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Ploonet

Astronomers have defined a new class of celestial objects called "Ploonets," which are orphaned moons that have escaped the bonds of their...

18 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Seva Bhoj Yojna

The Union Ministry of Culture, Government of India has introduced ‘Seva Bhoj Yojna’ that seeks to reimburse Central share of Central...

18 Jul 2019 News Analysis
PATA Gold Award 2019

The Ministry of Tourism's campaign, "Find the Incredible you" has been declared the winner of PATA (Pacific Asia Travel Association) Gold Award...

18 Jul 2019 News Analysis
New Species of Tree in Tanzania

A new species of a flowering tree named Mischogyne iddi(M iddi)has been discovered in the Usambara Mountains of Tanzania. It has been categorised as...

18 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Cataract in Women

According to a study, women are 69% more likely to develop cataract than men. Reasons for this are: Gender disparity- Women traditionally had...

18 Jul 2019 News Analysis
50 Years of Nationalization of Banks

This article is based on the editorial “The 1969 bank nationalization did India more harm than good” that appeared in The Livemint on...

17 Jul 2019 News Editorials
Controlling Chikungunya and Dengue through Bacteria

To control the spread of dengue and chikungunya, scientists at the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) have developed a strain of Aedes aegypti...

17 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) Act 2016

The Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) Act 2016 establishes the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) as the National Standards Body of India. Bureau of...

17 Jul 2019 News Analysis
International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking

The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment has observed International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking on 26th June 2019. The...

17 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards- 2018

Recently, the General Council of the Sangeet Natak Akademi has announced its awards in the field of performing arts for the year 2018. The awards...

17 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Markandeshwar Temple

The Archaeological Survey of India is taking up the restoration work of Markandeshwar temple in Maharashtra. Markandeshwar temple is situated on...

17 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Complaint Management System

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has launched the Complaint Management System (CMS) in order to improve the customer experience in grievance redressal...

17 Jul 2019 News Analysis
White Label ATM

In order to enhance the viability of White Label ATMs (WLAs), the RBI has allowed White Label ATM Operators (WLAOs) to buy wholesale cash from the...

17 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)

Introduction Worldwide, MSMEs have been accepted as the engine of economic growth and for promoting equitable development. They constitute over...

17 Jul 2019 Paper 3
Behavioural Economics for New India

This article is based on editorial “India’s cautious adoption of behavioural economics” that appeared in the Live mint on 16 July...

16 Jul 2019 News Editorials
Jal Marg Vikas Project

The Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP) for capacity augmentation of navigation on National Waterway-1 (NW-1) is being implemented by the support of World...

16 Jul 2019 News Analysis
National Digital Health Blueprint

The Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare has released the National Digital Health Blueprint (NDHB) report in the public domain for inputs from...

16 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Declining Sex Ratio and Fertility Rates

As per the Sample Registration System (SRS) data from the Registrar General of India, the country’s sex ratio at birth (SRB) declined to 898 in...

16 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Common Lineblue and Dark Cerulean

Rare butterfly species Common Lineblue, (which was last seen in 1962 in Delhi) and Dark Cerulean (which was last spotted in the late 90s) were...

16 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Rotavirus Vaccination Drive

The government of India is set to launch a rotavirus vaccine drive across all states and Union territories by September 2019. The vaccine is...

