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Penicillin Revival to Fight Rheumatic Fever

In a bid to fight drug resistance and tackle the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease, the Government of India is planning a revival of the drug...

01 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Ancient River Unearthed in Uttar Pradesh

The Union Jal Shakti Ministry has excavated an old, dried-up river in the Prayagraj during geophysical survey covering the Prayagraj and Kaushambi...

01 Oct 2019 News Analysis
School Education Quality Index: NITI Aayog

National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog has released the first edition of the School Education Quality Index (SEQI). SEQI has...

01 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Menstrual Hygiene

This editorial is based on “Menstrual hygiene: A challenging development issue” which was published in Down to Earth on 27/09/2019. It...

30 Sep 2019 News Editorials
Animal Rearing

Why in News? Recently, the Prime Minister launched the National Animal Disease Control Programme, to control and eradicate the Foot & Mouth...

30 Sep 2019 Paper 3
Asteroid named after Pandit Jasraj

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has named an asteroid, discovered in 2006, after Indian classical singer Pandit Jasraj. Pandit Jasraj...

30 Sep 2019 News Analysis
INS Nilgiri

Recently, the Defence Minister has launched the first of the Navy's seven new stealth frigates named INS Nilgiri, in Mumbai. He also commissioned...

30 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Animal Rearing

For...

30 Sep 2019 Paper 3
Enterprise Development Centres

The Union Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Sector (MSME) Minister will soon launch Enterprise Development Centres (EDCs) for developing a cadre of...

30 Sep 2019 News Analysis
National Nutrition Survey

The first-ever comprehensive National Nutrition Survey has been conducted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the United Nations...

30 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Indo-Arctic Strategic Construct

This article is based on “Why India’s foray into the Arctic matters” which was published in The Hindu Business Line on...

28 Sep 2019 News Editorials
Unitary Taxation System for Multi-National Enterprises

Recently, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD’s) in its Trade and Development Report 2019 has recommended for the...

28 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Erra Matti Dibbalu

Erra Matti Dibbalu is dissected and stabilized coastal red sediment mounds, located between Visakhapatnam and Bheemunipatnam in Andhra...

28 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Exercise KAZIND - 2019

Joint Military Exercise KAZIND-2019 between India and Kazakhstan will be conducted in Uttarakhand, India. It is the fourth edition of an annual...

28 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Goldschmidtite

Recently a new mineral has been discovered inside a diamond unearthed from a mine in South Africa. It has been found in Earth’s Mantle (A...

28 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Rural Sanitation Strategy: 2019-2029

Recently, the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti has launched the 10-year Rural Sanitation Strategy...

28 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Regulating Right to Freedom of Religion

The High Court of Karnataka has issued guidelines to all city municipal corporations regarding granting permission for temporarily using public roads...

28 Sep 2019 News Analysis
Silicosis and Mining Safety

Saharia tribe miners in Madhya Pradesh have appealed to the government to treat them for silicosis rather than Tuberculosis. Recently the...

28 Sep 2019 News Analysis
A Better Way of Waste Management

This article is based on “Segregation of waste: There is a disturbing pushback against this effort” which appeared in The Indian...

27 Sep 2019 News Editorials
Policy Watch- Power Tariff Policy

In the proposed Draft Amendments to the National Tariff Policy 2016, the government has included the provisions for imposition of penalties on the...

