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National Nutrition Survey

The first-ever comprehensive National Nutrition Survey has been conducted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the United Nations...

30 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Indo-Arctic Strategic Construct

This article is based on “Why India’s foray into the Arctic matters” which was published in The Hindu Business Line on...

28 Sep 2019 News Editorials
Unitary Taxation System for Multi-National Enterprises

Recently, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD’s) in its Trade and Development Report 2019 has recommended for the...

28 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Erra Matti Dibbalu

Erra Matti Dibbalu is dissected and stabilized coastal red sediment mounds, located between Visakhapatnam and Bheemunipatnam in Andhra...

28 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Exercise KAZIND - 2019

Joint Military Exercise KAZIND-2019 between India and Kazakhstan will be conducted in Uttarakhand, India. It is the fourth edition of an annual...

28 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Goldschmidtite

Recently a new mineral has been discovered inside a diamond unearthed from a mine in South Africa. It has been found in Earth’s Mantle (A...

28 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Rural Sanitation Strategy: 2019-2029

Recently, the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti has launched the 10-year Rural Sanitation Strategy...

28 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Regulating Right to Freedom of Religion

The High Court of Karnataka has issued guidelines to all city municipal corporations regarding granting permission for temporarily using public roads...

28 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Silicosis and Mining Safety

Saharia tribe miners in Madhya Pradesh have appealed to the government to treat them for silicosis rather than Tuberculosis. Recently the...

28 Sep 2019 News Analysis
A Better Way of Waste Management

This article is based on “Segregation of waste: There is a disturbing pushback against this effort” which appeared in The Indian...

27 Sep 2019 News Editorials
Policy Watch- Power Tariff Policy

In the proposed Draft Amendments to the National Tariff Policy 2016, the government has included the provisions for imposition of penalties on the...

27 Sep 2019 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
Indigenous Fuel Cell System

On the occasion of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Foundation Day, the President of India recently introduced India’s...

27 Sep 2019 News Analysis
World Digital Competitiveness Ranking

India has jumped four places from 48th place in 2018 to 44th rank in 2019 in World Digital Competitiveness Ranking (WDCR). The country has...

27 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Population Pyramid

A population pyramid is a graphical representation of the age and sex composition of a specific population. It consists of two histograms, one for...

27 Sep 2019 News Analysis
World Tourism Day

The United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) has chosen India as the host country to observe World Tourism Day 2019. The theme for this...

27 Sep 2019 News Analysis
2I/Borisov: An Interstellar Object

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has officially declared a recently spotted comet as an interstellar object. This means that the object,...

27 Sep 2019 News Analysis
India- CARICOM

India’s historic and warm relations with the countries of the Caribbean witnessed a new momentum with the meeting of Prime Minister of India...

27 Sep 2019 News Analysis
India-New Zealand

The Prime Minister of India met Prime Minister of New Zealand on the sidelines of UNGA meetings in New York. The issues of International Terrorism...

27 Sep 2019 News Analysis
India-Estonia

Recently, the Prime Minister of India met President of the Republic of Estonia on sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly...

27 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Right Livelihood Award

The Swedish teenage climate activist Greta Thunberg was recently awarded the Right Livelihood Award-2019, also known as Sweden's alternative Nobel...

