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Mullaperiyar Dam

Why in News The Ministry of Jal Shakti has constituted a three-member Supervisory Committee to settle the issue of Mullaperiyar dam between Kerala...

13 Dec 2019 News Analysis
National Financial Reporting Authority

The National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) was constituted on 1st October, 2018 by the Government of India under section 132 (1) of the...

13 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Kuchipudi Dance Form

Kuchipudi is one of the 8 classical dance forms of India. The dance form has emerged from a popular theatrical art ‘Kuchipudi...

13 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Contraction in Index of Industrial Production

Why in News According to the data released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), the quick estimates of Index of...

13 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Samagra Shiksha

Why in News Ministry of Human Resource Development is implementing the Scheme of Vocationalisation of School Education. Under the scheme, a...

13 Dec 2019 News Analysis
India’s Trade: Challenges and Opportunities

This article is based on “India’s bane is its non-competitiveness”, which was published in The Hindu BusinessLine on 11/12/2019....

12 Dec 2019 News Editorials
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code

For...

12 Dec 2019 Paper 3
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code

Why in News The Union Cabinet has approved the proposal to make amendments in the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016, through the Insolvency...

12 Dec 2019 Paper 3
Shore Temple

Why in News The shoreline on the northern side of the Shore temple in Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu is facing severe sea erosion. Shore Temple is...

12 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Subramaniya Bharathi

Why in News The Prime Minister of India paid tribute to poet-reformer Subramania Bharathi on his 137th birth anniversary, describing him as a symbol...

12 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019

Why in News The Parliament has passed the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill (CAB), 2019. The Bill seeks to grant Indian Citizenship to persons...

12 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Taj Trapezium Zone

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court has permitted Northern Railways to cut over 400 trees in the Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) for construction of an...

12 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Heavy Metals Contaminating India’s Rivers

Why in News Recently, the Central Water Commission (CWC) has reported that the samples from two-thirds of the water quality stations spanning...

12 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Retributive Justice

This article is based on “Demonising the legal system won’t help” which was published in The Hindu on 09/12/2019. It highlights...

11 Dec 2019 News Editorials
‘World Habitat Award’ for Odisha’s JAGA Mission

Why in News Recently, Odisha has won the 'World Habitat Award' for its ambitious initiative- Jaga Mission. It aims at transforming the slums into...

11 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Aung San Suu Kyi to Defend Myanmar in ICJ

Recently, Gambia has filed an application at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), accusing Myanmar of violating the 1948 Genocide...

11 Dec 2019 News Analysis
SkillsBuild Platform: IBM

Why in News Recently, SkillsBuild platform was launched by the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) in collaboration with...

11 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Nagaland Extends ILP in Dimapur

Why in News Recently, the Nagaland government has extended the Inner Line Permit (ILP) system to the district of Dimapur. This step was taken to...

11 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Problem of Open Defecation in India

This article is based on “How big a challenge is sustaining India's open-defecation free status” which was published in Down To Earth...

10 Dec 2019 News Editorials
The Big Picture - Election Commission: Collegium System & Appointments

Recently, the Supreme Court had agreed to hear a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) seeking the appointment of Chief Election Commissioner and...

