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Manual Scavenging in India

Why in News The Central Monitoring Committee to review the implementation of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their...

14 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD)

Why in News The government has launched a central accident database management system that will help in analysing causes of road crashes and in...

14 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Monasteries at Moghalmari

Why in News Recently, a study of inscriptions on clay tablets excavated from Moghalmari have confirmed the presence of two...

14 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Liberalisation of Coal Mining

This article is based on Coal comfort, Mining deep: on Cabinet easing mining laws. It talks about the implications of Mineral Laws...

13 Jan 2020 News Editorials
Ghodahada Reservoir

Why in News? The population of Mugger Crocodile is on the rise in Odisha’s Ghodahada reservoir. Key Points As per the annual crocodile...

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Bengal Fox

Why in News Forest Department officials in Salem, Tamill Nadu are gearing up to prevent an unusual jallikattu, one that uses foxes (Bengal Fox)...

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis
National Youth Day 2020

Why in News National Youth Day (NYD) is observed on Swami Vivekananda's birth anniversary on January 12 every year. Key Points To honour Swami...

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis
INTACH Efforts to Protect Buddhist Site

Why in News The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), heritage lovers and officials have almost stopped the stone-pelting...

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Wetland Bird Census at Kaziranga National Park

Why in News The second wetland bird count was conducted in the Kaziranga National Park from 9th- 10th January 2020. The first wetland bird survey...

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Kolkata Port Trust

On the occasion of 150th anniversary celebration of Kolkata Port Trust, it has been renamed after Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. The Port has two...

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Second Tallest Statue of Gautam Buddha

The world's second tallest statue of Gautam Buddha is proposed to be built in Dev Ni Mori, Sabarkantha district, Gujarat. The proposed statue...

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Under-5 Girls Face High Mortality in India: UNICEF

Why in News Recently, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) released the ‘Levels and Trends in Child Mortality’ report....

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Right to Private Property

Why in News The Supreme Court has recently held that a citizen’s right to own private property is a human right. The case was of an...

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Internet as a Medium of Freedom of Expression

This article is based on Checks & balancing, Eloquently reticent: On validity of J&K curbs, SC opens the door in Kashmir, Heed Supreme...

11 Jan 2020 News Editorials
Indian Skimmer

Why in News The annual bird census has been commenced in the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary and surrounding wetlands in the Godavari mangroves on the...

11 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Review of India’s Energy Policies

Why in News The International Energy Agency (IEA) has released the first in-depth review of India’s energy policies. The report highlights...

11 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Chinese paddlefish

Why in news? Recently, the Chinese paddlefish (Psephurus gladius) has been declared extinct by Chinese scientists. It was last spotted in...

11 Jan 2020 News Analysis
State Energy Efficiency Index 2019

Why in news The government has released the ‘State Energy Efficiency Index 2019’. The Index tracks the progress of Energy Efficiency...

11 Jan 2020 News Analysis
SC’s Verdict on Curbs Imposed in J&K

Why in News The Supreme Court has recently given its ruling on the Kashmir lockdown and communications shutdown cases. The cases were also...

11 Jan 2020 News Analysis
World Hindi Day

World Hindi Day is celebrated every year on January 10 to promote the Hindi language all around the world. It was first celebrated in 2006 to...

