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Vacancies in Policing

The Bureau of Police Research and development’s report on “vacancies in the police organization” has revealed that in India, 5.28...

08 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Union Budget and E-Vehicles

The Union Budget 2019-20 included several incentives for developing electric vehicle industry (EV Industry) in India. Income tax rebates of up to...

08 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Immunocontraceptives for Wildlife Population Management

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has launched a project for undertaking ‘immunocontraceptive measures’ for...

08 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Effect of Social Media on Teens

As per a recent survey conducted by Fortis hospital, around 82% of students studying psychology in classes XI and XII in at least 200 schools across...

08 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Income Inequality Among Farmers

A recent survey conducted by NABARD, highlights the high levels of inter-state income inequality among the agricultural household in India. The...

08 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Jaipur: A World Heritage Site

The Pink city, Jaipur (Rajasthan), has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The decision was taken at the 43rd session of the UNESCO...

08 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Indus Valley Civilization

Introduction The history of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as Harappan Civilization. It...

08 Jul 2019 Paper 1
Indus Valley Civilization

08 Jul 2019 Paper 1
Crime Against Humanity

This article is based on editorial “Crimes that India’s statute books have failed to define” that appeared in The Hindu on 8th...

08 Jul 2019 News Editorials
Redefining Poverty

This article is based on editorial “Rethink poverty — and policy” that appeared in The Indian Express on 29 June 2019. It talks...

06 Jul 2019 News Editorials
Highlights of Budget 2019

The Union Minister for Finance presented the Union Budget 2019-20 before the Parliament. Constitutional Provisions The term...

06 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Changing Demographic Profile: Faster Than Expectation

According to the Economic Survey 2018-19, India’s population growth rate will decline faster than assumed as the fertility rate in many states...

06 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Welfare Database of Citizens

The Economic Survey 2018-19 has recommended setting up of a central welfare database of citizens by merging different data maintained by separate...

06 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Cosmic Rays Impacting Earth’s Climate

According to a study published in the Scientific Reports journal,the cosmic rays are impacting earth climate by adding low-cloud cover. Besides...

06 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Gangetic Dolphins Found in Mahananda River

For the first time, a population of Gangetic River Dolphins has been found in the Mahananda river, in Bihar’s Kishanganj district. Dolphins...

06 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Project Manav

A human atlas initiative named Manav has been launched by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and Persistent Systems, a biotechnology...

06 Jul 2019 News Analysis
ISRO: Challenges and Opportunities

This article is based on editorial “Expanding India’s share in global space economy” that appeared in The Hindu on 5th July 2019....

05 Jul 2019 News Editorials
Privilege Motion

Recently, a member of the Indian parliament has moved a privilege motion against a TV channel. The breach of privilege motion is moved against a...

05 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Hydrogen-Enriched Compressed Natural Gas (HCNG)

Delhi will be the first city in the country to roll out hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) buses for public transport from November...

05 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Highlights of Economic Survey 2018-19

The Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs tabled the Economic Survey 2018-19 in the Parliament. This is the first survey by the new...