10 Dec 2019 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions

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			'title' => 'Mullaperiyar Dam',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576225283_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576225283_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="280" height="298" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-shakti-mantralaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Jal Shakti</strong></a> has constituted a <strong>three-member Supervisory Committee</strong> to settle the issue of <strong>Mullaperiyar dam</strong> between <strong>Kerala and Tamil Nadu.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tension between the two states over the issue has persisted since the <strong>1960s,</strong> with Kerala citing concerns regarding the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/dam-safety-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>dam&rsquo;s safety</strong></a> and arguing for the reduction of the dam&rsquo;s water levels.</li>
<li>But with the water from the dam being diverted to five districts in Tamil Nadu and its importance in the state&rsquo;s irrigation and power production practices, Tamil Nadu has consistently opposed this.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mullaperiyar Dam</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Mullaperiyar dam is located on the <strong>confluence</strong> of the <strong>Mullayar and Periyar rivers</strong> in <strong>Kerala&rsquo;s Idukki district.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>operated and maintained</strong> by the <strong>Tamil Nadu</strong> for meeting the drinking water and irrigation requirements of five of its southern districts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to a 999-year lease agreement made during the British rule the operational rights were handed over to Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The dam intends to divert the waters of the <strong>west-flowing river Periyar</strong> eastward to the arid rain shadow regions of the Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Periyar River</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Periyar River is the <strong>longest river in the state of Kerala</strong> with a length of 244 km.</li>
<li>It is also known as <strong>&lsquo;Lifeline of Kerala&rsquo;</strong> as it is one of the few <strong>perennial rivers</strong> in the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A perennial river is a channel that has continuous flow in parts of its stream bed all year round.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Periyar River <strong>originates</strong> from <strong>Sivagiri hills of Western Ghats</strong> and flows through the<strong> Periyar National Park.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>main tributaries</strong> of Periyar are Muthirapuzha, Mullayar, Cheruthoni, Perinjankutti.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1596261" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mullaperiyar-dam'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'National Financial Reporting Authority',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) was constituted on 1<sup>st</sup> October, 2018 by the Government of India under <strong>section 132 (1) of the Companies Act, 2013.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Need:</strong> In the wake of accounting scams, a need was felt to <strong>establish an independent regulator</strong> for enforcement of auditing standards and ensuring the quality of audits so as to enhance investor and public confidence in financial disclosures of companies.</p>
<p><strong>Composition:</strong> The Companies Act requires the NFRA to have a chairperson who will be appointed by the Central Government and a maximum of 15 members.</p>
<h3>Functions and Duties</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recommend accounting and auditing policies and standards to be adopted by companies for approval by the Central Government;</li>
<li>Monitor and enforce compliance with accounting standards and auditing standards;</li>
<li>Oversee the quality of service of the professions associated with ensuring compliance with such standards and suggest measures for improvement in the quality of service;</li>
<li>Perform such other functions and duties as may be necessary or incidental to the aforesaid functions and duties.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Powers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It can probe listed companies and those unlisted public companies having paid-up capital of no less than Rs 500 crore or annual turnover of no less than Rs 1,000 crore.</li>
<li>It can investigate professional misconduct committed by members of the <strong>Institute of Chartered Accountants of India</strong> (ICAI) for prescribed class of body corporate or persons.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/nfra-finds-gaps-in-audit-report-of-deloitte-haskins-and-sells-on-ifin-6164480/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Kuchipudi Dance Form',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Kuchipudi is one of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indian-classical-dances" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>8 classical dance forms of India.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The dance form has <strong>emerged from a<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576223232_kuchipudi.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576223232_kuchipudi.jpg" width="238" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a> popular theatrical art &lsquo;Kuchipudi Yakshagana&rsquo;</strong> named after the place of its origin, the village Kuchipudi in Andhra Pradesh.</li>
<li>It is <strong>performed as dance drama</strong> i.e. performance in groups and also as solo items.</li>
<li><strong>Siddendra Yogi,</strong> the disciple of Narayana Theertha who lived in the <strong>17<sup>th</sup> century,</strong> is credited to have systemised the art form of Kuchipudi Yakshagana.</li>
<li>Costumes, ornaments and jewellery occupy an important place.</li>
</ul>',
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Contraction in Index of Industrial Production',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the data released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), the quick estimates of <strong>Index of Industrial Production (IIP)</strong> stands at 127.7 for October 2019, which is <strong>3.8% lower</strong> as compared to the level in the month of October 2018. This contraction is due to demand slump in economy and fall in activity across sectors such as manufacturing, electricity, infrastructure etc.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Retail inflation</strong> (measured by the Consumer Price Index) surged to a <strong>40-month high</strong> of <strong>5.54%</strong> in November 2019, owing to rising food inflation.</li>
<li>The combination of contraction in industrial activity and rising inflation has led experts to fear that India is entering a phase of <strong>stagflation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Stagflation<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576222648_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576222648_image1.jpg" width="242" height="161" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Stagflation means a situation characterized by <strong>simultaneous increase in prices</strong> and <strong>stagnation of economic growth.</strong></li>
<li>It is described as a situation in the economy where the growth rate slows down, the level of unemployment remains steadily high and yet the inflation or price level remains high at the same time.</li>
<li><strong>Dangerous for the economy</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In a usual low growth situation, central banks and government try to stimulate the economy through higher public spending and low interest rates to create demand.</li>
<li>These measures also tend to elevate prices and cause inflation. So, these tools cannot be adopted when inflation is already running high, which makes it difficult to break out of low growth-high inflation trap.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>solution</strong> lies in increasing productivity, this enables higher growth without inflation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Index of Industrial Production<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576222686_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576222686_image2.png" width="224" height="389" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) maps the <strong>change in the volume of production in Indian industries.</strong></li>
<li>It is estimated and published on a monthly basis by the <strong>Central Statistical Organisation (CSO)</strong> under MoSPI.</li>
<li>It is currently calculated using <strong>2011-2012 as the base year.</strong></li>
<li>The IIP is basically divided into three sectors, though a use-based classification is also provided by the CSO.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> three sectors</strong> include: Mining, Manufacturing and Electricity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Electricity, crude oil, coal, cement, steel, refinery products, natural gas, and fertilisers are the<strong> eight core industries</strong> that comprise about 40% of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use based classification include:</strong> Primary Goods, Capital Goods, Intermediate Goods, Infrastructure/ Construction goods, Consumer durables and Consumer nondurables.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Calculation</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The index is created by giving different weights to each sector and every month, production is tracked.</li>
<li>Finally, the index value is compared to the value it had in the same month last year to figure out the economy&rsquo;s industrial health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Consumer Price Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inflation</strong> refers to the rise in the prices of most goods and services of daily or common use, such as food, clothing, housing, recreation, transport, consumer staples, etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It measures the average price change in a basket of commodities and services over time. The opposite and rare fall in the price index of this basket of items is called &lsquo;deflation&rsquo;.</li>
<li>It is indicative of the decrease in the purchasing power of a unit of a country&rsquo;s currency. This is measured in percentage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In India, inflation is primarily measured by two main indices &mdash; <strong>WPI (Wholesale Price Index)</strong> and <strong>CPI (Consumer Price Index),</strong> which measures wholesale and retail-level price changes, respectively. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The goods or services sold by businesses to smaller businesses for selling further is captured by the WPI.</li>
<li>The CPI is an index measuring retail inflation in the economy by collecting the change in prices of most common goods and services used by consumers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/retail-inflation-soars-to-over-3-year-high-of-554-on-costlier-food-items/article30287926.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contraction-in-index-of-industrial-production'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Samagra Shiksha ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Ministry of Human Resource Development is implementing the <strong>Scheme of Vocationalisation of School Education.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the scheme, a vocational subject is offered for Classes IX to XII along with the general education to provide necessary employability and vocational skills for a variety of occupations.</li>
<li>The above scheme is being implemented under the umbrella of <strong>&lsquo;Samagra Shiksha &ndash; an integrated scheme for school education&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Samagra Shiksha</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Samagra Shiksha is an<strong> integrated</strong> scheme for school education extending from <strong>pre-school to class XII</strong> to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education at <strong>all levels</strong> of school education.</li>
<li>It <strong>subsumes</strong> the three Schemes of<strong> Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Teacher Education (TE).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme treats school education holistically as a <strong>continuum from Pre-school to Class 12.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The main emphasis of the Scheme is on improving the quality of school education by focussing on the <strong>two T&rsquo;s &ndash; Teacher and Technology.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vision:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The vision of the Scheme is to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education from pre-school to senior secondary stage in accordance with the <strong>Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)</strong> for Education.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>SDG-4.1:</strong> Aims to ensure that all boys and girls complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes.</li>
<li><strong>SDG 4.5:</strong> Aims to eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The scheme mainly aims to support States in the implementation of the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009.</strong></a></li>
<li>Right to Education Act (RTE) is a fundamental right under <strong>Article 21-A</strong> of the Constitution of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding Pattern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Scheme is being implemented as a <strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The fund sharing pattern for the scheme between Centre and States is at present in the ratio of <strong>90:10 for the North-Eastern States and the Himalayan States</strong> and <strong>60:40 for all other States and Union Territories with Legislature.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>100% centrally sponsored for Union Territories without Legislature.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The scheme also proposes to give flexibility to the States and UTs to plan and prioritize their interventions within the scheme norms and the overall resource envelope available to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1596200" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samagra-shiksha'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'India’s Trade: Challenges and Opportunities',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/indias-bane-is-its-non-competitiveness/article30268935.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;India&rsquo;s bane is its non-competitiveness&rdquo;</strong></a>, which was published in The Hindu BusinessLine on 11/12/2019. It highlights the significance of trade and discusses the challenges and missed opportunities for Indian trade.</p>
</div>
<p>Traders, throughout history, have sought new markets and been natural globalisers. Spices from India were so valuable in Europe that the voyage of Christopher Columbus to find a shorter sea route to India was financed. The East India Company, too, was formed for trade.</p>
<h3>Journey and Impact of Trade</h3>
<p><a href="/gs-special/gs-special-world-history/colonialism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Colonialism and Industrial Revolution</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The benefits of free trade and production based on<strong> comparative advantage</strong> became key tenets of economic theory, leading to <strong>colonisation</strong> as a later consequence.</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Industrial Revolution:</strong> With the advent of the <strong>Industrial Revolution,</strong> competitive advantage in industrial production was created through technology and innovation. The first movers and leaders sought global markets and gained disproportionately through trade.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Impact on the East</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s impoverishment</strong> began in the 19<sup>th</sup> Century, with the beginning of the <strong>industrial revolution in England</strong> and the colonisation of India by the East India Company.</li>
<li>As industrialisation matured in England, <strong>poverty in India became extreme,</strong> with the large-scale destruction of artisanal jobs, especially in textiles, with thriving cities like Dhaka experiencing depopulation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This was captured in the economic writings of Indians at the end of the 19<sup>th</sup> and the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, and provided the intellectual underpinning of Swadeshi and Khadi in the freedom struggle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the 20<sup>th</sup> century, as<strong> Japan industrialised,</strong> it followed the example of England and began to colonise its neighbouring areas &mdash; <strong>Korea and western China &mdash;</strong> creating a larger captive market for its industrial goods.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ushering in of Free Trade</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Later, <strong>after World War-II,</strong> the US &mdash; as the leader of the West and the pre-eminent global industrial and intellectual power&mdash;<strong> promoted free trade.</strong></li>
<li>This culminated in the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> WTO</strong> </a><strong>agreement in 1994,</strong> thereby ending the era where countries, after decolonisation, were trying to industrialise with <strong>infant industry protection,</strong> which had been used successfully in the past.</li>
</ul>
<h3>China&rsquo;s Success vis-a-vis India</h3>
<p><strong>China v/s India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1991 &mdash; the year of Indian economic reforms and opening up of the country to globalisation &mdash; the <strong>per capita incomes of India and China were the same. Technological capacities</strong> were at similar levels.</li>
<li>China is today the factory of the world. It has eliminated poverty. Its <strong>GDP and per capita incomes are five times that of India.</strong> China chose to craft its own pragmatic path to success.</li>
<li>China became a <strong>member of the WTO only in 2000,</strong> and that too with difficulty. But this did not slow China&rsquo;s phenomenal rise.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>China&rsquo;s Rise and its Impact</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In response to China&rsquo;s rise, an apprehensive US has now got the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/significance-of-g-20-amidst-a-geo-economic-flux" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20</strong> </a>to change the formulation in their joint statements <strong>from &lsquo;free trade&rsquo; to &lsquo;fair trade&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Trump&rsquo;s unambiguous<strong> &lsquo;America first&rsquo; policy</strong> and his <strong>trade hostilities with China</strong> have strong appeal with many Americans.</li>
<li>Having conquered global markets, China is now the <strong>proponent of free trade</strong> and <strong>globalisation</strong> at World Economic Forum. The <strong>OBOR and the RCEP</strong> are being promoted by China, which is on its way to becoming a superpower.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Apprehensions in New Trade Regime</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s lost opportunities:</strong> India lost out to China mainly due to absence of reforms and missing out on the manufacturing stage, hopping directly to the service sector for its growth and employment. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This (over) reliance of India on service sector proved costly as it impacted its capacity building in manufacturing and absorbed only the skilled and educated labour, leaving behind a vast population.</li>
<li>This also impacted India&rsquo;s prowess in global exports and trade, especially in perspective of &lsquo;America First&rsquo; policy and protectionism of the US.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>RCEP anxiety:</strong> In the run-up to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/regional-comprehensive-economic-partnership-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RCEP negotiations</strong></a>, India hardly saw any benefits from joining the RCEP. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The experience of India&rsquo;s <strong>FTAs with Asian countries</strong> has shown that the Indian industry has not experienced the anticipated gains as it did not undertake the reforms needed to improve competitiveness.</li>
<li>By that implication, joining the <strong>RCEP would pose a problem.</strong> But it would then compel India to undertake requisite reforms and become competitive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Losing to China:</strong> The real loss in this period, however, has been through the g<strong>rowing trade with China.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Growing imports of consumer goods, thermal power plants &mdash; and now solar panels and exports of primary products like iron ore and cotton &mdash; constitute India&rsquo;s trade with China.</li>
<li>All that is imported was being made and can be made in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Free Trade:</strong> Globally, there is <strong>stagnant demand in the West,</strong> excess, competitive <strong>manufacturing capacity in China</strong> and huge <strong>growing demand in India.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The logic of free trade is for India&rsquo;s growing demand to be met by China&rsquo;s excess capacity and India&rsquo;s inefficient, non-competitive capacities to close down without the need for the creation of new capacity.</li>
<li>Joining the RCEP would only accelerate the process. This may be a major factor in the structural nature of the present severe economic downturn.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs to take a hard look at its choices. Creating global competitiveness and doing all that it takes to do so, including abandoning conventional ways of thinking, cannot be delayed.</li>
<li>Better-functioning factor markets and reducing costs for businesses are overdue.</li>
<li>Smarter, creative policies for developing and nurturing the nation&rsquo;s industrial and technological capacities need to be crafted.</li>
<li>Economic nationalism and greater ambition is the need of the hour.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 511px; border-style: dotted; border-color: #3f14ff; background-color: #daebed;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>India needs to reform its domestic economic policies, to make its trade more competitive, instead of missing out on opportunities of regional trade blocks. Comment. (250 words)</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-trade-challenges-and-opportunities'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577357857_Insolvency%20and Bankruptcy Code (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577357857_Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Mind Map).png" width="488" height="1003" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-mindmap'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has approved the proposal to make amendments in the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016,</strong></a> through the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Bill, 2019. The amendments aim to remove certain difficulties being faced during insolvency resolution process to realise the objects of the code and to further ease doing of business.</p>
<h3>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016</h3>
<p><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016</strong> provides a time-bound process for resolving insolvency in companies and among individuals.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Insolvency</strong> is a situation where individuals or companies are unable to repay their outstanding debt.</li>
<li><strong>Bankruptcy,</strong> on the other hand, is a situation whereby a court of competent jurisdiction has declared a person or other entity insolvent, having passed appropriate orders to resolve it and protect the rights of the creditors. It is a legal declaration of one&rsquo;s inability to pay off debts.</li>
<li>The Government implemented the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) to consolidate all laws related to insolvency and bankruptcy and to tackle Non-Performing Assets (NPA), a problem that has been pulling the Indian economy down for years.</li>
<li>The Code is quite different from the earlier resolution systems as it shifts the responsibility to the creditor to initiate the insolvency resolution process against the corporate debtor.</li>
<li>The recently proposed amendments aim to remove bottlenecks, streamline the corporate insolvency resolution process, and protect the last mile funding in order to boost investment in financially distressed sectors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ring-fencing the companies resolved under the IBC from regulatory actions during past management can make the IBC process attractive for investors and acquirers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Objectives of IBC</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To consolidate and amend all existing insolvency laws in India.</li>
<li>To simplify and expedite the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Proceedings in India.</li>
<li>To protect the interest of creditors including stakeholders in a company.</li>
<li>To revive the company in a time-bound manner.</li>
<li>To promote entrepreneurship.</li>
<li>To get the necessary relief to the creditors and consequently increase the credit supply in the economy.</li>
<li>To work out a new and timely recovery procedure to be adopted by the banks, financial institutions or individuals.</li>
<li>To set up an Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India.</li>
<li>Maximization of the value of assets of corporate persons.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Salient features of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Covers all individuals, companies, Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) and partnership firms.</li>
<li>Adjudicating authority:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)</strong> for companies and LLPs</li>