11 Jan 2020 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Manual Scavenging in India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central Monitoring Committee to review the implementation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manual-scavenging-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013</strong></a> has mentioned that many states are lagging behind in the rehabilitation of manual scavengers.</li>
<li>Though most of the sewer death compensation had been paid but <strong>states like Gujarat, Maharashtra </strong>is<strong> yet to pay compensation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578987249_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578987249_image1.jpg" width="390" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Numerical Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since 1993, a total of 926 deaths related to the manual scavenging is reported in the country, out of which 172 families are yet to receive compensation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State-wise Analysis:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Engaged Workers:</strong> According to the <strong>National Commission of Safai Karamcharis (NCSK),</strong> a total of 53,598 people, of which <strong>29,923</strong> were in <strong>Uttar Pradesh alone,</strong> had been identified as <strong>engaged in manual scavenging</strong> after surveys in 2013 and 2018.</li>
<li><strong>Deaths: Tamil Nadu</strong> reported the <strong>highest number of deaths</strong> but has paid compensation in all but seven of the 234 cases.</li>
<li><strong>Compensation: Gujarat</strong> has the<strong> highest</strong> number of cases where the compensation <strong>amount was not paid followed by Maharashtra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps taken for Elimination:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, one-time cash assistance, capital subsidy and skill development training are provided to the identified manual scavengers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Prohibition of Employment of Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Prohibition:</strong> The act prohibits the employment of manual scavengers, manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks without protective equipment, and the construction of insanitary latrines.</li>
<li><strong>Rehabilitation:</strong> It seeks to rehabilitate manual scavengers and provide for their alternative employment.</li>
<li><strong>Implementing Authority:</strong> Each local authority, cantonment board and railway authority is responsible for surveying insanitary latrines within its jurisdiction. They shall also construct a number of sanitary community latrines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The District Magistrate and the local authority shall be the implementing authorities. Offences under the Act shall be cognizable and non-bailable and may be tried summarily.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Persistence of Manual Scavenging</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Despite the most stringent penal provisions in the law against manual scavenging, it continues in parts of India largely <strong>due to governmental indifference and social prejudice.</strong></li>
<li>The continued presence of insanitary latrines, of which there are about 2.6 million that require cleaning by hand, according to Safai Karmachari Andolan.</li>
<li>Many communities still regard the presence of a sanitary toilet inside the house as physical pollution.</li>
<li>The entrenched belief in the <strong>caste system</strong> that assumes people belonging to a particular caste group will readily perform the stigmatised task of emptying latrines.</li>
<li>The state governments are not keen to demolish and rebuild old facilities lacking sanitation, or conduct a full census of both the latrines and the people engaged in clearing such waste.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commission of Safai Karamcharis</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK) was constituted on 12<sup>th</sup> August 1994 as a statutory body by an Act of Parliament viz. &lsquo;National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act, 1993&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The act &ldquo;The National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act, 1993&rdquo; lapsed in February 2004.</li>
<li>The Commission is acting as a <strong>non-statutory body of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment</strong> whose tenure is extended from time to time through Government Resolutions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-gujarat-lag-behind-in-compensation-for-sewer-deaths/article30559790.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The government has launched a <strong>central accident database management system</strong> that will help in analysing causes of road crashes and in devising safety interventions to reduce such accidents in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The system, known as the <strong>Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD),</strong> has been <strong>developed by the Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT-M)</strong> and will be <strong>implemented by the National Informatics Centre.</strong></li>
<li>The project costs ₹258 crore and is being <strong>supported by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank.</a></strong></li>
<li>The system will be first piloted in the six States with highest fatalities from road crashes &mdash; Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.</li>
<li>IRAD is comprehensive web-based Information Technology (IT) solution and will enable various agencies such as the police, Public Works Department (PWDs),etc. to enter details on a road accident from different perspectives such as investigation, road engineering, vehicle condition etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Road Accidents in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the World Road Statistics,<strong> India recorded the highest number of road accident deaths across 199 countries in 2018</strong> followed by China and the US.</li>
<li>According to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-accidents-in-india-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>government data</strong></a>, more than 1.5 lakh people lost their lives in road crashes in the country in 2018.</li>
<li>Of the total people killed in road crashes in 2018, 48% were between 18 years and 35 years old, and more than 60% of such fatalities were due to overspeeding.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Working of IRAD</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IRAD mobile application will enable police personnel to enter details about a road accident, along with photos and videos, following which a unique ID will be created for the incident.</li>
<li>Subsequently, an engineer from the Public Works Department or the local body will receive an alert on his mobile device. He or she will then visit the accident site, examine it, and feed the required details, such as the road design.</li>
<li>Data thus collected will be analysed by a team at IIT-M, which will then suggest if corrective measures in road design need to be taken.</li>
<li>Road users will also be able to upload data on road accidents on a separate mobile application, which is expected to go live from 1st April 2020.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Informatics Centre</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NIC of the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology</strong> provides network backbone and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-Governance</strong></a> support to the Central Government, State Governments and UT Administrations.</li>
<li>It was established in<strong> 1976</strong> and is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-accidents-in-india-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Monasteries at Moghalmari',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a study of inscriptions on clay tablets excavated from <strong>Moghalmari</strong> have confirmed the presence of two monasteries.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Moghalmari is a <strong>Buddhist monastic</strong> site of the early medieval period in West Bengal&rsquo;s Paschim Medinipur district.</li>
<li><strong>Chinese traveller Xuanzang</strong> (more widely identified as <strong>Huen Tsang</strong>), who visited India in the 7<sup>th</sup> century CE, referred to the existence of &lsquo;ten monasteries&rsquo; within the limits of Tamralipta (modern day Tamluk in adjoining Purba Medinipur district). However, he did not refer to any specific name or location.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Presence of <strong>two monasteries- Mugalayikaviharika</strong> and <strong>Yaj&ntilde;apindikamahavihara</strong> at Moghalmari.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Six tiny fragments of inscribed seals found contain a set of letters accompanied by the deer-dharmachakra symbols.</li>
<li>The inscriptions are in Sanskrit and the script is a transitional phase between later north <strong>Indian Brahmi</strong> and early <strong>Siddhamatrika.</strong></li>
<li>The first name on the seals - Yaj&ntilde;apindikamahavihara, implies etymologically &lsquo;a place of sacrificial offering&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The second name on the seals, Mugalayikaviharika, bears a phonetic resemblance to the modern name of the site, Moghalmari.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The monasteries at Moghalmari date from the 6th century CE and were functional until the 12<sup>th</sup> century CE. The presence of two monasteries <strong>dating to the same period within a single compound is unique in eastern India.</strong></li>
<li>Inscriptions supports the point that <strong>Buddhist monasteries have a definite hierarchy &mdash;</strong> Mahavihara, Vihara and Viharika.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Brahmi and Siddhamatrika</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The oldest deciphered inscriptions belong to the late 4<sup>th</sup> century BCE and are in Brahmi and Kharoshthi.</li>
<li>These include those of Maurya emperor Ashoka, which are in a number of different languages and scripts, but mostly in the Prakrit language and Brahmi script.</li>
<li>The different stages of Brahmi script are often labelled on the basis if dynasties, e.g. Ashokan Brahmi, Kushana Brahmi and Gupta Brahmi.</li>
<li>In the late 6<sup>th</sup> century, Gupta Brahmi evolved into a script known as Siddhamatrika or Kutlia.</li>
<li>The modern north Indian scripts such as Devanagari gradually emerged out of Siddhamatrika.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/inscriptions-confirm-presence-of-two-medieval-monasteries-at-moghalmari/article30562580.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Liberalisation of Coal Mining',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/modi-cabinet-meeting-decision-coal-block-allocation-6208796/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coal comfort</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/mining-deep/article30526562.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mining deep: on Cabinet easing mining laws.</strong></a> It talks about the implications of Min&shy;eral Laws (Amend&shy;ment) Or&shy;di&shy;nance 2020 on Coal Mining Sector in India.</p>
</div>
<p>India is one of the largest coal producers in the world with an output of 729 million tonnes in 2018-19. However, despite sluggish economic growth, the import shipments have surged. This has led to further deterioration of the balance of trade.</p>
<p>In this context, the Union Cab&shy;i&shy;net ap&shy;proved the pro&shy;mul&shy;ga&shy;tion of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/investment-in-coal-mining" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Min&shy;eral Laws (Amend&shy;ment) Or&shy;di&shy;nance 2020.</strong></a></p>
<p>The ordinance per&shy;mits<strong> com&shy;mer&shy;cial coal min&shy;ing</strong> for lo&shy;cal and global firms with&shy;out im&shy;pos&shy;ing any end-user re&shy;stric&shy;tions, also it ex&shy;tend&shy;s the va&shy;lid&shy;ity of clear&shy;ances for min&shy;ing leases ex&shy;pir&shy;ing in 2020. This amendment could re&shy;sult in a <strong>paradigm shift in the coal mining sector.</strong></p>
<h3>Importance of Coal Mining</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The min&shy;ing in&shy;dus&shy;try serves as the base for the power sec&shy;tor, with around 72% of In&shy;dia&rsquo;s cur&shy;rent power be&shy;ing gen&shy;er&shy;ated through coal.</li>
<li>Fur&shy;ther, coal forms the ba&shy;sic build&shy;ing blocks of man&shy;u&shy;fac&shy;tured prod&shy;ucts and many agri-in&shy;puts. Thus, from a na&shy;tional in&shy;ter&shy;est stand&shy;point, the coal in&shy;dus&shy;try is key to en&shy;sur&shy;ing the coun&shy;try&rsquo;s en&shy;ergy and raw ma&shy;te&shy;rial se&shy;cu&shy;rity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Positive Impact of the Decision</h3>
<p>The removal of these restrictions is in line with the objective of facilitating commercial coal mining in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ordinance amends the existing provision that allowed only companies engaged in iron and steel, power, coal washing sectors and others to bid for coal mines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Now all end-user restrictions have been removed, easing the entry of companies not engaged in any coal-use industry in coal mining.</li>
<li>End-user restrictions mean that even if the private player has mined the coal, there were many restrictions on final sale of that coal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, existing private owners will now be able to sell their surplus coal in the market.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Earlier, private players were restricted to use coal (mined by them) for their captive use in powerplants only.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will also encourage private players to participate in the auctions that are to be held to reallocate the captive coal blocks that were cancelled by the Supreme Court in 2014.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>So far, only 29 of the 204 blocks that were cancelled have been auctioned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Open&shy;ing up the sec&shy;tor is also likely to spur in&shy;ter&shy;est in coal min&shy;ing and, there&shy;fore, boost in&shy;vest&shy;ment from In&shy;dian and for&shy;eign ma&shy;jors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The country may also benefit from the infusion of sophisticated mining technology, especially for underground mines, if multinationals decide to invest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Large investment in mining will create jobs and set off demand in critical sectors such as mining equipment and heavy commercial vehicles.</li>
<li>The relaxation in regulations, along with previous initiatives such as allowing 100% foreign direct investment through the automatic route in commercial coal production, can aid in boosting coal production in the country and help reduce imports.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Government Interventions To Boost Mining</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Amend&shy;ment to the <strong>Mines and Min&shy;er&shy;als (De&shy;vel&shy;op&shy;ment and Reg&shy;u&shy;la&shy;tion) Act (MMDRA) 1957,</strong> which ex&shy;tends the va&shy;lid&shy;ity pe&shy;riod of the en&shy;vi&shy;ron&shy;ment and for&shy;est clear&shy;ances for two years for min&shy;ing leases ex&shy;pir&shy;ing in 2020. The seam&shy;less trans&shy;fer of clear&shy;ances will help min&shy;imise any dis&shy;rup&shy;tion in op&shy;er&shy;a&shy;tions.</li>
<li><strong>Na&shy;tional Min&shy;eral Pol&shy;icy (NMP) was ap&shy;proved in 2019,</strong> to ensure trans&shy;parency in the al&shy;lot&shy;ment of min&shy;ing blocks.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NMP 2019 em&shy;pha&shy;sises&shy; on themes such as sus&shy;tain&shy;able min&shy;ing, boost&shy;ing ex&shy;plo&shy;ration, en&shy;cour&shy;ag&shy;ing the use of state-of-the-art tech&shy;nol&shy;ogy and skill de&shy;vel&shy;op&shy;ment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In Septem&shy;ber 2019, <strong>100% FDI</strong> un&shy;der the au&shy;to&shy;matic ap&shy;proval route was allowed for the sale of coal and coal min&shy;ing ac&shy;tiv&shy;i&shy;ties in&shy;clud&shy;ing as&shy;so&shy;ci&shy;ated pro&shy;cess&shy;ing in&shy;fra&shy;struc&shy;ture.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<p>There is no guarantee that these amendments would encourage large multinational miners to invest in the coal sector in India. This may be because:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is <strong>no clarity on pricing.</strong> Without a remunerative price, few would be willing to invest billions of dollars in the latest mining techniques.</li>
<li>Further, miners have to currently pay huge amounts upfront to get a mine after winning an auction. Due to this, often there are no bidders for the auction.</li>
<li>The other problem is that coal has a<strong> &lsquo;dirty fuel&rsquo;</strong> tag and few global lenders are willing to put their money into the sector.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the last few years, ex&shy;plo&shy;ration by pri&shy;vate play&shy;ers has come to a near stand&shy;still. In&shy;ter&shy;ven&shy;tions such as in&shy;tro&shy;duc&shy;ing a seam&shy;less tran&shy;si&shy;tion from ex&shy;plo&shy;ration to min&shy;ing li&shy;cence, per&shy;mit&shy;ting the sale of li&shy;cence at any stage, and al&shy;low&shy;ing pri&shy;vate com&shy;pa&shy;nies to proac&shy;tively ap&shy;proach government of India for ex&shy;plo&shy;ration ar&shy;eas will help over&shy;turn this trend.</li>
<li>Stream&shy;lin&shy;ing the auc&shy;tion process will also lead to greater ef&shy;fi&shy;ciency and more ef&shy;fec&shy;tive out&shy;comes.</li>
<li>Min&shy;ing com&shy;pa&shy;nies in In&shy;dia are sub&shy;ject to much higher fi&shy;nan&shy;cial levies than other countries, ( due to high roy&shy;alty rates, mul&shy;ti&shy;plic&shy;ity of levies and dou&shy;ble tax&shy;a&shy;tion). Therefore, roy&shy;alty rates should be re&shy;duced in line with in&shy;ter&shy;na&shy;tional bench&shy;marks.</li>
<li>The government must en&shy;sure that all pol&shy;icy in&shy;ter&shy;ven&shy;tions take cog&shy;ni&shy;sance of emerging global trends in min&shy;ing, such as smart mines, deep-sea min&shy;ing and the chang&shy;ing com&shy;po&shy;si&shy;tion of the min&shy;ing work&shy;force.</li>
</ul>
<p>The min&shy;ing sec&shy;tor in In&shy;dia is highly un&shy;der&shy;de&shy;vel&shy;oped rel&shy;a&shy;tive to its enor&shy;mous po&shy;ten&shy;tial. It has the do&shy;mes&shy;tic ca&shy;pac&shy;ity to ab&shy;sorb sig&shy;nif&shy;i&shy;cantly higher min&shy;eral pro&shy;duc&shy;tion. The government must ex&shy;pe&shy;di&shy;tiously im&shy;ple&shy;ment a re&shy;form agenda in the sec&shy;tor to re&shy;alise the industry's full po&shy;ten&shy;tial.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #fc0505; background-color: #fff5cf;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Liberalising coal min&shy;ing in India could re&shy;sult in a paradigm shift in the coal mining sector. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/liberalisation-of-coal-mining'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Ghodahada Reservoir',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>The population of Mugger Crocodile is on the rise in Odisha&rsquo;s Ghodahada reservoir.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the annual crocodile census conducted in the Ghodahada reservoir, the number of mature <strong>mugger crocodiles</strong> in Ghodahada reservoir and its adjoining area has increased.</li>
<li>The reservoir is located close to the <strong>Lakhari Valley Sanctuary</strong> and is a<strong> part of the Eastern Ghats.</strong></li>
<li>The reservoir is fed by <strong>Ghodahada river</strong> which is a<strong> tributary</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rushikulya.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Mugger Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is one of the<strong> three crocodile species</strong> found in Odisha, the others being <strong>gharial</strong> in <strong>Satkosia</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Saltwater crocodile</strong></a> in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhitarkanika</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The mugger is an <strong>egg-laying</strong> and <strong>hole-nesting species.</strong></li>
<li>It is mainly restricted to the Indian subcontinent where it may be found in a number of <strong>freshwater habitat</strong> types including rivers, lakes and marshes.</li>
<li>However, it can even be found in coastal <strong>saltwater lagoons </strong>and <strong>estuaries.</strong></li>
<li>It is already <strong>extinct</strong> in Bhutan and Myanmar.</li>
<li><strong>Principal threats:</strong> Habitat destruction, fragmentation, and transformation, fishing activities and use of crocodile parts for medicinal purposes.</li>
<li>IUCN status: <strong>Vulnerable</strong></li>
<li>It is protected under <strong>Schedule I</strong> of the<strong> Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Schedule I</strong> and <strong>part II</strong> of <strong>Schedule II</strong> of the <strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong> provide the highest degrees of protection to listed species.</li>
<li>It is also listed under <strong>CITES Appendix I.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lakhari Valley Sanctuary</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established in the year 1985. It is marked by the <strong>tropical climate</strong> and receives a huge amount of rainfall every year due to its proximity to the Bay of Bengal.</li>
<li>The sanctuary is full of rich <strong>tropical forest,</strong> valleys, hills, water sources etc.</li>