05 Jul 2019 News Analysis

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Vacancies in Policing',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>The Bureau of Police Research and development&rsquo;s</strong> report on <strong>&ldquo;vacancies in the police organization&rdquo;</strong> has revealed that in India, 5.28 lakh police posts are lying vacant.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>High vacancy rate in police organizations points toward the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/deficiencies-in-indian-policing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>deficiencies in Indian policing</strong></a> that needs to be tackled through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dgp-appointment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>police reforms</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/336Image%202.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/336Image 2.jpg" width="287" height="327" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are 23,79,728 sanctioned posts in police forces of all states of which only 18,51,332 were occupied.</li>
<li>The states with high shortage of police personnel included <strong>Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Telangana</strong>, and <strong>Maharashtra</strong> while <strong>Nagaland</strong> is the only state where actual strength exceeded the sanctioned strength.</li>
<li>The wide difference between<strong> sanctioned</strong> and <strong>actual strength</strong> of vacancies can be attributed to reasons like slow <strong>recruitment</strong> process, <strong>retirement</strong>, and <strong>untimely</strong> deaths.</li>
<li><strong>Naxal-affected</strong> Chhattisgah has 11,916 posts vacant in its sanctioned 71,606 posts, while the Odisha Police has 10,322 vacant posts against its sanctioned strength of 66,973 posts.</li>
<li><strong>Insurgency-hit</strong> Assam has 11,452 vacant posts in its sanctioned strength of 65,987 personnel while Jammu and Kashmir has 10,044 posts vacant in its sanctioned strength of 87,882 posts.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Police Research and Development</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&amp;D), under the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> has the primary objective of <strong>modernization of police force.</strong></li>
<li>It takes direct and active interest in policing issues and promotes a <strong>speedy and systematic study</strong> of the police problems.</li>
<li>In addition to two existing divisions (namely, <strong>Research, Statistics and Publication</strong> and <strong>Development</strong>) a <strong>training</strong> division was also set up under BPR&amp;D on the recommendations of <strong>Gore committee</strong> in 1973.</li>
<li>Issues relating to Correctional Administration Work are under BPR&amp;D so that problems relating to<strong> prisons</strong> and implementation of deemed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/prison-reforms-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>prison reforms</strong> </a>can be taken up by the Bureau in a cohesive manner.</li>
<li><strong>The National Police Mission</strong> is also under the administrative control of BPR&amp;D to transform the police forces in the country into effective instrument for maintenance of internal security and facing the challenges in the future, by equipping them with the necessary <strong>material, intellectual and organizational resources.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vacancies-in-policing'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Union Budget and E-Vehicles',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-budget-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget 2019-20</strong></a> included several incentives for developing <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>electric vehicle industry (EV Industry) in India.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Income tax rebates</strong> of up to ₹1.5 lakh to customers on interest paid <strong>on loans to buy electric vehicles</strong>, with a total exemption benefit of ₹2.5 lakh over the entire loan period.</li>
<li><strong>Customs duty exemption on lithium&ndash;ion cells,</strong> which will help lower the cost of lithium-ion batteries in India as they are not produced locally.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is in addition to the ₹ 10,000 crore allocated for EVs under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fame-india-phase-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FAME II</strong></a> scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Makers of components</strong> such as solar electric charging infrastructure and lithium storage batteries and other components will be offered <strong>investment linked income tax exemptions.</strong></li>
<li>Proposal to reduce<strong> GST rate</strong> on electric vehicles from the current <strong>12% to 5%</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The State of EVs in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey,</strong></a> the <strong>market share</strong> of electric cars is only <strong>0.06 % in India</strong> when compared to 2 % in <strong>China (world&rsquo;s largest EV market)</strong> and 39 % in Norway.</li>
<li>Reasons for lesser market presence of EVs in India are<strong> lack of charging infrastructure</strong> and high cost.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps Taken by Other Countries</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/404Image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/404Image3.jpg" width="488" height="235" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In major cities in developed markets such as <strong>Frankfurt</strong> (Germany) and others, EVs are given<strong> free parking space</strong> and in certain parts of cities only such eco-friendly vehicles are allowed.</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union (EU)</strong> </a>countries are also trying to evolve into a <strong>hub for developing batteries</strong> and other spare parts for electric vehicles through the Strategic Action Plan For Batteries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The continent hosts the countries with the <strong>largest base of electric car sales.</strong> Norway, for instance, leads the electric vehicle market&mdash;EVs comprised 46% of the total vehicles sold in the country in the year 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the US, <strong>California</strong> is legislating tough emission norms for vehicles and providing<strong> fiscal incentives</strong> for plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government can think of giving a mandate to leading manufacturers that they should have a <strong>certain share of their sales from EVs</strong> after a particular time period.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI-Aayog</strong></a> is considering a policy <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-mission-on-transformative-mobility-and-battery-storage" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>proposal</strong> </a>to ban all internal combustion engine two-wheelers under 150cc by the year 2025 and three-wheelers by the year 2023.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Access to <strong>fast-charging facilities</strong> must be fostered to increase the market share of electric vehicles. <strong>Investments from private players</strong> is required for the same.</li>
</ul>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Immunocontraceptives for Wildlife Population Management',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has launched a project for undertaking &lsquo;immunocontraceptive measures&rsquo; for population management of wild animals.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project includes four species of wild animals, viz. Elephant, Wild boar, Monkeys and Blue Bull (Nilgai). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pilot project will begin in Uttarakhand and then implemented in rest of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Wildlife Institute of India (WII) and the National Institute of Immunology (NII) will develop a protocol of immunocontraception.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Immunocontraception</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Immunocontraception is a birth control method that uses the body's immune response to prevent pregnancy. It is a technology that uses a female animal&rsquo;s immune system to build a protein around the egg that prevents it from fertilising.</li>
<li>It is a humane, nonlethal solution to conflicts between people and wildlife as well as a solution to local problems of animal overabundance.</li>
<li>Immunocontraception can also help reduce the overproduction of captive animals in zoos and other facilities.</li>
<li>It is also a novel approach to the development of family planning methods.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite the availability of contraceptive methods, there are over one million elective abortions globally each year due to unintended pregnancies, having devastating impact on reproductive health of women worldwide.</li>
<li>This highlights the need for the development of newer and improved contraceptive methods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/man-animal-conflict-to-be-listed-as-disaster-by-up-govt" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Human-animal conflict</a></strong> has emerged as a major challenge in managing wildlife in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Human-elephant conflict causes the maximum number of casualties every year. According to reply tabled in Parliament on June 28, 2019, nearly 494 persons were killed by elephants in 2018.</li>
<li>Between 2014 and March 2019, 2,398 people died in elephant attack in the country, with West Bengal accounting for maximum number of such deaths.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It requires mathematical modelling and knowing the adult female population in the group that has to be delivered the vaccine.</li>
<li>The implementation of such a project in India will not be a simple task. It will involve multidisciplinary effort over a long period of time to deliver the contraceptive and manage the logistics around it<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has relatively large Elephant population, where identifying individuals is difficult.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Use of hormonal contraceptives in wildlife are easily passed from animal to animal. This can lead to unintended ecological consequences. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, fish exposed to treated sewage effluents were found to have concentrations of the synthetic hormone in blood plasma higher than those found in humans taking hormonal contraceptives.</li>
<li>However, the antigens used in contraceptive vaccines are protein, not steroids, they are not easily passed from animal to animal without loss of function. Yet, more research needs to be undertaken.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/immunocontraceptives-for-wildlife-population-management'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Effect of Social Media on Teens',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>As per a recent survey conducted by Fortis hospital, around 82% of students studying psychology in classes XI and XII in at least 200 schools across major cities in India, have said that social media has influenced their opinions and attitudes.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Even the general reaction of the public at large is that social media is addictive for young people and that they should avoid it.</li>
<li>But such knee-jerk reaction is not right as use of any media can have both positive and negative influences. It all depends on how children interact with the medium.</li>
<li>For example close 78% of a total of 4,000 students who were polled for a survey said they spend a lot of time a day on social media and that it should be used as a tool to spread awareness and dispel myths about mental health issues.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On mental health issues, 46% said mainstream media is not doing enough to create awareness and 32% believed that it has, in fact, increased stigma.</li>
<li>The Fortis survey found that 94% of the students believed that social media is a means to create awareness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Children need to be taught that media is not a one-sided communication; they must be taught about the authenticity of the news or the news is just appealing to their emotions.</li>
<li>For the purpose, parents need to create media literacy so that children can use the medium to their benefit.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/393image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/393image1.jpg" width="460" height="599" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/effect-of-social-media-on-teens'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Income Inequality Among Farmers',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A recent survey conducted by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NABARD</strong></a>, highlights the high levels of inter-state income inequality among the agricultural household in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data given in the survey depicts that inter-state income inequality among agricultural household range from Rs 16,020 (In Punjab: highest) to Rs 5,842 (In Andhra Pradesh: lowest).<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/213image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/213image4.jpg" width="226" height="292" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>Adding more to the grim picture of agricultural distress, the surplus remains after consumption expenditure is just Rs 95 in Andhra Pradesh and Rs 4,314 In Punjab.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, according to the survey, 85% of farmer households earn a mere 9% of the total income, while the top 15% earn 91%.</li>
<li>If it is compared with the overall inequality in India, it&rsquo;s far too high.</li>
<li>Given the stark inequality in India, it shouldn't come as a surprise when the report says that 43 per cent of India&rsquo;s indebted households is farm households.</li>
<li>This aspect is important in the context of the government&rsquo;s target of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/doubling-farmers-income-a-promise-to-be-fulfilled-by-2022" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>doubling farmers&rsquo; income.</strong></a></li>
<li>Land possession was the key variable in determining income from cultivation, which accounted for half of the income inequality and hence was the key variable in explaining income inequality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The lowest among the farmer groups in terms of landholding earns the least.</li>
<li>India primarily consists of small and marginal farmers(Farmers whose land holdings are less than two hectares (Ha) of land. About 85% landholdings in India are below two Ha)</li>
<li>So this makes small farmers take longer to increase their income in comparison to large farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to Ashok Dalwai committee doubling farmers&rsquo; income by 2022: The initial promise of agrarian reforms was to distribute land to the landless and provide the title of ownership to the cultivators.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Unfortunately, India&rsquo;s agrarian reforms did not ensure egalitarianism in the agricultural community.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Green Revolution in the 1960s focused on increasing productivity and yield. But since then, landholdings have become significantly fragmented. Marginal landholdings have tripled in the last 40 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/income-inequality-among-farmers'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Jaipur: A World Heritage Site',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Pink city, <strong>Jaipur</strong> (Rajasthan), has been <strong>declared a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO</a> World Heritage Site.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/922Image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/922Image2.jpg" width="582" height="819" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The decision was taken at the <strong>43<sup>rd</sup> session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee (WHC)</strong> taking place in the city of Baku, Azerbaijan, from 30<sup>th</sup> June - 10<sup>th</sup> July, 2019.</li>
<li>The city was nominated for its value of being an exemplary development in <strong>town planning and architecture</strong> that demonstrates an amalgamation and important exchange of ideas in the <strong>late medieval period.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Important Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Jaipur has become the<strong> second city</strong> of the country <strong>after Ahmedabad</strong> to get the recognition.</li>
<li>With Jaipur's inclusion as a cultural site, the number of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>heritage sites across India</strong></a> that are on the UNESCO World Heritage list, has grown to 38, including 30 cultural properties, 7 natural properties and 1 mixed site.</li>
<li>The walled city of Jaipur in Rajasthan, was <strong>founded in 1727 AD</strong> under the patronage of <strong>Sawai Jai Singh II.</strong> It also serves as the capital city of the state of Rajasthan.</li>
<li>Unlike other cities in the region located in hilly terrain, Jaipur was established on the plain and built according to a grid plan interpreted in the light of Vedic architecture.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its streets feature rows that intersect in the centre and create large public squares called <em>chaupars.</em></li>
<li>The city's urban planning shows an <strong>exchange of ideas</strong> from ancient<strong> Hindu</strong> and modern <strong>Mughal</strong> as well as <strong>Western</strong> cultures.</li>
<li>Designed to be a commercial capital, the city has maintained its local commercial, artisanal and cooperative traditions to this day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>iconic monuments</strong> in the city include the Govind Dev temple, City Palace, Jantar Mantar, Hawa Mahal etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Committee (WHC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The World Heritage Committee is composed of representatives of<strong> 21 States Parties</strong> to the <strong>World Heritage Convention</strong> who meet annually. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage is an <strong>international agreement</strong> that was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO in 1972.</li>
<li>It is based on the premise that certain places on Earth are of outstanding universal value and should therefore form part of the common heritage of humankind.</li>
<li>It basically <strong>defines the kind of natural or cultural sites</strong> which can be considered for inscription on the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/architectural-heritage-of-orchha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> World Heritage List</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Committee is in charge of implementing the Convention.</strong></li>
<li>To date, 1,092 sites in 167 countries have been inscribed on the World Heritage List.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jaipur-a-world-heritage-site'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Indus Valley Civilization',
			'catname' => 'Paper 1',
			'desc' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>history of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC),</strong> also known as Harappan Civilization.</li>
<li>It flourished around <strong>2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia,</strong> in contemporary Pakistan and Western India.</li>
<li>The Indus Valley was home to the <strong>largest of the four ancient urban civilizations</strong> of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China.</li>
<li>In 1920s, the Archaeological Department of India carried out excavations in the Indus valley wherein the ruins of the two old cities, viz. <strong>Mohenjodaro and Harappa</strong> were unearthed.</li>
<li>In 1924, <strong>John Marshall, Director-General of the ASI, announced the discovery</strong> of a new civilisation in the Indus valley to the world.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="height: 230px; width: 80.5091%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #c1f7e4; border-color: #000000; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; background-color: #00bd7b;" colspan="4"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Important Sites of IVC</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p><strong>Site</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;"><strong>Excavated by</strong></td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;"><strong>Location</strong></td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;"><strong>Important Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 21px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Harappa</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 21px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Daya Ram Sahini in 1921</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 21px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Situated on the bank of river Ravi in Montgomery district of Punjab (Pakistan).</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 21px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sandstone statues of Human anatomy</li>
<li>Granaries</li>
<li>Bullock carts</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Mohenjodaro (Mound of Dead)</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">R.D Banerjee in 1922</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Situated on the Bank of river Indus in Larkana district of Punjab (Pakistan).</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Great bath</li>
<li>Granary</li>
<li>Bronze dancing girl</li>
<li>Seal of Pasupathi Mahadeva</li>
<li>Steatite statue of beard man</li>
<li>A piece of woven cotton</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Sutkagendor</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Stein in 1929</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">In southwestern Balochistan province, Pakistan on Dast river</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A trade point between Harappa and Babylon</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Chanhudaro</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">N.G Majumdar in 1931</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Sindh on the Indus river</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bead makers shop</li>
<li>Footprint of a dog chasing a cat</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Amri</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">N.G Majumdar in 1935</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">On the bank of Indus river</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Antelope evidence</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Kalibangan</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Ghose in 1953</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Rajasthan on the bank of Ghaggar river</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fire altar</li>
<li>Camel bones</li>
<li>Wooden plough</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Lothal</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">R.Rao in 1953</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Gujarat on Bhogva river near Gulf of Cambay</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>First manmade port</li>
<li>Dockyard</li>
<li>Rice husk</li>
<li>Fire altars</li>
<li>Chess playing</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Surkotada</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">J.P Joshi in 1964</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Gujarat</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bones of horses</li>
<li>Beads</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Banawali</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">R.S Bisht in 1974</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Hisar district of Haryana</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Beads</li>
<li>Barley</li>
<li>Evidence of both pre-Harappan and Harappan culture</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Dholavira</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">R.S Bisht in 1985</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Gujarat in Rann of Kachchh</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Water harnessing system</li>
<li>Water reservoir</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Phases of IVC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Three phases of IVC are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>the <strong>Early Harappan Phase</strong> from 3300 to 2600 BCE,</li>
<li>the <strong>Mature Harappan Phase</strong> from 2600 to 1900 BCE, and</li>
<li>the <strong>Late Harappan Phase</strong> from 1900 to 1300 BCE.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Early Harappan Phase is related to the <strong>Hakra Phase,</strong> identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley.</li>
<li>The earliest examples of the <strong>Indus script</strong> date back to 3000 BC.</li>
<li>This phase stands characterized by <strong>centralized authority</strong> and an increasingly urban quality of life.</li>
<li><strong>Trade networks</strong> had been established and there are also evidences of the <strong>cultivation of crops</strong>. Peas, sesame seeds, dates, cotton, etc, were grown during that time.</li>
<li><strong>Kot Diji</strong> represents the phase leading up to Mature Harappan Phase.</li>
<li>By 2600 BC, the Indus Valley Civilization had entered into a <strong>mature stage</strong>.</li>
<li>The early Harappan communities were turning into large urban centers, like <strong>Harappa and Mohenjodaro in Pakistan and Lothal in India</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/997image2.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/997image2.webp" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The signs of a <strong>gradual decline</strong> of the Indus River Valley Civilization are believed to have started around 1800 BC and by 1700 BC, most of the cities were abandoned.</li>
<li>However, one can see the various elements of the Ancient Indus Valley Civilization in later cultures.</li>
<li>Archaeological data indicates the persistence of the Late Harappan culture till 1000-900 BC.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Town Planning and Structures</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Harappan culture was <strong>distinguished by its system of town planning</strong>.</li>
<li>Harappa and Mohenjodaro each had its <strong>own citadel or acropolis</strong>, which was possibly occupied by members of the ruling class.</li>
<li>Below the citadel in each city lay a <strong>lower town containing brick houses</strong>, which were inhabited by the common people.</li>
<li>The remarkable thing about the arrangement of the houses in the cities is that they followed the <strong>grid system</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Granaries</strong> constituted an important part of the Harappan cities.</li>
<li>The <strong>use of burnt bricks</strong> in the Harappan cities is remarkable, because in the contemporary buildings of Egypt mainly dried bricks were used.</li>
<li>The <strong>drainage system</strong> of Mohenjodaro was very impressive.</li>
<li>In almost all cities every big or small house had its own <strong>courtyard and bathroom</strong>.</li>
<li>In Kalibangan many houses had their <strong>wells</strong>.</li>
<li>At sites such as Dholavira and Lothal (Gujarat), the entire settlement was <strong>fortified, and sections within the town were also separated by walls</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/133image5.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/133image5.webp" width="430" height="246" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Agriculture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Harappan villages, <strong>mostly situated near the flood plains,</strong> produced sufficient foodgrains.</li>
<li>Wheat, barley, rai, peas, sesame, lentil, chickpea and mustard were produced. Millets are also found from sites in Gujarat. While rice uses were relatively rare.</li>
<li>The Indus people were the <strong>earliest people to produce cotton</strong>.</li>
<li>While the prevalence of agriculture is indicated by finds of grain, it is more <strong>difficult to reconstruct actual agricultural practices</strong>.</li>
<li>Representations on seals and terracotta sculpture indicate that the <strong>bull was known, and archaeologists extrapolate shows oxen were also used for ploughing</strong>.</li>