<li><strong>Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT)</strong> for individuals and partnership firms</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Insolvency Resolution Process</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Insolvency resolution process can be initiated by any of the stakeholders of the firm: firm/debtors/creditors/employees.</li>
<li>If the adjudicating authority accepts, an <strong>Insolvency resolution professional (IP)</strong> is appointed.</li>
<li>The power of the management and the board of the firm is transferred to the <strong>committee of creditors (CoC).</strong> They act through the IP.</li>
<li>The IP has to decide whether to revive the company (insolvency resolution) or liquidate it (liquidation).</li>
<li>If they decide to revive, they have to find someone willing to buy the firm.</li>
<li>The creditors also have to accept a significant reduction in debt. The reduction is known as a haircut.</li>
<li>They invite open bids from the interested parties to buy the firm.</li>
<li>They choose the party with the best resolution plan, that is acceptable to the majority of the creditors (75 % in CoC), to take over the management of the firm.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Establishment of an <strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India</strong> to exercise regulatory oversight over insolvency professionals, insolvency professional agencies and information utilities.</li>
<li><strong>Insolvency professionals</strong> handle the commercial aspects of insolvency resolution process.</li>
<li><strong>Insolvency professional agencies</strong> develop professional standards, code of ethics and be first level regulator for insolvency professionals members leading to development of a competitive industry for such professionals.</li>
<li><strong>Information utilities</strong> collect, collate, authenticate and disseminate financial information to be used in insolvency, liquidation and bankruptcy proceedings.</li>
<li>Enabling provisions to deal with <strong>cross border insolvency.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Achievements of the IBC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IBC is a vast improvement on the two earlier laws legislated to recover bad loans &mdash;the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 (SICA) and the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (RDDB).</li>
<li><strong>Speedier Resolution:</strong> Before IBC, resolution processes took an average of 4-6 years, after the enactment of IBC, they came down to 317 days.</li>
<li><strong>Higher Recoveries:</strong> Recoveries are also higher: 43% after the IBC, against 22% before it.</li>
<li>Due to the institution of IBC, we have seen that many business entities are paying up front before being declared insolvent. The success of the Act lies in the fact that many cases have been resolved even before it was referred to NCLT.</li>
<li>A steady increase in the number of admitted corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP) cases. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By the end of March 2019, a total of 1858 cases were admitted for resolution &ndash; of which 152 have been appealed/reviewed/settled, 91 have been withdrawn, 378 ended in liquidation and 94 have ended in approval of resolution plans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges for IBC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lack of operational NCLT benches:</strong> Though the government had, in July 2019, announced setting up of 25 additional single and division benches of NCLT at various places including Delhi, Jaipur, Kochi, Chandigarh, and Amravati, most of these remain non-operational or partly operational on account of lack of proper infrastructure or adequate support staff.</li>
<li><strong>low approval rate of resolution plans:</strong> According to the data from the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI), of the 2,542 corporate insolvency cases filed between December 1, 2016 and September 30, 2019, about 156 have ended in approval of resolution plans &mdash; a mere 15%.</li>
<li>High number of liquidations is a cause for major worry as it violates IBC&rsquo;s principal objective of resolving bankruptcy.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/issues-in-ibc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Slow judicial process</strong></a> in India allows the resolution processes to drag on, this was the same reason for slow recovery under SICA or RBBD.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Operationalisation of IBC, till now, has been spoiled by myriad factors ranging from frivolous challenges posed by operational creditors and promoters to shortage of judges in tribunals. As a result, an important piece of legislation like IBC, which was expected to usher in a new era of ease of doing business, may fall into the trap of implementation failure. Timely amendments, which provide more teeth to the Code, can only rescue the process. New amendments of 2019 in IBC should be closely watched and observed in that light.</p>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-mindmap" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-3'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Shore Temple',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576140538_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576140538_image5.jpg" width="464" height="319" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p>The shoreline on the northern side of the Shore temple in <strong>Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu</strong> is facing severe sea erosion.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Shore Temple is one among a number of Hindu monuments at Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram), on the Coromandel Coast of <strong>Tamil Nadu.</strong></li>
<li>It is considered the finest early example of medieval southern Indian temple architecture.</li>
<li>It was built probably in the reign of <strong>Narasimhavarman II, also known as Rajasimha (Pallava ruler)</strong> who reigned from 700 to 728 CE.</li>
<li>Unlike most of its neighbours at the site, it is <strong>built of cut stones</strong> rather than carved out of caves.</li>
<li>It has two shrines, one dedicated to<strong> Shiva and the other to Vishnu.</strong></li>
<li>It has been built in<strong> Dravidian style.</strong> Its style is characterized by a <strong>pyramidal<em> kutina</em>-type tower</strong> that consists of stepped stories topped by a cupola and finial, a form quite different from the northern Indian <em>sikhara.</em></li>
<li>The Mamallapuram monuments and temples, including the Shore Temple complex, were collectively designated a <strong>UNESCO World Heritage site in 1984.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mamallapuram-awaits-a-rescue-act/article30280681.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shore-temple'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Subramaniya Bharathi',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576139710_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576139710_image4.jpg" width="156" height="203" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>The Prime Minister of India paid tribute to poet-reformer Subramania Bharathi on his <strong>137<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary,</strong> describing him as a symbol of patriotism.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>C. Subramaniya Bharathi</strong>&nbsp;was born on 11<sup>th</sup> December 1882, in Ettayapuram village of Tirunelveli District in Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>He was a <strong>poet, freedom fighter and social reformer from Tamil Nadu.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was known as <strong>Mahakavi Bharathiyar</strong> and his songs on nationalism and freedom of India helped to rally the masses to support the Indian Independence Movement in Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few of his poems are: &ldquo;Kannan Pattu, Nilavum Vanminum Katrum, Panchali Sabatam and Kuyil Pattu&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He published the sensational <strong>&ldquo;Sudesa Geethangal&rdquo;</strong> in 1908.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In order to proclaim its revolutionary ardour, Bharathi had the weekly newspaper named &lsquo;India&rsquo; printed in red paper. It was the first paper in Tamil Nadu to publish political cartoons. He also published and edited a few other journals like <strong>&ldquo;Vijaya&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>He attended the annual sessions of Indian National Congress and discussed national issues with extremist leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal, B.G. Tilak and V.V.S. Iyer. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>His participation and activities in<strong> Benaras Session (1905)</strong> and <strong>Surat Session (1907)</strong> of the Indian National Congress impressed many national leaders for his patriotic fervour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1595824" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/subramaniya-bharathi'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Parliament has passed the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill (CAB), 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill seeks to grant Indian Citizenship to persons belonging to <strong>Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi</strong> and <strong>Christian</strong> communities who have migrated to India after facing persecution on <strong>grounds of religion</strong> in <strong>Pakistan, Afghanistan</strong> and <strong>Bangladesh.</strong></li>
<li>It basically intends to make it easier for<strong> non-Muslim immigrants</strong> from India&rsquo;s three Muslim-majority neighbours to become citizens of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, <strong>citizenship is regulated by the Citizenship Act, 1955.</strong> The Act specifies that citizenship may be acquired in India through five methods &ndash; by birth in India, by descent, through registration, by naturalisation (extended residence in India), and by incorporation of territory into India.</li>
<li>However, <strong>illegal migrants cannot become Indian citizens.</strong> Under the Act, an illegal migrant is a foreigner who: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>enters the country without valid travel documents like a passport and visa, or&nbsp;enters with valid documents, but stays beyond the permitted time period.</li>
<li>Illegal migrants may be put in jail or deported under the Foreigners Act, 1946 and the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2015 and 2016,<strong> the government exempted specified groups of illegal migrants</strong> from provisions of the 1946 and 1920 Acts. They were Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, who reached India on or before December 31, 2014.</li>
<li>This meant that these particular categories of illegal migrants would not be deported or jailed for being in India without valid documents.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-sabha-passes-citizenship-amendment-bill-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016</a></strong> was introduced in Parliament to amend the Citizenship Act, 1955, so that these people could be made eligible for citizenship of India.</li>
<li>The Bill lapsed with the dissolution of the 16th Lok Sabha. Subsequently, the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 was introduced in Lok Sabha in December 2019.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576144008_1576139111_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576144008_1576139111_image3.jpg" width="576" height="261" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Features</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Citizenship on the basis of religion:</strong> The Bill amends the Citizenship Act, 1955, and for the first time, will grant citizenship on the basis of religion to non-Muslim communities from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, who entered India on or before December 31, 2014.</li>
<li><strong>Non - Muslim Communities Included:</strong> Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian. This implies that migrants, who identify themselves with any group or community other than those mentioned here, from the above mentioned countries won't be eligible for citizenship.</li>
<li><strong>Exceptions:</strong> The provisions on citizenship for illegal migrants <strong>will not apply to two categories -</strong> states protected by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nagaland-extends-ilp-in-dimapur" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Inner Line&rsquo;</strong></a>, and areas covered under the <strong>Sixth Schedule</strong> of the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Inner Line Permit (ILP):</strong> This is a special permit that citizens from other parts of India require to enter a state protected by the ILP regime. Without an ILP granted by the state government, an Indian from another state cannot visit a state that is under the ILP regime.</li>
<li><strong>Sixth Schedule:</strong> The Sixth Schedule relates to special provisions in administration of certain Northeastern states (Assam, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Tripura). It provides special powers for Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) in these states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Citizenship by Naturalization</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under The Citizenship Act, 1955, one of the requirements for citizenship by naturalisation is that the applicant must have resided in India <strong>during the last 12 months,</strong> as well as for <strong>11 of the previous 14 years.</strong></li>
<li>The amendment<strong> relaxes</strong> the second requirement from <strong>11 years to 5 years</strong> as a specific condition for applicants belonging to the specified six religions, and the above mentioned three countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Additional Ground for Cancelling Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) Registration i.e.</strong> violation of any law notified by the central government. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the Bill does not provide any guidance on the nature of laws which the central government may notify. The Supreme Court has noted that this guidance is necessary to set limits on the authority&rsquo;s powers and to avoid any arbitrariness in exercise of powers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arguments Against the Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The fundamental criticism of the Bill has been that it <strong>specifically targets Muslims.</strong> Critics argue that it is<strong> violative of Article 14 of the Constitution</strong> (which guarantees the right to equality) and the principle of<strong> secularism.</strong></li>
<li>India has several other refugees that include<strong> Tamils from Sri Lanka</strong> and <strong>Hindu Rohingya from Myanmar</strong>. They are <strong>not covered under the Act.</strong></li>
<li>Despite exemption granted to some regions in the Northeastern states, the prospect of citizenship for massive numbers of illegal Bangladeshi migrants has triggered deep anxieties in the states.</li>
<li>It will be difficult for the government to differentiate between illegal migrants and those persecuted.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arguments in Favour</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government has clarified that Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh are Islamic republics where<strong> Muslims</strong> are in majority hence they <strong>cannot be treated as persecuted minorities.</strong> It has assured that the government will examine the application from any other community <strong>on a case to case basis.</strong></li>
<li>This Bill will come as a big boon to all those people who have been the<strong> victims of Partition</strong> and the subsequent conversion of the three countries into theocratic Islamic republics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Citing partition between India and Pakistan on religious lines in 1947, the government has argued that millions of citizens of undivided India belonging to various faiths were staying in Pakistan and Bangladesh from 1947.</li>
<li>The constitutions of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh provide for a specific state religion. As a result, many persons belonging to Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi and Christian communities have faced persecution on grounds of religion in those countries.</li>
<li>Many such persons have fled to India to seek shelter and continued to stay in India even if their travel documents have expired or they have incomplete or no documents.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>After Independence, not once but twice,<strong> India conceded that the minorities in its neighbourhood is its responsibility.</strong> First, immediately after Partition and again during the Indira-Mujib Pact in 1972 when India had agreed to absorb over 1.2 million refugees. It is a historical fact that on both occasions, it was only the Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists and Christians who had come over to Indian side.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-clears-citizenship-amendment-bill/article30279517.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/citizenship-amendment-bill-2019'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Taj Trapezium Zone',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Supreme Court has permitted Northern Railways to cut over 400 trees in the Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) for construction of an additional rail track between Delhi and Agra on the condition of mandatory compensatory afforestation.</p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Supreme Court Ruling:</strong> In response to a Public Interest Litigation seeking to protect the Taj Mahal from environmental pollution, the Supreme Court of India delivered a ruling in December,1996 that banned the use of coal/ coke in industries located in the TTZ.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It ordered for switching over from coal/ coke to natural gas, and relocating them outside the TTZ or shutting down.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Central Government in exercise of the powers conferred under the <strong>Environment (Protection) Act, 1986</strong> has constituted the <strong>Taj Trapezium Zone Pollution (Prevention and Control) authority in 1998.</strong></li>
<li><strong>TTZ</strong> is a defined area of 10,400 sq km around the Taj Mahal to protect the monument from pollution. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>TTZ is so named since it is located around the Taj Mahal and is shaped like a trapezium.</li>
<li>It comprises monuments including three <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-heritage-week-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Heritage Sites</strong></a> the <strong>Taj Mahal, Agra Fort </strong>and <strong>Fatehpur Sikri.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576136330_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576136330_image2.jpg" width="507" height="300" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Geographical location</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The geographical limits of the Taj Trapezium Zone is defined in the shape of a trapezium lying in the Agra Division of the <strong>State of Uttar Pradesh</strong> and in the Bharatpur Division of the <strong>State of Rajasthan.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.livemint.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: Live mint</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/taj-trapezium-zone'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Heavy Metals Contaminating India’s Rivers',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-water-commission-on-kerala-floods" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Water Commission (CWC)</strong></a> has reported that the samples from<strong> two-thirds of the water quality stations</strong> spanning India&rsquo;s major rivers are contaminated by<strong> one or more heavy metals, exceeding safe limits</strong> set by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bureau-of-indian-standards-bis-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bureau of Indian Standards</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The samples from only <strong>one-third</strong> of water quality stations were <strong>safe</strong> whereas <strong>65%</strong> were <strong>polluted</strong> by <strong>heavy metals.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density of at least 5 times greater than that of water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The exercise was <strong>limited to surface water</strong> and<strong> did not cover</strong> <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/groundwater-crisis-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>groundwater</strong></a> contamination.</li>
<li>The <strong>presence of metals</strong> in drinking water to <strong>some extent</strong> is <strong>unavoidable</strong> and certain metals, in<strong> trace amounts,</strong> are required for <strong>good health.</strong> However, when present above safe limits, they are associated with a range of disorders.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Long-term exposure</strong> to the heavy metals may result in physical, muscular, and neurological degenerative processes that mimic Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease, Parkinson&rsquo;s disease, muscular dystrophy and multiple sclerosis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576135756_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576135756_image1.jpg" width="263" height="177" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Iron</strong> emerged as the <strong>most common contaminant</strong> with<strong> above safe limits</strong> across the country.</li>
<li><strong>Arsenic and zinc</strong> are the two toxic metals whose concentration is always found within the limits.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Arsenic contamination is a major environmental issue that affects <strong>groundwater.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The other <strong>major contaminants</strong> found in the samples were<strong> lead, nickel, chromium, cadmium and copper.</strong></li>
<li>The contamination of water sites depends on the<strong> season.</strong> As the <strong>varied presence of contaminants</strong> is found in <strong>different seasons.</strong> Thus, the water samples were collected in <strong>three different</strong> seasons: <strong>Non-Monsoon, and Monsoon.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Non-Monsoon Period:</strong> Lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium and copper contamination were more common in this period.</li>
<li><strong>Monsoon Period:</strong> Iron, lead, chromium and copper exceeded &lsquo;tolerance limits&rsquo; in this period most of the time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Contamination of Surface Water</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main sources of heavy metal pollution are <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rat-hole-mining" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mining</strong></a>, milling, plating and surface finishing industries that discharge a variety of toxic metals into the environment.</li>
<li>The population growth and rise in agricultural and industrial activities are also responsible for contamination of surface water.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/heavy-metals-contaminating-indias-rivers/article30279681.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heavy-metals-contaminating-india-s-rivers'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Retributive Justice',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/demonising-the-legal-system-wont-help/article30239307.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Demonising the legal system won&rsquo;t help&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 09/12/2019. It highlights the challenges associated with retributive justice.</p>
</div>
<p>The demand for speedy retributive justice in the recent heinous crime done against a veterinarian has brought into light the question of extra-constitutional killings. The public sentiments, political demand of public lynching of rapists inter-alia have raised the debate whether a democratic country should follow the constitutional norms and adhere to the due process of law or shall it adopt the measures of retributive justice to bring instant and speedy justice to the victim.</p>
<h3>What do we mean by Retributive Justice?</h3>
<p>Retributive justice is a system of criminal justice based on the <strong>punishment of offenders rather than on rehabilitation.</strong> It is a theory of punishment that when an offender breaks the law, justice requires that he or she must <strong>suffer in return.</strong> It also requires that the response to a crime must be proportional to the committed offence.</p>
<h3>Current Issue</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While in India we have had a stringent, amended rape law in place and also fast track judicial processes, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/war-on-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>crime against women is still on the rise.</strong></a></li>
<li>In the recent Hyderabad case, the police first turned away the victim&rsquo;s family when they went to lodge a complaint and finally after the encounter of the four alleged convicts they claimed that the accused, who was under heavy police protection, tried to escape and had to be killed.</li>
<li>From protests on the ground, to the commentary on social media, to MPs in Parliament, the demand for the instant killing of the accused from all corners created the public opinion for the <strong>abandonment of the rule of law</strong> that appears to have led to the incident.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The argument in this regard is that there is a perception that the legal institutions are ill-equipped to deal with such crimes and to bring the perpetrators to justice. The rule of law is not giving women the due justice, and that at the very least, laws need to be amended to create a stronger deterrent and provide quicker closure to victims of crimes of sexual violence.</li>
