <strong>pre-tanning stage</strong> (or the soaking stage). The pre-tanning process generates 60-70% of total pollution during processing.</li>
<li>When this biocatalyst is used, the quantum of <strong>effluent discharge</strong> is considerably<strong> reduced</strong> as there is a <strong>threefold reduction in water usage.</strong></li>
<li>Since <strong>no</strong> chemicals are used in the process, the <strong>chemical oxygen demand</strong> also drops by about 35%.</li>
<li>The biocatalyst is stable at a high temperature (approx. 90&deg; C) and pH, because of which up to 95% of the enzyme can be <strong>recovered</strong> and <strong>reused,</strong> after a single process.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Biocatalyst</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>enzyme or a protein</strong> that increases or catalyzes the rate of a biochemical reaction.</li>
<li>An amylase-based biocatalyst is like a protein that <strong>breaks down</strong> the starch into simple sugar molecules increasing the rate of a biochemical reaction.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is the <strong>amount of oxygen required</strong> to oxidize all of the organic carbon completely <strong>into CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O.</strong></li>
<li>It is a method of determining the amount of oxygen that gets consumed by a body as a result of bacterial action in the water.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was founded in 1948.</li>
<li>The purpose behind its establishment was to develop an internal strength in the country to generate, assimilate and innovate technologies for the leather sector.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/clris-biocatalyst-cuts-effluent-discharge-during-leather-processing/article29362259.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/biocatalysts-cutting-effluent-discharge'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Ocean Energy',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568017316_Ocean%20Energy (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568017316_Ocean Energy (Mind Map).png" width="496" height="1389" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ocean-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/ocean-energy-mind-map'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Nilgiri Tahr',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, Nilgiri tahr&rsquo;s population has increased from 568 in 2018 to 612 in 2019 in the <strong>Mukurthi National Park, Tamil Nadu.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The recent increase has favoured a healthy sex ratio i.e.slightly skewed in favour of female goats.</li>
<li>There has been almost<strong> 27% increase in the population of the tahr in the Nilgiris over the last three years.</strong></li>
<li>Factors responsible for maintaining an increase in the population of Nilgiri Tahr are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Keeping the national park closed to tourists and free from poaching</li>
<li>Fighting the spread of invasive flora.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Nilgiri Tahr<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568016805_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568016805_image1.jpg" width="212" height="158" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nilgiri Tahr is also known as Nilgiri Ibex.</li>
<li>It has been listed as <strong>&ldquo;Endangered&rdquo;</strong> by IUCN.</li>
<li>It has been listed under <strong>Schedule 1 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong> which provides absolute protection and offences under these are prescribed the highest penalties</li>
<li>The <strong>Adult males of Nilgiri Tahr</strong> species develop a light grey area or<strong> &ldquo;saddle&rdquo; on their backs</strong> and are hence called <strong>&ldquo;Saddlebacks&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>state animal of Tamil Nadu.</strong></li>
<li>It is found in <strong>open montane grassland</strong> habitat of rain forests ecoregion.</li>
<li>It is <strong>endemic to the Nilgiri Hills and the southern portion of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/environmental-conservation-with-grassroot-governance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Western Ghats</a></strong> in<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tamil Nadu</li>
<li>Kerala</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Threats:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Habitat loss (mainly from domestic livestock and spread of invasive plants)</li>
<li>Poaching,</li>
<li>Populations of these animals are small and isolated, making them vulnerable to local extinction,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-july-12-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Climate Change</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mukurthi National Park</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a protected area located in the northwest corner of Tamil Nadu in the Western Ghats.</li>
<li>The park was created to protect its <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/preservation-of-sundarban" target="_blank" rel="noopener">keystone species</a></strong>, the Nilgiri Tahr.</li>
<li>The park is characterised by montane grasslands and shrublands interspersed with sholas in a high altitude area of high rainfall, near-freezing temperatures and high winds.</li>
<li>It is also home to an array of endangered wildlife, including royal Bengal tiger and Asian elephant, but its main mammal attraction is the Nilgiri tahr.</li>
<li>The park was previously known as Nilgiri Tahr National Park.</li>
<li>It is part of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/khangchendzonga-to-be-included-in-the-world-network-of-biosphere-reserves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</strong></a> along with Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Bandipur National Park, Nagarhole National Park, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary and Silent Valley.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nilgiri-tahrs-population-up-27-in-three-years/article29369952.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source:TH</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nilgiri-tahr'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Hydrogels with Tunable Bactericidal Activities',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, researchers at the <strong>Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Kolkata</strong> has fabricated Hydrogels which can be tuned with different bacteria-killing properties.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These hydrogels were fabricated when the naturally occurring nucleoside molecule cytidine was self-assemble into a hydrogel in the presence of <strong>silver acetate and phenylboronic acid.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This hydrogel was found to exhibit antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacterial strains such as E.coli.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Silver Acetate</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Silver is known to have <strong>antibacterial property</strong> but it may not be used due to its <strong>toxicity.</strong></li>