<li>Most Harappan sites are located in <strong>semi-arid lands,</strong> where irrigation was probably required for agriculture.</li>
<li><strong>Traces of canals</strong> have been found at the Harappan site of Shortughai in Afghanistan, but not in Punjab or Sindh.</li>
<li>Although the Harappans practised agriculture, <strong>animals were also reared on a large scale</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Evidence of the horse comes from a superficial level of Mohenjodaro</strong> and from a doubtful terracotta figurine from Lothal. In any case the Harappan culture was not horse centred.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The importance of trade in the life of the Indus people is witnessed by the <strong>presence of numerous seals, uniform script and regulated weights and measures</strong> in a wide area.</li>
<li>The Harappans carried on considerable <strong>trade in stone, metal, shell,</strong> etc.</li>
<li>Metal money was not used and trade was carried by <strong>barter system</strong>.</li>
<li>They practised navigation on the coast of the Arabian Sea.</li>
<li>They had set up a <strong>trading colony in northern Afghanistan</strong> which evidently facilitated trade with Central Asia.</li>
<li>They also carried commerce with those in the land of the <strong>Tigris and the Euphrates</strong>.</li>
<li>The Harappans carried on long distance trade in <strong>lapis lazuli</strong>; which may have contributed to the social prestige of the ruling class.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Crafts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Harappans were very well acquainted with the <strong>manufacturing and use of Bronze</strong>.</li>
<li>Copper was obtained from the <strong>Khetri copper mines</strong> of Rajasthan and <strong>Tin was possibly brought from Afghanistan</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Textile impressions</strong> have also been found on several objects.</li>
<li>Huge brick structure suggest that <strong>brick-laying</strong> was an important craft. This also attests the existence of <strong>a class of masons</strong>.</li>
<li>The Harappans practised <strong>boat-making, bead making and seal-making. Terracotta manufacture</strong> was also an important craft.</li>
<li>The goldsmiths made <strong>jewellery</strong> of silver, gold and precious stones.</li>
<li>The potter's wheel was in full use, and the Harappans produced their <strong>own characteristic pottery</strong>, which was glossy and shining.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/385Untitled-1.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/385Untitled-1.webp" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Institutions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Very few written materials</strong> have been discovered in the Indus valley and the scholars have not been able to decipher the Indus script so far.</li>
<li>As a result, there is <strong>difficulty in understanding</strong> the nature of the state and institutions of the Indus Valley Civilization.</li>
<li><strong>No temples</strong> have been found at any Harappan sites. Therefore the possibility of priests ruling Harappa can be eliminated.</li>
<li>Harappa was possibly <strong>ruled by a class of merchants</strong>.</li>
<li>If we look for a centre of power or for depictions of people in power, <strong>archaeological records provide no immediate answers</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some archaeologists are of the opinion that Harappan society had <strong>no rulers</strong>, and that everybody enjoyed equal status.</li>
<li>Another theory argues that there was no single ruler, but <strong>a number of rulers</strong> representing each of the urban centers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Religion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In Harappa <strong>numerous terracotta figurines of women</strong> have been found. In one figurine a plant is shown growing out of the embryo of a woman.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Harappans, therefore, looked upon the earth as a <strong>fertility goddess</strong> and worshipped her in the same manner as the Egyptians worshipped the Nile goddess Isis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>male deity is represented on a seal with three horned heads,</strong> represented in the sitting posture of a yogi.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This god is surrounded by an elephant, a tiger, a rhinoceros, and has a buffalo below his throne. At his feet appear two deer.The depicted god is identified as <strong>Pushupati Mahadeva</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Numerous symbols of the <strong>phallus and female sex organs</strong> made of stone have been found.</li>
<li>The people of the Indus region <strong>also worshipped trees and Animals</strong>.</li>
<li>The most important of them is the <strong>one horned unicorn</strong> which may be identified with the rhinoceros and the next important was the <strong>humped bull</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Amulets</strong> have also been found in large numbers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IVC declined around 1800 BCE but the actual <strong>reasons behind its demise are still debated</strong>.</li>
<li>One theory claims that Indo-European tribe i.e. <strong>Aryans invaded</strong> and conquered the IVC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In later cultures various elements of the IVC are found which suggest that civilization did not disappear suddenly due to an invasion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On the other hand, many scholars believe <strong>natural factors</strong> are behind the decline of the IVC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The natural factors could be <strong>geological and climatic</strong>.</li>
<li>It is believed that the Indus Valley region experienced several <strong>tectonic disturbances</strong> which causes earthquakes. Which also changed courses of rivers or dried them up.</li>
<li>Another natural reason might be <strong>changes in patterns of rainfall</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There could be also <strong>dramatic shifts in the river courses,</strong> which might have brought floods to the food producing areas.</li>
<li>Due to <strong>combination</strong> of these natural causes there was a slow but inevitable collapse of IVC.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/932Drishti_ias_Indus_Valley_Civilization.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/932Drishti_ias_Indus_Valley_Civilization.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>',
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			'title' => 'Indus Valley Civilization',
			'catname' => 'Paper 1',
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		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Crime Against Humanity',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/crimes-that-indias-statute-books-have-failed-to-define/article28312905.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Crimes that India&rsquo;s statute books have failed to define&rdquo;</a> that appeared in The Hindu on 8th July 2019. It talks about the status of India&rsquo;s legal jurisdiction concerning Crime Against Humanity and Way forward.</p>
</div>
<p>Delhi High Court, while pronouncing the judgment in <strong>State v. Sajjan Kumar (2018)</strong> held that neither &lsquo;crimes against humanity&rsquo; nor &lsquo;genocide&rsquo; has been made part of India&rsquo;s criminal law, a lacuna that needs to be addressed urgently.</p>
<p>The case was concerned with the mass killing of Sikhs during the anti-Sikh riots in 1984. The court categorically stated that these kinds of mass crimes &ldquo;engineered by political actors with the assistance of the law enforcement agencies&rdquo; fit into the category of crimes against humanity (CAH).</p>
<h3>What are Crimes Against Humanity (CAH)?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Crimes against humanity are certain acts that are deliberately committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian or an identifiable part of a civilian population.</li>
<li>Crime against humanity is an offence in international criminal law, adopted in the <strong>Charter of the International Military Tribunal (N&uuml;rnberg Charter)</strong>, which tried surviving Nazi leaders in 1945, and was, in 1998, incorporated into the <strong>Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC)</strong>.</li>
<li>Crimes against humanity consist of various acts&mdash;murder, extermination, enslavement, torture, forcible transfers of populations, imprisonment, rape, persecution, enforced disappearance, and apartheid, among others.</li>
<li>The term also has a broader use in condemning other acts that, in a phrase often used, &ldquo;shock the conscience of mankind.&rdquo; World poverty, human-made environmental disasters, and terrorist attacks have thus been described as crimes against humanity.</li>
<li>Unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity <strong>can be committed during peace or war</strong>.</li>
<li>The irony about CAH is that the wide practice of atrocities is tolerated or condoned by a government or a de facto authority.</li>
<li>This makes CAH important to be discussed in the International community and tried by forums like the International Court of Justice and International criminal court</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is the status of CAH in India?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is <strong>not a party to the Rome Statute</strong>, which means that it is under no obligation at present to enact separate legislation dealing with CAH.</li>
<li>Also, the Indian representatives at the International Law Commission (ILC) have shown their concerns regarding negotiations for the adoption of the separate treaty on crimes against humanity.</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for India's reluctance</strong> to actively participate in the negotiation process on a separate Convention on CAH :
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Negotiations at ILC seeks to adopt the same definition of CAH as provided in the Rome Statute.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to Rome statute: Crimes against humanity are certain acts that are deliberately committed as part of a widespread <strong>or</strong> systematic attack directed against any civilian or an identifiable part of a civilian population.</li>
<li>India is not in favour of using &lsquo;widespread or systematic&rsquo; as one of the conditions, but prefers &lsquo;widespread <strong>and</strong> systematic&rsquo;, which would require a higher threshold of proof.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Second, India wanted a distinction to be made between <strong>international and internal armed conflicts</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This was probably because its internal conflicts with Naxals and other non-state actors in places like Kashmir and the Northeast could fall under the scope of CAH.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The third objection related to the inclusion of the <strong>enforced disappearance of persons</strong> under CAH.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In international human rights law, a forced disappearance (or enforced disappearance) occurs when a person is secretly abducted or imprisoned by a state or a third party with the authorization of political organization, with the intent of placing the victim outside the protection of the law</li>
<li>According to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed at any civilian population, a "forced disappearance" qualifies as a crime against humanity</li>
<li>India is of the view that it has <strong>signed but not yet ratified the UN International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances,</strong> therefore, it is under no obligation to criminalise it through domestic legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>In<strong> State v. Sajjan</strong> <strong>Kumar</strong>, the Delhi High Court also said that &ldquo;a familiar pattern of mass killings&rdquo; was seen &ldquo;in Mumbai in 1993, in Gujarat in 2002, and Muzaffarnagar in Uttar Pradesh in 2013&rdquo;, where the criminals &ldquo;have enjoyed political patronage and managed to evade prosecution&rdquo; In this context:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s missing voice at the ILC does not go well with its claim of respect for an international rules-based order.</li>
<li>Turning a blind eye to crimes against humanity reflects poorly on India&rsquo;s status as a democracy.</li>
<li>It would be advisable for India to show political will and constructively engage with the ILC, which would also, in the process, address the shortcomings in the domestic criminal justice system.</li>
</ul>
<p>India's policymaking has been motivated by the motto: <strong>Think globally, act locally,</strong> but in case of crime against humanity India must follow <strong>Act locally, Inspire globally</strong>. So India's eventual adherence to the International Criminal Court and the Rome Treaty will act as a pathway for the renaissance for the future of human rights-oriented modes of Indian governance.</p>
<p>Also, along with that, India's active engagement at ILC for a CAH treaty will pitch for rule of law, nationally as well as internationally, simply conceived as an endeavour to make power more accountable, governance increasingly just, and the state incrementally ethical.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #c7f6ff; border-color: #017b94; border-style: dotted;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1091.11px;"><em><strong>Drishti Input:<br /><br /></strong></em>India&rsquo;s reluctance regarding negotiations for a separate treaty on Crime Against Humanity doesn&rsquo;t augur well with India&rsquo;s image as a champion of human right. Analyse</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crime-against-humanity'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Redefining Poverty',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/rethink-poverty-and-policy-indian-policy-economy-growth-5805671/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Rethink poverty &mdash; and policy&rdquo;</strong></a> that appeared in The Indian Express on 29 June 2019. It talks about the need to redefine poverty in India and subsequent changes in policy.</p>
</div>
<p>India witnessed an astonishing <strong>poverty decline between 2011-12 and 2016-17&nbsp;</strong>(as per the Tendulkar poverty line of Rs 44 per person per day in 2017-18 prices, just 4.5 per cent of the population is below the poverty line). Also as per various scholars, a<strong>gricultural growth is thrice more effective than any other means of poverty alleviation.</strong></p>
<p>Poverty is no longer about food, hence there is a need for government to strive to free up our food producers rather than keeping them as prisoners of policy. Time has arrived to rethink poverty: Policymaking should concentrate on what causes growth, not what causes poverty to decline.</p>
<h3>Why there is a need to review defining poverty in India?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Policymaking on poverty in <strong>India considers food consumption as the ultimate criterion of poverty.&nbsp;</strong>Hence, India built up an elaborate ecosystem of food production, consumption, and distribution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But this ecosystem is biased against the poor farmer, as the Essential Commodities Act, Food Corporation of India, and Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee all work against the interest to the farmer.</li>
<li>Time has come to dismantle this ecosystem &mdash;, against climate change mitigation and also against efficient use of water and energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poverty is now not just about food but living standards &mdash;</strong> sanitation, housing, piped water, electricity, education, health, and jobs. And on each of these elements, the focus should shift to quality, not quantity.</li>
<li>Since <strong>poverty is a dynamic concept,</strong> so it is not fair to define poverty in absolute terms, rather it must be defined in relative terms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most European nations have a relative definition of poverty &mdash; that is, a fixed proportion of the median income.</li>
<li>India should move towards that by the end of 2024, as India will likely be a $5 trillion economy by that time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>But before India moves to a relative definition, India should forthwith move towards an <strong>updated poverty</strong> line, a poverty line consistent with our income status today as a lower-middle income country (as India is no longer a poor economy, as it was in the 1990s).</li>
</ul>
<p>Also, this record decline in poverty came in the middle of demonetisation, GST, two drought years, and lower than potential GDP growth. Reason for this astonishing feat can be attributed to better targeting of government programmes (made possible by expanded and extensive use of direct benefit transfer (DBT).</p>
<h3>How to balance welfare v/s economic growth?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian economy requires <strong>adequate investments in critical areas</strong> such as road, railways and water. Therefore, the government needs to rationalise its expenditure and tax rates to ensure the reallocation of resources.</li>
<li>Though India's pace of poverty reduction has improved over the last five years, it can be augmented through a <strong>targeted basic income policy</strong> which will free up resources for other sectors of the economy.</li>
<li>The new approach towards poverty alleviation should involve targeted income transfers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the targeted basic income programme, the government transfers the <strong>poverty gap</strong> (the difference between per capita consumption of the household and the poverty line faced by the household) into the bank account of the poor</li>
<li>The poverty gap is defined as the ratio of average per capita consumption of the poor to the poverty line.</li>
<li>In 2011&ndash;2012, the average per capita expenditure of the poor was Rs. 708 per person per month and the poverty line was Rs. 847.</li>
<li>With perfect targeting (that is, complete knowledge of who is poor and by how much), a transfer of Rs. 139 per person per month (or Rs. 1,668 a year) would enable the target of zero percent Tendulkar poverty to be reached.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Whereas with the current level of government spending in PDS, MGNREGA, food subsidy, the government spends about Rs. 58,000 a year to bring one person out of poverty.</li>
<li>In 2011&ndash;2012, there were approximately 250 million Tendulkar Line poor in India. Achievement of zero poverty would require only an expenditure of under Rs. 42,000 crore, or less than 0.5 per cent of GDP.</li>
</ul>
<p>Since for any society, two concerns are paramount&mdash;economic growth and improvement in the well-being of the poor. Growth is needed to finance redistribution. This redistribution typically takes two forms&mdash;productive investment, for example, the financing of infrastructure, expenditures on health and education, and simple transfers of income.</p>
<p>But given scarce capital and developmental nature of the Indian economy, it is imperative that Policymaking should strive to make the best use of every single rupee, For that to happen, issues must be looked to be resolved from a qualitative perspective rather than only quantitative perspective, and in this route it is best to start by redefining -What is poverty!</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 540px; border-color: #fff4cf; background-color: #f5f1d0;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br />India has done remarkably well in poverty reduction, but as India aspires the status of global power, it needs to redefine poverty and make subsequent changes in policymaking. Commen</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/redefining-poverty'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Highlights of Budget 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Union Minister for Finance </strong>presented the Union Budget 2019-20 before the Parliament.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Constitutional Provisions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>term &lsquo;budget&rsquo; has nowhere</strong> been used in the Constitution. It is the popular name for the <strong>&lsquo;Annual Financial Statement&rsquo;</strong> that has been dealt with in <strong>Article 112 of the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li>The budget is a statement of the <strong>estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India</strong> in a financial year (FY), which begins on April 1 and ends on March 31 of the following year.</li>
<li>In addition to the estimates of receipts and expenditure, the budget contains certain other elements. Overall, the budget contains the following:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Estimates of revenue and capital receipts;</li>
<li>Ways and means to raise revenue;</li>
<li>Estimates of expenditure;</li>
<li>Details of the actual receipts and expenditure of the closing financial year and the reasons for any deficit or surplus in that year; and</li>
<li>Economic and financial policy of the coming year, that is, taxation proposals, prospects of revenue, spending programme and introduction of new schemes/projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Railway Budget</strong> was separated from the <strong>General Budget in 1921</strong> on the recommendations of<strong> the Acworth Committee</strong>. In August 2016, the Central Government decided to <strong>merge the railway budget into the general budget.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fiscal deficit in FY 19 has been set at 3.3% of the GDP.</li>
<li>Indian economy will become a 3 trillion dollar economy in 2019. Government aspires to make India a 5 trillion dollar economy by 2024-25. To achieve this, there is a need for investment in:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Infrastructure</strong></li>
<li><strong>Digital economy</strong></li>
<li><strong>Job creation in small and medium firms</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>PAN and Aadhaar will become interchangeable. One can use Aadhaar number to file I-T Returns.</li>
<li>Rs. 5 lakh minimum limit announced for taxpayers.</li>
<li>In view of rising income levels, those in the ₹2-5 crore and ₹5 crore-and-above brackets will see an increase in effective tax rate by 3% (39%) and 7% (42.74%), respectively.</li>
<li>No change in personal income tax rates.</li>
<li>Increase in cess on fuel by 1 rupee, petrol &amp; diesel to get costlier; while customs duty on gold and precious items increased.</li>
<li>Corporate tax with a turnover of up to Rs 400 crore slashed to 25% from a current rate of 30%.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gst-council-and-national-anti-profiteering-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GST Council</strong> </a>advised to reduce tax rate on Electric Vehicles from 12% to 5%.</li>
<li>No charge on digital payments: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-4th-march-2019-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Merchant Discount Rate</strong></a> charges waived on cashless payment.</li>
<li><strong>Measures related to MSMEs:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Proposed <strong>easing angel tax</strong> for startups.</li>
<li>E-verification mechanism for establishing investor identity and source of funds for startups.</li>
<li>2% interest subvention for GST-registered MSME on fresh or incremental loans.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/unemployment-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Stand Up India' Scheme</strong> </a>to continue till 2025.</li>
<li>New television channel for start-ups.</li>
<li>Pension benefit extended to retail traders with annual turnover less than Rs 1.5 crore.</li>
<li>New payment platform for MSMEs to be created.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Proposal to provide Rs 70,000 crore capital for PSU Banks.</li>
<li>Regulation of HFCs (Housing Finance Cos) to move to RBI from National Housing Bank.</li>
<li>Govt to <strong>modify</strong> the present policy of <strong>retaining 51% stake in PSUs. </strong></li>
<li>Govt to continue with <strong>strategic divestment of select CPSEs. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Divestment target of Rs 1.05 lakh crore for FY 20. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Strategic disinvestment of Air India</strong> proposed to be re-initiated.</li>
<li><strong>Global Investors Meet</strong> to be held in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rural India and Agriculture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gaon, Garib and Kisan</strong> are the focus of the government.</li>
<li><strong>New <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-shakti-mantralaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jal Shakti ministry</a></strong> will work with states to ensure Har Ghar Jal for all rural houses by 2024.</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana phase 3</strong> is envisaged to upgrade 1,25,000 km of road length over the next 5 years.</li>
<li>Govt will set up 100 new clusters for 50,000 artisans in FY 20.</li>
<li>Every single rural family, to have electricity by 2022.</li>
<li>Govt to promote <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-11th-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Zero Budget Farming. </strong></a></li>
<li>10,000 new farm produce organisations.</li>
<li>80 Livelihood business incubators and 20 technology business incubators to be set up in 2019-20 under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-elixir-for-msmes-access-to-credit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme for Promotion of Innovation, Rural Industry and Entrepreneurship (ASPIRE)</strong></a> to develop 75,000 skilled entrepreneurs in agro-rural industries.</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A robust fisheries management framework through PMMSY to be established by the <strong>Department of Fisheries</strong>.</li>
<li>To address critical gaps in the value chain including infrastructure, modernization, traceability, production, productivity, post-harvest management, and quality control.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Youth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To popularise sports at all levels, <strong>National Sports Education Board</strong> for development of sportspersons to be set up under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-28-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'Khelo India.' </strong></a></li>
<li>Govt to launch 'Study in India' programme to attract foreign students in higher education.</li>
<li>Rs 400 crore allocated for <strong>world-class higher education institutions in FY 20 . </strong></li>
<li><strong>National research foundation</strong> to fund, coordinate and to promote research in the country.</li>
<li><strong>New Higher Education Commission</strong> with focus on higher autonomy.</li>
<li><strong>New national education policy</strong> to propose changes in school, higher education.</li>
<li>To make the Indian youth ready to take up jobs in foreign countries, more emphasis on new-age skills like <strong>Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Big Data, etc.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Study in India</strong> proposed to bring foreign students to study in Indian higher educational institutions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Social</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nari tu Narayani:</strong> Women SHG Interest Subvention Programme to be expanded to all districts in India.</li>
<li><strong>Rs 1 lakh loan</strong> to be provided for <strong>SHG women</strong> members under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-panel-s-recommendations-on-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mudra Scheme. </strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Rs 3,000 pension per month</strong> for workers from <strong>the informal sector. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Gandhipedia</strong> being developed by the<strong> National Council for Science Museums</strong> to sensitize youth and society about positive Gandhian values.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Infrastructure</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>State road networks to be developed in the second phase of <strong>Bharatmala project.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Rs. 50 lakh crore investment</strong> needed in <strong>Railway Infrastructure</strong> during 2018-2030.</li>
<li>Public-Private-Partnership proposed for development and completion of tracks, rolling stock manufacturing and delivery of passenger freight services.</li>