<li>But this argument needs to be challenged. As per the <strong>National Crime Records Bureau data-2017, chargesheeting rates</strong> in cases of rape as well as rape and murder are higher than that for all other violent crimes, and the <strong>conviction rates are higher too,</strong> while the <strong>pendency rates</strong> are roughly the same as the average for all violent crimes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For several affected families, death is the only answer to rape. But public responses that equate judicial outcomes and justice to immediate and quick retribution are neither universal nor just.</li>
<li>This raises a concern whether retributive justice is the way to go in a democratic country that has a historical legacy of resisting violence in fundamentally non-retributive ways?</li>
</ul>
<h3>Constitutional Conflict</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a procedure prescribed by the law for criminal investigation which is embedded in constitutional principles. <strong>Article 21</strong> of the Constitution (which is fundamental and non-derogable) states that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hence, <strong>it is the responsibility of the police, being the officers of government, to follow the Constitutional principles and uphold the Right to Life</strong> of every individual whether an innocent one or a criminal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also in the <strong>Salwa Judum case in 2011</strong> a core constitutional precept was set out that in modern constitutionalism no wielder of power can be allowed to claim the right to perpetrate state&rsquo;s violence against anyone. This is also the touchstone of the constitutionally prescribed rule of law<strong> (Article 14).</strong></li>
<li>Also it was argued in the <strong>Encounters case</strong> before the Andhra Pradesh High Court, the discussion on the law was on &lsquo;whether a plea of self-defense where excessive force is used, should be tried for manslaughter or murder&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Till date, there is no law in force in India that authorises the police to kill. Hence, the plea of self-defence by police cannot be used to rationalise a targeted, premeditated killing of suspects in custody.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges with the Present System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stringent Laws:</strong> Some of the existing legal provisions are too harsh in ways that harm both men and women, and other important legal provisions are not being implemented. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even, the <strong>Justice Verma Committee report</strong> acknowledged the same and recommended at improving the status of women in <strong>non-legal ways</strong> alongwith its legal recommendations that included a much-needed broadening of the definition of rape and raising of the minimum sentence for rape to 10 years.</li>
<li>However, the <strong>Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013</strong> went well beyond what was recommended by the Verma Committee Report. It <strong>introduced the death penalty</strong> for some circumstances around rape, including repeat offences, despite the Verma Committee expressly arguing against this. These stringent provisions have had a few worrisome results:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>First, there has been further <strong>criminalisation</strong> (with longer sentences) of consenting underage couples (there are over 25% cases related to breach of promise to marry).</li>
<li>Second, laws have <strong>removed any discretion</strong> in minimum sentencing from the hands of judges. There is evidence that removing such discretion actually lowers the rate of conviction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate Protection:</strong> There is now a situation where there are not much loopholes in laws concerning sexual violence against women but on the other hand, there is <strong>no legal protection for adult men</strong> from rape; and under the new <strong>Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act,</strong> the sexual abuse of a transgender person carries a maximum sentence of two years only.</li>
<li><strong>Powerful Accused:</strong> There have been instances when the accused is a powerful person, there is an attempt of exhausting the individual&rsquo;s pre-trial options, including attempts to quash charges or shift the trial to a friendlier city, making a mockery of a fast-track case. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Other challenges include, the police officials refrain from filing an FIR (already a punishable act for the police), victims facing cross-examination about their past sexual histories, and little is done for rehabilitation or therapy offered to victims.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Time-consuming Process:</strong> Official statistics on the speed of trials by nature of crime are not maintained, however, there is anecdotal evidence that the <strong>average rape trial</strong> in a big city at the trial court stage is <strong>completed within two years,</strong> but the appellate process takes longer.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, in the 2012 Delhi case, the trial was conducted within a year, the High Court appeal by March 2014, and the Supreme Court appeal by May 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Justice in any civilised society is not just about retribution, but also about deterrence, and in less serious crimes, <strong>rehabilitation</strong> of the offenders. Although existing laws on sexual crimes and punishment need a better application, a recourse to brutal retribution as suggested unwisely by many is no solution.</li>
<li>The political sanction of &ldquo;encounter killings&rdquo; to deliver swift retribution would only be a disincentive for the police to follow due process and may even deter them from pursuing the course of justice. Far from ensuring justice to the victims, <strong>bending the law in such cases would only undermine people&rsquo;s faith in the criminal justice system.</strong></li>
<li>There is no doubt that the anguish or outrage of people in the aftermath of such horrific crimes is justified. There is a need to keep in sight of the rule of law and constitutional tenets. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ends of justice are not served by wanton killing and retributive blood lust. Justice lies in supporting them in their moment of grief and pain and insisting on due process that brings suspects and accused to trial through a robust, stringent and competent criminal investigation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>According to <strong>Dr. B.R. Ambedkar,</strong> the pathways of justice are not linear nor without obstacles. But we have, as a people, chosen the route of democracy and the Constitution, so we really have no option but to school ourselves in constitutional morality that with time must replace public morality.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" height="97">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcf5cc;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />&lsquo;The ends of justice are not served by wanton killing and retributive measures&rsquo;. In the light of the given statement, briefly discuss the significance of the due process of law in the criminal investigation in India.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/retributive-justice'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => '‘World Habitat Award’ for Odisha’s JAGA Mission',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Odisha</strong> has won the <strong>'World Habitat Award'</strong> for its ambitious initiative- <strong>Jaga Mission.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>aims</strong> at transforming the slums into liveable habitat with all necessary civic infrastructure and services at par with the better off areas within the same urban local body and to continuously improve the standard of the infrastructure and services and access to livelihood opportunities.</li>
</ul>
<h3>World Habitat Award</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This award is given by <strong>World Habitat,</strong> in partnership with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-habitat-assembly" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Habitat</strong></a>, <strong>every year</strong>, in recognition of innovative, outstanding, and revolutionary ideas, projects, and programmes from across the world in the field of housing.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Habitat or United Nations Human Settlements Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>United Nations agency for human settlements.</strong> It is mandated by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goal of providing adequate shelter for all.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1978</strong> as an outcome of the <strong>first UN Conference on Human Settlements and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat I)</strong> held in Vancouver, Canada, in 1976.</li>
<li>UN-Habitat is <strong>headquartered at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>World Habitat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>international not-for-profit organisation/foundation</strong> established in the <strong>United Kingdom.</strong></li>
<li>It works internationally to help bring the best housing to the people who need it the most.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Jaga Mission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Odisha Liveable Habitat Mission (OLHM)- JAGA</strong> is a society under the Housing &amp; Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha.</li>
<li>The <strong>slum land titling mission</strong> was being executed in <strong>collaboration with Tata Trusts</strong> and <strong>Norman Foster Foundation.</strong></li>
<li>Odisha government rolled out this <strong>first of its kind project</strong> on<strong> May 7, 2018.</strong></li>
<li>This mission was also awarded the <strong>'India Geospatial Excellence Award'</strong> for <strong>technological innovation</strong> in transforming the lives of urban poor.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Geospatial Excellence Award</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This award is given by <strong>GeoSmart India</strong> which is an <strong>interactive platform</strong> that demonstrates the collective and shared vision of the Indian geospatial community and is the <strong>most prominent stakeholder event</strong> of the <strong>Indian geospatial ecosystem.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/odisha-awarded-world-habitat-award-for-jaga-mission-119121000128_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-habitat-award-for-odisha-s-jaga-mission'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Aung San Suu Kyi to Defend Myanmar in ICJ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, <strong>Gambia</strong> has filed an application at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-court-of-justice-icj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Court of Justice (ICJ)</strong></a>, accusing Myanmar of violating the <strong>1948 Genocide Convention.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the first international legal attempt to bring Myanmar to ICJ over alleged mass killings of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-myanmar-rohingya-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rohingya minority</strong></a> in 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Muslim-majority<strong> Gambia,</strong> has filed this application on behalf of the 57-nation <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-attended-oic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Aung San Suu Kyi</strong> will defend Myanmar in the Hague against accusations of genocide. She is a Myanmar&rsquo;s State Counsellor and Nobel Peace laureate (awarded in 1990).</li>
<li>Myanmar, however, faces a number of legal challenges over the fate of the Rohingya, including a probe by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-criminal-court-icc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Criminal Court</strong> </a>(a separate war crimes tribunal) in the Hague and a lawsuit in <strong>Argentina.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Convention on Genocide</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>adopted in 1948</strong> in response to the atrocities committed during World War II and a UN resolution which recognised that <strong>"genocide is an international crime, which entails the national and international responsibility of individual persons and states."</strong></li>
<li>The Convention on Genocide was among the first United Nations (UN) conventions addressing humanitarian issues.</li>
<li>The Convention has since then been widely accepted by the international community and ratified by a majority of States.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Criminal Court (ICC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is governed by an international treaty called 'The Rome Statute&rsquo; which was adopted in 1998. The <strong>International Criminal Court (ICC)</strong> is the world&rsquo;s first permanent international criminal court.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Hague, Netherlands.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Court of Justice (ICJ)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-court-of-justice-icj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ICJ</strong></a> was established in 1945 by the United Nations charter and started working in April 1946.</li>
<li>It is the<strong> principal judicial organ of the United Nations,</strong> situated at the Peace Palace in the Hague (Netherlands).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-attended-oic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>OIC</strong></a> was formed in 1969 after a summit in Rabat, the Kingdom of Morocco on 25 September 1969.</li>
<li>The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is among the largest inter-governmental organizations in the world.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</li>
<li>It has 57 member states and 12 observers including the United Nations</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aung-san-suu-kyi-to-defend-myanmar-in-icj'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'SkillsBuild Platform: IBM',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>SkillsBuild platform</strong> was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development &amp; Entrepreneurship (MSDE)</strong> in collaboration with <strong>International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The digital platform will provide a <strong>two-year advanced diploma</strong> in Information Technology (IT), networking and cloud computing offered by the Industrial Training Institutes <strong>(ITIs)</strong> and National Skill Training Institutes <strong>(NSTIs).</strong></li>
<li>It will further be extended to train ITI &amp; NSTI faculty on building skills in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence (AI).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a digital platform developed by IBM and it enables holistic learning, aligning it with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skills India Initiative</strong></a> by Government of India.</li>
<li>India is the <strong>4<sup>th</sup> country</strong> to launch a platform for skill building after the <strong>UK, Germany and France.</strong></li>
<li>It will be accessible online through <strong>Bharat Skills</strong> &ndash; a learning management system for ITI/NSTI students and teachers and is free to use.</li>
<li>SkillsBuild will <strong>focus</strong> on:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Personalised coaching and experiential learning.</li>
<li>Developing the skills required to join the workforce in <strong>New Collar</strong> roles.</li>
<li>Bringing untapped talent to the fore.</li>
<li>Opening roles to individuals often excluded from the labour market due to disadvantaged backgrounds, lack of knowledge, skill or experience.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This platform will provide a <strong>personal assessment</strong> for cognitive capabilities and personality via <strong>MyInnerGenius</strong> (one of the world&rsquo;s leading career assessment companies) to youths/students.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>New Collar Roles</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>New Collar roles focus more on a <strong>candidate's skills</strong> during the hiring process, rather than his or her level of education.</li>
<li>A new-collar worker is an individual who develops the technical and soft skills needed to work in technology jobs <strong>through non-traditional education paths.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Example:</strong> Technical jobs including cloud computing technicians, database managers, cybersecurity, user interface designers and other IT roles.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1595528" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skillsbuild-platform-ibm'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Nagaland Extends ILP in Dimapur',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Nagaland government</strong> has extended the<strong> Inner Line Permit (ILP)</strong> system to the <strong>district of Dimapur.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This step was taken to exempt the entire district from the purview of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/upsc-ias-gs-paper-2-polity-the-citizenship-amendment-bill-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship Amendment Bill (CAB).</strong></a></li>
<li>So far, Dimapur was the only place in Nagaland which was not under the ILP system because the district is a commercial hub and has a mixed population (often referred to as &lsquo;Mini India&rsquo;).</li>
<li>Recently <strong>Manipur</strong> has also been brought <strong>under the purview of ILP System.</strong> Thus, the entire northeast India has been exempted from CAB <strong>except for Sikkim and non-tribal areas in Assam and Tripura.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576048524_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576048524_image1.jpg" width="492" height="671" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The extension of ILP to Dimapur has been issued under <strong>section 2 of the</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/entry-law-for-visitors-in-meghalaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873</strong></a> by the governor of Nagaland.</li>
<li>The extension of the ILP regime makes it <strong>mandatory</strong> for <strong>&ldquo;every non-indigenous person&rdquo;</strong> who entered the district after <strong>November 21, 1979, to obtain an ILP within 90 days.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Exemptions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Any <strong>non-indigenous persons living</strong> in Dimapur prior to <strong>November 21, 1979,</strong> with a <strong>certificate</strong> from the Deputy Commissioner.</li>
<li>Any non-indigenous person <strong>passing</strong> through Dimapur to other states as a <strong>transit passenge</strong>r with a<strong> valid document.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Citizenship Amendment Bill,2019 and North-East India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Protected by the ILP System: Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Mizoram</strong> have been <strong>exempted</strong> from the provisions of the <strong>Citizenship Amendment Bill (CAB), 2019</strong></li>
<li><strong>Sixth Schedule Areas:</strong> The <strong>whole of Meghalaya (except a part of Shillong), Mizoram and the tribal areas of Tripura and Assam</strong> are also exempted from the CAB. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sixth Schedule contains special provisions for the administration of <strong>tribal areas in the four north-eastern states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Inner Line Permit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inner Line Permit is an official travel document issued by the <strong>concerned State Government&nbsp;to allow inward travel</strong> of an Indian citizen into a protected/restricted area for a limited period.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>special permit required by &ldquo;outsiders&rdquo;</strong> from other regions of the country to enter the notified states.</li>
<li>It is based on the <strong>Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation Act (BEFR), 1873.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This act was enacted during the British era to protect the <strong>British interests from the hill tribals who used to invade the British subjects.</strong></li>
<li>An imaginary line known as the inner-line was created to divide between the two communities so that neither party could go beyond the line without a permit from the appropriate authorities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nagaland-extends-inner-line-permit-to-dimapur/article30270213.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Problem of Open Defecation in India',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/rural-water-and-sanitation/how-big-a-challenge-is-sustaining-india-s-open-defecation-free-status-67525" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;How big a challenge is sustaining India's open-defecation free status&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in Down To Earth on 31/10/2019. It talks about issues in India&rsquo;s pursuit of becoming open defecation free.</p>
</div>
<p>In the past four years, India has built 100 million toilets in about 0.6 million villages and 6.3 million in cities, making India largely open defecation free (ODF). The country has been declared open defecation free (ODF) &mdash; a seemingly impossible task just some years ago.</p>
<p>In this context, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)</strong></a> has become the global benchmark for participatory and transformative development. However, there are many challenges before India can truly claim itself as ODF.</p>
<h3>Problem of Open Defecation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Open defecation refers to the practise whereby people go out in fields, bushes, forests, open bodies of water, or other open spaces rather than using the toilet to defecate.</li>
<li>It poses a serious threat to the health of children in India.</li>
<li>It exposes women to the danger of physical attacks and encounters such as snake bites.</li>
<li>Poor sanitation also cripples national development, by diverting people&rsquo;s hard-earned money towards out of pocket expenditure on health (leading cause of dragging people into poverty), rather than productive investment like education.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Achievements under SBM</h3>
<p>SBM emphasizes generating awareness, sharing information and creating behaviour change to bridge the gap between building toilets and their proper use.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to government estimates, by February 2019, over 93 per cent of the country&rsquo;s rural households had access to toilets; over 96 per cent of them also used the toilets, suggesting an <strong>important change in behaviour.</strong></li>
<li>The government surveys suggest that 99 per cent of the toilets were well maintained, hygienic and in 100 per cent of these toilets, excreta was &ldquo;safely&rdquo; disposed &mdash; there was no pollution, <strong>no stagnant water, no wastewater and only minimal litter.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/gist-of-economic-survey/gist-of-economic-survey-2018-19/gist-of-economic-survey2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey 2018-19</strong></a> says the gains of the toilet programme are showing up in <strong>health indicators</strong> &mdash; dramatic reduction in diarrhoea and malaria cases in children under 5 years of age in districts with high coverage of toilets in households.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s achievement will also help it to meet its <strong>sustainable development goal 6.2, which aimed</strong> &ldquo; to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for its success</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Political leadership:</strong> Arguably the biggest game-changer for the SBM, was the Prime Minister of India investing his personal political capital in the mission.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It created a domino-like effect, cascading to the grassroots level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public financing:</strong> Over Rs 1 lakh crore was committed to ensuring universal access to sanitation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About 90% of the households which received toilets were from socially and economically weaker sections of society and they received financial incentives to build and use toilets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Partnerships:</strong> SBM partnered with implementers and influencers like: National and international development agencies, media houses, civil society, celebrities, as well as all departments/ministries of the government of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNICEF in India is working in collaboration with the Health Ministry to map <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/who-wash-strategy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WASH (Water Sanitation and Hygiene)</strong></a> compliance in health facilities in the most deprived districts and is making recommendations to address non-compliance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>All hands on deck approach:</strong> SBM trained over half a million swachhagrahis, (grassroots motivators), who triggered behaviour change in every village in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ordinary people undertook extraordinary roles and inspired others to build and use toilets.</li>
<li>SBM captured the imagination of the people, and became a people&rsquo;s movement or a jan andolan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges to ODF</h3>
<p>While the Swachh Bharat Mission has made rapid strides in terms of making toilets more pervasive throughout the country, entrenched socioeconomic factors may be limiting access to and use of sound sanitation practices in Indian villages.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Though the government has provided toilets but many areas in India are affected by <strong>water scarcity.</strong></li>
<li>There is the issue of <strong>excreta disposal.</strong> The toilets built by the government has a system for containment of the excreta, not its disposal.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It assumes that the toilet will safely decompose the excreta in-situ. However, the quality of septic tanks is poor.</li>
<li>Also, the waste is unsafely disposed through tanker operators on the land, or worse, in water bodies.</li>