<li>However, when silver acetate was incorporated in the hydrogel the toxicity was reduced and thus suitable for treating bacterial infections.</li>
<li>The hydrogel with the presence of silver reduces the cell size of the E.coli and disrupts its cell membrane, leading to leakage of cellular contents.</li>
<li>The <strong>hydrogel containing silver acetate</strong> was found to be <strong>non-toxic</strong> to normal kidney epithelial cells and red blood cells.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Boronic Acid</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By changing the Boronic Acid component in Hydrogel, a large number of hydrogels with different bacteria-killing properties can be created.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Unique Physical Properties of the Hydrogel</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Thixotropic property</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an ability to <strong>change a gel to a sol phase</strong> when subjected to <strong>mechanical shaking or stirring.</strong> When allowed to stand, it returns to its original gel phase.</li>
<li>The property of certain gels or fluids that are thick or viscous under static conditions and becomes fluid (become thin, less viscous) over time when shaken, agitated, sheared or otherwise stressed is <strong>termed as Thixotropy.</strong> E.g. Paint, the fluidity vanishes quickly and the surface sets permanent as water (or oil) evaporates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sol</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sol is a <strong>colloid</strong> (aggregate of very fine particles dispersed in a continuous medium) in which the particles are solid and the dispersion medium is fluid.</li>
<li>If the dispersion medium is water, the colloid may be called a hydrosol and if air, an aerosol.</li>
<li>They do <strong>not settle</strong> or separate over time</li>
<li>They display the <strong>Tyndall effect.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tyndall effect is a phenomenon of scattering of a beam of light by a medium containing small suspended particles&mdash;e.g., smoke or dust in a room, which makes visible a light beam entering a window.</li>
<li>This effect is exhibited by all colloidal solutions and some very fine suspensions. Therefore, it can be used to <strong>verify if a given solution is a colloid.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>pH-Responsive</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The hydrogel is stable between pH 3 and 6, whereas it becomes unstable at more acidic or alkaline pH.</li>
<li>The low pH helps to increase intrinsic antibacterial activities as well as changing the pH would act as an external stimulus for drug delivery through hydrogels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Uses of Hydrogel</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It can be used for drug delivery applications.</li>
<li>Intrinsic antibacterial activities.</li>
<li>Cancer drug chemotherapy</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (ICAS) is the <strong>oldest institute</strong> in India devoted for research in frontier <strong>areas of basic sciences.</strong></li>
<li>It was founded in 1876.</li>
<li>It is here that Professor <strong>C V Raman discovered the celebrated Raman Effect for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Raman Effect</strong> is a <strong>change in the wavelength</strong> of light that occurs when a light beam is<strong> deflected by molecules.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>E.Coli Bacteria:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aware" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gram-negative,</strong></a> <strong>anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria</strong>.</li>
<li>It is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms.</li>
<li>Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/iacs-fabricates-hydrogels-with-tunable-bactericidal-activities/article29362252.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hydrogels-with-tunable-bactericidal-activities'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'National Genomic Grid',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the government has announced to set up a <strong>National Genomic Grid (NGG),</strong> which will<strong> study genomic data of cancer patients from India.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NGG will <strong>collect samples from cancer patients,</strong> through a <strong>network of pan-India collection centres</strong> by bringing all cancer treatment institutions on board.</li>
<li>The grid to be formed will be in line with the <strong>National Cancer Tissue Biobank (NCTB)</strong> set up at the Indian Indian Institute of Technology, Madras.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Cancer Tissue Biobank (NCTB), is a <strong>joint initiative</strong> of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India and Indian Institute of Technology, Madras.</li>
<li><strong>The biobank collects cancer tissue samples with consent from patients diagnosed with cancer.</strong></li>
<li>The aim is to provide researchers with high quality of cancer tissues and the patient data in order to facilitate cancer research that will lead to improvements in cancer diagnosis and treatment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This research is carried out through the <strong>technique of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-sequencing-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Genome Sequencing.</a></strong></li>
<li>Moreover, under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-india-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genome India Initiative</strong></a>, the government plans to scan 20,000 Indian genomes (in the next five years) in order to develop <strong>diagnostic tests</strong> and effective therapies for <strong>treating diseases</strong> such as cancer.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Application</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Through the National Genomic Grid, the government <strong>seeks to boost cancer research</strong> and make treatment viable for people of different economic classes.</li>
<li>NGG will help to <strong>study genomic factors</strong> influencing cancer and identifying the right treatment modalities for the Indian population.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/health-minister-announces-plans-of-genomic-grid-for-india-specific-cancer-research/article29364981.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-genomic-grid'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'China Funding NGOs Against Hydro Projects',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to Government officials, China is trying to fund certain civil society organizations to incite <strong>protests against hydropower projects in Arunachal Pradesh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NGOs are protesting on India&rsquo;s <strong>efforts to revive work on the long-pending hydro projects,</strong> including the 2,000 megawatts (MW) Lower Subansiri and 2,880MW Dibang projects by state-run NHPC Ltd.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government is also trying to expedite the completion of <strong>600MW Tawang-I and 800MW Tawang-II</strong> projects in Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