<li>Policy interventions to be made for the development of <strong>Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO),</strong> to achieve self- reliance in the <strong>aviation segment.</strong></li>
<li>Outlay of Rs. 10,000 crore for 3 years approved for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fame-ii-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Phase-II of FAME Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li>National Highway Programme to be restructured to ensure a<strong> National Highway Grid, using a financeable model. </strong></li>
<li>Power at affordable rates to states ensured under <strong>&ldquo;One Nation, One Grid‟.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Blueprints to be made available for <strong>gas grids, water grids, i-ways, and regional airports.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Space</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has emerged as a major space power. It is time to harness our ability commercially.</li>
<li>A public sector enterprise, <strong>New Space India Limited (NSIL)</strong> has been incorporated to tap benefits of ISRO.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Roadmap for Future</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Simplification of procedures.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Incentivizing performance.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Red-tape reduction.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Making the best use of technology.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Accelerating mega programmes and services initiated and delivered so far.</strong></li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-budget-2019'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Changing Demographic Profile: Faster Than Expectation',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey 2018-19</strong></a>, India&rsquo;s population growth rate will decline faster than assumed as the fertility rate in many states has reached the replacement rate.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey predicts that India will have a total fertility rate below the replacement rate in the next two years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Projected values for 2021-41 suggest that TFR at the national level will continue to decline rapidly and will lie below replacement level fertility at 1.8 as early as 2021.</li>
<li>It noted that India&rsquo;s population in the 0-19 age bracket has &ldquo;already peaked due to sharp declines in total fertility rates (TFR) across the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also the threat of managing an ageing population is very real now as some states will start transitioning to an ageing society by the 2030s.</li>
<li>Nine states &mdash; Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh &mdash; have fertility rates well below the replacement rate.</li>
<li>States known for high population growth rates (Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Haryana) also witnessed population decline and population is now growing below 1 per cent in the southern states as well as West Bengal, Punjab, Maharashtra, Odisha, Assam and Himachal Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
<p>While India is already struggling with high unemployment, the changing demography will add to the challenge of fulfilling aspirations of New India.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Replacement level fertility</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the total fertility rate( the average number of children born per woman) at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, without migration.</li>
<li>This rate is roughly 2.1 children per woman for most countries, although it may modestly vary with mortality rates</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/changing-demographic-profile-faster-than-expectation'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Welfare Database of Citizens',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Economic Survey 2018-19</strong></a> has recommended setting up of a <strong>central welfare database of citizens</strong> by <strong>merging different data</strong> maintained by separate ministries and departments.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/332Image%201.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/332Image 1.jpg" width="688" height="365" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The principle behind the recommendation is that the most data generated by the people, of the people, should be used for the people.</li>
<li>The government already held a rich repository of administrative, survey, institutional and transactions data about citizens, but these data are scattered across numerous government bodies.</li>
<li>The government would be able to utilise the information embedded in the database <strong>for enhancing ease of living for citizens,</strong> enable truly evidence-based policy, improve targeting in welfare schemes, uncover unmet needs, integrate fragmented markets, bring greater accountability in public services and generate greater citizen participation in governance, etc.</li>
<li>The <strong>datasets that can be merged</strong> include birth and death records, pensions, tax records, marriage records; survey data such as census data, national sample survey data; transactions data such as e-national agriculture market data, UPI data, institutional data and public hospital data on patients.</li>
<li>It has been suggested that <strong>database be created as a public good</strong> within the legal framework of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/challenges-of-digitisation-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>data privacy.</strong></a> Even, a part of the generated data can be monetised to ease the pressure on government finances. <strong>Access to a selected database can be provided to the private sector for a fee.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian government is working on finalising the personal data protection policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/welfare-database-of-citizens'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Cosmic Rays Impacting Earth’s Climate',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to a study published in the <strong>Scientific Reports</strong> journal,the cosmic rays are impacting earth climate by adding low-cloud cover.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Besides atmospheric temperature and the amount of water vapour in the air, cosmic rays beaming down through space also contribute towards cloud formation.</li>
<li>According to scientists: Cosmic rays can affect the earth's climate by increasing cloud cover and cause an &ldquo;umbrella effect&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cosmic Rays</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cosmic rays are atom fragments that rain down on the Earth from outside of the solar system. Most cosmic rays are atomic nuclei: most are hydrogen nuclei, some are helium nuclei, and the rest are heavier elements.</li>
<li>Though cosmic rays were discovered in 1912 but still the origins of the highest energy cosmic rays remains unknown and a topic of much research, most scientists suspect their origins are related to supernovas (star explosions)</li>
<li>Cosmic rays travels at the speed of light and have been blamed for electronics problems in satellites and other machinery.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Umbrella Effect</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this case Umbrella effect refers to the cooling of earth, as cosmic rays increases low level clouds which blocks the sunlight thereby acting as an Umbrella.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Previous studies using data from the meteorological observation showed that there are only minute changes in the amounts of cosmic rays and cloud cover.</li>
<li>However, the researchers from the Kobe University in Japan, analysed Earth&rsquo;s last geomagnetic reversal (a phenomenon where the planet's overall magnetic field flips) transition 780,000 years ago and figured out that :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the period, the Earth&rsquo;s magnetic strength fell to less than one-fourth and cosmic rays increased by over 50 per cent.</li>
<li>This spiked the global cloud cover and enabled detection of the impact of cosmic rays on climate.</li>
<li>The Cosmic rays can enhance the formation of low-lying clouds or increase the global cloud cover ultimately leading to the cooling of Earth's atmosphere.</li>
<li>Combined effect of rays and cloud cover, led to a high atmospheric pressure in Siberia. The effect caused the East Asian winter monsoon to become stronger.</li>
<li>Focusing on the phenomenon, the researchers also investigated changes in particle size and accumulation speed of loess layer dust (sediment created by the accumulation of wind-blown silt) in two locations of China&rsquo;s Loess Plateau.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The particles became coarser and silt was accumulated up to three times faster in both locations. due to this during the last geomagnetic reversal, the researchers found evidence of stronger winter monsoons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>So this study provides an opportunity to rethink the impact of clouds on climate. When galactic cosmic rays increase, so do low clouds, and when cosmic rays decrease clouds do as well, so climate warming may be caused by an opposite-umbrella effect</li>
<li>Earlier the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-warming-of-1-5-c-ipcc-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</strong></a> has discussed the impact of cloud cover on climate but this phenomenon has never been considered in climate predictions due to the insufficient physical understanding of it.</li>
<li>Thus with the increase in climate change events, understanding the cosmic rays&rsquo; role in global warming may be important.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cosmic-rays-impacting-earth-s-climate'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Gangetic Dolphins Found in Mahananda River',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>For the first time, a population of Gangetic River Dolphins has been found in the Mahananda river, in Bihar&rsquo;s Kishanganj district.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dolphins were spotted during a survey conducted by a team of scientists from Vikramshila Biodiversity Research and Education Centre (VBREC) of Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mahananda River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mahananda river is a tributary of the Ganga.</li>
<li>It originates from the Himalayas in Darjeeling, West Bengal.</li>
<li>The river flows through Bihar, West Bengal, and then continues southeastward to join the Ganga at Godagari in Bangladesh.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to scientists, the number of dolphins in the Mahananda and its tributaries can be much more than this, as the survey was not conducted in a suitable season.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Post monsoon is a suitable season when there is adequate water level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The presence of dolphins is the sign of a healthy river ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gangetic Dolphins</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Ganges river dolphin</strong> is found in parts of the Ganges, Meghna, and Brahmaputra river systems in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are locally known as Susu, which refers to the noise the dolphin is said to make when it breathes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Gangetic river dolphin is India's national aquatic animal.</li>
<li><strong>Behaviour and Habitat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Gangetic Dolphins are generally blind and can detect only the direction of light.</li>
<li>They emit an ultrasonic sound which reaches the prey. The dolphin then registers this image in its mind and subsequently catches hold of its prey.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In fact, these dolphins live by echolocation. They navigate, feed, escape danger, find mates, breed, and nurse babies by echolocation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dolphins prefer water that is at least five to eight feet deep.</li>
<li>Gangetic dolphins live in a zone where there is little or no current, helping them save energy. If they sense danger, they can dive into deep waters.</li>
<li>The dolphins swim from the no-current zone to the edges (Turbulent waters) to hunt for fish and return.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Water Level:</strong> Declining water in the river, putting more pressure on the dolphins to manage their life cycle.</li>
<li><strong>Climate change</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> increasing pollution</strong> due to large scale discharge of industrial and municipal waste, siltation, and mechanised boats pose one of the biggest threats to these freshwater dolphins.</li>
<li><strong>Poaching:</strong> They frequently fall prey to poachers. Their carcasses are found regularly on river banks.</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IUCN Status: Endangered</li>
<li>It is listed on CITES Appendix I.</li>
<li>It is classified under Schedule 1, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 providing absolute protection as offences under these are prescribed the highest penalties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE: CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)</strong> is an international agreement which aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Gangetic river dolphin is one of the four freshwater dolphin species in the world. The other three are found in the Yangtze river in China, the Indus river in Pakistan and the Amazon river in South America.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Amazon river dolphin</strong> is also known as the boto or &lsquo;pink river dolphin. It is characterized by its long snout and pale pink color.</li>
<li><strong>The Indus river dolphins</strong> locally as the Bhulan. They are found in the lower parts of the Indus River in Pakistan. Another small, isolated population <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-4th-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>can be found in the Beas River in India.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is located in Bhagalpur District of Bihar, India.</li>
<li>The sanctuary is a 50 km stretch of the Ganges River from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon.</li>
<li>It was designated as a protected area for the endangered Gangetic dolphins in 1991.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gangetic-dolphins-found-in-mahananda-river'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Project Manav',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>A human atlas initiative</strong> named <strong>Manav</strong> has been launched by the <strong>Department of Biotechnology (DBT)</strong> and Persistent Systems, a biotechnology company.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>
<p>The aim is to create <strong>a unified database of molecular network</strong> of all the tissues in the human body and to derive a holistic picture of working of the human body.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In this <strong>public-private venture,</strong> DBT and Persistent Systems will invest Rs 13 crore and Rs 7 crore respectively.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>There is already a similar <strong>Human Cell Atlas project</strong> (launched in the year 2016), which is a collaborative effort between the <strong>world-leading scientists,</strong> to generate data pertaining to cellular and molecular activities of various cell types in the body in both its normal and disease state using techniques such as single cell genomics.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <strong>Indian project,</strong> on the other hand, depends on the knowledge already available in scientific literature to derive information on cellular network.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="western">About the Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>
<p>This mega project will collate and integrate molecular information on human tissues and organs that currently remain in research articles in an unstructured and disorganised form.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The project would <strong>utilise large biological community,</strong> both students and scientists, for extracting and adding the information from scientific literature at the level of cells and organs.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The database, that would get created, would eventually help researchers <strong>identify gaps in current knowledge</strong> and help in future projects in diagnostics and disease biology.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Also, the information gathered in the project will help scientists to understand the differential molecular factors which vary between diseased states vis-a-vis a healthy state of an organ.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The project will be executed by the <strong>Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)</strong> and the <strong>National Center for Cell Sciences (NCCS)</strong> based in Pune.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>
<p>While the institutes will train students, the technology platform and data management will be provided by the private partner.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>IISER</strong> is an autonomous institution established by the <strong>Ministry of Human Resource Development.</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>NCCS</strong> is an autonomous organisation aided by the Department of Biotechnology, <strong>Ministry of Science and Technology.</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>This initiative will also help in creating a<strong> trained population of biologists.</strong> With the data curation and analysis skills imparted during this project, students will have better opportunities for jobs in the life science sector.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The data methodology and technical platform developed during this project can also be extrapolated to do other science projects on biodiversity, ecology, environment etc. which may be relevant nationally or globally.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-manav'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'ISRO: Challenges and Opportunities',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/expanding-indias-share-in-global-space-economy/article28286469.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Expanding India&rsquo;s share in global space economy&rdquo;</a> that appeared in The Hindu on 5th July 2019. It talks about the challenges and opportunities for ISRO in the new space age.</p>
</div>
<p>Today, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)&rsquo;s</a> success has made India to be inducted in an elite group of countries, where India is rightfully acknowledged as a space power in the world. Space technology is dual-use technology, in this feat, apart from space research, ISRO has delivered many projects serving military as well as socio-economic needs of India.</p>
<p>However, demand for space-based services in India is far greater than what ISRO can supply. Therefore private sector investment is critical, for which a suitable policy environment needs to be created.</p>
<h3>What is the current status of ISRO?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ISRO was established in 1969 and has been guided by a set of mission and vision statements covering both the societal objectives and the thrust areas.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The first area was of <strong>satellite communication,</strong> which sought to address the national needs for telecommunication, broadcasting and broadband infrastructure.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>INSAT and GSAT</strong> are the core of satellite communication</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The second area of focus was <strong>earth observation</strong> and using space-based imagery for a slew of national demands, ranging from weather forecasting, disaster management and national resource mapping and national security.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Beginning with the <strong>Indian Remote Sensing (IRS)</strong> series in the 1980s, today the <strong>RISAT, Cartosat and Resourcesat series</strong> provide wide-field and multispectral high-resolution data for land, ocean and atmospheric observations.</li>
<li>With higher resolution and precise positioning, <strong>Geographical Information Systems&rsquo;</strong> applications today cover all aspects of rural and urban development and planning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The third and more recent focus area is <strong>satellite-aided navigation</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation (GAGAN),</strong> a joint project between ISRO and Airports Authority of India, augmented the GPS coverage of the region, improving the accuracy and integrity, primarily for civil aviation applications and better air traffic management over Indian airspace.</li>
<li>This was followed up with the <strong>Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS),</strong> a system based on seven satellites in geostationary and geosynchronous orbits. In 2016, the system was renamed <strong>NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Deep space probes</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The most notable of these have been the <strong>Chandrayaan</strong> and the <strong>Mangalyaan</strong> missions, with a manned space mission, <strong>Gaganyaan</strong>, planned for its first test flight in 2021.</li>
<li>These missions are not just for technology demonstration but also for expanding the frontiers of knowledge in space sciences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>None of this would have been possible without mastering the <strong>launch-vehicle technology</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Beginning with the Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) and the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), ISRO has developed and refined the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) as its workhorse for placing satellites in low earth and sun-synchronous orbits.</li>
<li>The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) programme is still developing with its <strong>MkIII variant,</strong> having undertaken three missions, and is capable of carrying a 3.5 MT payload into a geostationary orbit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the potential areas and challenges for ISRO?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Today, the value of the global space industry is estimated to be $350 billion and is likely to exceed $550 billion by 2025.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite ISRO&rsquo;s impressive capabilities, India&rsquo;s share is estimated at $7 billion (just 2% of the global market) covering broadband and Direct-to-Home television (accounting for two-thirds of the share), satellite imagery and navigation.</li>
<li>Already, over a third of transponders used for Indian services are leased from foreign satellites and this proportion will rise as the demand grows.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and big data analytics has led to the emergence of <strong>&lsquo;New Space&rsquo;</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>New Space entrepreneurship</strong> has emerged in India with many start-ups which seek value in exploring end-to-end services in the Business-to-Business and Business-to-Consumer segments using new space. However, these startups have yet to take off in the absence of regulatory clarity.</li>
<li>So they need an enabling ecosystem, a culture of accelerators, incubators, venture capitalists and mentors that exists in cities like Bengaluru which is where most New Space start-ups have mushroomed.</li>
<li>Also, the New Space start-ups discern a synergy with government&rsquo;s flagship programmes like Digital India, Startup India, Skill India and schemes like Smart Cities Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is New Space?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term New Space is used to refer to a global sector of new aerospace companies and ventures working independently of governments to develop faster, better, and cheaper access to space and spaceflight technologies, driven by commercial ends as distinct from political or socio economically-oriented ends.</li>
<li>New space ventures may include: Space tourism, Asteroid mining, Satellite servicing etc.</li>
<li>SpaceX, Blue origin are some examples of companies involved in New Space.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Another revolution underway is the small satellite revolution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Globally, 17,000 small satellites are expected to be launched between now and 2030.</li>
<li>ISRO is developing a small satellite launch vehicle (SSLV) expected to be ready in 2019.</li>
<li>It is a prime candidate, along with the proven PSLV, to be farmed out to the private sector.</li>
<li>In this context, The Assembly, Integration and Testing (AIT) role, which is restricted to ISRO must now be outsourced.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also years ago, ISRO launched the idea of Village Resource Centres to work in collaboration with local panchayats and NGOs but only 460 pilots have begun.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Expanding this for rural areas is a formidable challenge but has the potential to transform rural India if properly conceived as a part of the India Stack and the Jan Dhan Yojana.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is India stack?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India Stack refers to the ambitious project of creating a unified software platform to bring India's population into the digital age.</li>
<li>India Stack is a set of APIs that allows governments, businesses, startups and developers to utilize a unique digital infrastructure to solve India&rsquo;s hard problems towards presence-less, paperless, and cashless service delivery</li>
<li>Aadhaar forms the core of India stack.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Further, with the Ministry of Defence now setting up a Defence Space Agency and a Defence Space Research Organisation, ISRO should now actively embrace an exclusively civilian identity.</li>
</ul>
<p>So with increasing competition, complexity and demand for space-related activities, there is a growing realisation that national legislation is needed to ensure overall growth of the space sector. A New Space law for India should aim at facilitating growing India&rsquo;s share of the global space economy to 10% in the coming decade.</p>
<p>The government now has an opportunity to give priority to a new Bill that can be welcomed by the private sector, both the larger players and the start-ups alike.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #facaca; border-color: #ff0000; border-style: dotted;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1256px;"><em><strong>Drishti Input:</strong></em><br /><br />ISRO&rsquo;s role has been impeccable in making India a global space power, however, there are many challenges and opportunities in the new space age that ISRO needs to address.Discuss.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/isro-challenges-and-opportunities'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Privilege Motion',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, a member of the Indian parliament has <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/breach-of-privilege" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>moved a privilege motion</strong></a> against a TV channel.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The breach of privilege motion is moved against a private Hindi news channel and its Editor for <strong>reporting that members' first speech in the Lok Sabha was plagiarised.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Plagiarism is a practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Parliamentary privileges are <strong>certain rights</strong> and <strong>immunities</strong> enjoyed by members of Parliament, individually and collectively, so that they can<strong> effectively discharge their functions.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Constitution (Article 105)</strong> mentions two privileges,i.e<strong>. freedom of speech in Parliament</strong> and<strong> right of publication of its proceedings.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Rule No 222 in Chapter 20 of the Lok Sabha Rule Book</strong> and correspondingly <strong>Rule 187 in Chapter 16 of the Rajya Sabha rulebook</strong> governs<strong> privilege.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Speaker of Loksabha</strong> and <strong>Rajya Sabha Chairperson</strong> is the <strong>first level of scrutiny</strong> of a privilege motion.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Speaker/Chairperson can decide on the privilege motion himself or herself</strong> or <strong>refer it to the privileges committee</strong> of Parliament.</li>