<li>Unsafe disposal of excreta would become the source of soil and water contamination, thereby taking away the health gains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Even if toilets are built and people have started using these, the trend can reverse in no time. People might slip back into the <strong>old habit of open defecation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Movies like Toilet Ek Prem Katha is a step in the right direction, as they spur behavioural change and will help to curb the slipping back to open defecation.</li>
<li>Government under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong></a> seeks to provide piped water to all households by 2024.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will address the issue to water scarcity which affects sanitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is also a need to move from ODF to ODF+ and ODF++ protocol.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Original ODF protocol issued in March 2016, said &ndash; &ldquo;A city/ward is notified as ODF city/ward if, at any point of the day, not a single person is found defecating in the open.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The new ODF+ protocol: if, &ldquo;at any point of the day, not a single person is found defecating and/or urinating in the open, and all community and public toilets are functional and well-maintained.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The ODF++ protocol adds the condition that &ldquo;faecal sludge/septage and sewage is safely managed and treated, with no discharging and/or dumping of untreated faecal sludge/septage and sewage in drains, water bodies or open areas.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The gaps remaining in SBM should be plugged, such as, people who still lack toilets are provided access to the same, retrofitting primitive style toilets which are not yet sustainably safe, and ensuring proper waste disposal to ensure the complete success of SBM.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #faf4cf;">
<p><em><strong><span style="color: #000080;">Drishti Mains Question</span><br /><br /></strong></em>Swachh Bharat Mission has become the global benchmark for participatory and transformative development, but still, certain challenges remain before India can truly claim its success. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'The Big Picture - Election Commission: Collegium System & Appointments',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mfo8Z2M8988" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Recently, the Supreme Court had agreed to hear a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) seeking the appointment of Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners be done by a <strong>three-member collegium.</strong> The collegium will comprise of the Prime Minister, the Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha and the Chief Justice of India. The PIL also seeks to <strong>ensure more autonomy</strong> for the office of Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners and an <strong>independent secretariat</strong> for the Election Commission of India.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Election Commission of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission of India (ECI)</strong></a> is an <strong>autonomous constitutional authority</strong> responsible for administering Union and State election processes in India.</li>
<li>The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and the offices of the President and Vice President in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Structure of the Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Originally the commission had only one election commissioner but after the <strong>Election Commissioner Amendment Act 1989,</strong> it has been made a <strong>multi-member body.</strong></li>
<li>The commission presently consists of one Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and two Election Commissioners (ECs).</li>
<li>The secretariat of the commission is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Historical Demand for Appointment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This demand was first raised in <strong>1990</strong> when the <strong>Dinesh Goswami Committee</strong> suggested the need for a selection committee or a panel to appoint the CEC (at that time ECI was a single-member body).</li>
<li>Based on this recommendation, <strong>70<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment Bill, 1990</strong> was introduced in the Parliament which demanded for the <strong>selection committee</strong> comprising of the Presiding Officers of both Houses and Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, due to lack of political will, it was not passed and was withdrawn in 1993. Till date, no such bill was formed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Practise:</strong> In the USA, South Africa, Canada, etc. there is a mechanism for outside consultation with expert body for making suitable appointments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Present System of Appointment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constitutional versus Executive Power of Appointment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is no prescribed procedure for appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners as per the constitution. Under the Transaction of Business rules, the <strong>President shall appoint the CEC and EC based on the recommendations made by the Prime Minister.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Therefore, it is the<strong> executive power of the President</strong> to appoint CEC and ECs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, according to <strong>Article 324(5),</strong> the Parliament has the power to regulate the <strong>terms of conditions of service and tenure</strong> of ECs. It is under this article that the Parliament has made laws till date, and not under <strong>Art. 324(2)</strong> in which the Parliament can establish a selection committee for regulating the appointments made by the President.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aberrations in Appointment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Constituent Assembly Debates:</strong> The issue was debated in the Constituent Assembly which finally left over to the government to decide the appointments.</li>
<li><strong>Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991</strong> was passed to <strong>determine the conditions of service</strong> of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners and to <strong>provide for the procedure for transaction of business</strong> by the ECI. However, the Parliament at that time decided not to put any collegium system for appointment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Similar Demand:</strong> For other <strong>constitutional positions</strong> similar demand can be raised where it is the imperative of the executive to make such appointments like for <strong>Attorney General or <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Comptroller &amp; Auditor-General.</a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has the right to decide such appointments like it did for CBI director or the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-vigilance-commission-cvc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chief Vigilance Commissioner</strong></a>. But these are<strong> statutory positions.</strong> As of now, there is no committee for constitutional appointments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Dilemma:</strong> According to <strong>Article 324(2),</strong> the President shall make the <strong>appointment</strong> till the time there is no law being made by the Parliament for this purpose.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because of the absence of such law, the possible statutory appointment process has been made a constitutional appointment (done under executive domain) by the President.</li>
<li>Even in the debates of Constituent Assembly, it was argued that the appointments be made by the President in consultation with PM with the concurrence of <strong>two-thirds of the majority of the joint session</strong> of both the Houses of Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Distinction between CEC &amp; EC:</strong> There is a difference between the position of a CEC &amp; EC. The appointments to both the position may differ according to the task they perform. Therefore, to differentiate the process of appointment which is still done on an <strong>ad-hoc</strong> basis (because of absence of any constitutional law) becomes a challenging task that needs to be addressed properly to ensure the independent working of the commission.</li>
<li><strong>Demand for Collegium System-</strong> In the recent past, this demand has gained prominence in the backdrop of <strong>allegations raised by political parties</strong> regarding the independence of the Commission. Therefore, it is due to political necessity and not legal conundrum that there is a demand for multiparty approach in appointment process.</li>
<li><strong>Judicial Overreach:</strong> The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> (SC) interprets any law on the basis of provisions of the constitution, and constitutionally decision for appointment procedure of EC comes under executive domain. Thereby, decision by the Supreme Court in this regard can possibly shake the harmonious balance of power.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Deficiencies</strong> in the present system of appointment process needs to be <strong>removed.</strong> And adequate safeguards must be put into place to ensure that ethical and capable people head the concerned positions.</li>
<li><strong>Independence:</strong> There must be similar<strong> election and removal procedure</strong> for CEC and ECs, and they must exercise the same powers unless specifically prescribed by a law. Also the expenses of ECI must be <strong>charged expenditure </strong>on <strong>Consolidated Fund of India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Transparency:</strong> Appointments through collegium or any other system as discussed in constitutional debate can bring <strong>more transparency</strong> in the appointment process.</li>
<li><strong>Autonomy:</strong> Even, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/law-commission-of-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Law Commission</strong></a> <strong>in its 255<sup>th</sup> report on electoral reforms (2015)</strong> for <strong>ensuring greater autonomy</strong> to the ECI, recommended for the constitution of a selection committee.</li>
<li><strong>Legislation:</strong> There is a need for debate and discussions in the Parliament on the issue of independency of ECI and consequently passing of required legislation.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Law Commission 255<sup>th</sup> Report on Electoral Reforms: Strengthening the office of the Election Commission of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Commission in its report inter-alia suggested, the ECI must be strengthened by:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Giving equal constitutional protection to all members of the Commission in matters of <strong>removability;</strong></li>
<li>Making the <strong>appointment process</strong> of the Election Commissioners and the CEC consultative; and</li>
<li>Creating a permanent,<strong> independent Secretariat</strong> for the ECI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 324(5)</strong> of the Constitution must be amended to equate the removal procedures of the two Election Commissioners with that of the Chief Election Commissioner. Thus, equal constitutional protection should be given to all members of the ECI in matters of removability from office.</li>
<li>The <strong>appointment</strong> of all the Election Commissioners, including the CEC, must be made by the President in consultation with a <strong>three-member collegium or selection committee,</strong> consisting of the Prime Minister; the Leader of the Opposition of the Lok Sabha (or the leader of the largest opposition party in the Lok Sabha in terms of numerical strength); and the Chief Justice of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Elevation of an Election Commissioner must be on the basis of seniority, unless the three member collegium/committee finds such Commissioner unfit.</li>
<li>Amendments must be made in the <strong>Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991</strong> to reflect this.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also recommended, to add a new sub-clause as <strong>(2A)</strong> to <strong>Article 324</strong> of the Constitution to provide for a separate <strong>independent and permanent Secretariat</strong> for the ECI along the lines of the Lok Sabha/Rajya Sabha Secretariats under <strong>Article 98</strong> of the Constitution. This will further improve the independence of the ECI.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Though there are various issues faced by the Election Commission of India, it has still managed to maintain its reputation worldwide by maintaining its integrity and faithfully discharging its duty by staying within the constitutional realms.</p>',
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		'title' => 'Mullaperiyar Dam',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576225283_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576225283_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="280" height="298" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-shakti-mantralaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Jal Shakti</strong></a> has constituted a <strong>three-member Supervisory Committee</strong> to settle the issue of <strong>Mullaperiyar dam</strong> between <strong>Kerala and Tamil Nadu.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tension between the two states over the issue has persisted since the <strong>1960s,</strong> with Kerala citing concerns regarding the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/dam-safety-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>dam&rsquo;s safety</strong></a> and arguing for the reduction of the dam&rsquo;s water levels.</li>
<li>But with the water from the dam being diverted to five districts in Tamil Nadu and its importance in the state&rsquo;s irrigation and power production practices, Tamil Nadu has consistently opposed this.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mullaperiyar Dam</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Mullaperiyar dam is located on the <strong>confluence</strong> of the <strong>Mullayar and Periyar rivers</strong> in <strong>Kerala&rsquo;s Idukki district.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>operated and maintained</strong> by the <strong>Tamil Nadu</strong> for meeting the drinking water and irrigation requirements of five of its southern districts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to a 999-year lease agreement made during the British rule the operational rights were handed over to Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The dam intends to divert the waters of the <strong>west-flowing river Periyar</strong> eastward to the arid rain shadow regions of the Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Periyar River</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Periyar River is the <strong>longest river in the state of Kerala</strong> with a length of 244 km.</li>
<li>It is also known as <strong>&lsquo;Lifeline of Kerala&rsquo;</strong> as it is one of the few <strong>perennial rivers</strong> in the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A perennial river is a channel that has continuous flow in parts of its stream bed all year round.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Periyar River <strong>originates</strong> from <strong>Sivagiri hills of Western Ghats</strong> and flows through the<strong> Periyar National Park.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>main tributaries</strong> of Periyar are Muthirapuzha, Mullayar, Cheruthoni, Perinjankutti.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1596261" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mullaperiyar-dam'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'National Financial Reporting Authority',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) was constituted on 1<sup>st</sup> October, 2018 by the Government of India under <strong>section 132 (1) of the Companies Act, 2013.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Need:</strong> In the wake of accounting scams, a need was felt to <strong>establish an independent regulator</strong> for enforcement of auditing standards and ensuring the quality of audits so as to enhance investor and public confidence in financial disclosures of companies.</p>
<p><strong>Composition:</strong> The Companies Act requires the NFRA to have a chairperson who will be appointed by the Central Government and a maximum of 15 members.</p>
<h3>Functions and Duties</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recommend accounting and auditing policies and standards to be adopted by companies for approval by the Central Government;</li>
<li>Monitor and enforce compliance with accounting standards and auditing standards;</li>
<li>Oversee the quality of service of the professions associated with ensuring compliance with such standards and suggest measures for improvement in the quality of service;</li>
<li>Perform such other functions and duties as may be necessary or incidental to the aforesaid functions and duties.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Powers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It can probe listed companies and those unlisted public companies having paid-up capital of no less than Rs 500 crore or annual turnover of no less than Rs 1,000 crore.</li>
<li>It can investigate professional misconduct committed by members of the <strong>Institute of Chartered Accountants of India</strong> (ICAI) for prescribed class of body corporate or persons.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/nfra-finds-gaps-in-audit-report-of-deloitte-haskins-and-sells-on-ifin-6164480/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-financial-reporting-authority-1'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Kuchipudi Dance Form',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Kuchipudi is one of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indian-classical-dances" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>8 classical dance forms of India.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The dance form has <strong>emerged from a<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576223232_kuchipudi.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576223232_kuchipudi.jpg" width="238" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a> popular theatrical art &lsquo;Kuchipudi Yakshagana&rsquo;</strong> named after the place of its origin, the village Kuchipudi in Andhra Pradesh.</li>
<li>It is <strong>performed as dance drama</strong> i.e. performance in groups and also as solo items.</li>
<li><strong>Siddendra Yogi,</strong> the disciple of Narayana Theertha who lived in the <strong>17<sup>th</sup> century,</strong> is credited to have systemised the art form of Kuchipudi Yakshagana.</li>
<li>Costumes, ornaments and jewellery occupy an important place.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kuchipudi-dance-form'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Contraction in Index of Industrial Production',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the data released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), the quick estimates of <strong>Index of Industrial Production (IIP)</strong> stands at 127.7 for October 2019, which is <strong>3.8% lower</strong> as compared to the level in the month of October 2018. This contraction is due to demand slump in economy and fall in activity across sectors such as manufacturing, electricity, infrastructure etc.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Retail inflation</strong> (measured by the Consumer Price Index) surged to a <strong>40-month high</strong> of <strong>5.54%</strong> in November 2019, owing to rising food inflation.</li>
<li>The combination of contraction in industrial activity and rising inflation has led experts to fear that India is entering a phase of <strong>stagflation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Stagflation<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576222648_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576222648_image1.jpg" width="242" height="161" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Stagflation means a situation characterized by <strong>simultaneous increase in prices</strong> and <strong>stagnation of economic growth.</strong></li>
<li>It is described as a situation in the economy where the growth rate slows down, the level of unemployment remains steadily high and yet the inflation or price level remains high at the same time.</li>
<li><strong>Dangerous for the economy</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In a usual low growth situation, central banks and government try to stimulate the economy through higher public spending and low interest rates to create demand.</li>
<li>These measures also tend to elevate prices and cause inflation. So, these tools cannot be adopted when inflation is already running high, which makes it difficult to break out of low growth-high inflation trap.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>solution</strong> lies in increasing productivity, this enables higher growth without inflation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Index of Industrial Production<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576222686_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576222686_image2.png" width="224" height="389" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) maps the <strong>change in the volume of production in Indian industries.</strong></li>
<li>It is estimated and published on a monthly basis by the <strong>Central Statistical Organisation (CSO)</strong> under MoSPI.</li>
<li>It is currently calculated using <strong>2011-2012 as the base year.</strong></li>
<li>The IIP is basically divided into three sectors, though a use-based classification is also provided by the CSO.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> three sectors</strong> include: Mining, Manufacturing and Electricity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Electricity, crude oil, coal, cement, steel, refinery products, natural gas, and fertilisers are the<strong> eight core industries</strong> that comprise about 40% of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use based classification include:</strong> Primary Goods, Capital Goods, Intermediate Goods, Infrastructure/ Construction goods, Consumer durables and Consumer nondurables.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Calculation</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The index is created by giving different weights to each sector and every month, production is tracked.</li>
<li>Finally, the index value is compared to the value it had in the same month last year to figure out the economy&rsquo;s industrial health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Consumer Price Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inflation</strong> refers to the rise in the prices of most goods and services of daily or common use, such as food, clothing, housing, recreation, transport, consumer staples, etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It measures the average price change in a basket of commodities and services over time. The opposite and rare fall in the price index of this basket of items is called &lsquo;deflation&rsquo;.</li>
<li>It is indicative of the decrease in the purchasing power of a unit of a country&rsquo;s currency. This is measured in percentage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In India, inflation is primarily measured by two main indices &mdash; <strong>WPI (Wholesale Price Index)</strong> and <strong>CPI (Consumer Price Index),</strong> which measures wholesale and retail-level price changes, respectively. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The goods or services sold by businesses to smaller businesses for selling further is captured by the WPI.</li>
<li>The CPI is an index measuring retail inflation in the economy by collecting the change in prices of most common goods and services used by consumers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/retail-inflation-soars-to-over-3-year-high-of-554-on-costlier-food-items/article30287926.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contraction-in-index-of-industrial-production'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Samagra Shiksha ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Ministry of Human Resource Development is implementing the <strong>Scheme of Vocationalisation of School Education.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the scheme, a vocational subject is offered for Classes IX to XII along with the general education to provide necessary employability and vocational skills for a variety of occupations.</li>
<li>The above scheme is being implemented under the umbrella of <strong>&lsquo;Samagra Shiksha &ndash; an integrated scheme for school education&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Samagra Shiksha</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Samagra Shiksha is an<strong> integrated</strong> scheme for school education extending from <strong>pre-school to class XII</strong> to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education at <strong>all levels</strong> of school education.</li>
<li>It <strong>subsumes</strong> the three Schemes of<strong> Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Teacher Education (TE).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme treats school education holistically as a <strong>continuum from Pre-school to Class 12.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The main emphasis of the Scheme is on improving the quality of school education by focussing on the <strong>two T&rsquo;s &ndash; Teacher and Technology.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vision:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The vision of the Scheme is to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education from pre-school to senior secondary stage in accordance with the <strong>Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)</strong> for Education.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>SDG-4.1:</strong> Aims to ensure that all boys and girls complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes.</li>