<li>NGO are protesting. for <strong>protection of the Forest Rights Act and ecological importance of the region.</strong> The region is home to exotic species like barking deer, sambar, wild yak, serow, goral, wild boar, red panda, clouded leopard, snow leopard and musk deer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The hydropower potential of Arunachal Pradesh:</strong> There are 103 private hydropower projects in the state (still to take off) with a total capacity of <strong>35 gigawatts (GW).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Framework on Transboundary River between India and China</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is <strong>no bilateral water treaty</strong> between India and China, <strong>except</strong> only a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/high-water-discharge-from-china-threatens-arunachal-assam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)</strong></a> on the Brahmaputra and Sutlej for sharing hydrological data related to floods and emergencies exists.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for the revival of hydropower projects in Arunachal Pradesh</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China is working on an ambitious <strong>$62-billion south-north water diversion scheme</strong> for the Yarlung Tsangpo, the upper stream of the Brahmaputra river.</li>
<li>China seeks to implement the Brahmaputra project to <strong>address its water woes</strong> arising from the demographic explosion, industrial upsurge, the rapid expansion of cities, and greater demand for irrigated agriculture farming.</li>
<li>According to China: <strong>90 % of Tibetan runoff flows downstream to South Asia and Southeast Asia.</strong></li>
<li>Thereby, China is aggressively <strong>working for its priority rights</strong> and is actively building dams on the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra), to claim it&rsquo;s right under <strong>Principle of Prior Appropriation.</strong></li>
<li>India fears that if China builds dam projects in the Tibetan plateau, it would <strong>threaten to reduce the flow of river water into India.</strong></li>
<li>Therefore, in response to that India is of the view that <strong>any delay in building hydropower projects</strong> in Arunachal Pradesh on rivers originating in China will <strong>affect India&rsquo;s strategy of establishing its prior-use claim over the waters.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Principle of Prior Appropriation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The principle of prior appropriation favours neither upstream or downstream State but the one that puts the water to first use, thereby protecting the right to first use of water as in the past.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, according to some experts, <strong>80 %of the waters of the Brahmaputra are added to the river after it enters India.</strong> Hence, Chinese building a dam on the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra), thus, need not be viewed with alarm.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/china-funding-ngos-against-hydro-projects-in-arunachal-pradesh-1567963168729.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: LiveMint</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-funding-ngos-against-hydro-projects'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Time-Bank in Madhya Pradesh',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the <strong>Madhya Pradesh government&rsquo;s Happiness department</strong> has planned to set up a <strong>TimeBank.&nbsp;</strong>TimeBank is&nbsp;a <strong>reciprocal service exchange</strong> which uses units of time as a currency.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>TimeBank would lend <strong>currency in exchange for an hour.</strong></li>
<li>This earned hour could be used to <strong>learn a new skill,</strong> without the need to pay any paper money.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Underlying Idea</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The core value behind this idea is that we all are assets that are driven by reciprocity. Giving focused attention to each &amp; every voice will help <strong>promote the equality and dignity of labour.</strong></li>
<li>It is a new way to link <strong>untapped social capacity to unmet social needs.</strong></li>
<li>Whenever a bank member needs a service or wants to acquire a skill, for e.g, gardening or playing the guitar, the member could exchange a credit worth an hour with another member knowing that particular skill.</li>
<li>In the beginning, the <strong>50,000</strong> volunteers registered with the department through local networks will form <strong>community-level banks</strong> and list skills they could impart or services they could offer. This will help in building the trust factor as known individuals will interact with one another.</li>
<li>Later, an experienced volunteer will induct new members and keep a record of all the transactions.</li>
<li>It can be considered as a <strong>modern barter system.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>History</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The idea of Timebank was conceived in 1827. But the concept gained popularity with the setting up of the <strong>first Time Bank in Japan in 1973.</strong></li>
<li>Later, the CEO of TimeBanks U.S.A popularized the idea of <strong>Time Dollars.</strong></li>
<li>Today, there are more than <strong>500</strong> such communities across <strong>32</strong> countries.</li>
<li>It can also be noted that earlier in October 2018 a panel of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/protection-of-human-rights-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)</strong></a> on disability and elderly persons had <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>recommended the &ldquo;time bank&rdquo; scheme</strong></a> to take care of senior citizens who are living alone without any support from their family.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Madhya Pradesh is the <strong>first state</strong> in the country that created the <strong>Happiness Department</strong> in 2016.</li>
<li>The state government also prepared a <strong>happiness calendar</strong> for helping its citizens to remain happy and dedicated to the right causes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mps-happiness-dept-to-open-time-bank/article29369985.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source- TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/time-bank-in-madhya-pradesh'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Ocean Energy',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy</strong> has declared <strong>Ocean Energy</strong> as <strong>renewable</strong> energy.</li>
<li>Includes all forms of ocean energy such as <strong>tidal, wave, current, ocean thermal etc</strong> and makes them eligible for meeting the <strong>non-solar Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>What is Ocean Energy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Oceans&rsquo; water movement</strong> creates a <strong>vast store of kinetic energy</strong> (energy in motion) in the various forms of renewable energy viz wave energy, tidal energy, ocean current energy, salinity gradient energy and ocean thermal gradient energy which can be <strong>harnessed to generate electricity.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Types of Ocean Energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tidal Energy-</strong> Like conventional hydroelectric dams, power plants are built on river estuaries and hold back huge amounts of tidal water twice a day which generates electricity when released. India is expected to have 9,000 MW of tidal energy potential.</li>