27 Sep 2019 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions

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			'title' => 'Penicillin Revival to Fight Rheumatic Fever',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>In a bid to<strong> fight drug resistance</strong> and tackle the prevalence of <strong>rheumatic heart disease,</strong> the Government of India is planning a revival of the drug named <strong>Penicillin.</strong></p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Penicillin was the <strong>first antibiotic</strong> that was discovered in <strong>1928</strong> by Alexander Fleming.</li>
<li>It is still the <strong>first-line antibiotic drug</strong> in many western countries. This antibiotic was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War II.</li>
<li>In India, it gradually went out of the markets because of <strong>unrealistic price control</strong> measures of the government. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The prices of the drug were kept so low that the manufacturers stopped making the drug and Penicillin went out of production. Although some of its more expensive derivatives continued to be prescribed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Underlying Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has a high burden of <strong>rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease</strong> (which generally goes <strong>undiagnosed</strong> and leads to <strong>many maternal deaths at the time of childbirth).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rheumatic fever is <strong>endemic</strong> in India and remains one of the major causes of cardiovascular disease, accounting for nearly 25-45% of acquired heart disease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Population-based studies indicate the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in India to be at a rate of about <strong>2/1000 population.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The surveys however conducted by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-essential-diagnostics-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)</strong></a> at the school-level indicate that the children in the age group of 5-16 years mark the overall prevalence at the rate of <strong>6/1000.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the Health ministry, rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease can be treated by the intake of penicillin.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Penicillin is the <strong>cheapest</strong> option for rheumatic fever treatment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Maternal death</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <strong>World Health Organization,</strong> maternal death is the death of a woman <strong>while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy,</strong> irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Maternal Mortality Ratio</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is defined as the <strong>number of maternal deaths</strong> during a given time period per<strong> 100,000 live births</strong> during the same time period. In India, the MMR was <strong>130</strong>/100,000 in 2016.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rheumatic Fever</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an<strong> inflammatory</strong> disease that can develop as a complication of inadequately treated strep throat or scarlet fever.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rheumatic fever can cause permanent damage to the heart, including damaged heart valves and heart failure.</li>
<li>Not all sore throats go on to become rheumatic fever with severe joint pain or affect the heart in a disease that eventually leaves no option but to replace the heart valves- a condition known as <strong>rheumatic heart disease.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevalence:</strong> Rheumatic fever is <strong>most common in 5-15 years old children,</strong> though it can also develop in younger children and adults.</li>
<li><strong>Cause:</strong> Rheumatic fever can occur <strong>after an infection of the throat</strong> with a bacterium called <strong>Group A streptococcus.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Group A streptococcus infections of the throat cause strep throat or, less commonly, scarlet fever. Group A streptococcus infections of the skin or other parts of the body rarely trigger rheumatic fever.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hence, the government is planning to <strong>procure</strong> penicillin centrally for <strong>three years</strong> and administer it to all children between 5-15 years who have a sore throat, at least once.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The drug will be dispensed through primary health centres or administered by Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) workers.</li>
<li>The government is also in consultation with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/regulatory-issues-in-indian-pharmaceutical-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA</strong></a>) to take it off from the price control list.</li>
<li>To kickstart the production again, the government will procure the medicine centrally for three years so that manufacturers get encouraged to restart the production process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/government-plans-penicillin-revival-to-fight-rheumatic-fever-6043091/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Ancient River Unearthed in Uttar Pradesh',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Union Jal Shakti Ministry has excavated <strong>an old, dried-up river in the Prayagraj</strong> during geophysical survey covering the Prayagraj and Kaushambi region in <strong>Uttar Pradesh.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569915215_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569915215_image2.jpg" width="359" height="272" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An excavated river linked the Ganga and Yamuna rivers.</li>
<li>The <strong>&ldquo;Ancient Buried River&rdquo;</strong> is around <strong>4 km wide, 45 km</strong> <strong>long</strong> and consisted of a <strong>15-meter-thick layer buried under the soil.</strong></li>
<li>The newly discovered river was a buried paleochannel that joins the Yamuna river at Durgapur village, about 26 km south of the current Ganga-Yamuna confluence at Prayagraj.</li>
<li>The genesis of these buried rivers followed a <strong>Report on PaleoChannel on North-West India.</strong></li>
<li>The knowledge on subsurface connectivity between Ganga and Yamuna rivers will play a very crucial role in the planning of Ganga cleaning and protecting safe groundwater resources,</li>
</ul>
<h3>Palaeochannels</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A channel that is <strong>no longer part of an active river system</strong> and has ceased to be a conduit of water is commonly referred to as a palaeochannel.</li>
<li>It occurs when rivers change their course either due to the movement of tectonic plates or severe floods and cut new ones.</li>
<li>Some of the palaeochannels lie buried under younger sediments.</li>
<li>Palaeochannels are <strong>commonly o</strong><strong>ccurring landforms in alluvial landscapes,</strong> and have an economic significance because of their use in the exploration for freshwater resources, artificial recharge and storage of groundwater.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Additionally, they are of importance in the location and assessment of mineral deposits such as uraniferous ores, gold, silver and other placer deposits hosted in them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Report on PaleoChannel on North-West India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report has been prepared by <strong>the K.S. Valdiya Committee</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Jal Shakti.</strong></li>
<li>The report is based on the study of the <strong>land texture, piles of sediments, shapes,</strong> and features of states of <strong>North-West India</strong> including- <strong>Rajasthan, Haryana, </strong>and<strong> Punjab.</strong></li>
<li>The found sediments are reminiscent of ones found in present-day <strong>Ghaggar, Ganga,</strong> and the <strong>Yamuna.</strong></li>
<li>The report is an assertion of the assumption that <strong>River Saraswati originated</strong> from <strong>Adibadri in Himalaya</strong> to culminate in the Arabian Sea through the <strong>Runn of Kutch.</strong></li>
<li>The report also states that the river once upon a time was the lifeline of the North-Western states of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/scientists-excavate-ancient-river-in-uttar-pradesh/article29560057.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'School Education Quality Index: NITI Aayog',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog</strong></a> has released the <strong>first edition</strong> of the <strong>School Education Quality Index (SEQI).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SEQI has been developed by NITI Aayog to <strong>evaluate the performance of States and Union Territories (UTs) in the school education sector.</strong></li>
<li>Developed through a collaborative process including key stakeholders such as the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), the World Bank and sector experts, the index consists of <strong>30 critical indicators</strong> that assess the delivery of quality education.</li>
</ul>
<h3>School Education Quality Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SEQI is based on a set of indicators that measure the overall effectiveness, quality and efficiency of the Indian school education system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569913663_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569913663_image1.jpg" width="765" height="210" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To drive policy reforms that will improve the quality of school education.</li>
<li>To institutionalise a focus on <strong>enhancing education outcomes</strong> by driving improvements in learning levels, access, equity, infrastructure and governance processes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ranking Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To facilitate like-to-like comparisons, <strong>States and UTs have been grouped as Large States, Small States and Union Territories.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Within each of these groups, the indicator values have been appropriately scaled, normalized and weighted to generate an overall performance score and ranking for each State and UT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>States and UTs were <strong>ranked on their overall performance in the reference year 2016-17,</strong> as well as on the <strong>change in their performance between the reference year and base year (2015-16).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance of the States:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Among 20 large States, <strong>Kerala was ranked first</strong> for overall performance on the quality of school education while <strong>Uttar Pradesh came in last.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, Haryana, Assam and Uttar Pradesh showed the most improvement in their performance in 2016-17, in comparison to the base year of 2015-16.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Among <strong>smaller States, Manipur</strong> emerged as the <strong>best performer,</strong> while <strong>Chandigarh</strong> topped the list of <strong>Union Territories.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is to be noted that all seven UTs have shown an improvement in their performance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>West Bengal</strong> refused to participate in the evaluation process and <strong>has not been included</strong> in the rankings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>How the Index will help States?</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The index recognises that <strong>school education is a subject on the Concurrent List</strong> and that State-level leadership is crucial for improving outcomes in a cost-effective manner.</li>
<li>The index will serve as a <strong>regular and transparent review of the status of school education quality</strong> across the States and UTs.</li>
<li>The index <strong>encourages States/UTs to improve their scores</strong> by showing progress across these aspects.</li>
<li>In line with NITI Aayog&rsquo;s mandate to foster the spirit of competitive and cooperative federalism, the index strives to facilitate the <strong>sharing of knowledge and best practices across States and UTs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Institution for Transforming India, also called NITI Aayog, was formed via a resolution of the Union Cabinet <strong>on 1<sup>st</sup> January 2015.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Government of India constituted the NITI Aayog <strong>to replace the Planning Commission instituted in 1950.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the <strong>premier policy &lsquo;Think Tank&rsquo; of the Government of India,</strong> providing both directional and policy inputs.</li>
<li>While designing strategic and long term policies and programmes for the Government of India, NITI Aayog also provides relevant technical advice to the Centre and States.</li>
<li>The Governing Council of NITI, with the <strong>Prime Minister as its Chairman,</strong> comprises Chief Ministers of all States and Lt. Governors of Union Territories (UTs).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586699" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Menstrual Hygiene',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/health/menstrual-hygiene-a-challenging-development-issue-66973" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Menstrual hygiene: A challenging development issue&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in Down to Earth on 27/09/2019. It talks about the causes and impact of poor menstrual hygiene faced by Indian women.</p>
</div>
<p>Menstrual hygiene continues to be amongst the <strong>most challenging developmental issues</strong> that women face today, especially in the developing countries like India, the mindsets, customs and institutional biases prevent women from getting the menstrual health care they need.</p>
<p>Menstruation is a natural and healthy biological process for women, in spite of this, it is still <strong>considered a taboo in Indian society.</strong></p>
<p>Even today, the cultural and social influences on people create a major hurdle in ensuring that the adolescent girls are educated about menstrual hygiene.</p>
<h3>Reasons for societal taboo and lack of menstrual hygiene</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Menstruation is associated with the onset of puberty in girls and many times, it brings with it <strong>rules, restrictions, isolation and changed expectations</strong> from the girls by society.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During their menstruating days, women are <strong>prohibited</strong> from participating in day-to-day activities. For example prohibiting women to enter the kitchen or a temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Prevalence of Hegemonic Patriarchy in Indian society perpetuates the restrictions, which are often reflected in religious texts like <strong>Manu Smriti</strong> or in the restriction on entry of women from menstruating age group in the religious places like Sabarimala temple.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hegemonic patriarchy</strong> normalises the discrimination against women and not only men, even women become the agents to impose the notion of subjugation on other women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The main reasons for this taboo still being relevant in the Indian society are<strong> the high rate of illiteracy especially in girls, poverty and lack of awareness</strong> about menstrual health and hygiene.</li>
<li>These deeply entrenched social norms about menstruation restrict girls&rsquo; freedom and affect their health.</li>
<li>There are several governments and non-government programmes that have promoted menstrual hygiene through health awareness schemes and free or subsidized distribution of sanitary pads.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, their <strong>quality varies greatly.</strong></li>
<li>Apart from this, girls <strong>lack access to disposal facilities.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This leads to <strong>using a hygienic/safe product in an unhygienic manner,</strong> as women often extend its use beyond the recommended time (sometimes using a single pad for a whole day).</li>
<li>This places the girl at <strong>increased risk for infection</strong> and has critical health implications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of Neglect of Menstrual Hygiene</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to a UNICEF study conducted in 2011:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only 13% of girls in India are aware of menstruation before menarche.</li>
<li>60% of girls missed school on account of menstruation,</li>
<li>79% faces low confidence due to menstruation and 44% were embarrassed and humiliated over restrictions.</li>
<li>Thereby, Menstruation adversely impacts women's education, equality, maternal and child health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Not only in India but on a global level, at least<strong> 500 million women</strong> and girls lack adequate facilities for menstrual hygiene management.</li>
<li>Lack of adequate information on sanitation and hygiene facilities, particularly in public places like schools, workplaces or health centres can pose a major obstacle to women and girls.</li>
<li>The latest <strong>National Family and Health Survey</strong> found that 58% of young Indian women (15-24 years) use a hygienic method of protection (mostly sanitary pads), a significant increase from the 12% using pads in 2010. However,<strong> only less than 18% of Indian women use sanitary pads.</strong></li>
<li>This changed attitude towards girls such as restrictions on their self-expression, schooling, mobility and freedom has far-reaching consequences on the mindset of women.</li>
<li>More than <strong>77% of menstruating girls and women in India</strong> use old cloth, which is often reused, ashes, newspapers, dried leaves and husk sand during periods.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Movies</strong> creating social awareness about such social issues can play an instrumental role in bringing <strong>behavioural change</strong> in society.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The film Pad Man played a pivotal role in spurring conversations around periods and positioning sanitary pads as the saviour.</li>
<li>Recently, the documentary: <strong>Period. End of Sentence,</strong> that explores the stigma surrounding menstruation in rural India, <strong>won the oscar award.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government must promote, <strong>small-scale sanitary pad manufacturing units</strong> to make low-cost pads more easily available, it will also help in generating income for women.</li>
<li>The government needs to provide, efforts directed at awareness and education about menstruation and menstrual hygiene, and access to safe products, and responsive water, sanitation and hygiene <strong>(WASH) infrastructure.</strong></li>
<li><strong>An informed choice</strong> is important in the context of women&rsquo;s reproductive and sexual health and is applicable to menstrual hygiene as well.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Informed choice means that women and girls have comprehensive information about menstrual hygiene products available (including their advantages and disadvantages, hygienic use, and disposal), and are equipped to make a choice about what they want to use given their needs and the socio-economic contexts in which they live and experience menstruation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government has launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/janaushadhi-sugam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jan Aushadhi Suvidha Oxo-Biodegradable Sanitary Napkin,</strong></a> that seeks to provide biodegradable sanitary pads for only One Rupee per pad, efforts should be made to increase its accessibility and availability.</li>
<li>However, menstrual health cannot be achieved only through governmental efforts without addressing it as a social issue, requiring interventions at societal, community and familial level.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Government Schemes To Promote Menstrual Hygiene Management in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act</strong> (RTE) (2009) includes standards for drinking water and gender-separated sanitation facilities in schools.</li>
<li><strong>Menstrual hygiene scheme launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government of India (GoI) for promotion of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls (10-19 years) in rural areas of selected districts in 2011.</li>
<li>From 2014 onwards scheme extended to all districts under Rashtriya Kishore Swasthya Karyakram to enhance MH knowledge, improve hygiene practices, provide subsidised sanitary absorbents, and raise awareness of MHM at school.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SABLA programme of Ministry of Women and Child Development</strong> focuses on nutrition, health, hygiene and reproductive and sexual health (linked to a rural mother and childcare centres).</li>
<li><strong>National Rural Livelihood Mission of the Ministry of Rural Development</strong> supports self-help groups and small manufacturers to produce sanitary pads.</li>
<li><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission and Swachh Bharat: Swachh Vidyalaya (SB:SV):</strong> Menstrual hygiene management is also an integral part of the Swachh Bharat Mission and the &lsquo;Menstrual Hygiene Management Guideline&rsquo; issued by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation(MDWS) involves the support from state governments, district administrations, engineers and technical experts inline departments; and school headteachers and teachers for its implementation.</li>
<li><strong>Guidelines for Gender Issues in Sanitation (2017)</strong> have been evolved by MDWS to ensure gender equality and empowerment of women and girls with respect to sanitation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Safe and effective MHM is a trigger for better and stronger development for adolescent girls and women. This requires that all state, district and local authorities, including schools, communities and families create an environment where menstrual hygiene management is seen as acceptable and normal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Menstrual Hygiene Day</strong> is an annual awareness day on May 28 to highlight the importance of good menstrual hygiene management. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was initiated by the German-based NGO WASH United in 2014 and aims to benefit women and girls worldwide.</li>
<li>In 2018, 310 organizations educated 27.2 million girls across 134 countries, about menstrual hygiene.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The National Guidelines on Menstrual Hygiene Management</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was released by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation in 2015.</li>
<li>It seeks to address every component of menstrual hygiene ranging from, raising awareness, addressing behaviour change, creating a demand for better <strong>hygiene</strong> products, capacity building of frontline community cadre, sensitization of key stakeholders, convergence needed for effective outreach and intervention, creation of WASH facilities including safe disposal options, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffdeb;">
<p><em><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">Drishti Mains Question</span><br /></strong></em>Menstrual hygiene continues to be amongst the most challenging developmental issues that women face today, especially in the developing counties like India. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/menstrual-hygiene'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Animal Rearing',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the Prime Minister launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-animal-disease-control-programme-national-artificial-insemination-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Animal Disease Control Programme,</strong></a> to control and eradicate the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-to-control-fmd-and-brucellosis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foot &amp; Mouth Disease (FMD) and Brucellosis</strong></a> amongst the livestock in the country, at Mathura.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP)</strong></p>
<p>The following are the aims of NADCP programme:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To <strong>vaccinate over 600 million cattle</strong> in the country in an effort to mitigate the above mentioned diseases.</li>
<li>To <strong>aim at vaccinating 36 million female bovine calves annually</strong> in its fight against the brucellosis disease.</li>
<li>To <strong>control the livestock diseases by 2025,</strong> and <strong>eradicate by 2030.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>The livestock that will be covered under the programme includes <strong>cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and pigs</strong> against the FMD and it will be <strong>fully funded by the Central government.</strong></p>
</div>
<h3>What is Animal/Livestock Rearing?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Animal rearing is considered an <strong>associate business with agricultural activities</strong> in rural India. Animal husbandry is an integral component of Indian agriculture, <strong>supporting livelihood of almost 55%</strong> of the rural population.</li>
<li>India is <strong>the highest livestock</strong> <strong>owner</strong> of the world.</li>
<li>The livestock sector alone contributes <strong>nearly 25.6% of value of output</strong> at current prices of total value of output <strong>in agriculture, fishing &amp; forestry sector.</strong> The overall contribution of livestock sector <strong>in total GDP is nearly 4.11% at current prices</strong> during 2012-13, as per the <strong>19<sup>th</sup> livestock census of 2012.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of animal rearing is to make the livestock useful for human beings for a variety of purposes, many of which have an economic value. Therefore, it has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance of Animal Rearing</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is well recognized that humans depend upon animals for <strong>income, employment, food, social security, fuel</strong> (dung cakes), <strong>cultural aspects</strong> and a variety of other reasons.</li>