<li>It is one of the elephant populated sanctuaries in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/crocodile-population-on-the-rise-in-odishas-ghodahada-reservoir/article30552838.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ghodahada-reservoir'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Bengal Fox',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Forest Department officials in Salem, Tamill Nadu are gearing up to prevent an <strong>unusual <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jallikattu-event-held-in-tamil-nadu" target="_blank" rel="noopener">jallikattu</a>,</strong> one that uses <strong>foxes (Bengal Fox)</strong> instead of bulls at the Kaanum Pongal, the fourth and final day of the harvest festival.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Foxes or Vanga Nari in Tamil are used in the festival because villagers believe it will bring bountiful rain and good fortune.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The foxes are muzzled and their hind legs tied with rope. After special rituals, they are chased through the streets, like bulls in the more conventional jallikattu. After the event, the animals are released into the forest.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite a ban, the event has been organised for decades now.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bengal Fox<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578907448_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578907448_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is also known as the <strong>Indian fox,</strong> is a species of Asian foxes <strong>endemic to the Indian subcontinent.</strong></li>
<li>This is a medium-sized fox with an elongated muzzle with black hair in small patches on the upper part of the muzzle. Its large, bushy, black-tipped tail is its most prominent feature, accounting for as much as 60% of the length of its body.</li>
<li>These are protected under <strong>Part 1 of Schedule II of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act</a>, 1972,</strong> and hunting or capturing them is prohibited.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>- <strong>Least Concerned.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pongal-spells-peril-for-salems-foxes/article30552014.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bengal-fox'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'National Youth Day 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>National Youth Day (NYD)</strong> is observed on <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/to-the-point-paper-4-indian-thinker-swami-vivekanand-1863-1902" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swami Vivekananda's</strong></a> <strong>birth anniversary</strong> on <strong>January 12</strong> every year.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To honour Swami Vivekananda's contributions to the country, the government in the year <strong>1984, declared his birthday as National Youth Day.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>main objective</strong> of NYD is to promote rational thinking among the youth. Youth is expected to rise to the values, principles and beliefs that Vivekananda lived by.</li>
<li><strong>National Youth Festival (NYF) 2020:</strong> On this occasion, the <strong>Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports</strong> and Uttar Pradesh government <strong>also</strong> jointly organized <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> NYF 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Government has been organizing National Youth Festival (NYF) since <strong>1995.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of NYF is to provide an arena where youth can interact and exchange their social and cultural uniqueness. This blend of diverse socio-cultural milieu proves belief in<strong> &lsquo;Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> of the NYF 2020 is <strong>&lsquo;FIT YOUTH FIT INDIA&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He was born as Narendranath Datta on January 12, <strong>1863.</strong></li>
<li>Introduced the world to the Indian philosophies of <strong>Vedanta and Yoga.</strong></li>
<li>He was the chief disciple of the 19<sup>th</sup>-century mystic <strong>Ramakrishna Paramhansa.</strong></li>
<li>Laid the greatest <strong>emphasis on education</strong> for the regeneration of our motherland. He advocated a man-making <strong>character-building education.</strong></li>
<li>Established the <strong>Ramakrishna Mission </strong>in<strong> 1897.</strong> It is an organization which works in the area of <strong>value-based education,</strong> culture, health, women's empowerment,<strong> youth and tribal welfare</strong> and <strong>relief and rehabilitation.</strong></li>
<li>He died at <strong>Belur Math</strong> in 1902. Belur Math, located in <strong>West Bengal,</strong> is the headquarters of Ramakrishna Math &amp; Ramakrishna Mission.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ramakrishna Paramhansa</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He was born as<strong> Gadadhar Chattopadhyay</strong> in 1836 in <strong>West Bengal.</strong></li>
<li>He was one of the leading Hindu spiritual leaders in the 19<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>He believed that the <strong>realization of the existence of God is the supreme goal</strong> of all living beings.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1599039" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-youth-day-2020'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'INTACH Efforts to Protect Buddhist Site',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH),</strong> heritage lovers and officials have almost stopped the stone-pelting ritual at<strong> Bojjannakonda,</strong> a famous Buddhist site at <strong>Sankaram, near Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the <strong>Kanuma day during Sankranti,</strong> the villagers used to pelt stones at a belly-shaped object, believing it to be a part of a demon.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kanuma Day</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an important day during the <strong>Pongal and Sankranti festivals,</strong> which are both <strong>ancient harvest festivals</strong> that take place in mid-January, celebrating the movement of the sun reversing, marking the start of the end of winter.</li>
<li>In Andhra Pradesh, the Kanuma festival is celebrated on the<strong> third day of the four-day Sankranti</strong> festival.</li>
<li>It is an important festival of Telugu people and is<strong> dedicated to cattle</strong> and other animals that are an important part of the rural economy in Andhra Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578904626_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578904626_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main stupa is carved out of rock and then covered with bricks, with a number of images of the Buddha sculpted on the rock face all over the hill.</li>
<li><strong>Bojjannakonda</strong> and <strong>Lingalametta</strong> are the<strong> twin Buddhist monasteries</strong> dating back to the 3rd century BC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At Lingalametta, there are hundreds of rock-cut monolithic stupas in rows.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These sites have seen <strong>three forms of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buddhism</a>-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Theravada period:</strong> when Lord Buddha was considered a teacher.</li>
<li><strong>Mahayana:</strong> where Buddhism was more devotional.</li>
<li><strong>Vajrayana:</strong> where Buddhist tradition was more practised as Tantra and esoteric form.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The name <strong>Sankaram</strong> is derived from the term,<strong> &lsquo;Sangharama&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is famous for votive stupas, rock-cut caves, brick-built structural edifices, early historic pottery and Satavahana coins that date back to the 1<sup>st</sup> century AD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Visakhapatnam is famous for <strong>Buddhist sites at Thotlakonda, Appikonda, and Bavikonda too.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>non-profit charitable organisation</strong> registered under <strong>the Societies' Registration Act, 1860.</strong></li>
<li>It was founded in <strong>1984 in New Delhi</strong> with the vision to spearhead heritage awareness and conservation in India.</li>
<li>It has pioneered the conservation and preservation of not just our natural and built heritage but intangible heritage as well.</li>
<li>In<strong> 2007,</strong> the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> awarded INTACH a special consultative status with the <strong>United Nations Economic and Social Council.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/intach-efforts-to-protect-buddhist-site-bear-fruit/article30552294.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intach-efforts-to-protect-buddhist-site'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Wetland Bird Census at Kaziranga National Park',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The second wetland bird count was conducted in the Kaziranga National Park from 9<sup>th</sup>- 10<sup>th</sup> January 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The first wetland bird survey was conducted in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578903884_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578903884_image2.png" width="630" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Number of Birds</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A total of 19,225 birds belonging to 96 species under 80 families was reported which is significantly higher than that of 2018.</li>
<li>Having 96 species of wetland birds is one of the highest for wildlife reserves in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range wise Distribution</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The survey covered four ranges of the park &mdash; Agoratoli, Bagori, Kohora and Burapahar.</li>
<li>More than half the birds (9,924) and 85 of the 96 species were recorded in Agoratoli Range. This was because Sohola, the largest of Kaziranga's 92 perennial wetlands, is in this range.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kaziranga National Park</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It is located in <strong>the State of Assam</strong> and covers 42,996 ha. It is the single largest undisturbed and representative area in the Brahmaputra Valley floodplain.</li>
<li><strong>Legal Status</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was declared as a <strong>National Park in 1974.</strong></li>
<li>It has been declared a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> tiger reserve</strong></a> <strong>since 2007.</strong> It has a total tiger reserve area of 1,030 sq km with a core area of 430 sq. km.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Status</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was declared a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong></a> in 1985.</li>
<li>It is recognized as an <strong>Important Bird Area</strong> by BirdLife International.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Species Found</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>home of the world's most <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-24th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">one-horned rhinos</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Much of the focus of conservation efforts in Kaziranga are focused on the 'big four' species&mdash; rhino, elephant, Royal Bengal tiger and Asiatic water buffalo.</li>
<li>The 2018 census had yielded 2,413 rhinos and approximately 1,100 elephants.</li>
<li>As per the figures of tiger census conducted in 2014, Kaziranga had an estimated 103 tigers, the <strong>third highest population</strong> in India after <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rhinos-to-be-re-introduced-in-uttarakhand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jim Corbett National Park</strong></a> (215) in Uttarakhand and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fire-in-bandipur-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bandipur National Park</strong></a> (120) in Karnataka.</li>
<li>Kaziranga is also home to 9 of the 14 species of primates found in the Indian subcontinent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rivers and Highways</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>National Highway 37</strong> passes through the park area.</li>
<li>The park also has more than 250 seasonal water bodies, besides the <strong>Diphlu River</strong> running through it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kaziranga-records-96-species-of-wetland-birds/article30551854.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wetland-bird-census-at-kaziranga-national-park'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Kolkata Port Trust',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the occasion of <strong>150<sup>th</sup> anniversary celebration of Kolkata Port Trust,</strong> it has been renamed after <strong>Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Port has two distinct dock systems - <strong>Kolkata Docks at Kolkata</strong> and a deep water dock at <strong>Haldia Dock Complex,</strong> Haldia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History of Kolkata Port Trust</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the oldest operating port in India, and was constructed by the British East India Company.</li>
<li>The Port which was once considered the most important port in the country still remains the premier port which has been rightly called the <strong>gateway to Eastern India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is the guiding factor to trade and commerce of vast hinterland comprising the entire Eastern India including <strong>Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh</strong> and the <strong>two land-locked Himalayan Kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan.</strong></li>
<li>After independence, the port's importance decreased because of factors including the <strong>Partition of India (1947),</strong> reduction in size of the port hinterland, and <strong>economic stagnation in eastern India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Governance:</strong> It is an <strong>autonomous body</strong> under the ministry of shipping, Government of India administered through <strong>Major Port Trusts Act, 1963.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> Kolkata Port is the <strong>only riverine Major Port in India,</strong> situated 232 kms up-stream from the Sandheads. Its navigational channel is <strong>one of the longest</strong> in the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Major Ports</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has <strong>13 major ports</strong> viz. Kolkata Port, Paradip Port, New Mangalore Port, Cochin Port, Jawaharlal Nehru Port, Mumbai Port, Kandla Port, Visakhapatnam Port, Chennai Port, Tuticorin port, Ennore Port, Mormugao Port and Port Blair Port.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1599184" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kolkata-port-trust'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Second Tallest Statue of Gautam Buddha',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>world's second tallest statue of Gautam Buddha</strong> is proposed to be built in <strong>Dev Ni Mori, Sabarkantha district, Gujarat.</strong></li>
<li>The proposed statue (108m) would be second in the world after the <strong>Spring Temple in China (153 meters).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Relevance of Dev Ni Mori</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dev Ni Mori was excavated by the state archaeology department in 1953.</li>
<li>The remains of a Buddhist monastery belonging to <strong>3<sup>rd</sup>-4<sup>th</sup> century AD</strong> have been unearthed from <strong>Devni Mori.</strong></li>
<li>The most important discovery from the site however was a <strong>1,700 year old casket</strong> which has<strong> bodily relics of Buddha.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The inscription clearly mentions that the casket contains bodily relics of Buddha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The presence of a stupa and monastery has reconfirmed a strong presence of Buddhists in <strong>Vadnagar</strong> during the early centuries of Christian era.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The recent excavations have brought to light a Buddhist Monastery belonging to the 2<sup>nd</sup>-7<sup>th</sup> century AD, within the <strong>fortified area of Vadnagar, Gujarat.</strong></li>
<li>The monastery had two votive stupas and an open central courtyard around which initially nine cells were constructed. The arrangement of cells around the central courtyard creates a swastika-like pattern.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statue-of-unity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Statue of Unity</strong></a> is the world's tallest statue at 182 metres (597 ft) located in <strong>Narmada Valley Kevadiya, Narmada district, Gujarat.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/no-progress-on-worlds-second-tallest-buddha-statue-project-in-gujarat/articleshow/73217586.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ToI</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-tallest-statue-of-gautam-buddha'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Under-5 Girls Face High Mortality in India: UNICEF',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)</b></a>&nbsp;released the <strong>&lsquo;Levels and Trends in Child Mortality&rsquo; report.</strong> According to it, unlike global trends, India&rsquo;s under-5 mortality of girls exceeded that of boys in 2018.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On average, boys are expected to have a higher probability of dying before reaching age-5 than girls.</li>
<li>The global report states that fewer countries showed gender disparities in child mortality in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Countries primarily located in <strong>Southern Asia and Western Asia</strong> have a significantly higher risk of girls dying before age 5.</li>
<li>According to the report, half of all under-5 deaths in 2018 occurred in <strong>five</strong> countries: <strong>India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Ethiopia.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Nigeria alone account for about a third.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Despite the tremendous progress in child survival made over the past two decades, one child or young adolescent died every five seconds in 2018.</li>
<li>The burden of child mortality is determined both by the <strong>mortality rate</strong> (the proportion of children who die) and by the <strong>estimated population</strong> of any given State (total number of annual births).</li>
<li>Current trends predict that close to 10 million 5 to 14 year olds and 52 million children under 5 years of age, will die between 2019 and 2030. Almost half of these under-5 deaths will be newborns.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The majority of child mortality cases in India are attributable to <strong>deaths during the neonatal period.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>major causes of neonatal mortality</strong> are preterm birth, intrapartum related events and neonatal infection.</li>
<li>In the <strong>post-neonatal period,</strong> the major direct causes of death are <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pneumonia-and-diarrhoea-progress-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>diarrhoea</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saans-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pneumonia.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s neonatal mortality rate</strong> is<strong> 23 per 1,000 live births.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to India&rsquo;s <strong>2017</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/population-explosion-and-fertility-rates" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sample Registration System</strong></a> <strong>(SRS),</strong> the States with the highest burden of neonatal mortality are <strong>Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh,</strong> <strong>with 32, 33 and 30 neonatal deaths</strong> per 1,000 live births, respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Jharkhand, Bihar and Uttarakhand</strong> showed the <strong>largest gender gaps</strong> in under-5 mortality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh</strong> is the state with the <strong>highest number of estimated newborn deaths</strong> in India, both because of the <strong>high neonatal mortality rate</strong> and because of the <strong>large number of births</strong> that occur every year in the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578901781_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578901781_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="615" height="359" /></a></p>
<h3>Steps to be Taken</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is urgently required to further accelerate progress in preventing child deaths by <strong>adopting proactive measures.</strong></li>
<li>Deaths of newborns can be prevented by reaching<strong> high coverage of quality antenatal care, skilled care at birth, postnatal care for mother and baby, and care of small and sick newborns.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-under-5-mortality-of-girls-exceeds-that-of-boys-unlike-global-trend-says-report/article30550394.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/under-5-girls-face-high-morality-in-india-un'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Right to Private Property',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court has recently held that a <strong>citizen&rsquo;s right to own private property</strong> is a<strong> human right.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The case was of an 80-year-old woman whose 3.34 hectare land was forcibly taken by the <strong>Himachal Pradesh Government in 1967</strong>, for constructing a road.</li>
<li>The Court used its <strong>extraordinary jurisdiction</strong> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-leave-petition" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 136</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accused-can-be-ordered-to-give-voice-samples" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 142</strong></a> of the Constitution to direct the government to pay the woman compensation of 1 crore rupees.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A citizen&rsquo;s <strong>right to own private property is a human right.</strong> The state cannot take possession of it without following due procedure and authority of law.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bench referred to an earlier verdict in <strong>State of Haryana v. Mukesh Kumar case (2011)</strong> wherein it was held that the right to property is not only a <strong>constitutional or statutory right, but also a human right.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Doctrine of Adverse Possession:</strong> The state cannot trespass into the private property of a citizen and then claim ownership of the land in the name of &lsquo;adverse possession.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Grabbing private land and then claiming it as its own makes the state an encroacher.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1967, when the government forcibly took over the land, <strong>&lsquo;right to private property was still a fundamental right&rsquo;</strong> under Article 31 of the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Right to Property ceased to be a fundamental right with the <strong>44<sup>th</sup> Constitution Amendment in 1978.</strong></li>