<li><strong>Wave Energy-</strong> This is generated by the movement of a device either floating on the surface of the ocean or moored to the ocean floor.</li>
<li><strong>Current Energy-</strong> It is very similar to the wind above the oceans. Underwater turbines, large propellers tethered to the seabed, are moved with the marine currents to generate electricity. According to the <strong>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),</strong> given the scale of open ocean currents, there is a promise of significant project scale growth when technologies harness lower-velocity currents.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was created in <strong>1988</strong> by the <strong>World Meteorological Organization (WMO)</strong> and <strong>the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).</strong></li>
<li>Currently has <strong>195</strong> members.</li>
<li>Headquartered in <strong>Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>It has the objective to provide governments at all levels with <strong>scientific information</strong> that they can use to <strong>develop climate policies.</strong></li>
<li>It provides regular assessments of the scientific basis of climate change, its impact and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation.</li>
<li>It gives the report on <strong>Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation</strong> among other various reports.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ocean Thermal Energy-</strong> Oceans are huge heat reservoirs as they cover almost 70% of Earth&rsquo;s surface. The temperature difference between warm surface waters and the cold deeper layers can be used to generate steam and then power.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The technology which uses ocean temperature differences from the surface to depths lower than 1,000 meters, to extract energy.</li>
<li>Research focuses on <strong>two types of OTEC technologies-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>Closed cycle method,</strong> a working fluid (ammonia) is pumped through a heat exchanger for evaporation and the steam runs a turbine. The vapour is turned back to fluid (condensation) by the cold water found at the depths of the ocean where it returns to the heat exchanger.</li>
<li>In <strong>Open cycle method,</strong> the warm surface water is pressurized in a vacuum chamber and converted to steam which runs the turbine. The steam is then condensed using cold ocean water from lower depths.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has high (94%) capacity factor which makes it the best power source and although it has a high initial cost, low maintenance and regular power supply makes it an attractive alternative.</li>
<li>OTEC is supplied by an infinite supply of solar energy and the stored energy in it after sundown makes it a 24 hour power supplier.</li>
<li>There are no emissions from the OTEC power plants so air quality will not be degraded.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Osmotic Energy-</strong> This technique produces energy from the movement of water across a membrane between a saltwater reservoir and fresh water reservoir. It is also called <strong>Salinity Gradient Energy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Salient Features</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Predictable and Reliable:</strong> Unlike wind, ocean energy sources are more predictable. The endless flows create a reliable supply source for future availability.</li>
<li><strong>Global presence:</strong> Tidal streams and ocean currents are available almost everywhere across the globe.</li>
<li><strong>Energy-rich:</strong> Moving water is more than 800 times denser than moving air, which multiplies the kinetic energy by the same factor and opens up the scope of huge amounts of energy.</li>
<li><strong>Unlimited usage area:</strong> Land is a scarce resource for many regions so on-shore solutions have to compete and can extend to a limit but ocean energies are provided by the vast and deep oceans ending the competition.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To <strong>accelerate and enhance support</strong> for the resource assessment and deployment of ocean energy in the country.</li>
<li>To harness the ocean energies for power generation and to overcome the barrier of energy deficiency.</li>
<li>This sector has been <strong>opened to the public and private sectors</strong> so that more projects can be carried out in India.</li>
<li><strong>Industry led research and development proposals are invited</strong> from stakeholders, for solving problems in Indian conditions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Limitations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Deployment is currently limited</strong> in our country and already deployed technologies are under utilised.</li>
<li>Either there is <strong>not much research done</strong> on the technologies or most are currently at the initial stage of R&amp;D, demonstration and commercialization.</li>
<li><strong>Uncertainty of the marine environment</strong> and <strong>commercial scale risks</strong> like- corrosion of materials due to the salinity of seawater, offshore maintenance difficulties, the environmental impact on landscapes and the marine ecosystem and competition from other marine activities such as fishing.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Potential</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Total identified potential of <strong>Tidal Energy</strong> is about <strong>12455 MW,</strong> with potential locations identified at <strong>Khambat &amp; Kutch regions,</strong> and large backwaters, where barrage technology could be used.</li>
<li>The total theoretical potential of <strong>wave energy</strong> is estimated to be about <strong>40,000 MW.</strong> This energy is however less intensive than what is available in more northern and southern latitudes.</li>
<li><strong>OTEC</strong> has a theoretical potential of <strong>180,000 MW</strong> in India subject to suitable technological evolution.</li>
<li>Ocean energy has the potential to grow fully,<strong> fuelling economic growth, reducing carbon footprint</strong> and <strong>creating jobs</strong> not only along the coasts but also inland along its supply chains.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has a <strong>long coastline</strong> with the estuaries and gulfs which can be fully used to harness this energy.</li>
<li>Tidal streams and ocean currents are huge and almost endless resources which can be used with relatively small environmental interactions for large scale electricity generation.</li>