16 Jul 2019 News Analysis

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Ploonet',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Astronomers have defined a new class of celestial objects called "Ploonets," which are orphaned moons that have escaped the bonds of their planetary parents.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Planet + moon = Ploonet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The researchers explain that the angular momentum between the planet and its moon results in the moon escaping the gravitational pull of its parent.</li>
<li>A new study suggests that the moons of gas-giant exoplanets may break away into their own orbits.</li>
<li>As the gas giants move inward toward their suns, the orbits of their moons are often disrupted, according to new computer models.</li>
<li>The scientists think these objects should exist in solitary orbits around their host stars and could even be discovered in observations from past and present exoplanet-hunting surveys, like <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-1st-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kepler</a></strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/l-98-59b-tiniest-planet-discovered-by-tess" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TESS</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>',
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Seva Bhoj Yojna',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Union <strong>Ministry of Culture,</strong> Government of India has introduced <strong>&lsquo;Seva Bhoj Yojna&rsquo;</strong> that seeks to reimburse Central share of <strong>Central Goods and Services Tax</strong> (CGST) and <strong>Integrated Goods and Service Tax</strong> (IGST) on food/prasad/langar/bhandara offered by charitable religious institutions.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Seva Bhoj Yojna</strong> aims to <strong>lessens</strong> the <strong>financial burden</strong> of such charitable religious institutions (such as Temples, Gurudwara, Mosque, Church, Dharmik Ashram, Dargah, Matth, Monasteries etc) that provide food/prasad/langar <strong>(community kitchen)</strong>/bhandara free of cost without any <strong>discrimination</strong> to public/devotees.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Eligibility</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Charitable religious institutions which have been in existence for at <strong>least three years</strong> before applying for financial assistance/grant.</li>
<li>Charitable religious institution who serve <strong>free food</strong> to<strong> at least 5000</strong> people in a <strong>month.</strong></li>
<li>Institutions need to be covered under <strong>Section 10 of the Income Tax Act</strong> or are registered as a society under the Societies <strong>Registration Act</strong> or as a <strong>Public Trust</strong> under any law for the time being in force of statuary religious bodies constituted under any Act or institutions registered under <strong>Section 12AA of Income Tax Act.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/redesigning-india-s-fiscal-federalism" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Goods and Services Tax</a> regime, there are three taxes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>CGST :</strong> Central Goods and Services Tax will be levied (on intra-state supply of goods or services) by the central government and proceeds of the tax will be divided between the state and the centre.</li>
<li><strong>IGST: Integrated Goods and Service Tax</strong> has replaced the previously levied central sales tax and is levied on all inter-state supply of goods or services within India along with export and import of goods or services.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In case of inter-state supply, only IGST will be charged by the central Government and proceeds will be shared between the central and state governments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SGST:</strong> State Goods and Services tax will be levied on intra state supply of goods or services by the respective state governments.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/seva-bhoj-yojna'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'PATA Gold Award 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Tourism's campaign, <strong>"Find the Incredible you"</strong> has been declared the winner of PATA <strong>(Pacific Asia Travel Association) Gold Award 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It received an award in the &ldquo;Marketing - Primary Government Destination&rdquo; category.</li>
<li>The campaign is a part of its promotional initiatives that are released under the &lsquo;Incredible India&rsquo; brand-line in the Television, Print, Digital and Social Media, in key and potential source markets overseas.</li>
<li>The campaign focuses on digital and social media and the promotion of <strong>Niche Tourism</strong> products of the country.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Niche Tourism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A &lsquo;niche&rsquo; tourism strategy is one that appeals to a small number of people who are especially interested in something. Another way to describe &lsquo;niche&rsquo; tourism is &lsquo;specialised&rsquo; tourism.</li>
<li>Examples of niche tourism: Eco &amp; Wildlife Tourism, MICE Tourism, Sustainable Tourism, Cruise Tourism, Golf Tourism, Polo Tourism, Medical Tourism, Wellness Tourism etc..<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term "MICE" in the context of travel is an acronym for meetings, incentives, conferences, and exhibitions. The MICE market refers to a specialized niche of group tourism dedicated to planning, booking, and facilitating conferences, seminars, and other events, which is a big moneymaker in the travel industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>About PATA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was founded in 1951, its headquarters is in Bangkok, Thailand.</li>
<li>PATA is a <strong>not-for-profit membership association</strong> that acts as a catalyst for the responsible development of travel and tourism to, from and within the Asia Pacific region.</li>
<li>The Association provides aligned advocacy, insightful research and innovative events to its more than 800 member organisations, including 95 government, state and city tourism bodies, 20 international airlines and airports, 102 hospitality organisations and 70 educational institutions, as well as over a hundred young tourism professional (YTP) members across the world.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'New Species of Tree in Tanzania',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>A new species of a flowering tree named Mischogyne iddi(M iddi)has been discovered in the Usambara Mountains of Tanzania.</p>
<p>It has been categorised as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature list.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With decreased forest areas, they are now threatened by climate change.</li>
<li>It is unknown what kind of wildlife might rely on the tree.</li>
<li>The Usambara Mountains, located in tropical East Africa, comprises the easternmost ranges of the Eastern Arc Mountains.</li>
<li>The discovery of this extremely rare species reaffirms the importance of the Eastern Arc Mountains as one of the most important reservoirs of biodiversity in Africa.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/285image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/285image1.jpg" width="423" height="300" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-species-of-tree-in-tanzania'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Cataract in Women',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to a study, women are 69% more likely to develop cataract than men.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Reasons for this are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Gender disparity-</strong> Women traditionally had poor access to the coverage of medical services, because cataract surgery requires travelling outside the village and due to the social structure and burden of their families, women are less likely to go for eye surgery.</li>
<li><strong>Biological factors-</strong> The lack of oestrogen could be the reason for the high prevalence of cataract blindness among women.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Postmenopause, the level of oestrogen decreases, however, the correlation of oestrogen and cataract is not established.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Intervention</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment (NPCB&amp;VI) was launched in the year 1976 as a 100% centrally sponsored scheme with the goal of reducing the prevalence of blindness to 0.3% by 2020.</li>
<li>NPCB&amp;VI seeks to provide Eye Health for All and prevention of visual impairment</li>
<li>It envisages comprehensive universal eye-care services and quality service delivery, though its implementation still remains a major issue.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cataract<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/935image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/935image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="226" height="113" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inside human eyes, there is a natural lens. The lens bends (refracts) light rays that come into the eye to help us see.</li>
<li>A person with cataract, this lens becomes cloudy, and vision gets blurry, hazy or less colourful.</li>
<li>A cataract may be characterised by:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Blurry vision</li>
<li>Seeing double (when you see two images instead of one)</li>
<li>Being extra sensitive to light</li>
<li>Having trouble seeing well at night, or needing more light when you read</li>
<li>Seeing bright colours as faded or yellow instead</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Causes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ageing is the most common cause. At the age of 40 years, the normal proteins in the lens start to break down. This is what causes the lens to get cloudy.</li>
<li>Having certain medical problems, such as diabetes</li>
<li>An eye injury, eye surgery, or radiation treatments.</li>
<li>Having spent a lot of time in the sun, especially exposure to damaging ultraviolet (UV) rays</li>
<li>Using certain medications such as corticosteroids, which may cause early formation of cataracts.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Surgery is the only option if vision is totally blocked due to cataract. If not, then symptoms can be treated by remedies like stronger eyeglasses, magnifying lenses, or sunglasses with an anti-glare coating.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => '50 Years of Nationalization of Banks',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on the editorial <a href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/opinion-the-1969-bank-nationalization-did-india-more-harm-than-good-1563295097940.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The 1969 bank nationalization did India more harm than good&rdquo;</strong></a> that appeared in The Livemint on 17<sup>th</sup> July 2019. It critically analyses the nationalization of banks.</p>
</div>
<p>50 years ago, the Indian financial sector underwent a tectonic shift, when Indira Gandhi government nationalized the 14 biggest commercial banks in 1969. According to many economists nationalization of banks was the single-most-important economic policy decision taken by any government after 1947. The impact of this decision is considered by some to be, even more than the economic reforms of 1991.</p>
<p>During that time many Asian countries were switching to more market-oriented policies, India on the other hand, supported the socialist policies.</p>
<p>However, with the looming banking crisis in current times, debates have emerged about the privatisation of banks. This raises the question of whether nationalisation of the bank in the first place was the right move or not.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>A Brief History of Nationalization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1955, India nationalized Imperial Bank of India with extensive banking facilities on a large scale, especially in rural and semi-urban areas.</li>
<li>It formed State Bank of India to act as the principal agent of RBI and to handle banking transactions of the Union and State governments all over the country</li>
<li>On 19<sup>th</sup> July 1969, a major process of nationalization was carried out and 14 major commercial banks in India were nationalized.</li>
<li>The second phase of nationalization Indian Banking Sector Reform was carried out in 1980 with six more banks.</li>
<li>This step brought 80% of the banking segment in India under Government ownership.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>What factors led to the nationalization of banks?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After independence, the Government of India (GOI) adopted planned economic development for the country. Nationalisation was in accordance with the national policy of adopting the socialistic pattern of society.</li>
<li>Nationalization came at the end of a troubled decade. India has suffered many economic as well as political shocks.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There were two wars (with China in 1962 and Pakistan in 1965) that put immense pressure on public finances.</li>
<li>Two successive years of drought had not only led to food shortages but also compromised national security because of the dependence on American food shipments (PL 480 program).</li>
<li>Subsequently, a three-year plan holiday affected aggregate demand as public investment was reduced.</li>
<li>The decade of 1960-70s was the lost decade for India as the economic growth barely outpaced population growth and average incomes stagnated.</li>
<li>Industry&rsquo;s share in credit disbursed by commercial banks almost doubled between 1951 and 1968, from 34% to 68% whereas agriculture received less than 2% of total credit.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Agriculture needed a capital infusion, with the initiation of the Green Revolution in India that aimed to make the country self-sufficient in food security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other reasons responsible for the nationalization of banks were-
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Social welfare</strong></li>
<li><strong>Controlling private monopolies</strong></li>
<li><strong>Expansion of banking to rural areas</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reducing regional imbalance</strong> to curb the urban-rural divide</li>
<li><strong>Priority Sector Lending:</strong> In India, the agriculture sector and its allied activities were the largest contributors to the national income.</li>
<li><strong>Mobilization of savings:</strong> Nationalisation aimed at mobilizing the savings of the people to the largest possible extent and to utilize them for productive purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What were the benefits of nationalization?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After the nationalization of banks, the branches of the public sector bank India rose to approximately 800% in deposits and advances took a huge jump by 11,000%.</li>
<li>Banking under government ownership gave the public implicit faith and immense <strong>confidence about the sustainability of the banks.</strong></li>
<li>Banks were no longer confined to only metropolitan or cosmopolitan in India. In fact, the <strong>Indian banking system has reached even to the remote corners of the country.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is one of the main reasons for India&rsquo;s growth process, particularly in the Green revolution.</li>
<li>Purpose of nationalization is to promote rapid growth in agriculture, small industries and export, to encourage new entrepreneurs and to develop all backward areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Public deposits in the bank have increased so much that leaving it completely to the private sector might pose a challenge.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Banks, by advancing loans to the speculators and non-priority sector, have created havoc in the economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Balance of payment crisis 1991 started an era of liberalization, privatization and globalisation. However, the political control of bank lending continued even after the 1991 reforms which today had culminated into the bad loan or Non Performing Assets crisis that has slowed down India's growth trajectory.</p>
<h3>Was the nationalization of banks a right move?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NPA crisis since 2012 is at least partly explained by the credit bubble that grew under political patronage that emerged out of government's control over Banks.</li>
<li>Nationalization of banks led to an interest rate structure that was incredibly complex.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There were different rates of interest for different types of loans. The Indian central bank eventually ended up managing hundreds of interest rates.</li>
<li>This defeated the purpose of nationalization, as due to complex structure loans never reach the needy ones.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Banking is a highly competitive enterprise which works on profits, nationalization of banks has led to lesser competition between the public sector and private sectors banks.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has created a bureaucratic attitude in the functioning of the banking system.</li>
<li>Lack of responsibility and initiative, red-tapism, inordinate delays are common features of nationalized banks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Although liberal credit policy is necessary for providing financial support to the weaker sections of the rural community, such a policy may prove harmful for the stability of the banking system.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The experience of the nationalized banks has shown that these banks are now facing the problems of heavy overdue loans and economically unviable branches.</li>
<li>Extending loans to agriculture and small scale industries is risky and less remunerative. Such loans are against the sound banking rules and may weaken the economic viability of these institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Due to lack of performance audit of banks, policy-making failed to ensure that the finance from the public institutions are, in fact, going to productive uses in the large public interest</li>
</ul>
<p>Given the significance of a vibrant banking system in the growth story of the nation, privatisation of banks is proposed. However, privatisation of banks is not a panacea. India must not make haste in going for the privatisation of banks, rather it must focus on comprehensive governance reforms, resolution of NPAs and creating a free market so that investment can be reinvigorated and wheels of the economy can again get back on track.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 509px; background-color: #f7fac3;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br />The nationalization of banks in 1969 has done more harm than good to the Indian economy. Comment?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/50-years-of-nationalization-of-banks'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Controlling Chikungunya and Dengue through Bacteria',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>To control the spread of dengue and chikungunya, scientists at the <strong>Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)</strong> have developed a <strong>strain of Aedes aegypti mosquito</strong> into which a <strong>naturally occurring bacteria, Wolbachia,</strong> is introduced.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/113image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/113image1.jpg" width="383" height="383" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This variant of Aedes aegypti mosquito has been named the <strong>Puducherry strain</strong> since it was developed at the <strong>Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry</strong> in collaboration with <strong>Monash University</strong> in Australia.</li>
<li>Aedes aegypti mosquito is the main vector that transmits the viruses that cause dengue.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mechanism</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The bacteria Wolbachia <strong>&ldquo;inhibits&rdquo; viral infection,</strong> that is, even if people encounter mosquito bite, they will not be infected. This happens because bacteria does not allow the virus to replicate in the mosquito thereby minimising its number within the mosquito and hence virus won&rsquo;t be transmitted through a bite.</li>
<li>Over a period of time, the population of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in India will be slowly replaced by this new strain carrying Wolbachia bacteria.This is called as<strong> population replacement strategy.</strong></li>
<li>This strain will specifically help in reducing the number of dengue cases across the country.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bacteria Wolbachia</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Wolbachia are natural bacteria present in up to 60% of insect species, including some mosquitoes.</li>
<li>However, Wolbachia is not usually found in the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the primary species responsible for transmitting human viruses such as Zika, dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever.</li>
<li>Wolbachia is safe for humans, animals and the environment.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>About Dengue</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sharp-drop-in-dengue-cases-in%20-delhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dengue</strong></a> is transmitted by several species of mosquito within the genus Aedes.</li>
<li>Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash that is similar to measles. There are four strains and Type-II and IV are considered more severe and normally require hospitalisation.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/approval-of-dengue-vaccine-by-usfda" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dengvaxia</strong></a> has been approved by the US Food &amp; Drug Administration, the first dengue vaccine to get the regulatory nod in the US. The Indian drug controller has yet to grant approval to Sanofi's dengue vaccine - Dengvaxia.</li>
<li>India has reported 6,210 cases and six deaths from dengue until June 9, 2019.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Council Of Medical Research</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) is the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research ,one of the oldest medical research bodies in the world.</li>
<li>It is funded by the Government of India through the Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/controlling-chikungunya-and-dengue-through-bacteria'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) Act 2016',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) Act 2016 establishes the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) as the National Standards Body of India.</p>
<h3>Bureau of Indian Standards Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BIS Act allows multiple types of<strong> simplified conformity assessment schemes</strong> including <strong>self-declaration of conformity.</strong></li>