<li>The animal production system in India is principally part of a <strong>mixed crop-livestock farming system</strong> and important for the <strong>security and survival</strong> of large number of poor populace.</li>
<li>This production system assumes special significance in <strong>economic growth, increasing income, increasing urbanization, changes in taste and preference</strong> that have led to <strong>nutritional changes</strong> reflecting the importance of milk, meat, egg and fish in the daily diets of the people.</li>
<li>Animal rearing has multidimensional potential. For instance, <strong>Operation Flood,</strong> launched in 1970, helped dairy farmers direct their own development, increased milk production ("a flood of milk"), augmented rural incomes and ensuring reasonable prices for consumers</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key to Poverty Reduction Strategies</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It provides <strong>self-employment</strong> to millions of people especially rural households.</li>
<li>It has contributed significantly to the <strong>empowerment of women</strong> and has increased their income and role in society.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>major risk mitigation approach</strong> for small and marginal farmers, particularly across the rain-fed regions of India.</li>
<li>It is at the <strong>centre of poverty alleviation programs</strong> from equity and livelihood standpoints.</li>
<li>It is <strong>faster than many other sectors of agriculture</strong> and continuing this trend will contribute as main sector for development of Indian economy.</li>
<li><strong>Livestock productivity</strong> has been identified as <strong>one of the seven sources of income growth</strong> by the <strong>Inter-Ministerial Committee</strong> under the government&rsquo;s target of <strong>doubling of farmers&rsquo; income by the year 2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>The Government has constituted an Inter-Ministerial Committee under the <strong>Chairmanship of Chief Executive Officer, National Rainfed Area Authority, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare</strong> to examine issues relating to doubling of farmers&rsquo; income and recommend a strategy to achieve doubling of farmers&rsquo; income in real terms by the year 2022.</p>
</div>
<h3>Constraints of Livestock Development</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Incapability of central and state governments</strong> to deliver the promised and expected results.</li>
<li><strong>Non-availability of superior quality breeding bulls.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Poor quality of semen</strong> produced by many of the laboratories.</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate skills of paravets</strong> resulting in poor conception and infertility.</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate support for paravets</strong> for supply of liquid nitrogen, frozen semen, health care and technical guidance.</li>
<li><strong>Shortage of fodder resources.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Absence of field oriented conservation strategy</strong> for indigenous breeds.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of coordination</strong> among various agencies engaged in livestock husbandry.</li>
<li><strong>Poor extension services</strong> to motivate small farmers to adopt dairy husbandry for income generation.</li>
<li><strong>Ineffective control of animal diseases.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Lack of skills and quality services</strong> to farmers for improving productivity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Measures to Promote Livestock Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increasing commercialization of livestock products</strong> by improving technologies, increasing market connectivity, processing and storage centre, training etc.</li>
<li>Making provision for adequate <strong>availability of quality fodder.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Targeting a significant portion of cultivable land for growing fodder crops.</strong></li>
<li>By <strong>setting up a consortium</strong> with <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/%20meghalaya-launched-the-national-milk-mission-to-promote-dairy-production" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)</strong></a> to <strong>fund the dairy cooperatives.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Keeping a disaster management fund</strong> for livestock in case of natural calamities.</li>
<li><strong>Cross breeding of indigenous species with exotic stocks</strong> to enhance genetic potential of different species.</li>
<li>Encouraging <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public-Private Partnership</a> for sustainable</strong> livestock rearing.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Few Important Initiatives by the Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rashtriya Gokul Mission</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To develop and conserve indegenous breeds of bovine population.</li>
<li>To enhance milk production and to make it more remunerative to the farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Livestock Mission</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To ensure quantitative and qualitative improvement in livestock production systems and capacity building of all stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Artificial Insemination Programme</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To suggest novel methods of bringing about impregnation in female breeds</li>
<li>To prevent the spread of certain diseases which are genital in nature, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the breed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Cattle and Buffalo Breeding Project</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To genetically upgrade important indigenous breeds on priority basis with a focus on development and conservation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Animal Husbandry Startup Grand Challenge</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To appreciate innovations coming from the villages to expand the dairy sector in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>There are many recommendations for livestock husbandry to enhance the performance of various schemes. If implied with utmost priority, these advice can boost the production, attract the landless and small farmers to take advantage of this sector for sustaining their livelihood and make India competent in the global market.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/animal-rearing-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/animal-rearing'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Asteroid named after Pandit Jasraj',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>International Astronomical Union (IAU)</strong> has <strong>named an asteroid,</strong> discovered in 2006, <strong>after Indian classical singer Pandit Jasraj.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pandit Jasraj is the <strong>first Indian musician</strong> to receive this honour.</li>
<li>The asteroid, or more formally known as a minor planet - <strong>2006 VP32,</strong> is located in the <strong>asteroid belt,</strong> between <strong>Mars and Jupiter.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The asteroid belt is a region of the solar system falling roughly between the planets Mars and Jupiter where the greatest concentration of asteroids can be found.</li>
<li>It also serves as a sort of dividing line between the inner rocky planets and outer gas giants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was discovered on 11<sup>th</sup> November 2006 by the <strong>Catalina Sky Survey.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) is a NASA funded project <strong>to discover and track near-Earth objects (NEOs).</strong> It is based in Arizona in the United States.</li>
<li>Near-Earth objects (NEOs) are asteroids or comets with sizes ranging from metres to tens of kilometres that orbit the Sun and whose orbits come close to that of Earth&rsquo;s.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by IAU's Minor Planet Centre. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>'Panditjasraj'</strong> minor planet can be seen on their official website with the number 300128, his date of birth in reverse order (28/01/30).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Pandit Jasraj is an <strong>exponent of Indian classical vocal music.</strong> He is the recipient of numerous awards, honours, and titles, including the prestigious <strong>Padma Vibhushan and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sangeet-natak-akademi-awards-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sangeet Natak Akademi</a> Award.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Astronomical Union</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Astronomical Union (IAU) was <strong>founded in 1919,</strong> headquartered in <strong>Paris, France.</strong></li>
<li>Its mission is to promote and safeguard the science of astronomy in all its aspects, including research, communication, education and development, through international cooperation.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>global authority for naming planetary features</strong> in the solar system.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/iau-names-asteroid-after-pandit-jasraj/article29550338.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asteroid-named-after-pandit-jasraj'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'INS Nilgiri',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Defence Minister has launched the first of the Navy's seven new stealth frigates named <strong>INS Nilgiri,</strong> in Mumbai.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He also commissioned the <strong>largest dry dock</strong> of Indian Navy- the <strong>&lsquo;Aircraft Carrier Dock&rsquo;</strong> at the Naval Dockyard in Mumbai, terming it as an <strong>&lsquo;edifice of modern India&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Dry Dock</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A dry dock is a narrow basin or vessel that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in, then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform.</li>
<li>They are used for the construction, maintenance, and repair of ships, boats, and other watercraft.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INS Nilgiri is the first ship of the <strong>Project-17A.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Project 17A</strong> frigates is a design derivative of the <strong>Shivalik class stealth frigates</strong> with much more advanced stealth features and <strong>indigenous weapons and sensors.</strong></li>
<li>The P17A frigates incorporate new design concepts for improved survivability, sea keeping, stealth and ship manoeuvrability.</li>
<li>These frigates are being built using integrated construction methodology.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586548" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ins-nilgiri'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Animal Rearing',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570608626_Animal%20Rearing (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570608626_Animal Rearing (Mind Map).png" width="341" height="930" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/animal-rearing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/animal-rearing-mind-map'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Enterprise Development Centres',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Union Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Sector (MSME) Minister will soon launch Enterprise Development Centres (EDCs) for <strong>developing a cadre of indigenous entrepreneurs</strong> in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MSMEs.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Planned for every district,</strong> the ministry is targeting the launch of 20 EDCs out of a planned 500 by the end of the current financial year (2019-20).</li>
<li><strong>Structure</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The EDCs will be <strong>similar to incubators for start-ups.</strong></li>
<li>The centres will be broad-based and <strong>shall be run by special purpose vehicles</strong> in partnership with the private sector, business management organisations, local industry associations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Focus Areas</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Incubation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For the first time, an integrated unit will <strong>help new and existing businesses develop</strong> by providing services such as management training, and office space etc.</li>
<li>It will also offer &ldquo;enterprise development courses, vocational guidance and skill development for budding entrepreneurs&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Struggling Firms:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The EDCs will also have<strong> &ldquo;enterprise clinics&rdquo;</strong> for struggling firms, which the government hopes will reduce the number of small businesses falling into a debt trap financed by bank loans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Plugging Financial Difficulties:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The centres would offer<strong> credit facilitation and syndication,</strong> export promotion and supplier inclusion.</li>
<li>In the distant future, incentives and loans by the government for the sector will also flow through the EDCs, after determining the capabilities of the firm through set parameters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expanding Entrepreneur Base:</strong> The government hopes that EDCs will also expand the entrepreneur base by <strong>drawing individuals from diverse demographics</strong> such as youth, women, scheduled castes and tribes and disabled backgrounds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, enterprises have been classified broadly into <strong>two categories:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Manufacturing.</strong></li>
<li>Those engaged in <strong>providing/rendering of services.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both categories of enterprises have been <strong>further classified into micro, small and medium enterprises</strong> based on their investment in plant and machinery (for manufacturing enterprises) or on equipment (in the case of enterprises providing or rendering services).</li>
<li>The present ceiling on investment to be classified as micro, small or medium enterprises is as under:</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 14.3104%; height: 19px;"><strong>Classification</strong></td>
<td style="width: 27.5799%; height: 19px;"><strong>Manufacturing Enterprises</strong></td>
<td style="width: 29.4148%; height: 19px;"><strong>Services Enterprises</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 14.3104%; height: 19px;"><strong>Micro</strong></td>
<td style="width: 27.5799%; height: 19px;">Up to Rs.25 lakh</td>
<td style="width: 29.4148%; height: 19px;">Upto Rs.10 lakh</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 14.3104%; height: 19px;"><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td style="width: 27.5799%; height: 19px;">Above Rs.25 lakh &amp; upto 5 crore</td>
<td style="width: 29.4148%; height: 19px;">Above Rs.10 lakh &amp; upto 2 crore</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 14.3104%; height: 19px;"><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td style="width: 27.5799%; height: 19px;">Above Rs.5 crore &amp; upto 10 crore</td>
<td style="width: 29.4148%; height: 19px;">Above Rs.2 core &amp; upto 5 crore</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><br /><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-to-launch-enterprise-development-centres-for-msmes-in-all-districts-119093000037_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/enterprise-development-centres'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'National Nutrition Survey',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>first-ever</strong> comprehensive National Nutrition Survey has been conducted by the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF)&nbsp;</a></strong>to<strong> measure malnutrition.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey recorded not only <strong>micronutrient deficiencies</strong> but also <strong>details of non-communicable diseases</strong> such as diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol and kidney function in<strong> children and adolescents.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nearly <strong>10%</strong> of children in the <strong>age group of 5-9 years</strong> and <strong>adolescents</strong> in the age group of 10-19 years are<strong> pre-diabetic.</strong></li>
<li>Also, <strong>5% are overweight</strong> and another <strong>5% suffer from blood pressure</strong> in the age groups mentioned above.</li>
<li>The first time <strong>hard evidence of the coexistence of obesity and undernutrition,</strong> among school-going children has been recorded.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569828198_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569828198_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="631" height="420" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Nutrition Survey is <strong>different</strong> from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Family Health Survey (NFHS)</strong></a> as,<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NFHS collects data to measure the <strong>prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight and household dietary intake to measure deficiencies.</strong></li>
<li>Moreover, the survey collects data only for the age groups of 1-5 years and adults, and <strong>not for school going children between the age of 5 and 19 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps Taken by Government of India to curb incidences of Malnutrition</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY),</strong></a> Rs.6,000 is transferred directly to the <strong>bank accounts of pregnant women</strong> for availing better facilities for their delivery.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan,</strong></a> launched in 2017-18, aims to reduce stunting, under-nutrition, anaemia and low birth weight babies through synergy and convergence among different programmes, better monitoring and improved community mobilisation.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-nation-one-ration-card-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013,</strong> </a>aims to ensure food and nutrition security for the most vulnerable through its associated schemes and programmes, making access to <strong>food a legal right.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mid-day Meal (MDM) scheme</strong> </a>aims to improve nutritional levels among school children which also has a direct and positive impact on enrolment, retention and attendance in schools.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Malnutrition and Undernutrition</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Malnutrition</strong> refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person&rsquo;s intake of energy and/or nutrients.</li>
<li>The term malnutrition covers <strong>two broad groups</strong> of conditions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Undernutrition&mdash;</strong>which<strong> includes stunting</strong> (low height for age), <strong>wasting</strong> (low weight for height), <strong>underweight</strong> (low weight for age) and <strong>micronutrient deficiencies</strong> (a lack of important vitamins and minerals).</li>
<li><strong>Obesity&mdash;</strong> which includes overweight and diet-related <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>noncommunicable diseases</strong></a> (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/obesity-and-undernutrition-coexist-finds-study/article29550673.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-nutrition-survey'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Indo-Arctic Strategic Construct',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on &ldquo;Why India&rsquo;s foray into the Arctic matters&rdquo; which was published in The Hindu Business Line on 28/09/2019. It talks about Indo-Arctic, which can be a natural extension of India&rsquo;s Act East Policy.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Indian Prime Minister at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eastern-economic-forum" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eastern Economic Forum (EEF)</strong></a>, mentioned India&rsquo;s willingness to play &ldquo;a significant role in the Arctic Council.&rdquo; It provides an opening for India to pursue a grandiose Arctic plan. India has been an observer member of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/arctic-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Arctic Council</strong></a> since 2013.</p>
<h3>Why should India be concerned about the Arctic?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India will have to look at the Arctic &mdash; both from the prism of <strong>climate change</strong> and also as a <strong>strategic construct.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Climate Change Aspect</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The impact of climate change across the coasts of India and its economic fallout should bring up the Arctic more in the discussion.</li>
<li>Global warming is leading to the melting of permafrost, which will release an unprecedented amount of carbon dioxide in nature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scientific Research</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Study and research regarding warming of the arctic will help India to develop an understanding of fast-melting glaciers in the Himalayas, which is referred to as the Third Pole.</li>
<li>India in this pursuit has <strong>established Himadari base station</strong> for arctic research In Svalbard, Norway.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arctic Paradox</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the Arctic region witnessed an unprecedented rate of ice-melt because of global warming, <strong>new routes are being opened,</strong> paving the way for untapped hydrocarbon and mineral resources to be exploited.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Politically, Indo-Arctic should be an extension of India&rsquo;s &lsquo;Act East&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India's &lsquo;Look East Policy' during the previous decades was limited to South-East Asia.</li>
<li>In this decade, India expanded it to East Asia and Australia.</li>
<li>The Arctic should be a natural extension during the next decade.</li>
<li>&lsquo;Indo-Arctic&rsquo; initiative, as a strategic construct, could provide a platform for India.</li>
<li>It could open political space for India to work with like-minded countries to expand its footprint in the Arctic through its coasts by the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Geo-Strategic Aspect:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indo-Arctic will also strategically balance the US and Russia.</li>
<li>India is working with the US in developing the Indo-Pacific region.</li>
<li>An Indo-Arctic construct would <strong>complement India&rsquo;s Indo-Pacific push,</strong> and enable <strong>India to work with Russia closely.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>How India can implement Indo-Arctic Policy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Russia will have to work with partners across the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean in South-East Asia and East Asia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Singapore, Indonesia, South Korea and Japan could be the natural partners to this endeavour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China's help can be taken in this regard which has enunciated its own &lsquo;Polar Silk Route&rsquo; initiative.</li>
<li>Scientifically, India will have to expand its footprints in the Polar Research.</li>
<li>Outside Polar research, India should also make policies on other areas like Polar shipping, trade and maritime routes.</li>
<li>Unlike Antarctica, the <strong>Arctic is not considered a &lsquo;global commons&rsquo; (the principle of sovereignty prevents external players from exacting significant gains in the region).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, India should steer away from advocating for an Arctic commons and instead, it must ensure that the environment is strongly considered at the centre of all debates at the Arctic Council.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The Arctic may be the northernmost part of the world, geographically far from India. However, Politically and strategically, the Arctic can no longer be perceived as too far.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #ffffeb;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Discuss the environmental and strategic importance of the Arctic region for India.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/indo-arctic-strategic-construct'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Unitary Taxation System for Multi-National Enterprises',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD&rsquo;s) in its <strong>Trade and Development Report 2019</strong> has recommended for the adoption of a <strong>unitary taxation system</strong> for the Multi-National Enterprises (MNEs).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The theme of the report was <strong>&lsquo;Financing a Global Green New Deal&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The report stated that such an approach would simplify the global taxation system and is expected to increase tax revenues for all countries.</li>
<li>The report took cognizance of the fact that the profits of MNEs are generated collectively at the group level. Hence, unitary taxation should be applied by combining it with a global <strong>minimum effective corporate tax rate</strong> on all MNE profits.</li>
<li>There was a dire need for this change, as the current international corporate taxation norms consider affiliates of MNEs as independent entities and treat taxable transactions between different entities of MNEs as unrelated.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This move facilitates the tax-motivated illicit financial flows.</li>