<li><strong>SDG 4.5:</strong> Aims to eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The scheme mainly aims to support States in the implementation of the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009.</strong></a></li>
<li>Right to Education Act (RTE) is a fundamental right under <strong>Article 21-A</strong> of the Constitution of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding Pattern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Scheme is being implemented as a <strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The fund sharing pattern for the scheme between Centre and States is at present in the ratio of <strong>90:10 for the North-Eastern States and the Himalayan States</strong> and <strong>60:40 for all other States and Union Territories with Legislature.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>100% centrally sponsored for Union Territories without Legislature.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The scheme also proposes to give flexibility to the States and UTs to plan and prioritize their interventions within the scheme norms and the overall resource envelope available to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1596200" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samagra-shiksha'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'India’s Trade: Challenges and Opportunities',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/indias-bane-is-its-non-competitiveness/article30268935.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;India&rsquo;s bane is its non-competitiveness&rdquo;</strong></a>, which was published in The Hindu BusinessLine on 11/12/2019. It highlights the significance of trade and discusses the challenges and missed opportunities for Indian trade.</p>
</div>
<p>Traders, throughout history, have sought new markets and been natural globalisers. Spices from India were so valuable in Europe that the voyage of Christopher Columbus to find a shorter sea route to India was financed. The East India Company, too, was formed for trade.</p>
<h3>Journey and Impact of Trade</h3>
<p><a href="/gs-special/gs-special-world-history/colonialism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Colonialism and Industrial Revolution</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The benefits of free trade and production based on<strong> comparative advantage</strong> became key tenets of economic theory, leading to <strong>colonisation</strong> as a later consequence.</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Industrial Revolution:</strong> With the advent of the <strong>Industrial Revolution,</strong> competitive advantage in industrial production was created through technology and innovation. The first movers and leaders sought global markets and gained disproportionately through trade.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Impact on the East</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s impoverishment</strong> began in the 19<sup>th</sup> Century, with the beginning of the <strong>industrial revolution in England</strong> and the colonisation of India by the East India Company.</li>
<li>As industrialisation matured in England, <strong>poverty in India became extreme,</strong> with the large-scale destruction of artisanal jobs, especially in textiles, with thriving cities like Dhaka experiencing depopulation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This was captured in the economic writings of Indians at the end of the 19<sup>th</sup> and the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, and provided the intellectual underpinning of Swadeshi and Khadi in the freedom struggle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the 20<sup>th</sup> century, as<strong> Japan industrialised,</strong> it followed the example of England and began to colonise its neighbouring areas &mdash; <strong>Korea and western China &mdash;</strong> creating a larger captive market for its industrial goods.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ushering in of Free Trade</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Later, <strong>after World War-II,</strong> the US &mdash; as the leader of the West and the pre-eminent global industrial and intellectual power&mdash;<strong> promoted free trade.</strong></li>
<li>This culminated in the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> WTO</strong> </a><strong>agreement in 1994,</strong> thereby ending the era where countries, after decolonisation, were trying to industrialise with <strong>infant industry protection,</strong> which had been used successfully in the past.</li>
</ul>
<h3>China&rsquo;s Success vis-a-vis India</h3>
<p><strong>China v/s India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1991 &mdash; the year of Indian economic reforms and opening up of the country to globalisation &mdash; the <strong>per capita incomes of India and China were the same. Technological capacities</strong> were at similar levels.</li>
<li>China is today the factory of the world. It has eliminated poverty. Its <strong>GDP and per capita incomes are five times that of India.</strong> China chose to craft its own pragmatic path to success.</li>
<li>China became a <strong>member of the WTO only in 2000,</strong> and that too with difficulty. But this did not slow China&rsquo;s phenomenal rise.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>China&rsquo;s Rise and its Impact</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In response to China&rsquo;s rise, an apprehensive US has now got the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/significance-of-g-20-amidst-a-geo-economic-flux" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20</strong> </a>to change the formulation in their joint statements <strong>from &lsquo;free trade&rsquo; to &lsquo;fair trade&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Trump&rsquo;s unambiguous<strong> &lsquo;America first&rsquo; policy</strong> and his <strong>trade hostilities with China</strong> have strong appeal with many Americans.</li>
<li>Having conquered global markets, China is now the <strong>proponent of free trade</strong> and <strong>globalisation</strong> at World Economic Forum. The <strong>OBOR and the RCEP</strong> are being promoted by China, which is on its way to becoming a superpower.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Apprehensions in New Trade Regime</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s lost opportunities:</strong> India lost out to China mainly due to absence of reforms and missing out on the manufacturing stage, hopping directly to the service sector for its growth and employment. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This (over) reliance of India on service sector proved costly as it impacted its capacity building in manufacturing and absorbed only the skilled and educated labour, leaving behind a vast population.</li>
<li>This also impacted India&rsquo;s prowess in global exports and trade, especially in perspective of &lsquo;America First&rsquo; policy and protectionism of the US.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>RCEP anxiety:</strong> In the run-up to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/regional-comprehensive-economic-partnership-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RCEP negotiations</strong></a>, India hardly saw any benefits from joining the RCEP. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The experience of India&rsquo;s <strong>FTAs with Asian countries</strong> has shown that the Indian industry has not experienced the anticipated gains as it did not undertake the reforms needed to improve competitiveness.</li>
<li>By that implication, joining the <strong>RCEP would pose a problem.</strong> But it would then compel India to undertake requisite reforms and become competitive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Losing to China:</strong> The real loss in this period, however, has been through the g<strong>rowing trade with China.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Growing imports of consumer goods, thermal power plants &mdash; and now solar panels and exports of primary products like iron ore and cotton &mdash; constitute India&rsquo;s trade with China.</li>
<li>All that is imported was being made and can be made in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Free Trade:</strong> Globally, there is <strong>stagnant demand in the West,</strong> excess, competitive <strong>manufacturing capacity in China</strong> and huge <strong>growing demand in India.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The logic of free trade is for India&rsquo;s growing demand to be met by China&rsquo;s excess capacity and India&rsquo;s inefficient, non-competitive capacities to close down without the need for the creation of new capacity.</li>
<li>Joining the RCEP would only accelerate the process. This may be a major factor in the structural nature of the present severe economic downturn.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs to take a hard look at its choices. Creating global competitiveness and doing all that it takes to do so, including abandoning conventional ways of thinking, cannot be delayed.</li>
<li>Better-functioning factor markets and reducing costs for businesses are overdue.</li>
<li>Smarter, creative policies for developing and nurturing the nation&rsquo;s industrial and technological capacities need to be crafted.</li>
<li>Economic nationalism and greater ambition is the need of the hour.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 511px; border-style: dotted; border-color: #3f14ff; background-color: #daebed;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>India needs to reform its domestic economic policies, to make its trade more competitive, instead of missing out on opportunities of regional trade blocks. Comment. (250 words)</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-trade-challenges-and-opportunities'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577357857_Insolvency%20and Bankruptcy Code (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577357857_Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Mind Map).png" width="488" height="1003" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-mindmap'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has approved the proposal to make amendments in the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016,</strong></a> through the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Bill, 2019. The amendments aim to remove certain difficulties being faced during insolvency resolution process to realise the objects of the code and to further ease doing of business.</p>
<h3>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016</h3>
<p><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016</strong> provides a time-bound process for resolving insolvency in companies and among individuals.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Insolvency</strong> is a situation where individuals or companies are unable to repay their outstanding debt.</li>
<li><strong>Bankruptcy,</strong> on the other hand, is a situation whereby a court of competent jurisdiction has declared a person or other entity insolvent, having passed appropriate orders to resolve it and protect the rights of the creditors. It is a legal declaration of one&rsquo;s inability to pay off debts.</li>
<li>The Government implemented the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) to consolidate all laws related to insolvency and bankruptcy and to tackle Non-Performing Assets (NPA), a problem that has been pulling the Indian economy down for years.</li>
<li>The Code is quite different from the earlier resolution systems as it shifts the responsibility to the creditor to initiate the insolvency resolution process against the corporate debtor.</li>
<li>The recently proposed amendments aim to remove bottlenecks, streamline the corporate insolvency resolution process, and protect the last mile funding in order to boost investment in financially distressed sectors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ring-fencing the companies resolved under the IBC from regulatory actions during past management can make the IBC process attractive for investors and acquirers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Objectives of IBC</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To consolidate and amend all existing insolvency laws in India.</li>
<li>To simplify and expedite the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Proceedings in India.</li>
<li>To protect the interest of creditors including stakeholders in a company.</li>
<li>To revive the company in a time-bound manner.</li>
<li>To promote entrepreneurship.</li>
<li>To get the necessary relief to the creditors and consequently increase the credit supply in the economy.</li>
<li>To work out a new and timely recovery procedure to be adopted by the banks, financial institutions or individuals.</li>
<li>To set up an Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India.</li>
<li>Maximization of the value of assets of corporate persons.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Salient features of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Covers all individuals, companies, Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) and partnership firms.</li>
<li>Adjudicating authority:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)</strong> for companies and LLPs</li>
<li><strong>Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT)</strong> for individuals and partnership firms</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Insolvency Resolution Process</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Insolvency resolution process can be initiated by any of the stakeholders of the firm: firm/debtors/creditors/employees.</li>
<li>If the adjudicating authority accepts, an <strong>Insolvency resolution professional (IP)</strong> is appointed.</li>
<li>The power of the management and the board of the firm is transferred to the <strong>committee of creditors (CoC).</strong> They act through the IP.</li>
<li>The IP has to decide whether to revive the company (insolvency resolution) or liquidate it (liquidation).</li>
<li>If they decide to revive, they have to find someone willing to buy the firm.</li>
<li>The creditors also have to accept a significant reduction in debt. The reduction is known as a haircut.</li>
<li>They invite open bids from the interested parties to buy the firm.</li>
<li>They choose the party with the best resolution plan, that is acceptable to the majority of the creditors (75 % in CoC), to take over the management of the firm.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Establishment of an <strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India</strong> to exercise regulatory oversight over insolvency professionals, insolvency professional agencies and information utilities.</li>
<li><strong>Insolvency professionals</strong> handle the commercial aspects of insolvency resolution process.</li>
<li><strong>Insolvency professional agencies</strong> develop professional standards, code of ethics and be first level regulator for insolvency professionals members leading to development of a competitive industry for such professionals.</li>
<li><strong>Information utilities</strong> collect, collate, authenticate and disseminate financial information to be used in insolvency, liquidation and bankruptcy proceedings.</li>
<li>Enabling provisions to deal with <strong>cross border insolvency.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Achievements of the IBC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IBC is a vast improvement on the two earlier laws legislated to recover bad loans &mdash;the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 (SICA) and the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (RDDB).</li>
<li><strong>Speedier Resolution:</strong> Before IBC, resolution processes took an average of 4-6 years, after the enactment of IBC, they came down to 317 days.</li>
<li><strong>Higher Recoveries:</strong> Recoveries are also higher: 43% after the IBC, against 22% before it.</li>
<li>Due to the institution of IBC, we have seen that many business entities are paying up front before being declared insolvent. The success of the Act lies in the fact that many cases have been resolved even before it was referred to NCLT.</li>
<li>A steady increase in the number of admitted corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP) cases. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By the end of March 2019, a total of 1858 cases were admitted for resolution &ndash; of which 152 have been appealed/reviewed/settled, 91 have been withdrawn, 378 ended in liquidation and 94 have ended in approval of resolution plans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges for IBC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lack of operational NCLT benches:</strong> Though the government had, in July 2019, announced setting up of 25 additional single and division benches of NCLT at various places including Delhi, Jaipur, Kochi, Chandigarh, and Amravati, most of these remain non-operational or partly operational on account of lack of proper infrastructure or adequate support staff.</li>
<li><strong>low approval rate of resolution plans:</strong> According to the data from the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI), of the 2,542 corporate insolvency cases filed between December 1, 2016 and September 30, 2019, about 156 have ended in approval of resolution plans &mdash; a mere 15%.</li>
<li>High number of liquidations is a cause for major worry as it violates IBC&rsquo;s principal objective of resolving bankruptcy.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/issues-in-ibc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Slow judicial process</strong></a> in India allows the resolution processes to drag on, this was the same reason for slow recovery under SICA or RBBD.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Operationalisation of IBC, till now, has been spoiled by myriad factors ranging from frivolous challenges posed by operational creditors and promoters to shortage of judges in tribunals. As a result, an important piece of legislation like IBC, which was expected to usher in a new era of ease of doing business, may fall into the trap of implementation failure. Timely amendments, which provide more teeth to the Code, can only rescue the process. New amendments of 2019 in IBC should be closely watched and observed in that light.</p>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-mindmap" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-3'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Shore Temple',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576140538_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576140538_image5.jpg" width="464" height="319" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p>The shoreline on the northern side of the Shore temple in <strong>Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu</strong> is facing severe sea erosion.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Shore Temple is one among a number of Hindu monuments at Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram), on the Coromandel Coast of <strong>Tamil Nadu.</strong></li>
<li>It is considered the finest early example of medieval southern Indian temple architecture.</li>
<li>It was built probably in the reign of <strong>Narasimhavarman II, also known as Rajasimha (Pallava ruler)</strong> who reigned from 700 to 728 CE.</li>
<li>Unlike most of its neighbours at the site, it is <strong>built of cut stones</strong> rather than carved out of caves.</li>
<li>It has two shrines, one dedicated to<strong> Shiva and the other to Vishnu.</strong></li>
<li>It has been built in<strong> Dravidian style.</strong> Its style is characterized by a <strong>pyramidal<em> kutina</em>-type tower</strong> that consists of stepped stories topped by a cupola and finial, a form quite different from the northern Indian <em>sikhara.</em></li>
<li>The Mamallapuram monuments and temples, including the Shore Temple complex, were collectively designated a <strong>UNESCO World Heritage site in 1984.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mamallapuram-awaits-a-rescue-act/article30280681.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shore-temple'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Subramaniya Bharathi',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576139710_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576139710_image4.jpg" width="156" height="203" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>The Prime Minister of India paid tribute to poet-reformer Subramania Bharathi on his <strong>137<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary,</strong> describing him as a symbol of patriotism.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>C. Subramaniya Bharathi</strong>&nbsp;was born on 11<sup>th</sup> December 1882, in Ettayapuram village of Tirunelveli District in Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>He was a <strong>poet, freedom fighter and social reformer from Tamil Nadu.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was known as <strong>Mahakavi Bharathiyar</strong> and his songs on nationalism and freedom of India helped to rally the masses to support the Indian Independence Movement in Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few of his poems are: &ldquo;Kannan Pattu, Nilavum Vanminum Katrum, Panchali Sabatam and Kuyil Pattu&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He published the sensational <strong>&ldquo;Sudesa Geethangal&rdquo;</strong> in 1908.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In order to proclaim its revolutionary ardour, Bharathi had the weekly newspaper named &lsquo;India&rsquo; printed in red paper. It was the first paper in Tamil Nadu to publish political cartoons. He also published and edited a few other journals like <strong>&ldquo;Vijaya&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>He attended the annual sessions of Indian National Congress and discussed national issues with extremist leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal, B.G. Tilak and V.V.S. Iyer. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>His participation and activities in<strong> Benaras Session (1905)</strong> and <strong>Surat Session (1907)</strong> of the Indian National Congress impressed many national leaders for his patriotic fervour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1595824" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/subramaniya-bharathi'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Parliament has passed the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill (CAB), 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill seeks to grant Indian Citizenship to persons belonging to <strong>Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi</strong> and <strong>Christian</strong> communities who have migrated to India after facing persecution on <strong>grounds of religion</strong> in <strong>Pakistan, Afghanistan</strong> and <strong>Bangladesh.</strong></li>
<li>It basically intends to make it easier for<strong> non-Muslim immigrants</strong> from India&rsquo;s three Muslim-majority neighbours to become citizens of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, <strong>citizenship is regulated by the Citizenship Act, 1955.</strong> The Act specifies that citizenship may be acquired in India through five methods &ndash; by birth in India, by descent, through registration, by naturalisation (extended residence in India), and by incorporation of territory into India.</li>
<li>However, <strong>illegal migrants cannot become Indian citizens.</strong> Under the Act, an illegal migrant is a foreigner who: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>enters the country without valid travel documents like a passport and visa, or&nbsp;enters with valid documents, but stays beyond the permitted time period.</li>
<li>Illegal migrants may be put in jail or deported under the Foreigners Act, 1946 and the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2015 and 2016,<strong> the government exempted specified groups of illegal migrants</strong> from provisions of the 1946 and 1920 Acts. They were Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, who reached India on or before December 31, 2014.</li>
<li>This meant that these particular categories of illegal migrants would not be deported or jailed for being in India without valid documents.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-sabha-passes-citizenship-amendment-bill-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016</a></strong> was introduced in Parliament to amend the Citizenship Act, 1955, so that these people could be made eligible for citizenship of India.</li>
<li>The Bill lapsed with the dissolution of the 16th Lok Sabha. Subsequently, the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 was introduced in Lok Sabha in December 2019.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576144008_1576139111_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576144008_1576139111_image3.jpg" width="576" height="261" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Features</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Citizenship on the basis of religion:</strong> The Bill amends the Citizenship Act, 1955, and for the first time, will grant citizenship on the basis of religion to non-Muslim communities from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, who entered India on or before December 31, 2014.</li>
<li><strong>Non - Muslim Communities Included:</strong> Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian. This implies that migrants, who identify themselves with any group or community other than those mentioned here, from the above mentioned countries won't be eligible for citizenship.</li>
<li><strong>Exceptions:</strong> The provisions on citizenship for illegal migrants <strong>will not apply to two categories -</strong> states protected by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nagaland-extends-ilp-in-dimapur" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Inner Line&rsquo;</strong></a>, and areas covered under the <strong>Sixth Schedule</strong> of the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Inner Line Permit (ILP):</strong> This is a special permit that citizens from other parts of India require to enter a state protected by the ILP regime. Without an ILP granted by the state government, an Indian from another state cannot visit a state that is under the ILP regime.</li>
<li><strong>Sixth Schedule:</strong> The Sixth Schedule relates to special provisions in administration of certain Northeastern states (Assam, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Tripura). It provides special powers for Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) in these states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Citizenship by Naturalization</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under The Citizenship Act, 1955, one of the requirements for citizenship by naturalisation is that the applicant must have resided in India <strong>during the last 12 months,</strong> as well as for <strong>11 of the previous 14 years.</strong></li>