<li>If the Speaker/Chairperson gives consent under respective rules, the member concerned is given an opportunity to make a short statement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Privilege Committee</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lok Sabha:</strong> The <strong>Speaker nominates</strong> a committee of privileges <strong>consisting of 15 members</strong> as per respective party strengths.</li>
<li><strong>Rajya Sabha:</strong> The <strong>deputy chairperson</strong> heads the committee of privileges, that <strong>consists of 10 members.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/privilege-motion'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Hydrogen-Enriched Compressed Natural Gas (HCNG)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Delhi will be the first city in the country to roll out hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) buses for public transport from November 2020.</li>
<li>It will start as a pilot project with 50 CNG buses retrofitted with HCNG.</li>
<li>Since Air pollution is fast becoming a serious global problem with increasing population and its subsequent demands. This has resulted in increased usage of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines.</li>
<li>Also, the Delhi government along with Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) and Indraprastha Gas Limited (IGL) began work to set up India&rsquo;s first semi-commercial HCNG station.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is HCNG</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The blending of hydrogen with CNG provides a blended gas termed as HCNG.</li>
<li>HCNG stands for hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas and it combines the advantages of both hydrogen and methane.</li>
<li>HCNG allows customers early hydrogen deployment with nearly commercial technology. It is being treated as the first step towards future hydrogen economy.</li>
<li>Hydrogen has been regarded as a future secondary fuel for power system due to carbon-free operation.</li>
<li>The rapid increase in the emission of greenhouse gases and very strict environmental legislation are major motivating factors for the usage of hydrogen in fuel cells and internal combustion engines.</li>
<li>Hydrogen is an excellent additive to improve the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel due to its low ignition energy, high reactivity, diffusivity and burning velocity.</li>
<li>Since hydrogen infrastructure and refuelling stations are not meeting the demand, the widespread introduction of hydrogen vehicles is not possible in the near future. One of the solutions for this hurdle is to blend hydrogen with methane</li>
<li>However, Hydrogen-Enriched Compressed Natural Gas (HCNG) is still under research as though it increases fuel efficiency and reduce carbon emission but it has also led to increased NOx emissions.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hydrogen-enriched-compressed-natural-gas-hcng'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Highlights of Economic Survey 2018-19',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs</strong> tabled the Economic Survey 2018-19 in the Parliament.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the <strong>first survey</strong> by the n<strong>ew chief economic advisor Krishnamurthy V Subramanian.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> of Economic Survey, 2018-19 is <strong>"Shifting Gears towards a $5 trillion Indian economy by 2024-25&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Other focus areas:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>"Blue Sky" thinking - New Ideas for Policymaking; </li>
<li>Behavioral <em>'nudges'</em> for Optimal Outcomes; </li>
<li>Policies to unshackle MSMEs;</li>
<li>Data as a public good "of the <em>people,</em> for the <em>people</em> and by the <em>people";</em> </li>
<li>Legal Reforms;</li>
<li>Policy Consistency; </li>
<li>Efficient Labour Markets;</li>
<li>Use of Technology</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Economic Survey</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Economic Survey is prepared by the <strong>Economic Division</strong> of the <strong>Department of Economic Affairs</strong> in the Finance Ministry under the overall guidance of the <strong>Chief Economic Adviser.</strong></li>
<li>The survey was <strong>de-linked</strong> from the <strong>Budget in the year 1964</strong> and is circulated in advance to provide the context of the Budget.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s<strong> first</strong> Economic Survey was <strong>presented in the year 1950-51.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>GDP Growth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>A sustained real GDP growth rate of 8% is needed for India to become a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The survey suggests that this can be achieved by a <strong>&ldquo;Virtuous Cycle&rdquo;</strong> of savings, investment, and exports. The <strong>private&nbsp;investment</strong> being the key driver.</li>
<li>This cycle will be catalyzed and supported by a <strong>favorable demographic phase.</strong></li>
<li>This virtuous cycle should be<strong> sustained</strong> and in <strong>equilibrium.</strong> A <strong>departure from traditional Anglo-Saxon thinking</strong> by viewing the economy as being either in a virtuous or a vicious cycle, and thus never in equilibrium.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Behavioural Economics for Social Change</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey has drawn on <strong>Nobel Laureate Richard Thaler&rsquo;s Behavioural Economics Theory</strong> to lay out an &ldquo;ambitious agenda" for behavior change that will bring in social change, which in turn, will help India transit to a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Decisions by real people deviate from impractical robots theorized in classical economics. Behavioral economics provides insights to &lsquo;nudge&rsquo; people towards desirable behavior.</li>
<li>It pitches for behavioral change by applying the principles of behavioral economics to several issues including gender equality, a healthy and beautiful India, savings, tax compliance, and credit quality.</li>
<li>This includes a transition from <strong>&lsquo;Beti Bachao Beti Padhao&rsquo; to &lsquo;BADLAV&rsquo; (Beti Aapki Dhan Lakshmi Aur Vijay Lakshmi)</strong>, from <strong>&lsquo;Swachh Bharat&rsquo; to &lsquo;Sundar Bharat&rsquo;,</strong> from <strong>&lsquo;Give it up&rdquo;</strong> for the LPG subsidy to <strong>&lsquo;Think about the Subsidy&rsquo;</strong> and from<strong> &lsquo;Tax</strong> <strong>evasion&rsquo; to &lsquo;Tax compliance&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nudge Theory</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to Nudge theory, people, rather than being forced, can be<strong> encouraged and influenced</strong> to pursue or desist from certain actions through nudges.</li>
<li>It <strong>does not talk about penalizing people</strong> if they do not behave in a particular manner, rather it <strong>encourages</strong> them to make desirable decisions.</li>
<li>It believes that <strong>Humans are not-so-rational</strong> and often <strong>need encouragement</strong> or intervention &mdash; a nudge &mdash; to get going and do what&rsquo;s best for the country or society at large.</li>
<li>American economist <strong>Richard Thaler has won the 2017 Nobel Prize in economics</strong> for his contributions to behavioural economics.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Policies for MSME Growth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey highlights the importance of intervention in the case of <strong>&ldquo;Dwarfs&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dwarfs are the firms with <strong>less than 100 workers despite being more than 10 years old.</strong></li>
<li>They account for <strong>more than 50%</strong> of all organized firms in manufacturing by number.</li>
<li>Contribution of dwarfs to <strong>employment is only 14%</strong> and to the <strong>productivity is a mere 8%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Large firms (more than 100 employees)</strong> account for 75% employment and close to 90% of productivity despite accounting for about 15% by number.</li>
<li>The interventions are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>sunset clause of less than 10 years</strong>, with necessary grand-fathering, for all size-based incentives.</li>
<li>Deregulating labor law restrictions to create significantly more jobs.</li>
<li>Re-calibrating <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-norms-for-co-origination-of-loans" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Priority Sector Lending (PSL)</strong></a> guidelines for direct credit flow to young firms in high employment elastic sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sunset Clause &amp; Size Based Incentives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sunset clause is a provision of a law that it will <strong>automatically be terminated</strong> after a fixed period unless it is extended by law.</li>
<li>The Economic Survey <strong>slammed the practice of perpetual support</strong> to small and medium-sized enterprises on the grounds that they are mega job creators. Such a <strong>continuous hand-holding merely encourages</strong> these entities to keep a check on their scale of operations, i.e. <strong>they deliberately stay small.</strong></li>
<li>The governments should shift their focus to <strong>nurturing &ldquo;infant&rdquo; firms only.</strong></li>
<li>Policymakers must ensure that <strong>support to small units is withdrawn</strong> after a specified time, forcing them to expand their operations and not live off government relief forever.</li>
<li>The survey also cites <strong>&ldquo;size-based incentives&rdquo;</strong> irrespective of the firm&rsquo;s age.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Minimum Wage System &amp; Inclusive Growth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Survey <strong>proposes a well-designed minimum wage system</strong> as a potent tool for protecting workers and alleviating poverty.</li>
<li>The survey <strong>supports rationalization of minimum wages</strong> as proposed under the Code on Wages Bill. Minimum wages to all employments/workers.</li>
<li><strong>Current Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Present minimum wage system in India has 1,915 minimum wages for various scheduled job categories across states.</li>
<li>1 in every 3 wage worker in India is not protected by the minimum wage law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;National Floor Minimum Wage&rsquo;</strong> should be notified by the Central Government, varying across five geographical regions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Minimum wages by states should be <strong>fixed at levels not lower than the &lsquo;floor wage&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Minimum wages can be <strong>notified based either on the skills</strong> or on<strong> geographical region</strong> or on<strong> both grounds.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;National level dashboard&rsquo;</strong> under the Ministry of Labour &amp; Employment for regular notifications on minimum wages, proposed by the survey.</li>
<li><strong>Toll-free number</strong> to register grievance on non-payment of the statutory minimum wages.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Minimum Wage</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-anniversary-of-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Labour Organization (ILO)</strong></a>, minimum wages have been defined as the <strong>minimum amount</strong> of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work performed during a given period, <strong>which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India's Demography</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A sharp slowdown in population growth is expected in the next 2 decades. National <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-population-boon-or-bane-rajya-sabha-lok-sabha-debate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Total Fertility Rate</strong></a> is expected to be below the replacement rate by 2021.</li>
<li>Significant <strong>decline is to be witnessed in elementary school-going children (5-14 age group)</strong> over the next two decades.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>States need to consolidate/merge schools</strong> to make them viable rather than build new ones.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Policy makers need to<strong> prepare for aging</strong> by investing in health care and by <strong>increasing the retirement age</strong> in a phased manner.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reforms in the Lower Judiciary</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The section on ways to ramp up capacity in the lower judiciary is titled<strong> &lsquo;Ending Matsyanyaya&rsquo; (the law of the fish/jungle).</strong></li>
<li>Delays in contract enforcement and disposal resolution are now the single biggest hurdle to the ease of doing business and higher GDP growth in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the survey highlights the profound impact that the Government&rsquo;s efforts of introducing the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code</strong></a> and the adoption of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gst-council-and-national-anti-profiteering-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Goods and Services Tax</strong></a>, have had on improving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-banks-ease-of-doing-business-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of Doing Business</strong> </a>in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Data &ldquo;Of the People, By the People, For the People&rdquo;</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As data is generated by the people, data can be created as a public good within the<strong> legal framework of data privacy.</strong></li>
<li>The government must intervene in c<strong>reating data as a public good, especially of the poor and in social sectors.</strong></li>
<li>Merging the distinct datasets held by the Government already would generate multiple benefits.</li>
</ul>',
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		'title' => 'Vacancies in Policing',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>The Bureau of Police Research and development&rsquo;s</strong> report on <strong>&ldquo;vacancies in the police organization&rdquo;</strong> has revealed that in India, 5.28 lakh police posts are lying vacant.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>High vacancy rate in police organizations points toward the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/deficiencies-in-indian-policing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>deficiencies in Indian policing</strong></a> that needs to be tackled through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dgp-appointment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>police reforms</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/336Image%202.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/336Image 2.jpg" width="287" height="327" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are 23,79,728 sanctioned posts in police forces of all states of which only 18,51,332 were occupied.</li>
<li>The states with high shortage of police personnel included <strong>Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Telangana</strong>, and <strong>Maharashtra</strong> while <strong>Nagaland</strong> is the only state where actual strength exceeded the sanctioned strength.</li>
<li>The wide difference between<strong> sanctioned</strong> and <strong>actual strength</strong> of vacancies can be attributed to reasons like slow <strong>recruitment</strong> process, <strong>retirement</strong>, and <strong>untimely</strong> deaths.</li>
<li><strong>Naxal-affected</strong> Chhattisgah has 11,916 posts vacant in its sanctioned 71,606 posts, while the Odisha Police has 10,322 vacant posts against its sanctioned strength of 66,973 posts.</li>
<li><strong>Insurgency-hit</strong> Assam has 11,452 vacant posts in its sanctioned strength of 65,987 personnel while Jammu and Kashmir has 10,044 posts vacant in its sanctioned strength of 87,882 posts.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Police Research and Development</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&amp;D), under the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> has the primary objective of <strong>modernization of police force.</strong></li>
<li>It takes direct and active interest in policing issues and promotes a <strong>speedy and systematic study</strong> of the police problems.</li>
<li>In addition to two existing divisions (namely, <strong>Research, Statistics and Publication</strong> and <strong>Development</strong>) a <strong>training</strong> division was also set up under BPR&amp;D on the recommendations of <strong>Gore committee</strong> in 1973.</li>
<li>Issues relating to Correctional Administration Work are under BPR&amp;D so that problems relating to<strong> prisons</strong> and implementation of deemed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/prison-reforms-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>prison reforms</strong> </a>can be taken up by the Bureau in a cohesive manner.</li>
<li><strong>The National Police Mission</strong> is also under the administrative control of BPR&amp;D to transform the police forces in the country into effective instrument for maintenance of internal security and facing the challenges in the future, by equipping them with the necessary <strong>material, intellectual and organizational resources.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Union Budget and E-Vehicles',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-budget-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget 2019-20</strong></a> included several incentives for developing <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>electric vehicle industry (EV Industry) in India.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Income tax rebates</strong> of up to ₹1.5 lakh to customers on interest paid <strong>on loans to buy electric vehicles</strong>, with a total exemption benefit of ₹2.5 lakh over the entire loan period.</li>
<li><strong>Customs duty exemption on lithium&ndash;ion cells,</strong> which will help lower the cost of lithium-ion batteries in India as they are not produced locally.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is in addition to the ₹ 10,000 crore allocated for EVs under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fame-india-phase-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>FAME II</strong></a> scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Makers of components</strong> such as solar electric charging infrastructure and lithium storage batteries and other components will be offered <strong>investment linked income tax exemptions.</strong></li>
<li>Proposal to reduce<strong> GST rate</strong> on electric vehicles from the current <strong>12% to 5%</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The State of EVs in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey,</strong></a> the <strong>market share</strong> of electric cars is only <strong>0.06 % in India</strong> when compared to 2 % in <strong>China (world&rsquo;s largest EV market)</strong> and 39 % in Norway.</li>
<li>Reasons for lesser market presence of EVs in India are<strong> lack of charging infrastructure</strong> and high cost.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps Taken by Other Countries</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/404Image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/404Image3.jpg" width="488" height="235" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In major cities in developed markets such as <strong>Frankfurt</strong> (Germany) and others, EVs are given<strong> free parking space</strong> and in certain parts of cities only such eco-friendly vehicles are allowed.</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union (EU)</strong> </a>countries are also trying to evolve into a <strong>hub for developing batteries</strong> and other spare parts for electric vehicles through the Strategic Action Plan For Batteries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The continent hosts the countries with the <strong>largest base of electric car sales.</strong> Norway, for instance, leads the electric vehicle market&mdash;EVs comprised 46% of the total vehicles sold in the country in the year 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the US, <strong>California</strong> is legislating tough emission norms for vehicles and providing<strong> fiscal incentives</strong> for plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government can think of giving a mandate to leading manufacturers that they should have a <strong>certain share of their sales from EVs</strong> after a particular time period.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI-Aayog</strong></a> is considering a policy <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-mission-on-transformative-mobility-and-battery-storage" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>proposal</strong> </a>to ban all internal combustion engine two-wheelers under 150cc by the year 2025 and three-wheelers by the year 2023.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Access to <strong>fast-charging facilities</strong> must be fostered to increase the market share of electric vehicles. <strong>Investments from private players</strong> is required for the same.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Immunocontraceptives for Wildlife Population Management',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has launched a project for undertaking &lsquo;immunocontraceptive measures&rsquo; for population management of wild animals.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project includes four species of wild animals, viz. Elephant, Wild boar, Monkeys and Blue Bull (Nilgai). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pilot project will begin in Uttarakhand and then implemented in rest of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Wildlife Institute of India (WII) and the National Institute of Immunology (NII) will develop a protocol of immunocontraception.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Immunocontraception</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Immunocontraception is a birth control method that uses the body's immune response to prevent pregnancy. It is a technology that uses a female animal&rsquo;s immune system to build a protein around the egg that prevents it from fertilising.</li>
<li>It is a humane, nonlethal solution to conflicts between people and wildlife as well as a solution to local problems of animal overabundance.</li>
<li>Immunocontraception can also help reduce the overproduction of captive animals in zoos and other facilities.</li>
<li>It is also a novel approach to the development of family planning methods.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite the availability of contraceptive methods, there are over one million elective abortions globally each year due to unintended pregnancies, having devastating impact on reproductive health of women worldwide.</li>
<li>This highlights the need for the development of newer and improved contraceptive methods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/man-animal-conflict-to-be-listed-as-disaster-by-up-govt" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Human-animal conflict</a></strong> has emerged as a major challenge in managing wildlife in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Human-elephant conflict causes the maximum number of casualties every year. According to reply tabled in Parliament on June 28, 2019, nearly 494 persons were killed by elephants in 2018.</li>
<li>Between 2014 and March 2019, 2,398 people died in elephant attack in the country, with West Bengal accounting for maximum number of such deaths.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It requires mathematical modelling and knowing the adult female population in the group that has to be delivered the vaccine.</li>
<li>The implementation of such a project in India will not be a simple task. It will involve multidisciplinary effort over a long period of time to deliver the contraceptive and manage the logistics around it<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has relatively large Elephant population, where identifying individuals is difficult.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Use of hormonal contraceptives in wildlife are easily passed from animal to animal. This can lead to unintended ecological consequences. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, fish exposed to treated sewage effluents were found to have concentrations of the synthetic hormone in blood plasma higher than those found in humans taking hormonal contraceptives.</li>
<li>However, the antigens used in contraceptive vaccines are protein, not steroids, they are not easily passed from animal to animal without loss of function. Yet, more research needs to be undertaken.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Effect of Social Media on Teens',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>As per a recent survey conducted by Fortis hospital, around 82% of students studying psychology in classes XI and XII in at least 200 schools across major cities in India, have said that social media has influenced their opinions and attitudes.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Even the general reaction of the public at large is that social media is addictive for young people and that they should avoid it.</li>
<li>But such knee-jerk reaction is not right as use of any media can have both positive and negative influences. It all depends on how children interact with the medium.</li>
<li>For example close 78% of a total of 4,000 students who were polled for a survey said they spend a lot of time a day on social media and that it should be used as a tool to spread awareness and dispel myths about mental health issues.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On mental health issues, 46% said mainstream media is not doing enough to create awareness and 32% believed that it has, in fact, increased stigma.</li>
<li>The Fortis survey found that 94% of the students believed that social media is a means to create awareness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Children need to be taught that media is not a one-sided communication; they must be taught about the authenticity of the news or the news is just appealing to their emotions.</li>
<li>For the purpose, parents need to create media literacy so that children can use the medium to their benefit.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/393image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/393image1.jpg" width="460" height="599" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Income Inequality Among Farmers',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A recent survey conducted by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NABARD</strong></a>, highlights the high levels of inter-state income inequality among the agricultural household in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data given in the survey depicts that inter-state income inequality among agricultural household range from Rs 16,020 (In Punjab: highest) to Rs 5,842 (In Andhra Pradesh: lowest).<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/213image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/213image4.jpg" width="226" height="292" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>Adding more to the grim picture of agricultural distress, the surplus remains after consumption expenditure is just Rs 95 in Andhra Pradesh and Rs 4,314 In Punjab.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, according to the survey, 85% of farmer households earn a mere 9% of the total income, while the top 15% earn 91%.</li>
<li>If it is compared with the overall inequality in India, it&rsquo;s far too high.</li>
<li>Given the stark inequality in India, it shouldn't come as a surprise when the report says that 43 per cent of India&rsquo;s indebted households is farm households.</li>
<li>This aspect is important in the context of the government&rsquo;s target of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/doubling-farmers-income-a-promise-to-be-fulfilled-by-2022" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>doubling farmers&rsquo; income.</strong></a></li>
<li>Land possession was the key variable in determining income from cultivation, which accounted for half of the income inequality and hence was the key variable in explaining income inequality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The lowest among the farmer groups in terms of landholding earns the least.</li>