<li>According to the report, the tax-motivated illicit financial flows of MNEs are estimated to deprive developing countries of <strong>$50 billion to $200 billion</strong> a year in terms of the fiscal revenues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The report also highlights that the fiscal revenues of a country could be augmented through fair taxation of the digital economy. The <strong>rapid digitalization of economic activities</strong> is changing the way how values are created, measured and distributed, adding new challenges to the international tax framework.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UNCTAD is a <strong>permanent intergovernmental body</strong> established by <strong>the United Nations</strong> General Assembly in <strong>1964.</strong></li>
<li>Its headquarters are located in <strong>Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>part of the UN Secretariat.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It reports to the UN General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council, but UNCTAD has its own membership, leadership, and budget. It is also a part of the United Nations Development Group.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It supports developing countries to access the benefits of a globalized economy more fairly and effectively. Along with other UN departments and agencies, it also measures the progress made in the Sustainable Development Goals, as set out in Agenda 2030.</li>
<li>Some of the <strong>reports published by UNCTAD</strong> are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Trade and Development Report</li>
<li>World Investment Report</li>
<li>Technology and Innovation Report</li>
<li>Digital Economy Report</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/for-buoyant-revenue-adopt-a-unitary-tax-system-for-multinational-enterprises-un-report/article29507576.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BL</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unitary-taxation-system-for-multi-national-enterprises'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Erra Matti Dibbalu',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Erra Matti Dibbalu is dissected and stabilized coastal <strong>red sediment mounds,</strong> located <strong>between Visakhapatnam and Bheemunipatnam in Andhra Pradesh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569659261_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569659261_image3.jpg" width="268" height="282" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Formed around <strong>12,000 years ago</strong> due to <strong>sea-land interaction.</strong></li>
<li>Comprises a mixture of sand (40-50%), silt and clay (another 50%) with oxidation imparting the unique red colour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are geologically important as they represent the geological history of the <strong>late</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anthropocene-epoch" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quaternary period</strong></a> and carry the imprints of the fall of sea level and its subsequent rise, the impact of climate, monsoon and geological processes on the sediments.</li>
<li>They are<strong> anthropologically and archeologically important</strong> as they possibly contain <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/andhra-pradeshs-second-largest-petroglyph-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mesolithic and neolithic</a> cultural materials as well.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recognition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was recognised as a <strong>national geo-heritage site</strong> in 2014 and as a protected site by the Andhra Pradesh Government in 2016. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Geological Survey of India (GSI)</strong> declares geo-heritage sites/ national geological monuments for protection and maintenance</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Similar Place:</strong> The <strong>only other place</strong> in the country to have a similar stretch of red sand dunes is <strong>Tamil Nadu,</strong> which has the <strong>Teri dune complex.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Geological Survey of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Geological Survey of India (GSI) was set up in <strong>1851</strong> primarily to find coal deposits for the Railways.</li>
<li>The main functions of the GSI relate to <strong>creation and updation of national geo-scientific information and mineral resource assessment.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>headquartered in Kolkata,</strong> and has six regional offices located at Lucknow, Jaipur, Nagpur, Hyderabad, Shillong and Kolkata and State Unit offices in almost all States of the country.</li>
<li>Presently, GSI is an attached office to the <strong>Ministry of Mines.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-study-in-scarlet/article29515095.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/erra-matti-dibbalu'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Exercise KAZIND - 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>Joint Military Exercise KAZIND-2019 between India and Kazakhstan</strong> will be conducted in Uttarakhand, India.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569658934_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569658934_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="253" height="179" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>fourth edition</strong> of an <strong>annual event</strong> that is conducted <strong>alternatively</strong> in Kazakhstan and India.</li>
<li>During the exercise, armies of both countries would be sharing their experience gained during the conduct of various counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations.</li>
<li>The aspects of emerging trends of <strong>hybrid warfare</strong> have also been included under exercise.</li>
<li>The joint military exercise will enhance the level of defence cooperation further fostering bilateral relations between the two nations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hybrid Warfare</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hybrid Warfare refers to the use of unconventional methods as part of a <strong>multi-domain warfighting approach</strong> that aims to disrupt and disable an opponent&rsquo;s actions <strong>without engaging in open hostilities.</strong></li>
<li>Russia&rsquo;s approach to Ukraine is an example of this form of warfare. It has involved a combination of activities, including disinformation, economic manipulation, use of proxies and insurgencies, diplomatic pressure and military actions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586408" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-kazind-2019'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Goldschmidtite',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently a <strong>new mineral</strong> has been discovered inside a diamond unearthed from a mine in <strong>South Africa.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569658700_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569658700_image1.jpg" width="255" height="193" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been found in <strong>Earth&rsquo;s Mantle</strong> (A part of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/massive-mountains-discovered-under-earths-crust" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Interior of the Earth</strong></a>) which covers 80% of earth&rsquo;s volume.</li>
<li>Goldschmidtite has <strong>high concentrations of niobium, potassium and the rare earth elements lanthanum and cerium.</strong></li>
<li>The found single grain is <strong>dark green in colour</strong> and <strong>opaque.</strong></li>
<li>The mineral has been <strong>named</strong> after the <strong>Norwegian scientist Victor Moritz Goldschmidt,</strong> who is considered as the <strong>founder of Modern Geochemistry.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-goldschmidtite-6035067/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/goldschmidtite'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Rural Sanitation Strategy: 2019-2029',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti has launched the 10-year Rural Sanitation Strategy starting from 2019 up to 2029.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The strategy has been <strong>prepared by DDWS,</strong> in consultation with the State Governments and other stakeholders.</li>
<li>It lays down a framework to guide local governments, policy-makers, implementers and other relevant stakeholders in their planning for <strong>Open Defecation Free (ODF) Plus</strong> status, where <strong>everyone uses a toilet,</strong> and every village has <strong>access to solid and liquid waste management.</strong></li>
<li>The strategy aims to <strong>sustain the behavioral change</strong> regarding sanitation that has been achieved under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-applauds-swachh-bharats-rural-component" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen</strong></a> (SBM-G) and ensure that the <strong>focus is shifted to increasing access to solid and liquid waste management</strong> in the rural areas of the country.</li>
<li>The 10-year strategy also demands focused intervention through capacity strengthening, IEC (Information, Education, and Communication), organic waste management, plastic waste management, and water management.</li>
<li><strong>Public financing</strong> has played an important role in the ODF journey but for the maintenance of toilets and infrastructure, the need is there for innovative models for <strong>sanitation financing.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With regard to waste management elements, there will have to be a <strong>convergence of funds from the Centre, states, Panchayati raj institutions (PRIs)</strong> and alternative sources of financing,<strong> including private funds.</strong></li>
<li>Discussions are still underway on the budget requirement and whether funds will be disbursed via a centrally sponsored scheme or through Finance Commission transfers to PRIs.</li>
<li>The strategy highlights the potential collaborations with development partners, civil society and intergovernmental partnerships.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Open Defecation Free (ODF), ODF+, ODF++ Status</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>ODF:</strong> An area can be notified or declared as ODF if at any point of the day, not even a single person is found <strong>defecating in the open.</strong></li>
<li><strong>ODF+:</strong> This status is given if at any point of the day, not a single person is found <strong>defecating and/or urinating in the open,</strong> and all community and public <strong>toilets are functional and well maintained.</strong></li>
<li><strong>ODF++:</strong> This status is given if the area is already ODF+ and the <strong>faecal sludge/septage and sewage</strong> are safely <strong>managed and treated,</strong> with no discharging or dumping of untreated faecal sludge and sewage into the open drains, water bodies or areas.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has seen a sanitation revolution in the form of SBM-G that transformed itself into a <strong>Jan Andolan</strong> (a people&rsquo;s movement).</li>
<li>Since the launch of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SBM-G</strong></a> in 2014, over 10 crore toilets have been built in rural areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Till now, over 5.9 lakh villages in 699 districts and 37 States/UTs have declared themselves as Open Defecation Free (ODF).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is because of the SBM-G that India is now an inspiration, in terms of sanitation for other countries.</li>
<li>To mark the 150<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi on 2<sup>nd</sup> October 2019, the Central government is ready to dedicate a Swachh Bharat to India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To ensure this, the State Governments have been advised to take a note that no one is left behind, and in case any household does not have access to a toilet, they are facilitated to build a toilet on priority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586521" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rural-sanitation-strategy-2019-2029'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Regulating Right to Freedom of Religion',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The High Court of Karnataka has issued guidelines to all city municipal corporations regarding granting permission for temporarily using public roads and footpaths.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Observation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>right under Article 25</strong> (freedom to the free profession, practice and propagation of religion) of the Constitution of India <strong>does not extend to public road and footpath.</strong></li>
<li>One cannot get the rights to use public roads and streets just because it is for religious purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inspection is Mandatory:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Authorities cannot mechanically process applications filed under the State Municipal Corporations Act for grant of permission to temporarily use public roads or footpaths for any purposes, including for the celebration of religious festivals or functions.</li>
<li>The authorised officers will have to <strong>compulsorily inspect the premises,</strong> including roads and footpaths, and will have to <strong>take a report from the traffic police on the impact on traffic,</strong> before granting any permission.</li>
<li>Putting up temporary structures can be permitted only after ensuring that <strong>such structures would not</strong> cause any obstruction to the free flow of traffic or <strong>curtail the right of citizens to free use of footpaths.</strong></li>
<li>The corporations have been <strong>directed not to permit digging up of roads</strong> or footpaths while granting permission to put up temporary structures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Supreme Court</strong> has already held that it is a <strong>fundamental right of citizens to use public roads for passage of vehicles,</strong> and footpaths to walk<strong> (in line with Article 21 of the Constitution).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Display of the Permission at the Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>copy of the permission</strong> and conditions imposed for putting up temporary structures, including the period of permission, <strong>should be displayed</strong> prominently by those to whom the permission has been granted.</li>
<li>Any structures <strong>not displaying a copy</strong> of the permission can be treated as <strong>illegal and removed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Article 25:&nbsp;Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice and Propagation of Religion</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fundamental Right Enshrined:</strong> Article 25 says that all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice and propagate religion.</li>
<li>The<strong> implications</strong> of this are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Freedom of conscience:</strong> Inner freedom of an individual to mould his relation with God or Creatures in whatever way he desires.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Profess:</strong> Declaration of one&rsquo;s religious beliefs and faith openly and freely.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Practice:</strong> Performance of religious worship, rituals, ceremonies and exhibition of beliefs and ideas.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Propagate:</strong> Transmission and dissemination of one&rsquo;s religious beliefs to others or exposition of the tenets of one&rsquo;s religion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scope:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Article 25 covers religious beliefs (doctrines) as well as religious practices (rituals).</li>
<li>Moreover, these rights are available to all persons&mdash;<strong>citizens as well as non-citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restrictions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These rights are subject to <strong>public order, morality, health</strong> and other provisions relating to fundamental rights.</li>
<li>The State is <strong>permitted to regulate or restrict</strong> any economic, financial, political or other secular activity associated with religious practice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Article 21: Protection of Life and Property</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It declares that <strong>no person shall be deprived of his life</strong> or personal liberty <strong>except according to the procedure established by law.</strong></li>
<li>This right is available to <strong>both citizens and non-citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/regulating-right-to-freedom-of-religion'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Silicosis and Mining Safety',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>Saharia tribe miners </strong>in<strong> Madhya Pradesh</strong> have appealed to the government to treat them for silicosis rather than <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agreement-with-the-world-bank-to-eliminate-tb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tuberculosis.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently the <strong>sandstone mining industry in Rajasthan</strong> also demanded modernization of working conditions in mining and quarrying areas.</li>
<li>Silicosis is more <strong>prevalent among miners</strong> who are exposed to dust containing <strong>crystallized silica</strong> which turns quarrying and mining villages into <strong>&ldquo;widow villages&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Maximum miners in these states <strong>do not have any identity proof</strong> and <strong>cannot make a thumb impression</strong> on government documents since <strong>their fingerprints have faded.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Silicosis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Silicosis is one of the most <strong>prevalent occupational health illnesses</strong> in the world.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>progressive lung disease</strong> caused by <strong>inhalation of silica</strong> over a long period of time.</li>
<li>Silicosis is characterized by shortness of breath, cough, fever and bluish skin.</li>
<li>Silicosis is an <strong>incurable condition</strong> with its <strong>potential to cause permanent physical disability.</strong></li>
<li>Silicosis occurs most commonly in people working in the quarrying, manufacturing, and building construction industries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>/silicon dioxide)</strong> is a <strong>crystal-like mineral</strong> found in abundance in sand, rock, and quartz.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is also reported from the population with non-occupational exposure to silica dust from industrial as well as nonindustrial sources.</li>
<li>Exposure to large amounts of free silica <strong>may not be noticed</strong> because <strong>silica is odourless, non-irritant and does not cause any immediate health effects,</strong> but long-term exposure is associated with pneumoconiosis, lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, and other lung diseases.</li>
<li><strong>Diagnosis is a challenge</strong> because it is difficult to even find out<strong> if a person has tuberculosis or silicosis.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The nodules that collect to form a mass can take up to <strong>20 years to be identified in chest x-rays</strong> and the victim notices symptoms only after many years of exposure to silica.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Steps taken by Government of India to <strong>reduce and to prevent incidents of Silicosis include:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, more than <strong>10 million workers are at risk of silicosis</strong> and thus it is recognized as occupational diseases by the <strong>Factories Act and Employees Compensation Act,</strong> which mandates employers must pay compensation to workers who are afflicted. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In India silicosis is prevalent in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Pondicherry, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal among the workers of construction and mining.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factory Act of India (1948)</strong> mandates a well-ventilated working environment, provisions for protection from dust, reduction of overcrowding and provision of basic occupational health care.</li>
<li>Silicosis is a <strong>notified disease</strong> under the <strong>Mines Act (1952) and the Factories Act (1948).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Saharia Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of the <strong>Saharia (or Sor) of India</strong> live in the state of <strong>Madhya Pradesh.</strong> But also found Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Rajasthan and the Plains division of Assam.</li>
<li>They speak the <strong>Munda language</strong> that belongs to the <strong>Austro-Asiatic language</strong> family.</li>
<li>The Saharia tribe is divided based on occupation into<strong> five sub-tribes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Arsi</strong> are weavers.</li>
<li>The <strong>Muli</strong> are ironworkers.</li>
<li>The <strong>Kindal</strong> are basket makers.</li>
<li>The <strong>Kumbi</strong> are potters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/treat-us-for-silicosis-not-tb-miners-in-mp/article29535140.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'A Better Way of Waste Management',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/toxic-plants-waste-to-energy-national-green-tribunal-waste-incineration-5560270/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Segregation of waste: There is a disturbing pushback against this effort&rdquo;</strong></a> which appeared in The Indian Express on 27/09/2019. It talks about flaws in current modes of waste disposal and advantages of segregation of waste.</p>
</div>
<p>The first rule of waste management all over the world is that households must segregate their waste before it is collected from the doorstep. Also, the <a href="/daily-news-editorials/solid-waste-management-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Solid Waste Management Rules 2016</strong></a> in India prescribe the same.</p>
<p>Waste segregation can help Indian cities &lsquo;get&rsquo; cleaned up, as current modes of solid waste disposal just make the city to &lsquo;look&rsquo; clean.</p>
<h3>Advantages of Segregation of Waste</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If wet waste is not mixed with dry waste, it significantly reduces the burden of solid waste management on municipalities.</li>
<li>The wet waste can be composted locally; the dry recyclable waste can go for recycling and what remains can be safely disposed of.</li>
<li>Wet waste, which is more than half the total waste, is used for <strong>composting </strong>or<strong> biomethanation</strong> in a decentralised manner.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Composting</strong> is a natural biological process, carried out under controlled aerobic conditions (requires oxygen).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Composting through various microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) biodegrades organic waste (food waste, manure, leaves, grass trimmings, paper, wood, feathers, crop residue etc.,) into valuable organic fertilizer.</li>
<li>This can be used by farmers to improve their yields.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Biomethanation</strong> is a process by which organic material is microbiologically converted under anaerobic conditions to biogas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Three main physiological groups of microorganisms are involved: fermenting bacteria, organic acid oxidizing bacteria, and methanogenic archaea.</li>
<li>Microorganisms degrade organic matter via cascades of biochemical conversions to methane and carbon dioxide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tamil Nadu has achieved 100 % segregation in 20 of its 50 smaller municipalities, and 80 to 90 % in the rest.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the current modes of waste disposal and challenges associated with them?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Waste-to-energy (WtE) plants which rely on the incineration of mixed waste</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>WtE plants in India <strong>burn mixed waste.</strong> The presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons like PVC results in the release of dioxins and furans when the waste is burnt at less than 850 degree Celsius</li>
<li><strong>Harmful emissions:</strong> Dioxins and furans are known to be <strong>carcinogenic</strong> and can lead to impairment of immune, endocrine, nervous and reproductive systems.</li>
<li><strong>Poor compliance:</strong> These WtE are <strong>not in compliance</strong> with guidelines given by National Green Tribunal.</li>
<li><strong>Environmentally unsustainable :</strong> Even when incineration takes place under optimal conditions, large amounts of flue gases, mercury vapour and lead compounds are released, and there is always about 30 per cent residue from incineration in the form of slag (bottom ash) and fly ash (particulate matter), which are also known to be serious pollutants of air and water.</li>
<li>Also, WtE plants in India are also<strong> inefficient in generating energy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Municipal waste in India has a very high biodegradable (wet) waste content ranging anywhere between 60 to 70 % of the total, compared with 30 % in the Western countries. This gives our waste high moisture content and low calorific value.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Compactors<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Compactors are expensive machines that <strong>squeeze and compress the volume of waste,</strong> this enables more waste to be carried per trip and, thus, reduce transportation costs.</li>
<li><strong>The antithesis of segregation:</strong> The use of compactors on mixed waste makes it almost impossible to extract the recyclable dry waste such as plastics, metal, paper and cardboard from the mixture.</li>
<li><strong>Polluting:</strong> The compression of wet waste in the mixture releases <strong>leachate</strong> (a black foul-smelling liquid) that is difficult to dispose of. Leachate percolates into the soil and contaminates groundwater. When it drains off into the sewer system, it overloads the sewage treatment plants.</li>
<li><strong>Increases global warming:</strong> After the compacted waste is transported and dumped, the lack of aeration at the site results in the decomposing wet waste generating methane, a potent greenhouse gas that causes global warming.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Waste transport contracts with private parties</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A payment for waste transportation is made on a <strong>tonnage basis.</strong></li>