<li>BIS act provides enabling provisions for making <strong>hallmarking</strong> of <strong>precious metal articles</strong> mandatory.</li>
<li>The Act enables the Central Government to appoint any <strong>authority/agency,</strong> in addition to the BIS, to <strong>verify the conformity </strong>of<strong> products</strong> and services with the established standard and&nbsp; issue <strong>certificate of conformity.</strong></li>
<li>There is a provision for <strong>repair or recall,</strong> of the products (bearing Standard Mark) that do not conform to the relevant <strong>Indian Standard.</strong></li>
<li>New areas identified in standardization are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Alternate fuels</li>
<li>E-mobility</li>
<li>Medical Devices</li>
<li>Smart Cities</li>
<li>Digital Technologies (e.g. Industry 4.0, Artificial Intelligence, Block Chain etc.)</li>
<li>New and Renewable energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Important initiatives for effective implementation of the BIS Act, 2016 are</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>BIS (Hallmarking) Regulations, 2018</strong> under the BIS act calls for Hallmarking of:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gold jewellery and gold artefacts</li>
<li>Silver jewellery and silver artefacts</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Penal provisions</strong> for better and effective compliance have been made stringent under BIS (Hallmarking) Regulations, 2018.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Indian Standards</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>BIS</strong> is the National Standard Body of India for the harmonious development of the activities of <strong>standardization, marking</strong> and<strong> quality certification</strong> of goods.</li>
<li>BIS has been providing <strong>traceability</strong> and <strong>tangibility</strong> benefits to the <strong>national economy</strong> in a number of ways by:</li>
<li>Providing safe <strong>reliable</strong> quality <strong>goods.</strong></li>
<li>Minimizing <strong>health hazards</strong> to consumers.</li>
<li>Promoting <strong>exports and imports</strong> substitute.</li>
<li>Control over <strong>proliferation</strong> of varieties etc through standardization, certification and testing.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bureau-of-indian-standards-bis-act-2016'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Social Justice &amp; Empowerment has observed International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking on 26<sup>th</sup> June 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry highlighted the importance of the following approach in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-fighting-drug-menace" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>dealing with the menace of drug abuse:-</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Universal Accessibility of Treatment.</li>
<li>Focus on Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation under <strong>National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction.</strong></li>
<li>Targeted Intervention for High-Risk District &amp; for Vulnerable Population in Closed Settings</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This Ministry of Social Justice &amp; Empowerment has begun implementation of a National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR) for 2018-2025.</li>
<li>The Plan aims at reduction of adverse consequences of drug abuse through a multi-pronged strategy involving education, de-addiction and rehabilitation of affected individuals and their families.</li>
<li>It focuses on preventive education, awareness generation, identification, counselling, treatment and rehabilitation of drug-dependent persons and training and capacity building of the service providers through collaborative efforts of the Central and State Governments and Non-Governmental Organizations.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Government Intervention</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, addresses the prevention and rehabilitation aspect of substance use through the establishment of &ldquo;rehabilitation centres&rdquo; run by nongovernmental organizations.</li>
<li>The Drug De-addiction Programme (DDAP) was initiated in 1988 under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, and was mandated with provision of treatment for substance use disorder (SUDs.)</li>
<li><strong>Globally, three broad approaches are followed to address the issue of drug use &ndash; &ldquo;supply reduction&rdquo;, &ldquo;demand reduction&rdquo; and &ldquo;harm reduction.&rdquo;</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> &ldquo;supply reduction&rdquo;</strong> sector of the government works toward reducing the availability of illicit drugs through implementing the relevant drug laws and policies and is managed largely by the <strong>Narcotics Control Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs,</strong> Government of India and a variety of other agencies in the central or state governments.</li>
<li>The <strong>&ldquo;demand reduction&rdquo;</strong> sector, on the other hand, deals with reducing the demand for drugs in the population through prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE),</strong> Government of India, is the nodal ministry for demand reduction and has a &ldquo;Scheme for Prevention of Alcoholism and Substance (Drugs) Abuse&rdquo; in place since 1985&ndash;86.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>&ldquo;Harm reduction&rdquo;</strong> in India is primarily seen as prevention of HIV among people who inject drugs and various strategies for this are implemented by the <strong>National AIDS Control Organization, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-day-against-drug-abuse-and-illicit-trafficking'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards- 2018',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the General Council of the Sangeet Natak Akademi has announced its awards in the <strong>field of performing arts for the year 2018.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The awards are: Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships (Akademi Ratna), Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards (Akademi Puraskar), and Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar 2018.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sangeet Natak Akademi</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sangeet Natak Akademi is India's national academy for music, dance and drama.</li>
<li>It was created by a resolution of the (then) Ministry of Education, Government of India, in 1952 with Dr P.V. Rajamannar as its first Chairman.</li>
<li>It is presently an <strong>Autonomous Body</strong> of the <strong>Ministry of Culture, Government of India</strong> and is fully funded by the Government for implementation of its schemes and programmes.</li>
<li>The Akademi <strong>establishes and looks after institutions</strong> and <strong>projects of national importance</strong> in the field of the performing arts. Few important ones are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National School of Drama, New Delhi was set up in 1959,</li>
<li>Jawaharlal Nehru Manipur Dance Academy in Imphal- 1954,</li>
<li>Kathak Kendra (National Institute of Kathak Dance) in New Delhi- 1964.</li>
<li>National Projects of Support to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kutiyattam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Kutiyattam (Sanskrit theatre of Kerala)</strong></a>, Chhau dances of eastern India, Sattriya traditions of Assam, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships (Akademi Ratna)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Akademi conferred this award on <strong>four eminent personalities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Zakir Hussain: Tabla</strong></li>
<li><strong>Sonal Mansingh: Indian <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indian-classical-dances" target="_blank" rel="noopener">classical dancer (Bharatanatyam, Odissi, Manipuri, Kuchipudi)</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Jatin Goswami: Sattriya dance and music</strong></li>
<li><strong>K.Kalyanasundaram Pillai: Bharatanatyam</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Fellowship of the Akademi is the most prestigious and rare honor, which is restricted to 40 numbers at any given time. By the election of above four fellows there are presently forty Fellows of Sangeet Natak Akademi.</li>
<li>The honour of Akademi Fellow carries a purse money of Rs.3,00,000/- (Rupees three lakh) along with a Tamrapatra and Angavastram.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards (Akademi Puraskar)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These awards have been given to forty-four artists from the field of Music, Dance, Theatre, Traditional/Folk/Tribal Music/Dance/Theatre, Puppetry and Overall contribution/scholarship in the Performing Arts.</li>
<li>These forty-four artists include three joint awards as well.</li>
<li><strong>Diwan Singh Bajeli (Theatre)</strong> and <strong>Puru Dadhich (Author/ Kathak)</strong> have been selected for the Akademi Award 2018 in the field of <strong>Overall Contribution/Scholarship</strong> in the Performing Arts.</li>
<li>Akademi Puraskar carries Rs 1,00,000/- (Rupees one lakh) along with a Tamrapatra and Angavastram.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The academy has <strong>selected 32 (Including one joint Awards)</strong> artists of India who have made a mark as <strong>young talents in their respective fields of the performing arts</strong> for Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar 2018.</li>
<li>It is conferred upon <strong>artists below the age of 40 years</strong> with the objective of identifying and encouraging outstanding young talents in diverse fields of performing arts and giving them national recognition early in their lives, so that they may work with greater commitment and dedication in their chosen fields.</li>
<li>Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar<strong> carries a purse money of Rs 25,000/-</strong> (Rupees twenty five thousand only).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ustad Bismillah Khan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ustad Qamruddin "Bismillah" Khan&rsquo;s name is synonymous with the<strong> Shehnai (a wind instrument).</strong></li>
<li>Born in 1916 at Dumraon in Bihar, he is regarded as one of the best classical musicians India has ever produced. He died in 2006 at Varanasi, U.P.</li>
<li>He was awarded <strong>India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 2001,</strong> becoming the third classical musician after M. S. Subbalakshmi and Ravi Shankar to be awarded Bharat Ratna.</li>
<li>Bismillah Khan had the<strong> rare honor of playing his Shehnai on the eve of India's independence in the year 1947.</strong> He performed at the Red Fort in Delhi and since then, continued to play every year on the 15th of August, right after the speech by the Prime Minister of India.</li>
<li>In <strong>2007, Sangeet Natak Akademi came up with &lsquo;Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar&rsquo;,</strong> given to young performers in the field of dance, music and theatre.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sangeet-natak-akademi-awards-2018'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Markandeshwar Temple',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monuments-of-national-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archaeological Survey of India</strong></a> is taking up the <strong>restoration</strong> work of Markandeshwar temple in Maharashtra.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/885image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/885image3.jpg" width="240" height="175" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Markandeshwar temple is situated on the bank of River <strong>Wainganga</strong> in district Gadchiroli of <strong>Maharashtra.</strong></li>
<li>It is also known as the <strong>&ldquo;Khajuraho of Vidarbha&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Markandeshwar temple belongs to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brick-temple-at-bhitargaon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nagara group of temples</strong></a> of North India.</li>
<li>The Nagara temples belong to <strong>Saiva, Vaishnava and Sakta</strong> faith.</li>
<li>Most of the temples have a simple plan, with <strong>ardhamandapa, mandapa, antarala and garbhagriha</strong> forming the component of the entire set up.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Key Terms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ardhamandapa:</strong> In Hindu temple architecture, Ardhamandapa is an entrance porch that forms a transitional area between the outside world and the mandapa or hall of the temple.</li>
<li><strong>Mandapa:</strong> It is a porch-like structure through the gopuram leading to the temple. It is used for religious dancing and music and is part of the basic temple compound. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Gopuram</strong> is a monumental entrance tower, usually ornate, at the entrance of a Hindu temple, in the Dravidian architecture.</li>
<li><strong>Antarala</strong> is a transition area between the Garbhagriha and the temple's main hall (mandapa).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Garbhagriha:</strong> It is the sanctum sanctorum, the innermost sanctum of a Hindu temple where resides the murti (idol or icon) of the primary deity of the temple.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/markandeshwar-temple'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Complaint Management System',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reserve Bank of India</a></strong> (RBI) has launched the Complaint Management System (CMS) in order to improve the customer experience in <strong>grievance redressal process</strong> of banking services.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CMS is an <strong>application</strong> (accessible on mobile and desktops) for filing complaints with RBI, on the grounds of violation under:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Banking Ombudsman (BO) Scheme, 2006.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-extends-ombudsman-scheme-to-non-deposit-taking-nbfcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ombudsman Scheme for NBFCs, 2018</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>CMS will enable individuals to submit their complaints on RBI&rsquo;s website against any of the RBI regulated entities such as <strong>commercial banks, urban co-operative banks,</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non banking financial companies.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Acknowledgement</strong> through SMS/e-mail notification(s).</li>
<li><strong>Status tracking</strong> through unique registration number.</li>
<li><strong>Receipt</strong> of closure advises and filing of appeals.</li>
<li>It also asks for <strong>voluntary feedback</strong> on the customer&rsquo;s experience.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>CMS Database:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Can be used by <strong>banks/ financial service providers</strong> for designing products, which meet the expectations of their customers.</li>
<li>Can be used by RBI for analytics, which can be used for <strong>regulatory</strong> and <strong>supervisory purposes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Reserve Bank is also planning to introduce a dedicated <strong>Interactive Voice Response (IVR) System</strong> for tracking the status of complaints.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Banking Ombudsman Scheme provides an inexpensive forum for grievance redressal of bank customers relating to banking services rendered by banks.</li>
<li>The Banking Ombudsman Scheme is introduced under Section 35 A of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 by RBI with effect from 1995.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Presently the Banking Ombudsman Scheme 2006 is in operation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Banking Ombudsman is a senior official appointed by the Reserve Bank of India.</li>
<li>All Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCB), Regional Rural Banks (RRB) and Scheduled primary co-operative banks are covered under the scheme.</li>
<li>One can file a complaint before the banking ombudsman if:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reply is not received from the bank within a period of <strong>one month</strong> after the bank concerned has received one's complaint.</li>
<li>Bank <strong>rejects</strong> the complaint.</li>
<li>If the complainant is <strong>not satisfied</strong> with the reply given by the bank.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/complaint-management-system'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'White Label ATM',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>In order to enhance the viability of White Label ATMs (WLAs), the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RBI</strong></a> has allowed White Label ATM Operators (WLAOs) to buy wholesale cash from the RBI and currency chests.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This will provide the functionality to WLATMs, as they are cash-starved because the banks used to give preference to the ATMs deployed by them.</li>
<li>Until now cash Management at the WLAs was the responsibility of the Sponsor Bank.</li>
<li>By allowing WLAO to source cash directly from RBI, will encourage more WLATM to be opened across the country, thereby leading to deepening of financial inclusion</li>
</ul>
<h3>White-Label ATMs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) set up, owned and operated by non-bank entities are called "White Label ATMs" (WLAs).</li>
<li>Non-bank entities incorporated in India under the Companies Act 1956 are allowed to operate WLAs.</li>
<li>In September 2015, Government permitted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), up to 100%, under the automatic route.</li>
<li>Non-bank entities are permitted to set up WLAs in India, after obtaining authorisation from RBI under the Payment and Settlement Systems (PSS) Act 2007.</li>
<li>Such non-bank entities should have a minimum net worth of Rs 100 crore.</li>
<li>Tata Communications Payment Solutions Limited (TCPSL) was the first company authorized by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to open White Label ATMs in the country. It got launched under the brand name 'Indicash'.</li>
<li>White Label ATMs are like normal ATM. However, cash deposit or cash acceptance facility is not permitted at the WLA. The difference is this ATM machine does not have any branding of Bank. These machines are usually deployed by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-to-merge-three-categories-of-nbfcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NBFC (Non-Banking Financial Institutions).</strong> </a></li>
<li>The basic idea about White Label ATM is to increase the geographical spread of ATM to enhance financial inclusion.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Brown Label ATM</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Brown Label ATM is based on the concept of sharing the cost.</li>
<li>In Brown Label, ATM hardware is owned by the service provider, but cash management and network connectivity are provided by the sponsor bank. but the ATM machine contains Logo of sponsor bank.</li>
<li>Brown Label ATM is a cost-effective solution for banks.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/820image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/820image2.jpg" width="436" height="410" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/white-label-atm'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Worldwide, MSMEs have been accepted as the engine of economic growth and for promoting equitable development.</li>
<li>They constitute over 90% of total enterprises in most of the economies and are credited with generating the highest rates of employment growth.</li>
<li>With low investment requirements, operational flexibility and the capacity to develop appropriate indigenous technology, SMEs have the power to propel India to new heights.</li>
<li>Hence, it seems like there is a silent revolution happening in India powered by MSMEs.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Importance of MSMEs for Indian Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Employment:</strong> It is the second largest employment generating sector after agriculture. It provides employment to around 120 million persons in India.</li>
<li><strong>Contribution to GDP:</strong> With around 36.1 million units throughout the geographical expanse of the country, MSMEs contribute around 6.11% of the manufacturing GDP and 24.63% of the GDP from service activities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MSME ministry has set a target to up its contribution to GDP to 50% by 2025 as India becomes a $5 trillion economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exports</strong>: It contributes around 45% of the overall exports from India.</li>
<li><strong>Inclusive growth:</strong> MSMEs promote inclusive growth by providing employment opportunities in rural areas especially to people belonging to weaker sections of the society. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example: Khadi and Village industries require low per capita investment and employs a large number of women in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financial inclusion:</strong> Small industries and retail businesses in tier-II and tier-III cities create opportunities for people to use banking services and products.</li>
<li><strong>Promote innovation:</strong> It provides opportunity for budding entrepreneurs to build creative products boosting business competition and fuels growth.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Thus, Indian MSME sector is the backbone of the national economic structure and acts as a bulwark for Indian economy, providing resilience to ward off global economic shocks and adversities.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">MSME redefined</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (Amendment) Bill, 2018 proposes to reclassify all MSMEs, whether they are manufacturing or service-providing enterprises, on the basis of their annual turnover.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578480703_image40.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578480703_image40.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha and further referred to the Standing Committee which tabled its report on 28 December 2018.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Benefits of proposed reclassification</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new classification would eliminate the need for frequent inspections which was earlier required to check the investment in plant and machinery.</li>
<li>It would be a non discriminatory, transparent and objective criterion.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Factors which led to growth of MSMEs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Campaigns</strong> like Skill India, Startup India, Digital India and Make in India aim to provide MSME players with a level playing field and a definitive push towards enhanced productivity.</li>