<li>The amendment<strong> relaxes</strong> the second requirement from <strong>11 years to 5 years</strong> as a specific condition for applicants belonging to the specified six religions, and the above mentioned three countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Additional Ground for Cancelling Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) Registration i.e.</strong> violation of any law notified by the central government. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the Bill does not provide any guidance on the nature of laws which the central government may notify. The Supreme Court has noted that this guidance is necessary to set limits on the authority&rsquo;s powers and to avoid any arbitrariness in exercise of powers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arguments Against the Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The fundamental criticism of the Bill has been that it <strong>specifically targets Muslims.</strong> Critics argue that it is<strong> violative of Article 14 of the Constitution</strong> (which guarantees the right to equality) and the principle of<strong> secularism.</strong></li>
<li>India has several other refugees that include<strong> Tamils from Sri Lanka</strong> and <strong>Hindu Rohingya from Myanmar</strong>. They are <strong>not covered under the Act.</strong></li>
<li>Despite exemption granted to some regions in the Northeastern states, the prospect of citizenship for massive numbers of illegal Bangladeshi migrants has triggered deep anxieties in the states.</li>
<li>It will be difficult for the government to differentiate between illegal migrants and those persecuted.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arguments in Favour</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government has clarified that Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh are Islamic republics where<strong> Muslims</strong> are in majority hence they <strong>cannot be treated as persecuted minorities.</strong> It has assured that the government will examine the application from any other community <strong>on a case to case basis.</strong></li>
<li>This Bill will come as a big boon to all those people who have been the<strong> victims of Partition</strong> and the subsequent conversion of the three countries into theocratic Islamic republics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Citing partition between India and Pakistan on religious lines in 1947, the government has argued that millions of citizens of undivided India belonging to various faiths were staying in Pakistan and Bangladesh from 1947.</li>
<li>The constitutions of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh provide for a specific state religion. As a result, many persons belonging to Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi and Christian communities have faced persecution on grounds of religion in those countries.</li>
<li>Many such persons have fled to India to seek shelter and continued to stay in India even if their travel documents have expired or they have incomplete or no documents.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>After Independence, not once but twice,<strong> India conceded that the minorities in its neighbourhood is its responsibility.</strong> First, immediately after Partition and again during the Indira-Mujib Pact in 1972 when India had agreed to absorb over 1.2 million refugees. It is a historical fact that on both occasions, it was only the Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists and Christians who had come over to Indian side.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-clears-citizenship-amendment-bill/article30279517.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/citizenship-amendment-bill-2019'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Taj Trapezium Zone',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Supreme Court has permitted Northern Railways to cut over 400 trees in the Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) for construction of an additional rail track between Delhi and Agra on the condition of mandatory compensatory afforestation.</p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Supreme Court Ruling:</strong> In response to a Public Interest Litigation seeking to protect the Taj Mahal from environmental pollution, the Supreme Court of India delivered a ruling in December,1996 that banned the use of coal/ coke in industries located in the TTZ.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It ordered for switching over from coal/ coke to natural gas, and relocating them outside the TTZ or shutting down.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Central Government in exercise of the powers conferred under the <strong>Environment (Protection) Act, 1986</strong> has constituted the <strong>Taj Trapezium Zone Pollution (Prevention and Control) authority in 1998.</strong></li>
<li><strong>TTZ</strong> is a defined area of 10,400 sq km around the Taj Mahal to protect the monument from pollution. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>TTZ is so named since it is located around the Taj Mahal and is shaped like a trapezium.</li>
<li>It comprises monuments including three <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-heritage-week-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Heritage Sites</strong></a> the <strong>Taj Mahal, Agra Fort </strong>and <strong>Fatehpur Sikri.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576136330_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576136330_image2.jpg" width="507" height="300" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Geographical location</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The geographical limits of the Taj Trapezium Zone is defined in the shape of a trapezium lying in the Agra Division of the <strong>State of Uttar Pradesh</strong> and in the Bharatpur Division of the <strong>State of Rajasthan.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.livemint.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: Live mint</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/taj-trapezium-zone'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Heavy Metals Contaminating India’s Rivers',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-water-commission-on-kerala-floods" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Water Commission (CWC)</strong></a> has reported that the samples from<strong> two-thirds of the water quality stations</strong> spanning India&rsquo;s major rivers are contaminated by<strong> one or more heavy metals, exceeding safe limits</strong> set by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bureau-of-indian-standards-bis-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bureau of Indian Standards</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The samples from only <strong>one-third</strong> of water quality stations were <strong>safe</strong> whereas <strong>65%</strong> were <strong>polluted</strong> by <strong>heavy metals.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density of at least 5 times greater than that of water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The exercise was <strong>limited to surface water</strong> and<strong> did not cover</strong> <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/groundwater-crisis-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>groundwater</strong></a> contamination.</li>
<li>The <strong>presence of metals</strong> in drinking water to <strong>some extent</strong> is <strong>unavoidable</strong> and certain metals, in<strong> trace amounts,</strong> are required for <strong>good health.</strong> However, when present above safe limits, they are associated with a range of disorders.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Long-term exposure</strong> to the heavy metals may result in physical, muscular, and neurological degenerative processes that mimic Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease, Parkinson&rsquo;s disease, muscular dystrophy and multiple sclerosis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576135756_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576135756_image1.jpg" width="263" height="177" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Iron</strong> emerged as the <strong>most common contaminant</strong> with<strong> above safe limits</strong> across the country.</li>
<li><strong>Arsenic and zinc</strong> are the two toxic metals whose concentration is always found within the limits.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Arsenic contamination is a major environmental issue that affects <strong>groundwater.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The other <strong>major contaminants</strong> found in the samples were<strong> lead, nickel, chromium, cadmium and copper.</strong></li>
<li>The contamination of water sites depends on the<strong> season.</strong> As the <strong>varied presence of contaminants</strong> is found in <strong>different seasons.</strong> Thus, the water samples were collected in <strong>three different</strong> seasons: <strong>Non-Monsoon, and Monsoon.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Non-Monsoon Period:</strong> Lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium and copper contamination were more common in this period.</li>
<li><strong>Monsoon Period:</strong> Iron, lead, chromium and copper exceeded &lsquo;tolerance limits&rsquo; in this period most of the time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Contamination of Surface Water</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main sources of heavy metal pollution are <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rat-hole-mining" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mining</strong></a>, milling, plating and surface finishing industries that discharge a variety of toxic metals into the environment.</li>
<li>The population growth and rise in agricultural and industrial activities are also responsible for contamination of surface water.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/heavy-metals-contaminating-indias-rivers/article30279681.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heavy-metals-contaminating-india-s-rivers'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Retributive Justice',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/demonising-the-legal-system-wont-help/article30239307.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Demonising the legal system won&rsquo;t help&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 09/12/2019. It highlights the challenges associated with retributive justice.</p>
</div>
<p>The demand for speedy retributive justice in the recent heinous crime done against a veterinarian has brought into light the question of extra-constitutional killings. The public sentiments, political demand of public lynching of rapists inter-alia have raised the debate whether a democratic country should follow the constitutional norms and adhere to the due process of law or shall it adopt the measures of retributive justice to bring instant and speedy justice to the victim.</p>
<h3>What do we mean by Retributive Justice?</h3>
<p>Retributive justice is a system of criminal justice based on the <strong>punishment of offenders rather than on rehabilitation.</strong> It is a theory of punishment that when an offender breaks the law, justice requires that he or she must <strong>suffer in return.</strong> It also requires that the response to a crime must be proportional to the committed offence.</p>
<h3>Current Issue</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While in India we have had a stringent, amended rape law in place and also fast track judicial processes, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/war-on-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>crime against women is still on the rise.</strong></a></li>
<li>In the recent Hyderabad case, the police first turned away the victim&rsquo;s family when they went to lodge a complaint and finally after the encounter of the four alleged convicts they claimed that the accused, who was under heavy police protection, tried to escape and had to be killed.</li>
<li>From protests on the ground, to the commentary on social media, to MPs in Parliament, the demand for the instant killing of the accused from all corners created the public opinion for the <strong>abandonment of the rule of law</strong> that appears to have led to the incident.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The argument in this regard is that there is a perception that the legal institutions are ill-equipped to deal with such crimes and to bring the perpetrators to justice. The rule of law is not giving women the due justice, and that at the very least, laws need to be amended to create a stronger deterrent and provide quicker closure to victims of crimes of sexual violence.</li>
<li>But this argument needs to be challenged. As per the <strong>National Crime Records Bureau data-2017, chargesheeting rates</strong> in cases of rape as well as rape and murder are higher than that for all other violent crimes, and the <strong>conviction rates are higher too,</strong> while the <strong>pendency rates</strong> are roughly the same as the average for all violent crimes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For several affected families, death is the only answer to rape. But public responses that equate judicial outcomes and justice to immediate and quick retribution are neither universal nor just.</li>
<li>This raises a concern whether retributive justice is the way to go in a democratic country that has a historical legacy of resisting violence in fundamentally non-retributive ways?</li>
</ul>
<h3>Constitutional Conflict</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a procedure prescribed by the law for criminal investigation which is embedded in constitutional principles. <strong>Article 21</strong> of the Constitution (which is fundamental and non-derogable) states that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hence, <strong>it is the responsibility of the police, being the officers of government, to follow the Constitutional principles and uphold the Right to Life</strong> of every individual whether an innocent one or a criminal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also in the <strong>Salwa Judum case in 2011</strong> a core constitutional precept was set out that in modern constitutionalism no wielder of power can be allowed to claim the right to perpetrate state&rsquo;s violence against anyone. This is also the touchstone of the constitutionally prescribed rule of law<strong> (Article 14).</strong></li>
<li>Also it was argued in the <strong>Encounters case</strong> before the Andhra Pradesh High Court, the discussion on the law was on &lsquo;whether a plea of self-defense where excessive force is used, should be tried for manslaughter or murder&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Till date, there is no law in force in India that authorises the police to kill. Hence, the plea of self-defence by police cannot be used to rationalise a targeted, premeditated killing of suspects in custody.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges with the Present System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stringent Laws:</strong> Some of the existing legal provisions are too harsh in ways that harm both men and women, and other important legal provisions are not being implemented. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even, the <strong>Justice Verma Committee report</strong> acknowledged the same and recommended at improving the status of women in <strong>non-legal ways</strong> alongwith its legal recommendations that included a much-needed broadening of the definition of rape and raising of the minimum sentence for rape to 10 years.</li>
<li>However, the <strong>Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013</strong> went well beyond what was recommended by the Verma Committee Report. It <strong>introduced the death penalty</strong> for some circumstances around rape, including repeat offences, despite the Verma Committee expressly arguing against this. These stringent provisions have had a few worrisome results:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>First, there has been further <strong>criminalisation</strong> (with longer sentences) of consenting underage couples (there are over 25% cases related to breach of promise to marry).</li>
<li>Second, laws have <strong>removed any discretion</strong> in minimum sentencing from the hands of judges. There is evidence that removing such discretion actually lowers the rate of conviction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate Protection:</strong> There is now a situation where there are not much loopholes in laws concerning sexual violence against women but on the other hand, there is <strong>no legal protection for adult men</strong> from rape; and under the new <strong>Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act,</strong> the sexual abuse of a transgender person carries a maximum sentence of two years only.</li>
<li><strong>Powerful Accused:</strong> There have been instances when the accused is a powerful person, there is an attempt of exhausting the individual&rsquo;s pre-trial options, including attempts to quash charges or shift the trial to a friendlier city, making a mockery of a fast-track case. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Other challenges include, the police officials refrain from filing an FIR (already a punishable act for the police), victims facing cross-examination about their past sexual histories, and little is done for rehabilitation or therapy offered to victims.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Time-consuming Process:</strong> Official statistics on the speed of trials by nature of crime are not maintained, however, there is anecdotal evidence that the <strong>average rape trial</strong> in a big city at the trial court stage is <strong>completed within two years,</strong> but the appellate process takes longer.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, in the 2012 Delhi case, the trial was conducted within a year, the High Court appeal by March 2014, and the Supreme Court appeal by May 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Justice in any civilised society is not just about retribution, but also about deterrence, and in less serious crimes, <strong>rehabilitation</strong> of the offenders. Although existing laws on sexual crimes and punishment need a better application, a recourse to brutal retribution as suggested unwisely by many is no solution.</li>
<li>The political sanction of &ldquo;encounter killings&rdquo; to deliver swift retribution would only be a disincentive for the police to follow due process and may even deter them from pursuing the course of justice. Far from ensuring justice to the victims, <strong>bending the law in such cases would only undermine people&rsquo;s faith in the criminal justice system.</strong></li>
<li>There is no doubt that the anguish or outrage of people in the aftermath of such horrific crimes is justified. There is a need to keep in sight of the rule of law and constitutional tenets. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ends of justice are not served by wanton killing and retributive blood lust. Justice lies in supporting them in their moment of grief and pain and insisting on due process that brings suspects and accused to trial through a robust, stringent and competent criminal investigation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>According to <strong>Dr. B.R. Ambedkar,</strong> the pathways of justice are not linear nor without obstacles. But we have, as a people, chosen the route of democracy and the Constitution, so we really have no option but to school ourselves in constitutional morality that with time must replace public morality.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" height="97">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcf5cc;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />&lsquo;The ends of justice are not served by wanton killing and retributive measures&rsquo;. In the light of the given statement, briefly discuss the significance of the due process of law in the criminal investigation in India.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/retributive-justice'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => '‘World Habitat Award’ for Odisha’s JAGA Mission',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Odisha</strong> has won the <strong>'World Habitat Award'</strong> for its ambitious initiative- <strong>Jaga Mission.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>aims</strong> at transforming the slums into liveable habitat with all necessary civic infrastructure and services at par with the better off areas within the same urban local body and to continuously improve the standard of the infrastructure and services and access to livelihood opportunities.</li>
</ul>
<h3>World Habitat Award</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This award is given by <strong>World Habitat,</strong> in partnership with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-habitat-assembly" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Habitat</strong></a>, <strong>every year</strong>, in recognition of innovative, outstanding, and revolutionary ideas, projects, and programmes from across the world in the field of housing.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Habitat or United Nations Human Settlements Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>United Nations agency for human settlements.</strong> It is mandated by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goal of providing adequate shelter for all.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1978</strong> as an outcome of the <strong>first UN Conference on Human Settlements and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat I)</strong> held in Vancouver, Canada, in 1976.</li>
<li>UN-Habitat is <strong>headquartered at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>World Habitat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>international not-for-profit organisation/foundation</strong> established in the <strong>United Kingdom.</strong></li>
<li>It works internationally to help bring the best housing to the people who need it the most.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Jaga Mission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Odisha Liveable Habitat Mission (OLHM)- JAGA</strong> is a society under the Housing &amp; Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha.</li>
<li>The <strong>slum land titling mission</strong> was being executed in <strong>collaboration with Tata Trusts</strong> and <strong>Norman Foster Foundation.</strong></li>
<li>Odisha government rolled out this <strong>first of its kind project</strong> on<strong> May 7, 2018.</strong></li>
<li>This mission was also awarded the <strong>'India Geospatial Excellence Award'</strong> for <strong>technological innovation</strong> in transforming the lives of urban poor.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Geospatial Excellence Award</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This award is given by <strong>GeoSmart India</strong> which is an <strong>interactive platform</strong> that demonstrates the collective and shared vision of the Indian geospatial community and is the <strong>most prominent stakeholder event</strong> of the <strong>Indian geospatial ecosystem.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/odisha-awarded-world-habitat-award-for-jaga-mission-119121000128_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-habitat-award-for-odisha-s-jaga-mission'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Aung San Suu Kyi to Defend Myanmar in ICJ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, <strong>Gambia</strong> has filed an application at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-court-of-justice-icj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Court of Justice (ICJ)</strong></a>, accusing Myanmar of violating the <strong>1948 Genocide Convention.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the first international legal attempt to bring Myanmar to ICJ over alleged mass killings of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-myanmar-rohingya-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rohingya minority</strong></a> in 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Muslim-majority<strong> Gambia,</strong> has filed this application on behalf of the 57-nation <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-attended-oic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Aung San Suu Kyi</strong> will defend Myanmar in the Hague against accusations of genocide. She is a Myanmar&rsquo;s State Counsellor and Nobel Peace laureate (awarded in 1990).</li>
<li>Myanmar, however, faces a number of legal challenges over the fate of the Rohingya, including a probe by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-criminal-court-icc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Criminal Court</strong> </a>(a separate war crimes tribunal) in the Hague and a lawsuit in <strong>Argentina.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Convention on Genocide</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>adopted in 1948</strong> in response to the atrocities committed during World War II and a UN resolution which recognised that <strong>"genocide is an international crime, which entails the national and international responsibility of individual persons and states."</strong></li>
<li>The Convention on Genocide was among the first United Nations (UN) conventions addressing humanitarian issues.</li>
<li>The Convention has since then been widely accepted by the international community and ratified by a majority of States.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Criminal Court (ICC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is governed by an international treaty called 'The Rome Statute&rsquo; which was adopted in 1998. The <strong>International Criminal Court (ICC)</strong> is the world&rsquo;s first permanent international criminal court.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Hague, Netherlands.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Court of Justice (ICJ)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-court-of-justice-icj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ICJ</strong></a> was established in 1945 by the United Nations charter and started working in April 1946.</li>