<li>This provides an incentive to maximize the weight of waste.</li>
<li>These private players mix whatever the waste is given to them separately.</li>
<li>Also, the unmixed transportation and processing of wet and dry waste encourage citizens to keep their waste unmixed too.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Challenges to Solid Waste Management in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Increasing urbanisation in India has resulted in hyper-consumerism, resulting in more waste generation.</li>
<li>Organic farming and composting are not economically attractive to the Indian farmer, as chemical pesticides are heavily subsidised, and the compost is not efficiently marketed.</li>
<li>Lack of financial resources with Municipal Corporations/Urban Local Bodies, result in poor collection, transportation and management of solid waste.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Possible Solutions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need for a comprehensive waste management policy that stresses the need for decentralised garbage disposal practices as this will incentivise private players to participate.</li>
<li>It is important that Bio-mining and Bio-remediation are made compulsory for areas wherever they can be applied.</li>
<li>To overhaul the waste management sector and induce the necessary behavioural change, citizen participation and engagement is the key.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Waste segregation practice can be inculcated in the masses through awareness-building programme accompanied by a fine if mixed waste is handed out.</li>
<li>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs should either stop financing compactors or at least offer municipalities similar levels of support for more sustainable methods of waste management.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, access to bio-composters in residential localities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A much smarter alternative for municipalities under the Smart Cities Mission would be to promote decentralised composting of wet waste, tie-up with local &ldquo;kabadiwalas&rdquo; or NGOs for recyclable dry waste, and work on safe disposal of the rest.</li>
<li>The savings from eliminating costly secondary transport can easily fund the construction and operation of decentralised centres for the processing of wet and dry waste.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #efffeb;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br />What are the challenges to solid waste management in India? What measures can be taken to ensure a sustainable waste management system in the country?</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Policy Watch- Power Tariff Policy',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OlazR3kxGlQ" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>In the proposed <strong>Draft Amendments to the National Tariff Policy 2016,</strong> the government has included the provisions for imposition of <strong>penalties</strong> on the distribution companies <strong>for the power cuts</strong> with exceptions in case of<strong> technical faults or Acts of God.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC)</strong> and <strong>Joint Electricity Regulatory Commissions (JERC)</strong> shall not consider <strong>Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&amp;C)</strong> <strong>losses</strong> (the difference between energy input units into the system and the units for which the payment is collected) exceeding <strong>15%</strong> for determination of tariff.</li>
<li>The proposed amendments in tariff policy include provisions related to <strong>generation, transmission and distribution</strong> of electricity.</li>
<li>The penalty will be <strong>levied, collected and credited to the accounts of the consumers</strong> who have suffered.</li>
<li>The tariff policy envisages<strong> bringing cross subsidy between &plusmn;20% of the average cost of supply</strong> which was also part of the <strong>Tariff Policy of 2006. The Electricity Act, 2003</strong> also says that the regulatory commissions must progressively reduce cross subsidies.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tariff Policy, 2006</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was announced by the <strong>Ministry of Power</strong> in <strong>2006</strong> in continuation of the <strong>National Electricity Policy of 2005.</strong></li>
<li>It includes certain provisions regarding <strong>renewable energy and cogeneration.</strong></li>
<li>Under it, appropriate electricity commissions would fix a <strong>minimum percentage for purchasing energy</strong> from the above mentioned sources and the percentages would be <strong>determined by</strong> the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions <strong>(SERC) by 1<sup>st</sup> April,2006.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Highlights of the Amendments to the Tariff Policy</h3>
<p><strong>Focus on Consumers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Accessibility:</strong> Providing access to electricity in already connected villages and connecting whoever is left as soon as they apply for a connection in a reasonable time frame.</li>
<li><strong>Affordability:</strong> Consumers must get it at reasonable rates and a qualitative supply must be assured.</li>
<li><strong>Performance-based time frames:</strong> These time frames are codified in terms of standards of performance which the distribution company has to comply with (three days in some metropolitan cities).</li>
<li><strong>Shift towards renewable energy:</strong> To achieve this, the government is trying to bundle renewable energy with thermal generation because it is less expensive now and can bring down the cost of production, carbon emissions by burning less coal and promote clean energy.</li>
<li><strong>Penalty:</strong> The penalty or compensation has to be paid directly to the consumer account by the DISCOMs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Extension to States</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>All the flexible schemes are to be extended to the state level on a larger scale under <strong>Merit Order Operations.</strong></li>
<li>All the state power generating companies are brought into the gambit of <strong>Security Constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED)</strong> so the costlier power plants can stop producing and get power supply from a cheaper state if is not getting scheduled in some other state.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Merit Order Operations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>merit order</strong> is a way of ranking available sources of energy, especially electricity generation, based on ascending <strong>order</strong> of price (which may reflect the <strong>order</strong> of their short-run marginal costs of production) together with the amount of energy that will be generated.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Security Constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pilot for SCED was implemented on the <strong>1<sup>st</sup> of April 2019</strong> and is giving good results by <strong>saving around three crores per day.</strong></li>
<li>In this mechanism all the power generation stations which are <strong>Inter State Generating</strong> in nature, are being scheduled either through the <strong>Regional Load Dispatch Centres (RLDC)</strong> or <strong>National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC)</strong> under a common scheduling platform.</li>
<li>It was a challenge for <strong>Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO)</strong> and <strong>NLDC</strong> to first build up the platform but they did this in a period of 3 months.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>How would regulatory commissions decipher what is a willful blackout?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The regulatory commissions would need to put in place systems whereby they can establish objectively whether a power cut has happened due to unavoidable technical reasons or due to willful defaults.</li>
<li>It becomes a <strong>vague idea</strong> where clarity will only come with implications and few questions arise which need to be taken care of-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the DISCOM does not have adequate electricity to supply peak demand so whether it should buy more electricity for supplying or it should resort to loadshedding.</li>
<li>If the DISCOM has a technical fault so whether it tries to set it right in the optimal time frame or it delays for some reason and if the delay is willful or not.</li>
<li>If load shedding is done for the reason of grid stability whether it is done in a fair and equitable manner or the wealthy people are spared and the poor have to bear the difficulties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Undue Political Attention:</strong> In electricity sector, the act says that the regulatory commission will determine the tariff but the political party and the civil society are not ready to accept that the matter is out of their hands.</li>
<li><strong>Huge tariff Gaps:</strong> The difference between the lowest and highest tariff is too high in India because of which it is paying a heavy price in terms of underdevelopment.</li>
<li><strong>High Tariffs for Industry:</strong> In both China and the USA the lowest tariffs are for the industry and in India they are the highest. India seems to prefer the consumer to the producer but India will not have jobs and growth unless the producers are given priority.</li>
<li><strong>Financial Scarcity:</strong> Poor states cannot provide subsidised electricity and do not have the budget for it so they end up pushing the regulatory commissions into persisting with very unreasonable cross subsidies on which they need to take serious actions.</li>
<li><strong>Unreasonable Tariffs:</strong> Tariff has to be reasonable particularly to a sector because unless we empower the DISCOMs and give them enough money to invest, a mere mandate is not going to happen.</li>
<li><strong>Financial Viability:</strong> It is also an area of concern, whether the DISCOMs will be able to do it or not.</li>
<li><strong>Underinvestment:</strong> The distribution network does not have investments and the DISCOM is unable to manage its financing properly and chooses not to buy electricity already available in markets.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>How Delhi tackled the challenge of Financial Viability?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This challenge is successfully tackled in New Delhi. AT&amp;C losses were as high as 54% and more but today they are within 10%. So the 15% benchmark is possible to be realised.</li>
<li>Delhi got successful because there was a partnership between the government and the DISCOMs. Investments were made at the foundational technologies. For example the <strong>Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA-</strong> a computer system for gathering and analysing real time data) and the <strong>Robotic Process Automation (RPA-</strong> technology which allows anyone to configure computer software, or a &ldquo;robot&rdquo; to emulate and integrate the actions of a human interacting within digital systems to execute a business process) was brought in. The time was fixed and performance standards were laid.</li>
<li>Delhi has 9000 crore regulatory overhang admitted by the government even though the claim is more and 8% surcharge has been levied which is approved by DRC for meeting the demand of circulatory overhang.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>How Tariff Policy will help DISCOMs?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By pushing them to make investments in distribution to avoid load shedding just because of the rise in demand.</li>
<li>By compelling them to manage their finances enabling them to buy electricity in case of need.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How government ensures reduction in cross subsidy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By revamping the structure and rationalising consumers&rsquo; categories and subcategories based on measurable parameters which are voltage, power and energy. Tariff should be set voltase wise.</li>
<li>By rationalising tariff on the basic principles of electricity and measurable parameters which will end the whims and fancies of reallocating the tariffs without being backed up by any rational calculations.</li>
<li>By letting the consumer pay upfront through billing mechanism or through the direct benefit transfer mechanism, if the government wants to pay subsidy.</li>
<li>By sustainable political considerations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Will 24*7 power supply be realised soon?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It can be done by right policies with amendments in the right direction and at the same time the political will to ensure that theft is checked.</li>
<li>If the tariff structure is rationalised and the opportunity for corruption is decreased, India can certainly move ahead towards this goal.</li>
<li>Investment in technology and manpower training to fill the necessary gaps.</li>
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		'title' => 'Penicillin Revival to Fight Rheumatic Fever',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>In a bid to<strong> fight drug resistance</strong> and tackle the prevalence of <strong>rheumatic heart disease,</strong> the Government of India is planning a revival of the drug named <strong>Penicillin.</strong></p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Penicillin was the <strong>first antibiotic</strong> that was discovered in <strong>1928</strong> by Alexander Fleming.</li>
<li>It is still the <strong>first-line antibiotic drug</strong> in many western countries. This antibiotic was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War II.</li>
<li>In India, it gradually went out of the markets because of <strong>unrealistic price control</strong> measures of the government. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The prices of the drug were kept so low that the manufacturers stopped making the drug and Penicillin went out of production. Although some of its more expensive derivatives continued to be prescribed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Underlying Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has a high burden of <strong>rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease</strong> (which generally goes <strong>undiagnosed</strong> and leads to <strong>many maternal deaths at the time of childbirth).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rheumatic fever is <strong>endemic</strong> in India and remains one of the major causes of cardiovascular disease, accounting for nearly 25-45% of acquired heart disease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Population-based studies indicate the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in India to be at a rate of about <strong>2/1000 population.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The surveys however conducted by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-essential-diagnostics-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)</strong></a> at the school-level indicate that the children in the age group of 5-16 years mark the overall prevalence at the rate of <strong>6/1000.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the Health ministry, rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease can be treated by the intake of penicillin.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Penicillin is the <strong>cheapest</strong> option for rheumatic fever treatment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Maternal death</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <strong>World Health Organization,</strong> maternal death is the death of a woman <strong>while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy,</strong> irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Maternal Mortality Ratio</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is defined as the <strong>number of maternal deaths</strong> during a given time period per<strong> 100,000 live births</strong> during the same time period. In India, the MMR was <strong>130</strong>/100,000 in 2016.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rheumatic Fever</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an<strong> inflammatory</strong> disease that can develop as a complication of inadequately treated strep throat or scarlet fever.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rheumatic fever can cause permanent damage to the heart, including damaged heart valves and heart failure.</li>
<li>Not all sore throats go on to become rheumatic fever with severe joint pain or affect the heart in a disease that eventually leaves no option but to replace the heart valves- a condition known as <strong>rheumatic heart disease.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevalence:</strong> Rheumatic fever is <strong>most common in 5-15 years old children,</strong> though it can also develop in younger children and adults.</li>
<li><strong>Cause:</strong> Rheumatic fever can occur <strong>after an infection of the throat</strong> with a bacterium called <strong>Group A streptococcus.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Group A streptococcus infections of the throat cause strep throat or, less commonly, scarlet fever. Group A streptococcus infections of the skin or other parts of the body rarely trigger rheumatic fever.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hence, the government is planning to <strong>procure</strong> penicillin centrally for <strong>three years</strong> and administer it to all children between 5-15 years who have a sore throat, at least once.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The drug will be dispensed through primary health centres or administered by Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) workers.</li>
<li>The government is also in consultation with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/regulatory-issues-in-indian-pharmaceutical-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA</strong></a>) to take it off from the price control list.</li>
<li>To kickstart the production again, the government will procure the medicine centrally for three years so that manufacturers get encouraged to restart the production process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/government-plans-penicillin-revival-to-fight-rheumatic-fever-6043091/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/penicillin-revival-to-fight-rheumatic-fever'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Ancient River Unearthed in Uttar Pradesh',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Union Jal Shakti Ministry has excavated <strong>an old, dried-up river in the Prayagraj</strong> during geophysical survey covering the Prayagraj and Kaushambi region in <strong>Uttar Pradesh.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569915215_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569915215_image2.jpg" width="359" height="272" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An excavated river linked the Ganga and Yamuna rivers.</li>
<li>The <strong>&ldquo;Ancient Buried River&rdquo;</strong> is around <strong>4 km wide, 45 km</strong> <strong>long</strong> and consisted of a <strong>15-meter-thick layer buried under the soil.</strong></li>
<li>The newly discovered river was a buried paleochannel that joins the Yamuna river at Durgapur village, about 26 km south of the current Ganga-Yamuna confluence at Prayagraj.</li>
<li>The genesis of these buried rivers followed a <strong>Report on PaleoChannel on North-West India.</strong></li>
<li>The knowledge on subsurface connectivity between Ganga and Yamuna rivers will play a very crucial role in the planning of Ganga cleaning and protecting safe groundwater resources,</li>
</ul>
<h3>Palaeochannels</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A channel that is <strong>no longer part of an active river system</strong> and has ceased to be a conduit of water is commonly referred to as a palaeochannel.</li>
<li>It occurs when rivers change their course either due to the movement of tectonic plates or severe floods and cut new ones.</li>
<li>Some of the palaeochannels lie buried under younger sediments.</li>
<li>Palaeochannels are <strong>commonly o</strong><strong>ccurring landforms in alluvial landscapes,</strong> and have an economic significance because of their use in the exploration for freshwater resources, artificial recharge and storage of groundwater.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Additionally, they are of importance in the location and assessment of mineral deposits such as uraniferous ores, gold, silver and other placer deposits hosted in them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Report on PaleoChannel on North-West India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report has been prepared by <strong>the K.S. Valdiya Committee</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Jal Shakti.</strong></li>
<li>The report is based on the study of the <strong>land texture, piles of sediments, shapes,</strong> and features of states of <strong>North-West India</strong> including- <strong>Rajasthan, Haryana, </strong>and<strong> Punjab.</strong></li>
<li>The found sediments are reminiscent of ones found in present-day <strong>Ghaggar, Ganga,</strong> and the <strong>Yamuna.</strong></li>
<li>The report is an assertion of the assumption that <strong>River Saraswati originated</strong> from <strong>Adibadri in Himalaya</strong> to culminate in the Arabian Sea through the <strong>Runn of Kutch.</strong></li>
<li>The report also states that the river once upon a time was the lifeline of the North-Western states of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/scientists-excavate-ancient-river-in-uttar-pradesh/article29560057.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ancient-river-unearthed-in-uttar-pradesh'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'School Education Quality Index: NITI Aayog',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog</strong></a> has released the <strong>first edition</strong> of the <strong>School Education Quality Index (SEQI).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SEQI has been developed by NITI Aayog to <strong>evaluate the performance of States and Union Territories (UTs) in the school education sector.</strong></li>
<li>Developed through a collaborative process including key stakeholders such as the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), the World Bank and sector experts, the index consists of <strong>30 critical indicators</strong> that assess the delivery of quality education.</li>
</ul>
<h3>School Education Quality Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SEQI is based on a set of indicators that measure the overall effectiveness, quality and efficiency of the Indian school education system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569913663_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569913663_image1.jpg" width="765" height="210" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To drive policy reforms that will improve the quality of school education.</li>
<li>To institutionalise a focus on <strong>enhancing education outcomes</strong> by driving improvements in learning levels, access, equity, infrastructure and governance processes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ranking Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To facilitate like-to-like comparisons, <strong>States and UTs have been grouped as Large States, Small States and Union Territories.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Within each of these groups, the indicator values have been appropriately scaled, normalized and weighted to generate an overall performance score and ranking for each State and UT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>States and UTs were <strong>ranked on their overall performance in the reference year 2016-17,</strong> as well as on the <strong>change in their performance between the reference year and base year (2015-16).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance of the States:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Among 20 large States, <strong>Kerala was ranked first</strong> for overall performance on the quality of school education while <strong>Uttar Pradesh came in last.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, Haryana, Assam and Uttar Pradesh showed the most improvement in their performance in 2016-17, in comparison to the base year of 2015-16.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Among <strong>smaller States, Manipur</strong> emerged as the <strong>best performer,</strong> while <strong>Chandigarh</strong> topped the list of <strong>Union Territories.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is to be noted that all seven UTs have shown an improvement in their performance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>West Bengal</strong> refused to participate in the evaluation process and <strong>has not been included</strong> in the rankings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>How the Index will help States?</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The index recognises that <strong>school education is a subject on the Concurrent List</strong> and that State-level leadership is crucial for improving outcomes in a cost-effective manner.</li>
<li>The index will serve as a <strong>regular and transparent review of the status of school education quality</strong> across the States and UTs.</li>
<li>The index <strong>encourages States/UTs to improve their scores</strong> by showing progress across these aspects.</li>
<li>In line with NITI Aayog&rsquo;s mandate to foster the spirit of competitive and cooperative federalism, the index strives to facilitate the <strong>sharing of knowledge and best practices across States and UTs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Institution for Transforming India, also called NITI Aayog, was formed via a resolution of the Union Cabinet <strong>on 1<sup>st</sup> January 2015.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Government of India constituted the NITI Aayog <strong>to replace the Planning Commission instituted in 1950.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the <strong>premier policy &lsquo;Think Tank&rsquo; of the Government of India,</strong> providing both directional and policy inputs.</li>
<li>While designing strategic and long term policies and programmes for the Government of India, NITI Aayog also provides relevant technical advice to the Centre and States.</li>