<li>It was made a <strong>Constitutional right under Article 300A.</strong> Article 300A requires the state to follow due procedure and authority of law to deprive a person of his or her private property.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Doctrine of Adverse Possession</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>legal doctrine</strong> that allows a person who possesses or resides on someone else's land for an extended period of time to claim legal title to that land.</li>
<li>In India, a person who is not the original owner of a property becomes the owner because of the fact that he has been in possession of the property for a minimum of 12-years, within which the real owner did not seek legal recourse to oust him.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Article 142</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It provides <strong>discretionary power to the Supreme Court</strong> as it states that the Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for <strong>doing complete justice</strong> in any cause or matter pending before it.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Article 136 (Special Leave Petition)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It allows the Supreme Court to hear, at its discretion, an appeal against any order from any court or tribunal in the territory of India. However, this does not apply to any judgment, determination, sentence or order passed or made by any court or tribunal constituted by or under any law relating to the Armed Forces.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/private-property-is-a-human-right-says-sc/article30551819.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-private-property'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Internet as a Medium of Freedom of Expression',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/jammu-and-kashmir-internet-shutdown-supreme-court-article-370-6210479/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Checks &amp; balancing</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/eloquently-reticent-on-validity-of-jk-curbs/article30537388.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eloquently reticent: On validity of J&amp;K curbs</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/sc-opens-the-door-in-kashmir/story-0Qe8XgZinNEoR5ToOXugoO.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SC opens the door in Kashmir</strong></a>,<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/heed-supreme-court-kashmirs-unending-clampdown-becomes-untenable/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Heed Supreme Court</strong></a>. It talks about the significance of the recent Supreme Court judgement relating to the situation in Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K) after the abrogation of Article 370.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Supreme Court gave a judgement in response to petitions filed, arguing the Internet shutdown and curbing of other civil liberties in the Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K).</p>
<p>The three-judge bench rapped the government for refusing to produce before the Court orders imposing restrictions on the Internet and enforcing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/section-144-of-crpc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>section 144 Criminal procedure code</strong></a> (CrPc) in J&amp;K.</p>
<p>The Supreme Court clarified that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-internet-access-and-digital-literacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to access the Internet</strong></a> and released guidelines on imposition of section 144 of CrPC. This is particularly important since India has now seen the longest Internet blackout in any democracy in the world.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This judgement builds on a <strong>Kerala High Court judgment</strong> that declared the right to the Internet a fundamental right.</li>
<li>While the petitions were specifically about J&amp;K, the questions raised in them have acquired country-wide resonance after protests against the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship Amendment Act.</strong></a></li>
<li>At a larger level, the ruling sets precedents that make the Internet shutdown process more transparent and tries to ensure that there can&rsquo;t be indefinite shutdowns.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Laws pertaining to Internet Shutdown</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Home Affairs Departments in the states are mostly the authorities that enforce shutdowns, drawing powers from the <strong>Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules,</strong> 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Powers have now been given to the Secretary of the Union Government, Secretary of the state government, to issue orders related to Internet shutdown.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Section 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973</strong> has enabled many of the shutdowns in the recent past, especially until the time the telecom suspension Rules came into force in 2017.</li>
<li>The <strong>Indian Telegraph Act, 1885,</strong> allows central and state governments to prevent the transmission of messaging during a &ldquo;public emergency or in the interest of public safety&rdquo;, or &ldquo;in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the state&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The <strong>Information Technology Act</strong> (India&rsquo;s principal information technology sector law), has provided limited power to the government to issue individual web content blocking orders, instead of a larger suspension of interest itself.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Highlights of the Judgement</h3>
<p><strong>Internet as a medium of information diffusion</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court <strong>refrained</strong> from the view on declaring the right to access the Internet as a fundamental right but still went on to make the <strong>Internet as an integral part of the freedom of expression</strong> guaranteed under <strong>Article 19 (1) of the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li>SC noted that the Internet <strong>as a medium is a major means of information diffusion</strong> and that freedom to receive information is vital to expression.</li>
<li>It has also pointed out that in a globalised world, restricting the Internet was to restrict the<strong> freedom to trade and commerce, protected by Article 19(1)(g).</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Clarity on reasonable restriction</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Any restrictions on freedoms guaranteed under Article 19, would have to be in accordance with the <strong>reasonable restrictions,</strong> be it an Internet ban or a Section 144 order.</li>
<li>SC emphatically stated that the powers under this section<strong> &ldquo;cannot be used to suppress the legitimate expression of opinion or grievance or exercise of any democratic rights&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li>However, such restriction will have to survive the <strong>test of proportionality,</strong> that is, the restriction should be proportionate to the necessity for such a measure.</li>
<li>At the same time, it cautions against the <strong>&ldquo;excessive utility&rdquo;</strong> of the proportionality doctrine in matters of national security.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Check and balances regarding section 144 of CrPc</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SC held that there can be <strong>no secret orders</strong> which sought to impose an Internet shutdown or Section 144 in any area.</li>
<li>The government is bound to <strong>publish all orders</strong> it passes regarding such restrictions so that they can be challenged in a court of law.</li>
<li>It also held that such restrictions<strong> cannot extend beyond necessary duration</strong> nor could it be indefinite.</li>
<li>The judgement specifies a time-frame for a<strong> review of such order (seven days).</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Issues Related to the Judgement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It states categorically that an indefinite ban on the Internet is impermissible, but fails to direct the restoration of services in J&amp;K.</li>
<li>By stating that any order for suspension of the Internet can be judicially reviewed, but effectively providing no remedy when such a review came up before it. Thus, the Court has only left the door open to more litigation.</li>
<li>SC&rsquo;s judgment also <strong>does not provide immediate relief.</strong> It leaves the door open for the executive to argue that these orders are justified on security grounds, and for another, perhaps prolonged, the legal process for the full resumption of rights.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The state is bestowed with the responsibility to provide security to its citizens, but the doctrine of constitutionalism calls for a limited government. Therefore, a modern democratic state like India must strive to strike a balance between liberty and security, because security without liberty is autocracy and liberty without security is anarchy.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fff5d6;"><span style="color: #003366;"><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></span><br /><br />A modern democratic state should try to strike a balance between security and liberty. Analyse</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/internet-as-a-medium-of-freedom-of-expression'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Indian Skimmer',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578734403_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578734403_image3.jpg" width="300" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<p>The <strong>annual bird census</strong> has been commenced in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coringa-mangroves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></a> and surrounding wetlands in the <strong>Godavari mangroves</strong> on the east coast in <strong>Andhra Pradesh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The census<strong> aims at the documentation of migratory and resident birds</strong> so that a better management plan of the complex ecosystem supporting the waterbird species can be prepared.</li>
<li>The Godavari mangroves is one among the few places where the Indian Skimmer can be spotted.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian Skimmer</strong> (Rynchops albicollis) is a waterbird species.</li>
<li>In India, the species can be sighted near the <strong>Chambal river</strong> in Central India, in few parts of <strong>Odisha</strong> and in <strong>Andhra Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a> Status- <strong>Vulnerable.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong> </a>Status: Not listed.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-skimmer'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Review of India’s Energy Policies',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>International Energy Agency (IEA)</strong> has released the first in-depth review of India&rsquo;s energy policies.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report highlights the achievements of India&rsquo;s energy policies and provides recommendations to support the government&rsquo;s goals of promoting well-functioning energy markets and boosting deployment of renewables.</li>
<li>IEA regularly conducts in-depth reviews of energy policies for its member and association countries. This is the <strong>first review carried out for India</strong>, which has been an<strong> IEA-association country since March 2017.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Policies Appreciated</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government&rsquo;s achievements in extending citizens&rsquo; access to electricity, affordable efficient lighting and clean cooking through historic schemes like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saubhagya-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAUBHAGYA</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5-years-of-ujala-and-slnp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UJALA</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UJJWALA</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Energy efficiency improvements in India avoided 15% of additional energy demand, oil and gas imports, and air pollution as well as 300 million tonnes of CO2 emissions between 2000 and 2018.</li>
<li>Government policies designed to conduct large-scale renewable energy auctions, open up coal mining to private companies, and promote access to oil and gas markets for foreign investors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Status of Renewables:</strong> There is a strong growth of renewables in India, which now accounts for almost <strong>23% of the country&rsquo;s total installed capacity.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Demand for Energy</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>country&rsquo;s demand for energy</strong> is set to <strong>double by 2040,</strong> and its<strong> electricity</strong> demand may <strong>triple.</strong></li>
<li>Indian oil consumption is expected to grow faster than that of any other major economy (including China). This makes further improving energy security a key priority for India&rsquo;s economy.</li>
<li>India's <strong>oil demand</strong> is expected to reach <strong>6 million barrels per day (bpd) by 2024</strong> from 4.4 million bpd in 2017, but its domestic production is expected to rise only marginally, making the country more reliant on crude imports and more<strong> vulnerable to supply disruption in the Middle East.</strong></li>
<li>India's <strong>oil refining capacity is expected to rise to 5.7 million bpd by 2024,</strong> making it a very attractive market for refinery investment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NITI Aayog can play a strong role in working with the states to implement power sector reforms, advance grid integration, improve flexibility and coordinate energy policy decisions.</li>
<li>In renewables-rich states, the share of variable renewables in electricity generation is already above 15%, a level that calls for dedicated policies to ensure they integrate smoothly into the power system.</li>
<li>The review encourages India to institutionalise energy policy coordination across government with a national energy policy framework.</li>
<li>India should also to expand its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saudi-investment-in-strategic-oil-storage" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India ranks <strong>third in terms of global oil consumption</strong> after China and the United States.</li>
<li>India ships in over 80% of its oil needs, of which 65% is from the Middle East through the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/strait-of-hormuz-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Strait of Hormuz.</strong> </a></li>
<li>India is the <strong>world's fourth largest oil refiner</strong> and a <strong>net exporter of refined fuels,</strong> mainly gasoline and diesel.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>International Energy Agency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IEA was created in <strong>1974</strong> to help coordinate a collective response to major disruptions in the supply of oil.</li>
<li>It is made up of<strong> 30 member countries.</strong> It also includes 8 association countries.</li>
<li>It is an <strong>autonomous inter-governmental organisation within the</strong> Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development <strong>(OECD) framework,</strong> headed by its Executive Director.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in<strong> Paris, France.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1599083" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/review-of-india-s-energy-policies'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Chinese paddlefish',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in news?</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Chinese paddlefish (Psephurus gladius)</strong> has been declared <strong>extinct</strong> by Chinese scientists.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was last spotted in 2003.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578733946_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578733946_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was one of the<strong> largest freshwater fish.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Habitats:</strong> Freshwater and estuaries.</li>
<li>IUCN status: <strong>Critically Endangered</strong> (Although declared extinct by Chinese scientists but its IUCN status is Critically Endangered, which was last assessed in 2009).</li>
<li>It was <strong>endemic</strong> to the <strong>Yangtze River</strong> (including brackish water of the mouth) in China. It was found in China only. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Yangtze River has seen <strong>half</strong> of the unique species to its waters go extinct.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>longest river in Asia,</strong> the third-longest river in the world and the longest river to flow entirely in one country.</li>
<li>It rises in the northern part of the Tibetan Plateau and flows in a generally easterly direction to the<strong> East China Sea.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Overfishing</strong> and <strong>habitat fragmentation</strong> and <strong>dam-building</strong> caused its population to dwindle from the 1970s onwards. The researchers estimate that it became functionally extinct by 1993.</li>
<li>It is one of <strong>only two paddlefish species in existence.</strong></li>
<li>Second is the <strong>American paddlefish</strong> (IUCN Status: <strong>Vulnerable</strong>) species found in the <strong>Mississippi River Basin</strong> in the United States.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Criteria for Extinction</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Red List criteria of the IUCN has <strong>several categories</strong> for extinction<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Critically Endangered:</strong> species <strong>faces a high probability of extinction.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Extinct in the wild:</strong> means a species <strong>survives only in a captive environment.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Locally extinct: ceased to exist in a particular area</strong> but may exist in other areas.</li>
<li><strong>Functionally extinct: continues to exist but</strong> it has <strong>too few members to reproduce</strong> meaningfully enough to ensure survival.</li>
<li><strong>Globally extinct: no surviving member anywhere.</strong> When there is no reasonable doubt left that its last member has died.</li>
<li>Once declared extinct, a species is <strong>not eligible for protective measures and conservation funding.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/fact-check-a-giant-fish-is-declared-extinct-how-do-scientists-conclude-that-6210520/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong> </a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chinese-paddlefish'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'State Energy Efficiency Index 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in news</h3>
<p>The government has released the <strong>&lsquo;State Energy Efficiency Index 2019&rsquo;.</strong> The Index tracks the progress of <strong>Energy Efficiency (EE)</strong> initiatives in states and union territories based on 97 significant indicators.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Assessment is based on their efforts and achievements in policy and regulation, financing mechanisms, institutional capacity, adoption of energy efficiency measures and energy savings achieved.</li>
<li>The index incorporates <strong>qualitative, quantitative</strong> and <strong>outcome-based</strong> indicators to assess energy efficiency initiatives, programs and outcomes in five distinct sectors &ndash; <strong>buildings, industry, municipalities, transport, agriculture,</strong> and <strong>DISCOMs.</strong><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578729469_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578729469_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>About Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The first <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bee-introduces-state-energy-efficiency-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;State Energy Efficiency Preparedness Index 2018&rdquo;</strong></a>, was launched on August 1, 2018.</li>
<li>The index is developed by the<strong> Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)</strong> in association with <strong>Alliance for an Energy-Efficient Economy (AEEE).</strong></li>
<li>The 2019 index has included new indicators like the <strong>adoption of Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) 2017, energy efficiency in MSME clusters,</strong> etc.</li>