<li>It is the<strong> principal judicial organ of the United Nations,</strong> situated at the Peace Palace in the Hague (Netherlands).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-attended-oic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>OIC</strong></a> was formed in 1969 after a summit in Rabat, the Kingdom of Morocco on 25 September 1969.</li>
<li>The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is among the largest inter-governmental organizations in the world.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</li>
<li>It has 57 member states and 12 observers including the United Nations</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aung-san-suu-kyi-to-defend-myanmar-in-icj'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'SkillsBuild Platform: IBM',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>SkillsBuild platform</strong> was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development &amp; Entrepreneurship (MSDE)</strong> in collaboration with <strong>International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The digital platform will provide a <strong>two-year advanced diploma</strong> in Information Technology (IT), networking and cloud computing offered by the Industrial Training Institutes <strong>(ITIs)</strong> and National Skill Training Institutes <strong>(NSTIs).</strong></li>
<li>It will further be extended to train ITI &amp; NSTI faculty on building skills in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence (AI).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a digital platform developed by IBM and it enables holistic learning, aligning it with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skills India Initiative</strong></a> by Government of India.</li>
<li>India is the <strong>4<sup>th</sup> country</strong> to launch a platform for skill building after the <strong>UK, Germany and France.</strong></li>
<li>It will be accessible online through <strong>Bharat Skills</strong> &ndash; a learning management system for ITI/NSTI students and teachers and is free to use.</li>
<li>SkillsBuild will <strong>focus</strong> on:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Personalised coaching and experiential learning.</li>
<li>Developing the skills required to join the workforce in <strong>New Collar</strong> roles.</li>
<li>Bringing untapped talent to the fore.</li>
<li>Opening roles to individuals often excluded from the labour market due to disadvantaged backgrounds, lack of knowledge, skill or experience.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This platform will provide a <strong>personal assessment</strong> for cognitive capabilities and personality via <strong>MyInnerGenius</strong> (one of the world&rsquo;s leading career assessment companies) to youths/students.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>New Collar Roles</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>New Collar roles focus more on a <strong>candidate's skills</strong> during the hiring process, rather than his or her level of education.</li>
<li>A new-collar worker is an individual who develops the technical and soft skills needed to work in technology jobs <strong>through non-traditional education paths.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Example:</strong> Technical jobs including cloud computing technicians, database managers, cybersecurity, user interface designers and other IT roles.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1595528" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skillsbuild-platform-ibm'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Nagaland Extends ILP in Dimapur',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Nagaland government</strong> has extended the<strong> Inner Line Permit (ILP)</strong> system to the <strong>district of Dimapur.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This step was taken to exempt the entire district from the purview of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/upsc-ias-gs-paper-2-polity-the-citizenship-amendment-bill-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship Amendment Bill (CAB).</strong></a></li>
<li>So far, Dimapur was the only place in Nagaland which was not under the ILP system because the district is a commercial hub and has a mixed population (often referred to as &lsquo;Mini India&rsquo;).</li>
<li>Recently <strong>Manipur</strong> has also been brought <strong>under the purview of ILP System.</strong> Thus, the entire northeast India has been exempted from CAB <strong>except for Sikkim and non-tribal areas in Assam and Tripura.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576048524_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576048524_image1.jpg" width="492" height="671" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The extension of ILP to Dimapur has been issued under <strong>section 2 of the</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/entry-law-for-visitors-in-meghalaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873</strong></a> by the governor of Nagaland.</li>
<li>The extension of the ILP regime makes it <strong>mandatory</strong> for <strong>&ldquo;every non-indigenous person&rdquo;</strong> who entered the district after <strong>November 21, 1979, to obtain an ILP within 90 days.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Exemptions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Any <strong>non-indigenous persons living</strong> in Dimapur prior to <strong>November 21, 1979,</strong> with a <strong>certificate</strong> from the Deputy Commissioner.</li>
<li>Any non-indigenous person <strong>passing</strong> through Dimapur to other states as a <strong>transit passenge</strong>r with a<strong> valid document.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Citizenship Amendment Bill,2019 and North-East India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Protected by the ILP System: Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Mizoram</strong> have been <strong>exempted</strong> from the provisions of the <strong>Citizenship Amendment Bill (CAB), 2019</strong></li>
<li><strong>Sixth Schedule Areas:</strong> The <strong>whole of Meghalaya (except a part of Shillong), Mizoram and the tribal areas of Tripura and Assam</strong> are also exempted from the CAB. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sixth Schedule contains special provisions for the administration of <strong>tribal areas in the four north-eastern states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Inner Line Permit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inner Line Permit is an official travel document issued by the <strong>concerned State Government&nbsp;to allow inward travel</strong> of an Indian citizen into a protected/restricted area for a limited period.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>special permit required by &ldquo;outsiders&rdquo;</strong> from other regions of the country to enter the notified states.</li>
<li>It is based on the <strong>Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation Act (BEFR), 1873.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This act was enacted during the British era to protect the <strong>British interests from the hill tribals who used to invade the British subjects.</strong></li>
<li>An imaginary line known as the inner-line was created to divide between the two communities so that neither party could go beyond the line without a permit from the appropriate authorities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nagaland-extends-inner-line-permit-to-dimapur/article30270213.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nagaland-extends-ilp-in-dimapur'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Problem of Open Defecation in India',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/rural-water-and-sanitation/how-big-a-challenge-is-sustaining-india-s-open-defecation-free-status-67525" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;How big a challenge is sustaining India's open-defecation free status&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in Down To Earth on 31/10/2019. It talks about issues in India&rsquo;s pursuit of becoming open defecation free.</p>
</div>
<p>In the past four years, India has built 100 million toilets in about 0.6 million villages and 6.3 million in cities, making India largely open defecation free (ODF). The country has been declared open defecation free (ODF) &mdash; a seemingly impossible task just some years ago.</p>
<p>In this context, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)</strong></a> has become the global benchmark for participatory and transformative development. However, there are many challenges before India can truly claim itself as ODF.</p>
<h3>Problem of Open Defecation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Open defecation refers to the practise whereby people go out in fields, bushes, forests, open bodies of water, or other open spaces rather than using the toilet to defecate.</li>
<li>It poses a serious threat to the health of children in India.</li>
<li>It exposes women to the danger of physical attacks and encounters such as snake bites.</li>
<li>Poor sanitation also cripples national development, by diverting people&rsquo;s hard-earned money towards out of pocket expenditure on health (leading cause of dragging people into poverty), rather than productive investment like education.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Achievements under SBM</h3>
<p>SBM emphasizes generating awareness, sharing information and creating behaviour change to bridge the gap between building toilets and their proper use.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to government estimates, by February 2019, over 93 per cent of the country&rsquo;s rural households had access to toilets; over 96 per cent of them also used the toilets, suggesting an <strong>important change in behaviour.</strong></li>
<li>The government surveys suggest that 99 per cent of the toilets were well maintained, hygienic and in 100 per cent of these toilets, excreta was &ldquo;safely&rdquo; disposed &mdash; there was no pollution, <strong>no stagnant water, no wastewater and only minimal litter.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/gist-of-economic-survey/gist-of-economic-survey-2018-19/gist-of-economic-survey2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey 2018-19</strong></a> says the gains of the toilet programme are showing up in <strong>health indicators</strong> &mdash; dramatic reduction in diarrhoea and malaria cases in children under 5 years of age in districts with high coverage of toilets in households.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s achievement will also help it to meet its <strong>sustainable development goal 6.2, which aimed</strong> &ldquo; to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for its success</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Political leadership:</strong> Arguably the biggest game-changer for the SBM, was the Prime Minister of India investing his personal political capital in the mission.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It created a domino-like effect, cascading to the grassroots level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public financing:</strong> Over Rs 1 lakh crore was committed to ensuring universal access to sanitation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About 90% of the households which received toilets were from socially and economically weaker sections of society and they received financial incentives to build and use toilets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Partnerships:</strong> SBM partnered with implementers and influencers like: National and international development agencies, media houses, civil society, celebrities, as well as all departments/ministries of the government of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNICEF in India is working in collaboration with the Health Ministry to map <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/who-wash-strategy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WASH (Water Sanitation and Hygiene)</strong></a> compliance in health facilities in the most deprived districts and is making recommendations to address non-compliance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>All hands on deck approach:</strong> SBM trained over half a million swachhagrahis, (grassroots motivators), who triggered behaviour change in every village in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ordinary people undertook extraordinary roles and inspired others to build and use toilets.</li>
<li>SBM captured the imagination of the people, and became a people&rsquo;s movement or a jan andolan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges to ODF</h3>
<p>While the Swachh Bharat Mission has made rapid strides in terms of making toilets more pervasive throughout the country, entrenched socioeconomic factors may be limiting access to and use of sound sanitation practices in Indian villages.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Though the government has provided toilets but many areas in India are affected by <strong>water scarcity.</strong></li>
<li>There is the issue of <strong>excreta disposal.</strong> The toilets built by the government has a system for containment of the excreta, not its disposal.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It assumes that the toilet will safely decompose the excreta in-situ. However, the quality of septic tanks is poor.</li>
<li>Also, the waste is unsafely disposed through tanker operators on the land, or worse, in water bodies.</li>
<li>Unsafe disposal of excreta would become the source of soil and water contamination, thereby taking away the health gains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Even if toilets are built and people have started using these, the trend can reverse in no time. People might slip back into the <strong>old habit of open defecation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Movies like Toilet Ek Prem Katha is a step in the right direction, as they spur behavioural change and will help to curb the slipping back to open defecation.</li>
<li>Government under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong></a> seeks to provide piped water to all households by 2024.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will address the issue to water scarcity which affects sanitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is also a need to move from ODF to ODF+ and ODF++ protocol.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Original ODF protocol issued in March 2016, said &ndash; &ldquo;A city/ward is notified as ODF city/ward if, at any point of the day, not a single person is found defecating in the open.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The new ODF+ protocol: if, &ldquo;at any point of the day, not a single person is found defecating and/or urinating in the open, and all community and public toilets are functional and well-maintained.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The ODF++ protocol adds the condition that &ldquo;faecal sludge/septage and sewage is safely managed and treated, with no discharging and/or dumping of untreated faecal sludge/septage and sewage in drains, water bodies or open areas.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The gaps remaining in SBM should be plugged, such as, people who still lack toilets are provided access to the same, retrofitting primitive style toilets which are not yet sustainably safe, and ensuring proper waste disposal to ensure the complete success of SBM.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #faf4cf;">
<p><em><strong><span style="color: #000080;">Drishti Mains Question</span><br /><br /></strong></em>Swachh Bharat Mission has become the global benchmark for participatory and transformative development, but still, certain challenges remain before India can truly claim its success. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'The Big Picture - Election Commission: Collegium System & Appointments',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mfo8Z2M8988" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Recently, the Supreme Court had agreed to hear a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) seeking the appointment of Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners be done by a <strong>three-member collegium.</strong> The collegium will comprise of the Prime Minister, the Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha and the Chief Justice of India. The PIL also seeks to <strong>ensure more autonomy</strong> for the office of Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners and an <strong>independent secretariat</strong> for the Election Commission of India.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Election Commission of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission of India (ECI)</strong></a> is an <strong>autonomous constitutional authority</strong> responsible for administering Union and State election processes in India.</li>
<li>The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and the offices of the President and Vice President in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Structure of the Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Originally the commission had only one election commissioner but after the <strong>Election Commissioner Amendment Act 1989,</strong> it has been made a <strong>multi-member body.</strong></li>
<li>The commission presently consists of one Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and two Election Commissioners (ECs).</li>
<li>The secretariat of the commission is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Historical Demand for Appointment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This demand was first raised in <strong>1990</strong> when the <strong>Dinesh Goswami Committee</strong> suggested the need for a selection committee or a panel to appoint the CEC (at that time ECI was a single-member body).</li>
<li>Based on this recommendation, <strong>70<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment Bill, 1990</strong> was introduced in the Parliament which demanded for the <strong>selection committee</strong> comprising of the Presiding Officers of both Houses and Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, due to lack of political will, it was not passed and was withdrawn in 1993. Till date, no such bill was formed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Practise:</strong> In the USA, South Africa, Canada, etc. there is a mechanism for outside consultation with expert body for making suitable appointments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Present System of Appointment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constitutional versus Executive Power of Appointment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is no prescribed procedure for appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners as per the constitution. Under the Transaction of Business rules, the <strong>President shall appoint the CEC and EC based on the recommendations made by the Prime Minister.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Therefore, it is the<strong> executive power of the President</strong> to appoint CEC and ECs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, according to <strong>Article 324(5),</strong> the Parliament has the power to regulate the <strong>terms of conditions of service and tenure</strong> of ECs. It is under this article that the Parliament has made laws till date, and not under <strong>Art. 324(2)</strong> in which the Parliament can establish a selection committee for regulating the appointments made by the President.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aberrations in Appointment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Constituent Assembly Debates:</strong> The issue was debated in the Constituent Assembly which finally left over to the government to decide the appointments.</li>
<li><strong>Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991</strong> was passed to <strong>determine the conditions of service</strong> of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners and to <strong>provide for the procedure for transaction of business</strong> by the ECI. However, the Parliament at that time decided not to put any collegium system for appointment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Similar Demand:</strong> For other <strong>constitutional positions</strong> similar demand can be raised where it is the imperative of the executive to make such appointments like for <strong>Attorney General or <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Comptroller &amp; Auditor-General.</a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has the right to decide such appointments like it did for CBI director or the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-vigilance-commission-cvc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chief Vigilance Commissioner</strong></a>. But these are<strong> statutory positions.</strong> As of now, there is no committee for constitutional appointments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Dilemma:</strong> According to <strong>Article 324(2),</strong> the President shall make the <strong>appointment</strong> till the time there is no law being made by the Parliament for this purpose.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because of the absence of such law, the possible statutory appointment process has been made a constitutional appointment (done under executive domain) by the President.</li>
<li>Even in the debates of Constituent Assembly, it was argued that the appointments be made by the President in consultation with PM with the concurrence of <strong>two-thirds of the majority of the joint session</strong> of both the Houses of Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Distinction between CEC &amp; EC:</strong> There is a difference between the position of a CEC &amp; EC. The appointments to both the position may differ according to the task they perform. Therefore, to differentiate the process of appointment which is still done on an <strong>ad-hoc</strong> basis (because of absence of any constitutional law) becomes a challenging task that needs to be addressed properly to ensure the independent working of the commission.</li>
<li><strong>Demand for Collegium System-</strong> In the recent past, this demand has gained prominence in the backdrop of <strong>allegations raised by political parties</strong> regarding the independence of the Commission. Therefore, it is due to political necessity and not legal conundrum that there is a demand for multiparty approach in appointment process.</li>
<li><strong>Judicial Overreach:</strong> The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> (SC) interprets any law on the basis of provisions of the constitution, and constitutionally decision for appointment procedure of EC comes under executive domain. Thereby, decision by the Supreme Court in this regard can possibly shake the harmonious balance of power.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Deficiencies</strong> in the present system of appointment process needs to be <strong>removed.</strong> And adequate safeguards must be put into place to ensure that ethical and capable people head the concerned positions.</li>
<li><strong>Independence:</strong> There must be similar<strong> election and removal procedure</strong> for CEC and ECs, and they must exercise the same powers unless specifically prescribed by a law. Also the expenses of ECI must be <strong>charged expenditure </strong>on <strong>Consolidated Fund of India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Transparency:</strong> Appointments through collegium or any other system as discussed in constitutional debate can bring <strong>more transparency</strong> in the appointment process.</li>
<li><strong>Autonomy:</strong> Even, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/law-commission-of-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Law Commission</strong></a> <strong>in its 255<sup>th</sup> report on electoral reforms (2015)</strong> for <strong>ensuring greater autonomy</strong> to the ECI, recommended for the constitution of a selection committee.</li>
<li><strong>Legislation:</strong> There is a need for debate and discussions in the Parliament on the issue of independency of ECI and consequently passing of required legislation.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Law Commission 255<sup>th</sup> Report on Electoral Reforms: Strengthening the office of the Election Commission of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Commission in its report inter-alia suggested, the ECI must be strengthened by:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Giving equal constitutional protection to all members of the Commission in matters of <strong>removability;</strong></li>
<li>Making the <strong>appointment process</strong> of the Election Commissioners and the CEC consultative; and</li>
<li>Creating a permanent,<strong> independent Secretariat</strong> for the ECI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 324(5)</strong> of the Constitution must be amended to equate the removal procedures of the two Election Commissioners with that of the Chief Election Commissioner. Thus, equal constitutional protection should be given to all members of the ECI in matters of removability from office.</li>
<li>The <strong>appointment</strong> of all the Election Commissioners, including the CEC, must be made by the President in consultation with a <strong>three-member collegium or selection committee,</strong> consisting of the Prime Minister; the Leader of the Opposition of the Lok Sabha (or the leader of the largest opposition party in the Lok Sabha in terms of numerical strength); and the Chief Justice of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Elevation of an Election Commissioner must be on the basis of seniority, unless the three member collegium/committee finds such Commissioner unfit.</li>
<li>Amendments must be made in the <strong>Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991</strong> to reflect this.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also recommended, to add a new sub-clause as <strong>(2A)</strong> to <strong>Article 324</strong> of the Constitution to provide for a separate <strong>independent and permanent Secretariat</strong> for the ECI along the lines of the Lok Sabha/Rajya Sabha Secretariats under <strong>Article 98</strong> of the Constitution. This will further improve the independence of the ECI.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Though there are various issues faced by the Election Commission of India, it has still managed to maintain its reputation worldwide by maintaining its integrity and faithfully discharging its duty by staying within the constitutional realms.</p>',
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