<li><strong>Digitization:</strong> Increasing internet penetration, customer&rsquo;s familiarization with digital payments fuelled by B2C ecommerce players facilitate MSME sector growth.</li>
<li>Tie-ups with new-age <strong>non-banking finance (FinTech) companies</strong> allowed access to timely collateral free finance to MSMEs.</li>
<li><strong>Changing employment patterns:</strong> Younger generation shifting from agriculture towards entrepreneurial activities creating job prospects for others.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Issues faced by MSMEs and steps taken to improve their condition</h3>
<p></p>
<table border="1" style="height: 0px; width: 0%; border-collapse: collapse;" height="992">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 27.7483%; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #0059ff; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues and Challenges</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 45.5647%; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #0059ff; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Steps Taken</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 27.7483%; height: 10px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong>Access to credit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>90% of the MSMEs are dependent on informal sources for funding</li>
<li>Lack of sufficient collateral and high working capital needs</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 45.5647%; height: 10px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="text-align: justify;">Launch of the <strong>59 minute loan portal</strong> to enable easy access to credit for MSMEs.</li>
<li>2 percent interest subvention for all GST registered MSMEs, on fresh or incremental loans.</li>
<li>Trade Receivables e-Discounting System <strong>(TReDS) </strong>to <strong>enable access to credit from banks,</strong> based on their upcoming trade receivables from corporate and other buyers.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 27.7483%; height: 19px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong>Access to Markets</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Low outreach and non availability of new markets.</li>
<li>Lack of skilled manpower and ineffective marketing strategy.</li>
<li>Difficult for MSMEs to sell products to government agencies.</li>
<li>Competition from MNCs and other big industries.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 45.5647%; height: 19px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Union government announced to launch an e-commerce platform on the lines of <strong>&ldquo;Amazon and Alibaba"</strong> to sell products from MSMEs and the Khadi and Village Industries Commission.</li>
<li>Public sector companies now <strong>compulsorily procure 25%,</strong> instead of 20% of their total purchases, from MSMEs.</li>
<li>More than 40,000 MSMEs registered on <strong>Government e-Marketplace (GeM) portal.</strong> It provides transparency in procurement and facilitates MSMEs to directly reach out to the buyers.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 27.7483%; height: 19px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong>Technology Access</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Limited human resources and weak financial standing.</li>
<li>MSMEs, particularly in the unorganised sector, show lower adaptability of new technology and innovation.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 45.5647%; height: 19px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>20 hubs and 100 spokes in the form of tool rooms will be established across the country. This will <strong>facilitate product design</strong> and easy access to latest technology to MSMEs.</li>
<li>Financial assistance is provided for implementation of <strong>lean manufacturing techniques</strong> to enhance the manufacturing competitiveness of MSMEs.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 27.7483%; height: 10px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong>Quality and Export Issues</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Low quality products impact export competitiveness.</li>
<li>Inadequate access to quality raw materials.</li>
<li>Use of traditional machines causes low productivity.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 45.5647%; height: 10px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Financial support to MSMEs in ZED(Zero Defect Zero Effect) certification to improve quality of products.</li>
<li>Government provides subsidy towards the expenditure incurred by enterprises to obtain the product certification licenses from national and international bodies.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 270px;">
<td style="width: 27.7483%; height: 60px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong>Ease of Doing Business</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cumbersome government procedures and rules for establishing new units.</li>
<li>Bureaucratic delays in getting clearances.</li>
<li>Poor litigation system in the country.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 45.5647%; height: 60px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<ul>
<li>The return under 8 labour laws and 10 Union regulations must now be filed only once a year.</li>
<li><strong>Computerised random allotment</strong> for inspector visits to the establishment.</li>
<li>Environmental Clearance under air pollution and water pollution laws, have been <strong>merged into one.</strong> Also, the return will be accepted through self-certification.</li>
<li>For minor violations under the Companies Act, the entrepreneur will no longer have to approach the courts, but can correct them through simple procedures. This signifies <strong>simplification of government procedures</strong> and instilling confidence among entrepreneurs.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;"><br />Government schemes to promote MSMEs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><em><strong>Udyami Mitra Portal </strong></em><strong>:</strong> launched by SIDBI to improve accessibility of credit and handholding services to MSMEs.</li>
<li><em><strong>MSME Sambandh </strong></em><strong>:&nbsp;</strong>To monitor the implementation of the public procurement from MSMEs by Central Public Sector Enterprises.</li>
<li><em><strong>MSME Samadhaan</strong></em> -MSME Delayed Payment Portal &ndash;&ndash; will empower Micro and Small entrepreneurs across the country to directly register their cases relating to delayed payments by Central Ministries/Departments/CPSEs/State Governments.</li>
<li><em><strong>Digital MSME Scheme</strong></em><strong> :</strong> It involves usage of Cloud Computing where MSMEs use the internet to access common as well as tailor-made IT infrastructure</li>
<li><em><strong>Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme</strong></em> : It is a credit linked subsidy program under Ministry of MSME.</li>
<li><em><strong>Revamped Scheme of Fund for Regeneration Of Traditional Industries (SFURTI)</strong></em> : organizes traditional industries and artisans into clusters and make them competitive by enhancing their marketability &amp; equipping them with improved skills.</li>
<li><strong><em>A Scheme for Promoting Innovation, Rural Industry &amp; Entrepreneurship (ASPIRE)</em></strong> : creates new jobs &amp; reduce unemployment, promotes entrepreneurship culture, facilitates innovative business solution etc.</li>
<li><em><strong>National Manufacturing Competitiveness Programme (NMCP)</strong></em> : to develop global competitiveness among Indian MSMEs by improving their processes, designs, technology and market access.</li>
<li><em><strong>Micro &amp; Small Enterprises Cluster Development Programme (MSE-CDP)</strong></em> - adopts cluster development approach for enhancing the productivity and competitiveness as well as capacity building of MSEs.</li>
<li><em><strong>Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme (CLCSS</strong></em>) is operational for upgradation of technology for MSMEs.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Other recent initiatives to promote MSMEs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In June 2019, <strong>RBI committee</strong> headed by former <strong>SEBI Chairman UK Sinha</strong> suggested a <strong>Rs 5,000 crore stressed asset fund</strong> for the MSME sector to provide relief to small businesses hurt by <strong>demonetisation, GST,</strong> and an ongoing <strong>liquidity crisis.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has also recommended doubling <strong>the cap on collateral-free loans to Rs 20 lakh</strong> from the current Rs 10 lakh extended to borrowers falling under the Mudra scheme, self-help groups, and MSMEs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>MSME Ministry announced in June 2019 to lift the ban on entry of <strong>corporates and private players</strong> in the MSME sector to pave way for the formation of <strong>700 clusters</strong> to reduce dependence on imports as well as for job creation.</li>
<li>MSME Ministry is also planning to set up <strong>enterprise facilitation centres</strong> across the country to make smaller businesses more competitive and help them integrate with big enterprises.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Therefore, the government should continue to put concerted efforts for holistic development of MSMEs in key areas like <strong>human capacity development, knowledge services, access to finance, technology, infrastructure, market access, and ease of doing business.</strong></p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">International Experiences</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to World Bank, formal SMEs contribute up to 60% of total employment and up to 40% of national income (GDP) in emerging economies.</li>
<li>600 million jobs will be needed in the next 15 years to absorb the growing global workforce, mainly in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. In emerging markets, most formal jobs are generated by SMEs, which also create 4 out of 5 new positions.</li>
<li>However, access to credit remains a major problem to the MSME sector globally.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578481188_image20.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578481188_image20.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="780" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In globalised world, it is imperative to enable MSMEs to adapt and thrive in a more open environment and participate more actively in the digital transformation, to boost economic growth and deliver a more inclusive globalisation.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Today enterprises need to adopt best practises and follow international standards to go forward for offering innovative solutions.</li>
<li>Focus should be on transfer of information and skill development to effectively use the transferred technology.</li>
<li>There is an urgent need to upgrade infrastructure utilities (like water, power supply, road/rail) for any enterprise to run its operations successfully.</li>
<li>Entrepreneurs need to develop quality conscious mindsets embedded in the organisational culture.</li>
<li>Sensitisation and handholding of MSMEs at different and upgraded level of certification is the need of the hour.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Finally, as recommended by <strong>India MSME Report 2018,</strong> we need an entitlement approach that can have the potential of compelling all related stakeholders to work on a common national agenda and solutions under a scientifically structured framework. This approach demands the identification and analysis of major security threats to the MSMEs, and entrepreneurship at the grass root level.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Behavioural Economics for New India',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/opinion-india-s-cautious-adoption-of-behavioural-economics-1563215954563.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;India&rsquo;s cautious adoption of behavioural economics&rdquo;</a> that appeared in the Live mint on 16 July 2019. It analyses the economic survey&rsquo;s bet for Behavioural Economics Theory to bring social change, which in turn, will help India transit to a $5 trillion economy.</p>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Economic Survey 2019</a> has drawn on <strong>Nobel Laureate Richard Thaler&rsquo;s Behavioural Economics Theory</strong> to lay out what it describes as an &ldquo;ambitious agenda" for behaviour change that will bring in social change, which in turn, will help India transit to a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. Programmes such as Swachh Bharat Mission, Jan Dhan Yojana and Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, provide testimony to the potential for behavioural change in India.</p>
<p>Given India's rich cultural and spiritual heritage, social norms(that play a very important role in shaping the behaviour), can be utilized to effect behavioural change. Behavioural economics is, however, not a panacea to policymaking.</p>
<h3>What is Behavioural Economics?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Behavioural economics is a method of economic analysis that applies psychological insights into human behaviour to explain economic decision-making</li>
<li>In reality, decisions made by people often deviate from the various theories of classical economics. Drawing on the psychology of human behaviour, behavioural economics provides insights to &lsquo;nudge&rsquo; people towards desirable behaviour.</li>
<li>The US academic Richard Thaler has won the Nobel prize in economics in 2017 for his pioneering work in this field.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the learnings of the economic survey on Behavioral Economics?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A key principle of behavioural economics is that while people&rsquo;s behaviour is influenced significantly by social norms, understanding the drivers of these social norms can enable change. In India, where <strong>social and religious norms</strong> play such a dominant role in influencing behaviour; behavioural economics can, therefore, provide a valuable instrument for change.</li>
<li>Many Indian schemes that employ insights from behavioural economics have met with success. For example:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)</strong> and the <strong>Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (BBBP)</strong> scheme, <strong>Give it up&nbsp;</strong>(LPG subsidy).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Survey, therefore, lays out an ambitious agenda for behavioural change by applying the principles of behavioural economics to several issues, including gender equality, a healthy and beautiful India, savings, tax compliance and credit quality.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How Behavioural Economics can be applied in the Indian context?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, behavioural economists have discovered the efficacy of a new class of policies called <strong>&ldquo;nudge&rdquo; policies</strong>. Nudge policies gently steer people towards desirable behaviour even while preserving their liberty to choose.</li>
<li>According to <strong>Nudge theory</strong>: People need reminders and positive reinforcement to sustain socially desirable behaviour.</li>
<li>According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, there are more than 202 government institutions using behavioural insights around the world.</li>
<li>Examples of nudge policies:
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>For increasing tax compliance in India:</strong> Citizens can be sent variations of text messages on how their taxes make a difference to public services.</li>
<li><strong>For reducing drop out rate in poor families:</strong> Parents can be informed about the average income gains from spending one more year in school for children.</li>
<li><strong>To increase savings rate:</strong> People can be offered specially designed savings accounts that locked up funds until a self-specified target was met.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Behavioural economics is, however, not a panacea to policymaking.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the limitations of Behavioural Economics?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&lsquo;Give It Up&rsquo; -LPG subsidy was a comparatively easy policy to be induced by behavioural economics as it requires only a one-time action of affluent households, whereas task is very difficult in case of Beti Bachao, Beti Padao and SBM, as it requires continuous effort to dislodge mind-sets that prevailed for decades.</li>
<li>Community-led sanitation schemes, part of the SBM, did include steps to change behaviour, but advertising campaigns such as the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme did not target specific states where child sex ratios were already skewed (although it was effective in Haryana, which also has a very poor sex ratio)</li>
<li>The applications of behavioural insights appeared to be a result of <strong>confirmation bias</strong> (to the extent that past policies were viewed with a behavioural lens).</li>
<li>Survey held, reducing corruption, discouraging the conspicuous display of wealth and <strong>inculcating a sense of pride of being the highest taxpayer in a district&nbsp;(by naming buildings after them)</strong> would go a long way in ensuring behavioural change vis-&agrave;-vis tax compliance
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But this could easily lead to a backlash among lower taxpayers, and hurt tax morale disproportionately.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>In this scenario, government regulation, taxes and free-market policies should be clubbed with a nudge effect to increase the efficacy of policymaking. If it is implemented diligently than Indian policymaking will be transformed:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>From BBBP to BADLAV (Beti Aapki Dhan Lakshmi Aur Vijay Lakshmi)</li>
<li>From Swachh Bharat to Sundar Bharat</li>
<li>From &ldquo;Give it up&rdquo; for the LPG subsidy to &ldquo;Think about the Subsidy&rdquo;</li>
<li>From tax evasion to tax compliance</li>
</ul>
<p>And the dream of New India 2022 can be realised.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #faf9dc; border-color: #870101; border-style: dashed;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1256px;"><em><strong>Drishti input:</strong></em><br /><br />Examine the efficacy of Behavioural Economics Theory to bring social change for success of welfare programmes and policy making in the long run.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/behavioural-economics-for-new-india'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Jal Marg Vikas Project',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP) for <strong>capacity augmentation of navigation</strong> on National Waterway-1 <strong>(NW-1)</strong> is being implemented by the support of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank</a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One of the major problems for a commercially viable and safe navigation on NW-1 is low depth upstream of Farakka barrage due to low discharges from tributaries and difficult hydro morphological characteristics of the river Ganga.</li>
<li>The project will contribute in <strong>bringing down the logistics cost</strong> in the country and will provide an alternative mode of transport which will be environment friendly and cost effective.</li>
<li>It is being implemented by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ladis-least-available-depth-information-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inland Waterways Authority of India</strong></a> (Ministry of Shipping).</li>
<li>The project envisages fairway development through performance based contract for least assured depth of 2.2 metres to 3 metres and bottom channel width of 45 metres, bank protection works, and provisions of navigation aids.</li>
<li>The<strong> states</strong> that are being covered under the Project are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal.</li>
<li>The Project is expected to be completed by <strong>March, 2023</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/276image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/276image2.jpg" width="666" height="458" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-marg-vikas-project'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'National Digital Health Blueprint',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare has released the National Digital Health Blueprint (NDHB) report in the public domain for inputs from various stakeholders.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Citizen centricity, quality of care, better access, universal health coverage, and inclusiveness</strong> are some of the key principles of a robust healthcare system.</li>
<li>All these aspirations can be realized principally by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-prescription-for-the-future" target="_blank" rel="noopener">leveraging the power of the digital technologies</a>.</li>
<li>In the context of India, with its size and diversity, this mammoth task requires that a <strong>holistic, comprehensive and interoperable digital architecture</strong> is crafted and adopted by all the stakeholders, and therefore the need of a blueprint.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A new entity, <strong>National Digital Health Mission (NDHM)</strong>, is recommended to be established as a purely <strong>government organization</strong> with complete functional autonomy on the lines of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-27th-september-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Goods and Services Network GSTN</a>.</li>
<li>The Objectives of NDHB are aligned to the Vision of National Health Policy 2017 and the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</a> relating to the health sector. These include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Establishing and managing the <strong>core digital health data and the infrastructure</strong> required for its seamless exchange.</li>
<li>Promoting the adoption of <strong>open standards by all the actors in the National Digital Health Ecosystem (NDHE)</strong>, for developing several digital health systems that span across the sector from wellness to disease management.</li>
<li>Creating a system of <strong>Personal Health Records</strong>, based on international standards, and easily accessible to the citizens and to the service providers, based on citizen-consent.</li>
<li>Following the <strong>best principles of cooperative federalism</strong> while working with the States and Union Territories for the realization of the Vision.</li>
<li>Promoting <strong>Health Data Analytics</strong> and <strong>Medical Research</strong>.</li>
<li>Enhancing the <strong>efficiency and effectiveness of Governance</strong> at all levels.</li>
<li>Ensuring <strong>Quality</strong> of Healthcare.</li>