<li>The Governing Council of NITI, with the <strong>Prime Minister as its Chairman,</strong> comprises Chief Ministers of all States and Lt. Governors of Union Territories (UTs).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586699" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/school-education-quality-index-niti-aayog'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Menstrual Hygiene',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/health/menstrual-hygiene-a-challenging-development-issue-66973" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Menstrual hygiene: A challenging development issue&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in Down to Earth on 27/09/2019. It talks about the causes and impact of poor menstrual hygiene faced by Indian women.</p>
</div>
<p>Menstrual hygiene continues to be amongst the <strong>most challenging developmental issues</strong> that women face today, especially in the developing countries like India, the mindsets, customs and institutional biases prevent women from getting the menstrual health care they need.</p>
<p>Menstruation is a natural and healthy biological process for women, in spite of this, it is still <strong>considered a taboo in Indian society.</strong></p>
<p>Even today, the cultural and social influences on people create a major hurdle in ensuring that the adolescent girls are educated about menstrual hygiene.</p>
<h3>Reasons for societal taboo and lack of menstrual hygiene</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Menstruation is associated with the onset of puberty in girls and many times, it brings with it <strong>rules, restrictions, isolation and changed expectations</strong> from the girls by society.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During their menstruating days, women are <strong>prohibited</strong> from participating in day-to-day activities. For example prohibiting women to enter the kitchen or a temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Prevalence of Hegemonic Patriarchy in Indian society perpetuates the restrictions, which are often reflected in religious texts like <strong>Manu Smriti</strong> or in the restriction on entry of women from menstruating age group in the religious places like Sabarimala temple.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hegemonic patriarchy</strong> normalises the discrimination against women and not only men, even women become the agents to impose the notion of subjugation on other women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The main reasons for this taboo still being relevant in the Indian society are<strong> the high rate of illiteracy especially in girls, poverty and lack of awareness</strong> about menstrual health and hygiene.</li>
<li>These deeply entrenched social norms about menstruation restrict girls&rsquo; freedom and affect their health.</li>
<li>There are several governments and non-government programmes that have promoted menstrual hygiene through health awareness schemes and free or subsidized distribution of sanitary pads.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, their <strong>quality varies greatly.</strong></li>
<li>Apart from this, girls <strong>lack access to disposal facilities.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This leads to <strong>using a hygienic/safe product in an unhygienic manner,</strong> as women often extend its use beyond the recommended time (sometimes using a single pad for a whole day).</li>
<li>This places the girl at <strong>increased risk for infection</strong> and has critical health implications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of Neglect of Menstrual Hygiene</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to a UNICEF study conducted in 2011:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only 13% of girls in India are aware of menstruation before menarche.</li>
<li>60% of girls missed school on account of menstruation,</li>
<li>79% faces low confidence due to menstruation and 44% were embarrassed and humiliated over restrictions.</li>
<li>Thereby, Menstruation adversely impacts women's education, equality, maternal and child health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Not only in India but on a global level, at least<strong> 500 million women</strong> and girls lack adequate facilities for menstrual hygiene management.</li>
<li>Lack of adequate information on sanitation and hygiene facilities, particularly in public places like schools, workplaces or health centres can pose a major obstacle to women and girls.</li>
<li>The latest <strong>National Family and Health Survey</strong> found that 58% of young Indian women (15-24 years) use a hygienic method of protection (mostly sanitary pads), a significant increase from the 12% using pads in 2010. However,<strong> only less than 18% of Indian women use sanitary pads.</strong></li>
<li>This changed attitude towards girls such as restrictions on their self-expression, schooling, mobility and freedom has far-reaching consequences on the mindset of women.</li>
<li>More than <strong>77% of menstruating girls and women in India</strong> use old cloth, which is often reused, ashes, newspapers, dried leaves and husk sand during periods.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Movies</strong> creating social awareness about such social issues can play an instrumental role in bringing <strong>behavioural change</strong> in society.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The film Pad Man played a pivotal role in spurring conversations around periods and positioning sanitary pads as the saviour.</li>
<li>Recently, the documentary: <strong>Period. End of Sentence,</strong> that explores the stigma surrounding menstruation in rural India, <strong>won the oscar award.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government must promote, <strong>small-scale sanitary pad manufacturing units</strong> to make low-cost pads more easily available, it will also help in generating income for women.</li>
<li>The government needs to provide, efforts directed at awareness and education about menstruation and menstrual hygiene, and access to safe products, and responsive water, sanitation and hygiene <strong>(WASH) infrastructure.</strong></li>
<li><strong>An informed choice</strong> is important in the context of women&rsquo;s reproductive and sexual health and is applicable to menstrual hygiene as well.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Informed choice means that women and girls have comprehensive information about menstrual hygiene products available (including their advantages and disadvantages, hygienic use, and disposal), and are equipped to make a choice about what they want to use given their needs and the socio-economic contexts in which they live and experience menstruation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government has launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/janaushadhi-sugam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jan Aushadhi Suvidha Oxo-Biodegradable Sanitary Napkin,</strong></a> that seeks to provide biodegradable sanitary pads for only One Rupee per pad, efforts should be made to increase its accessibility and availability.</li>
<li>However, menstrual health cannot be achieved only through governmental efforts without addressing it as a social issue, requiring interventions at societal, community and familial level.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Government Schemes To Promote Menstrual Hygiene Management in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act</strong> (RTE) (2009) includes standards for drinking water and gender-separated sanitation facilities in schools.</li>
<li><strong>Menstrual hygiene scheme launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government of India (GoI) for promotion of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls (10-19 years) in rural areas of selected districts in 2011.</li>
<li>From 2014 onwards scheme extended to all districts under Rashtriya Kishore Swasthya Karyakram to enhance MH knowledge, improve hygiene practices, provide subsidised sanitary absorbents, and raise awareness of MHM at school.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SABLA programme of Ministry of Women and Child Development</strong> focuses on nutrition, health, hygiene and reproductive and sexual health (linked to a rural mother and childcare centres).</li>
<li><strong>National Rural Livelihood Mission of the Ministry of Rural Development</strong> supports self-help groups and small manufacturers to produce sanitary pads.</li>
<li><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission and Swachh Bharat: Swachh Vidyalaya (SB:SV):</strong> Menstrual hygiene management is also an integral part of the Swachh Bharat Mission and the &lsquo;Menstrual Hygiene Management Guideline&rsquo; issued by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation(MDWS) involves the support from state governments, district administrations, engineers and technical experts inline departments; and school headteachers and teachers for its implementation.</li>
<li><strong>Guidelines for Gender Issues in Sanitation (2017)</strong> have been evolved by MDWS to ensure gender equality and empowerment of women and girls with respect to sanitation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Safe and effective MHM is a trigger for better and stronger development for adolescent girls and women. This requires that all state, district and local authorities, including schools, communities and families create an environment where menstrual hygiene management is seen as acceptable and normal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Menstrual Hygiene Day</strong> is an annual awareness day on May 28 to highlight the importance of good menstrual hygiene management. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was initiated by the German-based NGO WASH United in 2014 and aims to benefit women and girls worldwide.</li>
<li>In 2018, 310 organizations educated 27.2 million girls across 134 countries, about menstrual hygiene.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The National Guidelines on Menstrual Hygiene Management</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was released by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation in 2015.</li>
<li>It seeks to address every component of menstrual hygiene ranging from, raising awareness, addressing behaviour change, creating a demand for better <strong>hygiene</strong> products, capacity building of frontline community cadre, sensitization of key stakeholders, convergence needed for effective outreach and intervention, creation of WASH facilities including safe disposal options, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffdeb;">
<p><em><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">Drishti Mains Question</span><br /></strong></em>Menstrual hygiene continues to be amongst the most challenging developmental issues that women face today, especially in the developing counties like India. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/menstrual-hygiene'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Animal Rearing',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the Prime Minister launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-animal-disease-control-programme-national-artificial-insemination-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Animal Disease Control Programme,</strong></a> to control and eradicate the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-to-control-fmd-and-brucellosis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foot &amp; Mouth Disease (FMD) and Brucellosis</strong></a> amongst the livestock in the country, at Mathura.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP)</strong></p>
<p>The following are the aims of NADCP programme:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To <strong>vaccinate over 600 million cattle</strong> in the country in an effort to mitigate the above mentioned diseases.</li>
<li>To <strong>aim at vaccinating 36 million female bovine calves annually</strong> in its fight against the brucellosis disease.</li>
<li>To <strong>control the livestock diseases by 2025,</strong> and <strong>eradicate by 2030.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>The livestock that will be covered under the programme includes <strong>cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and pigs</strong> against the FMD and it will be <strong>fully funded by the Central government.</strong></p>
</div>
<h3>What is Animal/Livestock Rearing?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Animal rearing is considered an <strong>associate business with agricultural activities</strong> in rural India. Animal husbandry is an integral component of Indian agriculture, <strong>supporting livelihood of almost 55%</strong> of the rural population.</li>
<li>India is <strong>the highest livestock</strong> <strong>owner</strong> of the world.</li>
<li>The livestock sector alone contributes <strong>nearly 25.6% of value of output</strong> at current prices of total value of output <strong>in agriculture, fishing &amp; forestry sector.</strong> The overall contribution of livestock sector <strong>in total GDP is nearly 4.11% at current prices</strong> during 2012-13, as per the <strong>19<sup>th</sup> livestock census of 2012.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of animal rearing is to make the livestock useful for human beings for a variety of purposes, many of which have an economic value. Therefore, it has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance of Animal Rearing</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is well recognized that humans depend upon animals for <strong>income, employment, food, social security, fuel</strong> (dung cakes), <strong>cultural aspects</strong> and a variety of other reasons.</li>
<li>The animal production system in India is principally part of a <strong>mixed crop-livestock farming system</strong> and important for the <strong>security and survival</strong> of large number of poor populace.</li>
<li>This production system assumes special significance in <strong>economic growth, increasing income, increasing urbanization, changes in taste and preference</strong> that have led to <strong>nutritional changes</strong> reflecting the importance of milk, meat, egg and fish in the daily diets of the people.</li>
<li>Animal rearing has multidimensional potential. For instance, <strong>Operation Flood,</strong> launched in 1970, helped dairy farmers direct their own development, increased milk production ("a flood of milk"), augmented rural incomes and ensuring reasonable prices for consumers</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key to Poverty Reduction Strategies</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It provides <strong>self-employment</strong> to millions of people especially rural households.</li>
<li>It has contributed significantly to the <strong>empowerment of women</strong> and has increased their income and role in society.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>major risk mitigation approach</strong> for small and marginal farmers, particularly across the rain-fed regions of India.</li>
<li>It is at the <strong>centre of poverty alleviation programs</strong> from equity and livelihood standpoints.</li>
<li>It is <strong>faster than many other sectors of agriculture</strong> and continuing this trend will contribute as main sector for development of Indian economy.</li>
<li><strong>Livestock productivity</strong> has been identified as <strong>one of the seven sources of income growth</strong> by the <strong>Inter-Ministerial Committee</strong> under the government&rsquo;s target of <strong>doubling of farmers&rsquo; income by the year 2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>The Government has constituted an Inter-Ministerial Committee under the <strong>Chairmanship of Chief Executive Officer, National Rainfed Area Authority, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare</strong> to examine issues relating to doubling of farmers&rsquo; income and recommend a strategy to achieve doubling of farmers&rsquo; income in real terms by the year 2022.</p>
</div>
<h3>Constraints of Livestock Development</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Incapability of central and state governments</strong> to deliver the promised and expected results.</li>
<li><strong>Non-availability of superior quality breeding bulls.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Poor quality of semen</strong> produced by many of the laboratories.</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate skills of paravets</strong> resulting in poor conception and infertility.</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate support for paravets</strong> for supply of liquid nitrogen, frozen semen, health care and technical guidance.</li>
<li><strong>Shortage of fodder resources.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Absence of field oriented conservation strategy</strong> for indigenous breeds.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of coordination</strong> among various agencies engaged in livestock husbandry.</li>
<li><strong>Poor extension services</strong> to motivate small farmers to adopt dairy husbandry for income generation.</li>
<li><strong>Ineffective control of animal diseases.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Lack of skills and quality services</strong> to farmers for improving productivity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Measures to Promote Livestock Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increasing commercialization of livestock products</strong> by improving technologies, increasing market connectivity, processing and storage centre, training etc.</li>
<li>Making provision for adequate <strong>availability of quality fodder.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Targeting a significant portion of cultivable land for growing fodder crops.</strong></li>
<li>By <strong>setting up a consortium</strong> with <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/%20meghalaya-launched-the-national-milk-mission-to-promote-dairy-production" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)</strong></a> to <strong>fund the dairy cooperatives.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Keeping a disaster management fund</strong> for livestock in case of natural calamities.</li>
<li><strong>Cross breeding of indigenous species with exotic stocks</strong> to enhance genetic potential of different species.</li>
<li>Encouraging <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public-Private Partnership</a> for sustainable</strong> livestock rearing.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Few Important Initiatives by the Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rashtriya Gokul Mission</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To develop and conserve indegenous breeds of bovine population.</li>
<li>To enhance milk production and to make it more remunerative to the farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Livestock Mission</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To ensure quantitative and qualitative improvement in livestock production systems and capacity building of all stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Artificial Insemination Programme</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To suggest novel methods of bringing about impregnation in female breeds</li>
<li>To prevent the spread of certain diseases which are genital in nature, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the breed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Cattle and Buffalo Breeding Project</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To genetically upgrade important indigenous breeds on priority basis with a focus on development and conservation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Animal Husbandry Startup Grand Challenge</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To appreciate innovations coming from the villages to expand the dairy sector in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>There are many recommendations for livestock husbandry to enhance the performance of various schemes. If implied with utmost priority, these advice can boost the production, attract the landless and small farmers to take advantage of this sector for sustaining their livelihood and make India competent in the global market.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/animal-rearing-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/animal-rearing'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Asteroid named after Pandit Jasraj',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>International Astronomical Union (IAU)</strong> has <strong>named an asteroid,</strong> discovered in 2006, <strong>after Indian classical singer Pandit Jasraj.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pandit Jasraj is the <strong>first Indian musician</strong> to receive this honour.</li>
<li>The asteroid, or more formally known as a minor planet - <strong>2006 VP32,</strong> is located in the <strong>asteroid belt,</strong> between <strong>Mars and Jupiter.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The asteroid belt is a region of the solar system falling roughly between the planets Mars and Jupiter where the greatest concentration of asteroids can be found.</li>
<li>It also serves as a sort of dividing line between the inner rocky planets and outer gas giants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was discovered on 11<sup>th</sup> November 2006 by the <strong>Catalina Sky Survey.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) is a NASA funded project <strong>to discover and track near-Earth objects (NEOs).</strong> It is based in Arizona in the United States.</li>
<li>Near-Earth objects (NEOs) are asteroids or comets with sizes ranging from metres to tens of kilometres that orbit the Sun and whose orbits come close to that of Earth&rsquo;s.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by IAU's Minor Planet Centre. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>'Panditjasraj'</strong> minor planet can be seen on their official website with the number 300128, his date of birth in reverse order (28/01/30).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Pandit Jasraj is an <strong>exponent of Indian classical vocal music.</strong> He is the recipient of numerous awards, honours, and titles, including the prestigious <strong>Padma Vibhushan and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sangeet-natak-akademi-awards-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sangeet Natak Akademi</a> Award.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Astronomical Union</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Astronomical Union (IAU) was <strong>founded in 1919,</strong> headquartered in <strong>Paris, France.</strong></li>
<li>Its mission is to promote and safeguard the science of astronomy in all its aspects, including research, communication, education and development, through international cooperation.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>global authority for naming planetary features</strong> in the solar system.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/iau-names-asteroid-after-pandit-jasraj/article29550338.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asteroid-named-after-pandit-jasraj'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'INS Nilgiri',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Defence Minister has launched the first of the Navy's seven new stealth frigates named <strong>INS Nilgiri,</strong> in Mumbai.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He also commissioned the <strong>largest dry dock</strong> of Indian Navy- the <strong>&lsquo;Aircraft Carrier Dock&rsquo;</strong> at the Naval Dockyard in Mumbai, terming it as an <strong>&lsquo;edifice of modern India&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Dry Dock</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A dry dock is a narrow basin or vessel that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in, then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform.</li>
<li>They are used for the construction, maintenance, and repair of ships, boats, and other watercraft.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INS Nilgiri is the first ship of the <strong>Project-17A.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Project 17A</strong> frigates is a design derivative of the <strong>Shivalik class stealth frigates</strong> with much more advanced stealth features and <strong>indigenous weapons and sensors.</strong></li>
<li>The P17A frigates incorporate new design concepts for improved survivability, sea keeping, stealth and ship manoeuvrability.</li>
<li>These frigates are being built using integrated construction methodology.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586548" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ins-nilgiri'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Animal Rearing',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570608626_Animal%20Rearing (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570608626_Animal Rearing (Mind Map).png" width="341" height="930" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/animal-rearing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/animal-rearing-mind-map'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Enterprise Development Centres',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Union Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Sector (MSME) Minister will soon launch Enterprise Development Centres (EDCs) for <strong>developing a cadre of indigenous entrepreneurs</strong> in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MSMEs.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Planned for every district,</strong> the ministry is targeting the launch of 20 EDCs out of a planned 500 by the end of the current financial year (2019-20).</li>
<li><strong>Structure</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The EDCs will be <strong>similar to incubators for start-ups.</strong></li>
<li>The centres will be broad-based and <strong>shall be run by special purpose vehicles</strong> in partnership with the private sector, business management organisations, local industry associations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Focus Areas</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Incubation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For the first time, an integrated unit will <strong>help new and existing businesses develop</strong> by providing services such as management training, and office space etc.</li>
<li>It will also offer &ldquo;enterprise development courses, vocational guidance and skill development for budding entrepreneurs&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Struggling Firms:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The EDCs will also have<strong> &ldquo;enterprise clinics&rdquo;</strong> for struggling firms, which the government hopes will reduce the number of small businesses falling into a debt trap financed by bank loans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Plugging Financial Difficulties:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The centres would offer<strong> credit facilitation and syndication,</strong> export promotion and supplier inclusion.</li>