27 Sep 2019 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'National Nutrition Survey',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>first-ever</strong> comprehensive National Nutrition Survey has been conducted by the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF)&nbsp;</a></strong>to<strong> measure malnutrition.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey recorded not only <strong>micronutrient deficiencies</strong> but also <strong>details of non-communicable diseases</strong> such as diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol and kidney function in<strong> children and adolescents.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nearly <strong>10%</strong> of children in the <strong>age group of 5-9 years</strong> and <strong>adolescents</strong> in the age group of 10-19 years are<strong> pre-diabetic.</strong></li>
<li>Also, <strong>5% are overweight</strong> and another <strong>5% suffer from blood pressure</strong> in the age groups mentioned above.</li>
<li>The first time <strong>hard evidence of the coexistence of obesity and undernutrition,</strong> among school-going children has been recorded.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569828198_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569828198_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="631" height="420" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Nutrition Survey is <strong>different</strong> from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Family Health Survey (NFHS)</strong></a> as,<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NFHS collects data to measure the <strong>prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight and household dietary intake to measure deficiencies.</strong></li>
<li>Moreover, the survey collects data only for the age groups of 1-5 years and adults, and <strong>not for school going children between the age of 5 and 19 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps Taken by Government of India to curb incidences of Malnutrition</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY),</strong></a> Rs.6,000 is transferred directly to the <strong>bank accounts of pregnant women</strong> for availing better facilities for their delivery.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan,</strong></a> launched in 2017-18, aims to reduce stunting, under-nutrition, anaemia and low birth weight babies through synergy and convergence among different programmes, better monitoring and improved community mobilisation.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-nation-one-ration-card-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013,</strong> </a>aims to ensure food and nutrition security for the most vulnerable through its associated schemes and programmes, making access to <strong>food a legal right.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mid-day Meal (MDM) scheme</strong> </a>aims to improve nutritional levels among school children which also has a direct and positive impact on enrolment, retention and attendance in schools.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Malnutrition and Undernutrition</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Malnutrition</strong> refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person&rsquo;s intake of energy and/or nutrients.</li>
<li>The term malnutrition covers <strong>two broad groups</strong> of conditions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Undernutrition&mdash;</strong>which<strong> includes stunting</strong> (low height for age), <strong>wasting</strong> (low weight for height), <strong>underweight</strong> (low weight for age) and <strong>micronutrient deficiencies</strong> (a lack of important vitamins and minerals).</li>
<li><strong>Obesity&mdash;</strong> which includes overweight and diet-related <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>noncommunicable diseases</strong></a> (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/obesity-and-undernutrition-coexist-finds-study/article29550673.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Indo-Arctic Strategic Construct',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on &ldquo;Why India&rsquo;s foray into the Arctic matters&rdquo; which was published in The Hindu Business Line on 28/09/2019. It talks about Indo-Arctic, which can be a natural extension of India&rsquo;s Act East Policy.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Indian Prime Minister at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eastern-economic-forum" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eastern Economic Forum (EEF)</strong></a>, mentioned India&rsquo;s willingness to play &ldquo;a significant role in the Arctic Council.&rdquo; It provides an opening for India to pursue a grandiose Arctic plan. India has been an observer member of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/arctic-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Arctic Council</strong></a> since 2013.</p>
<h3>Why should India be concerned about the Arctic?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India will have to look at the Arctic &mdash; both from the prism of <strong>climate change</strong> and also as a <strong>strategic construct.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Climate Change Aspect</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The impact of climate change across the coasts of India and its economic fallout should bring up the Arctic more in the discussion.</li>
<li>Global warming is leading to the melting of permafrost, which will release an unprecedented amount of carbon dioxide in nature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scientific Research</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Study and research regarding warming of the arctic will help India to develop an understanding of fast-melting glaciers in the Himalayas, which is referred to as the Third Pole.</li>
<li>India in this pursuit has <strong>established Himadari base station</strong> for arctic research In Svalbard, Norway.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arctic Paradox</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the Arctic region witnessed an unprecedented rate of ice-melt because of global warming, <strong>new routes are being opened,</strong> paving the way for untapped hydrocarbon and mineral resources to be exploited.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Politically, Indo-Arctic should be an extension of India&rsquo;s &lsquo;Act East&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India's &lsquo;Look East Policy' during the previous decades was limited to South-East Asia.</li>
<li>In this decade, India expanded it to East Asia and Australia.</li>
<li>The Arctic should be a natural extension during the next decade.</li>
<li>&lsquo;Indo-Arctic&rsquo; initiative, as a strategic construct, could provide a platform for India.</li>
<li>It could open political space for India to work with like-minded countries to expand its footprint in the Arctic through its coasts by the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Geo-Strategic Aspect:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indo-Arctic will also strategically balance the US and Russia.</li>
<li>India is working with the US in developing the Indo-Pacific region.</li>
<li>An Indo-Arctic construct would <strong>complement India&rsquo;s Indo-Pacific push,</strong> and enable <strong>India to work with Russia closely.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>How India can implement Indo-Arctic Policy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Russia will have to work with partners across the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean in South-East Asia and East Asia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Singapore, Indonesia, South Korea and Japan could be the natural partners to this endeavour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China's help can be taken in this regard which has enunciated its own &lsquo;Polar Silk Route&rsquo; initiative.</li>
<li>Scientifically, India will have to expand its footprints in the Polar Research.</li>
<li>Outside Polar research, India should also make policies on other areas like Polar shipping, trade and maritime routes.</li>
<li>Unlike Antarctica, the <strong>Arctic is not considered a &lsquo;global commons&rsquo; (the principle of sovereignty prevents external players from exacting significant gains in the region).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, India should steer away from advocating for an Arctic commons and instead, it must ensure that the environment is strongly considered at the centre of all debates at the Arctic Council.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The Arctic may be the northernmost part of the world, geographically far from India. However, Politically and strategically, the Arctic can no longer be perceived as too far.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #ffffeb;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Discuss the environmental and strategic importance of the Arctic region for India.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Unitary Taxation System for Multi-National Enterprises',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD&rsquo;s) in its <strong>Trade and Development Report 2019</strong> has recommended for the adoption of a <strong>unitary taxation system</strong> for the Multi-National Enterprises (MNEs).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The theme of the report was <strong>&lsquo;Financing a Global Green New Deal&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The report stated that such an approach would simplify the global taxation system and is expected to increase tax revenues for all countries.</li>
<li>The report took cognizance of the fact that the profits of MNEs are generated collectively at the group level. Hence, unitary taxation should be applied by combining it with a global <strong>minimum effective corporate tax rate</strong> on all MNE profits.</li>
<li>There was a dire need for this change, as the current international corporate taxation norms consider affiliates of MNEs as independent entities and treat taxable transactions between different entities of MNEs as unrelated.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This move facilitates the tax-motivated illicit financial flows.</li>
<li>According to the report, the tax-motivated illicit financial flows of MNEs are estimated to deprive developing countries of <strong>$50 billion to $200 billion</strong> a year in terms of the fiscal revenues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The report also highlights that the fiscal revenues of a country could be augmented through fair taxation of the digital economy. The <strong>rapid digitalization of economic activities</strong> is changing the way how values are created, measured and distributed, adding new challenges to the international tax framework.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UNCTAD is a <strong>permanent intergovernmental body</strong> established by <strong>the United Nations</strong> General Assembly in <strong>1964.</strong></li>
<li>Its headquarters are located in <strong>Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>part of the UN Secretariat.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It reports to the UN General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council, but UNCTAD has its own membership, leadership, and budget. It is also a part of the United Nations Development Group.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It supports developing countries to access the benefits of a globalized economy more fairly and effectively. Along with other UN departments and agencies, it also measures the progress made in the Sustainable Development Goals, as set out in Agenda 2030.</li>
<li>Some of the <strong>reports published by UNCTAD</strong> are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Trade and Development Report</li>
<li>World Investment Report</li>
<li>Technology and Innovation Report</li>
<li>Digital Economy Report</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/for-buoyant-revenue-adopt-a-unitary-tax-system-for-multinational-enterprises-un-report/article29507576.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BL</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unitary-taxation-system-for-multi-national-enterprises'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Erra Matti Dibbalu',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Erra Matti Dibbalu is dissected and stabilized coastal <strong>red sediment mounds,</strong> located <strong>between Visakhapatnam and Bheemunipatnam in Andhra Pradesh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569659261_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569659261_image3.jpg" width="268" height="282" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Formed around <strong>12,000 years ago</strong> due to <strong>sea-land interaction.</strong></li>
<li>Comprises a mixture of sand (40-50%), silt and clay (another 50%) with oxidation imparting the unique red colour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are geologically important as they represent the geological history of the <strong>late</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anthropocene-epoch" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quaternary period</strong></a> and carry the imprints of the fall of sea level and its subsequent rise, the impact of climate, monsoon and geological processes on the sediments.</li>
<li>They are<strong> anthropologically and archeologically important</strong> as they possibly contain <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/andhra-pradeshs-second-largest-petroglyph-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mesolithic and neolithic</a> cultural materials as well.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recognition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was recognised as a <strong>national geo-heritage site</strong> in 2014 and as a protected site by the Andhra Pradesh Government in 2016. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Geological Survey of India (GSI)</strong> declares geo-heritage sites/ national geological monuments for protection and maintenance</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Similar Place:</strong> The <strong>only other place</strong> in the country to have a similar stretch of red sand dunes is <strong>Tamil Nadu,</strong> which has the <strong>Teri dune complex.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Geological Survey of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Geological Survey of India (GSI) was set up in <strong>1851</strong> primarily to find coal deposits for the Railways.</li>
<li>The main functions of the GSI relate to <strong>creation and updation of national geo-scientific information and mineral resource assessment.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>headquartered in Kolkata,</strong> and has six regional offices located at Lucknow, Jaipur, Nagpur, Hyderabad, Shillong and Kolkata and State Unit offices in almost all States of the country.</li>
<li>Presently, GSI is an attached office to the <strong>Ministry of Mines.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-study-in-scarlet/article29515095.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/erra-matti-dibbalu'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Exercise KAZIND - 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>Joint Military Exercise KAZIND-2019 between India and Kazakhstan</strong> will be conducted in Uttarakhand, India.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569658934_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569658934_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="253" height="179" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>fourth edition</strong> of an <strong>annual event</strong> that is conducted <strong>alternatively</strong> in Kazakhstan and India.</li>
<li>During the exercise, armies of both countries would be sharing their experience gained during the conduct of various counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations.</li>
<li>The aspects of emerging trends of <strong>hybrid warfare</strong> have also been included under exercise.</li>
<li>The joint military exercise will enhance the level of defence cooperation further fostering bilateral relations between the two nations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hybrid Warfare</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hybrid Warfare refers to the use of unconventional methods as part of a <strong>multi-domain warfighting approach</strong> that aims to disrupt and disable an opponent&rsquo;s actions <strong>without engaging in open hostilities.</strong></li>
<li>Russia&rsquo;s approach to Ukraine is an example of this form of warfare. It has involved a combination of activities, including disinformation, economic manipulation, use of proxies and insurgencies, diplomatic pressure and military actions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586408" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-kazind-2019'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Goldschmidtite',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently a <strong>new mineral</strong> has been discovered inside a diamond unearthed from a mine in <strong>South Africa.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569658700_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569658700_image1.jpg" width="255" height="193" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been found in <strong>Earth&rsquo;s Mantle</strong> (A part of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/massive-mountains-discovered-under-earths-crust" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Interior of the Earth</strong></a>) which covers 80% of earth&rsquo;s volume.</li>
<li>Goldschmidtite has <strong>high concentrations of niobium, potassium and the rare earth elements lanthanum and cerium.</strong></li>
<li>The found single grain is <strong>dark green in colour</strong> and <strong>opaque.</strong></li>
<li>The mineral has been <strong>named</strong> after the <strong>Norwegian scientist Victor Moritz Goldschmidt,</strong> who is considered as the <strong>founder of Modern Geochemistry.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-goldschmidtite-6035067/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/goldschmidtite'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Rural Sanitation Strategy: 2019-2029',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti has launched the 10-year Rural Sanitation Strategy starting from 2019 up to 2029.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The strategy has been <strong>prepared by DDWS,</strong> in consultation with the State Governments and other stakeholders.</li>
<li>It lays down a framework to guide local governments, policy-makers, implementers and other relevant stakeholders in their planning for <strong>Open Defecation Free (ODF) Plus</strong> status, where <strong>everyone uses a toilet,</strong> and every village has <strong>access to solid and liquid waste management.</strong></li>
<li>The strategy aims to <strong>sustain the behavioral change</strong> regarding sanitation that has been achieved under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-applauds-swachh-bharats-rural-component" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen</strong></a> (SBM-G) and ensure that the <strong>focus is shifted to increasing access to solid and liquid waste management</strong> in the rural areas of the country.</li>
<li>The 10-year strategy also demands focused intervention through capacity strengthening, IEC (Information, Education, and Communication), organic waste management, plastic waste management, and water management.</li>
<li><strong>Public financing</strong> has played an important role in the ODF journey but for the maintenance of toilets and infrastructure, the need is there for innovative models for <strong>sanitation financing.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With regard to waste management elements, there will have to be a <strong>convergence of funds from the Centre, states, Panchayati raj institutions (PRIs)</strong> and alternative sources of financing,<strong> including private funds.</strong></li>
<li>Discussions are still underway on the budget requirement and whether funds will be disbursed via a centrally sponsored scheme or through Finance Commission transfers to PRIs.</li>
<li>The strategy highlights the potential collaborations with development partners, civil society and intergovernmental partnerships.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Open Defecation Free (ODF), ODF+, ODF++ Status</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>ODF:</strong> An area can be notified or declared as ODF if at any point of the day, not even a single person is found <strong>defecating in the open.</strong></li>
<li><strong>ODF+:</strong> This status is given if at any point of the day, not a single person is found <strong>defecating and/or urinating in the open,</strong> and all community and public <strong>toilets are functional and well maintained.</strong></li>
<li><strong>ODF++:</strong> This status is given if the area is already ODF+ and the <strong>faecal sludge/septage and sewage</strong> are safely <strong>managed and treated,</strong> with no discharging or dumping of untreated faecal sludge and sewage into the open drains, water bodies or areas.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has seen a sanitation revolution in the form of SBM-G that transformed itself into a <strong>Jan Andolan</strong> (a people&rsquo;s movement).</li>