<li>Leveraging the <strong>Information Systems already existing</strong> in the health sector</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While the Blueprint has <strong>identified 23 Building Blocks</strong>, a few of the <strong>critical capabilities</strong> of NDHE are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Identification:</strong> The Blueprint handles the requirements of Unique identification of <strong>Persons, Facilities, Diseases and Devices through 2 Building Blocks, namely, Personal Health Identifier (PHI), and Health Master Directories &amp; Registries</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This can be achieved through a combination of <strong>Aadhaar-based Identification/ Authentication</strong>&nbsp;and <strong>through other specified types </strong>of identifiers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Citizen to be in Control:</strong> The Blueprint achieves the complex and mandatory requirements of maintaining the confidentiality, security, and privacy of health records through <strong>Consent Manager, Anonymizer and Privacy Operations Centre</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Service Access/ Delivery:&nbsp;</strong>Access and delivery to be implemented by a combination of <strong>Web (India Health Portal), Mobile (MyHealth App) and Call Centres besides Social Media Platforms</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Command, Control and Communication Centre enable real-time monitoring and real-time interventions needed in the NDHE.</li>
<li>Given the significant spread of smartphones and the prospects of its further growth, The Blueprint <strong>emphasizes the &lsquo;Mobile First&rsquo; principle</strong> for the majority of stakeholder-facing services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Interoperability:</strong> The Health Information Exchange and the National Health Informatics Standards enable and promote the interoperability of various building blocks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It can be noted that recently, as part of the high-level summit, the <strong>Delhi Declaration on digital health for sustainable development</strong> was adopted at the concluding session of the<strong> '4<sup>th</sup> Global Digital Health Partnership Summit&rsquo;</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Global Digital Health Partnership Summit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> &lsquo;4th Global Digital Health Partnership Summit&rsquo;</strong> was held in<strong> February, 2019 in New Delhi</strong></li>
<li>It was hosted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in collaboration with <strong>World Health Organization (WHO)</strong> and the <strong>Global Digital Health Partnership (GDHP).</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Global Digital Health Partnership</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Global Digital Health Partnership (GDHP)</strong> is an international collaboration of governments, government agencies and multinational organisations dedicated to improving the health and well-being of their citizens through the best use of evidence-based digital technologies.</li>
<li>It was<strong> established in February 2018,</strong> to provide an opportunity for transformational engagement between its participants.</li>
<li><strong>Australia</strong> was the host country for the <strong>inaugural summit in 2018.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong> is a <strong>specialized agency</strong> of the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations</strong></a> that is concerned with international public health.</li>
<li>It is <strong>headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>The WHO&rsquo;s constitution came into force on April 7, 1948 &ndash; a date now celebrated every year as <strong>World Health Day</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>World Health Assembly</strong> is the supreme decision-making body in WHO. The assembly meets annually and is attended by delegations from 194 member states.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-digital-health-blueprint'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Declining Sex Ratio and Fertility Rates',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>As per the Sample Registration System (SRS) data from the Registrar General of India, the country&rsquo;s <strong>sex ratio at birth</strong> (SRB) declined to <strong>898</strong> in triennnium (three year period) ending 2017.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>fertility rate reduced</strong> from <strong>2.3</strong> in the year 2016 to <strong>2.2</strong> in the year 2017, close to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/changing-demographic-profile-faster-than-expectation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">replacement level of fertility</a> of 2.1.</li>
<li>This trend is in line with the population <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-population-boon-or-bane-rajya-sabha-lok-sabha-debate" target="_blank" rel="noopener">projections by the United Nations</a>, which have been revised downward in recent years. The year in which India will surpass China in population has been extended from 2022 (according to 2015 report) to 2027 (according to the 2019 report).</li>
<li>This trend also indicates that Indians want <strong>less children</strong> now but want them as sons. The Economic Survey 2017-18 underlined the meta preference towards son in detail.</li>
<li>It is Telangana, Delhi, Kerala along with Bihar, that have shown the sharpest worsening in sex ratio at birth in recent years.</li>
<li>Though use of sex-selection techniques is the biggest cause, social norms that prefer male children is a reason behind poor sex ratio in states like Bihar whereas in urbanised states, the richer households prefer more sons due to flawed social and economic reasons.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The SRS data also demonstrated that the proportion of economically active population (15-59) as well as old age population (60+) in India is rising. While the former constitutes 65.4 % of the populace, the latter was at 8.2 % in 2017.</p>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Sample Registration System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Office of Registrar General (under the Ministry of Home Affairs) initiated the scheme of sample registration of births and deaths in India popularly known as Sample Registration System (SRS) in <strong>1964-65</strong> on a pilot basis and on full scale from 1969-70. The SRS since then has been providing data on a regular basis.</li>
<li>The SRS in India is based on a <strong>dual record system</strong>. The field investigation under Sample Registration System consists of continuous enumeration of births and deaths in a sample of villages/urban blocks by a resident part-time enumerator, and an independent six monthly retrospective survey by a full-time supervisor. The data obtained through these two sources are matched. The unmatched and partially matched events are re-verified in the field to get an unduplicated count of correct events.</li>
<li>The <strong>revision of SRS sampling</strong> frame is undertaken every ten years based on the results of the latest Census.</li>
</ul>
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		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Common Lineblue and Dark Cerulean',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Rare butterfly species Common Lineblue, (which was last seen in 1962 in Delhi) and <strong>Dark Cerulean</strong> (which was last spotted in the <strong>late 90s</strong>) were spotted by researchers in <strong>2018</strong> after a gap of over half a century.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/514image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/514image4.jpg" width="596" height="521" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both Common Lineblue and Dark Cerulean butterflies are usually found in the <strong>Himalayan foothills</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Researchers </strong>and <strong>lepidopterologists</strong> (branch of entomology concerning the scientific study of moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies) have noted that resurfacing of the two rare species of butterflies in the Delhi points towards the&nbsp;<strong>expanding</strong> <strong>floral diversity</strong> of the region that attracts new butterfly species from adjoining places.</li>
</ul>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Rotavirus Vaccination Drive',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The government of India is set to launch a rotavirus vaccine drive across <strong>all states and Union territories</strong> by September 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The vaccine is currently being administered in Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Tripura, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>The Rotavac has been introduced in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intensified-mission-indradhanush-best-practice-in-the-world-bmj" target="_blank" rel="noopener">India&rsquo;s Universal Immunisation Programme</a> (UIP) including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-initiates-probe-into-type-2-polio-virus-contamination" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Inactivated Polio Vaccine</a> (IPV), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Measles</a>, Rubella (MR) vaccine, Adult <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/japanese-encephalitis-je" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Japanese Encephalitis</a> (JE) vaccine, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lancet-building-a-tuberculosis-free-world" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tuberculosis</a>, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Pneumonia and Meningitis due to Haemophilus Influenzae type b (Hib).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rotavirus<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/760image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/760image1.jpg" width="492" height="453" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rotavirus can cause diarrohea, which can lead to dehydration (not having enough water in the body).</li>
<li>Rotavirus is a <strong>contagious disease</strong> that spreads easily from child to child.</li>
<li>Rotavirus spreads when a person comes in contact with the <strong>feces</strong> of someone who has rotavirus and then touches their own mouth. For example, rotavirus can spread when a child with rotavirus doesn&rsquo;t wash their hands properly after going to the bathroom and then touches food or other objects.</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Severe diarrhea</li>
<li>Throwing up</li>
<li>Dehydration</li>
<li>Fever</li>
<li>Stomach pain</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Health Organisation</a> (WHO) recommends that the <strong>first dose</strong> of rotavirus vaccine be administered as soon as possible <strong>after 6 weeks of age</strong>, along with DTP vaccination (diptheria, tetanus and pertussis).</li>
<li>WHO has recommended the inclusion of rotavirus vaccine in the <strong>National Schedules</strong>&nbsp;of the countries where under five mortality due to diarrhoeal diseases is more than 10%.</li>
<li>Currently, two vaccines are available against rotavirus:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rotarix</strong> (GlaxoSmithKline): is a <strong>monovalent vaccine recommended</strong> to be orally administered in two doses at 6-12 weeks.</li>
<li><strong>Rota Teq</strong> (Merck) is a <strong>pentavalent vaccine</strong> recommended to be orally administered in three doses starting at 6-12 weeks of age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Monovalent vaccine and Pentavalent vaccine</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Monovalent vaccines are designed to immunize against a <strong>single antigen</strong> or <strong>single microorganism</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Pentavalent vaccine</strong> provides protection to a child from five life-threatening diseases &ndash; <strong>Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Hepatitis B and Haemophilus Influenzae type b (Hib)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
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		'title' => 'Ploonet',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Astronomers have defined a new class of celestial objects called "Ploonets," which are orphaned moons that have escaped the bonds of their planetary parents.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Planet + moon = Ploonet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The researchers explain that the angular momentum between the planet and its moon results in the moon escaping the gravitational pull of its parent.</li>
<li>A new study suggests that the moons of gas-giant exoplanets may break away into their own orbits.</li>
<li>As the gas giants move inward toward their suns, the orbits of their moons are often disrupted, according to new computer models.</li>
<li>The scientists think these objects should exist in solitary orbits around their host stars and could even be discovered in observations from past and present exoplanet-hunting surveys, like <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-1st-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kepler</a></strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/l-98-59b-tiniest-planet-discovered-by-tess" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TESS</strong></a>.</li>
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		'title' => 'Seva Bhoj Yojna',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Union <strong>Ministry of Culture,</strong> Government of India has introduced <strong>&lsquo;Seva Bhoj Yojna&rsquo;</strong> that seeks to reimburse Central share of <strong>Central Goods and Services Tax</strong> (CGST) and <strong>Integrated Goods and Service Tax</strong> (IGST) on food/prasad/langar/bhandara offered by charitable religious institutions.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Seva Bhoj Yojna</strong> aims to <strong>lessens</strong> the <strong>financial burden</strong> of such charitable religious institutions (such as Temples, Gurudwara, Mosque, Church, Dharmik Ashram, Dargah, Matth, Monasteries etc) that provide food/prasad/langar <strong>(community kitchen)</strong>/bhandara free of cost without any <strong>discrimination</strong> to public/devotees.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Eligibility</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Charitable religious institutions which have been in existence for at <strong>least three years</strong> before applying for financial assistance/grant.</li>
<li>Charitable religious institution who serve <strong>free food</strong> to<strong> at least 5000</strong> people in a <strong>month.</strong></li>
<li>Institutions need to be covered under <strong>Section 10 of the Income Tax Act</strong> or are registered as a society under the Societies <strong>Registration Act</strong> or as a <strong>Public Trust</strong> under any law for the time being in force of statuary religious bodies constituted under any Act or institutions registered under <strong>Section 12AA of Income Tax Act.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/redesigning-india-s-fiscal-federalism" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Goods and Services Tax</a> regime, there are three taxes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>CGST :</strong> Central Goods and Services Tax will be levied (on intra-state supply of goods or services) by the central government and proceeds of the tax will be divided between the state and the centre.</li>
<li><strong>IGST: Integrated Goods and Service Tax</strong> has replaced the previously levied central sales tax and is levied on all inter-state supply of goods or services within India along with export and import of goods or services.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In case of inter-state supply, only IGST will be charged by the central Government and proceeds will be shared between the central and state governments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SGST:</strong> State Goods and Services tax will be levied on intra state supply of goods or services by the respective state governments.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		'title' => 'PATA Gold Award 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Tourism's campaign, <strong>"Find the Incredible you"</strong> has been declared the winner of PATA <strong>(Pacific Asia Travel Association) Gold Award 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It received an award in the &ldquo;Marketing - Primary Government Destination&rdquo; category.</li>
<li>The campaign is a part of its promotional initiatives that are released under the &lsquo;Incredible India&rsquo; brand-line in the Television, Print, Digital and Social Media, in key and potential source markets overseas.</li>
<li>The campaign focuses on digital and social media and the promotion of <strong>Niche Tourism</strong> products of the country.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Niche Tourism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A &lsquo;niche&rsquo; tourism strategy is one that appeals to a small number of people who are especially interested in something. Another way to describe &lsquo;niche&rsquo; tourism is &lsquo;specialised&rsquo; tourism.</li>
<li>Examples of niche tourism: Eco &amp; Wildlife Tourism, MICE Tourism, Sustainable Tourism, Cruise Tourism, Golf Tourism, Polo Tourism, Medical Tourism, Wellness Tourism etc..<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term "MICE" in the context of travel is an acronym for meetings, incentives, conferences, and exhibitions. The MICE market refers to a specialized niche of group tourism dedicated to planning, booking, and facilitating conferences, seminars, and other events, which is a big moneymaker in the travel industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>About PATA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was founded in 1951, its headquarters is in Bangkok, Thailand.</li>
<li>PATA is a <strong>not-for-profit membership association</strong> that acts as a catalyst for the responsible development of travel and tourism to, from and within the Asia Pacific region.</li>
<li>The Association provides aligned advocacy, insightful research and innovative events to its more than 800 member organisations, including 95 government, state and city tourism bodies, 20 international airlines and airports, 102 hospitality organisations and 70 educational institutions, as well as over a hundred young tourism professional (YTP) members across the world.</li>
</ul>
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		'title' => 'New Species of Tree in Tanzania',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>A new species of a flowering tree named Mischogyne iddi(M iddi)has been discovered in the Usambara Mountains of Tanzania.</p>
<p>It has been categorised as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature list.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With decreased forest areas, they are now threatened by climate change.</li>
<li>It is unknown what kind of wildlife might rely on the tree.</li>
<li>The Usambara Mountains, located in tropical East Africa, comprises the easternmost ranges of the Eastern Arc Mountains.</li>
<li>The discovery of this extremely rare species reaffirms the importance of the Eastern Arc Mountains as one of the most important reservoirs of biodiversity in Africa.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/285image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/285image1.jpg" width="423" height="300" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>',
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	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Cataract in Women',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to a study, women are 69% more likely to develop cataract than men.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Reasons for this are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Gender disparity-</strong> Women traditionally had poor access to the coverage of medical services, because cataract surgery requires travelling outside the village and due to the social structure and burden of their families, women are less likely to go for eye surgery.</li>
<li><strong>Biological factors-</strong> The lack of oestrogen could be the reason for the high prevalence of cataract blindness among women.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Postmenopause, the level of oestrogen decreases, however, the correlation of oestrogen and cataract is not established.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Intervention</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment (NPCB&amp;VI) was launched in the year 1976 as a 100% centrally sponsored scheme with the goal of reducing the prevalence of blindness to 0.3% by 2020.</li>
<li>NPCB&amp;VI seeks to provide Eye Health for All and prevention of visual impairment</li>
<li>It envisages comprehensive universal eye-care services and quality service delivery, though its implementation still remains a major issue.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cataract<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/935image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/935image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="226" height="113" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inside human eyes, there is a natural lens. The lens bends (refracts) light rays that come into the eye to help us see.</li>
<li>A person with cataract, this lens becomes cloudy, and vision gets blurry, hazy or less colourful.</li>
<li>A cataract may be characterised by:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Blurry vision</li>
<li>Seeing double (when you see two images instead of one)</li>
<li>Being extra sensitive to light</li>
<li>Having trouble seeing well at night, or needing more light when you read</li>
<li>Seeing bright colours as faded or yellow instead</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Causes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ageing is the most common cause. At the age of 40 years, the normal proteins in the lens start to break down. This is what causes the lens to get cloudy.</li>
<li>Having certain medical problems, such as diabetes</li>
<li>An eye injury, eye surgery, or radiation treatments.</li>
<li>Having spent a lot of time in the sun, especially exposure to damaging ultraviolet (UV) rays</li>
<li>Using certain medications such as corticosteroids, which may cause early formation of cataracts.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Surgery is the only option if vision is totally blocked due to cataract. If not, then symptoms can be treated by remedies like stronger eyeglasses, magnifying lenses, or sunglasses with an anti-glare coating.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => '50 Years of Nationalization of Banks',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on the editorial <a href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/opinion-the-1969-bank-nationalization-did-india-more-harm-than-good-1563295097940.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The 1969 bank nationalization did India more harm than good&rdquo;</strong></a> that appeared in The Livemint on 17<sup>th</sup> July 2019. It critically analyses the nationalization of banks.</p>
</div>
<p>50 years ago, the Indian financial sector underwent a tectonic shift, when Indira Gandhi government nationalized the 14 biggest commercial banks in 1969. According to many economists nationalization of banks was the single-most-important economic policy decision taken by any government after 1947. The impact of this decision is considered by some to be, even more than the economic reforms of 1991.</p>