<li>Basic R&amp;D is being looked after by <strong>National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai under the Ministry of Earth Sciences</strong> but more inputs by other prominent institutions will help us understand and develop the technologies faster.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Established in <strong>November 1993</strong> as an <strong>autonomous society</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences,</strong> Government of India.</li>
<li>It aims to develop reliable indigenous technologies to solve various engineering problems associated with harvesting of non-living and living resources in the <strong>Indian Exclusive Economic Zone.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ocean energy technology can help India stimulate innovation, create economic growth and new jobs as well as to reduce its carbon footprint.</li>
<li>It will also <strong>help India to support its neighbouring countries who have energy deficits,</strong> for their better economic growth and can guide them on their way to being self sufficient in energy sector.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/ocean-energy-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/ocean-energy'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'National Infrastructure Pipeline',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Central Government has constituted <strong>a task force</strong> to draw up a <strong>National Infrastructure Pipeline</strong> for each of the financial years from <strong>2019-20 to 2024-25.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Task Force is <strong>chaired by the Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs,</strong> Ministry of Finance.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Infrastructure Pipeline</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This in line with the Prime Minister&rsquo;s Independence day speech that Rs.100 lakh crore ($1.4 trillion) would be invested in infrastructure over the next five years.</li>
<li>National Infrastructure Pipeline will ensure that infrastructure <strong>projects are adequately prepared and launched.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Infrastructure projects will include both <strong>social and economic</strong> infrastructure projects.</li>
<li>It would include <strong>greenfield and brownfield projects</strong> costing <strong>above Rs 100 crore</strong> each.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Each Ministry/ Department would be responsible for the monitoring of projects so as to ensure their timely and within-cost implementation.</li>
<li>It will help in stepping-up annual infrastructure investment <strong>to achieve the Gross Domestic Product <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(GDP) of $5 trillion by 2024-25.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the past decade (2008-17), India invested about $1.1 trillion on infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Terms of Reference of the Task Force</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To <strong>identify technically feasible and economically viable infrastructure projects</strong> that can be initiated in the Financial Year (FY) 2019-20.</li>
<li>To list the projects that can be included in the pipeline for each of the remaining 5 years between FY 2021-25.</li>
<li>To estimate annual infrastructure investment/capital costs.</li>
<li>To guide the Ministries in identifying appropriate sources of financing.</li>
<li>To suggest <strong>measures to monitor the projects</strong> so that cost and time overrun is minimized.</li>
<li>To enable robust <strong>marketing of the pipeline of projects</strong> requiring private investment through the <strong>India Investment Grid (IIG), National Investment &amp; Infrastructure Fund (NIIF),</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Investment Grid</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India Investment Grid (IIG)</strong> is an initiative of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dipp-renamed-as-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department for Promotion of Industry &amp; Internal Trade (DPIIT)</strong></a> Ministry of Commerce and <strong>Invest India,</strong> the National Investment Promotion and Facilitation Agency.</li>
<li>It showcases a menu of investment options across India on <strong>a single online interactive platform.</strong> It connects potential investors to project promoters across India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Investment &amp; Infrastructure Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Investment &amp; Infrastructure Fund (NIIF)</strong> is an Indian-government backed entity established to provide <strong>long-term capital to the country&rsquo;s infrastructure sector.</strong></li>
<li>The Indian government has a 49% stake in NIIF with the rest held by foreign and domestic investors.</li>
<li>With the Centre&rsquo;s significant stake, NIIF is considered India&rsquo;s <strong>quasi-sovereign wealth fund.</strong></li>
<li>Across its three funds- Master Fund, Fund of Funds, and Strategic Fund - it manages over $3 billion of capital.</li>
<li>Its registered office is in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1584408" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-infrastructure-pipeline'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'The Problem of Skilling India',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>&ldquo;The article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-problem-of-skilling-india-unemployment-joblessness-modi-government-5973808/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The problem of skilling India</strong></a> that was published in The Indian Express on 7<sup>th</sup> September. It talks about the issues and challenges associated with Skill Development in India.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
<h3>Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/unemployment-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">unemployment</a> rate</strong> reached 34% among the 20-24 year-olds in the first quarter of 2019 &mdash; it was 37.9% among the urban lot.</li>
<li>At least eight million new job seekers enter the job market every year. In 2017, only 5.5 million jobs had been created, and the situation is worsening: Unemployment rate is the highest in 45 years today.</li>
<li>According to the last 2018 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/periodic-labour-force-survey-plfs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)</strong></a>, the unemployment rate among the urban 15-29-years-old was 23.7%.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Skill Training and Unemployment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This pervasive joblessness is mainly due to the poor training of the youth as only 7% of the people surveyed in the framework of the PLFS declared any formal or informal training.</li>
<li>The current data suggest that <strong>only 2.3% of the workforce in India has undergone formal skill training</strong> as compared to 68% in the UK, 75% in Germany, 52% in the USA, 80% in Japan and 96% in South Korea.</li>
<li>On the other hand, according to a recent survey, 48% of Indian employers reported difficulties filling job vacancies due to <strong>skill shortage.</strong></li>