<li>Since the launch of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SBM-G</strong></a> in 2014, over 10 crore toilets have been built in rural areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Till now, over 5.9 lakh villages in 699 districts and 37 States/UTs have declared themselves as Open Defecation Free (ODF).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is because of the SBM-G that India is now an inspiration, in terms of sanitation for other countries.</li>
<li>To mark the 150<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi on 2<sup>nd</sup> October 2019, the Central government is ready to dedicate a Swachh Bharat to India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To ensure this, the State Governments have been advised to take a note that no one is left behind, and in case any household does not have access to a toilet, they are facilitated to build a toilet on priority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586521" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rural-sanitation-strategy-2019-2029'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Regulating Right to Freedom of Religion',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The High Court of Karnataka has issued guidelines to all city municipal corporations regarding granting permission for temporarily using public roads and footpaths.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Observation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>right under Article 25</strong> (freedom to the free profession, practice and propagation of religion) of the Constitution of India <strong>does not extend to public road and footpath.</strong></li>
<li>One cannot get the rights to use public roads and streets just because it is for religious purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inspection is Mandatory:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Authorities cannot mechanically process applications filed under the State Municipal Corporations Act for grant of permission to temporarily use public roads or footpaths for any purposes, including for the celebration of religious festivals or functions.</li>
<li>The authorised officers will have to <strong>compulsorily inspect the premises,</strong> including roads and footpaths, and will have to <strong>take a report from the traffic police on the impact on traffic,</strong> before granting any permission.</li>
<li>Putting up temporary structures can be permitted only after ensuring that <strong>such structures would not</strong> cause any obstruction to the free flow of traffic or <strong>curtail the right of citizens to free use of footpaths.</strong></li>
<li>The corporations have been <strong>directed not to permit digging up of roads</strong> or footpaths while granting permission to put up temporary structures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Supreme Court</strong> has already held that it is a <strong>fundamental right of citizens to use public roads for passage of vehicles,</strong> and footpaths to walk<strong> (in line with Article 21 of the Constitution).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Display of the Permission at the Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>copy of the permission</strong> and conditions imposed for putting up temporary structures, including the period of permission, <strong>should be displayed</strong> prominently by those to whom the permission has been granted.</li>
<li>Any structures <strong>not displaying a copy</strong> of the permission can be treated as <strong>illegal and removed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Article 25:&nbsp;Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice and Propagation of Religion</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fundamental Right Enshrined:</strong> Article 25 says that all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice and propagate religion.</li>
<li>The<strong> implications</strong> of this are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Freedom of conscience:</strong> Inner freedom of an individual to mould his relation with God or Creatures in whatever way he desires.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Profess:</strong> Declaration of one&rsquo;s religious beliefs and faith openly and freely.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Practice:</strong> Performance of religious worship, rituals, ceremonies and exhibition of beliefs and ideas.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Propagate:</strong> Transmission and dissemination of one&rsquo;s religious beliefs to others or exposition of the tenets of one&rsquo;s religion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scope:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Article 25 covers religious beliefs (doctrines) as well as religious practices (rituals).</li>
<li>Moreover, these rights are available to all persons&mdash;<strong>citizens as well as non-citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restrictions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These rights are subject to <strong>public order, morality, health</strong> and other provisions relating to fundamental rights.</li>
<li>The State is <strong>permitted to regulate or restrict</strong> any economic, financial, political or other secular activity associated with religious practice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Article 21: Protection of Life and Property</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It declares that <strong>no person shall be deprived of his life</strong> or personal liberty <strong>except according to the procedure established by law.</strong></li>
<li>This right is available to <strong>both citizens and non-citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/regulating-right-to-freedom-of-religion'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Silicosis and Mining Safety',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>Saharia tribe miners </strong>in<strong> Madhya Pradesh</strong> have appealed to the government to treat them for silicosis rather than <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agreement-with-the-world-bank-to-eliminate-tb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tuberculosis.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently the <strong>sandstone mining industry in Rajasthan</strong> also demanded modernization of working conditions in mining and quarrying areas.</li>
<li>Silicosis is more <strong>prevalent among miners</strong> who are exposed to dust containing <strong>crystallized silica</strong> which turns quarrying and mining villages into <strong>&ldquo;widow villages&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Maximum miners in these states <strong>do not have any identity proof</strong> and <strong>cannot make a thumb impression</strong> on government documents since <strong>their fingerprints have faded.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Silicosis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Silicosis is one of the most <strong>prevalent occupational health illnesses</strong> in the world.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>progressive lung disease</strong> caused by <strong>inhalation of silica</strong> over a long period of time.</li>
<li>Silicosis is characterized by shortness of breath, cough, fever and bluish skin.</li>
<li>Silicosis is an <strong>incurable condition</strong> with its <strong>potential to cause permanent physical disability.</strong></li>
<li>Silicosis occurs most commonly in people working in the quarrying, manufacturing, and building construction industries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>/silicon dioxide)</strong> is a <strong>crystal-like mineral</strong> found in abundance in sand, rock, and quartz.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is also reported from the population with non-occupational exposure to silica dust from industrial as well as nonindustrial sources.</li>
<li>Exposure to large amounts of free silica <strong>may not be noticed</strong> because <strong>silica is odourless, non-irritant and does not cause any immediate health effects,</strong> but long-term exposure is associated with pneumoconiosis, lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, and other lung diseases.</li>
<li><strong>Diagnosis is a challenge</strong> because it is difficult to even find out<strong> if a person has tuberculosis or silicosis.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The nodules that collect to form a mass can take up to <strong>20 years to be identified in chest x-rays</strong> and the victim notices symptoms only after many years of exposure to silica.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Steps taken by Government of India to <strong>reduce and to prevent incidents of Silicosis include:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, more than <strong>10 million workers are at risk of silicosis</strong> and thus it is recognized as occupational diseases by the <strong>Factories Act and Employees Compensation Act,</strong> which mandates employers must pay compensation to workers who are afflicted. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In India silicosis is prevalent in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Pondicherry, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal among the workers of construction and mining.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factory Act of India (1948)</strong> mandates a well-ventilated working environment, provisions for protection from dust, reduction of overcrowding and provision of basic occupational health care.</li>
<li>Silicosis is a <strong>notified disease</strong> under the <strong>Mines Act (1952) and the Factories Act (1948).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Saharia Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of the <strong>Saharia (or Sor) of India</strong> live in the state of <strong>Madhya Pradesh.</strong> But also found Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Rajasthan and the Plains division of Assam.</li>
<li>They speak the <strong>Munda language</strong> that belongs to the <strong>Austro-Asiatic language</strong> family.</li>
<li>The Saharia tribe is divided based on occupation into<strong> five sub-tribes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Arsi</strong> are weavers.</li>
<li>The <strong>Muli</strong> are ironworkers.</li>
<li>The <strong>Kindal</strong> are basket makers.</li>
<li>The <strong>Kumbi</strong> are potters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/treat-us-for-silicosis-not-tb-miners-in-mp/article29535140.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silicosis-and-mining-safety'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'A Better Way of Waste Management',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/toxic-plants-waste-to-energy-national-green-tribunal-waste-incineration-5560270/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Segregation of waste: There is a disturbing pushback against this effort&rdquo;</strong></a> which appeared in The Indian Express on 27/09/2019. It talks about flaws in current modes of waste disposal and advantages of segregation of waste.</p>
</div>
<p>The first rule of waste management all over the world is that households must segregate their waste before it is collected from the doorstep. Also, the <a href="/daily-news-editorials/solid-waste-management-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Solid Waste Management Rules 2016</strong></a> in India prescribe the same.</p>
<p>Waste segregation can help Indian cities &lsquo;get&rsquo; cleaned up, as current modes of solid waste disposal just make the city to &lsquo;look&rsquo; clean.</p>
<h3>Advantages of Segregation of Waste</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If wet waste is not mixed with dry waste, it significantly reduces the burden of solid waste management on municipalities.</li>
<li>The wet waste can be composted locally; the dry recyclable waste can go for recycling and what remains can be safely disposed of.</li>
<li>Wet waste, which is more than half the total waste, is used for <strong>composting </strong>or<strong> biomethanation</strong> in a decentralised manner.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Composting</strong> is a natural biological process, carried out under controlled aerobic conditions (requires oxygen).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Composting through various microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) biodegrades organic waste (food waste, manure, leaves, grass trimmings, paper, wood, feathers, crop residue etc.,) into valuable organic fertilizer.</li>
<li>This can be used by farmers to improve their yields.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Biomethanation</strong> is a process by which organic material is microbiologically converted under anaerobic conditions to biogas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Three main physiological groups of microorganisms are involved: fermenting bacteria, organic acid oxidizing bacteria, and methanogenic archaea.</li>
<li>Microorganisms degrade organic matter via cascades of biochemical conversions to methane and carbon dioxide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tamil Nadu has achieved 100 % segregation in 20 of its 50 smaller municipalities, and 80 to 90 % in the rest.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the current modes of waste disposal and challenges associated with them?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Waste-to-energy (WtE) plants which rely on the incineration of mixed waste</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>WtE plants in India <strong>burn mixed waste.</strong> The presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons like PVC results in the release of dioxins and furans when the waste is burnt at less than 850 degree Celsius</li>
<li><strong>Harmful emissions:</strong> Dioxins and furans are known to be <strong>carcinogenic</strong> and can lead to impairment of immune, endocrine, nervous and reproductive systems.</li>
<li><strong>Poor compliance:</strong> These WtE are <strong>not in compliance</strong> with guidelines given by National Green Tribunal.</li>
<li><strong>Environmentally unsustainable :</strong> Even when incineration takes place under optimal conditions, large amounts of flue gases, mercury vapour and lead compounds are released, and there is always about 30 per cent residue from incineration in the form of slag (bottom ash) and fly ash (particulate matter), which are also known to be serious pollutants of air and water.</li>
<li>Also, WtE plants in India are also<strong> inefficient in generating energy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Municipal waste in India has a very high biodegradable (wet) waste content ranging anywhere between 60 to 70 % of the total, compared with 30 % in the Western countries. This gives our waste high moisture content and low calorific value.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Compactors<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Compactors are expensive machines that <strong>squeeze and compress the volume of waste,</strong> this enables more waste to be carried per trip and, thus, reduce transportation costs.</li>
<li><strong>The antithesis of segregation:</strong> The use of compactors on mixed waste makes it almost impossible to extract the recyclable dry waste such as plastics, metal, paper and cardboard from the mixture.</li>
<li><strong>Polluting:</strong> The compression of wet waste in the mixture releases <strong>leachate</strong> (a black foul-smelling liquid) that is difficult to dispose of. Leachate percolates into the soil and contaminates groundwater. When it drains off into the sewer system, it overloads the sewage treatment plants.</li>
<li><strong>Increases global warming:</strong> After the compacted waste is transported and dumped, the lack of aeration at the site results in the decomposing wet waste generating methane, a potent greenhouse gas that causes global warming.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Waste transport contracts with private parties</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A payment for waste transportation is made on a <strong>tonnage basis.</strong></li>
<li>This provides an incentive to maximize the weight of waste.</li>
<li>These private players mix whatever the waste is given to them separately.</li>
<li>Also, the unmixed transportation and processing of wet and dry waste encourage citizens to keep their waste unmixed too.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Challenges to Solid Waste Management in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Increasing urbanisation in India has resulted in hyper-consumerism, resulting in more waste generation.</li>
<li>Organic farming and composting are not economically attractive to the Indian farmer, as chemical pesticides are heavily subsidised, and the compost is not efficiently marketed.</li>
<li>Lack of financial resources with Municipal Corporations/Urban Local Bodies, result in poor collection, transportation and management of solid waste.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Possible Solutions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need for a comprehensive waste management policy that stresses the need for decentralised garbage disposal practices as this will incentivise private players to participate.</li>
<li>It is important that Bio-mining and Bio-remediation are made compulsory for areas wherever they can be applied.</li>
<li>To overhaul the waste management sector and induce the necessary behavioural change, citizen participation and engagement is the key.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Waste segregation practice can be inculcated in the masses through awareness-building programme accompanied by a fine if mixed waste is handed out.</li>
<li>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs should either stop financing compactors or at least offer municipalities similar levels of support for more sustainable methods of waste management.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, access to bio-composters in residential localities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A much smarter alternative for municipalities under the Smart Cities Mission would be to promote decentralised composting of wet waste, tie-up with local &ldquo;kabadiwalas&rdquo; or NGOs for recyclable dry waste, and work on safe disposal of the rest.</li>
<li>The savings from eliminating costly secondary transport can easily fund the construction and operation of decentralised centres for the processing of wet and dry waste.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #efffeb;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br />What are the challenges to solid waste management in India? What measures can be taken to ensure a sustainable waste management system in the country?</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-better-way-of-waste-management'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Policy Watch- Power Tariff Policy',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OlazR3kxGlQ" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>In the proposed <strong>Draft Amendments to the National Tariff Policy 2016,</strong> the government has included the provisions for imposition of <strong>penalties</strong> on the distribution companies <strong>for the power cuts</strong> with exceptions in case of<strong> technical faults or Acts of God.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC)</strong> and <strong>Joint Electricity Regulatory Commissions (JERC)</strong> shall not consider <strong>Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&amp;C)</strong> <strong>losses</strong> (the difference between energy input units into the system and the units for which the payment is collected) exceeding <strong>15%</strong> for determination of tariff.</li>
<li>The proposed amendments in tariff policy include provisions related to <strong>generation, transmission and distribution</strong> of electricity.</li>
<li>The penalty will be <strong>levied, collected and credited to the accounts of the consumers</strong> who have suffered.</li>
<li>The tariff policy envisages<strong> bringing cross subsidy between &plusmn;20% of the average cost of supply</strong> which was also part of the <strong>Tariff Policy of 2006. The Electricity Act, 2003</strong> also says that the regulatory commissions must progressively reduce cross subsidies.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tariff Policy, 2006</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was announced by the <strong>Ministry of Power</strong> in <strong>2006</strong> in continuation of the <strong>National Electricity Policy of 2005.</strong></li>
<li>It includes certain provisions regarding <strong>renewable energy and cogeneration.</strong></li>
<li>Under it, appropriate electricity commissions would fix a <strong>minimum percentage for purchasing energy</strong> from the above mentioned sources and the percentages would be <strong>determined by</strong> the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions <strong>(SERC) by 1<sup>st</sup> April,2006.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Highlights of the Amendments to the Tariff Policy</h3>
<p><strong>Focus on Consumers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Accessibility:</strong> Providing access to electricity in already connected villages and connecting whoever is left as soon as they apply for a connection in a reasonable time frame.</li>
<li><strong>Affordability:</strong> Consumers must get it at reasonable rates and a qualitative supply must be assured.</li>
<li><strong>Performance-based time frames:</strong> These time frames are codified in terms of standards of performance which the distribution company has to comply with (three days in some metropolitan cities).</li>