<li>In the distant future, incentives and loans by the government for the sector will also flow through the EDCs, after determining the capabilities of the firm through set parameters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expanding Entrepreneur Base:</strong> The government hopes that EDCs will also expand the entrepreneur base by <strong>drawing individuals from diverse demographics</strong> such as youth, women, scheduled castes and tribes and disabled backgrounds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, enterprises have been classified broadly into <strong>two categories:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Manufacturing.</strong></li>
<li>Those engaged in <strong>providing/rendering of services.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both categories of enterprises have been <strong>further classified into micro, small and medium enterprises</strong> based on their investment in plant and machinery (for manufacturing enterprises) or on equipment (in the case of enterprises providing or rendering services).</li>
<li>The present ceiling on investment to be classified as micro, small or medium enterprises is as under:</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 14.3104%; height: 19px;"><strong>Classification</strong></td>
<td style="width: 27.5799%; height: 19px;"><strong>Manufacturing Enterprises</strong></td>
<td style="width: 29.4148%; height: 19px;"><strong>Services Enterprises</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 14.3104%; height: 19px;"><strong>Micro</strong></td>
<td style="width: 27.5799%; height: 19px;">Up to Rs.25 lakh</td>
<td style="width: 29.4148%; height: 19px;">Upto Rs.10 lakh</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 14.3104%; height: 19px;"><strong>Small</strong></td>
<td style="width: 27.5799%; height: 19px;">Above Rs.25 lakh &amp; upto 5 crore</td>
<td style="width: 29.4148%; height: 19px;">Above Rs.10 lakh &amp; upto 2 crore</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 14.3104%; height: 19px;"><strong>Medium</strong></td>
<td style="width: 27.5799%; height: 19px;">Above Rs.5 crore &amp; upto 10 crore</td>
<td style="width: 29.4148%; height: 19px;">Above Rs.2 core &amp; upto 5 crore</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><br /><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-to-launch-enterprise-development-centres-for-msmes-in-all-districts-119093000037_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/enterprise-development-centres'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'National Nutrition Survey',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>first-ever</strong> comprehensive National Nutrition Survey has been conducted by the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF)&nbsp;</a></strong>to<strong> measure malnutrition.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey recorded not only <strong>micronutrient deficiencies</strong> but also <strong>details of non-communicable diseases</strong> such as diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol and kidney function in<strong> children and adolescents.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nearly <strong>10%</strong> of children in the <strong>age group of 5-9 years</strong> and <strong>adolescents</strong> in the age group of 10-19 years are<strong> pre-diabetic.</strong></li>
<li>Also, <strong>5% are overweight</strong> and another <strong>5% suffer from blood pressure</strong> in the age groups mentioned above.</li>
<li>The first time <strong>hard evidence of the coexistence of obesity and undernutrition,</strong> among school-going children has been recorded.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569828198_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569828198_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="631" height="420" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Nutrition Survey is <strong>different</strong> from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Family Health Survey (NFHS)</strong></a> as,<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NFHS collects data to measure the <strong>prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight and household dietary intake to measure deficiencies.</strong></li>
<li>Moreover, the survey collects data only for the age groups of 1-5 years and adults, and <strong>not for school going children between the age of 5 and 19 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps Taken by Government of India to curb incidences of Malnutrition</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY),</strong></a> Rs.6,000 is transferred directly to the <strong>bank accounts of pregnant women</strong> for availing better facilities for their delivery.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan,</strong></a> launched in 2017-18, aims to reduce stunting, under-nutrition, anaemia and low birth weight babies through synergy and convergence among different programmes, better monitoring and improved community mobilisation.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-nation-one-ration-card-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013,</strong> </a>aims to ensure food and nutrition security for the most vulnerable through its associated schemes and programmes, making access to <strong>food a legal right.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mid-day Meal (MDM) scheme</strong> </a>aims to improve nutritional levels among school children which also has a direct and positive impact on enrolment, retention and attendance in schools.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Malnutrition and Undernutrition</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Malnutrition</strong> refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person&rsquo;s intake of energy and/or nutrients.</li>
<li>The term malnutrition covers <strong>two broad groups</strong> of conditions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Undernutrition&mdash;</strong>which<strong> includes stunting</strong> (low height for age), <strong>wasting</strong> (low weight for height), <strong>underweight</strong> (low weight for age) and <strong>micronutrient deficiencies</strong> (a lack of important vitamins and minerals).</li>
<li><strong>Obesity&mdash;</strong> which includes overweight and diet-related <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>noncommunicable diseases</strong></a> (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/obesity-and-undernutrition-coexist-finds-study/article29550673.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-nutrition-survey'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Indo-Arctic Strategic Construct',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on &ldquo;Why India&rsquo;s foray into the Arctic matters&rdquo; which was published in The Hindu Business Line on 28/09/2019. It talks about Indo-Arctic, which can be a natural extension of India&rsquo;s Act East Policy.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Indian Prime Minister at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eastern-economic-forum" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eastern Economic Forum (EEF)</strong></a>, mentioned India&rsquo;s willingness to play &ldquo;a significant role in the Arctic Council.&rdquo; It provides an opening for India to pursue a grandiose Arctic plan. India has been an observer member of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/arctic-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Arctic Council</strong></a> since 2013.</p>
<h3>Why should India be concerned about the Arctic?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India will have to look at the Arctic &mdash; both from the prism of <strong>climate change</strong> and also as a <strong>strategic construct.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Climate Change Aspect</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The impact of climate change across the coasts of India and its economic fallout should bring up the Arctic more in the discussion.</li>
<li>Global warming is leading to the melting of permafrost, which will release an unprecedented amount of carbon dioxide in nature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scientific Research</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Study and research regarding warming of the arctic will help India to develop an understanding of fast-melting glaciers in the Himalayas, which is referred to as the Third Pole.</li>
<li>India in this pursuit has <strong>established Himadari base station</strong> for arctic research In Svalbard, Norway.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arctic Paradox</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the Arctic region witnessed an unprecedented rate of ice-melt because of global warming, <strong>new routes are being opened,</strong> paving the way for untapped hydrocarbon and mineral resources to be exploited.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Politically, Indo-Arctic should be an extension of India&rsquo;s &lsquo;Act East&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India's &lsquo;Look East Policy' during the previous decades was limited to South-East Asia.</li>
<li>In this decade, India expanded it to East Asia and Australia.</li>
<li>The Arctic should be a natural extension during the next decade.</li>
<li>&lsquo;Indo-Arctic&rsquo; initiative, as a strategic construct, could provide a platform for India.</li>
<li>It could open political space for India to work with like-minded countries to expand its footprint in the Arctic through its coasts by the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Geo-Strategic Aspect:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indo-Arctic will also strategically balance the US and Russia.</li>
<li>India is working with the US in developing the Indo-Pacific region.</li>
<li>An Indo-Arctic construct would <strong>complement India&rsquo;s Indo-Pacific push,</strong> and enable <strong>India to work with Russia closely.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>How India can implement Indo-Arctic Policy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Russia will have to work with partners across the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean in South-East Asia and East Asia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Singapore, Indonesia, South Korea and Japan could be the natural partners to this endeavour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China's help can be taken in this regard which has enunciated its own &lsquo;Polar Silk Route&rsquo; initiative.</li>
<li>Scientifically, India will have to expand its footprints in the Polar Research.</li>
<li>Outside Polar research, India should also make policies on other areas like Polar shipping, trade and maritime routes.</li>
<li>Unlike Antarctica, the <strong>Arctic is not considered a &lsquo;global commons&rsquo; (the principle of sovereignty prevents external players from exacting significant gains in the region).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, India should steer away from advocating for an Arctic commons and instead, it must ensure that the environment is strongly considered at the centre of all debates at the Arctic Council.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The Arctic may be the northernmost part of the world, geographically far from India. However, Politically and strategically, the Arctic can no longer be perceived as too far.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #ffffeb;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Discuss the environmental and strategic importance of the Arctic region for India.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/indo-arctic-strategic-construct'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Unitary Taxation System for Multi-National Enterprises',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD&rsquo;s) in its <strong>Trade and Development Report 2019</strong> has recommended for the adoption of a <strong>unitary taxation system</strong> for the Multi-National Enterprises (MNEs).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The theme of the report was <strong>&lsquo;Financing a Global Green New Deal&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The report stated that such an approach would simplify the global taxation system and is expected to increase tax revenues for all countries.</li>
<li>The report took cognizance of the fact that the profits of MNEs are generated collectively at the group level. Hence, unitary taxation should be applied by combining it with a global <strong>minimum effective corporate tax rate</strong> on all MNE profits.</li>
<li>There was a dire need for this change, as the current international corporate taxation norms consider affiliates of MNEs as independent entities and treat taxable transactions between different entities of MNEs as unrelated.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This move facilitates the tax-motivated illicit financial flows.</li>
<li>According to the report, the tax-motivated illicit financial flows of MNEs are estimated to deprive developing countries of <strong>$50 billion to $200 billion</strong> a year in terms of the fiscal revenues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The report also highlights that the fiscal revenues of a country could be augmented through fair taxation of the digital economy. The <strong>rapid digitalization of economic activities</strong> is changing the way how values are created, measured and distributed, adding new challenges to the international tax framework.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UNCTAD is a <strong>permanent intergovernmental body</strong> established by <strong>the United Nations</strong> General Assembly in <strong>1964.</strong></li>
<li>Its headquarters are located in <strong>Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>part of the UN Secretariat.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It reports to the UN General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council, but UNCTAD has its own membership, leadership, and budget. It is also a part of the United Nations Development Group.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It supports developing countries to access the benefits of a globalized economy more fairly and effectively. Along with other UN departments and agencies, it also measures the progress made in the Sustainable Development Goals, as set out in Agenda 2030.</li>
<li>Some of the <strong>reports published by UNCTAD</strong> are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Trade and Development Report</li>
<li>World Investment Report</li>
<li>Technology and Innovation Report</li>
<li>Digital Economy Report</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/for-buoyant-revenue-adopt-a-unitary-tax-system-for-multinational-enterprises-un-report/article29507576.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BL</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unitary-taxation-system-for-multi-national-enterprises'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Erra Matti Dibbalu',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Erra Matti Dibbalu is dissected and stabilized coastal <strong>red sediment mounds,</strong> located <strong>between Visakhapatnam and Bheemunipatnam in Andhra Pradesh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569659261_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569659261_image3.jpg" width="268" height="282" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Formed around <strong>12,000 years ago</strong> due to <strong>sea-land interaction.</strong></li>
<li>Comprises a mixture of sand (40-50%), silt and clay (another 50%) with oxidation imparting the unique red colour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are geologically important as they represent the geological history of the <strong>late</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anthropocene-epoch" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quaternary period</strong></a> and carry the imprints of the fall of sea level and its subsequent rise, the impact of climate, monsoon and geological processes on the sediments.</li>
<li>They are<strong> anthropologically and archeologically important</strong> as they possibly contain <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/andhra-pradeshs-second-largest-petroglyph-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mesolithic and neolithic</a> cultural materials as well.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recognition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was recognised as a <strong>national geo-heritage site</strong> in 2014 and as a protected site by the Andhra Pradesh Government in 2016. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Geological Survey of India (GSI)</strong> declares geo-heritage sites/ national geological monuments for protection and maintenance</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Similar Place:</strong> The <strong>only other place</strong> in the country to have a similar stretch of red sand dunes is <strong>Tamil Nadu,</strong> which has the <strong>Teri dune complex.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Geological Survey of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Geological Survey of India (GSI) was set up in <strong>1851</strong> primarily to find coal deposits for the Railways.</li>
<li>The main functions of the GSI relate to <strong>creation and updation of national geo-scientific information and mineral resource assessment.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>headquartered in Kolkata,</strong> and has six regional offices located at Lucknow, Jaipur, Nagpur, Hyderabad, Shillong and Kolkata and State Unit offices in almost all States of the country.</li>
<li>Presently, GSI is an attached office to the <strong>Ministry of Mines.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-study-in-scarlet/article29515095.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/erra-matti-dibbalu'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Exercise KAZIND - 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>Joint Military Exercise KAZIND-2019 between India and Kazakhstan</strong> will be conducted in Uttarakhand, India.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569658934_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569658934_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="253" height="179" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>fourth edition</strong> of an <strong>annual event</strong> that is conducted <strong>alternatively</strong> in Kazakhstan and India.</li>
<li>During the exercise, armies of both countries would be sharing their experience gained during the conduct of various counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations.</li>
<li>The aspects of emerging trends of <strong>hybrid warfare</strong> have also been included under exercise.</li>
<li>The joint military exercise will enhance the level of defence cooperation further fostering bilateral relations between the two nations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hybrid Warfare</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hybrid Warfare refers to the use of unconventional methods as part of a <strong>multi-domain warfighting approach</strong> that aims to disrupt and disable an opponent&rsquo;s actions <strong>without engaging in open hostilities.</strong></li>
<li>Russia&rsquo;s approach to Ukraine is an example of this form of warfare. It has involved a combination of activities, including disinformation, economic manipulation, use of proxies and insurgencies, diplomatic pressure and military actions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586408" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-kazind-2019'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Goldschmidtite',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently a <strong>new mineral</strong> has been discovered inside a diamond unearthed from a mine in <strong>South Africa.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569658700_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1569658700_image1.jpg" width="255" height="193" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been found in <strong>Earth&rsquo;s Mantle</strong> (A part of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/massive-mountains-discovered-under-earths-crust" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Interior of the Earth</strong></a>) which covers 80% of earth&rsquo;s volume.</li>
<li>Goldschmidtite has <strong>high concentrations of niobium, potassium and the rare earth elements lanthanum and cerium.</strong></li>
<li>The found single grain is <strong>dark green in colour</strong> and <strong>opaque.</strong></li>
<li>The mineral has been <strong>named</strong> after the <strong>Norwegian scientist Victor Moritz Goldschmidt,</strong> who is considered as the <strong>founder of Modern Geochemistry.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-goldschmidtite-6035067/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/goldschmidtite'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Rural Sanitation Strategy: 2019-2029',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti has launched the 10-year Rural Sanitation Strategy starting from 2019 up to 2029.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The strategy has been <strong>prepared by DDWS,</strong> in consultation with the State Governments and other stakeholders.</li>
<li>It lays down a framework to guide local governments, policy-makers, implementers and other relevant stakeholders in their planning for <strong>Open Defecation Free (ODF) Plus</strong> status, where <strong>everyone uses a toilet,</strong> and every village has <strong>access to solid and liquid waste management.</strong></li>
<li>The strategy aims to <strong>sustain the behavioral change</strong> regarding sanitation that has been achieved under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-applauds-swachh-bharats-rural-component" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen</strong></a> (SBM-G) and ensure that the <strong>focus is shifted to increasing access to solid and liquid waste management</strong> in the rural areas of the country.</li>
<li>The 10-year strategy also demands focused intervention through capacity strengthening, IEC (Information, Education, and Communication), organic waste management, plastic waste management, and water management.</li>
<li><strong>Public financing</strong> has played an important role in the ODF journey but for the maintenance of toilets and infrastructure, the need is there for innovative models for <strong>sanitation financing.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With regard to waste management elements, there will have to be a <strong>convergence of funds from the Centre, states, Panchayati raj institutions (PRIs)</strong> and alternative sources of financing,<strong> including private funds.</strong></li>
<li>Discussions are still underway on the budget requirement and whether funds will be disbursed via a centrally sponsored scheme or through Finance Commission transfers to PRIs.</li>
<li>The strategy highlights the potential collaborations with development partners, civil society and intergovernmental partnerships.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Open Defecation Free (ODF), ODF+, ODF++ Status</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>ODF:</strong> An area can be notified or declared as ODF if at any point of the day, not even a single person is found <strong>defecating in the open.</strong></li>
<li><strong>ODF+:</strong> This status is given if at any point of the day, not a single person is found <strong>defecating and/or urinating in the open,</strong> and all community and public <strong>toilets are functional and well maintained.</strong></li>
<li><strong>ODF++:</strong> This status is given if the area is already ODF+ and the <strong>faecal sludge/septage and sewage</strong> are safely <strong>managed and treated,</strong> with no discharging or dumping of untreated faecal sludge and sewage into the open drains, water bodies or areas.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has seen a sanitation revolution in the form of SBM-G that transformed itself into a <strong>Jan Andolan</strong> (a people&rsquo;s movement).</li>
<li>Since the launch of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SBM-G</strong></a> in 2014, over 10 crore toilets have been built in rural areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Till now, over 5.9 lakh villages in 699 districts and 37 States/UTs have declared themselves as Open Defecation Free (ODF).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is because of the SBM-G that India is now an inspiration, in terms of sanitation for other countries.</li>
<li>To mark the 150<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi on 2<sup>nd</sup> October 2019, the Central government is ready to dedicate a Swachh Bharat to India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To ensure this, the State Governments have been advised to take a note that no one is left behind, and in case any household does not have access to a toilet, they are facilitated to build a toilet on priority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1586521" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rural-sanitation-strategy-2019-2029'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Regulating Right to Freedom of Religion',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The High Court of Karnataka has issued guidelines to all city municipal corporations regarding granting permission for temporarily using public roads and footpaths.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Observation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>right under Article 25</strong> (freedom to the free profession, practice and propagation of religion) of the Constitution of India <strong>does not extend to public road and footpath.</strong></li>
<li>One cannot get the rights to use public roads and streets just because it is for religious purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inspection is Mandatory:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Authorities cannot mechanically process applications filed under the State Municipal Corporations Act for grant of permission to temporarily use public roads or footpaths for any purposes, including for the celebration of religious festivals or functions.</li>
<li>The authorised officers will have to <strong>compulsorily inspect the premises,</strong> including roads and footpaths, and will have to <strong>take a report from the traffic police on the impact on traffic,</strong> before granting any permission.</li>