<li>The CMIE reports show that the more educated Indians are, the more likely they are to remain unemployed too. <strong>The last PLFS for 2018 revealed that 33% of the formally trained 15-29-year-olds were jobless.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives Taken</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>&ldquo;Skill India&rdquo; programme,</strong> that aims to train a minimum of 300 million skilled people by the year 2022.</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(PMKVY)</a>,</strong> a dimension of skill India, under which the training fees were paid by the government. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its main tool was the &ldquo;short-term training&rdquo;, which could last between 150 and 300 hours, and which included some placement assistance by Training Partners upon successful completion of their assessment by the candidates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2014, <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship</strong> was created to harmonise training processes, assessments, certification and outcomes and, crucially, to develop Industrial Training Institutions (ITIs) &mdash; the building blocks of this endeavour.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Shortcomings in the Desired Outcome</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The target of Skill India was to reach out to 300 million young people by 2022, but only 25 million had been trained under this scheme by the end of 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is <strong>partly due to mismanagement</strong> and partly due to <strong>not spending available funds</strong> because of lack of candidates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Even those who have been trained under Skill India and PMKVY are unable to find jobs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The number of those who have benefited from the Skill India scheme has increased, from 3,50,000 in 2016-17 to 1.6 million in 2017-18, but the percentage of those who could find a job upon completion of their training has dropped from more than 50% to 30%.</li>
<li>Under PMKVY, only 15% of those trained got a job.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges in Skill Development</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Insufficient training capacity:</strong> The training was not sufficient to ensure a job for those who got the training &ndash; and this is why the employability rate remains very low.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of entrepreneurship skills:</strong> While the government expected that some of the PMKVY-trainees would create their own enterprise, only 24% of the trainees started their business. And out of them, only 10,000 applied for MUDRA loans.</li>
<li><strong>Low industry interface:</strong> Most of the training institutes have low industry interface as a result of which the performance of the skill development sector is poor in terms of placement records and salaries offered.</li>
<li><strong>Low student mobilization:</strong> The enrolment in skill institutes like ITIs, and polytechnics, remains low as compared to their enrolment capacity. This is due to low <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/70-youth-unaware-of-govts-skill-development-programmes-wef" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>awareness level among youths</strong></a> about the skill development programmes.</li>
<li><strong>Employers&rsquo; unwillingness:</strong> India&rsquo;s joblessness issue is not only a skills problem, it is representative of the lack of appetite of industrialists and SMEs for recruiting.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to limited access to credit because of Banks&rsquo; NPAs, investment rate has declined and thus a negative impact on job creation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enhanced Expenditure on Education and Training:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the long run, Skill India will also not be enough if government expenditures in education remain low and if, therefore, the ground isn&rsquo;t prepared for proper training.</li>
<li>Government allocation for school education has declined from 2.81% of the budget in 2013-14 to 2.05% in 2018-19 which is further alarming situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Evaluation of Training Institutes:</strong> NSDC should also develop some techniques to evaluate the performance of training institutes and encourage them to perform better.</li>
<li><strong>Skills survey:</strong> Surveys can be conducted to find the exact skill requirements from the employers. Analysis of such surveys would help in designing course structures of the training programs and thus standardized course curriculum or training delivery systems can be developed.</li>
<li>India needs to <strong>learn from technical and vocational training/education models in China, Germany, Japan, Brazil, and Singapore,</strong> who had similar challenges in the past, along with learning from its own experiences to adopt a comprehensive model that can bridge the skill gaps and ensure employability of youths.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #ebfaf8;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></span><br /><br />&ldquo;Discuss the issues and challenges associated with skill development in India and also suggest measures to enhance the skills and hence employability of Indian youths&rdquo;.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Craniopagus Twins',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, India has successfully performed rarest <strong>of the rare surgery on Craniopagus Twins.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This was the <strong>first successful craniopagus conjoined twin separation surgery</strong> from India wherein <strong>both the children had survived.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Worldwide only 10-15 children have survived after surgical separation</strong> of this condition in the last 50 years.</li>
<li>All modern adjuncts of technology for surgical planning, 3D print model technology for brain and skull model development, venous bypass, staged surgeries and continuous post-operative care is needed for craniopagus surgery.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Craniopagus Twins</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Craniopagus twins are conjoined twins that are <strong>fused at the skull.</strong></li>
<li>It represents the<strong> rarest of congenital abnormalities.</strong></li>
<li>Conjoined twins are <strong>genetically identical and always share the same sex.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/craniopagus-twins-head-home/article29355180.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/craniopagus-twins'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Indus Valley Civilization’s Independent Origin ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to a study of <strong>DNA</strong> (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) from skeletal remains excavated from the Harappan cemetery at <strong>Rakhigarhi</strong> (the biggest IVC site located in Haryana) , the researchers found that the people in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley Civilization</strong></a> (IVC) have an <strong>independent origin.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study <strong>negates</strong> the theory of the Harappans having Steppe pastoral or ancient <strong>Iranian farmer ancestry.</strong> As per the study, the DNA does not contain any genome from either the Steppe region or the ancient Iranian farmers.</li>