<li>India primarily consists of small and marginal farmers(Farmers whose land holdings are less than two hectares (Ha) of land. About 85% landholdings in India are below two Ha)</li>
<li>So this makes small farmers take longer to increase their income in comparison to large farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to Ashok Dalwai committee doubling farmers&rsquo; income by 2022: The initial promise of agrarian reforms was to distribute land to the landless and provide the title of ownership to the cultivators.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Unfortunately, India&rsquo;s agrarian reforms did not ensure egalitarianism in the agricultural community.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Green Revolution in the 1960s focused on increasing productivity and yield. But since then, landholdings have become significantly fragmented. Marginal landholdings have tripled in the last 40 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/income-inequality-among-farmers'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Jaipur: A World Heritage Site',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Pink city, <strong>Jaipur</strong> (Rajasthan), has been <strong>declared a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO</a> World Heritage Site.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/922Image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/922Image2.jpg" width="582" height="819" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The decision was taken at the <strong>43<sup>rd</sup> session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee (WHC)</strong> taking place in the city of Baku, Azerbaijan, from 30<sup>th</sup> June - 10<sup>th</sup> July, 2019.</li>
<li>The city was nominated for its value of being an exemplary development in <strong>town planning and architecture</strong> that demonstrates an amalgamation and important exchange of ideas in the <strong>late medieval period.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Important Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Jaipur has become the<strong> second city</strong> of the country <strong>after Ahmedabad</strong> to get the recognition.</li>
<li>With Jaipur's inclusion as a cultural site, the number of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>heritage sites across India</strong></a> that are on the UNESCO World Heritage list, has grown to 38, including 30 cultural properties, 7 natural properties and 1 mixed site.</li>
<li>The walled city of Jaipur in Rajasthan, was <strong>founded in 1727 AD</strong> under the patronage of <strong>Sawai Jai Singh II.</strong> It also serves as the capital city of the state of Rajasthan.</li>
<li>Unlike other cities in the region located in hilly terrain, Jaipur was established on the plain and built according to a grid plan interpreted in the light of Vedic architecture.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its streets feature rows that intersect in the centre and create large public squares called <em>chaupars.</em></li>
<li>The city's urban planning shows an <strong>exchange of ideas</strong> from ancient<strong> Hindu</strong> and modern <strong>Mughal</strong> as well as <strong>Western</strong> cultures.</li>
<li>Designed to be a commercial capital, the city has maintained its local commercial, artisanal and cooperative traditions to this day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>iconic monuments</strong> in the city include the Govind Dev temple, City Palace, Jantar Mantar, Hawa Mahal etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Committee (WHC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The World Heritage Committee is composed of representatives of<strong> 21 States Parties</strong> to the <strong>World Heritage Convention</strong> who meet annually. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage is an <strong>international agreement</strong> that was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO in 1972.</li>
<li>It is based on the premise that certain places on Earth are of outstanding universal value and should therefore form part of the common heritage of humankind.</li>
<li>It basically <strong>defines the kind of natural or cultural sites</strong> which can be considered for inscription on the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/architectural-heritage-of-orchha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> World Heritage List</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Committee is in charge of implementing the Convention.</strong></li>
<li>To date, 1,092 sites in 167 countries have been inscribed on the World Heritage List.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jaipur-a-world-heritage-site'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Indus Valley Civilization',
		'catname' => 'Paper 1',
		'desc' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>history of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC),</strong> also known as Harappan Civilization.</li>
<li>It flourished around <strong>2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia,</strong> in contemporary Pakistan and Western India.</li>
<li>The Indus Valley was home to the <strong>largest of the four ancient urban civilizations</strong> of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China.</li>
<li>In 1920s, the Archaeological Department of India carried out excavations in the Indus valley wherein the ruins of the two old cities, viz. <strong>Mohenjodaro and Harappa</strong> were unearthed.</li>
<li>In 1924, <strong>John Marshall, Director-General of the ASI, announced the discovery</strong> of a new civilisation in the Indus valley to the world.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="height: 230px; width: 80.5091%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #c1f7e4; border-color: #000000; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; background-color: #00bd7b;" colspan="4"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Important Sites of IVC</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p><strong>Site</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;"><strong>Excavated by</strong></td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;"><strong>Location</strong></td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;"><strong>Important Findings</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 21px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Harappa</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 21px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Daya Ram Sahini in 1921</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 21px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Situated on the bank of river Ravi in Montgomery district of Punjab (Pakistan).</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 21px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sandstone statues of Human anatomy</li>
<li>Granaries</li>
<li>Bullock carts</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Mohenjodaro (Mound of Dead)</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">R.D Banerjee in 1922</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Situated on the Bank of river Indus in Larkana district of Punjab (Pakistan).</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Great bath</li>
<li>Granary</li>
<li>Bronze dancing girl</li>
<li>Seal of Pasupathi Mahadeva</li>
<li>Steatite statue of beard man</li>
<li>A piece of woven cotton</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Sutkagendor</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Stein in 1929</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">In southwestern Balochistan province, Pakistan on Dast river</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A trade point between Harappa and Babylon</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Chanhudaro</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">N.G Majumdar in 1931</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Sindh on the Indus river</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bead makers shop</li>
<li>Footprint of a dog chasing a cat</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Amri</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">N.G Majumdar in 1935</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">On the bank of Indus river</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Antelope evidence</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Kalibangan</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Ghose in 1953</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Rajasthan on the bank of Ghaggar river</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fire altar</li>
<li>Camel bones</li>
<li>Wooden plough</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Lothal</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">R.Rao in 1953</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Gujarat on Bhogva river near Gulf of Cambay</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>First manmade port</li>
<li>Dockyard</li>
<li>Rice husk</li>
<li>Fire altars</li>
<li>Chess playing</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Surkotada</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">J.P Joshi in 1964</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Gujarat</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bones of horses</li>
<li>Beads</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<p>Banawali</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">R.S Bisht in 1974</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Hisar district of Haryana</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Beads</li>
<li>Barley</li>
<li>Evidence of both pre-Harappan and Harappan culture</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 10.8393%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Dholavira</td>
<td style="width: 15.2148%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">R.S Bisht in 1985</td>
<td style="width: 28.8187%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">Gujarat in Rann of Kachchh</td>
<td style="width: 25.6363%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #d2f7ea;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Water harnessing system</li>
<li>Water reservoir</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Phases of IVC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Three phases of IVC are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>the <strong>Early Harappan Phase</strong> from 3300 to 2600 BCE,</li>
<li>the <strong>Mature Harappan Phase</strong> from 2600 to 1900 BCE, and</li>
<li>the <strong>Late Harappan Phase</strong> from 1900 to 1300 BCE.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Early Harappan Phase is related to the <strong>Hakra Phase,</strong> identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley.</li>
<li>The earliest examples of the <strong>Indus script</strong> date back to 3000 BC.</li>
<li>This phase stands characterized by <strong>centralized authority</strong> and an increasingly urban quality of life.</li>
<li><strong>Trade networks</strong> had been established and there are also evidences of the <strong>cultivation of crops</strong>. Peas, sesame seeds, dates, cotton, etc, were grown during that time.</li>
<li><strong>Kot Diji</strong> represents the phase leading up to Mature Harappan Phase.</li>
<li>By 2600 BC, the Indus Valley Civilization had entered into a <strong>mature stage</strong>.</li>
<li>The early Harappan communities were turning into large urban centers, like <strong>Harappa and Mohenjodaro in Pakistan and Lothal in India</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/997image2.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/997image2.webp" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The signs of a <strong>gradual decline</strong> of the Indus River Valley Civilization are believed to have started around 1800 BC and by 1700 BC, most of the cities were abandoned.</li>
<li>However, one can see the various elements of the Ancient Indus Valley Civilization in later cultures.</li>
<li>Archaeological data indicates the persistence of the Late Harappan culture till 1000-900 BC.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Town Planning and Structures</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Harappan culture was <strong>distinguished by its system of town planning</strong>.</li>
<li>Harappa and Mohenjodaro each had its <strong>own citadel or acropolis</strong>, which was possibly occupied by members of the ruling class.</li>
<li>Below the citadel in each city lay a <strong>lower town containing brick houses</strong>, which were inhabited by the common people.</li>
<li>The remarkable thing about the arrangement of the houses in the cities is that they followed the <strong>grid system</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Granaries</strong> constituted an important part of the Harappan cities.</li>
<li>The <strong>use of burnt bricks</strong> in the Harappan cities is remarkable, because in the contemporary buildings of Egypt mainly dried bricks were used.</li>
<li>The <strong>drainage system</strong> of Mohenjodaro was very impressive.</li>
<li>In almost all cities every big or small house had its own <strong>courtyard and bathroom</strong>.</li>
<li>In Kalibangan many houses had their <strong>wells</strong>.</li>
<li>At sites such as Dholavira and Lothal (Gujarat), the entire settlement was <strong>fortified, and sections within the town were also separated by walls</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/133image5.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/133image5.webp" width="430" height="246" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Agriculture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Harappan villages, <strong>mostly situated near the flood plains,</strong> produced sufficient foodgrains.</li>
<li>Wheat, barley, rai, peas, sesame, lentil, chickpea and mustard were produced. Millets are also found from sites in Gujarat. While rice uses were relatively rare.</li>
<li>The Indus people were the <strong>earliest people to produce cotton</strong>.</li>
<li>While the prevalence of agriculture is indicated by finds of grain, it is more <strong>difficult to reconstruct actual agricultural practices</strong>.</li>
<li>Representations on seals and terracotta sculpture indicate that the <strong>bull was known, and archaeologists extrapolate shows oxen were also used for ploughing</strong>.</li>
<li>Most Harappan sites are located in <strong>semi-arid lands,</strong> where irrigation was probably required for agriculture.</li>
<li><strong>Traces of canals</strong> have been found at the Harappan site of Shortughai in Afghanistan, but not in Punjab or Sindh.</li>
<li>Although the Harappans practised agriculture, <strong>animals were also reared on a large scale</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Evidence of the horse comes from a superficial level of Mohenjodaro</strong> and from a doubtful terracotta figurine from Lothal. In any case the Harappan culture was not horse centred.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The importance of trade in the life of the Indus people is witnessed by the <strong>presence of numerous seals, uniform script and regulated weights and measures</strong> in a wide area.</li>
<li>The Harappans carried on considerable <strong>trade in stone, metal, shell,</strong> etc.</li>
<li>Metal money was not used and trade was carried by <strong>barter system</strong>.</li>
<li>They practised navigation on the coast of the Arabian Sea.</li>
<li>They had set up a <strong>trading colony in northern Afghanistan</strong> which evidently facilitated trade with Central Asia.</li>
<li>They also carried commerce with those in the land of the <strong>Tigris and the Euphrates</strong>.</li>
<li>The Harappans carried on long distance trade in <strong>lapis lazuli</strong>; which may have contributed to the social prestige of the ruling class.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Crafts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Harappans were very well acquainted with the <strong>manufacturing and use of Bronze</strong>.</li>
<li>Copper was obtained from the <strong>Khetri copper mines</strong> of Rajasthan and <strong>Tin was possibly brought from Afghanistan</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Textile impressions</strong> have also been found on several objects.</li>
<li>Huge brick structure suggest that <strong>brick-laying</strong> was an important craft. This also attests the existence of <strong>a class of masons</strong>.</li>
<li>The Harappans practised <strong>boat-making, bead making and seal-making. Terracotta manufacture</strong> was also an important craft.</li>
<li>The goldsmiths made <strong>jewellery</strong> of silver, gold and precious stones.</li>
<li>The potter's wheel was in full use, and the Harappans produced their <strong>own characteristic pottery</strong>, which was glossy and shining.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/385Untitled-1.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/385Untitled-1.webp" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Institutions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Very few written materials</strong> have been discovered in the Indus valley and the scholars have not been able to decipher the Indus script so far.</li>
<li>As a result, there is <strong>difficulty in understanding</strong> the nature of the state and institutions of the Indus Valley Civilization.</li>
<li><strong>No temples</strong> have been found at any Harappan sites. Therefore the possibility of priests ruling Harappa can be eliminated.</li>
<li>Harappa was possibly <strong>ruled by a class of merchants</strong>.</li>
<li>If we look for a centre of power or for depictions of people in power, <strong>archaeological records provide no immediate answers</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some archaeologists are of the opinion that Harappan society had <strong>no rulers</strong>, and that everybody enjoyed equal status.</li>
<li>Another theory argues that there was no single ruler, but <strong>a number of rulers</strong> representing each of the urban centers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Religion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In Harappa <strong>numerous terracotta figurines of women</strong> have been found. In one figurine a plant is shown growing out of the embryo of a woman.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Harappans, therefore, looked upon the earth as a <strong>fertility goddess</strong> and worshipped her in the same manner as the Egyptians worshipped the Nile goddess Isis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>male deity is represented on a seal with three horned heads,</strong> represented in the sitting posture of a yogi.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This god is surrounded by an elephant, a tiger, a rhinoceros, and has a buffalo below his throne. At his feet appear two deer.The depicted god is identified as <strong>Pushupati Mahadeva</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Numerous symbols of the <strong>phallus and female sex organs</strong> made of stone have been found.</li>
<li>The people of the Indus region <strong>also worshipped trees and Animals</strong>.</li>
<li>The most important of them is the <strong>one horned unicorn</strong> which may be identified with the rhinoceros and the next important was the <strong>humped bull</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Amulets</strong> have also been found in large numbers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IVC declined around 1800 BCE but the actual <strong>reasons behind its demise are still debated</strong>.</li>
<li>One theory claims that Indo-European tribe i.e. <strong>Aryans invaded</strong> and conquered the IVC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In later cultures various elements of the IVC are found which suggest that civilization did not disappear suddenly due to an invasion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On the other hand, many scholars believe <strong>natural factors</strong> are behind the decline of the IVC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The natural factors could be <strong>geological and climatic</strong>.</li>
<li>It is believed that the Indus Valley region experienced several <strong>tectonic disturbances</strong> which causes earthquakes. Which also changed courses of rivers or dried them up.</li>
<li>Another natural reason might be <strong>changes in patterns of rainfall</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There could be also <strong>dramatic shifts in the river courses,</strong> which might have brought floods to the food producing areas.</li>
<li>Due to <strong>combination</strong> of these natural causes there was a slow but inevitable collapse of IVC.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/932Drishti_ias_Indus_Valley_Civilization.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/932Drishti_ias_Indus_Valley_Civilization.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Indus Valley Civilization',
		'catname' => 'Paper 1',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/555Drishti_ias_Indus_Valley_Civilization.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/555Drishti_ias_Indus_Valley_Civilization.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Crime Against Humanity',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/crimes-that-indias-statute-books-have-failed-to-define/article28312905.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Crimes that India&rsquo;s statute books have failed to define&rdquo;</a> that appeared in The Hindu on 8th July 2019. It talks about the status of India&rsquo;s legal jurisdiction concerning Crime Against Humanity and Way forward.</p>
</div>
<p>Delhi High Court, while pronouncing the judgment in <strong>State v. Sajjan Kumar (2018)</strong> held that neither &lsquo;crimes against humanity&rsquo; nor &lsquo;genocide&rsquo; has been made part of India&rsquo;s criminal law, a lacuna that needs to be addressed urgently.</p>
<p>The case was concerned with the mass killing of Sikhs during the anti-Sikh riots in 1984. The court categorically stated that these kinds of mass crimes &ldquo;engineered by political actors with the assistance of the law enforcement agencies&rdquo; fit into the category of crimes against humanity (CAH).</p>
<h3>What are Crimes Against Humanity (CAH)?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Crimes against humanity are certain acts that are deliberately committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian or an identifiable part of a civilian population.</li>
<li>Crime against humanity is an offence in international criminal law, adopted in the <strong>Charter of the International Military Tribunal (N&uuml;rnberg Charter)</strong>, which tried surviving Nazi leaders in 1945, and was, in 1998, incorporated into the <strong>Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC)</strong>.</li>
<li>Crimes against humanity consist of various acts&mdash;murder, extermination, enslavement, torture, forcible transfers of populations, imprisonment, rape, persecution, enforced disappearance, and apartheid, among others.</li>
<li>The term also has a broader use in condemning other acts that, in a phrase often used, &ldquo;shock the conscience of mankind.&rdquo; World poverty, human-made environmental disasters, and terrorist attacks have thus been described as crimes against humanity.</li>
<li>Unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity <strong>can be committed during peace or war</strong>.</li>
<li>The irony about CAH is that the wide practice of atrocities is tolerated or condoned by a government or a de facto authority.</li>
<li>This makes CAH important to be discussed in the International community and tried by forums like the International Court of Justice and International criminal court</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is the status of CAH in India?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is <strong>not a party to the Rome Statute</strong>, which means that it is under no obligation at present to enact separate legislation dealing with CAH.</li>
<li>Also, the Indian representatives at the International Law Commission (ILC) have shown their concerns regarding negotiations for the adoption of the separate treaty on crimes against humanity.</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for India's reluctance</strong> to actively participate in the negotiation process on a separate Convention on CAH :
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Negotiations at ILC seeks to adopt the same definition of CAH as provided in the Rome Statute.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to Rome statute: Crimes against humanity are certain acts that are deliberately committed as part of a widespread <strong>or</strong> systematic attack directed against any civilian or an identifiable part of a civilian population.</li>
<li>India is not in favour of using &lsquo;widespread or systematic&rsquo; as one of the conditions, but prefers &lsquo;widespread <strong>and</strong> systematic&rsquo;, which would require a higher threshold of proof.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Second, India wanted a distinction to be made between <strong>international and internal armed conflicts</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This was probably because its internal conflicts with Naxals and other non-state actors in places like Kashmir and the Northeast could fall under the scope of CAH.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The third objection related to the inclusion of the <strong>enforced disappearance of persons</strong> under CAH.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In international human rights law, a forced disappearance (or enforced disappearance) occurs when a person is secretly abducted or imprisoned by a state or a third party with the authorization of political organization, with the intent of placing the victim outside the protection of the law</li>
<li>According to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed at any civilian population, a "forced disappearance" qualifies as a crime against humanity</li>
<li>India is of the view that it has <strong>signed but not yet ratified the UN International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances,</strong> therefore, it is under no obligation to criminalise it through domestic legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>In<strong> State v. Sajjan</strong> <strong>Kumar</strong>, the Delhi High Court also said that &ldquo;a familiar pattern of mass killings&rdquo; was seen &ldquo;in Mumbai in 1993, in Gujarat in 2002, and Muzaffarnagar in Uttar Pradesh in 2013&rdquo;, where the criminals &ldquo;have enjoyed political patronage and managed to evade prosecution&rdquo; In this context:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s missing voice at the ILC does not go well with its claim of respect for an international rules-based order.</li>
<li>Turning a blind eye to crimes against humanity reflects poorly on India&rsquo;s status as a democracy.</li>
<li>It would be advisable for India to show political will and constructively engage with the ILC, which would also, in the process, address the shortcomings in the domestic criminal justice system.</li>
</ul>
<p>India's policymaking has been motivated by the motto: <strong>Think globally, act locally,</strong> but in case of crime against humanity India must follow <strong>Act locally, Inspire globally</strong>. So India's eventual adherence to the International Criminal Court and the Rome Treaty will act as a pathway for the renaissance for the future of human rights-oriented modes of Indian governance.</p>
<p>Also, along with that, India's active engagement at ILC for a CAH treaty will pitch for rule of law, nationally as well as internationally, simply conceived as an endeavour to make power more accountable, governance increasingly just, and the state incrementally ethical.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #c7f6ff; border-color: #017b94; border-style: dotted;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1091.11px;"><em><strong>Drishti Input:<br /><br /></strong></em>India&rsquo;s reluctance regarding negotiations for a separate treaty on Crime Against Humanity doesn&rsquo;t augur well with India&rsquo;s image as a champion of human right. Analyse</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crime-against-humanity'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Redefining Poverty',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/rethink-poverty-and-policy-indian-policy-economy-growth-5805671/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Rethink poverty &mdash; and policy&rdquo;</strong></a> that appeared in The Indian Express on 29 June 2019. It talks about the need to redefine poverty in India and subsequent changes in policy.</p>
</div>
<p>India witnessed an astonishing <strong>poverty decline between 2011-12 and 2016-17&nbsp;</strong>(as per the Tendulkar poverty line of Rs 44 per person per day in 2017-18 prices, just 4.5 per cent of the population is below the poverty line). Also as per various scholars, a<strong>gricultural growth is thrice more effective than any other means of poverty alleviation.</strong></p>