<li>Putting up temporary structures can be permitted only after ensuring that <strong>such structures would not</strong> cause any obstruction to the free flow of traffic or <strong>curtail the right of citizens to free use of footpaths.</strong></li>
<li>The corporations have been <strong>directed not to permit digging up of roads</strong> or footpaths while granting permission to put up temporary structures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Supreme Court</strong> has already held that it is a <strong>fundamental right of citizens to use public roads for passage of vehicles,</strong> and footpaths to walk<strong> (in line with Article 21 of the Constitution).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Display of the Permission at the Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>copy of the permission</strong> and conditions imposed for putting up temporary structures, including the period of permission, <strong>should be displayed</strong> prominently by those to whom the permission has been granted.</li>
<li>Any structures <strong>not displaying a copy</strong> of the permission can be treated as <strong>illegal and removed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Article 25:&nbsp;Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice and Propagation of Religion</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fundamental Right Enshrined:</strong> Article 25 says that all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice and propagate religion.</li>
<li>The<strong> implications</strong> of this are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Freedom of conscience:</strong> Inner freedom of an individual to mould his relation with God or Creatures in whatever way he desires.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Profess:</strong> Declaration of one&rsquo;s religious beliefs and faith openly and freely.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Practice:</strong> Performance of religious worship, rituals, ceremonies and exhibition of beliefs and ideas.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Propagate:</strong> Transmission and dissemination of one&rsquo;s religious beliefs to others or exposition of the tenets of one&rsquo;s religion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scope:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Article 25 covers religious beliefs (doctrines) as well as religious practices (rituals).</li>
<li>Moreover, these rights are available to all persons&mdash;<strong>citizens as well as non-citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restrictions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These rights are subject to <strong>public order, morality, health</strong> and other provisions relating to fundamental rights.</li>
<li>The State is <strong>permitted to regulate or restrict</strong> any economic, financial, political or other secular activity associated with religious practice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Article 21: Protection of Life and Property</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It declares that <strong>no person shall be deprived of his life</strong> or personal liberty <strong>except according to the procedure established by law.</strong></li>
<li>This right is available to <strong>both citizens and non-citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/regulating-right-to-freedom-of-religion'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Silicosis and Mining Safety',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>Saharia tribe miners </strong>in<strong> Madhya Pradesh</strong> have appealed to the government to treat them for silicosis rather than <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agreement-with-the-world-bank-to-eliminate-tb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tuberculosis.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently the <strong>sandstone mining industry in Rajasthan</strong> also demanded modernization of working conditions in mining and quarrying areas.</li>
<li>Silicosis is more <strong>prevalent among miners</strong> who are exposed to dust containing <strong>crystallized silica</strong> which turns quarrying and mining villages into <strong>&ldquo;widow villages&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Maximum miners in these states <strong>do not have any identity proof</strong> and <strong>cannot make a thumb impression</strong> on government documents since <strong>their fingerprints have faded.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Silicosis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Silicosis is one of the most <strong>prevalent occupational health illnesses</strong> in the world.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>progressive lung disease</strong> caused by <strong>inhalation of silica</strong> over a long period of time.</li>
<li>Silicosis is characterized by shortness of breath, cough, fever and bluish skin.</li>
<li>Silicosis is an <strong>incurable condition</strong> with its <strong>potential to cause permanent physical disability.</strong></li>
<li>Silicosis occurs most commonly in people working in the quarrying, manufacturing, and building construction industries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>/silicon dioxide)</strong> is a <strong>crystal-like mineral</strong> found in abundance in sand, rock, and quartz.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is also reported from the population with non-occupational exposure to silica dust from industrial as well as nonindustrial sources.</li>
<li>Exposure to large amounts of free silica <strong>may not be noticed</strong> because <strong>silica is odourless, non-irritant and does not cause any immediate health effects,</strong> but long-term exposure is associated with pneumoconiosis, lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, and other lung diseases.</li>
<li><strong>Diagnosis is a challenge</strong> because it is difficult to even find out<strong> if a person has tuberculosis or silicosis.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The nodules that collect to form a mass can take up to <strong>20 years to be identified in chest x-rays</strong> and the victim notices symptoms only after many years of exposure to silica.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Steps taken by Government of India to <strong>reduce and to prevent incidents of Silicosis include:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, more than <strong>10 million workers are at risk of silicosis</strong> and thus it is recognized as occupational diseases by the <strong>Factories Act and Employees Compensation Act,</strong> which mandates employers must pay compensation to workers who are afflicted. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In India silicosis is prevalent in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Pondicherry, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal among the workers of construction and mining.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factory Act of India (1948)</strong> mandates a well-ventilated working environment, provisions for protection from dust, reduction of overcrowding and provision of basic occupational health care.</li>
<li>Silicosis is a <strong>notified disease</strong> under the <strong>Mines Act (1952) and the Factories Act (1948).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Saharia Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of the <strong>Saharia (or Sor) of India</strong> live in the state of <strong>Madhya Pradesh.</strong> But also found Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Rajasthan and the Plains division of Assam.</li>
<li>They speak the <strong>Munda language</strong> that belongs to the <strong>Austro-Asiatic language</strong> family.</li>
<li>The Saharia tribe is divided based on occupation into<strong> five sub-tribes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Arsi</strong> are weavers.</li>
<li>The <strong>Muli</strong> are ironworkers.</li>
<li>The <strong>Kindal</strong> are basket makers.</li>
<li>The <strong>Kumbi</strong> are potters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/treat-us-for-silicosis-not-tb-miners-in-mp/article29535140.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silicosis-and-mining-safety'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'A Better Way of Waste Management',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/toxic-plants-waste-to-energy-national-green-tribunal-waste-incineration-5560270/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Segregation of waste: There is a disturbing pushback against this effort&rdquo;</strong></a> which appeared in The Indian Express on 27/09/2019. It talks about flaws in current modes of waste disposal and advantages of segregation of waste.</p>
</div>
<p>The first rule of waste management all over the world is that households must segregate their waste before it is collected from the doorstep. Also, the <a href="/daily-news-editorials/solid-waste-management-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Solid Waste Management Rules 2016</strong></a> in India prescribe the same.</p>
<p>Waste segregation can help Indian cities &lsquo;get&rsquo; cleaned up, as current modes of solid waste disposal just make the city to &lsquo;look&rsquo; clean.</p>
<h3>Advantages of Segregation of Waste</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If wet waste is not mixed with dry waste, it significantly reduces the burden of solid waste management on municipalities.</li>
<li>The wet waste can be composted locally; the dry recyclable waste can go for recycling and what remains can be safely disposed of.</li>
<li>Wet waste, which is more than half the total waste, is used for <strong>composting </strong>or<strong> biomethanation</strong> in a decentralised manner.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Composting</strong> is a natural biological process, carried out under controlled aerobic conditions (requires oxygen).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Composting through various microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) biodegrades organic waste (food waste, manure, leaves, grass trimmings, paper, wood, feathers, crop residue etc.,) into valuable organic fertilizer.</li>
<li>This can be used by farmers to improve their yields.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Biomethanation</strong> is a process by which organic material is microbiologically converted under anaerobic conditions to biogas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Three main physiological groups of microorganisms are involved: fermenting bacteria, organic acid oxidizing bacteria, and methanogenic archaea.</li>
<li>Microorganisms degrade organic matter via cascades of biochemical conversions to methane and carbon dioxide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tamil Nadu has achieved 100 % segregation in 20 of its 50 smaller municipalities, and 80 to 90 % in the rest.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the current modes of waste disposal and challenges associated with them?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Waste-to-energy (WtE) plants which rely on the incineration of mixed waste</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>WtE plants in India <strong>burn mixed waste.</strong> The presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons like PVC results in the release of dioxins and furans when the waste is burnt at less than 850 degree Celsius</li>
<li><strong>Harmful emissions:</strong> Dioxins and furans are known to be <strong>carcinogenic</strong> and can lead to impairment of immune, endocrine, nervous and reproductive systems.</li>
<li><strong>Poor compliance:</strong> These WtE are <strong>not in compliance</strong> with guidelines given by National Green Tribunal.</li>
<li><strong>Environmentally unsustainable :</strong> Even when incineration takes place under optimal conditions, large amounts of flue gases, mercury vapour and lead compounds are released, and there is always about 30 per cent residue from incineration in the form of slag (bottom ash) and fly ash (particulate matter), which are also known to be serious pollutants of air and water.</li>
<li>Also, WtE plants in India are also<strong> inefficient in generating energy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Municipal waste in India has a very high biodegradable (wet) waste content ranging anywhere between 60 to 70 % of the total, compared with 30 % in the Western countries. This gives our waste high moisture content and low calorific value.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Compactors<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Compactors are expensive machines that <strong>squeeze and compress the volume of waste,</strong> this enables more waste to be carried per trip and, thus, reduce transportation costs.</li>
<li><strong>The antithesis of segregation:</strong> The use of compactors on mixed waste makes it almost impossible to extract the recyclable dry waste such as plastics, metal, paper and cardboard from the mixture.</li>
<li><strong>Polluting:</strong> The compression of wet waste in the mixture releases <strong>leachate</strong> (a black foul-smelling liquid) that is difficult to dispose of. Leachate percolates into the soil and contaminates groundwater. When it drains off into the sewer system, it overloads the sewage treatment plants.</li>
<li><strong>Increases global warming:</strong> After the compacted waste is transported and dumped, the lack of aeration at the site results in the decomposing wet waste generating methane, a potent greenhouse gas that causes global warming.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Waste transport contracts with private parties</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A payment for waste transportation is made on a <strong>tonnage basis.</strong></li>
<li>This provides an incentive to maximize the weight of waste.</li>
<li>These private players mix whatever the waste is given to them separately.</li>
<li>Also, the unmixed transportation and processing of wet and dry waste encourage citizens to keep their waste unmixed too.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Challenges to Solid Waste Management in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Increasing urbanisation in India has resulted in hyper-consumerism, resulting in more waste generation.</li>
<li>Organic farming and composting are not economically attractive to the Indian farmer, as chemical pesticides are heavily subsidised, and the compost is not efficiently marketed.</li>
<li>Lack of financial resources with Municipal Corporations/Urban Local Bodies, result in poor collection, transportation and management of solid waste.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Possible Solutions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need for a comprehensive waste management policy that stresses the need for decentralised garbage disposal practices as this will incentivise private players to participate.</li>
<li>It is important that Bio-mining and Bio-remediation are made compulsory for areas wherever they can be applied.</li>
<li>To overhaul the waste management sector and induce the necessary behavioural change, citizen participation and engagement is the key.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Waste segregation practice can be inculcated in the masses through awareness-building programme accompanied by a fine if mixed waste is handed out.</li>
<li>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs should either stop financing compactors or at least offer municipalities similar levels of support for more sustainable methods of waste management.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, access to bio-composters in residential localities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A much smarter alternative for municipalities under the Smart Cities Mission would be to promote decentralised composting of wet waste, tie-up with local &ldquo;kabadiwalas&rdquo; or NGOs for recyclable dry waste, and work on safe disposal of the rest.</li>
<li>The savings from eliminating costly secondary transport can easily fund the construction and operation of decentralised centres for the processing of wet and dry waste.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #efffeb;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br />What are the challenges to solid waste management in India? What measures can be taken to ensure a sustainable waste management system in the country?</p>
</td>
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Policy Watch- Power Tariff Policy',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OlazR3kxGlQ" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>In the proposed <strong>Draft Amendments to the National Tariff Policy 2016,</strong> the government has included the provisions for imposition of <strong>penalties</strong> on the distribution companies <strong>for the power cuts</strong> with exceptions in case of<strong> technical faults or Acts of God.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC)</strong> and <strong>Joint Electricity Regulatory Commissions (JERC)</strong> shall not consider <strong>Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&amp;C)</strong> <strong>losses</strong> (the difference between energy input units into the system and the units for which the payment is collected) exceeding <strong>15%</strong> for determination of tariff.</li>
<li>The proposed amendments in tariff policy include provisions related to <strong>generation, transmission and distribution</strong> of electricity.</li>
<li>The penalty will be <strong>levied, collected and credited to the accounts of the consumers</strong> who have suffered.</li>
<li>The tariff policy envisages<strong> bringing cross subsidy between &plusmn;20% of the average cost of supply</strong> which was also part of the <strong>Tariff Policy of 2006. The Electricity Act, 2003</strong> also says that the regulatory commissions must progressively reduce cross subsidies.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tariff Policy, 2006</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was announced by the <strong>Ministry of Power</strong> in <strong>2006</strong> in continuation of the <strong>National Electricity Policy of 2005.</strong></li>
<li>It includes certain provisions regarding <strong>renewable energy and cogeneration.</strong></li>
<li>Under it, appropriate electricity commissions would fix a <strong>minimum percentage for purchasing energy</strong> from the above mentioned sources and the percentages would be <strong>determined by</strong> the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions <strong>(SERC) by 1<sup>st</sup> April,2006.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Highlights of the Amendments to the Tariff Policy</h3>
<p><strong>Focus on Consumers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Accessibility:</strong> Providing access to electricity in already connected villages and connecting whoever is left as soon as they apply for a connection in a reasonable time frame.</li>
<li><strong>Affordability:</strong> Consumers must get it at reasonable rates and a qualitative supply must be assured.</li>
<li><strong>Performance-based time frames:</strong> These time frames are codified in terms of standards of performance which the distribution company has to comply with (three days in some metropolitan cities).</li>
<li><strong>Shift towards renewable energy:</strong> To achieve this, the government is trying to bundle renewable energy with thermal generation because it is less expensive now and can bring down the cost of production, carbon emissions by burning less coal and promote clean energy.</li>
<li><strong>Penalty:</strong> The penalty or compensation has to be paid directly to the consumer account by the DISCOMs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Extension to States</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>All the flexible schemes are to be extended to the state level on a larger scale under <strong>Merit Order Operations.</strong></li>
<li>All the state power generating companies are brought into the gambit of <strong>Security Constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED)</strong> so the costlier power plants can stop producing and get power supply from a cheaper state if is not getting scheduled in some other state.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Merit Order Operations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>merit order</strong> is a way of ranking available sources of energy, especially electricity generation, based on ascending <strong>order</strong> of price (which may reflect the <strong>order</strong> of their short-run marginal costs of production) together with the amount of energy that will be generated.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Security Constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pilot for SCED was implemented on the <strong>1<sup>st</sup> of April 2019</strong> and is giving good results by <strong>saving around three crores per day.</strong></li>
<li>In this mechanism all the power generation stations which are <strong>Inter State Generating</strong> in nature, are being scheduled either through the <strong>Regional Load Dispatch Centres (RLDC)</strong> or <strong>National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC)</strong> under a common scheduling platform.</li>
<li>It was a challenge for <strong>Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO)</strong> and <strong>NLDC</strong> to first build up the platform but they did this in a period of 3 months.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>How would regulatory commissions decipher what is a willful blackout?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The regulatory commissions would need to put in place systems whereby they can establish objectively whether a power cut has happened due to unavoidable technical reasons or due to willful defaults.</li>
<li>It becomes a <strong>vague idea</strong> where clarity will only come with implications and few questions arise which need to be taken care of-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the DISCOM does not have adequate electricity to supply peak demand so whether it should buy more electricity for supplying or it should resort to loadshedding.</li>
<li>If the DISCOM has a technical fault so whether it tries to set it right in the optimal time frame or it delays for some reason and if the delay is willful or not.</li>
<li>If load shedding is done for the reason of grid stability whether it is done in a fair and equitable manner or the wealthy people are spared and the poor have to bear the difficulties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Undue Political Attention:</strong> In electricity sector, the act says that the regulatory commission will determine the tariff but the political party and the civil society are not ready to accept that the matter is out of their hands.</li>
<li><strong>Huge tariff Gaps:</strong> The difference between the lowest and highest tariff is too high in India because of which it is paying a heavy price in terms of underdevelopment.</li>
<li><strong>High Tariffs for Industry:</strong> In both China and the USA the lowest tariffs are for the industry and in India they are the highest. India seems to prefer the consumer to the producer but India will not have jobs and growth unless the producers are given priority.</li>
<li><strong>Financial Scarcity:</strong> Poor states cannot provide subsidised electricity and do not have the budget for it so they end up pushing the regulatory commissions into persisting with very unreasonable cross subsidies on which they need to take serious actions.</li>
<li><strong>Unreasonable Tariffs:</strong> Tariff has to be reasonable particularly to a sector because unless we empower the DISCOMs and give them enough money to invest, a mere mandate is not going to happen.</li>
<li><strong>Financial Viability:</strong> It is also an area of concern, whether the DISCOMs will be able to do it or not.</li>
<li><strong>Underinvestment:</strong> The distribution network does not have investments and the DISCOM is unable to manage its financing properly and chooses not to buy electricity already available in markets.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>How Delhi tackled the challenge of Financial Viability?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This challenge is successfully tackled in New Delhi. AT&amp;C losses were as high as 54% and more but today they are within 10%. So the 15% benchmark is possible to be realised.</li>
<li>Delhi got successful because there was a partnership between the government and the DISCOMs. Investments were made at the foundational technologies. For example the <strong>Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA-</strong> a computer system for gathering and analysing real time data) and the <strong>Robotic Process Automation (RPA-</strong> technology which allows anyone to configure computer software, or a &ldquo;robot&rdquo; to emulate and integrate the actions of a human interacting within digital systems to execute a business process) was brought in. The time was fixed and performance standards were laid.</li>
<li>Delhi has 9000 crore regulatory overhang admitted by the government even though the claim is more and 8% surcharge has been levied which is approved by DRC for meeting the demand of circulatory overhang.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>How Tariff Policy will help DISCOMs?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By pushing them to make investments in distribution to avoid load shedding just because of the rise in demand.</li>
<li>By compelling them to manage their finances enabling them to buy electricity in case of need.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How government ensures reduction in cross subsidy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By revamping the structure and rationalising consumers&rsquo; categories and subcategories based on measurable parameters which are voltage, power and energy. Tariff should be set voltase wise.</li>
<li>By rationalising tariff on the basic principles of electricity and measurable parameters which will end the whims and fancies of reallocating the tariffs without being backed up by any rational calculations.</li>
<li>By letting the consumer pay upfront through billing mechanism or through the direct benefit transfer mechanism, if the government wants to pay subsidy.</li>
<li>By sustainable political considerations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Will 24*7 power supply be realised soon?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It can be done by right policies with amendments in the right direction and at the same time the political will to ensure that theft is checked.</li>
<li>If the tariff structure is rationalised and the opportunity for corruption is decreased, India can certainly move ahead towards this goal.</li>
<li>Investment in technology and manpower training to fill the necessary gaps.</li>
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