<p>During that time many Asian countries were switching to more market-oriented policies, India on the other hand, supported the socialist policies.</p>
<p>However, with the looming banking crisis in current times, debates have emerged about the privatisation of banks. This raises the question of whether nationalisation of the bank in the first place was the right move or not.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>A Brief History of Nationalization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1955, India nationalized Imperial Bank of India with extensive banking facilities on a large scale, especially in rural and semi-urban areas.</li>
<li>It formed State Bank of India to act as the principal agent of RBI and to handle banking transactions of the Union and State governments all over the country</li>
<li>On 19<sup>th</sup> July 1969, a major process of nationalization was carried out and 14 major commercial banks in India were nationalized.</li>
<li>The second phase of nationalization Indian Banking Sector Reform was carried out in 1980 with six more banks.</li>
<li>This step brought 80% of the banking segment in India under Government ownership.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>What factors led to the nationalization of banks?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After independence, the Government of India (GOI) adopted planned economic development for the country. Nationalisation was in accordance with the national policy of adopting the socialistic pattern of society.</li>
<li>Nationalization came at the end of a troubled decade. India has suffered many economic as well as political shocks.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There were two wars (with China in 1962 and Pakistan in 1965) that put immense pressure on public finances.</li>
<li>Two successive years of drought had not only led to food shortages but also compromised national security because of the dependence on American food shipments (PL 480 program).</li>
<li>Subsequently, a three-year plan holiday affected aggregate demand as public investment was reduced.</li>
<li>The decade of 1960-70s was the lost decade for India as the economic growth barely outpaced population growth and average incomes stagnated.</li>
<li>Industry&rsquo;s share in credit disbursed by commercial banks almost doubled between 1951 and 1968, from 34% to 68% whereas agriculture received less than 2% of total credit.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Agriculture needed a capital infusion, with the initiation of the Green Revolution in India that aimed to make the country self-sufficient in food security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other reasons responsible for the nationalization of banks were-
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Social welfare</strong></li>
<li><strong>Controlling private monopolies</strong></li>
<li><strong>Expansion of banking to rural areas</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reducing regional imbalance</strong> to curb the urban-rural divide</li>
<li><strong>Priority Sector Lending:</strong> In India, the agriculture sector and its allied activities were the largest contributors to the national income.</li>
<li><strong>Mobilization of savings:</strong> Nationalisation aimed at mobilizing the savings of the people to the largest possible extent and to utilize them for productive purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What were the benefits of nationalization?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After the nationalization of banks, the branches of the public sector bank India rose to approximately 800% in deposits and advances took a huge jump by 11,000%.</li>
<li>Banking under government ownership gave the public implicit faith and immense <strong>confidence about the sustainability of the banks.</strong></li>
<li>Banks were no longer confined to only metropolitan or cosmopolitan in India. In fact, the <strong>Indian banking system has reached even to the remote corners of the country.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is one of the main reasons for India&rsquo;s growth process, particularly in the Green revolution.</li>
<li>Purpose of nationalization is to promote rapid growth in agriculture, small industries and export, to encourage new entrepreneurs and to develop all backward areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Public deposits in the bank have increased so much that leaving it completely to the private sector might pose a challenge.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Banks, by advancing loans to the speculators and non-priority sector, have created havoc in the economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Balance of payment crisis 1991 started an era of liberalization, privatization and globalisation. However, the political control of bank lending continued even after the 1991 reforms which today had culminated into the bad loan or Non Performing Assets crisis that has slowed down India's growth trajectory.</p>
<h3>Was the nationalization of banks a right move?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NPA crisis since 2012 is at least partly explained by the credit bubble that grew under political patronage that emerged out of government's control over Banks.</li>
<li>Nationalization of banks led to an interest rate structure that was incredibly complex.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There were different rates of interest for different types of loans. The Indian central bank eventually ended up managing hundreds of interest rates.</li>
<li>This defeated the purpose of nationalization, as due to complex structure loans never reach the needy ones.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Banking is a highly competitive enterprise which works on profits, nationalization of banks has led to lesser competition between the public sector and private sectors banks.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has created a bureaucratic attitude in the functioning of the banking system.</li>
<li>Lack of responsibility and initiative, red-tapism, inordinate delays are common features of nationalized banks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Although liberal credit policy is necessary for providing financial support to the weaker sections of the rural community, such a policy may prove harmful for the stability of the banking system.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The experience of the nationalized banks has shown that these banks are now facing the problems of heavy overdue loans and economically unviable branches.</li>
<li>Extending loans to agriculture and small scale industries is risky and less remunerative. Such loans are against the sound banking rules and may weaken the economic viability of these institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Due to lack of performance audit of banks, policy-making failed to ensure that the finance from the public institutions are, in fact, going to productive uses in the large public interest</li>
</ul>
<p>Given the significance of a vibrant banking system in the growth story of the nation, privatisation of banks is proposed. However, privatisation of banks is not a panacea. India must not make haste in going for the privatisation of banks, rather it must focus on comprehensive governance reforms, resolution of NPAs and creating a free market so that investment can be reinvigorated and wheels of the economy can again get back on track.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 509px; background-color: #f7fac3;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br />The nationalization of banks in 1969 has done more harm than good to the Indian economy. Comment?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/50-years-of-nationalization-of-banks'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Controlling Chikungunya and Dengue through Bacteria',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>To control the spread of dengue and chikungunya, scientists at the <strong>Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)</strong> have developed a <strong>strain of Aedes aegypti mosquito</strong> into which a <strong>naturally occurring bacteria, Wolbachia,</strong> is introduced.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/113image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/113image1.jpg" width="383" height="383" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This variant of Aedes aegypti mosquito has been named the <strong>Puducherry strain</strong> since it was developed at the <strong>Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry</strong> in collaboration with <strong>Monash University</strong> in Australia.</li>
<li>Aedes aegypti mosquito is the main vector that transmits the viruses that cause dengue.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mechanism</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The bacteria Wolbachia <strong>&ldquo;inhibits&rdquo; viral infection,</strong> that is, even if people encounter mosquito bite, they will not be infected. This happens because bacteria does not allow the virus to replicate in the mosquito thereby minimising its number within the mosquito and hence virus won&rsquo;t be transmitted through a bite.</li>
<li>Over a period of time, the population of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in India will be slowly replaced by this new strain carrying Wolbachia bacteria.This is called as<strong> population replacement strategy.</strong></li>
<li>This strain will specifically help in reducing the number of dengue cases across the country.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bacteria Wolbachia</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Wolbachia are natural bacteria present in up to 60% of insect species, including some mosquitoes.</li>
<li>However, Wolbachia is not usually found in the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the primary species responsible for transmitting human viruses such as Zika, dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever.</li>
<li>Wolbachia is safe for humans, animals and the environment.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>About Dengue</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sharp-drop-in-dengue-cases-in%20-delhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dengue</strong></a> is transmitted by several species of mosquito within the genus Aedes.</li>
<li>Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash that is similar to measles. There are four strains and Type-II and IV are considered more severe and normally require hospitalisation.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/approval-of-dengue-vaccine-by-usfda" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dengvaxia</strong></a> has been approved by the US Food &amp; Drug Administration, the first dengue vaccine to get the regulatory nod in the US. The Indian drug controller has yet to grant approval to Sanofi's dengue vaccine - Dengvaxia.</li>
<li>India has reported 6,210 cases and six deaths from dengue until June 9, 2019.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Council Of Medical Research</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) is the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research ,one of the oldest medical research bodies in the world.</li>
<li>It is funded by the Government of India through the Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/controlling-chikungunya-and-dengue-through-bacteria'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) Act 2016',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) Act 2016 establishes the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) as the National Standards Body of India.</p>
<h3>Bureau of Indian Standards Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BIS Act allows multiple types of<strong> simplified conformity assessment schemes</strong> including <strong>self-declaration of conformity.</strong></li>
<li>BIS act provides enabling provisions for making <strong>hallmarking</strong> of <strong>precious metal articles</strong> mandatory.</li>
<li>The Act enables the Central Government to appoint any <strong>authority/agency,</strong> in addition to the BIS, to <strong>verify the conformity </strong>of<strong> products</strong> and services with the established standard and&nbsp; issue <strong>certificate of conformity.</strong></li>
<li>There is a provision for <strong>repair or recall,</strong> of the products (bearing Standard Mark) that do not conform to the relevant <strong>Indian Standard.</strong></li>
<li>New areas identified in standardization are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Alternate fuels</li>
<li>E-mobility</li>
<li>Medical Devices</li>
<li>Smart Cities</li>
<li>Digital Technologies (e.g. Industry 4.0, Artificial Intelligence, Block Chain etc.)</li>
<li>New and Renewable energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Important initiatives for effective implementation of the BIS Act, 2016 are</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>BIS (Hallmarking) Regulations, 2018</strong> under the BIS act calls for Hallmarking of:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gold jewellery and gold artefacts</li>
<li>Silver jewellery and silver artefacts</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Penal provisions</strong> for better and effective compliance have been made stringent under BIS (Hallmarking) Regulations, 2018.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Indian Standards</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>BIS</strong> is the National Standard Body of India for the harmonious development of the activities of <strong>standardization, marking</strong> and<strong> quality certification</strong> of goods.</li>
<li>BIS has been providing <strong>traceability</strong> and <strong>tangibility</strong> benefits to the <strong>national economy</strong> in a number of ways by:</li>
<li>Providing safe <strong>reliable</strong> quality <strong>goods.</strong></li>
<li>Minimizing <strong>health hazards</strong> to consumers.</li>
<li>Promoting <strong>exports and imports</strong> substitute.</li>
<li>Control over <strong>proliferation</strong> of varieties etc through standardization, certification and testing.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bureau-of-indian-standards-bis-act-2016'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Social Justice &amp; Empowerment has observed International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking on 26<sup>th</sup> June 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry highlighted the importance of the following approach in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-fighting-drug-menace" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>dealing with the menace of drug abuse:-</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Universal Accessibility of Treatment.</li>
<li>Focus on Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation under <strong>National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction.</strong></li>
<li>Targeted Intervention for High-Risk District &amp; for Vulnerable Population in Closed Settings</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This Ministry of Social Justice &amp; Empowerment has begun implementation of a National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR) for 2018-2025.</li>
<li>The Plan aims at reduction of adverse consequences of drug abuse through a multi-pronged strategy involving education, de-addiction and rehabilitation of affected individuals and their families.</li>
<li>It focuses on preventive education, awareness generation, identification, counselling, treatment and rehabilitation of drug-dependent persons and training and capacity building of the service providers through collaborative efforts of the Central and State Governments and Non-Governmental Organizations.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Government Intervention</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, addresses the prevention and rehabilitation aspect of substance use through the establishment of &ldquo;rehabilitation centres&rdquo; run by nongovernmental organizations.</li>
<li>The Drug De-addiction Programme (DDAP) was initiated in 1988 under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, and was mandated with provision of treatment for substance use disorder (SUDs.)</li>
<li><strong>Globally, three broad approaches are followed to address the issue of drug use &ndash; &ldquo;supply reduction&rdquo;, &ldquo;demand reduction&rdquo; and &ldquo;harm reduction.&rdquo;</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> &ldquo;supply reduction&rdquo;</strong> sector of the government works toward reducing the availability of illicit drugs through implementing the relevant drug laws and policies and is managed largely by the <strong>Narcotics Control Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs,</strong> Government of India and a variety of other agencies in the central or state governments.</li>
<li>The <strong>&ldquo;demand reduction&rdquo;</strong> sector, on the other hand, deals with reducing the demand for drugs in the population through prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE),</strong> Government of India, is the nodal ministry for demand reduction and has a &ldquo;Scheme for Prevention of Alcoholism and Substance (Drugs) Abuse&rdquo; in place since 1985&ndash;86.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>&ldquo;Harm reduction&rdquo;</strong> in India is primarily seen as prevention of HIV among people who inject drugs and various strategies for this are implemented by the <strong>National AIDS Control Organization, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-day-against-drug-abuse-and-illicit-trafficking'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards- 2018',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the General Council of the Sangeet Natak Akademi has announced its awards in the <strong>field of performing arts for the year 2018.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The awards are: Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships (Akademi Ratna), Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards (Akademi Puraskar), and Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar 2018.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sangeet Natak Akademi</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sangeet Natak Akademi is India's national academy for music, dance and drama.</li>
<li>It was created by a resolution of the (then) Ministry of Education, Government of India, in 1952 with Dr P.V. Rajamannar as its first Chairman.</li>
<li>It is presently an <strong>Autonomous Body</strong> of the <strong>Ministry of Culture, Government of India</strong> and is fully funded by the Government for implementation of its schemes and programmes.</li>
<li>The Akademi <strong>establishes and looks after institutions</strong> and <strong>projects of national importance</strong> in the field of the performing arts. Few important ones are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National School of Drama, New Delhi was set up in 1959,</li>
<li>Jawaharlal Nehru Manipur Dance Academy in Imphal- 1954,</li>
<li>Kathak Kendra (National Institute of Kathak Dance) in New Delhi- 1964.</li>
<li>National Projects of Support to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kutiyattam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Kutiyattam (Sanskrit theatre of Kerala)</strong></a>, Chhau dances of eastern India, Sattriya traditions of Assam, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships (Akademi Ratna)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Akademi conferred this award on <strong>four eminent personalities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Zakir Hussain: Tabla</strong></li>
<li><strong>Sonal Mansingh: Indian <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indian-classical-dances" target="_blank" rel="noopener">classical dancer (Bharatanatyam, Odissi, Manipuri, Kuchipudi)</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Jatin Goswami: Sattriya dance and music</strong></li>
<li><strong>K.Kalyanasundaram Pillai: Bharatanatyam</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Fellowship of the Akademi is the most prestigious and rare honor, which is restricted to 40 numbers at any given time. By the election of above four fellows there are presently forty Fellows of Sangeet Natak Akademi.</li>
<li>The honour of Akademi Fellow carries a purse money of Rs.3,00,000/- (Rupees three lakh) along with a Tamrapatra and Angavastram.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards (Akademi Puraskar)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These awards have been given to forty-four artists from the field of Music, Dance, Theatre, Traditional/Folk/Tribal Music/Dance/Theatre, Puppetry and Overall contribution/scholarship in the Performing Arts.</li>
<li>These forty-four artists include three joint awards as well.</li>
<li><strong>Diwan Singh Bajeli (Theatre)</strong> and <strong>Puru Dadhich (Author/ Kathak)</strong> have been selected for the Akademi Award 2018 in the field of <strong>Overall Contribution/Scholarship</strong> in the Performing Arts.</li>
<li>Akademi Puraskar carries Rs 1,00,000/- (Rupees one lakh) along with a Tamrapatra and Angavastram.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The academy has <strong>selected 32 (Including one joint Awards)</strong> artists of India who have made a mark as <strong>young talents in their respective fields of the performing arts</strong> for Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar 2018.</li>
<li>It is conferred upon <strong>artists below the age of 40 years</strong> with the objective of identifying and encouraging outstanding young talents in diverse fields of performing arts and giving them national recognition early in their lives, so that they may work with greater commitment and dedication in their chosen fields.</li>
<li>Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar<strong> carries a purse money of Rs 25,000/-</strong> (Rupees twenty five thousand only).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ustad Bismillah Khan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ustad Qamruddin "Bismillah" Khan&rsquo;s name is synonymous with the<strong> Shehnai (a wind instrument).</strong></li>
<li>Born in 1916 at Dumraon in Bihar, he is regarded as one of the best classical musicians India has ever produced. He died in 2006 at Varanasi, U.P.</li>
<li>He was awarded <strong>India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 2001,</strong> becoming the third classical musician after M. S. Subbalakshmi and Ravi Shankar to be awarded Bharat Ratna.</li>
<li>Bismillah Khan had the<strong> rare honor of playing his Shehnai on the eve of India's independence in the year 1947.</strong> He performed at the Red Fort in Delhi and since then, continued to play every year on the 15th of August, right after the speech by the Prime Minister of India.</li>
<li>In <strong>2007, Sangeet Natak Akademi came up with &lsquo;Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar&rsquo;,</strong> given to young performers in the field of dance, music and theatre.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sangeet-natak-akademi-awards-2018'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Markandeshwar Temple',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monuments-of-national-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archaeological Survey of India</strong></a> is taking up the <strong>restoration</strong> work of Markandeshwar temple in Maharashtra.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/885image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/885image3.jpg" width="240" height="175" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Markandeshwar temple is situated on the bank of River <strong>Wainganga</strong> in district Gadchiroli of <strong>Maharashtra.</strong></li>