<li><strong>Data collection: </strong>The required data were collected from the concerned state departments such as DISCOMs, Urban Development departments and other departments with the help of State Designated Agencies (SDAs).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578729606_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578729606_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="533" height="551" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Comparison:</strong> For rational comparison, States/UTs are grouped into four groups based on aggregated <strong>Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES)</strong> required to meet the state&rsquo;s actual energy demand (electricity, coal, oil, gas, etc.) across sectors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The index categorises states as<strong> &lsquo;Front Runner&rsquo;, &lsquo;Achiever&rsquo;, &lsquo;Contender&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;Aspirant&rsquo;</strong> based on their efforts and achievements towards energy efficiency implementation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The top-performing states for 2019 are Haryana, Kerala and Karnataka, are in the <strong>&lsquo;Achiever&rsquo; category.</strong></li>
<li>Manipur, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Jharkhand and Rajasthan performed the worst in the<strong> Aspirant groups.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Since there isn&rsquo;t state in the &lsquo;Front runner&rsquo; category, it can be inferred that a lot more can be done at the <strong>state level to realise energy savings from energy efficiency.</strong></li>
<li>TPES grouping helps states compare their performance and share best practices within their peer group.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The index will help states contribute towards national goals on energy security and climate action by helping drive EE policies and program implementation at the state and local level.</li>
<li>It will track progress in managing the states&rsquo; and India&rsquo;s energy footprint and institutionalising the data capture and monitoring of EE activities by states.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The BEE is a <strong>statutory body</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Power, Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>It assists in developing policies and strategies with the primary objective of reducing the energy intensity of the Indian economy.</li>
<li>BEE coordinates with designated consumers, designated agencies, and other organizations to identify and utilize the existing resources and infrastructure, in performing the functions assigned to it under the <strong>Energy Conservation Act, 2001.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1599010" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'SC’s Verdict on Curbs Imposed in J&K',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court has recently given its ruling on the Kashmir lockdown and communications shutdown cases.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The cases were also related to the impact of the prohibitory orders issued under Section 144 of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/re-imagining-cognizable-offences" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)</strong></a> on press freedom.</li>
<li>Internet access was snapped after <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir&rsquo;s special status was revoked</strong></a> and the state bifurcated into two union territories, Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ruling on Suspension of Internet</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Suspending Internet services indefinitely is impermissible under the <strong>Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services [Public Emergency or Public Service] Rules, 2017.</strong></li>
<li>The court held that suspension could be done for temporary duration only and the same is subject to judicial review.</li>
<li>A "complete and broad" suspension of telecom and Internet services should be resorted to only as a drastic measure in an "unavoidable" situation.</li>
<li>The Court has thus asked the government to <strong>review within seven days</strong> all orders directing suspension of internet services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Upheld Fundamental Rights</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> freedom of free speech and expression on the Internet is a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.</strong> The State cannot cite the extensive reach and impact of the Internet as a medium in order to restrict this right.</li>
<li><strong>Trade, occupation or commerce dependent on the Internet is a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(g).</strong></li>
<li>Restriction upon such fundamental rights should be in consonance with the mandate under Article 19 (2) and (6) of the Constitution, inclusive of the test of proportionality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The <strong>Doctrine of Proportionality</strong> postulates that the nature and extent of the State&rsquo;s interference with the exercise of a right must be proportionate to the goal it seeks to achieve.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ruling on Section 144</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Court held that the<strong> repetitive orders</strong> under Section 144 CrPC as an<strong> abuse of power.</strong></li>
<li>The Court said that power under the Section 144 is exercisable not <strong>only where there exists present danger, but also when there is an apprehension of danger.</strong> However, the danger contemplated should be in the nature of <strong>an &lsquo;emergency&rsquo;</strong> and for the purpose of preventing obstruction and annoyance or injury to any person lawfully employed&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The government <strong>cannot recourse to blanket use of the power under Section 144 CrPC (for issuing restrictions)</strong> as a tool to prevent the legitimate expression of opinion or grievance or exercise of any fundamental rights. There is a need to find a balance regarding security and liberty of people.</li>
<li>The Court has thus asked the authorities to review forthwith the need for continuance of any such order.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services [Public Emergency or Public Service] Rules, 2017</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are the rules to be followed if the government intends to temporarily suspend telecom services in any part of the country.</li>
<li>According to these rules, only the Home Secretary of the country and a secretary of a state&rsquo;s home department can pass such an order.</li>
<li>These also state that any such order should be taken up by a review committee within five days.</li>
<li>These rules have been framed by the government on the basis of the powers conferred by section 7 of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Relevant Provisions of Article 19</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 19(1)(a)</strong> states that all citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression.</li>
<li><strong>Article 19(1)(g)</strong> states that all citizens shall have the right to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.</li>
<li><strong>Article 19 (2)</strong> states that the State can impose reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right to freedom of speech and expression in the interests of the :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sovereignty and integrity of India,</li>
<li>Security of the State,</li>
<li>Friendly relations with foreign States,</li>
<li>Public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under <strong>Article 19(6),</strong> the State can impose reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right provided under Article 19(1)(g) in the interest of the general public.</li>
</ul>
<strong>Section 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Section 144 CrPC, empowers a district magistrate, a sub-divisional magistrate or any other executive magistrate specially empowered by the state government in this behalf to issue orders to prevent and address urgent cases of apprehended danger or nuisance.</li>
<li><strong>Powers</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The magistrate can direct any person to abstain from a certain act or to take a certain order with respect to certain property in his possession or under his management.</li>
<li>This usually includes restrictions on movement, carrying arms and form assembling unlawfully. It is generally believed that assembly of three or more people is prohibited under Section 144.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Section 144 CrPC has often been used to clamp down on telecommunication services and order Internet shutdowns.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/review-suspension-of-internet-in-jk-supreme-court/article30531478.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'World Hindi Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>World Hindi Day is celebrated every year on January 10 to promote the Hindi language all around the world.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>first celebrated in 2006</strong> to commemorate the <strong>anniversary of the first World Hindi Conference</strong> which was held in Nagpur on January 10, 1975.</li>
<li>World Hindi Day is also celebrated by Indian embassies located in various parts of the world.</li>
<li>World Hindi Day is different from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hindi-divas-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindi Divas which is celebrated on September 14 every year.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hindi</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hindi got its name from the <strong>Persian word Hind, meaning 'land of the Indus River'.</strong> Turk invaders in the early 11<sup>th</sup> century named the language of the region Hindi, 'language of the land of the Indus River'.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>official language of India, English being the other official language.</strong></li>
<li>Hindi is also spoken in some countries outside India, such as in Mauritius, Fiji, Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad &amp; Tobago and Nepal.</li>
<li>Hindi in its present form emerged through different stages, during which it was known by other names. The earliest form of<strong> old Hindi was Apabhramsa.</strong> In 400 AD Kalidas wrote a romantic play in Apabhramsa called Vikramorvashiyam.</li>
<li>The modern Devanagari script came into existence in the 11<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Manual Scavenging in India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central Monitoring Committee to review the implementation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manual-scavenging-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013</strong></a> has mentioned that many states are lagging behind in the rehabilitation of manual scavengers.</li>
<li>Though most of the sewer death compensation had been paid but <strong>states like Gujarat, Maharashtra </strong>is<strong> yet to pay compensation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578987249_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578987249_image1.jpg" width="390" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Numerical Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since 1993, a total of 926 deaths related to the manual scavenging is reported in the country, out of which 172 families are yet to receive compensation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State-wise Analysis:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Engaged Workers:</strong> According to the <strong>National Commission of Safai Karamcharis (NCSK),</strong> a total of 53,598 people, of which <strong>29,923</strong> were in <strong>Uttar Pradesh alone,</strong> had been identified as <strong>engaged in manual scavenging</strong> after surveys in 2013 and 2018.</li>
<li><strong>Deaths: Tamil Nadu</strong> reported the <strong>highest number of deaths</strong> but has paid compensation in all but seven of the 234 cases.</li>
<li><strong>Compensation: Gujarat</strong> has the<strong> highest</strong> number of cases where the compensation <strong>amount was not paid followed by Maharashtra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps taken for Elimination:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, one-time cash assistance, capital subsidy and skill development training are provided to the identified manual scavengers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Prohibition of Employment of Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Prohibition:</strong> The act prohibits the employment of manual scavengers, manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks without protective equipment, and the construction of insanitary latrines.</li>
<li><strong>Rehabilitation:</strong> It seeks to rehabilitate manual scavengers and provide for their alternative employment.</li>
<li><strong>Implementing Authority:</strong> Each local authority, cantonment board and railway authority is responsible for surveying insanitary latrines within its jurisdiction. They shall also construct a number of sanitary community latrines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The District Magistrate and the local authority shall be the implementing authorities. Offences under the Act shall be cognizable and non-bailable and may be tried summarily.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Persistence of Manual Scavenging</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Despite the most stringent penal provisions in the law against manual scavenging, it continues in parts of India largely <strong>due to governmental indifference and social prejudice.</strong></li>
<li>The continued presence of insanitary latrines, of which there are about 2.6 million that require cleaning by hand, according to Safai Karmachari Andolan.</li>
<li>Many communities still regard the presence of a sanitary toilet inside the house as physical pollution.</li>
<li>The entrenched belief in the <strong>caste system</strong> that assumes people belonging to a particular caste group will readily perform the stigmatised task of emptying latrines.</li>
<li>The state governments are not keen to demolish and rebuild old facilities lacking sanitation, or conduct a full census of both the latrines and the people engaged in clearing such waste.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commission of Safai Karamcharis</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK) was constituted on 12<sup>th</sup> August 1994 as a statutory body by an Act of Parliament viz. &lsquo;National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act, 1993&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The act &ldquo;The National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act, 1993&rdquo; lapsed in February 2004.</li>
<li>The Commission is acting as a <strong>non-statutory body of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment</strong> whose tenure is extended from time to time through Government Resolutions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-gujarat-lag-behind-in-compensation-for-sewer-deaths/article30559790.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The government has launched a <strong>central accident database management system</strong> that will help in analysing causes of road crashes and in devising safety interventions to reduce such accidents in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The system, known as the <strong>Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD),</strong> has been <strong>developed by the Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT-M)</strong> and will be <strong>implemented by the National Informatics Centre.</strong></li>
<li>The project costs ₹258 crore and is being <strong>supported by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank.</a></strong></li>
<li>The system will be first piloted in the six States with highest fatalities from road crashes &mdash; Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.</li>
<li>IRAD is comprehensive web-based Information Technology (IT) solution and will enable various agencies such as the police, Public Works Department (PWDs),etc. to enter details on a road accident from different perspectives such as investigation, road engineering, vehicle condition etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Road Accidents in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the World Road Statistics,<strong> India recorded the highest number of road accident deaths across 199 countries in 2018</strong> followed by China and the US.</li>
<li>According to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-accidents-in-india-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>government data</strong></a>, more than 1.5 lakh people lost their lives in road crashes in the country in 2018.</li>
<li>Of the total people killed in road crashes in 2018, 48% were between 18 years and 35 years old, and more than 60% of such fatalities were due to overspeeding.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Working of IRAD</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IRAD mobile application will enable police personnel to enter details about a road accident, along with photos and videos, following which a unique ID will be created for the incident.</li>
<li>Subsequently, an engineer from the Public Works Department or the local body will receive an alert on his mobile device. He or she will then visit the accident site, examine it, and feed the required details, such as the road design.</li>
<li>Data thus collected will be analysed by a team at IIT-M, which will then suggest if corrective measures in road design need to be taken.</li>
<li>Road users will also be able to upload data on road accidents on a separate mobile application, which is expected to go live from 1st April 2020.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Informatics Centre</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NIC of the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology</strong> provides network backbone and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-Governance</strong></a> support to the Central Government, State Governments and UT Administrations.</li>
<li>It was established in<strong> 1976</strong> and is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-accidents-in-india-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Monasteries at Moghalmari',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a study of inscriptions on clay tablets excavated from <strong>Moghalmari</strong> have confirmed the presence of two monasteries.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Moghalmari is a <strong>Buddhist monastic</strong> site of the early medieval period in West Bengal&rsquo;s Paschim Medinipur district.</li>
<li><strong>Chinese traveller Xuanzang</strong> (more widely identified as <strong>Huen Tsang</strong>), who visited India in the 7<sup>th</sup> century CE, referred to the existence of &lsquo;ten monasteries&rsquo; within the limits of Tamralipta (modern day Tamluk in adjoining Purba Medinipur district). However, he did not refer to any specific name or location.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Presence of <strong>two monasteries- Mugalayikaviharika</strong> and <strong>Yaj&ntilde;apindikamahavihara</strong> at Moghalmari.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Six tiny fragments of inscribed seals found contain a set of letters accompanied by the deer-dharmachakra symbols.</li>
<li>The inscriptions are in Sanskrit and the script is a transitional phase between later north <strong>Indian Brahmi</strong> and early <strong>Siddhamatrika.</strong></li>
<li>The first name on the seals - Yaj&ntilde;apindikamahavihara, implies etymologically &lsquo;a place of sacrificial offering&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The second name on the seals, Mugalayikaviharika, bears a phonetic resemblance to the modern name of the site, Moghalmari.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The monasteries at Moghalmari date from the 6th century CE and were functional until the 12<sup>th</sup> century CE. The presence of two monasteries <strong>dating to the same period within a single compound is unique in eastern India.</strong></li>
<li>Inscriptions supports the point that <strong>Buddhist monasteries have a definite hierarchy &mdash;</strong> Mahavihara, Vihara and Viharika.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Brahmi and Siddhamatrika</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The oldest deciphered inscriptions belong to the late 4<sup>th</sup> century BCE and are in Brahmi and Kharoshthi.</li>
<li>These include those of Maurya emperor Ashoka, which are in a number of different languages and scripts, but mostly in the Prakrit language and Brahmi script.</li>
<li>The different stages of Brahmi script are often labelled on the basis if dynasties, e.g. Ashokan Brahmi, Kushana Brahmi and Gupta Brahmi.</li>
<li>In the late 6<sup>th</sup> century, Gupta Brahmi evolved into a script known as Siddhamatrika or Kutlia.</li>
<li>The modern north Indian scripts such as Devanagari gradually emerged out of Siddhamatrika.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/inscriptions-confirm-presence-of-two-medieval-monasteries-at-moghalmari/article30562580.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monasteries-at-moghalmari'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Liberalisation of Coal Mining',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/modi-cabinet-meeting-decision-coal-block-allocation-6208796/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coal comfort</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/mining-deep/article30526562.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mining deep: on Cabinet easing mining laws.</strong></a> It talks about the implications of Min&shy;eral Laws (Amend&shy;ment) Or&shy;di&shy;nance 2020 on Coal Mining Sector in India.</p>
</div>
<p>India is one of the largest coal producers in the world with an output of 729 million tonnes in 2018-19. However, despite sluggish economic growth, the import shipments have surged. This has led to further deterioration of the balance of trade.</p>
<p>In this context, the Union Cab&shy;i&shy;net ap&shy;proved the pro&shy;mul&shy;ga&shy;tion of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/investment-in-coal-mining" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Min&shy;eral Laws (Amend&shy;ment) Or&shy;di&shy;nance 2020.</strong></a></p>
<p>The ordinance per&shy;mits<strong> com&shy;mer&shy;cial coal min&shy;ing</strong> for lo&shy;cal and global firms with&shy;out im&shy;pos&shy;ing any end-user re&shy;stric&shy;tions, also it ex&shy;tend&shy;s the va&shy;lid&shy;ity of clear&shy;ances for min&shy;ing leases ex&shy;pir&shy;ing in 2020. This amendment could re&shy;sult in a <strong>paradigm shift in the coal mining sector.</strong></p>