<li><strong>Shift towards renewable energy:</strong> To achieve this, the government is trying to bundle renewable energy with thermal generation because it is less expensive now and can bring down the cost of production, carbon emissions by burning less coal and promote clean energy.</li>
<li><strong>Penalty:</strong> The penalty or compensation has to be paid directly to the consumer account by the DISCOMs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Extension to States</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>All the flexible schemes are to be extended to the state level on a larger scale under <strong>Merit Order Operations.</strong></li>
<li>All the state power generating companies are brought into the gambit of <strong>Security Constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED)</strong> so the costlier power plants can stop producing and get power supply from a cheaper state if is not getting scheduled in some other state.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Merit Order Operations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>merit order</strong> is a way of ranking available sources of energy, especially electricity generation, based on ascending <strong>order</strong> of price (which may reflect the <strong>order</strong> of their short-run marginal costs of production) together with the amount of energy that will be generated.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Security Constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pilot for SCED was implemented on the <strong>1<sup>st</sup> of April 2019</strong> and is giving good results by <strong>saving around three crores per day.</strong></li>
<li>In this mechanism all the power generation stations which are <strong>Inter State Generating</strong> in nature, are being scheduled either through the <strong>Regional Load Dispatch Centres (RLDC)</strong> or <strong>National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC)</strong> under a common scheduling platform.</li>
<li>It was a challenge for <strong>Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO)</strong> and <strong>NLDC</strong> to first build up the platform but they did this in a period of 3 months.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>How would regulatory commissions decipher what is a willful blackout?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The regulatory commissions would need to put in place systems whereby they can establish objectively whether a power cut has happened due to unavoidable technical reasons or due to willful defaults.</li>
<li>It becomes a <strong>vague idea</strong> where clarity will only come with implications and few questions arise which need to be taken care of-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the DISCOM does not have adequate electricity to supply peak demand so whether it should buy more electricity for supplying or it should resort to loadshedding.</li>
<li>If the DISCOM has a technical fault so whether it tries to set it right in the optimal time frame or it delays for some reason and if the delay is willful or not.</li>
<li>If load shedding is done for the reason of grid stability whether it is done in a fair and equitable manner or the wealthy people are spared and the poor have to bear the difficulties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Undue Political Attention:</strong> In electricity sector, the act says that the regulatory commission will determine the tariff but the political party and the civil society are not ready to accept that the matter is out of their hands.</li>
<li><strong>Huge tariff Gaps:</strong> The difference between the lowest and highest tariff is too high in India because of which it is paying a heavy price in terms of underdevelopment.</li>
<li><strong>High Tariffs for Industry:</strong> In both China and the USA the lowest tariffs are for the industry and in India they are the highest. India seems to prefer the consumer to the producer but India will not have jobs and growth unless the producers are given priority.</li>
<li><strong>Financial Scarcity:</strong> Poor states cannot provide subsidised electricity and do not have the budget for it so they end up pushing the regulatory commissions into persisting with very unreasonable cross subsidies on which they need to take serious actions.</li>
<li><strong>Unreasonable Tariffs:</strong> Tariff has to be reasonable particularly to a sector because unless we empower the DISCOMs and give them enough money to invest, a mere mandate is not going to happen.</li>
<li><strong>Financial Viability:</strong> It is also an area of concern, whether the DISCOMs will be able to do it or not.</li>
<li><strong>Underinvestment:</strong> The distribution network does not have investments and the DISCOM is unable to manage its financing properly and chooses not to buy electricity already available in markets.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>How Delhi tackled the challenge of Financial Viability?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This challenge is successfully tackled in New Delhi. AT&amp;C losses were as high as 54% and more but today they are within 10%. So the 15% benchmark is possible to be realised.</li>
<li>Delhi got successful because there was a partnership between the government and the DISCOMs. Investments were made at the foundational technologies. For example the <strong>Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA-</strong> a computer system for gathering and analysing real time data) and the <strong>Robotic Process Automation (RPA-</strong> technology which allows anyone to configure computer software, or a &ldquo;robot&rdquo; to emulate and integrate the actions of a human interacting within digital systems to execute a business process) was brought in. The time was fixed and performance standards were laid.</li>
<li>Delhi has 9000 crore regulatory overhang admitted by the government even though the claim is more and 8% surcharge has been levied which is approved by DRC for meeting the demand of circulatory overhang.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>How Tariff Policy will help DISCOMs?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By pushing them to make investments in distribution to avoid load shedding just because of the rise in demand.</li>
<li>By compelling them to manage their finances enabling them to buy electricity in case of need.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How government ensures reduction in cross subsidy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By revamping the structure and rationalising consumers&rsquo; categories and subcategories based on measurable parameters which are voltage, power and energy. Tariff should be set voltase wise.</li>
<li>By rationalising tariff on the basic principles of electricity and measurable parameters which will end the whims and fancies of reallocating the tariffs without being backed up by any rational calculations.</li>
<li>By letting the consumer pay upfront through billing mechanism or through the direct benefit transfer mechanism, if the government wants to pay subsidy.</li>
<li>By sustainable political considerations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Will 24*7 power supply be realised soon?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It can be done by right policies with amendments in the right direction and at the same time the political will to ensure that theft is checked.</li>
<li>If the tariff structure is rationalised and the opportunity for corruption is decreased, India can certainly move ahead towards this goal.</li>
<li>Investment in technology and manpower training to fill the necessary gaps.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-power-tariff-policy'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Indigenous Fuel Cell System',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>On the occasion of the <strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Foundation Day,</strong> the President of India recently introduced India&rsquo;s <strong>first indigenously developed</strong> high-temperature based <strong>Fuel Cell System.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is developed under the <strong>Public-Private Partnership (PPP)</strong> model by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in partnership with Indian industries.</li>
<li>It is built under India&rsquo;s flagship programme named <strong>&lsquo;New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI)&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Specifications</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The developed fuel cells are based on <strong>High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane (HTPEM)</strong> technology.</li>
<li>It is a<strong> 5.0 kW</strong> fuel cell system that generates power in a green manner.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It takes <strong>methanol or bio-methane as the input</strong> and produces <strong>heat and water</strong> as its bi-products, which can be further used.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This helps to attain an efficiency that is greater than 70%, which is difficult to achieve by other energy sources.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane (HTPEM) Technology</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>High-Temperature Proton-Exchange-Membrane (HTPEM) is the core of the fuel cells that run above 150 &deg;C. It works on two modes of operation with respect to the <strong>source of fuel.</strong></li>
<li>One mode is based on the <strong>conversion of natural gas into Hydrogen</strong> by means of <strong>steam reforming.</strong> This mode is used to fulfill <strong>stationary power</strong> demands.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Steam reforming</strong> or<strong> steam</strong> methane <strong>reforming</strong> is a chemical synthesis process for producing <strong>syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide)</strong> from hydrocarbons such as natural gas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The second mode is based on the <strong>operation of Hydrogen with Oxygen</strong> obtained by the process of <strong>electrolysis.</strong> This is generally used in the space-related applications. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Electrolysis</strong> is a <strong>chemical decomposition process</strong> in which an electric current is passed through a liquid or a solution containing ions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CSIR is an autonomous research and development body established by the <strong>Government of India on 26 September 1942.</strong></li>
<li>It is established under the <strong>Ministry of Science and Technology.</strong></li>
<li>It covers a wide spectrum of science and technology fields from radio and space physics, oceanography, geophysics, chemicals, drugs, genomics, biotechnology, and nanotechnology to mining, aeronautics, instrumentation, environmental engineering, and information technology.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the largest <strong>Public-Private-Partnership</strong> effort within the R&amp;D domain in the country.</li>
<li>NMITLI seeks to <strong>catalyze innovation</strong> centred <strong>scientific and technological</strong> developments as a vehicle to attain for Indian industry a global leadership position, in selected niche areas. It synergizes the best competencies of publicly funded R&amp;D institutions, academia, and private industry.</li>
<li>NMITLI has so far evolved 60 largely networked projects in diversified areas viz. Agriculture &amp; Plant Biotechnology, General Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Drugs &amp; Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals, Materials, Information and Communication Technology, and Energy.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Applications</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This fuel system is most suitable to fulfil <strong>distributed stationary power applications</strong> demands like in small offices, commercial units, data centres, etc. <strong>where highly reliable power is essential</strong> with simultaneous requirement for air-conditioning.</li>
<li>This system will meet the <strong>requirement of efficient, clean and reliable backup power generators</strong> that are demanded by telecom towers, remote locations, and strategic applications.</li>
<li>The Fuel Cells fit well in India&rsquo;s mission of replacing <strong>Diesel</strong> based <strong>Generating</strong> (DG) <strong>sets</strong> with the green and alternate fuels.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This development is therefore expected to <strong>reduce India&rsquo;s dependence on crude oil.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The technology has placed India in the league of developed nations which are in possession of such a knowledge base.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the field of clean energy, Fuel Cell distributed power generation systems are emerging as a promising <strong>alternative to grid power.</strong></li>
<li>The development of indigenous fuel cell technology carries immense national importance in terms of <strong>energy security.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586349" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indigenous-fuel-cell-system'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'World Digital Competitiveness Ranking',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>India has jumped four places</strong> from <strong>48<sup>th</sup> </strong>place in 2018 to <strong>44<sup>th</sup> rank in 2019</strong> in World Digital Competitiveness Ranking (WDCR).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The country has <strong>improved overall in all factors</strong> -- knowledge, technology and future-readiness -- as compared to the previous year's ranking.</li>
<li>The <strong>biggest improvement is in the technology sub-factor level,</strong> holding the first position in telecommunications investment.</li>
<li><strong>Top Countries:</strong> The US was ranked as the world's most digitally competitive economy, followed by Singapore in second place.</li>
<li><strong>Largest Jump:</strong> The largest jump in the overall ranking was registered by China, moving from 30<sup>th</sup> to 22<sup>nd</sup>, and Indonesia, from 62<sup>nd</sup> to 56<sup>th</sup>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Digital Competitiveness Ranking</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ranking, produced by the <strong>International Institute for Management Development (IMD) World Competitiveness Center,</strong> measures the <strong>capacity and readiness of 63 nations</strong> to adopt and <strong>explore digital technologies</strong> as a key driver for economic transformation in business, government and wider society.</li>
<li>To evaluate an economy, WDCR examines <strong>three factors:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Knowledge:</strong> the capacity to understand and learn the new technologies;</li>
<li><strong>Technology:</strong> the competence to develop new digital innovations;</li>
<li><strong>Future readiness:</strong> the preparedness for the coming developments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-rises-4-places-to-44th-rank-in-world-digital-competitiveness-rankings-119092600861_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-digital-competitiveness-ranking'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Population Pyramid',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>A population pyramid is a graphical representation of the <strong>age and sex</strong> composition of a specific population.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It consists of <strong>two histograms, one for each gender</strong> (by convention, men on the left and women on the right) where the <strong>numbers are shown horizontally</strong> and the <strong>ages vertically.</strong></li>
<li>The numbers by gender and by age <strong>depend on interactions between fertility, mortality and migrations.</strong></li>
<li>The shape of the pyramid and its variations over the years depend, above all, on the <strong>variations in fertility.</strong></li>
<li>The pyramid can also assume a columnar shape (with vertical sides rather than sloped sides), or have an irregular profile.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India vis-a-vis China</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569572196_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569572196_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="511" height="313" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s pyramid is bottom heavy</strong> i.e. the Indian population has a <strong>larger proportion of children, teenagers and young adults compared to China&rsquo;s. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Population Distribution</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The country&rsquo;s population for the age cohorts of 0-4, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-19 is roughly equal,</strong> whereas the numbers for older groups become progressively smaller.</li>
<li>This means that the country&rsquo;s younger age groups have stopped growing in numbers now and are likely to shrink slightly soon.</li>
<li>This, however, does not mean that India&rsquo;s population will also start shrinking soon.</li>
<li>Except for the oldest groups, <strong>India seems to have more males than females for every cohort.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The country&rsquo;s largest cohort is in its late 40s,</strong> although it is <strong>more gender balanced</strong> than its younger cohorts, suggesting that sex-selective abortions are likely to have taken off in the last few decades.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Working Age Population</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 25-65 age group, India currently has around 650 million people and China 830 million.</li>
<li>By 2040, India is likely to reach 900 million, whereas China will have around 730 million.</li>
<li>In other words, <strong>India will go from having 180 million less working-age people than China today to about 170 million more&mdash;</strong>a net gain of a third of a billion in 20 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Just having people in the working age is not enough. <strong>How many are in the labour force and their productivity are important.</strong> The government needs to focus on the same.</li>
<li>India needs to<strong> invest</strong> more, and efficiently, in <strong>human capital and infrastructure.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For the former,</strong> investments in <strong>health and sanitation</strong> have to be sustained and more <strong>Public Private Partnership (PPP)</strong> models are required to ensure basic education.</li>
<li><strong>For the latter,</strong> a bigger push for <strong>affordable rental housing</strong> in cities has to be considered, along with more investments in rail connectivity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/investing-better-in-citizens-is-key-to-india-s-growth-1569518299462.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: Mint</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/population-pyramid'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'World Tourism Day ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) has chosen <strong>India as the host country</strong> to observe World Tourism Day 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> for this World Tourism Day is <strong>&lsquo;Tourism and Jobs: A better future for all&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It is celebrated every year on <strong>September 27</strong> around the world.</li>
<li>The purpose of World Tourism Day (WTD) is <strong>to foster awareness among the international community on the importance of tourism</strong> and its social, cultural, political and economic value.</li>
<li>The event seeks to address global challenges outlined in the United Nations <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong></a> and highlight the contribution the tourism sector can make in reaching these goals.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations World Tourism Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is the <strong>United Nations Specialised Agency</strong> responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1975</strong> with headquarters at <strong>Madrid, Spain.</strong></li>
<li>UNWTO <strong>encourages</strong> the implementation of the <strong>Global Code of Ethics for Tourism,</strong> to maximize tourism&rsquo;s socio-economic contribution while minimizing its possible negative impacts.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586310" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-tourism-day'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => '2I/Borisov: An Interstellar Object',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has officially declared a recently spotted comet as an interstellar object.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This means that the object, provisionally called Comet C/2019, is now dubbed 2I/Borisov, with the prefix marking that the comet is the<strong> second interstellar object</strong> scientists have identified to date. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Important%20Facts%20for%20Prelims%20(12th%20November%202018)" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>first was 1I/'Oumuamua,</strong></a> which was first spotted in October 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To confirm Borisov origins, scientists tracked the comet's location long enough to <strong>study its path.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Objects born<strong> in our solar system are trapped in elliptical orbits</strong> around the sun while interstellar bodies <strong>follow the hyperbolic path.</strong></li>