<li>It is also known as the <strong>&ldquo;Khajuraho of Vidarbha&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Markandeshwar temple belongs to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brick-temple-at-bhitargaon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nagara group of temples</strong></a> of North India.</li>
<li>The Nagara temples belong to <strong>Saiva, Vaishnava and Sakta</strong> faith.</li>
<li>Most of the temples have a simple plan, with <strong>ardhamandapa, mandapa, antarala and garbhagriha</strong> forming the component of the entire set up.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Key Terms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ardhamandapa:</strong> In Hindu temple architecture, Ardhamandapa is an entrance porch that forms a transitional area between the outside world and the mandapa or hall of the temple.</li>
<li><strong>Mandapa:</strong> It is a porch-like structure through the gopuram leading to the temple. It is used for religious dancing and music and is part of the basic temple compound. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Gopuram</strong> is a monumental entrance tower, usually ornate, at the entrance of a Hindu temple, in the Dravidian architecture.</li>
<li><strong>Antarala</strong> is a transition area between the Garbhagriha and the temple's main hall (mandapa).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Garbhagriha:</strong> It is the sanctum sanctorum, the innermost sanctum of a Hindu temple where resides the murti (idol or icon) of the primary deity of the temple.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/markandeshwar-temple'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Complaint Management System',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reserve Bank of India</a></strong> (RBI) has launched the Complaint Management System (CMS) in order to improve the customer experience in <strong>grievance redressal process</strong> of banking services.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CMS is an <strong>application</strong> (accessible on mobile and desktops) for filing complaints with RBI, on the grounds of violation under:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Banking Ombudsman (BO) Scheme, 2006.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-extends-ombudsman-scheme-to-non-deposit-taking-nbfcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ombudsman Scheme for NBFCs, 2018</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>CMS will enable individuals to submit their complaints on RBI&rsquo;s website against any of the RBI regulated entities such as <strong>commercial banks, urban co-operative banks,</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non banking financial companies.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Acknowledgement</strong> through SMS/e-mail notification(s).</li>
<li><strong>Status tracking</strong> through unique registration number.</li>
<li><strong>Receipt</strong> of closure advises and filing of appeals.</li>
<li>It also asks for <strong>voluntary feedback</strong> on the customer&rsquo;s experience.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>CMS Database:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Can be used by <strong>banks/ financial service providers</strong> for designing products, which meet the expectations of their customers.</li>
<li>Can be used by RBI for analytics, which can be used for <strong>regulatory</strong> and <strong>supervisory purposes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Reserve Bank is also planning to introduce a dedicated <strong>Interactive Voice Response (IVR) System</strong> for tracking the status of complaints.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Banking Ombudsman Scheme provides an inexpensive forum for grievance redressal of bank customers relating to banking services rendered by banks.</li>
<li>The Banking Ombudsman Scheme is introduced under Section 35 A of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 by RBI with effect from 1995.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Presently the Banking Ombudsman Scheme 2006 is in operation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Banking Ombudsman is a senior official appointed by the Reserve Bank of India.</li>
<li>All Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCB), Regional Rural Banks (RRB) and Scheduled primary co-operative banks are covered under the scheme.</li>
<li>One can file a complaint before the banking ombudsman if:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reply is not received from the bank within a period of <strong>one month</strong> after the bank concerned has received one's complaint.</li>
<li>Bank <strong>rejects</strong> the complaint.</li>
<li>If the complainant is <strong>not satisfied</strong> with the reply given by the bank.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/complaint-management-system'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'White Label ATM',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>In order to enhance the viability of White Label ATMs (WLAs), the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RBI</strong></a> has allowed White Label ATM Operators (WLAOs) to buy wholesale cash from the RBI and currency chests.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This will provide the functionality to WLATMs, as they are cash-starved because the banks used to give preference to the ATMs deployed by them.</li>
<li>Until now cash Management at the WLAs was the responsibility of the Sponsor Bank.</li>
<li>By allowing WLAO to source cash directly from RBI, will encourage more WLATM to be opened across the country, thereby leading to deepening of financial inclusion</li>
</ul>
<h3>White-Label ATMs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) set up, owned and operated by non-bank entities are called "White Label ATMs" (WLAs).</li>
<li>Non-bank entities incorporated in India under the Companies Act 1956 are allowed to operate WLAs.</li>
<li>In September 2015, Government permitted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), up to 100%, under the automatic route.</li>
<li>Non-bank entities are permitted to set up WLAs in India, after obtaining authorisation from RBI under the Payment and Settlement Systems (PSS) Act 2007.</li>
<li>Such non-bank entities should have a minimum net worth of Rs 100 crore.</li>
<li>Tata Communications Payment Solutions Limited (TCPSL) was the first company authorized by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to open White Label ATMs in the country. It got launched under the brand name 'Indicash'.</li>
<li>White Label ATMs are like normal ATM. However, cash deposit or cash acceptance facility is not permitted at the WLA. The difference is this ATM machine does not have any branding of Bank. These machines are usually deployed by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-to-merge-three-categories-of-nbfcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NBFC (Non-Banking Financial Institutions).</strong> </a></li>
<li>The basic idea about White Label ATM is to increase the geographical spread of ATM to enhance financial inclusion.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Brown Label ATM</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Brown Label ATM is based on the concept of sharing the cost.</li>
<li>In Brown Label, ATM hardware is owned by the service provider, but cash management and network connectivity are provided by the sponsor bank. but the ATM machine contains Logo of sponsor bank.</li>
<li>Brown Label ATM is a cost-effective solution for banks.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/820image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/820image2.jpg" width="436" height="410" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/white-label-atm'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Worldwide, MSMEs have been accepted as the engine of economic growth and for promoting equitable development.</li>
<li>They constitute over 90% of total enterprises in most of the economies and are credited with generating the highest rates of employment growth.</li>
<li>With low investment requirements, operational flexibility and the capacity to develop appropriate indigenous technology, SMEs have the power to propel India to new heights.</li>
<li>Hence, it seems like there is a silent revolution happening in India powered by MSMEs.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Importance of MSMEs for Indian Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Employment:</strong> It is the second largest employment generating sector after agriculture. It provides employment to around 120 million persons in India.</li>
<li><strong>Contribution to GDP:</strong> With around 36.1 million units throughout the geographical expanse of the country, MSMEs contribute around 6.11% of the manufacturing GDP and 24.63% of the GDP from service activities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MSME ministry has set a target to up its contribution to GDP to 50% by 2025 as India becomes a $5 trillion economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exports</strong>: It contributes around 45% of the overall exports from India.</li>
<li><strong>Inclusive growth:</strong> MSMEs promote inclusive growth by providing employment opportunities in rural areas especially to people belonging to weaker sections of the society. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example: Khadi and Village industries require low per capita investment and employs a large number of women in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financial inclusion:</strong> Small industries and retail businesses in tier-II and tier-III cities create opportunities for people to use banking services and products.</li>
<li><strong>Promote innovation:</strong> It provides opportunity for budding entrepreneurs to build creative products boosting business competition and fuels growth.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Thus, Indian MSME sector is the backbone of the national economic structure and acts as a bulwark for Indian economy, providing resilience to ward off global economic shocks and adversities.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">MSME redefined</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (Amendment) Bill, 2018 proposes to reclassify all MSMEs, whether they are manufacturing or service-providing enterprises, on the basis of their annual turnover.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578480703_image40.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578480703_image40.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha and further referred to the Standing Committee which tabled its report on 28 December 2018.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Benefits of proposed reclassification</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new classification would eliminate the need for frequent inspections which was earlier required to check the investment in plant and machinery.</li>
<li>It would be a non discriminatory, transparent and objective criterion.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Factors which led to growth of MSMEs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Campaigns</strong> like Skill India, Startup India, Digital India and Make in India aim to provide MSME players with a level playing field and a definitive push towards enhanced productivity.</li>
<li><strong>Digitization:</strong> Increasing internet penetration, customer&rsquo;s familiarization with digital payments fuelled by B2C ecommerce players facilitate MSME sector growth.</li>
<li>Tie-ups with new-age <strong>non-banking finance (FinTech) companies</strong> allowed access to timely collateral free finance to MSMEs.</li>
<li><strong>Changing employment patterns:</strong> Younger generation shifting from agriculture towards entrepreneurial activities creating job prospects for others.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Issues faced by MSMEs and steps taken to improve their condition</h3>
<p></p>
<table border="1" style="height: 0px; width: 0%; border-collapse: collapse;" height="992">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 27.7483%; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #0059ff; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues and Challenges</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 45.5647%; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #0059ff; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Steps Taken</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 27.7483%; height: 10px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong>Access to credit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>90% of the MSMEs are dependent on informal sources for funding</li>
<li>Lack of sufficient collateral and high working capital needs</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 45.5647%; height: 10px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="text-align: justify;">Launch of the <strong>59 minute loan portal</strong> to enable easy access to credit for MSMEs.</li>
<li>2 percent interest subvention for all GST registered MSMEs, on fresh or incremental loans.</li>
<li>Trade Receivables e-Discounting System <strong>(TReDS) </strong>to <strong>enable access to credit from banks,</strong> based on their upcoming trade receivables from corporate and other buyers.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 27.7483%; height: 19px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong>Access to Markets</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Low outreach and non availability of new markets.</li>
<li>Lack of skilled manpower and ineffective marketing strategy.</li>
<li>Difficult for MSMEs to sell products to government agencies.</li>
<li>Competition from MNCs and other big industries.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 45.5647%; height: 19px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Union government announced to launch an e-commerce platform on the lines of <strong>&ldquo;Amazon and Alibaba"</strong> to sell products from MSMEs and the Khadi and Village Industries Commission.</li>
<li>Public sector companies now <strong>compulsorily procure 25%,</strong> instead of 20% of their total purchases, from MSMEs.</li>
<li>More than 40,000 MSMEs registered on <strong>Government e-Marketplace (GeM) portal.</strong> It provides transparency in procurement and facilitates MSMEs to directly reach out to the buyers.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 27.7483%; height: 19px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong>Technology Access</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Limited human resources and weak financial standing.</li>
<li>MSMEs, particularly in the unorganised sector, show lower adaptability of new technology and innovation.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 45.5647%; height: 19px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>20 hubs and 100 spokes in the form of tool rooms will be established across the country. This will <strong>facilitate product design</strong> and easy access to latest technology to MSMEs.</li>
<li>Financial assistance is provided for implementation of <strong>lean manufacturing techniques</strong> to enhance the manufacturing competitiveness of MSMEs.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 27.7483%; height: 10px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong>Quality and Export Issues</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Low quality products impact export competitiveness.</li>
<li>Inadequate access to quality raw materials.</li>
<li>Use of traditional machines causes low productivity.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 45.5647%; height: 10px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Financial support to MSMEs in ZED(Zero Defect Zero Effect) certification to improve quality of products.</li>
<li>Government provides subsidy towards the expenditure incurred by enterprises to obtain the product certification licenses from national and international bodies.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 270px;">
<td style="width: 27.7483%; height: 60px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong>Ease of Doing Business</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cumbersome government procedures and rules for establishing new units.</li>
<li>Bureaucratic delays in getting clearances.</li>
<li>Poor litigation system in the country.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 45.5647%; height: 60px; background-color: #c0f1fa; vertical-align: top;">
<ul>
<li>The return under 8 labour laws and 10 Union regulations must now be filed only once a year.</li>
<li><strong>Computerised random allotment</strong> for inspector visits to the establishment.</li>
<li>Environmental Clearance under air pollution and water pollution laws, have been <strong>merged into one.</strong> Also, the return will be accepted through self-certification.</li>
<li>For minor violations under the Companies Act, the entrepreneur will no longer have to approach the courts, but can correct them through simple procedures. This signifies <strong>simplification of government procedures</strong> and instilling confidence among entrepreneurs.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;"><br />Government schemes to promote MSMEs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><em><strong>Udyami Mitra Portal </strong></em><strong>:</strong> launched by SIDBI to improve accessibility of credit and handholding services to MSMEs.</li>
<li><em><strong>MSME Sambandh </strong></em><strong>:&nbsp;</strong>To monitor the implementation of the public procurement from MSMEs by Central Public Sector Enterprises.</li>
<li><em><strong>MSME Samadhaan</strong></em> -MSME Delayed Payment Portal &ndash;&ndash; will empower Micro and Small entrepreneurs across the country to directly register their cases relating to delayed payments by Central Ministries/Departments/CPSEs/State Governments.</li>
<li><em><strong>Digital MSME Scheme</strong></em><strong> :</strong> It involves usage of Cloud Computing where MSMEs use the internet to access common as well as tailor-made IT infrastructure</li>
<li><em><strong>Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme</strong></em> : It is a credit linked subsidy program under Ministry of MSME.</li>
<li><em><strong>Revamped Scheme of Fund for Regeneration Of Traditional Industries (SFURTI)</strong></em> : organizes traditional industries and artisans into clusters and make them competitive by enhancing their marketability &amp; equipping them with improved skills.</li>
<li><strong><em>A Scheme for Promoting Innovation, Rural Industry &amp; Entrepreneurship (ASPIRE)</em></strong> : creates new jobs &amp; reduce unemployment, promotes entrepreneurship culture, facilitates innovative business solution etc.</li>
<li><em><strong>National Manufacturing Competitiveness Programme (NMCP)</strong></em> : to develop global competitiveness among Indian MSMEs by improving their processes, designs, technology and market access.</li>
<li><em><strong>Micro &amp; Small Enterprises Cluster Development Programme (MSE-CDP)</strong></em> - adopts cluster development approach for enhancing the productivity and competitiveness as well as capacity building of MSEs.</li>
<li><em><strong>Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme (CLCSS</strong></em>) is operational for upgradation of technology for MSMEs.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Other recent initiatives to promote MSMEs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In June 2019, <strong>RBI committee</strong> headed by former <strong>SEBI Chairman UK Sinha</strong> suggested a <strong>Rs 5,000 crore stressed asset fund</strong> for the MSME sector to provide relief to small businesses hurt by <strong>demonetisation, GST,</strong> and an ongoing <strong>liquidity crisis.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has also recommended doubling <strong>the cap on collateral-free loans to Rs 20 lakh</strong> from the current Rs 10 lakh extended to borrowers falling under the Mudra scheme, self-help groups, and MSMEs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>MSME Ministry announced in June 2019 to lift the ban on entry of <strong>corporates and private players</strong> in the MSME sector to pave way for the formation of <strong>700 clusters</strong> to reduce dependence on imports as well as for job creation.</li>
<li>MSME Ministry is also planning to set up <strong>enterprise facilitation centres</strong> across the country to make smaller businesses more competitive and help them integrate with big enterprises.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Therefore, the government should continue to put concerted efforts for holistic development of MSMEs in key areas like <strong>human capacity development, knowledge services, access to finance, technology, infrastructure, market access, and ease of doing business.</strong></p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">International Experiences</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to World Bank, formal SMEs contribute up to 60% of total employment and up to 40% of national income (GDP) in emerging economies.</li>
<li>600 million jobs will be needed in the next 15 years to absorb the growing global workforce, mainly in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. In emerging markets, most formal jobs are generated by SMEs, which also create 4 out of 5 new positions.</li>
<li>However, access to credit remains a major problem to the MSME sector globally.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578481188_image20.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578481188_image20.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="780" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In globalised world, it is imperative to enable MSMEs to adapt and thrive in a more open environment and participate more actively in the digital transformation, to boost economic growth and deliver a more inclusive globalisation.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Today enterprises need to adopt best practises and follow international standards to go forward for offering innovative solutions.</li>
<li>Focus should be on transfer of information and skill development to effectively use the transferred technology.</li>
<li>There is an urgent need to upgrade infrastructure utilities (like water, power supply, road/rail) for any enterprise to run its operations successfully.</li>
<li>Entrepreneurs need to develop quality conscious mindsets embedded in the organisational culture.</li>