<li>The finding also refuses the hypothesis about mass migration that happened during Harappan times from outside South Asia.</li>
<li>According to the study, the <strong>genetic continuity</strong> from hunter-gatherer to modern times is clearly visible in the DNA results. The same hunter-gatherer communities developed into agricultural communities and formed the Harappan civilization.</li>
<li>The researchers, therefore, concluded that farming in South Asia was not due to the movement of people from the farming cultures of the west to the Indian subcontinent, &amp; people during IVS developed their own <strong>farming culture.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indus Valley Civilization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is popularly known as <strong>Harappan Civilization.</strong></li>
<li>It flourished around 2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia, in contemporary Pakistan and Western India.</li>
<li>The Indus Valley was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China.</li>
<li>In the 1920s, the Archaeological Department of India carried out excavations in the Indus valley wherein the ruins of the two old cities, viz. Mohenjodaro and Harappa were unearthed.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indus-valley-settlers-had-a-distinct-genetic-lineage/article29355941.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indus-valley-civilization-s-independent-origin'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Controlling Hepatitis B',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, <strong>Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Thailand</strong> became the <strong>first four countries in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-regional-committee-for-south-east-asia" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Health Organization&rsquo;s Southeast Asia region</a></strong> to have successfully controlled <strong>Hepatitis B.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>When the disease prevalence is<strong> reduced to less than 1% among children less than five years of age</strong> the Hepatitis B virus is said to be <strong>controlled.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hepatitis B</strong> infection at a young age turns chronic, causing over 1,00,000 premature deaths annually from liver cirrhosis or liver cancer.</li>
<li>Despite the introduction of hepatitis B vaccine in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intensified-mission-indradhanush-best-practice-in-the-world-bmj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Immunisation Programme</strong></a> <strong>in 2002</strong> and <strong>scaling-up nationwide in 2011</strong>, about <strong>one million people</strong> in India become chronically infected with the virus <strong>every year.</strong></li>
<li>High prevalence among children aged less than five years <strong>has not dropped below 1%</strong> due to <strong>suboptimal coverage of birth dose in all infants within 24 hours of birth.</strong></li>
<li>Hepatitis B birth dose, given in the <strong>first 24 hours,</strong> helps to <strong>prevent vertical transmission from mother to child.</strong></li>
<li>Nearly,<strong>70-90% newborns infected</strong> and <strong>20-30% carriers</strong> are the result of Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B , in India.</li>
<li>Although the Health Ministry has approved the birth dose in 2008, its coverage remained low &mdash; 45% in 2015 and 60% in 2016 &mdash; according to a <strong>2019 Health Ministry report.</strong></li>
<li>Reasons for the low coverage are :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>fear of wastage of vaccine</strong> when a 10-dose vial is used.</li>
<li>Unawareness of health-care workers about WHO recommendation that allows <strong>Hepatitis B Open-Vial Policy</strong> which states that vaccine can be kept for a maximum duration of 28 days for use in other children if the vaccine meets certain conditions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hepatitis B</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>viral infection</strong> that attacks the <strong>liver</strong> and can cause both <strong>acute and chronic disease.</strong></li>
<li>The virus is most commonly transmitted from <strong>mother to child during birth</strong> and delivery, as well as through <strong>contact with blood or other body fluids.</strong></li>
<li>It is the primary cause of<strong> liver cancer.</strong></li>
<li>Hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccines that are safe, available and effective.</li>
<li>Every year, <strong>World Hepatitis Day</strong> is celebrated on the <strong>28<sup>th</sup> of July.</strong></li>
<li>It is among the four diseases apart from HIV-AIDS, TB, Malaria for which, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization (WHO)</strong></a> officially endorses disease-specific global awareness days.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-weak-chase-on-controlling-hepatitis-b/article29345193.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/controlling-hepatitis-b'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Indoor Air Pollution',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to the Centre for Science &amp; Environment (CSE), the three-year average levels of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-global-air-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM 2.5</strong></a> atmospheric particulate matter (with a diameter less than 2.5 microns) during 2016-18 were <strong>25% lower</strong> than the 2011-14 baseline (three-year average).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Though the number of days with severe PM 2.5 levels have come down since 2015, Delhi still needs to cut pollution levels by 65% to meet global air quality standards.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indoor Pollution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The environmental <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/air-pollution-and-life-expectancy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">air pollution</a></strong> and indoor air pollution are inseparably linked, as people spend around 90% of their time staying indoors.</li>
<li>According to the <em><strong>State Of Global Air Report 2019,</strong></em> an estimated 846 million people in India were exposed to household air pollution in 2017. That forms around <strong>60%</strong> of the country&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>Gases and particles in the air can be divided into <strong>two categories: primary and secondary sources.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Primary gases</strong> and components are <em><strong>emitted directly from sources</strong></em> that include the building itself, consumer products (e.g. personal care products, cleaning or cooking products, equipment and office products, off-gassing from items brought into the home), microbial and human metabolic emissions, and also the entry of outdoor air into the house through openings, ventilation systems or leaks.</li>