<li>IAU confirmed that <strong>2I/Borisov has a more hyperbolic path than any other comet</strong> scientists have studied to date.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The name Borisov honours its discoverer, astronomer Gennady Borisov from Crimea.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Astronomical Union</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Astronomical Union (IAU) was <strong>founded in 1919, headquartered in Paris, France.</strong></li>
<li>Its mission is to promote and safeguard the science of astronomy in all its aspects, including research, communication, education and development, through international cooperation.</li>
<li>It is the global authority for naming planetary features in the solar system.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new finding suggests that such objects may be sufficiently numerous to provide a new way of investigating processes beyond our planetary systems.</li>
<li>Investigating interstellar objects can provide unique data about other star systems without actually flying to them.</li>
<li>They might provide unique insights into the evolution and composition of other star systems and exoplanets in them.</li>
<li>These objects have probably been travelling between star systems for hundreds of years. As a result, they have undoubtedly picked up material along the way or bear the marks of encounters with other objects or forces.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Their composition and surface features can tell us about the interstellar medium.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/after-2-in-2-years-an-annual-interstellar-visit-now-6032106/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2i-borisov-an-interstellar-object'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'India- CARICOM',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>India&rsquo;s historic and warm relations with the countries of the Caribbean witnessed a new momentum with the meeting of <strong>Prime Minister of India with 14 leaders of the CARICOM group</strong> of countries on the <strong>sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly in New York.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The meeting deliberated on the <strong>steadily intensifying and deepening relations</strong> between India and partner countries of the Caribbean,<strong> not only in the bilateral</strong> but also in the <strong>regional</strong> context.</li>
<li>India has provided immediate financial assistance of <strong>USD 1 million to recover from the destruction caused by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hurricane-dorian" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hurricane Dorian</a></strong> in the region and the worst-hit island of Bahamas.</li>
<li>India also announced a USD 14 million grant for <strong>community development projects</strong> in the CARICOM and another 150 million <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/26-09-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Credit</strong></a><strong> for solar, renewable energy and climate- change-related projects.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569571099_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569571099_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="624" height="328" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Caribbean Community was formed in <strong>1973.</strong></li>
<li>CARICOM has <strong>15 members &ndash;</strong> Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad &amp; Tobago.</li>
<li>The Chairmanship of the Community is <strong>rotated every six months</strong> among the member countries.</li>
<li>The <strong>CARICOM Single Market and Economy</strong> are intended to benefit the people of the region by providing more and better opportunities to produce and sell goods and services and to attract investment.</li>
<li>The Government of India funded the US$ 1.166 million information technology and communication infrastructure, computer software and community studio at the CARICOM Secretariat in 2005-2006.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586334" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-caricom'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'India-New Zealand',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Prime Minister of India met Prime Minister of New Zealand on the sidelines of UNGA meetings in New York.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The issues of <strong>International Terrorism</strong> were also discussed and convergence of views between the two countries on this issue was appreciated.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569570648_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569570648_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="253" height="178" /></a></li>
<li>India and New Zealand have cordial and friendly relations rooted in the linkages of <strong>Commonwealth, Parliamentary Democracy and the English language.</strong></li>
<li>Bilateral relations between India and New Zealand were established in <strong>1952.</strong></li>
<li>NZ has identified India as a <strong>priority country in its &ldquo;Opening Doors to India&rdquo; policy</strong> notified in <strong>2011</strong> which was reiterated by New Zealand in 2015.</li>
<li>India shares <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/a-note-on-free-trade-agreements-and-their-costs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)</strong></a> with New Zealand which ensures the smooth economic relationship between two countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries are part of the upcoming <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deadlock-in-rcep-trade-negotiations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).</strong></a></li>
<li>Also, both countries hold Annual Economic Dialogue since 2009.</li>
<li>In <strong>2014 ONGC Videsh Limited</strong> was awarded oil and gas exploration permits by the New Zealand Government for undertaking <strong>offshore hydrocarbon exploration</strong> along the Taranaki coast in New Zealand‟s North Island region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian diaspora and students</strong> in New Zealand are an important <strong>bridge</strong> between the two nations.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586325" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-new-zealand'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'India-Estonia',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Prime Minister of India met President of the Republic of Estonia on sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)-74.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India recognized the Republic of Estonia in 1991 and diplomatic relations were established in the same year<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569570065_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569570065_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="232" height="168" caption="false" /></a>.</li>
<li>Commercial relations between the two countries are good, but considering the size of India and its rapidly developing economy, there is significant room for higher economic engagement. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Good prospects for co-operation can be found in information technology, biotechnology, and clean energy.</li>
<li>Major items of <strong>export from India to Estonia</strong> include articles of leather coffee, tea, spices, and pharmaceutical products, etc.</li>
<li>Major <strong>Estonian exports to India</strong> include Iron and steel, fertilizers, electrical machinery, paper,etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India shares <strong>strong cultural relations</strong> with Estonia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The University of Tartu began <strong>teaching Sanskrit in 1837</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586331" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Right Livelihood Award',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Swedish teenage climate activist <strong>Greta Thunberg</strong> was recently awarded the <strong>Right Livelihood Award-2019,</strong> also known as <strong>Sweden's alternative Nobel Prize.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>She shares her award with the <strong>three other global leaders namely:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Brazilian indigenous leader Davi Kopenawa</strong> who secured the land rights of the Yanomami people.</li>
<li><strong>Chinese women's rights lawyer Guo Jianmei.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Western Sahara human rights defender Aminatou Haidar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Yanomami Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Yanomami are the largest relatively isolated tribe in <strong>South America.</strong></li>
<li>The Yanomami people live in large circular and communal houses called <strong>Yanos or Shabonos.</strong></li>
<li>They live in the <strong>rainforests and mountainous regions of Northern Brazil and Southern Venezuela.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The award was founded by the Swedish-German philanthropist and stamp collector Jakob von Uexkull after the Nobel foundation rejected his proposal to <strong>establish two new Nobel Prizes, one environmental award and the other award to promote knowledge and perspectives of people in poor countries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because of its founding history and the associated efforts to promote sustainability, social justice, and peace, it came to be known as <strong>alternative Nobel Prize.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>She won the award for her inspiring, unending, and amplifying efforts that demanded urgent global action from the world&rsquo;s political leaders regarding climate change.</li>
<li>Her <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/war-on-nature-must-end" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FridaysForFuture campaign</strong></a> inspired millions of young people throughout the world to come onto the streets and demand suitable necessary actions from their respective governments.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, the students within India also protested at several places across the nation in order to be a part of the global protests against climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/climate-activist-greta-thunberg-wins-swedens-alternative-nobel-prize/article29507056.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'National Nutrition Survey',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>first-ever</strong> comprehensive National Nutrition Survey has been conducted by the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF)&nbsp;</a></strong>to<strong> measure malnutrition.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey recorded not only <strong>micronutrient deficiencies</strong> but also <strong>details of non-communicable diseases</strong> such as diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol and kidney function in<strong> children and adolescents.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nearly <strong>10%</strong> of children in the <strong>age group of 5-9 years</strong> and <strong>adolescents</strong> in the age group of 10-19 years are<strong> pre-diabetic.</strong></li>
<li>Also, <strong>5% are overweight</strong> and another <strong>5% suffer from blood pressure</strong> in the age groups mentioned above.</li>
<li>The first time <strong>hard evidence of the coexistence of obesity and undernutrition,</strong> among school-going children has been recorded.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569828198_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569828198_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="631" height="420" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Nutrition Survey is <strong>different</strong> from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Family Health Survey (NFHS)</strong></a> as,<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NFHS collects data to measure the <strong>prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight and household dietary intake to measure deficiencies.</strong></li>
<li>Moreover, the survey collects data only for the age groups of 1-5 years and adults, and <strong>not for school going children between the age of 5 and 19 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps Taken by Government of India to curb incidences of Malnutrition</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY),</strong></a> Rs.6,000 is transferred directly to the <strong>bank accounts of pregnant women</strong> for availing better facilities for their delivery.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan,</strong></a> launched in 2017-18, aims to reduce stunting, under-nutrition, anaemia and low birth weight babies through synergy and convergence among different programmes, better monitoring and improved community mobilisation.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-nation-one-ration-card-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013,</strong> </a>aims to ensure food and nutrition security for the most vulnerable through its associated schemes and programmes, making access to <strong>food a legal right.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mid-day Meal (MDM) scheme</strong> </a>aims to improve nutritional levels among school children which also has a direct and positive impact on enrolment, retention and attendance in schools.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Malnutrition and Undernutrition</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Malnutrition</strong> refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person&rsquo;s intake of energy and/or nutrients.</li>
<li>The term malnutrition covers <strong>two broad groups</strong> of conditions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Undernutrition&mdash;</strong>which<strong> includes stunting</strong> (low height for age), <strong>wasting</strong> (low weight for height), <strong>underweight</strong> (low weight for age) and <strong>micronutrient deficiencies</strong> (a lack of important vitamins and minerals).</li>
<li><strong>Obesity&mdash;</strong> which includes overweight and diet-related <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>noncommunicable diseases</strong></a> (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/obesity-and-undernutrition-coexist-finds-study/article29550673.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-nutrition-survey'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Indo-Arctic Strategic Construct',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on &ldquo;Why India&rsquo;s foray into the Arctic matters&rdquo; which was published in The Hindu Business Line on 28/09/2019. It talks about Indo-Arctic, which can be a natural extension of India&rsquo;s Act East Policy.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Indian Prime Minister at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eastern-economic-forum" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eastern Economic Forum (EEF)</strong></a>, mentioned India&rsquo;s willingness to play &ldquo;a significant role in the Arctic Council.&rdquo; It provides an opening for India to pursue a grandiose Arctic plan. India has been an observer member of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/arctic-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Arctic Council</strong></a> since 2013.</p>
<h3>Why should India be concerned about the Arctic?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India will have to look at the Arctic &mdash; both from the prism of <strong>climate change</strong> and also as a <strong>strategic construct.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Climate Change Aspect</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The impact of climate change across the coasts of India and its economic fallout should bring up the Arctic more in the discussion.</li>
<li>Global warming is leading to the melting of permafrost, which will release an unprecedented amount of carbon dioxide in nature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scientific Research</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Study and research regarding warming of the arctic will help India to develop an understanding of fast-melting glaciers in the Himalayas, which is referred to as the Third Pole.</li>
<li>India in this pursuit has <strong>established Himadari base station</strong> for arctic research In Svalbard, Norway.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arctic Paradox</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the Arctic region witnessed an unprecedented rate of ice-melt because of global warming, <strong>new routes are being opened,</strong> paving the way for untapped hydrocarbon and mineral resources to be exploited.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Politically, Indo-Arctic should be an extension of India&rsquo;s &lsquo;Act East&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India's &lsquo;Look East Policy' during the previous decades was limited to South-East Asia.</li>
<li>In this decade, India expanded it to East Asia and Australia.</li>
<li>The Arctic should be a natural extension during the next decade.</li>
<li>&lsquo;Indo-Arctic&rsquo; initiative, as a strategic construct, could provide a platform for India.</li>
<li>It could open political space for India to work with like-minded countries to expand its footprint in the Arctic through its coasts by the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Geo-Strategic Aspect:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indo-Arctic will also strategically balance the US and Russia.</li>
<li>India is working with the US in developing the Indo-Pacific region.</li>
<li>An Indo-Arctic construct would <strong>complement India&rsquo;s Indo-Pacific push,</strong> and enable <strong>India to work with Russia closely.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>How India can implement Indo-Arctic Policy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Russia will have to work with partners across the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean in South-East Asia and East Asia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Singapore, Indonesia, South Korea and Japan could be the natural partners to this endeavour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China's help can be taken in this regard which has enunciated its own &lsquo;Polar Silk Route&rsquo; initiative.</li>
<li>Scientifically, India will have to expand its footprints in the Polar Research.</li>
<li>Outside Polar research, India should also make policies on other areas like Polar shipping, trade and maritime routes.</li>
<li>Unlike Antarctica, the <strong>Arctic is not considered a &lsquo;global commons&rsquo; (the principle of sovereignty prevents external players from exacting significant gains in the region).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, India should steer away from advocating for an Arctic commons and instead, it must ensure that the environment is strongly considered at the centre of all debates at the Arctic Council.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The Arctic may be the northernmost part of the world, geographically far from India. However, Politically and strategically, the Arctic can no longer be perceived as too far.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #ffffeb;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Discuss the environmental and strategic importance of the Arctic region for India.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/indo-arctic-strategic-construct'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Unitary Taxation System for Multi-National Enterprises',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD&rsquo;s) in its <strong>Trade and Development Report 2019</strong> has recommended for the adoption of a <strong>unitary taxation system</strong> for the Multi-National Enterprises (MNEs).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The theme of the report was <strong>&lsquo;Financing a Global Green New Deal&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The report stated that such an approach would simplify the global taxation system and is expected to increase tax revenues for all countries.</li>
<li>The report took cognizance of the fact that the profits of MNEs are generated collectively at the group level. Hence, unitary taxation should be applied by combining it with a global <strong>minimum effective corporate tax rate</strong> on all MNE profits.</li>
<li>There was a dire need for this change, as the current international corporate taxation norms consider affiliates of MNEs as independent entities and treat taxable transactions between different entities of MNEs as unrelated.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This move facilitates the tax-motivated illicit financial flows.</li>
<li>According to the report, the tax-motivated illicit financial flows of MNEs are estimated to deprive developing countries of <strong>$50 billion to $200 billion</strong> a year in terms of the fiscal revenues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The report also highlights that the fiscal revenues of a country could be augmented through fair taxation of the digital economy. The <strong>rapid digitalization of economic activities</strong> is changing the way how values are created, measured and distributed, adding new challenges to the international tax framework.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UNCTAD is a <strong>permanent intergovernmental body</strong> established by <strong>the United Nations</strong> General Assembly in <strong>1964.</strong></li>