<p>Poverty is no longer about food, hence there is a need for government to strive to free up our food producers rather than keeping them as prisoners of policy. Time has arrived to rethink poverty: Policymaking should concentrate on what causes growth, not what causes poverty to decline.</p>
<h3>Why there is a need to review defining poverty in India?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Policymaking on poverty in <strong>India considers food consumption as the ultimate criterion of poverty.&nbsp;</strong>Hence, India built up an elaborate ecosystem of food production, consumption, and distribution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But this ecosystem is biased against the poor farmer, as the Essential Commodities Act, Food Corporation of India, and Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee all work against the interest to the farmer.</li>
<li>Time has come to dismantle this ecosystem &mdash;, against climate change mitigation and also against efficient use of water and energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poverty is now not just about food but living standards &mdash;</strong> sanitation, housing, piped water, electricity, education, health, and jobs. And on each of these elements, the focus should shift to quality, not quantity.</li>
<li>Since <strong>poverty is a dynamic concept,</strong> so it is not fair to define poverty in absolute terms, rather it must be defined in relative terms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most European nations have a relative definition of poverty &mdash; that is, a fixed proportion of the median income.</li>
<li>India should move towards that by the end of 2024, as India will likely be a $5 trillion economy by that time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>But before India moves to a relative definition, India should forthwith move towards an <strong>updated poverty</strong> line, a poverty line consistent with our income status today as a lower-middle income country (as India is no longer a poor economy, as it was in the 1990s).</li>
</ul>
<p>Also, this record decline in poverty came in the middle of demonetisation, GST, two drought years, and lower than potential GDP growth. Reason for this astonishing feat can be attributed to better targeting of government programmes (made possible by expanded and extensive use of direct benefit transfer (DBT).</p>
<h3>How to balance welfare v/s economic growth?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian economy requires <strong>adequate investments in critical areas</strong> such as road, railways and water. Therefore, the government needs to rationalise its expenditure and tax rates to ensure the reallocation of resources.</li>
<li>Though India's pace of poverty reduction has improved over the last five years, it can be augmented through a <strong>targeted basic income policy</strong> which will free up resources for other sectors of the economy.</li>
<li>The new approach towards poverty alleviation should involve targeted income transfers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the targeted basic income programme, the government transfers the <strong>poverty gap</strong> (the difference between per capita consumption of the household and the poverty line faced by the household) into the bank account of the poor</li>
<li>The poverty gap is defined as the ratio of average per capita consumption of the poor to the poverty line.</li>
<li>In 2011&ndash;2012, the average per capita expenditure of the poor was Rs. 708 per person per month and the poverty line was Rs. 847.</li>
<li>With perfect targeting (that is, complete knowledge of who is poor and by how much), a transfer of Rs. 139 per person per month (or Rs. 1,668 a year) would enable the target of zero percent Tendulkar poverty to be reached.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Whereas with the current level of government spending in PDS, MGNREGA, food subsidy, the government spends about Rs. 58,000 a year to bring one person out of poverty.</li>
<li>In 2011&ndash;2012, there were approximately 250 million Tendulkar Line poor in India. Achievement of zero poverty would require only an expenditure of under Rs. 42,000 crore, or less than 0.5 per cent of GDP.</li>
</ul>
<p>Since for any society, two concerns are paramount&mdash;economic growth and improvement in the well-being of the poor. Growth is needed to finance redistribution. This redistribution typically takes two forms&mdash;productive investment, for example, the financing of infrastructure, expenditures on health and education, and simple transfers of income.</p>
<p>But given scarce capital and developmental nature of the Indian economy, it is imperative that Policymaking should strive to make the best use of every single rupee, For that to happen, issues must be looked to be resolved from a qualitative perspective rather than only quantitative perspective, and in this route it is best to start by redefining -What is poverty!</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 540px; border-color: #fff4cf; background-color: #f5f1d0;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br />India has done remarkably well in poverty reduction, but as India aspires the status of global power, it needs to redefine poverty and make subsequent changes in policymaking. Commen</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/redefining-poverty'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Highlights of Budget 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Union Minister for Finance </strong>presented the Union Budget 2019-20 before the Parliament.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Constitutional Provisions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>term &lsquo;budget&rsquo; has nowhere</strong> been used in the Constitution. It is the popular name for the <strong>&lsquo;Annual Financial Statement&rsquo;</strong> that has been dealt with in <strong>Article 112 of the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li>The budget is a statement of the <strong>estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India</strong> in a financial year (FY), which begins on April 1 and ends on March 31 of the following year.</li>
<li>In addition to the estimates of receipts and expenditure, the budget contains certain other elements. Overall, the budget contains the following:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Estimates of revenue and capital receipts;</li>
<li>Ways and means to raise revenue;</li>
<li>Estimates of expenditure;</li>
<li>Details of the actual receipts and expenditure of the closing financial year and the reasons for any deficit or surplus in that year; and</li>
<li>Economic and financial policy of the coming year, that is, taxation proposals, prospects of revenue, spending programme and introduction of new schemes/projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Railway Budget</strong> was separated from the <strong>General Budget in 1921</strong> on the recommendations of<strong> the Acworth Committee</strong>. In August 2016, the Central Government decided to <strong>merge the railway budget into the general budget.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fiscal deficit in FY 19 has been set at 3.3% of the GDP.</li>
<li>Indian economy will become a 3 trillion dollar economy in 2019. Government aspires to make India a 5 trillion dollar economy by 2024-25. To achieve this, there is a need for investment in:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Infrastructure</strong></li>
<li><strong>Digital economy</strong></li>
<li><strong>Job creation in small and medium firms</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>PAN and Aadhaar will become interchangeable. One can use Aadhaar number to file I-T Returns.</li>
<li>Rs. 5 lakh minimum limit announced for taxpayers.</li>
<li>In view of rising income levels, those in the ₹2-5 crore and ₹5 crore-and-above brackets will see an increase in effective tax rate by 3% (39%) and 7% (42.74%), respectively.</li>
<li>No change in personal income tax rates.</li>
<li>Increase in cess on fuel by 1 rupee, petrol &amp; diesel to get costlier; while customs duty on gold and precious items increased.</li>
<li>Corporate tax with a turnover of up to Rs 400 crore slashed to 25% from a current rate of 30%.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gst-council-and-national-anti-profiteering-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GST Council</strong> </a>advised to reduce tax rate on Electric Vehicles from 12% to 5%.</li>
<li>No charge on digital payments: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-4th-march-2019-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Merchant Discount Rate</strong></a> charges waived on cashless payment.</li>
<li><strong>Measures related to MSMEs:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Proposed <strong>easing angel tax</strong> for startups.</li>
<li>E-verification mechanism for establishing investor identity and source of funds for startups.</li>
<li>2% interest subvention for GST-registered MSME on fresh or incremental loans.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/unemployment-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Stand Up India' Scheme</strong> </a>to continue till 2025.</li>
<li>New television channel for start-ups.</li>
<li>Pension benefit extended to retail traders with annual turnover less than Rs 1.5 crore.</li>
<li>New payment platform for MSMEs to be created.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Proposal to provide Rs 70,000 crore capital for PSU Banks.</li>
<li>Regulation of HFCs (Housing Finance Cos) to move to RBI from National Housing Bank.</li>
<li>Govt to <strong>modify</strong> the present policy of <strong>retaining 51% stake in PSUs. </strong></li>
<li>Govt to continue with <strong>strategic divestment of select CPSEs. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Divestment target of Rs 1.05 lakh crore for FY 20. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Strategic disinvestment of Air India</strong> proposed to be re-initiated.</li>
<li><strong>Global Investors Meet</strong> to be held in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rural India and Agriculture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gaon, Garib and Kisan</strong> are the focus of the government.</li>
<li><strong>New <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-shakti-mantralaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jal Shakti ministry</a></strong> will work with states to ensure Har Ghar Jal for all rural houses by 2024.</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana phase 3</strong> is envisaged to upgrade 1,25,000 km of road length over the next 5 years.</li>
<li>Govt will set up 100 new clusters for 50,000 artisans in FY 20.</li>
<li>Every single rural family, to have electricity by 2022.</li>
<li>Govt to promote <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-11th-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Zero Budget Farming. </strong></a></li>
<li>10,000 new farm produce organisations.</li>
<li>80 Livelihood business incubators and 20 technology business incubators to be set up in 2019-20 under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-elixir-for-msmes-access-to-credit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme for Promotion of Innovation, Rural Industry and Entrepreneurship (ASPIRE)</strong></a> to develop 75,000 skilled entrepreneurs in agro-rural industries.</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A robust fisheries management framework through PMMSY to be established by the <strong>Department of Fisheries</strong>.</li>
<li>To address critical gaps in the value chain including infrastructure, modernization, traceability, production, productivity, post-harvest management, and quality control.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Youth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To popularise sports at all levels, <strong>National Sports Education Board</strong> for development of sportspersons to be set up under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-28-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'Khelo India.' </strong></a></li>
<li>Govt to launch 'Study in India' programme to attract foreign students in higher education.</li>
<li>Rs 400 crore allocated for <strong>world-class higher education institutions in FY 20 . </strong></li>
<li><strong>National research foundation</strong> to fund, coordinate and to promote research in the country.</li>
<li><strong>New Higher Education Commission</strong> with focus on higher autonomy.</li>
<li><strong>New national education policy</strong> to propose changes in school, higher education.</li>
<li>To make the Indian youth ready to take up jobs in foreign countries, more emphasis on new-age skills like <strong>Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Big Data, etc.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Study in India</strong> proposed to bring foreign students to study in Indian higher educational institutions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Social</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nari tu Narayani:</strong> Women SHG Interest Subvention Programme to be expanded to all districts in India.</li>
<li><strong>Rs 1 lakh loan</strong> to be provided for <strong>SHG women</strong> members under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-panel-s-recommendations-on-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mudra Scheme. </strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Rs 3,000 pension per month</strong> for workers from <strong>the informal sector. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Gandhipedia</strong> being developed by the<strong> National Council for Science Museums</strong> to sensitize youth and society about positive Gandhian values.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Infrastructure</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>State road networks to be developed in the second phase of <strong>Bharatmala project.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Rs. 50 lakh crore investment</strong> needed in <strong>Railway Infrastructure</strong> during 2018-2030.</li>
<li>Public-Private-Partnership proposed for development and completion of tracks, rolling stock manufacturing and delivery of passenger freight services.</li>
<li>Policy interventions to be made for the development of <strong>Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO),</strong> to achieve self- reliance in the <strong>aviation segment.</strong></li>
<li>Outlay of Rs. 10,000 crore for 3 years approved for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fame-ii-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Phase-II of FAME Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li>National Highway Programme to be restructured to ensure a<strong> National Highway Grid, using a financeable model. </strong></li>
<li>Power at affordable rates to states ensured under <strong>&ldquo;One Nation, One Grid‟.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Blueprints to be made available for <strong>gas grids, water grids, i-ways, and regional airports.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Space</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has emerged as a major space power. It is time to harness our ability commercially.</li>
<li>A public sector enterprise, <strong>New Space India Limited (NSIL)</strong> has been incorporated to tap benefits of ISRO.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Roadmap for Future</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Simplification of procedures.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Incentivizing performance.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Red-tape reduction.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Making the best use of technology.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Accelerating mega programmes and services initiated and delivered so far.</strong></li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-budget-2019'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Changing Demographic Profile: Faster Than Expectation',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey 2018-19</strong></a>, India&rsquo;s population growth rate will decline faster than assumed as the fertility rate in many states has reached the replacement rate.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey predicts that India will have a total fertility rate below the replacement rate in the next two years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Projected values for 2021-41 suggest that TFR at the national level will continue to decline rapidly and will lie below replacement level fertility at 1.8 as early as 2021.</li>
<li>It noted that India&rsquo;s population in the 0-19 age bracket has &ldquo;already peaked due to sharp declines in total fertility rates (TFR) across the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also the threat of managing an ageing population is very real now as some states will start transitioning to an ageing society by the 2030s.</li>
<li>Nine states &mdash; Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh &mdash; have fertility rates well below the replacement rate.</li>
<li>States known for high population growth rates (Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Haryana) also witnessed population decline and population is now growing below 1 per cent in the southern states as well as West Bengal, Punjab, Maharashtra, Odisha, Assam and Himachal Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
<p>While India is already struggling with high unemployment, the changing demography will add to the challenge of fulfilling aspirations of New India.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Replacement level fertility</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the total fertility rate( the average number of children born per woman) at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, without migration.</li>
<li>This rate is roughly 2.1 children per woman for most countries, although it may modestly vary with mortality rates</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/changing-demographic-profile-faster-than-expectation'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Welfare Database of Citizens',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Economic Survey 2018-19</strong></a> has recommended setting up of a <strong>central welfare database of citizens</strong> by <strong>merging different data</strong> maintained by separate ministries and departments.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/332Image%201.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/332Image 1.jpg" width="688" height="365" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The principle behind the recommendation is that the most data generated by the people, of the people, should be used for the people.</li>
<li>The government already held a rich repository of administrative, survey, institutional and transactions data about citizens, but these data are scattered across numerous government bodies.</li>
<li>The government would be able to utilise the information embedded in the database <strong>for enhancing ease of living for citizens,</strong> enable truly evidence-based policy, improve targeting in welfare schemes, uncover unmet needs, integrate fragmented markets, bring greater accountability in public services and generate greater citizen participation in governance, etc.</li>
<li>The <strong>datasets that can be merged</strong> include birth and death records, pensions, tax records, marriage records; survey data such as census data, national sample survey data; transactions data such as e-national agriculture market data, UPI data, institutional data and public hospital data on patients.</li>
<li>It has been suggested that <strong>database be created as a public good</strong> within the legal framework of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/challenges-of-digitisation-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>data privacy.</strong></a> Even, a part of the generated data can be monetised to ease the pressure on government finances. <strong>Access to a selected database can be provided to the private sector for a fee.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian government is working on finalising the personal data protection policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/welfare-database-of-citizens'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Cosmic Rays Impacting Earth’s Climate',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to a study published in the <strong>Scientific Reports</strong> journal,the cosmic rays are impacting earth climate by adding low-cloud cover.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Besides atmospheric temperature and the amount of water vapour in the air, cosmic rays beaming down through space also contribute towards cloud formation.</li>
<li>According to scientists: Cosmic rays can affect the earth's climate by increasing cloud cover and cause an &ldquo;umbrella effect&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cosmic Rays</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cosmic rays are atom fragments that rain down on the Earth from outside of the solar system. Most cosmic rays are atomic nuclei: most are hydrogen nuclei, some are helium nuclei, and the rest are heavier elements.</li>
<li>Though cosmic rays were discovered in 1912 but still the origins of the highest energy cosmic rays remains unknown and a topic of much research, most scientists suspect their origins are related to supernovas (star explosions)</li>
<li>Cosmic rays travels at the speed of light and have been blamed for electronics problems in satellites and other machinery.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Umbrella Effect</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this case Umbrella effect refers to the cooling of earth, as cosmic rays increases low level clouds which blocks the sunlight thereby acting as an Umbrella.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Previous studies using data from the meteorological observation showed that there are only minute changes in the amounts of cosmic rays and cloud cover.</li>
<li>However, the researchers from the Kobe University in Japan, analysed Earth&rsquo;s last geomagnetic reversal (a phenomenon where the planet's overall magnetic field flips) transition 780,000 years ago and figured out that :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the period, the Earth&rsquo;s magnetic strength fell to less than one-fourth and cosmic rays increased by over 50 per cent.</li>
<li>This spiked the global cloud cover and enabled detection of the impact of cosmic rays on climate.</li>
<li>The Cosmic rays can enhance the formation of low-lying clouds or increase the global cloud cover ultimately leading to the cooling of Earth's atmosphere.</li>
<li>Combined effect of rays and cloud cover, led to a high atmospheric pressure in Siberia. The effect caused the East Asian winter monsoon to become stronger.</li>
<li>Focusing on the phenomenon, the researchers also investigated changes in particle size and accumulation speed of loess layer dust (sediment created by the accumulation of wind-blown silt) in two locations of China&rsquo;s Loess Plateau.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The particles became coarser and silt was accumulated up to three times faster in both locations. due to this during the last geomagnetic reversal, the researchers found evidence of stronger winter monsoons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>So this study provides an opportunity to rethink the impact of clouds on climate. When galactic cosmic rays increase, so do low clouds, and when cosmic rays decrease clouds do as well, so climate warming may be caused by an opposite-umbrella effect</li>
<li>Earlier the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-warming-of-1-5-c-ipcc-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</strong></a> has discussed the impact of cloud cover on climate but this phenomenon has never been considered in climate predictions due to the insufficient physical understanding of it.</li>
<li>Thus with the increase in climate change events, understanding the cosmic rays&rsquo; role in global warming may be important.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cosmic-rays-impacting-earth-s-climate'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Gangetic Dolphins Found in Mahananda River',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>For the first time, a population of Gangetic River Dolphins has been found in the Mahananda river, in Bihar&rsquo;s Kishanganj district.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dolphins were spotted during a survey conducted by a team of scientists from Vikramshila Biodiversity Research and Education Centre (VBREC) of Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mahananda River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mahananda river is a tributary of the Ganga.</li>
<li>It originates from the Himalayas in Darjeeling, West Bengal.</li>
<li>The river flows through Bihar, West Bengal, and then continues southeastward to join the Ganga at Godagari in Bangladesh.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to scientists, the number of dolphins in the Mahananda and its tributaries can be much more than this, as the survey was not conducted in a suitable season.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Post monsoon is a suitable season when there is adequate water level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The presence of dolphins is the sign of a healthy river ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gangetic Dolphins</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Ganges river dolphin</strong> is found in parts of the Ganges, Meghna, and Brahmaputra river systems in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are locally known as Susu, which refers to the noise the dolphin is said to make when it breathes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Gangetic river dolphin is India's national aquatic animal.</li>
<li><strong>Behaviour and Habitat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Gangetic Dolphins are generally blind and can detect only the direction of light.</li>
<li>They emit an ultrasonic sound which reaches the prey. The dolphin then registers this image in its mind and subsequently catches hold of its prey.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In fact, these dolphins live by echolocation. They navigate, feed, escape danger, find mates, breed, and nurse babies by echolocation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dolphins prefer water that is at least five to eight feet deep.</li>
<li>Gangetic dolphins live in a zone where there is little or no current, helping them save energy. If they sense danger, they can dive into deep waters.</li>
<li>The dolphins swim from the no-current zone to the edges (Turbulent waters) to hunt for fish and return.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Water Level:</strong> Declining water in the river, putting more pressure on the dolphins to manage their life cycle.</li>
<li><strong>Climate change</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> increasing pollution</strong> due to large scale discharge of industrial and municipal waste, siltation, and mechanised boats pose one of the biggest threats to these freshwater dolphins.</li>
<li><strong>Poaching:</strong> They frequently fall prey to poachers. Their carcasses are found regularly on river banks.</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IUCN Status: Endangered</li>
<li>It is listed on CITES Appendix I.</li>
<li>It is classified under Schedule 1, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 providing absolute protection as offences under these are prescribed the highest penalties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE: CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)</strong> is an international agreement which aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Gangetic river dolphin is one of the four freshwater dolphin species in the world. The other three are found in the Yangtze river in China, the Indus river in Pakistan and the Amazon river in South America.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Amazon river dolphin</strong> is also known as the boto or &lsquo;pink river dolphin. It is characterized by its long snout and pale pink color.</li>
<li><strong>The Indus river dolphins</strong> locally as the Bhulan. They are found in the lower parts of the Indus River in Pakistan. Another small, isolated population <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-4th-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>can be found in the Beas River in India.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is located in Bhagalpur District of Bihar, India.</li>
<li>The sanctuary is a 50 km stretch of the Ganges River from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon.</li>