<li><strong>Secondary gases</strong> are produced through <em><strong>chemical reactions</strong></em> in the air. For e.g, cooking releases a large amount of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), CO<sub>2</sub> (Carbon Dioxide), NOx (Nitrogen Oxide) and other particles. VOCs and NOx react in the presence of sunlight to form <strong>ozone.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ground-level ozone not only has long-term effects on human health but is also a critical pollutant in smog.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Harmful Effects of Indoor Pollution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Exposure to ground-level ozone increases a person&rsquo;s likelihood of dying from respiratory disease, specifically <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/higher-mortality-from-cardio-vascular-diseases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cardiovascular diseases.</strong></a></li>
<li>In 2017, exposure to PM 2.5 was the <strong>third leading risk</strong> factor for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-injection-for-type-2-diabetes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>type 2 diabetes</strong></a>-related deaths and disability.</li>
<li>Nitrogen oxide (NOx) can cause <strong>inflammation</strong> of the airways. Long-term exposure can diminish lung function and increase susceptibility to allergens.</li>
<li>Particulate matter from burning cigarettes, mosquito coils in a closed indoor environment can lead to increased cases of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, following prolonged exposure.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567848976_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1567848976_image2.jpg" width="406" height="582" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Related Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cooking, cleaning, and other routine household activities generate significant levels of volatile and particulate chemicals</li>
<li>The purpose of the experiment <strong>HOMEChem (House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry)</strong> conducted by The University of Texas was to identify the sources of chemical oxidants in the indoor environment, and how they were affected by human activities and changes in light conditions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are two main associated issues that were identified are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>First, the issue of solid fuel use in homes- a problem associated with <strong>rural</strong> households, and</li>
<li>Second, the issue of exposure related to cooking, smoking, use of incense and/or mosquito coils, consumer products, infiltration of outdoor air, etc. This has more relevance in <strong>urban</strong> households, offices and public spaces.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Simple measures such as, <strong>cooking with appropriate ventilation</strong> (especially when frying food), <strong>avoiding</strong> the use of incense sticks and candles, room fresheners, etc., (whenever possible), and <strong>restricting</strong> the infiltration of outdoor air, especially on days when pollution levels are high can help to <strong>keep a check</strong> on indoor air pollution in urban households.</li>
<li>It is important to note that buildings in India often have natural ventilation and tend to be leaky. Special care is needed to <strong>fully seal</strong> the building.</li>
<li>There is a big gap in the lack of a standard to measure indoor air pollution that needs to be resolved. In India, indoor air is as bad as outdoor air.</li>
<li>Household air pollution needs to remain a<strong> focus for policy action,</strong> especially in Asia and Africa, where the use of solid fuel for residential cooking and heating is still very high.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/indoor-air-pollution-the-invisible-adversary-1567759328936.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: Mint</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Avian Influenza',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>With effect from 3<sup>rd</sup> September 2019, India has been <strong>declared free from Avian Influenza (H5N1),</strong> which has also been notified to the <strong>World Organization for Animal Health (OIE).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The declaration is a result of measures taken to control the recent outbreak of the disease at several places in Jharkhand, Bihar and Odisha and hence there is <strong>no presence of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Virus.</strong></li>
<li>The status will last only till another outbreak is reported. India was <strong>last declared free of the disease in 2017.</strong></li>
<li>This declaration is important not just from the poultry industry standpoint, but also because humans can contact the disease from animals. Though the pathogen is not capable of sustained human-to-human transmission.</li>
</ul>
<h3>About Avian Influenza</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Avian influenza (AI) is a highly <strong>contagious viral disease</strong> affecting several species of <strong>food-producing birds</strong> (chickens, turkeys, quails, guinea fowl, etc.), as well as pet birds and wild birds. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Occasionally mammals, including humans, may contract avian influenza.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes based on two surface proteins, <strong>Hemagglutinin (HA)</strong> and <strong>Neuraminidase (NA).</strong> For example, a virus that has an HA 7 protein and NA 9 protein is designated as subtype H7N9.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Avian influenza virus subtypes include A(H5N1), A(H7N9), and A(H9N2).</li>
<li>HPAI A(H5N1) virus occurs mainly in birds and is highly contagious among them.</li>
<li><strong>HPAI Asian <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gene-editing-to-halt-human-flu-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener">H5N1</a> is especially deadly for poultry.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Avian Influenza outbreaks can lead to devastating consequences for the country, particularly the poultry industry.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Farmers might experience a high level of mortality in their flocks, with rates often around 50%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevention: Strict biosecurity</strong> measures and good <strong>hygiene</strong> are essential in protecting against disease outbreaks.</li>
<li><strong>Eradication:</strong> If the infection is detected in animals, a policy of <strong>culling infected and contact animals</strong> is normally used in an effort to rapidly contain, control and eradicate the disease.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Organization for Animal Health</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The OIE is an <strong>intergovernmental organisation</strong> responsible for improving animal health worldwide.</li>
<li>It is recognised as a reference organisation by the World Trade Organization (WTO).</li>
<li>In 2018, it had a total of 182 Member Countries.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in <strong>Paris, France.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-declared-free-of-avian-influenza-h5n1-virus-5974116/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
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