<li>Its headquarters are located in <strong>Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>part of the UN Secretariat.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It reports to the UN General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council, but UNCTAD has its own membership, leadership, and budget. It is also a part of the United Nations Development Group.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It supports developing countries to access the benefits of a globalized economy more fairly and effectively. Along with other UN departments and agencies, it also measures the progress made in the Sustainable Development Goals, as set out in Agenda 2030.</li>
<li>Some of the <strong>reports published by UNCTAD</strong> are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Trade and Development Report</li>
<li>World Investment Report</li>
<li>Technology and Innovation Report</li>
<li>Digital Economy Report</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/for-buoyant-revenue-adopt-a-unitary-tax-system-for-multinational-enterprises-un-report/article29507576.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BL</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unitary-taxation-system-for-multi-national-enterprises'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Erra Matti Dibbalu',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Erra Matti Dibbalu is dissected and stabilized coastal <strong>red sediment mounds,</strong> located <strong>between Visakhapatnam and Bheemunipatnam in Andhra Pradesh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569659261_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569659261_image3.jpg" width="268" height="282" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Formed around <strong>12,000 years ago</strong> due to <strong>sea-land interaction.</strong></li>
<li>Comprises a mixture of sand (40-50%), silt and clay (another 50%) with oxidation imparting the unique red colour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are geologically important as they represent the geological history of the <strong>late</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anthropocene-epoch" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quaternary period</strong></a> and carry the imprints of the fall of sea level and its subsequent rise, the impact of climate, monsoon and geological processes on the sediments.</li>
<li>They are<strong> anthropologically and archeologically important</strong> as they possibly contain <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/andhra-pradeshs-second-largest-petroglyph-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mesolithic and neolithic</a> cultural materials as well.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recognition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was recognised as a <strong>national geo-heritage site</strong> in 2014 and as a protected site by the Andhra Pradesh Government in 2016. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Geological Survey of India (GSI)</strong> declares geo-heritage sites/ national geological monuments for protection and maintenance</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Similar Place:</strong> The <strong>only other place</strong> in the country to have a similar stretch of red sand dunes is <strong>Tamil Nadu,</strong> which has the <strong>Teri dune complex.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Geological Survey of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Geological Survey of India (GSI) was set up in <strong>1851</strong> primarily to find coal deposits for the Railways.</li>
<li>The main functions of the GSI relate to <strong>creation and updation of national geo-scientific information and mineral resource assessment.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>headquartered in Kolkata,</strong> and has six regional offices located at Lucknow, Jaipur, Nagpur, Hyderabad, Shillong and Kolkata and State Unit offices in almost all States of the country.</li>
<li>Presently, GSI is an attached office to the <strong>Ministry of Mines.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-study-in-scarlet/article29515095.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/erra-matti-dibbalu'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Exercise KAZIND - 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>Joint Military Exercise KAZIND-2019 between India and Kazakhstan</strong> will be conducted in Uttarakhand, India.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569658934_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569658934_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="253" height="179" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>fourth edition</strong> of an <strong>annual event</strong> that is conducted <strong>alternatively</strong> in Kazakhstan and India.</li>
<li>During the exercise, armies of both countries would be sharing their experience gained during the conduct of various counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations.</li>
<li>The aspects of emerging trends of <strong>hybrid warfare</strong> have also been included under exercise.</li>
<li>The joint military exercise will enhance the level of defence cooperation further fostering bilateral relations between the two nations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hybrid Warfare</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hybrid Warfare refers to the use of unconventional methods as part of a <strong>multi-domain warfighting approach</strong> that aims to disrupt and disable an opponent&rsquo;s actions <strong>without engaging in open hostilities.</strong></li>
<li>Russia&rsquo;s approach to Ukraine is an example of this form of warfare. It has involved a combination of activities, including disinformation, economic manipulation, use of proxies and insurgencies, diplomatic pressure and military actions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586408" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-kazind-2019'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Goldschmidtite',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently a <strong>new mineral</strong> has been discovered inside a diamond unearthed from a mine in <strong>South Africa.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569658700_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569658700_image1.jpg" width="255" height="193" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been found in <strong>Earth&rsquo;s Mantle</strong> (A part of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/massive-mountains-discovered-under-earths-crust" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Interior of the Earth</strong></a>) which covers 80% of earth&rsquo;s volume.</li>
<li>Goldschmidtite has <strong>high concentrations of niobium, potassium and the rare earth elements lanthanum and cerium.</strong></li>
<li>The found single grain is <strong>dark green in colour</strong> and <strong>opaque.</strong></li>
<li>The mineral has been <strong>named</strong> after the <strong>Norwegian scientist Victor Moritz Goldschmidt,</strong> who is considered as the <strong>founder of Modern Geochemistry.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-goldschmidtite-6035067/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/goldschmidtite'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Rural Sanitation Strategy: 2019-2029',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti has launched the 10-year Rural Sanitation Strategy starting from 2019 up to 2029.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The strategy has been <strong>prepared by DDWS,</strong> in consultation with the State Governments and other stakeholders.</li>
<li>It lays down a framework to guide local governments, policy-makers, implementers and other relevant stakeholders in their planning for <strong>Open Defecation Free (ODF) Plus</strong> status, where <strong>everyone uses a toilet,</strong> and every village has <strong>access to solid and liquid waste management.</strong></li>
<li>The strategy aims to <strong>sustain the behavioral change</strong> regarding sanitation that has been achieved under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-applauds-swachh-bharats-rural-component" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen</strong></a> (SBM-G) and ensure that the <strong>focus is shifted to increasing access to solid and liquid waste management</strong> in the rural areas of the country.</li>
<li>The 10-year strategy also demands focused intervention through capacity strengthening, IEC (Information, Education, and Communication), organic waste management, plastic waste management, and water management.</li>
<li><strong>Public financing</strong> has played an important role in the ODF journey but for the maintenance of toilets and infrastructure, the need is there for innovative models for <strong>sanitation financing.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With regard to waste management elements, there will have to be a <strong>convergence of funds from the Centre, states, Panchayati raj institutions (PRIs)</strong> and alternative sources of financing,<strong> including private funds.</strong></li>
<li>Discussions are still underway on the budget requirement and whether funds will be disbursed via a centrally sponsored scheme or through Finance Commission transfers to PRIs.</li>
<li>The strategy highlights the potential collaborations with development partners, civil society and intergovernmental partnerships.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Open Defecation Free (ODF), ODF+, ODF++ Status</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>ODF:</strong> An area can be notified or declared as ODF if at any point of the day, not even a single person is found <strong>defecating in the open.</strong></li>
<li><strong>ODF+:</strong> This status is given if at any point of the day, not a single person is found <strong>defecating and/or urinating in the open,</strong> and all community and public <strong>toilets are functional and well maintained.</strong></li>
<li><strong>ODF++:</strong> This status is given if the area is already ODF+ and the <strong>faecal sludge/septage and sewage</strong> are safely <strong>managed and treated,</strong> with no discharging or dumping of untreated faecal sludge and sewage into the open drains, water bodies or areas.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has seen a sanitation revolution in the form of SBM-G that transformed itself into a <strong>Jan Andolan</strong> (a people&rsquo;s movement).</li>
<li>Since the launch of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SBM-G</strong></a> in 2014, over 10 crore toilets have been built in rural areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Till now, over 5.9 lakh villages in 699 districts and 37 States/UTs have declared themselves as Open Defecation Free (ODF).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is because of the SBM-G that India is now an inspiration, in terms of sanitation for other countries.</li>
<li>To mark the 150<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi on 2<sup>nd</sup> October 2019, the Central government is ready to dedicate a Swachh Bharat to India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To ensure this, the State Governments have been advised to take a note that no one is left behind, and in case any household does not have access to a toilet, they are facilitated to build a toilet on priority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586521" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rural-sanitation-strategy-2019-2029'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Regulating Right to Freedom of Religion',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The High Court of Karnataka has issued guidelines to all city municipal corporations regarding granting permission for temporarily using public roads and footpaths.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Observation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>right under Article 25</strong> (freedom to the free profession, practice and propagation of religion) of the Constitution of India <strong>does not extend to public road and footpath.</strong></li>
<li>One cannot get the rights to use public roads and streets just because it is for religious purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inspection is Mandatory:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Authorities cannot mechanically process applications filed under the State Municipal Corporations Act for grant of permission to temporarily use public roads or footpaths for any purposes, including for the celebration of religious festivals or functions.</li>
<li>The authorised officers will have to <strong>compulsorily inspect the premises,</strong> including roads and footpaths, and will have to <strong>take a report from the traffic police on the impact on traffic,</strong> before granting any permission.</li>
<li>Putting up temporary structures can be permitted only after ensuring that <strong>such structures would not</strong> cause any obstruction to the free flow of traffic or <strong>curtail the right of citizens to free use of footpaths.</strong></li>
<li>The corporations have been <strong>directed not to permit digging up of roads</strong> or footpaths while granting permission to put up temporary structures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Supreme Court</strong> has already held that it is a <strong>fundamental right of citizens to use public roads for passage of vehicles,</strong> and footpaths to walk<strong> (in line with Article 21 of the Constitution).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Display of the Permission at the Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>copy of the permission</strong> and conditions imposed for putting up temporary structures, including the period of permission, <strong>should be displayed</strong> prominently by those to whom the permission has been granted.</li>
<li>Any structures <strong>not displaying a copy</strong> of the permission can be treated as <strong>illegal and removed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Article 25:&nbsp;Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice and Propagation of Religion</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fundamental Right Enshrined:</strong> Article 25 says that all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice and propagate religion.</li>
<li>The<strong> implications</strong> of this are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Freedom of conscience:</strong> Inner freedom of an individual to mould his relation with God or Creatures in whatever way he desires.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Profess:</strong> Declaration of one&rsquo;s religious beliefs and faith openly and freely.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Practice:</strong> Performance of religious worship, rituals, ceremonies and exhibition of beliefs and ideas.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Propagate:</strong> Transmission and dissemination of one&rsquo;s religious beliefs to others or exposition of the tenets of one&rsquo;s religion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scope:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Article 25 covers religious beliefs (doctrines) as well as religious practices (rituals).</li>
<li>Moreover, these rights are available to all persons&mdash;<strong>citizens as well as non-citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restrictions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These rights are subject to <strong>public order, morality, health</strong> and other provisions relating to fundamental rights.</li>
<li>The State is <strong>permitted to regulate or restrict</strong> any economic, financial, political or other secular activity associated with religious practice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Article 21: Protection of Life and Property</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It declares that <strong>no person shall be deprived of his life</strong> or personal liberty <strong>except according to the procedure established by law.</strong></li>
<li>This right is available to <strong>both citizens and non-citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/regulating-right-to-freedom-of-religion'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Silicosis and Mining Safety',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>Saharia tribe miners </strong>in<strong> Madhya Pradesh</strong> have appealed to the government to treat them for silicosis rather than <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agreement-with-the-world-bank-to-eliminate-tb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tuberculosis.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently the <strong>sandstone mining industry in Rajasthan</strong> also demanded modernization of working conditions in mining and quarrying areas.</li>
<li>Silicosis is more <strong>prevalent among miners</strong> who are exposed to dust containing <strong>crystallized silica</strong> which turns quarrying and mining villages into <strong>&ldquo;widow villages&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Maximum miners in these states <strong>do not have any identity proof</strong> and <strong>cannot make a thumb impression</strong> on government documents since <strong>their fingerprints have faded.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Silicosis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Silicosis is one of the most <strong>prevalent occupational health illnesses</strong> in the world.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>progressive lung disease</strong> caused by <strong>inhalation of silica</strong> over a long period of time.</li>
<li>Silicosis is characterized by shortness of breath, cough, fever and bluish skin.</li>
<li>Silicosis is an <strong>incurable condition</strong> with its <strong>potential to cause permanent physical disability.</strong></li>
<li>Silicosis occurs most commonly in people working in the quarrying, manufacturing, and building construction industries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>/silicon dioxide)</strong> is a <strong>crystal-like mineral</strong> found in abundance in sand, rock, and quartz.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is also reported from the population with non-occupational exposure to silica dust from industrial as well as nonindustrial sources.</li>
<li>Exposure to large amounts of free silica <strong>may not be noticed</strong> because <strong>silica is odourless, non-irritant and does not cause any immediate health effects,</strong> but long-term exposure is associated with pneumoconiosis, lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, and other lung diseases.</li>
<li><strong>Diagnosis is a challenge</strong> because it is difficult to even find out<strong> if a person has tuberculosis or silicosis.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The nodules that collect to form a mass can take up to <strong>20 years to be identified in chest x-rays</strong> and the victim notices symptoms only after many years of exposure to silica.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Steps taken by Government of India to <strong>reduce and to prevent incidents of Silicosis include:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, more than <strong>10 million workers are at risk of silicosis</strong> and thus it is recognized as occupational diseases by the <strong>Factories Act and Employees Compensation Act,</strong> which mandates employers must pay compensation to workers who are afflicted. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In India silicosis is prevalent in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Pondicherry, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal among the workers of construction and mining.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factory Act of India (1948)</strong> mandates a well-ventilated working environment, provisions for protection from dust, reduction of overcrowding and provision of basic occupational health care.</li>
<li>Silicosis is a <strong>notified disease</strong> under the <strong>Mines Act (1952) and the Factories Act (1948).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Saharia Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of the <strong>Saharia (or Sor) of India</strong> live in the state of <strong>Madhya Pradesh.</strong> But also found Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Rajasthan and the Plains division of Assam.</li>
<li>They speak the <strong>Munda language</strong> that belongs to the <strong>Austro-Asiatic language</strong> family.</li>
<li>The Saharia tribe is divided based on occupation into<strong> five sub-tribes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Arsi</strong> are weavers.</li>
<li>The <strong>Muli</strong> are ironworkers.</li>
<li>The <strong>Kindal</strong> are basket makers.</li>
<li>The <strong>Kumbi</strong> are potters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/treat-us-for-silicosis-not-tb-miners-in-mp/article29535140.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silicosis-and-mining-safety'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'A Better Way of Waste Management',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/toxic-plants-waste-to-energy-national-green-tribunal-waste-incineration-5560270/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Segregation of waste: There is a disturbing pushback against this effort&rdquo;</strong></a> which appeared in The Indian Express on 27/09/2019. It talks about flaws in current modes of waste disposal and advantages of segregation of waste.</p>