<li>It was designated as a protected area for the endangered Gangetic dolphins in 1991.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gangetic-dolphins-found-in-mahananda-river'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Project Manav',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>A human atlas initiative</strong> named <strong>Manav</strong> has been launched by the <strong>Department of Biotechnology (DBT)</strong> and Persistent Systems, a biotechnology company.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>
<p>The aim is to create <strong>a unified database of molecular network</strong> of all the tissues in the human body and to derive a holistic picture of working of the human body.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In this <strong>public-private venture,</strong> DBT and Persistent Systems will invest Rs 13 crore and Rs 7 crore respectively.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>There is already a similar <strong>Human Cell Atlas project</strong> (launched in the year 2016), which is a collaborative effort between the <strong>world-leading scientists,</strong> to generate data pertaining to cellular and molecular activities of various cell types in the body in both its normal and disease state using techniques such as single cell genomics.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <strong>Indian project,</strong> on the other hand, depends on the knowledge already available in scientific literature to derive information on cellular network.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="western">About the Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>
<p>This mega project will collate and integrate molecular information on human tissues and organs that currently remain in research articles in an unstructured and disorganised form.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The project would <strong>utilise large biological community,</strong> both students and scientists, for extracting and adding the information from scientific literature at the level of cells and organs.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The database, that would get created, would eventually help researchers <strong>identify gaps in current knowledge</strong> and help in future projects in diagnostics and disease biology.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Also, the information gathered in the project will help scientists to understand the differential molecular factors which vary between diseased states vis-a-vis a healthy state of an organ.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The project will be executed by the <strong>Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)</strong> and the <strong>National Center for Cell Sciences (NCCS)</strong> based in Pune.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>
<p>While the institutes will train students, the technology platform and data management will be provided by the private partner.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>IISER</strong> is an autonomous institution established by the <strong>Ministry of Human Resource Development.</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>NCCS</strong> is an autonomous organisation aided by the Department of Biotechnology, <strong>Ministry of Science and Technology.</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>This initiative will also help in creating a<strong> trained population of biologists.</strong> With the data curation and analysis skills imparted during this project, students will have better opportunities for jobs in the life science sector.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The data methodology and technical platform developed during this project can also be extrapolated to do other science projects on biodiversity, ecology, environment etc. which may be relevant nationally or globally.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-manav'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'ISRO: Challenges and Opportunities',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/expanding-indias-share-in-global-space-economy/article28286469.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Expanding India&rsquo;s share in global space economy&rdquo;</a> that appeared in The Hindu on 5th July 2019. It talks about the challenges and opportunities for ISRO in the new space age.</p>
</div>
<p>Today, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)&rsquo;s</a> success has made India to be inducted in an elite group of countries, where India is rightfully acknowledged as a space power in the world. Space technology is dual-use technology, in this feat, apart from space research, ISRO has delivered many projects serving military as well as socio-economic needs of India.</p>
<p>However, demand for space-based services in India is far greater than what ISRO can supply. Therefore private sector investment is critical, for which a suitable policy environment needs to be created.</p>
<h3>What is the current status of ISRO?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ISRO was established in 1969 and has been guided by a set of mission and vision statements covering both the societal objectives and the thrust areas.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The first area was of <strong>satellite communication,</strong> which sought to address the national needs for telecommunication, broadcasting and broadband infrastructure.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>INSAT and GSAT</strong> are the core of satellite communication</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The second area of focus was <strong>earth observation</strong> and using space-based imagery for a slew of national demands, ranging from weather forecasting, disaster management and national resource mapping and national security.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Beginning with the <strong>Indian Remote Sensing (IRS)</strong> series in the 1980s, today the <strong>RISAT, Cartosat and Resourcesat series</strong> provide wide-field and multispectral high-resolution data for land, ocean and atmospheric observations.</li>
<li>With higher resolution and precise positioning, <strong>Geographical Information Systems&rsquo;</strong> applications today cover all aspects of rural and urban development and planning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The third and more recent focus area is <strong>satellite-aided navigation</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation (GAGAN),</strong> a joint project between ISRO and Airports Authority of India, augmented the GPS coverage of the region, improving the accuracy and integrity, primarily for civil aviation applications and better air traffic management over Indian airspace.</li>
<li>This was followed up with the <strong>Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS),</strong> a system based on seven satellites in geostationary and geosynchronous orbits. In 2016, the system was renamed <strong>NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Deep space probes</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The most notable of these have been the <strong>Chandrayaan</strong> and the <strong>Mangalyaan</strong> missions, with a manned space mission, <strong>Gaganyaan</strong>, planned for its first test flight in 2021.</li>
<li>These missions are not just for technology demonstration but also for expanding the frontiers of knowledge in space sciences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>None of this would have been possible without mastering the <strong>launch-vehicle technology</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Beginning with the Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) and the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), ISRO has developed and refined the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) as its workhorse for placing satellites in low earth and sun-synchronous orbits.</li>
<li>The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) programme is still developing with its <strong>MkIII variant,</strong> having undertaken three missions, and is capable of carrying a 3.5 MT payload into a geostationary orbit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the potential areas and challenges for ISRO?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Today, the value of the global space industry is estimated to be $350 billion and is likely to exceed $550 billion by 2025.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite ISRO&rsquo;s impressive capabilities, India&rsquo;s share is estimated at $7 billion (just 2% of the global market) covering broadband and Direct-to-Home television (accounting for two-thirds of the share), satellite imagery and navigation.</li>
<li>Already, over a third of transponders used for Indian services are leased from foreign satellites and this proportion will rise as the demand grows.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and big data analytics has led to the emergence of <strong>&lsquo;New Space&rsquo;</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>New Space entrepreneurship</strong> has emerged in India with many start-ups which seek value in exploring end-to-end services in the Business-to-Business and Business-to-Consumer segments using new space. However, these startups have yet to take off in the absence of regulatory clarity.</li>
<li>So they need an enabling ecosystem, a culture of accelerators, incubators, venture capitalists and mentors that exists in cities like Bengaluru which is where most New Space start-ups have mushroomed.</li>
<li>Also, the New Space start-ups discern a synergy with government&rsquo;s flagship programmes like Digital India, Startup India, Skill India and schemes like Smart Cities Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is New Space?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term New Space is used to refer to a global sector of new aerospace companies and ventures working independently of governments to develop faster, better, and cheaper access to space and spaceflight technologies, driven by commercial ends as distinct from political or socio economically-oriented ends.</li>
<li>New space ventures may include: Space tourism, Asteroid mining, Satellite servicing etc.</li>
<li>SpaceX, Blue origin are some examples of companies involved in New Space.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Another revolution underway is the small satellite revolution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Globally, 17,000 small satellites are expected to be launched between now and 2030.</li>
<li>ISRO is developing a small satellite launch vehicle (SSLV) expected to be ready in 2019.</li>
<li>It is a prime candidate, along with the proven PSLV, to be farmed out to the private sector.</li>
<li>In this context, The Assembly, Integration and Testing (AIT) role, which is restricted to ISRO must now be outsourced.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also years ago, ISRO launched the idea of Village Resource Centres to work in collaboration with local panchayats and NGOs but only 460 pilots have begun.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Expanding this for rural areas is a formidable challenge but has the potential to transform rural India if properly conceived as a part of the India Stack and the Jan Dhan Yojana.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is India stack?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India Stack refers to the ambitious project of creating a unified software platform to bring India's population into the digital age.</li>
<li>India Stack is a set of APIs that allows governments, businesses, startups and developers to utilize a unique digital infrastructure to solve India&rsquo;s hard problems towards presence-less, paperless, and cashless service delivery</li>
<li>Aadhaar forms the core of India stack.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Further, with the Ministry of Defence now setting up a Defence Space Agency and a Defence Space Research Organisation, ISRO should now actively embrace an exclusively civilian identity.</li>
</ul>
<p>So with increasing competition, complexity and demand for space-related activities, there is a growing realisation that national legislation is needed to ensure overall growth of the space sector. A New Space law for India should aim at facilitating growing India&rsquo;s share of the global space economy to 10% in the coming decade.</p>
<p>The government now has an opportunity to give priority to a new Bill that can be welcomed by the private sector, both the larger players and the start-ups alike.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #facaca; border-color: #ff0000; border-style: dotted;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1256px;"><em><strong>Drishti Input:</strong></em><br /><br />ISRO&rsquo;s role has been impeccable in making India a global space power, however, there are many challenges and opportunities in the new space age that ISRO needs to address.Discuss.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/isro-challenges-and-opportunities'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Privilege Motion',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, a member of the Indian parliament has <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/breach-of-privilege" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>moved a privilege motion</strong></a> against a TV channel.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The breach of privilege motion is moved against a private Hindi news channel and its Editor for <strong>reporting that members' first speech in the Lok Sabha was plagiarised.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Plagiarism is a practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Parliamentary privileges are <strong>certain rights</strong> and <strong>immunities</strong> enjoyed by members of Parliament, individually and collectively, so that they can<strong> effectively discharge their functions.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Constitution (Article 105)</strong> mentions two privileges,i.e<strong>. freedom of speech in Parliament</strong> and<strong> right of publication of its proceedings.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Rule No 222 in Chapter 20 of the Lok Sabha Rule Book</strong> and correspondingly <strong>Rule 187 in Chapter 16 of the Rajya Sabha rulebook</strong> governs<strong> privilege.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Speaker of Loksabha</strong> and <strong>Rajya Sabha Chairperson</strong> is the <strong>first level of scrutiny</strong> of a privilege motion.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Speaker/Chairperson can decide on the privilege motion himself or herself</strong> or <strong>refer it to the privileges committee</strong> of Parliament.</li>
<li>If the Speaker/Chairperson gives consent under respective rules, the member concerned is given an opportunity to make a short statement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Privilege Committee</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lok Sabha:</strong> The <strong>Speaker nominates</strong> a committee of privileges <strong>consisting of 15 members</strong> as per respective party strengths.</li>
<li><strong>Rajya Sabha:</strong> The <strong>deputy chairperson</strong> heads the committee of privileges, that <strong>consists of 10 members.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/privilege-motion'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Hydrogen-Enriched Compressed Natural Gas (HCNG)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Delhi will be the first city in the country to roll out hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) buses for public transport from November 2020.</li>
<li>It will start as a pilot project with 50 CNG buses retrofitted with HCNG.</li>
<li>Since Air pollution is fast becoming a serious global problem with increasing population and its subsequent demands. This has resulted in increased usage of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines.</li>
<li>Also, the Delhi government along with Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) and Indraprastha Gas Limited (IGL) began work to set up India&rsquo;s first semi-commercial HCNG station.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is HCNG</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The blending of hydrogen with CNG provides a blended gas termed as HCNG.</li>
<li>HCNG stands for hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas and it combines the advantages of both hydrogen and methane.</li>
<li>HCNG allows customers early hydrogen deployment with nearly commercial technology. It is being treated as the first step towards future hydrogen economy.</li>
<li>Hydrogen has been regarded as a future secondary fuel for power system due to carbon-free operation.</li>
<li>The rapid increase in the emission of greenhouse gases and very strict environmental legislation are major motivating factors for the usage of hydrogen in fuel cells and internal combustion engines.</li>
<li>Hydrogen is an excellent additive to improve the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel due to its low ignition energy, high reactivity, diffusivity and burning velocity.</li>
<li>Since hydrogen infrastructure and refuelling stations are not meeting the demand, the widespread introduction of hydrogen vehicles is not possible in the near future. One of the solutions for this hurdle is to blend hydrogen with methane</li>
<li>However, Hydrogen-Enriched Compressed Natural Gas (HCNG) is still under research as though it increases fuel efficiency and reduce carbon emission but it has also led to increased NOx emissions.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hydrogen-enriched-compressed-natural-gas-hcng'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Highlights of Economic Survey 2018-19',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs</strong> tabled the Economic Survey 2018-19 in the Parliament.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the <strong>first survey</strong> by the n<strong>ew chief economic advisor Krishnamurthy V Subramanian.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> of Economic Survey, 2018-19 is <strong>"Shifting Gears towards a $5 trillion Indian economy by 2024-25&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Other focus areas:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>"Blue Sky" thinking - New Ideas for Policymaking; </li>
<li>Behavioral <em>'nudges'</em> for Optimal Outcomes; </li>
<li>Policies to unshackle MSMEs;</li>
<li>Data as a public good "of the <em>people,</em> for the <em>people</em> and by the <em>people";</em> </li>
<li>Legal Reforms;</li>
<li>Policy Consistency; </li>
<li>Efficient Labour Markets;</li>
<li>Use of Technology</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Economic Survey</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Economic Survey is prepared by the <strong>Economic Division</strong> of the <strong>Department of Economic Affairs</strong> in the Finance Ministry under the overall guidance of the <strong>Chief Economic Adviser.</strong></li>
<li>The survey was <strong>de-linked</strong> from the <strong>Budget in the year 1964</strong> and is circulated in advance to provide the context of the Budget.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s<strong> first</strong> Economic Survey was <strong>presented in the year 1950-51.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>GDP Growth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>A sustained real GDP growth rate of 8% is needed for India to become a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The survey suggests that this can be achieved by a <strong>&ldquo;Virtuous Cycle&rdquo;</strong> of savings, investment, and exports. The <strong>private&nbsp;investment</strong> being the key driver.</li>
<li>This cycle will be catalyzed and supported by a <strong>favorable demographic phase.</strong></li>
<li>This virtuous cycle should be<strong> sustained</strong> and in <strong>equilibrium.</strong> A <strong>departure from traditional Anglo-Saxon thinking</strong> by viewing the economy as being either in a virtuous or a vicious cycle, and thus never in equilibrium.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Behavioural Economics for Social Change</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey has drawn on <strong>Nobel Laureate Richard Thaler&rsquo;s Behavioural Economics Theory</strong> to lay out an &ldquo;ambitious agenda" for behavior change that will bring in social change, which in turn, will help India transit to a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Decisions by real people deviate from impractical robots theorized in classical economics. Behavioral economics provides insights to &lsquo;nudge&rsquo; people towards desirable behavior.</li>
<li>It pitches for behavioral change by applying the principles of behavioral economics to several issues including gender equality, a healthy and beautiful India, savings, tax compliance, and credit quality.</li>
<li>This includes a transition from <strong>&lsquo;Beti Bachao Beti Padhao&rsquo; to &lsquo;BADLAV&rsquo; (Beti Aapki Dhan Lakshmi Aur Vijay Lakshmi)</strong>, from <strong>&lsquo;Swachh Bharat&rsquo; to &lsquo;Sundar Bharat&rsquo;,</strong> from <strong>&lsquo;Give it up&rdquo;</strong> for the LPG subsidy to <strong>&lsquo;Think about the Subsidy&rsquo;</strong> and from<strong> &lsquo;Tax</strong> <strong>evasion&rsquo; to &lsquo;Tax compliance&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nudge Theory</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to Nudge theory, people, rather than being forced, can be<strong> encouraged and influenced</strong> to pursue or desist from certain actions through nudges.</li>
<li>It <strong>does not talk about penalizing people</strong> if they do not behave in a particular manner, rather it <strong>encourages</strong> them to make desirable decisions.</li>
<li>It believes that <strong>Humans are not-so-rational</strong> and often <strong>need encouragement</strong> or intervention &mdash; a nudge &mdash; to get going and do what&rsquo;s best for the country or society at large.</li>
<li>American economist <strong>Richard Thaler has won the 2017 Nobel Prize in economics</strong> for his contributions to behavioural economics.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Policies for MSME Growth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey highlights the importance of intervention in the case of <strong>&ldquo;Dwarfs&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dwarfs are the firms with <strong>less than 100 workers despite being more than 10 years old.</strong></li>
<li>They account for <strong>more than 50%</strong> of all organized firms in manufacturing by number.</li>
<li>Contribution of dwarfs to <strong>employment is only 14%</strong> and to the <strong>productivity is a mere 8%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Large firms (more than 100 employees)</strong> account for 75% employment and close to 90% of productivity despite accounting for about 15% by number.</li>
<li>The interventions are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>sunset clause of less than 10 years</strong>, with necessary grand-fathering, for all size-based incentives.</li>
<li>Deregulating labor law restrictions to create significantly more jobs.</li>
<li>Re-calibrating <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-norms-for-co-origination-of-loans" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Priority Sector Lending (PSL)</strong></a> guidelines for direct credit flow to young firms in high employment elastic sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sunset Clause &amp; Size Based Incentives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sunset clause is a provision of a law that it will <strong>automatically be terminated</strong> after a fixed period unless it is extended by law.</li>
<li>The Economic Survey <strong>slammed the practice of perpetual support</strong> to small and medium-sized enterprises on the grounds that they are mega job creators. Such a <strong>continuous hand-holding merely encourages</strong> these entities to keep a check on their scale of operations, i.e. <strong>they deliberately stay small.</strong></li>
<li>The governments should shift their focus to <strong>nurturing &ldquo;infant&rdquo; firms only.</strong></li>
<li>Policymakers must ensure that <strong>support to small units is withdrawn</strong> after a specified time, forcing them to expand their operations and not live off government relief forever.</li>
<li>The survey also cites <strong>&ldquo;size-based incentives&rdquo;</strong> irrespective of the firm&rsquo;s age.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Minimum Wage System &amp; Inclusive Growth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Survey <strong>proposes a well-designed minimum wage system</strong> as a potent tool for protecting workers and alleviating poverty.</li>
<li>The survey <strong>supports rationalization of minimum wages</strong> as proposed under the Code on Wages Bill. Minimum wages to all employments/workers.</li>
<li><strong>Current Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Present minimum wage system in India has 1,915 minimum wages for various scheduled job categories across states.</li>
<li>1 in every 3 wage worker in India is not protected by the minimum wage law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;National Floor Minimum Wage&rsquo;</strong> should be notified by the Central Government, varying across five geographical regions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Minimum wages by states should be <strong>fixed at levels not lower than the &lsquo;floor wage&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Minimum wages can be <strong>notified based either on the skills</strong> or on<strong> geographical region</strong> or on<strong> both grounds.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;National level dashboard&rsquo;</strong> under the Ministry of Labour &amp; Employment for regular notifications on minimum wages, proposed by the survey.</li>
<li><strong>Toll-free number</strong> to register grievance on non-payment of the statutory minimum wages.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Minimum Wage</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-anniversary-of-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Labour Organization (ILO)</strong></a>, minimum wages have been defined as the <strong>minimum amount</strong> of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work performed during a given period, <strong>which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India's Demography</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A sharp slowdown in population growth is expected in the next 2 decades. National <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-population-boon-or-bane-rajya-sabha-lok-sabha-debate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Total Fertility Rate</strong></a> is expected to be below the replacement rate by 2021.</li>
<li>Significant <strong>decline is to be witnessed in elementary school-going children (5-14 age group)</strong> over the next two decades.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>States need to consolidate/merge schools</strong> to make them viable rather than build new ones.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Policy makers need to<strong> prepare for aging</strong> by investing in health care and by <strong>increasing the retirement age</strong> in a phased manner.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reforms in the Lower Judiciary</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The section on ways to ramp up capacity in the lower judiciary is titled<strong> &lsquo;Ending Matsyanyaya&rsquo; (the law of the fish/jungle).</strong></li>
<li>Delays in contract enforcement and disposal resolution are now the single biggest hurdle to the ease of doing business and higher GDP growth in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the survey highlights the profound impact that the Government&rsquo;s efforts of introducing the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code</strong></a> and the adoption of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gst-council-and-national-anti-profiteering-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Goods and Services Tax</strong></a>, have had on improving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-banks-ease-of-doing-business-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of Doing Business</strong> </a>in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Data &ldquo;Of the People, By the People, For the People&rdquo;</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As data is generated by the people, data can be created as a public good within the<strong> legal framework of data privacy.</strong></li>
<li>The government must intervene in c<strong>reating data as a public good, especially of the poor and in social sectors.</strong></li>
<li>Merging the distinct datasets held by the Government already would generate multiple benefits.</li>
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