<h3>Importance of Coal Mining</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The min&shy;ing in&shy;dus&shy;try serves as the base for the power sec&shy;tor, with around 72% of In&shy;dia&rsquo;s cur&shy;rent power be&shy;ing gen&shy;er&shy;ated through coal.</li>
<li>Fur&shy;ther, coal forms the ba&shy;sic build&shy;ing blocks of man&shy;u&shy;fac&shy;tured prod&shy;ucts and many agri-in&shy;puts. Thus, from a na&shy;tional in&shy;ter&shy;est stand&shy;point, the coal in&shy;dus&shy;try is key to en&shy;sur&shy;ing the coun&shy;try&rsquo;s en&shy;ergy and raw ma&shy;te&shy;rial se&shy;cu&shy;rity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Positive Impact of the Decision</h3>
<p>The removal of these restrictions is in line with the objective of facilitating commercial coal mining in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ordinance amends the existing provision that allowed only companies engaged in iron and steel, power, coal washing sectors and others to bid for coal mines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Now all end-user restrictions have been removed, easing the entry of companies not engaged in any coal-use industry in coal mining.</li>
<li>End-user restrictions mean that even if the private player has mined the coal, there were many restrictions on final sale of that coal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, existing private owners will now be able to sell their surplus coal in the market.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Earlier, private players were restricted to use coal (mined by them) for their captive use in powerplants only.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will also encourage private players to participate in the auctions that are to be held to reallocate the captive coal blocks that were cancelled by the Supreme Court in 2014.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>So far, only 29 of the 204 blocks that were cancelled have been auctioned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Open&shy;ing up the sec&shy;tor is also likely to spur in&shy;ter&shy;est in coal min&shy;ing and, there&shy;fore, boost in&shy;vest&shy;ment from In&shy;dian and for&shy;eign ma&shy;jors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The country may also benefit from the infusion of sophisticated mining technology, especially for underground mines, if multinationals decide to invest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Large investment in mining will create jobs and set off demand in critical sectors such as mining equipment and heavy commercial vehicles.</li>
<li>The relaxation in regulations, along with previous initiatives such as allowing 100% foreign direct investment through the automatic route in commercial coal production, can aid in boosting coal production in the country and help reduce imports.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Government Interventions To Boost Mining</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Amend&shy;ment to the <strong>Mines and Min&shy;er&shy;als (De&shy;vel&shy;op&shy;ment and Reg&shy;u&shy;la&shy;tion) Act (MMDRA) 1957,</strong> which ex&shy;tends the va&shy;lid&shy;ity pe&shy;riod of the en&shy;vi&shy;ron&shy;ment and for&shy;est clear&shy;ances for two years for min&shy;ing leases ex&shy;pir&shy;ing in 2020. The seam&shy;less trans&shy;fer of clear&shy;ances will help min&shy;imise any dis&shy;rup&shy;tion in op&shy;er&shy;a&shy;tions.</li>
<li><strong>Na&shy;tional Min&shy;eral Pol&shy;icy (NMP) was ap&shy;proved in 2019,</strong> to ensure trans&shy;parency in the al&shy;lot&shy;ment of min&shy;ing blocks.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NMP 2019 em&shy;pha&shy;sises&shy; on themes such as sus&shy;tain&shy;able min&shy;ing, boost&shy;ing ex&shy;plo&shy;ration, en&shy;cour&shy;ag&shy;ing the use of state-of-the-art tech&shy;nol&shy;ogy and skill de&shy;vel&shy;op&shy;ment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In Septem&shy;ber 2019, <strong>100% FDI</strong> un&shy;der the au&shy;to&shy;matic ap&shy;proval route was allowed for the sale of coal and coal min&shy;ing ac&shy;tiv&shy;i&shy;ties in&shy;clud&shy;ing as&shy;so&shy;ci&shy;ated pro&shy;cess&shy;ing in&shy;fra&shy;struc&shy;ture.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<p>There is no guarantee that these amendments would encourage large multinational miners to invest in the coal sector in India. This may be because:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is <strong>no clarity on pricing.</strong> Without a remunerative price, few would be willing to invest billions of dollars in the latest mining techniques.</li>
<li>Further, miners have to currently pay huge amounts upfront to get a mine after winning an auction. Due to this, often there are no bidders for the auction.</li>
<li>The other problem is that coal has a<strong> &lsquo;dirty fuel&rsquo;</strong> tag and few global lenders are willing to put their money into the sector.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the last few years, ex&shy;plo&shy;ration by pri&shy;vate play&shy;ers has come to a near stand&shy;still. In&shy;ter&shy;ven&shy;tions such as in&shy;tro&shy;duc&shy;ing a seam&shy;less tran&shy;si&shy;tion from ex&shy;plo&shy;ration to min&shy;ing li&shy;cence, per&shy;mit&shy;ting the sale of li&shy;cence at any stage, and al&shy;low&shy;ing pri&shy;vate com&shy;pa&shy;nies to proac&shy;tively ap&shy;proach government of India for ex&shy;plo&shy;ration ar&shy;eas will help over&shy;turn this trend.</li>
<li>Stream&shy;lin&shy;ing the auc&shy;tion process will also lead to greater ef&shy;fi&shy;ciency and more ef&shy;fec&shy;tive out&shy;comes.</li>
<li>Min&shy;ing com&shy;pa&shy;nies in In&shy;dia are sub&shy;ject to much higher fi&shy;nan&shy;cial levies than other countries, ( due to high roy&shy;alty rates, mul&shy;ti&shy;plic&shy;ity of levies and dou&shy;ble tax&shy;a&shy;tion). Therefore, roy&shy;alty rates should be re&shy;duced in line with in&shy;ter&shy;na&shy;tional bench&shy;marks.</li>
<li>The government must en&shy;sure that all pol&shy;icy in&shy;ter&shy;ven&shy;tions take cog&shy;ni&shy;sance of emerging global trends in min&shy;ing, such as smart mines, deep-sea min&shy;ing and the chang&shy;ing com&shy;po&shy;si&shy;tion of the min&shy;ing work&shy;force.</li>
</ul>
<p>The min&shy;ing sec&shy;tor in In&shy;dia is highly un&shy;der&shy;de&shy;vel&shy;oped rel&shy;a&shy;tive to its enor&shy;mous po&shy;ten&shy;tial. It has the do&shy;mes&shy;tic ca&shy;pac&shy;ity to ab&shy;sorb sig&shy;nif&shy;i&shy;cantly higher min&shy;eral pro&shy;duc&shy;tion. The government must ex&shy;pe&shy;di&shy;tiously im&shy;ple&shy;ment a re&shy;form agenda in the sec&shy;tor to re&shy;alise the industry's full po&shy;ten&shy;tial.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #fc0505; background-color: #fff5cf;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Liberalising coal min&shy;ing in India could re&shy;sult in a paradigm shift in the coal mining sector. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/liberalisation-of-coal-mining'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Ghodahada Reservoir',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>The population of Mugger Crocodile is on the rise in Odisha&rsquo;s Ghodahada reservoir.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the annual crocodile census conducted in the Ghodahada reservoir, the number of mature <strong>mugger crocodiles</strong> in Ghodahada reservoir and its adjoining area has increased.</li>
<li>The reservoir is located close to the <strong>Lakhari Valley Sanctuary</strong> and is a<strong> part of the Eastern Ghats.</strong></li>
<li>The reservoir is fed by <strong>Ghodahada river</strong> which is a<strong> tributary</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rushikulya.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Mugger Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is one of the<strong> three crocodile species</strong> found in Odisha, the others being <strong>gharial</strong> in <strong>Satkosia</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Saltwater crocodile</strong></a> in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhitarkanika</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The mugger is an <strong>egg-laying</strong> and <strong>hole-nesting species.</strong></li>
<li>It is mainly restricted to the Indian subcontinent where it may be found in a number of <strong>freshwater habitat</strong> types including rivers, lakes and marshes.</li>
<li>However, it can even be found in coastal <strong>saltwater lagoons </strong>and <strong>estuaries.</strong></li>
<li>It is already <strong>extinct</strong> in Bhutan and Myanmar.</li>
<li><strong>Principal threats:</strong> Habitat destruction, fragmentation, and transformation, fishing activities and use of crocodile parts for medicinal purposes.</li>
<li>IUCN status: <strong>Vulnerable</strong></li>
<li>It is protected under <strong>Schedule I</strong> of the<strong> Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Schedule I</strong> and <strong>part II</strong> of <strong>Schedule II</strong> of the <strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong> provide the highest degrees of protection to listed species.</li>
<li>It is also listed under <strong>CITES Appendix I.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lakhari Valley Sanctuary</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established in the year 1985. It is marked by the <strong>tropical climate</strong> and receives a huge amount of rainfall every year due to its proximity to the Bay of Bengal.</li>
<li>The sanctuary is full of rich <strong>tropical forest,</strong> valleys, hills, water sources etc.</li>
<li>It is one of the elephant populated sanctuaries in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/crocodile-population-on-the-rise-in-odishas-ghodahada-reservoir/article30552838.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ghodahada-reservoir'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Bengal Fox',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Forest Department officials in Salem, Tamill Nadu are gearing up to prevent an <strong>unusual <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jallikattu-event-held-in-tamil-nadu" target="_blank" rel="noopener">jallikattu</a>,</strong> one that uses <strong>foxes (Bengal Fox)</strong> instead of bulls at the Kaanum Pongal, the fourth and final day of the harvest festival.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Foxes or Vanga Nari in Tamil are used in the festival because villagers believe it will bring bountiful rain and good fortune.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The foxes are muzzled and their hind legs tied with rope. After special rituals, they are chased through the streets, like bulls in the more conventional jallikattu. After the event, the animals are released into the forest.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite a ban, the event has been organised for decades now.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bengal Fox<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578907448_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578907448_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is also known as the <strong>Indian fox,</strong> is a species of Asian foxes <strong>endemic to the Indian subcontinent.</strong></li>
<li>This is a medium-sized fox with an elongated muzzle with black hair in small patches on the upper part of the muzzle. Its large, bushy, black-tipped tail is its most prominent feature, accounting for as much as 60% of the length of its body.</li>
<li>These are protected under <strong>Part 1 of Schedule II of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act</a>, 1972,</strong> and hunting or capturing them is prohibited.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>- <strong>Least Concerned.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pongal-spells-peril-for-salems-foxes/article30552014.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bengal-fox'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'National Youth Day 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>National Youth Day (NYD)</strong> is observed on <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/to-the-point-paper-4-indian-thinker-swami-vivekanand-1863-1902" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swami Vivekananda's</strong></a> <strong>birth anniversary</strong> on <strong>January 12</strong> every year.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To honour Swami Vivekananda's contributions to the country, the government in the year <strong>1984, declared his birthday as National Youth Day.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>main objective</strong> of NYD is to promote rational thinking among the youth. Youth is expected to rise to the values, principles and beliefs that Vivekananda lived by.</li>
<li><strong>National Youth Festival (NYF) 2020:</strong> On this occasion, the <strong>Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports</strong> and Uttar Pradesh government <strong>also</strong> jointly organized <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> NYF 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Government has been organizing National Youth Festival (NYF) since <strong>1995.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of NYF is to provide an arena where youth can interact and exchange their social and cultural uniqueness. This blend of diverse socio-cultural milieu proves belief in<strong> &lsquo;Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> of the NYF 2020 is <strong>&lsquo;FIT YOUTH FIT INDIA&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He was born as Narendranath Datta on January 12, <strong>1863.</strong></li>
<li>Introduced the world to the Indian philosophies of <strong>Vedanta and Yoga.</strong></li>
<li>He was the chief disciple of the 19<sup>th</sup>-century mystic <strong>Ramakrishna Paramhansa.</strong></li>
<li>Laid the greatest <strong>emphasis on education</strong> for the regeneration of our motherland. He advocated a man-making <strong>character-building education.</strong></li>
<li>Established the <strong>Ramakrishna Mission </strong>in<strong> 1897.</strong> It is an organization which works in the area of <strong>value-based education,</strong> culture, health, women's empowerment,<strong> youth and tribal welfare</strong> and <strong>relief and rehabilitation.</strong></li>
<li>He died at <strong>Belur Math</strong> in 1902. Belur Math, located in <strong>West Bengal,</strong> is the headquarters of Ramakrishna Math &amp; Ramakrishna Mission.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ramakrishna Paramhansa</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He was born as<strong> Gadadhar Chattopadhyay</strong> in 1836 in <strong>West Bengal.</strong></li>
<li>He was one of the leading Hindu spiritual leaders in the 19<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>He believed that the <strong>realization of the existence of God is the supreme goal</strong> of all living beings.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1599039" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-youth-day-2020'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'INTACH Efforts to Protect Buddhist Site',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH),</strong> heritage lovers and officials have almost stopped the stone-pelting ritual at<strong> Bojjannakonda,</strong> a famous Buddhist site at <strong>Sankaram, near Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the <strong>Kanuma day during Sankranti,</strong> the villagers used to pelt stones at a belly-shaped object, believing it to be a part of a demon.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kanuma Day</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an important day during the <strong>Pongal and Sankranti festivals,</strong> which are both <strong>ancient harvest festivals</strong> that take place in mid-January, celebrating the movement of the sun reversing, marking the start of the end of winter.</li>
<li>In Andhra Pradesh, the Kanuma festival is celebrated on the<strong> third day of the four-day Sankranti</strong> festival.</li>
<li>It is an important festival of Telugu people and is<strong> dedicated to cattle</strong> and other animals that are an important part of the rural economy in Andhra Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578904626_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578904626_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main stupa is carved out of rock and then covered with bricks, with a number of images of the Buddha sculpted on the rock face all over the hill.</li>
<li><strong>Bojjannakonda</strong> and <strong>Lingalametta</strong> are the<strong> twin Buddhist monasteries</strong> dating back to the 3rd century BC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At Lingalametta, there are hundreds of rock-cut monolithic stupas in rows.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These sites have seen <strong>three forms of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buddhism</a>-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Theravada period:</strong> when Lord Buddha was considered a teacher.</li>
<li><strong>Mahayana:</strong> where Buddhism was more devotional.</li>
<li><strong>Vajrayana:</strong> where Buddhist tradition was more practised as Tantra and esoteric form.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The name <strong>Sankaram</strong> is derived from the term,<strong> &lsquo;Sangharama&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is famous for votive stupas, rock-cut caves, brick-built structural edifices, early historic pottery and Satavahana coins that date back to the 1<sup>st</sup> century AD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Visakhapatnam is famous for <strong>Buddhist sites at Thotlakonda, Appikonda, and Bavikonda too.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>non-profit charitable organisation</strong> registered under <strong>the Societies' Registration Act, 1860.</strong></li>
<li>It was founded in <strong>1984 in New Delhi</strong> with the vision to spearhead heritage awareness and conservation in India.</li>
<li>It has pioneered the conservation and preservation of not just our natural and built heritage but intangible heritage as well.</li>
<li>In<strong> 2007,</strong> the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> awarded INTACH a special consultative status with the <strong>United Nations Economic and Social Council.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/intach-efforts-to-protect-buddhist-site-bear-fruit/article30552294.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intach-efforts-to-protect-buddhist-site'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Wetland Bird Census at Kaziranga National Park',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The second wetland bird count was conducted in the Kaziranga National Park from 9<sup>th</sup>- 10<sup>th</sup> January 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The first wetland bird survey was conducted in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578903884_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578903884_image2.png" width="630" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Number of Birds</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A total of 19,225 birds belonging to 96 species under 80 families was reported which is significantly higher than that of 2018.</li>
<li>Having 96 species of wetland birds is one of the highest for wildlife reserves in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range wise Distribution</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The survey covered four ranges of the park &mdash; Agoratoli, Bagori, Kohora and Burapahar.</li>
<li>More than half the birds (9,924) and 85 of the 96 species were recorded in Agoratoli Range. This was because Sohola, the largest of Kaziranga's 92 perennial wetlands, is in this range.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kaziranga National Park</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It is located in <strong>the State of Assam</strong> and covers 42,996 ha. It is the single largest undisturbed and representative area in the Brahmaputra Valley floodplain.</li>
<li><strong>Legal Status</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was declared as a <strong>National Park in 1974.</strong></li>
<li>It has been declared a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> tiger reserve</strong></a> <strong>since 2007.</strong> It has a total tiger reserve area of 1,030 sq km with a core area of 430 sq. km.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Status</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was declared a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong></a> in 1985.</li>
<li>It is recognized as an <strong>Important Bird Area</strong> by BirdLife International.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Species Found</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>home of the world's most <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-24th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">one-horned rhinos</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Much of the focus of conservation efforts in Kaziranga are focused on the 'big four' species&mdash; rhino, elephant, Royal Bengal tiger and Asiatic water buffalo.</li>
<li>The 2018 census had yielded 2,413 rhinos and approximately 1,100 elephants.</li>
<li>As per the figures of tiger census conducted in 2014, Kaziranga had an estimated 103 tigers, the <strong>third highest population</strong> in India after <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rhinos-to-be-re-introduced-in-uttarakhand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jim Corbett National Park</strong></a> (215) in Uttarakhand and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fire-in-bandipur-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bandipur National Park</strong></a> (120) in Karnataka.</li>
<li>Kaziranga is also home to 9 of the 14 species of primates found in the Indian subcontinent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rivers and Highways</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>National Highway 37</strong> passes through the park area.</li>