</div>
<p>The first rule of waste management all over the world is that households must segregate their waste before it is collected from the doorstep. Also, the <a href="/daily-news-editorials/solid-waste-management-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Solid Waste Management Rules 2016</strong></a> in India prescribe the same.</p>
<p>Waste segregation can help Indian cities &lsquo;get&rsquo; cleaned up, as current modes of solid waste disposal just make the city to &lsquo;look&rsquo; clean.</p>
<h3>Advantages of Segregation of Waste</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If wet waste is not mixed with dry waste, it significantly reduces the burden of solid waste management on municipalities.</li>
<li>The wet waste can be composted locally; the dry recyclable waste can go for recycling and what remains can be safely disposed of.</li>
<li>Wet waste, which is more than half the total waste, is used for <strong>composting </strong>or<strong> biomethanation</strong> in a decentralised manner.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Composting</strong> is a natural biological process, carried out under controlled aerobic conditions (requires oxygen).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Composting through various microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) biodegrades organic waste (food waste, manure, leaves, grass trimmings, paper, wood, feathers, crop residue etc.,) into valuable organic fertilizer.</li>
<li>This can be used by farmers to improve their yields.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Biomethanation</strong> is a process by which organic material is microbiologically converted under anaerobic conditions to biogas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Three main physiological groups of microorganisms are involved: fermenting bacteria, organic acid oxidizing bacteria, and methanogenic archaea.</li>
<li>Microorganisms degrade organic matter via cascades of biochemical conversions to methane and carbon dioxide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tamil Nadu has achieved 100 % segregation in 20 of its 50 smaller municipalities, and 80 to 90 % in the rest.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the current modes of waste disposal and challenges associated with them?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Waste-to-energy (WtE) plants which rely on the incineration of mixed waste</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>WtE plants in India <strong>burn mixed waste.</strong> The presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons like PVC results in the release of dioxins and furans when the waste is burnt at less than 850 degree Celsius</li>
<li><strong>Harmful emissions:</strong> Dioxins and furans are known to be <strong>carcinogenic</strong> and can lead to impairment of immune, endocrine, nervous and reproductive systems.</li>
<li><strong>Poor compliance:</strong> These WtE are <strong>not in compliance</strong> with guidelines given by National Green Tribunal.</li>
<li><strong>Environmentally unsustainable :</strong> Even when incineration takes place under optimal conditions, large amounts of flue gases, mercury vapour and lead compounds are released, and there is always about 30 per cent residue from incineration in the form of slag (bottom ash) and fly ash (particulate matter), which are also known to be serious pollutants of air and water.</li>
<li>Also, WtE plants in India are also<strong> inefficient in generating energy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Municipal waste in India has a very high biodegradable (wet) waste content ranging anywhere between 60 to 70 % of the total, compared with 30 % in the Western countries. This gives our waste high moisture content and low calorific value.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Compactors<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Compactors are expensive machines that <strong>squeeze and compress the volume of waste,</strong> this enables more waste to be carried per trip and, thus, reduce transportation costs.</li>
<li><strong>The antithesis of segregation:</strong> The use of compactors on mixed waste makes it almost impossible to extract the recyclable dry waste such as plastics, metal, paper and cardboard from the mixture.</li>
<li><strong>Polluting:</strong> The compression of wet waste in the mixture releases <strong>leachate</strong> (a black foul-smelling liquid) that is difficult to dispose of. Leachate percolates into the soil and contaminates groundwater. When it drains off into the sewer system, it overloads the sewage treatment plants.</li>
<li><strong>Increases global warming:</strong> After the compacted waste is transported and dumped, the lack of aeration at the site results in the decomposing wet waste generating methane, a potent greenhouse gas that causes global warming.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Waste transport contracts with private parties</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A payment for waste transportation is made on a <strong>tonnage basis.</strong></li>
<li>This provides an incentive to maximize the weight of waste.</li>
<li>These private players mix whatever the waste is given to them separately.</li>
<li>Also, the unmixed transportation and processing of wet and dry waste encourage citizens to keep their waste unmixed too.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Challenges to Solid Waste Management in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Increasing urbanisation in India has resulted in hyper-consumerism, resulting in more waste generation.</li>
<li>Organic farming and composting are not economically attractive to the Indian farmer, as chemical pesticides are heavily subsidised, and the compost is not efficiently marketed.</li>
<li>Lack of financial resources with Municipal Corporations/Urban Local Bodies, result in poor collection, transportation and management of solid waste.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Possible Solutions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need for a comprehensive waste management policy that stresses the need for decentralised garbage disposal practices as this will incentivise private players to participate.</li>
<li>It is important that Bio-mining and Bio-remediation are made compulsory for areas wherever they can be applied.</li>
<li>To overhaul the waste management sector and induce the necessary behavioural change, citizen participation and engagement is the key.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Waste segregation practice can be inculcated in the masses through awareness-building programme accompanied by a fine if mixed waste is handed out.</li>
<li>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs should either stop financing compactors or at least offer municipalities similar levels of support for more sustainable methods of waste management.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, access to bio-composters in residential localities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A much smarter alternative for municipalities under the Smart Cities Mission would be to promote decentralised composting of wet waste, tie-up with local &ldquo;kabadiwalas&rdquo; or NGOs for recyclable dry waste, and work on safe disposal of the rest.</li>
<li>The savings from eliminating costly secondary transport can easily fund the construction and operation of decentralised centres for the processing of wet and dry waste.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #efffeb;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br />What are the challenges to solid waste management in India? What measures can be taken to ensure a sustainable waste management system in the country?</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-better-way-of-waste-management'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Policy Watch- Power Tariff Policy',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OlazR3kxGlQ" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>In the proposed <strong>Draft Amendments to the National Tariff Policy 2016,</strong> the government has included the provisions for imposition of <strong>penalties</strong> on the distribution companies <strong>for the power cuts</strong> with exceptions in case of<strong> technical faults or Acts of God.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC)</strong> and <strong>Joint Electricity Regulatory Commissions (JERC)</strong> shall not consider <strong>Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&amp;C)</strong> <strong>losses</strong> (the difference between energy input units into the system and the units for which the payment is collected) exceeding <strong>15%</strong> for determination of tariff.</li>
<li>The proposed amendments in tariff policy include provisions related to <strong>generation, transmission and distribution</strong> of electricity.</li>
<li>The penalty will be <strong>levied, collected and credited to the accounts of the consumers</strong> who have suffered.</li>
<li>The tariff policy envisages<strong> bringing cross subsidy between &plusmn;20% of the average cost of supply</strong> which was also part of the <strong>Tariff Policy of 2006. The Electricity Act, 2003</strong> also says that the regulatory commissions must progressively reduce cross subsidies.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tariff Policy, 2006</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was announced by the <strong>Ministry of Power</strong> in <strong>2006</strong> in continuation of the <strong>National Electricity Policy of 2005.</strong></li>
<li>It includes certain provisions regarding <strong>renewable energy and cogeneration.</strong></li>
<li>Under it, appropriate electricity commissions would fix a <strong>minimum percentage for purchasing energy</strong> from the above mentioned sources and the percentages would be <strong>determined by</strong> the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions <strong>(SERC) by 1<sup>st</sup> April,2006.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Highlights of the Amendments to the Tariff Policy</h3>
<p><strong>Focus on Consumers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Accessibility:</strong> Providing access to electricity in already connected villages and connecting whoever is left as soon as they apply for a connection in a reasonable time frame.</li>
<li><strong>Affordability:</strong> Consumers must get it at reasonable rates and a qualitative supply must be assured.</li>
<li><strong>Performance-based time frames:</strong> These time frames are codified in terms of standards of performance which the distribution company has to comply with (three days in some metropolitan cities).</li>
<li><strong>Shift towards renewable energy:</strong> To achieve this, the government is trying to bundle renewable energy with thermal generation because it is less expensive now and can bring down the cost of production, carbon emissions by burning less coal and promote clean energy.</li>
<li><strong>Penalty:</strong> The penalty or compensation has to be paid directly to the consumer account by the DISCOMs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Extension to States</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>All the flexible schemes are to be extended to the state level on a larger scale under <strong>Merit Order Operations.</strong></li>
<li>All the state power generating companies are brought into the gambit of <strong>Security Constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED)</strong> so the costlier power plants can stop producing and get power supply from a cheaper state if is not getting scheduled in some other state.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Merit Order Operations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>merit order</strong> is a way of ranking available sources of energy, especially electricity generation, based on ascending <strong>order</strong> of price (which may reflect the <strong>order</strong> of their short-run marginal costs of production) together with the amount of energy that will be generated.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Security Constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pilot for SCED was implemented on the <strong>1<sup>st</sup> of April 2019</strong> and is giving good results by <strong>saving around three crores per day.</strong></li>
<li>In this mechanism all the power generation stations which are <strong>Inter State Generating</strong> in nature, are being scheduled either through the <strong>Regional Load Dispatch Centres (RLDC)</strong> or <strong>National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC)</strong> under a common scheduling platform.</li>
<li>It was a challenge for <strong>Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO)</strong> and <strong>NLDC</strong> to first build up the platform but they did this in a period of 3 months.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>How would regulatory commissions decipher what is a willful blackout?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The regulatory commissions would need to put in place systems whereby they can establish objectively whether a power cut has happened due to unavoidable technical reasons or due to willful defaults.</li>
<li>It becomes a <strong>vague idea</strong> where clarity will only come with implications and few questions arise which need to be taken care of-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the DISCOM does not have adequate electricity to supply peak demand so whether it should buy more electricity for supplying or it should resort to loadshedding.</li>
<li>If the DISCOM has a technical fault so whether it tries to set it right in the optimal time frame or it delays for some reason and if the delay is willful or not.</li>
<li>If load shedding is done for the reason of grid stability whether it is done in a fair and equitable manner or the wealthy people are spared and the poor have to bear the difficulties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Undue Political Attention:</strong> In electricity sector, the act says that the regulatory commission will determine the tariff but the political party and the civil society are not ready to accept that the matter is out of their hands.</li>
<li><strong>Huge tariff Gaps:</strong> The difference between the lowest and highest tariff is too high in India because of which it is paying a heavy price in terms of underdevelopment.</li>
<li><strong>High Tariffs for Industry:</strong> In both China and the USA the lowest tariffs are for the industry and in India they are the highest. India seems to prefer the consumer to the producer but India will not have jobs and growth unless the producers are given priority.</li>
<li><strong>Financial Scarcity:</strong> Poor states cannot provide subsidised electricity and do not have the budget for it so they end up pushing the regulatory commissions into persisting with very unreasonable cross subsidies on which they need to take serious actions.</li>
<li><strong>Unreasonable Tariffs:</strong> Tariff has to be reasonable particularly to a sector because unless we empower the DISCOMs and give them enough money to invest, a mere mandate is not going to happen.</li>
<li><strong>Financial Viability:</strong> It is also an area of concern, whether the DISCOMs will be able to do it or not.</li>
<li><strong>Underinvestment:</strong> The distribution network does not have investments and the DISCOM is unable to manage its financing properly and chooses not to buy electricity already available in markets.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>How Delhi tackled the challenge of Financial Viability?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This challenge is successfully tackled in New Delhi. AT&amp;C losses were as high as 54% and more but today they are within 10%. So the 15% benchmark is possible to be realised.</li>
<li>Delhi got successful because there was a partnership between the government and the DISCOMs. Investments were made at the foundational technologies. For example the <strong>Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA-</strong> a computer system for gathering and analysing real time data) and the <strong>Robotic Process Automation (RPA-</strong> technology which allows anyone to configure computer software, or a &ldquo;robot&rdquo; to emulate and integrate the actions of a human interacting within digital systems to execute a business process) was brought in. The time was fixed and performance standards were laid.</li>
<li>Delhi has 9000 crore regulatory overhang admitted by the government even though the claim is more and 8% surcharge has been levied which is approved by DRC for meeting the demand of circulatory overhang.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>How Tariff Policy will help DISCOMs?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By pushing them to make investments in distribution to avoid load shedding just because of the rise in demand.</li>
<li>By compelling them to manage their finances enabling them to buy electricity in case of need.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How government ensures reduction in cross subsidy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By revamping the structure and rationalising consumers&rsquo; categories and subcategories based on measurable parameters which are voltage, power and energy. Tariff should be set voltase wise.</li>
<li>By rationalising tariff on the basic principles of electricity and measurable parameters which will end the whims and fancies of reallocating the tariffs without being backed up by any rational calculations.</li>
<li>By letting the consumer pay upfront through billing mechanism or through the direct benefit transfer mechanism, if the government wants to pay subsidy.</li>
<li>By sustainable political considerations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Will 24*7 power supply be realised soon?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It can be done by right policies with amendments in the right direction and at the same time the political will to ensure that theft is checked.</li>
<li>If the tariff structure is rationalised and the opportunity for corruption is decreased, India can certainly move ahead towards this goal.</li>
<li>Investment in technology and manpower training to fill the necessary gaps.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-power-tariff-policy'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Indigenous Fuel Cell System',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>On the occasion of the <strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Foundation Day,</strong> the President of India recently introduced India&rsquo;s <strong>first indigenously developed</strong> high-temperature based <strong>Fuel Cell System.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is developed under the <strong>Public-Private Partnership (PPP)</strong> model by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in partnership with Indian industries.</li>
<li>It is built under India&rsquo;s flagship programme named <strong>&lsquo;New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI)&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Specifications</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The developed fuel cells are based on <strong>High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane (HTPEM)</strong> technology.</li>
<li>It is a<strong> 5.0 kW</strong> fuel cell system that generates power in a green manner.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It takes <strong>methanol or bio-methane as the input</strong> and produces <strong>heat and water</strong> as its bi-products, which can be further used.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This helps to attain an efficiency that is greater than 70%, which is difficult to achieve by other energy sources.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane (HTPEM) Technology</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>High-Temperature Proton-Exchange-Membrane (HTPEM) is the core of the fuel cells that run above 150 &deg;C. It works on two modes of operation with respect to the <strong>source of fuel.</strong></li>
<li>One mode is based on the <strong>conversion of natural gas into Hydrogen</strong> by means of <strong>steam reforming.</strong> This mode is used to fulfill <strong>stationary power</strong> demands.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Steam reforming</strong> or<strong> steam</strong> methane <strong>reforming</strong> is a chemical synthesis process for producing <strong>syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide)</strong> from hydrocarbons such as natural gas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The second mode is based on the <strong>operation of Hydrogen with Oxygen</strong> obtained by the process of <strong>electrolysis.</strong> This is generally used in the space-related applications. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Electrolysis</strong> is a <strong>chemical decomposition process</strong> in which an electric current is passed through a liquid or a solution containing ions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CSIR is an autonomous research and development body established by the <strong>Government of India on 26 September 1942.</strong></li>
<li>It is established under the <strong>Ministry of Science and Technology.</strong></li>
<li>It covers a wide spectrum of science and technology fields from radio and space physics, oceanography, geophysics, chemicals, drugs, genomics, biotechnology, and nanotechnology to mining, aeronautics, instrumentation, environmental engineering, and information technology.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the largest <strong>Public-Private-Partnership</strong> effort within the R&amp;D domain in the country.</li>