<li>Sensitisation and handholding of MSMEs at different and upgraded level of certification is the need of the hour.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Finally, as recommended by <strong>India MSME Report 2018,</strong> we need an entitlement approach that can have the potential of compelling all related stakeholders to work on a common national agenda and solutions under a scientifically structured framework. This approach demands the identification and analysis of major security threats to the MSMEs, and entrepreneurship at the grass root level.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Behavioural Economics for New India',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/opinion-india-s-cautious-adoption-of-behavioural-economics-1563215954563.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;India&rsquo;s cautious adoption of behavioural economics&rdquo;</a> that appeared in the Live mint on 16 July 2019. It analyses the economic survey&rsquo;s bet for Behavioural Economics Theory to bring social change, which in turn, will help India transit to a $5 trillion economy.</p>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Economic Survey 2019</a> has drawn on <strong>Nobel Laureate Richard Thaler&rsquo;s Behavioural Economics Theory</strong> to lay out what it describes as an &ldquo;ambitious agenda" for behaviour change that will bring in social change, which in turn, will help India transit to a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. Programmes such as Swachh Bharat Mission, Jan Dhan Yojana and Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, provide testimony to the potential for behavioural change in India.</p>
<p>Given India's rich cultural and spiritual heritage, social norms(that play a very important role in shaping the behaviour), can be utilized to effect behavioural change. Behavioural economics is, however, not a panacea to policymaking.</p>
<h3>What is Behavioural Economics?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Behavioural economics is a method of economic analysis that applies psychological insights into human behaviour to explain economic decision-making</li>
<li>In reality, decisions made by people often deviate from the various theories of classical economics. Drawing on the psychology of human behaviour, behavioural economics provides insights to &lsquo;nudge&rsquo; people towards desirable behaviour.</li>
<li>The US academic Richard Thaler has won the Nobel prize in economics in 2017 for his pioneering work in this field.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the learnings of the economic survey on Behavioral Economics?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A key principle of behavioural economics is that while people&rsquo;s behaviour is influenced significantly by social norms, understanding the drivers of these social norms can enable change. In India, where <strong>social and religious norms</strong> play such a dominant role in influencing behaviour; behavioural economics can, therefore, provide a valuable instrument for change.</li>
<li>Many Indian schemes that employ insights from behavioural economics have met with success. For example:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)</strong> and the <strong>Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (BBBP)</strong> scheme, <strong>Give it up&nbsp;</strong>(LPG subsidy).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Survey, therefore, lays out an ambitious agenda for behavioural change by applying the principles of behavioural economics to several issues, including gender equality, a healthy and beautiful India, savings, tax compliance and credit quality.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How Behavioural Economics can be applied in the Indian context?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, behavioural economists have discovered the efficacy of a new class of policies called <strong>&ldquo;nudge&rdquo; policies</strong>. Nudge policies gently steer people towards desirable behaviour even while preserving their liberty to choose.</li>
<li>According to <strong>Nudge theory</strong>: People need reminders and positive reinforcement to sustain socially desirable behaviour.</li>
<li>According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, there are more than 202 government institutions using behavioural insights around the world.</li>
<li>Examples of nudge policies:
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>For increasing tax compliance in India:</strong> Citizens can be sent variations of text messages on how their taxes make a difference to public services.</li>
<li><strong>For reducing drop out rate in poor families:</strong> Parents can be informed about the average income gains from spending one more year in school for children.</li>
<li><strong>To increase savings rate:</strong> People can be offered specially designed savings accounts that locked up funds until a self-specified target was met.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Behavioural economics is, however, not a panacea to policymaking.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the limitations of Behavioural Economics?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&lsquo;Give It Up&rsquo; -LPG subsidy was a comparatively easy policy to be induced by behavioural economics as it requires only a one-time action of affluent households, whereas task is very difficult in case of Beti Bachao, Beti Padao and SBM, as it requires continuous effort to dislodge mind-sets that prevailed for decades.</li>
<li>Community-led sanitation schemes, part of the SBM, did include steps to change behaviour, but advertising campaigns such as the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme did not target specific states where child sex ratios were already skewed (although it was effective in Haryana, which also has a very poor sex ratio)</li>
<li>The applications of behavioural insights appeared to be a result of <strong>confirmation bias</strong> (to the extent that past policies were viewed with a behavioural lens).</li>
<li>Survey held, reducing corruption, discouraging the conspicuous display of wealth and <strong>inculcating a sense of pride of being the highest taxpayer in a district&nbsp;(by naming buildings after them)</strong> would go a long way in ensuring behavioural change vis-&agrave;-vis tax compliance
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But this could easily lead to a backlash among lower taxpayers, and hurt tax morale disproportionately.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>In this scenario, government regulation, taxes and free-market policies should be clubbed with a nudge effect to increase the efficacy of policymaking. If it is implemented diligently than Indian policymaking will be transformed:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>From BBBP to BADLAV (Beti Aapki Dhan Lakshmi Aur Vijay Lakshmi)</li>
<li>From Swachh Bharat to Sundar Bharat</li>
<li>From &ldquo;Give it up&rdquo; for the LPG subsidy to &ldquo;Think about the Subsidy&rdquo;</li>
<li>From tax evasion to tax compliance</li>
</ul>
<p>And the dream of New India 2022 can be realised.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #faf9dc; border-color: #870101; border-style: dashed;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1256px;"><em><strong>Drishti input:</strong></em><br /><br />Examine the efficacy of Behavioural Economics Theory to bring social change for success of welfare programmes and policy making in the long run.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/behavioural-economics-for-new-india'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Jal Marg Vikas Project',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP) for <strong>capacity augmentation of navigation</strong> on National Waterway-1 <strong>(NW-1)</strong> is being implemented by the support of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank</a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One of the major problems for a commercially viable and safe navigation on NW-1 is low depth upstream of Farakka barrage due to low discharges from tributaries and difficult hydro morphological characteristics of the river Ganga.</li>
<li>The project will contribute in <strong>bringing down the logistics cost</strong> in the country and will provide an alternative mode of transport which will be environment friendly and cost effective.</li>
<li>It is being implemented by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ladis-least-available-depth-information-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inland Waterways Authority of India</strong></a> (Ministry of Shipping).</li>
<li>The project envisages fairway development through performance based contract for least assured depth of 2.2 metres to 3 metres and bottom channel width of 45 metres, bank protection works, and provisions of navigation aids.</li>
<li>The<strong> states</strong> that are being covered under the Project are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal.</li>
<li>The Project is expected to be completed by <strong>March, 2023</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/276image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/276image2.jpg" width="666" height="458" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-marg-vikas-project'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'National Digital Health Blueprint',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare has released the National Digital Health Blueprint (NDHB) report in the public domain for inputs from various stakeholders.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Citizen centricity, quality of care, better access, universal health coverage, and inclusiveness</strong> are some of the key principles of a robust healthcare system.</li>
<li>All these aspirations can be realized principally by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-prescription-for-the-future" target="_blank" rel="noopener">leveraging the power of the digital technologies</a>.</li>
<li>In the context of India, with its size and diversity, this mammoth task requires that a <strong>holistic, comprehensive and interoperable digital architecture</strong> is crafted and adopted by all the stakeholders, and therefore the need of a blueprint.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A new entity, <strong>National Digital Health Mission (NDHM)</strong>, is recommended to be established as a purely <strong>government organization</strong> with complete functional autonomy on the lines of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-27th-september-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Goods and Services Network GSTN</a>.</li>
<li>The Objectives of NDHB are aligned to the Vision of National Health Policy 2017 and the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</a> relating to the health sector. These include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Establishing and managing the <strong>core digital health data and the infrastructure</strong> required for its seamless exchange.</li>
<li>Promoting the adoption of <strong>open standards by all the actors in the National Digital Health Ecosystem (NDHE)</strong>, for developing several digital health systems that span across the sector from wellness to disease management.</li>
<li>Creating a system of <strong>Personal Health Records</strong>, based on international standards, and easily accessible to the citizens and to the service providers, based on citizen-consent.</li>
<li>Following the <strong>best principles of cooperative federalism</strong> while working with the States and Union Territories for the realization of the Vision.</li>
<li>Promoting <strong>Health Data Analytics</strong> and <strong>Medical Research</strong>.</li>
<li>Enhancing the <strong>efficiency and effectiveness of Governance</strong> at all levels.</li>
<li>Ensuring <strong>Quality</strong> of Healthcare.</li>
<li>Leveraging the <strong>Information Systems already existing</strong> in the health sector</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While the Blueprint has <strong>identified 23 Building Blocks</strong>, a few of the <strong>critical capabilities</strong> of NDHE are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Identification:</strong> The Blueprint handles the requirements of Unique identification of <strong>Persons, Facilities, Diseases and Devices through 2 Building Blocks, namely, Personal Health Identifier (PHI), and Health Master Directories &amp; Registries</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This can be achieved through a combination of <strong>Aadhaar-based Identification/ Authentication</strong>&nbsp;and <strong>through other specified types </strong>of identifiers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Citizen to be in Control:</strong> The Blueprint achieves the complex and mandatory requirements of maintaining the confidentiality, security, and privacy of health records through <strong>Consent Manager, Anonymizer and Privacy Operations Centre</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Service Access/ Delivery:&nbsp;</strong>Access and delivery to be implemented by a combination of <strong>Web (India Health Portal), Mobile (MyHealth App) and Call Centres besides Social Media Platforms</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Command, Control and Communication Centre enable real-time monitoring and real-time interventions needed in the NDHE.</li>
<li>Given the significant spread of smartphones and the prospects of its further growth, The Blueprint <strong>emphasizes the &lsquo;Mobile First&rsquo; principle</strong> for the majority of stakeholder-facing services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Interoperability:</strong> The Health Information Exchange and the National Health Informatics Standards enable and promote the interoperability of various building blocks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It can be noted that recently, as part of the high-level summit, the <strong>Delhi Declaration on digital health for sustainable development</strong> was adopted at the concluding session of the<strong> '4<sup>th</sup> Global Digital Health Partnership Summit&rsquo;</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Global Digital Health Partnership Summit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> &lsquo;4th Global Digital Health Partnership Summit&rsquo;</strong> was held in<strong> February, 2019 in New Delhi</strong></li>
<li>It was hosted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in collaboration with <strong>World Health Organization (WHO)</strong> and the <strong>Global Digital Health Partnership (GDHP).</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Global Digital Health Partnership</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Global Digital Health Partnership (GDHP)</strong> is an international collaboration of governments, government agencies and multinational organisations dedicated to improving the health and well-being of their citizens through the best use of evidence-based digital technologies.</li>
<li>It was<strong> established in February 2018,</strong> to provide an opportunity for transformational engagement between its participants.</li>
<li><strong>Australia</strong> was the host country for the <strong>inaugural summit in 2018.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong> is a <strong>specialized agency</strong> of the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations</strong></a> that is concerned with international public health.</li>
<li>It is <strong>headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>The WHO&rsquo;s constitution came into force on April 7, 1948 &ndash; a date now celebrated every year as <strong>World Health Day</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>World Health Assembly</strong> is the supreme decision-making body in WHO. The assembly meets annually and is attended by delegations from 194 member states.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Declining Sex Ratio and Fertility Rates',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>As per the Sample Registration System (SRS) data from the Registrar General of India, the country&rsquo;s <strong>sex ratio at birth</strong> (SRB) declined to <strong>898</strong> in triennnium (three year period) ending 2017.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>fertility rate reduced</strong> from <strong>2.3</strong> in the year 2016 to <strong>2.2</strong> in the year 2017, close to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/changing-demographic-profile-faster-than-expectation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">replacement level of fertility</a> of 2.1.</li>
<li>This trend is in line with the population <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-population-boon-or-bane-rajya-sabha-lok-sabha-debate" target="_blank" rel="noopener">projections by the United Nations</a>, which have been revised downward in recent years. The year in which India will surpass China in population has been extended from 2022 (according to 2015 report) to 2027 (according to the 2019 report).</li>
<li>This trend also indicates that Indians want <strong>less children</strong> now but want them as sons. The Economic Survey 2017-18 underlined the meta preference towards son in detail.</li>
<li>It is Telangana, Delhi, Kerala along with Bihar, that have shown the sharpest worsening in sex ratio at birth in recent years.</li>
<li>Though use of sex-selection techniques is the biggest cause, social norms that prefer male children is a reason behind poor sex ratio in states like Bihar whereas in urbanised states, the richer households prefer more sons due to flawed social and economic reasons.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The SRS data also demonstrated that the proportion of economically active population (15-59) as well as old age population (60+) in India is rising. While the former constitutes 65.4 % of the populace, the latter was at 8.2 % in 2017.</p>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Sample Registration System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Office of Registrar General (under the Ministry of Home Affairs) initiated the scheme of sample registration of births and deaths in India popularly known as Sample Registration System (SRS) in <strong>1964-65</strong> on a pilot basis and on full scale from 1969-70. The SRS since then has been providing data on a regular basis.</li>
<li>The SRS in India is based on a <strong>dual record system</strong>. The field investigation under Sample Registration System consists of continuous enumeration of births and deaths in a sample of villages/urban blocks by a resident part-time enumerator, and an independent six monthly retrospective survey by a full-time supervisor. The data obtained through these two sources are matched. The unmatched and partially matched events are re-verified in the field to get an unduplicated count of correct events.</li>
<li>The <strong>revision of SRS sampling</strong> frame is undertaken every ten years based on the results of the latest Census.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Common Lineblue and Dark Cerulean',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Rare butterfly species Common Lineblue, (which was last seen in 1962 in Delhi) and <strong>Dark Cerulean</strong> (which was last spotted in the <strong>late 90s</strong>) were spotted by researchers in <strong>2018</strong> after a gap of over half a century.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/514image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/514image4.jpg" width="596" height="521" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both Common Lineblue and Dark Cerulean butterflies are usually found in the <strong>Himalayan foothills</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Researchers </strong>and <strong>lepidopterologists</strong> (branch of entomology concerning the scientific study of moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies) have noted that resurfacing of the two rare species of butterflies in the Delhi points towards the&nbsp;<strong>expanding</strong> <strong>floral diversity</strong> of the region that attracts new butterfly species from adjoining places.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Rotavirus Vaccination Drive',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The government of India is set to launch a rotavirus vaccine drive across <strong>all states and Union territories</strong> by September 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The vaccine is currently being administered in Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Tripura, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>The Rotavac has been introduced in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intensified-mission-indradhanush-best-practice-in-the-world-bmj" target="_blank" rel="noopener">India&rsquo;s Universal Immunisation Programme</a> (UIP) including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-initiates-probe-into-type-2-polio-virus-contamination" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Inactivated Polio Vaccine</a> (IPV), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Measles</a>, Rubella (MR) vaccine, Adult <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/japanese-encephalitis-je" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Japanese Encephalitis</a> (JE) vaccine, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lancet-building-a-tuberculosis-free-world" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tuberculosis</a>, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Pneumonia and Meningitis due to Haemophilus Influenzae type b (Hib).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rotavirus<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/760image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/760image1.jpg" width="492" height="453" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rotavirus can cause diarrohea, which can lead to dehydration (not having enough water in the body).</li>
<li>Rotavirus is a <strong>contagious disease</strong> that spreads easily from child to child.</li>
<li>Rotavirus spreads when a person comes in contact with the <strong>feces</strong> of someone who has rotavirus and then touches their own mouth. For example, rotavirus can spread when a child with rotavirus doesn&rsquo;t wash their hands properly after going to the bathroom and then touches food or other objects.</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Severe diarrhea</li>
<li>Throwing up</li>
<li>Dehydration</li>
<li>Fever</li>
<li>Stomach pain</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Health Organisation</a> (WHO) recommends that the <strong>first dose</strong> of rotavirus vaccine be administered as soon as possible <strong>after 6 weeks of age</strong>, along with DTP vaccination (diptheria, tetanus and pertussis).</li>
<li>WHO has recommended the inclusion of rotavirus vaccine in the <strong>National Schedules</strong>&nbsp;of the countries where under five mortality due to diarrhoeal diseases is more than 10%.</li>
<li>Currently, two vaccines are available against rotavirus:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rotarix</strong> (GlaxoSmithKline): is a <strong>monovalent vaccine recommended</strong> to be orally administered in two doses at 6-12 weeks.</li>
<li><strong>Rota Teq</strong> (Merck) is a <strong>pentavalent vaccine</strong> recommended to be orally administered in three doses starting at 6-12 weeks of age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Monovalent vaccine and Pentavalent vaccine</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Monovalent vaccines are designed to immunize against a <strong>single antigen</strong> or <strong>single microorganism</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Pentavalent vaccine</strong> provides protection to a child from five life-threatening diseases &ndash; <strong>Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Hepatitis B and Haemophilus Influenzae type b (Hib)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
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