<li>The park also has more than 250 seasonal water bodies, besides the <strong>Diphlu River</strong> running through it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kaziranga-records-96-species-of-wetland-birds/article30551854.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wetland-bird-census-at-kaziranga-national-park'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Kolkata Port Trust',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the occasion of <strong>150<sup>th</sup> anniversary celebration of Kolkata Port Trust,</strong> it has been renamed after <strong>Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Port has two distinct dock systems - <strong>Kolkata Docks at Kolkata</strong> and a deep water dock at <strong>Haldia Dock Complex,</strong> Haldia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History of Kolkata Port Trust</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the oldest operating port in India, and was constructed by the British East India Company.</li>
<li>The Port which was once considered the most important port in the country still remains the premier port which has been rightly called the <strong>gateway to Eastern India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is the guiding factor to trade and commerce of vast hinterland comprising the entire Eastern India including <strong>Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh</strong> and the <strong>two land-locked Himalayan Kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan.</strong></li>
<li>After independence, the port's importance decreased because of factors including the <strong>Partition of India (1947),</strong> reduction in size of the port hinterland, and <strong>economic stagnation in eastern India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Governance:</strong> It is an <strong>autonomous body</strong> under the ministry of shipping, Government of India administered through <strong>Major Port Trusts Act, 1963.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> Kolkata Port is the <strong>only riverine Major Port in India,</strong> situated 232 kms up-stream from the Sandheads. Its navigational channel is <strong>one of the longest</strong> in the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Major Ports</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has <strong>13 major ports</strong> viz. Kolkata Port, Paradip Port, New Mangalore Port, Cochin Port, Jawaharlal Nehru Port, Mumbai Port, Kandla Port, Visakhapatnam Port, Chennai Port, Tuticorin port, Ennore Port, Mormugao Port and Port Blair Port.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1599184" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kolkata-port-trust'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Second Tallest Statue of Gautam Buddha',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>world's second tallest statue of Gautam Buddha</strong> is proposed to be built in <strong>Dev Ni Mori, Sabarkantha district, Gujarat.</strong></li>
<li>The proposed statue (108m) would be second in the world after the <strong>Spring Temple in China (153 meters).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Relevance of Dev Ni Mori</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dev Ni Mori was excavated by the state archaeology department in 1953.</li>
<li>The remains of a Buddhist monastery belonging to <strong>3<sup>rd</sup>-4<sup>th</sup> century AD</strong> have been unearthed from <strong>Devni Mori.</strong></li>
<li>The most important discovery from the site however was a <strong>1,700 year old casket</strong> which has<strong> bodily relics of Buddha.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The inscription clearly mentions that the casket contains bodily relics of Buddha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The presence of a stupa and monastery has reconfirmed a strong presence of Buddhists in <strong>Vadnagar</strong> during the early centuries of Christian era.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The recent excavations have brought to light a Buddhist Monastery belonging to the 2<sup>nd</sup>-7<sup>th</sup> century AD, within the <strong>fortified area of Vadnagar, Gujarat.</strong></li>
<li>The monastery had two votive stupas and an open central courtyard around which initially nine cells were constructed. The arrangement of cells around the central courtyard creates a swastika-like pattern.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statue-of-unity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Statue of Unity</strong></a> is the world's tallest statue at 182 metres (597 ft) located in <strong>Narmada Valley Kevadiya, Narmada district, Gujarat.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/no-progress-on-worlds-second-tallest-buddha-statue-project-in-gujarat/articleshow/73217586.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ToI</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-tallest-statue-of-gautam-buddha'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Under-5 Girls Face High Mortality in India: UNICEF',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)</b></a>&nbsp;released the <strong>&lsquo;Levels and Trends in Child Mortality&rsquo; report.</strong> According to it, unlike global trends, India&rsquo;s under-5 mortality of girls exceeded that of boys in 2018.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On average, boys are expected to have a higher probability of dying before reaching age-5 than girls.</li>
<li>The global report states that fewer countries showed gender disparities in child mortality in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Countries primarily located in <strong>Southern Asia and Western Asia</strong> have a significantly higher risk of girls dying before age 5.</li>
<li>According to the report, half of all under-5 deaths in 2018 occurred in <strong>five</strong> countries: <strong>India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Ethiopia.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Nigeria alone account for about a third.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Despite the tremendous progress in child survival made over the past two decades, one child or young adolescent died every five seconds in 2018.</li>
<li>The burden of child mortality is determined both by the <strong>mortality rate</strong> (the proportion of children who die) and by the <strong>estimated population</strong> of any given State (total number of annual births).</li>
<li>Current trends predict that close to 10 million 5 to 14 year olds and 52 million children under 5 years of age, will die between 2019 and 2030. Almost half of these under-5 deaths will be newborns.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The majority of child mortality cases in India are attributable to <strong>deaths during the neonatal period.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>major causes of neonatal mortality</strong> are preterm birth, intrapartum related events and neonatal infection.</li>
<li>In the <strong>post-neonatal period,</strong> the major direct causes of death are <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pneumonia-and-diarrhoea-progress-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>diarrhoea</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saans-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pneumonia.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s neonatal mortality rate</strong> is<strong> 23 per 1,000 live births.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to India&rsquo;s <strong>2017</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/population-explosion-and-fertility-rates" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sample Registration System</strong></a> <strong>(SRS),</strong> the States with the highest burden of neonatal mortality are <strong>Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh,</strong> <strong>with 32, 33 and 30 neonatal deaths</strong> per 1,000 live births, respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Jharkhand, Bihar and Uttarakhand</strong> showed the <strong>largest gender gaps</strong> in under-5 mortality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh</strong> is the state with the <strong>highest number of estimated newborn deaths</strong> in India, both because of the <strong>high neonatal mortality rate</strong> and because of the <strong>large number of births</strong> that occur every year in the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578901781_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578901781_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="615" height="359" /></a></p>
<h3>Steps to be Taken</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is urgently required to further accelerate progress in preventing child deaths by <strong>adopting proactive measures.</strong></li>
<li>Deaths of newborns can be prevented by reaching<strong> high coverage of quality antenatal care, skilled care at birth, postnatal care for mother and baby, and care of small and sick newborns.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-under-5-mortality-of-girls-exceeds-that-of-boys-unlike-global-trend-says-report/article30550394.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/under-5-girls-face-high-morality-in-india-un'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Right to Private Property',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court has recently held that a <strong>citizen&rsquo;s right to own private property</strong> is a<strong> human right.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The case was of an 80-year-old woman whose 3.34 hectare land was forcibly taken by the <strong>Himachal Pradesh Government in 1967</strong>, for constructing a road.</li>
<li>The Court used its <strong>extraordinary jurisdiction</strong> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-leave-petition" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 136</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accused-can-be-ordered-to-give-voice-samples" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 142</strong></a> of the Constitution to direct the government to pay the woman compensation of 1 crore rupees.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A citizen&rsquo;s <strong>right to own private property is a human right.</strong> The state cannot take possession of it without following due procedure and authority of law.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bench referred to an earlier verdict in <strong>State of Haryana v. Mukesh Kumar case (2011)</strong> wherein it was held that the right to property is not only a <strong>constitutional or statutory right, but also a human right.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Doctrine of Adverse Possession:</strong> The state cannot trespass into the private property of a citizen and then claim ownership of the land in the name of &lsquo;adverse possession.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Grabbing private land and then claiming it as its own makes the state an encroacher.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1967, when the government forcibly took over the land, <strong>&lsquo;right to private property was still a fundamental right&rsquo;</strong> under Article 31 of the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Right to Property ceased to be a fundamental right with the <strong>44<sup>th</sup> Constitution Amendment in 1978.</strong></li>
<li>It was made a <strong>Constitutional right under Article 300A.</strong> Article 300A requires the state to follow due procedure and authority of law to deprive a person of his or her private property.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Doctrine of Adverse Possession</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>legal doctrine</strong> that allows a person who possesses or resides on someone else's land for an extended period of time to claim legal title to that land.</li>
<li>In India, a person who is not the original owner of a property becomes the owner because of the fact that he has been in possession of the property for a minimum of 12-years, within which the real owner did not seek legal recourse to oust him.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Article 142</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It provides <strong>discretionary power to the Supreme Court</strong> as it states that the Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for <strong>doing complete justice</strong> in any cause or matter pending before it.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Article 136 (Special Leave Petition)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It allows the Supreme Court to hear, at its discretion, an appeal against any order from any court or tribunal in the territory of India. However, this does not apply to any judgment, determination, sentence or order passed or made by any court or tribunal constituted by or under any law relating to the Armed Forces.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/private-property-is-a-human-right-says-sc/article30551819.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/right-to-private-property'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Internet as a Medium of Freedom of Expression',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/jammu-and-kashmir-internet-shutdown-supreme-court-article-370-6210479/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Checks &amp; balancing</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/eloquently-reticent-on-validity-of-jk-curbs/article30537388.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eloquently reticent: On validity of J&amp;K curbs</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/sc-opens-the-door-in-kashmir/story-0Qe8XgZinNEoR5ToOXugoO.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SC opens the door in Kashmir</strong></a>,<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/heed-supreme-court-kashmirs-unending-clampdown-becomes-untenable/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Heed Supreme Court</strong></a>. It talks about the significance of the recent Supreme Court judgement relating to the situation in Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K) after the abrogation of Article 370.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Supreme Court gave a judgement in response to petitions filed, arguing the Internet shutdown and curbing of other civil liberties in the Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K).</p>
<p>The three-judge bench rapped the government for refusing to produce before the Court orders imposing restrictions on the Internet and enforcing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/section-144-of-crpc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>section 144 Criminal procedure code</strong></a> (CrPc) in J&amp;K.</p>
<p>The Supreme Court clarified that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-internet-access-and-digital-literacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to access the Internet</strong></a> and released guidelines on imposition of section 144 of CrPC. This is particularly important since India has now seen the longest Internet blackout in any democracy in the world.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This judgement builds on a <strong>Kerala High Court judgment</strong> that declared the right to the Internet a fundamental right.</li>
<li>While the petitions were specifically about J&amp;K, the questions raised in them have acquired country-wide resonance after protests against the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship Amendment Act.</strong></a></li>
<li>At a larger level, the ruling sets precedents that make the Internet shutdown process more transparent and tries to ensure that there can&rsquo;t be indefinite shutdowns.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Laws pertaining to Internet Shutdown</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Home Affairs Departments in the states are mostly the authorities that enforce shutdowns, drawing powers from the <strong>Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules,</strong> 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Powers have now been given to the Secretary of the Union Government, Secretary of the state government, to issue orders related to Internet shutdown.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Section 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973</strong> has enabled many of the shutdowns in the recent past, especially until the time the telecom suspension Rules came into force in 2017.</li>
<li>The <strong>Indian Telegraph Act, 1885,</strong> allows central and state governments to prevent the transmission of messaging during a &ldquo;public emergency or in the interest of public safety&rdquo;, or &ldquo;in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the state&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The <strong>Information Technology Act</strong> (India&rsquo;s principal information technology sector law), has provided limited power to the government to issue individual web content blocking orders, instead of a larger suspension of interest itself.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Highlights of the Judgement</h3>
<p><strong>Internet as a medium of information diffusion</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court <strong>refrained</strong> from the view on declaring the right to access the Internet as a fundamental right but still went on to make the <strong>Internet as an integral part of the freedom of expression</strong> guaranteed under <strong>Article 19 (1) of the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li>SC noted that the Internet <strong>as a medium is a major means of information diffusion</strong> and that freedom to receive information is vital to expression.</li>
<li>It has also pointed out that in a globalised world, restricting the Internet was to restrict the<strong> freedom to trade and commerce, protected by Article 19(1)(g).</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Clarity on reasonable restriction</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Any restrictions on freedoms guaranteed under Article 19, would have to be in accordance with the <strong>reasonable restrictions,</strong> be it an Internet ban or a Section 144 order.</li>
<li>SC emphatically stated that the powers under this section<strong> &ldquo;cannot be used to suppress the legitimate expression of opinion or grievance or exercise of any democratic rights&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li>However, such restriction will have to survive the <strong>test of proportionality,</strong> that is, the restriction should be proportionate to the necessity for such a measure.</li>
<li>At the same time, it cautions against the <strong>&ldquo;excessive utility&rdquo;</strong> of the proportionality doctrine in matters of national security.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Check and balances regarding section 144 of CrPc</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SC held that there can be <strong>no secret orders</strong> which sought to impose an Internet shutdown or Section 144 in any area.</li>
<li>The government is bound to <strong>publish all orders</strong> it passes regarding such restrictions so that they can be challenged in a court of law.</li>
<li>It also held that such restrictions<strong> cannot extend beyond necessary duration</strong> nor could it be indefinite.</li>
<li>The judgement specifies a time-frame for a<strong> review of such order (seven days).</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Issues Related to the Judgement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It states categorically that an indefinite ban on the Internet is impermissible, but fails to direct the restoration of services in J&amp;K.</li>
<li>By stating that any order for suspension of the Internet can be judicially reviewed, but effectively providing no remedy when such a review came up before it. Thus, the Court has only left the door open to more litigation.</li>
<li>SC&rsquo;s judgment also <strong>does not provide immediate relief.</strong> It leaves the door open for the executive to argue that these orders are justified on security grounds, and for another, perhaps prolonged, the legal process for the full resumption of rights.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The state is bestowed with the responsibility to provide security to its citizens, but the doctrine of constitutionalism calls for a limited government. Therefore, a modern democratic state like India must strive to strike a balance between liberty and security, because security without liberty is autocracy and liberty without security is anarchy.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fff5d6;"><span style="color: #003366;"><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></span><br /><br />A modern democratic state should try to strike a balance between security and liberty. Analyse</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/internet-as-a-medium-of-freedom-of-expression'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Indian Skimmer',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578734403_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578734403_image3.jpg" width="300" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<p>The <strong>annual bird census</strong> has been commenced in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coringa-mangroves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></a> and surrounding wetlands in the <strong>Godavari mangroves</strong> on the east coast in <strong>Andhra Pradesh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The census<strong> aims at the documentation of migratory and resident birds</strong> so that a better management plan of the complex ecosystem supporting the waterbird species can be prepared.</li>
<li>The Godavari mangroves is one among the few places where the Indian Skimmer can be spotted.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian Skimmer</strong> (Rynchops albicollis) is a waterbird species.</li>
<li>In India, the species can be sighted near the <strong>Chambal river</strong> in Central India, in few parts of <strong>Odisha</strong> and in <strong>Andhra Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a> Status- <strong>Vulnerable.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong> </a>Status: Not listed.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-skimmer'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Review of India’s Energy Policies',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>International Energy Agency (IEA)</strong> has released the first in-depth review of India&rsquo;s energy policies.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report highlights the achievements of India&rsquo;s energy policies and provides recommendations to support the government&rsquo;s goals of promoting well-functioning energy markets and boosting deployment of renewables.</li>