<li>NMITLI seeks to <strong>catalyze innovation</strong> centred <strong>scientific and technological</strong> developments as a vehicle to attain for Indian industry a global leadership position, in selected niche areas. It synergizes the best competencies of publicly funded R&amp;D institutions, academia, and private industry.</li>
<li>NMITLI has so far evolved 60 largely networked projects in diversified areas viz. Agriculture &amp; Plant Biotechnology, General Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Drugs &amp; Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals, Materials, Information and Communication Technology, and Energy.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Applications</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This fuel system is most suitable to fulfil <strong>distributed stationary power applications</strong> demands like in small offices, commercial units, data centres, etc. <strong>where highly reliable power is essential</strong> with simultaneous requirement for air-conditioning.</li>
<li>This system will meet the <strong>requirement of efficient, clean and reliable backup power generators</strong> that are demanded by telecom towers, remote locations, and strategic applications.</li>
<li>The Fuel Cells fit well in India&rsquo;s mission of replacing <strong>Diesel</strong> based <strong>Generating</strong> (DG) <strong>sets</strong> with the green and alternate fuels.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This development is therefore expected to <strong>reduce India&rsquo;s dependence on crude oil.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The technology has placed India in the league of developed nations which are in possession of such a knowledge base.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the field of clean energy, Fuel Cell distributed power generation systems are emerging as a promising <strong>alternative to grid power.</strong></li>
<li>The development of indigenous fuel cell technology carries immense national importance in terms of <strong>energy security.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586349" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indigenous-fuel-cell-system'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'World Digital Competitiveness Ranking',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>India has jumped four places</strong> from <strong>48<sup>th</sup> </strong>place in 2018 to <strong>44<sup>th</sup> rank in 2019</strong> in World Digital Competitiveness Ranking (WDCR).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The country has <strong>improved overall in all factors</strong> -- knowledge, technology and future-readiness -- as compared to the previous year's ranking.</li>
<li>The <strong>biggest improvement is in the technology sub-factor level,</strong> holding the first position in telecommunications investment.</li>
<li><strong>Top Countries:</strong> The US was ranked as the world's most digitally competitive economy, followed by Singapore in second place.</li>
<li><strong>Largest Jump:</strong> The largest jump in the overall ranking was registered by China, moving from 30<sup>th</sup> to 22<sup>nd</sup>, and Indonesia, from 62<sup>nd</sup> to 56<sup>th</sup>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Digital Competitiveness Ranking</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ranking, produced by the <strong>International Institute for Management Development (IMD) World Competitiveness Center,</strong> measures the <strong>capacity and readiness of 63 nations</strong> to adopt and <strong>explore digital technologies</strong> as a key driver for economic transformation in business, government and wider society.</li>
<li>To evaluate an economy, WDCR examines <strong>three factors:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Knowledge:</strong> the capacity to understand and learn the new technologies;</li>
<li><strong>Technology:</strong> the competence to develop new digital innovations;</li>
<li><strong>Future readiness:</strong> the preparedness for the coming developments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-rises-4-places-to-44th-rank-in-world-digital-competitiveness-rankings-119092600861_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-digital-competitiveness-ranking'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Population Pyramid',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>A population pyramid is a graphical representation of the <strong>age and sex</strong> composition of a specific population.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It consists of <strong>two histograms, one for each gender</strong> (by convention, men on the left and women on the right) where the <strong>numbers are shown horizontally</strong> and the <strong>ages vertically.</strong></li>
<li>The numbers by gender and by age <strong>depend on interactions between fertility, mortality and migrations.</strong></li>
<li>The shape of the pyramid and its variations over the years depend, above all, on the <strong>variations in fertility.</strong></li>
<li>The pyramid can also assume a columnar shape (with vertical sides rather than sloped sides), or have an irregular profile.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India vis-a-vis China</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569572196_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569572196_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="511" height="313" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s pyramid is bottom heavy</strong> i.e. the Indian population has a <strong>larger proportion of children, teenagers and young adults compared to China&rsquo;s. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Population Distribution</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The country&rsquo;s population for the age cohorts of 0-4, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-19 is roughly equal,</strong> whereas the numbers for older groups become progressively smaller.</li>
<li>This means that the country&rsquo;s younger age groups have stopped growing in numbers now and are likely to shrink slightly soon.</li>
<li>This, however, does not mean that India&rsquo;s population will also start shrinking soon.</li>
<li>Except for the oldest groups, <strong>India seems to have more males than females for every cohort.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The country&rsquo;s largest cohort is in its late 40s,</strong> although it is <strong>more gender balanced</strong> than its younger cohorts, suggesting that sex-selective abortions are likely to have taken off in the last few decades.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Working Age Population</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 25-65 age group, India currently has around 650 million people and China 830 million.</li>
<li>By 2040, India is likely to reach 900 million, whereas China will have around 730 million.</li>
<li>In other words, <strong>India will go from having 180 million less working-age people than China today to about 170 million more&mdash;</strong>a net gain of a third of a billion in 20 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Just having people in the working age is not enough. <strong>How many are in the labour force and their productivity are important.</strong> The government needs to focus on the same.</li>
<li>India needs to<strong> invest</strong> more, and efficiently, in <strong>human capital and infrastructure.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For the former,</strong> investments in <strong>health and sanitation</strong> have to be sustained and more <strong>Public Private Partnership (PPP)</strong> models are required to ensure basic education.</li>
<li><strong>For the latter,</strong> a bigger push for <strong>affordable rental housing</strong> in cities has to be considered, along with more investments in rail connectivity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/investing-better-in-citizens-is-key-to-india-s-growth-1569518299462.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: Mint</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/population-pyramid'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'World Tourism Day ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) has chosen <strong>India as the host country</strong> to observe World Tourism Day 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> for this World Tourism Day is <strong>&lsquo;Tourism and Jobs: A better future for all&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It is celebrated every year on <strong>September 27</strong> around the world.</li>
<li>The purpose of World Tourism Day (WTD) is <strong>to foster awareness among the international community on the importance of tourism</strong> and its social, cultural, political and economic value.</li>
<li>The event seeks to address global challenges outlined in the United Nations <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong></a> and highlight the contribution the tourism sector can make in reaching these goals.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations World Tourism Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is the <strong>United Nations Specialised Agency</strong> responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1975</strong> with headquarters at <strong>Madrid, Spain.</strong></li>
<li>UNWTO <strong>encourages</strong> the implementation of the <strong>Global Code of Ethics for Tourism,</strong> to maximize tourism&rsquo;s socio-economic contribution while minimizing its possible negative impacts.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586310" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-tourism-day'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => '2I/Borisov: An Interstellar Object',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has officially declared a recently spotted comet as an interstellar object.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This means that the object, provisionally called Comet C/2019, is now dubbed 2I/Borisov, with the prefix marking that the comet is the<strong> second interstellar object</strong> scientists have identified to date. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Important%20Facts%20for%20Prelims%20(12th%20November%202018)" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>first was 1I/'Oumuamua,</strong></a> which was first spotted in October 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To confirm Borisov origins, scientists tracked the comet's location long enough to <strong>study its path.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Objects born<strong> in our solar system are trapped in elliptical orbits</strong> around the sun while interstellar bodies <strong>follow the hyperbolic path.</strong></li>
<li>IAU confirmed that <strong>2I/Borisov has a more hyperbolic path than any other comet</strong> scientists have studied to date.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The name Borisov honours its discoverer, astronomer Gennady Borisov from Crimea.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Astronomical Union</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Astronomical Union (IAU) was <strong>founded in 1919, headquartered in Paris, France.</strong></li>
<li>Its mission is to promote and safeguard the science of astronomy in all its aspects, including research, communication, education and development, through international cooperation.</li>
<li>It is the global authority for naming planetary features in the solar system.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new finding suggests that such objects may be sufficiently numerous to provide a new way of investigating processes beyond our planetary systems.</li>
<li>Investigating interstellar objects can provide unique data about other star systems without actually flying to them.</li>
<li>They might provide unique insights into the evolution and composition of other star systems and exoplanets in them.</li>
<li>These objects have probably been travelling between star systems for hundreds of years. As a result, they have undoubtedly picked up material along the way or bear the marks of encounters with other objects or forces.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Their composition and surface features can tell us about the interstellar medium.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/after-2-in-2-years-an-annual-interstellar-visit-now-6032106/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2i-borisov-an-interstellar-object'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'India- CARICOM',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>India&rsquo;s historic and warm relations with the countries of the Caribbean witnessed a new momentum with the meeting of <strong>Prime Minister of India with 14 leaders of the CARICOM group</strong> of countries on the <strong>sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly in New York.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The meeting deliberated on the <strong>steadily intensifying and deepening relations</strong> between India and partner countries of the Caribbean,<strong> not only in the bilateral</strong> but also in the <strong>regional</strong> context.</li>
<li>India has provided immediate financial assistance of <strong>USD 1 million to recover from the destruction caused by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hurricane-dorian" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hurricane Dorian</a></strong> in the region and the worst-hit island of Bahamas.</li>
<li>India also announced a USD 14 million grant for <strong>community development projects</strong> in the CARICOM and another 150 million <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/26-09-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Credit</strong></a><strong> for solar, renewable energy and climate- change-related projects.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569571099_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569571099_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="624" height="328" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Caribbean Community was formed in <strong>1973.</strong></li>
<li>CARICOM has <strong>15 members &ndash;</strong> Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad &amp; Tobago.</li>
<li>The Chairmanship of the Community is <strong>rotated every six months</strong> among the member countries.</li>
<li>The <strong>CARICOM Single Market and Economy</strong> are intended to benefit the people of the region by providing more and better opportunities to produce and sell goods and services and to attract investment.</li>
<li>The Government of India funded the US$ 1.166 million information technology and communication infrastructure, computer software and community studio at the CARICOM Secretariat in 2005-2006.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586334" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-caricom'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'India-New Zealand',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Prime Minister of India met Prime Minister of New Zealand on the sidelines of UNGA meetings in New York.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The issues of <strong>International Terrorism</strong> were also discussed and convergence of views between the two countries on this issue was appreciated.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569570648_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569570648_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="253" height="178" /></a></li>
<li>India and New Zealand have cordial and friendly relations rooted in the linkages of <strong>Commonwealth, Parliamentary Democracy and the English language.</strong></li>
<li>Bilateral relations between India and New Zealand were established in <strong>1952.</strong></li>
<li>NZ has identified India as a <strong>priority country in its &ldquo;Opening Doors to India&rdquo; policy</strong> notified in <strong>2011</strong> which was reiterated by New Zealand in 2015.</li>
<li>India shares <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/a-note-on-free-trade-agreements-and-their-costs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)</strong></a> with New Zealand which ensures the smooth economic relationship between two countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries are part of the upcoming <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deadlock-in-rcep-trade-negotiations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).</strong></a></li>
<li>Also, both countries hold Annual Economic Dialogue since 2009.</li>
<li>In <strong>2014 ONGC Videsh Limited</strong> was awarded oil and gas exploration permits by the New Zealand Government for undertaking <strong>offshore hydrocarbon exploration</strong> along the Taranaki coast in New Zealand‟s North Island region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian diaspora and students</strong> in New Zealand are an important <strong>bridge</strong> between the two nations.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586325" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-new-zealand'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'India-Estonia',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Prime Minister of India met President of the Republic of Estonia on sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)-74.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India recognized the Republic of Estonia in 1991 and diplomatic relations were established in the same year<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569570065_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569570065_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="232" height="168" caption="false" /></a>.</li>
<li>Commercial relations between the two countries are good, but considering the size of India and its rapidly developing economy, there is significant room for higher economic engagement. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Good prospects for co-operation can be found in information technology, biotechnology, and clean energy.</li>
<li>Major items of <strong>export from India to Estonia</strong> include articles of leather coffee, tea, spices, and pharmaceutical products, etc.</li>
<li>Major <strong>Estonian exports to India</strong> include Iron and steel, fertilizers, electrical machinery, paper,etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India shares <strong>strong cultural relations</strong> with Estonia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The University of Tartu began <strong>teaching Sanskrit in 1837</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586331" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-estonia'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Right Livelihood Award',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Swedish teenage climate activist <strong>Greta Thunberg</strong> was recently awarded the <strong>Right Livelihood Award-2019,</strong> also known as <strong>Sweden's alternative Nobel Prize.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>She shares her award with the <strong>three other global leaders namely:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Brazilian indigenous leader Davi Kopenawa</strong> who secured the land rights of the Yanomami people.</li>
<li><strong>Chinese women's rights lawyer Guo Jianmei.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Western Sahara human rights defender Aminatou Haidar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Yanomami Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Yanomami are the largest relatively isolated tribe in <strong>South America.</strong></li>
<li>The Yanomami people live in large circular and communal houses called <strong>Yanos or Shabonos.</strong></li>
<li>They live in the <strong>rainforests and mountainous regions of Northern Brazil and Southern Venezuela.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The award was founded by the Swedish-German philanthropist and stamp collector Jakob von Uexkull after the Nobel foundation rejected his proposal to <strong>establish two new Nobel Prizes, one environmental award and the other award to promote knowledge and perspectives of people in poor countries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because of its founding history and the associated efforts to promote sustainability, social justice, and peace, it came to be known as <strong>alternative Nobel Prize.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>She won the award for her inspiring, unending, and amplifying efforts that demanded urgent global action from the world&rsquo;s political leaders regarding climate change.</li>
<li>Her <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/war-on-nature-must-end" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FridaysForFuture campaign</strong></a> inspired millions of young people throughout the world to come onto the streets and demand suitable necessary actions from their respective governments.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, the students within India also protested at several places across the nation in order to be a part of the global protests against climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/climate-activist-greta-thunberg-wins-swedens-alternative-nobel-prize/article29507056.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-livelihood-award'
	]
]
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$page = (int) 181
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 303
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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