<li>IEA regularly conducts in-depth reviews of energy policies for its member and association countries. This is the <strong>first review carried out for India</strong>, which has been an<strong> IEA-association country since March 2017.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Policies Appreciated</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government&rsquo;s achievements in extending citizens&rsquo; access to electricity, affordable efficient lighting and clean cooking through historic schemes like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saubhagya-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAUBHAGYA</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5-years-of-ujala-and-slnp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UJALA</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UJJWALA</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Energy efficiency improvements in India avoided 15% of additional energy demand, oil and gas imports, and air pollution as well as 300 million tonnes of CO2 emissions between 2000 and 2018.</li>
<li>Government policies designed to conduct large-scale renewable energy auctions, open up coal mining to private companies, and promote access to oil and gas markets for foreign investors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Status of Renewables:</strong> There is a strong growth of renewables in India, which now accounts for almost <strong>23% of the country&rsquo;s total installed capacity.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Demand for Energy</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>country&rsquo;s demand for energy</strong> is set to <strong>double by 2040,</strong> and its<strong> electricity</strong> demand may <strong>triple.</strong></li>
<li>Indian oil consumption is expected to grow faster than that of any other major economy (including China). This makes further improving energy security a key priority for India&rsquo;s economy.</li>
<li>India's <strong>oil demand</strong> is expected to reach <strong>6 million barrels per day (bpd) by 2024</strong> from 4.4 million bpd in 2017, but its domestic production is expected to rise only marginally, making the country more reliant on crude imports and more<strong> vulnerable to supply disruption in the Middle East.</strong></li>
<li>India's <strong>oil refining capacity is expected to rise to 5.7 million bpd by 2024,</strong> making it a very attractive market for refinery investment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NITI Aayog can play a strong role in working with the states to implement power sector reforms, advance grid integration, improve flexibility and coordinate energy policy decisions.</li>
<li>In renewables-rich states, the share of variable renewables in electricity generation is already above 15%, a level that calls for dedicated policies to ensure they integrate smoothly into the power system.</li>
<li>The review encourages India to institutionalise energy policy coordination across government with a national energy policy framework.</li>
<li>India should also to expand its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saudi-investment-in-strategic-oil-storage" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India ranks <strong>third in terms of global oil consumption</strong> after China and the United States.</li>
<li>India ships in over 80% of its oil needs, of which 65% is from the Middle East through the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/strait-of-hormuz-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Strait of Hormuz.</strong> </a></li>
<li>India is the <strong>world's fourth largest oil refiner</strong> and a <strong>net exporter of refined fuels,</strong> mainly gasoline and diesel.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>International Energy Agency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IEA was created in <strong>1974</strong> to help coordinate a collective response to major disruptions in the supply of oil.</li>
<li>It is made up of<strong> 30 member countries.</strong> It also includes 8 association countries.</li>
<li>It is an <strong>autonomous inter-governmental organisation within the</strong> Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development <strong>(OECD) framework,</strong> headed by its Executive Director.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in<strong> Paris, France.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1599083" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/review-of-india-s-energy-policies'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Chinese paddlefish',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in news?</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Chinese paddlefish (Psephurus gladius)</strong> has been declared <strong>extinct</strong> by Chinese scientists.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was last spotted in 2003.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578733946_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578733946_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was one of the<strong> largest freshwater fish.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Habitats:</strong> Freshwater and estuaries.</li>
<li>IUCN status: <strong>Critically Endangered</strong> (Although declared extinct by Chinese scientists but its IUCN status is Critically Endangered, which was last assessed in 2009).</li>
<li>It was <strong>endemic</strong> to the <strong>Yangtze River</strong> (including brackish water of the mouth) in China. It was found in China only. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Yangtze River has seen <strong>half</strong> of the unique species to its waters go extinct.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>longest river in Asia,</strong> the third-longest river in the world and the longest river to flow entirely in one country.</li>
<li>It rises in the northern part of the Tibetan Plateau and flows in a generally easterly direction to the<strong> East China Sea.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Overfishing</strong> and <strong>habitat fragmentation</strong> and <strong>dam-building</strong> caused its population to dwindle from the 1970s onwards. The researchers estimate that it became functionally extinct by 1993.</li>
<li>It is one of <strong>only two paddlefish species in existence.</strong></li>
<li>Second is the <strong>American paddlefish</strong> (IUCN Status: <strong>Vulnerable</strong>) species found in the <strong>Mississippi River Basin</strong> in the United States.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Criteria for Extinction</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Red List criteria of the IUCN has <strong>several categories</strong> for extinction<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Critically Endangered:</strong> species <strong>faces a high probability of extinction.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Extinct in the wild:</strong> means a species <strong>survives only in a captive environment.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Locally extinct: ceased to exist in a particular area</strong> but may exist in other areas.</li>
<li><strong>Functionally extinct: continues to exist but</strong> it has <strong>too few members to reproduce</strong> meaningfully enough to ensure survival.</li>
<li><strong>Globally extinct: no surviving member anywhere.</strong> When there is no reasonable doubt left that its last member has died.</li>
<li>Once declared extinct, a species is <strong>not eligible for protective measures and conservation funding.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/fact-check-a-giant-fish-is-declared-extinct-how-do-scientists-conclude-that-6210520/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong> </a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chinese-paddlefish'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'State Energy Efficiency Index 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in news</h3>
<p>The government has released the <strong>&lsquo;State Energy Efficiency Index 2019&rsquo;.</strong> The Index tracks the progress of <strong>Energy Efficiency (EE)</strong> initiatives in states and union territories based on 97 significant indicators.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Assessment is based on their efforts and achievements in policy and regulation, financing mechanisms, institutional capacity, adoption of energy efficiency measures and energy savings achieved.</li>
<li>The index incorporates <strong>qualitative, quantitative</strong> and <strong>outcome-based</strong> indicators to assess energy efficiency initiatives, programs and outcomes in five distinct sectors &ndash; <strong>buildings, industry, municipalities, transport, agriculture,</strong> and <strong>DISCOMs.</strong><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578729469_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578729469_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>About Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The first <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bee-introduces-state-energy-efficiency-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;State Energy Efficiency Preparedness Index 2018&rdquo;</strong></a>, was launched on August 1, 2018.</li>
<li>The index is developed by the<strong> Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)</strong> in association with <strong>Alliance for an Energy-Efficient Economy (AEEE).</strong></li>
<li>The 2019 index has included new indicators like the <strong>adoption of Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) 2017, energy efficiency in MSME clusters,</strong> etc.</li>
<li><strong>Data collection: </strong>The required data were collected from the concerned state departments such as DISCOMs, Urban Development departments and other departments with the help of State Designated Agencies (SDAs).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578729606_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578729606_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="533" height="551" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Comparison:</strong> For rational comparison, States/UTs are grouped into four groups based on aggregated <strong>Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES)</strong> required to meet the state&rsquo;s actual energy demand (electricity, coal, oil, gas, etc.) across sectors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The index categorises states as<strong> &lsquo;Front Runner&rsquo;, &lsquo;Achiever&rsquo;, &lsquo;Contender&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;Aspirant&rsquo;</strong> based on their efforts and achievements towards energy efficiency implementation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The top-performing states for 2019 are Haryana, Kerala and Karnataka, are in the <strong>&lsquo;Achiever&rsquo; category.</strong></li>
<li>Manipur, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Jharkhand and Rajasthan performed the worst in the<strong> Aspirant groups.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Since there isn&rsquo;t state in the &lsquo;Front runner&rsquo; category, it can be inferred that a lot more can be done at the <strong>state level to realise energy savings from energy efficiency.</strong></li>
<li>TPES grouping helps states compare their performance and share best practices within their peer group.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The index will help states contribute towards national goals on energy security and climate action by helping drive EE policies and program implementation at the state and local level.</li>
<li>It will track progress in managing the states&rsquo; and India&rsquo;s energy footprint and institutionalising the data capture and monitoring of EE activities by states.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The BEE is a <strong>statutory body</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Power, Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>It assists in developing policies and strategies with the primary objective of reducing the energy intensity of the Indian economy.</li>
<li>BEE coordinates with designated consumers, designated agencies, and other organizations to identify and utilize the existing resources and infrastructure, in performing the functions assigned to it under the <strong>Energy Conservation Act, 2001.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1599010" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-energy-efficiency-index-2019'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'SC’s Verdict on Curbs Imposed in J&K',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court has recently given its ruling on the Kashmir lockdown and communications shutdown cases.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The cases were also related to the impact of the prohibitory orders issued under Section 144 of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/re-imagining-cognizable-offences" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)</strong></a> on press freedom.</li>
<li>Internet access was snapped after <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir&rsquo;s special status was revoked</strong></a> and the state bifurcated into two union territories, Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ruling on Suspension of Internet</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Suspending Internet services indefinitely is impermissible under the <strong>Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services [Public Emergency or Public Service] Rules, 2017.</strong></li>
<li>The court held that suspension could be done for temporary duration only and the same is subject to judicial review.</li>
<li>A "complete and broad" suspension of telecom and Internet services should be resorted to only as a drastic measure in an "unavoidable" situation.</li>
<li>The Court has thus asked the government to <strong>review within seven days</strong> all orders directing suspension of internet services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Upheld Fundamental Rights</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> freedom of free speech and expression on the Internet is a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.</strong> The State cannot cite the extensive reach and impact of the Internet as a medium in order to restrict this right.</li>
<li><strong>Trade, occupation or commerce dependent on the Internet is a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(g).</strong></li>
<li>Restriction upon such fundamental rights should be in consonance with the mandate under Article 19 (2) and (6) of the Constitution, inclusive of the test of proportionality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The <strong>Doctrine of Proportionality</strong> postulates that the nature and extent of the State&rsquo;s interference with the exercise of a right must be proportionate to the goal it seeks to achieve.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ruling on Section 144</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Court held that the<strong> repetitive orders</strong> under Section 144 CrPC as an<strong> abuse of power.</strong></li>
<li>The Court said that power under the Section 144 is exercisable not <strong>only where there exists present danger, but also when there is an apprehension of danger.</strong> However, the danger contemplated should be in the nature of <strong>an &lsquo;emergency&rsquo;</strong> and for the purpose of preventing obstruction and annoyance or injury to any person lawfully employed&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The government <strong>cannot recourse to blanket use of the power under Section 144 CrPC (for issuing restrictions)</strong> as a tool to prevent the legitimate expression of opinion or grievance or exercise of any fundamental rights. There is a need to find a balance regarding security and liberty of people.</li>
<li>The Court has thus asked the authorities to review forthwith the need for continuance of any such order.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services [Public Emergency or Public Service] Rules, 2017</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are the rules to be followed if the government intends to temporarily suspend telecom services in any part of the country.</li>
<li>According to these rules, only the Home Secretary of the country and a secretary of a state&rsquo;s home department can pass such an order.</li>
<li>These also state that any such order should be taken up by a review committee within five days.</li>
<li>These rules have been framed by the government on the basis of the powers conferred by section 7 of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Relevant Provisions of Article 19</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 19(1)(a)</strong> states that all citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression.</li>
<li><strong>Article 19(1)(g)</strong> states that all citizens shall have the right to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.</li>
<li><strong>Article 19 (2)</strong> states that the State can impose reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right to freedom of speech and expression in the interests of the :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sovereignty and integrity of India,</li>
<li>Security of the State,</li>
<li>Friendly relations with foreign States,</li>
<li>Public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under <strong>Article 19(6),</strong> the State can impose reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right provided under Article 19(1)(g) in the interest of the general public.</li>
</ul>
<strong>Section 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Section 144 CrPC, empowers a district magistrate, a sub-divisional magistrate or any other executive magistrate specially empowered by the state government in this behalf to issue orders to prevent and address urgent cases of apprehended danger or nuisance.</li>
<li><strong>Powers</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The magistrate can direct any person to abstain from a certain act or to take a certain order with respect to certain property in his possession or under his management.</li>
<li>This usually includes restrictions on movement, carrying arms and form assembling unlawfully. It is generally believed that assembly of three or more people is prohibited under Section 144.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Section 144 CrPC has often been used to clamp down on telecommunication services and order Internet shutdowns.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/review-suspension-of-internet-in-jk-supreme-court/article30531478.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-s-verdict-on-curbs-imposed-in-j-k'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'World Hindi Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>World Hindi Day is celebrated every year on January 10 to promote the Hindi language all around the world.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>first celebrated in 2006</strong> to commemorate the <strong>anniversary of the first World Hindi Conference</strong> which was held in Nagpur on January 10, 1975.</li>
<li>World Hindi Day is also celebrated by Indian embassies located in various parts of the world.</li>
<li>World Hindi Day is different from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hindi-divas-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindi Divas which is celebrated on September 14 every year.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hindi</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hindi got its name from the <strong>Persian word Hind, meaning 'land of the Indus River'.</strong> Turk invaders in the early 11<sup>th</sup> century named the language of the region Hindi, 'language of the land of the Indus River'.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>official language of India, English being the other official language.</strong></li>
<li>Hindi is also spoken in some countries outside India, such as in Mauritius, Fiji, Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad &amp; Tobago and Nepal.</li>
<li>Hindi in its present form emerged through different stages, during which it was known by other names. The earliest form of<strong> old Hindi was Apabhramsa.</strong> In 400 AD Kalidas wrote a romantic play in Apabhramsa called Vikramorvashiyam.</li>
<li>The modern Devanagari script came into existence in the 11<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-hindi-day'
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		'posturl' => 'string',
		'articles__metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles.metatitle' => 'string',
		'metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles__metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles.metadescription' => 'string',
		'metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles__metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles.metakeyword' => 'text',
		'metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles__status' => 'integer',
		'articles.status' => 'integer',
		'status' => 'integer',
		'articles__sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles.sort_order' => 'integer',
		'sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles__addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.addedby' => 'integer',
		'addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.updatedby' => 'integer',
		'updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.added' => 'timestamp',
		'added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.modified' => 'timestamp',
		'modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles.whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_comments' => 'integer',
		'display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles__pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles.pdf_name' => 'string',
		'pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles__display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_archive' => 'integer',
		'display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles__star_rating' => 'integer',
		'articles.star_rating' => 'integer',
		'star_rating' => 'integer'
	],
	'decorators' => (int) 0,
	'executed' => false,
	'hydrate' => true,
	'buffered' => true,
	'formatters' => (int) 0,
	'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
	'contain' => [],
	'matching' => [],
	'extraOptions' => [],
	'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}

}
$page = (int) 177
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 332
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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