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Tulagi Island

A Beijing-based company which has close ties to the Chinese Communist Party has secured exclusive development rights for the entire island of...

17 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Rangdum Monastery

The Archaeological Survey of India is planning to declare the Rangdum Monastery located in Ladakh (Kargil district) as a monument of national...

17 Oct 2019 News Analysis
20th Livestock Census

Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying has released the 20th Livestock Census report recently. The release provides key results...

17 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Cost Dynamics of Electricity Production

The editorial is based on the article “A cost-effective way to power generation” which appeared in The Hindu on 16 October 2019. The...

16 Oct 2019 News Editorials
Global Hunger Index-2019

In the recently released Global Hunger Index (GHI) Report-2019, India was ranked at 102nd position out of 117 countries. The report is an annual...

16 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Microbial Fuel Cells

Recently, at a London Zoo, a fern started taking its own selfies. The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) scientists had laid the groundwork with the...

16 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Third India Energy Forum

Recently, the India Ministerial Dialogue was held at 3rd India Energy Forum by CERAWeek in New Delhi. The Indian, as well as regional energy...

16 Oct 2019 News Analysis
China-Nepal-India Triangulation

This article is based on “Xi’s Security Diplomacy” that was published in The Indian Express on 15/10/2019. It talks about how...

15 Oct 2019 News Editorials
International Labour Organization

The International Labour Organization (ILO) celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2019. It is the only tripartite U.N. agency. It brings together...

15 Oct 2019 International Institutions
World Standards Day

14 October is celebrated as World Standards Day for paying tribute to the collaborative efforts of thousands of experts worldwide who develop the...

15 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Nobel Prize in Physics 2019

The Nobel Prize for Physics has been awarded to James Peebles for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology, and Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz...

15 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Nobel Prize for Peace 2019

The Nobel Peace Prize for 2019 has been awarded to Abiy Ahmed Ali, the Prime Minister of Ethiopia for his decisive initiative to resolve the border...

15 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019

The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been jointly awarded to John B Goodenough, M Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino for the development of...

15 Oct 2019 News Analysis
India-Netherlands

Recently, the King and Queen of the Kingdom of Netherlands visited India to give an impetus to the bilateral ties shared by the two nations. Key...

15 Oct 2019 News Analysis
The Big Picture: DTH v/s OTT

According to a recent report by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), the average active subscriber base of DTH services has seen a...

15 Oct 2019 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
UN Climate Action Summit 2019

Recently, the UN Secretary-General called all the member states at the UN Climate Action Summit 2019 held in New York, US. The summit expects members...

14 Oct 2019 Paper 3
Operation Greens

This article is based on “Time to TOP up” that was published in The Indian Express on 14/10/2019. It talks about steps to kickstart...

14 Oct 2019 News Editorials
Governance through Cultural Gatherings

SARAS Aajeevika Mela: It is a programme to transform rural India in general and the lives of rural women in particular. It is an initiative by the...

14 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Typhoon Hagibis

The main Japanese island of Honshu was hit by Typhoon Hagibis on 12th October 2019. Typhoon Hagibis could be the strongest storm to hit Japan...

14 Oct 2019 News Analysis
India-China 2nd Informal Summit- Mamallapuram Summit

Recently, the Prime Minister of India and the President of the People's Republic of China held their Second Informal Summit in Chennai...

14 Oct 2019 News Analysis

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Tulagi Island',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571301703_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571301703_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="526" height="266" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p>A <strong>Beijing</strong>-based company which has close ties to the Chinese Communist Party has secured<strong> exclusive development rights</strong> for the entire<strong> island of Tulagi</strong> and its surroundings.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been reported that a secretive deal was signed in the month of September 2019 with the provincial government in the Solomon Islands, for the same.</li>
<li><strong>Tulagi</strong> is an island within the <strong>Solomon Islands,</strong> which are located in the<strong> South Pacific, directly between Australia and the U.S.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was the administrative seat (from 1893) of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate until it was destroyed by the Japanese (1942) during World War II.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The move has <strong>alarmed U.S. officials</strong> who see the island chains of the South Pacific as crucial to keep China in check and protect important sea routes.</li>
<li>The agreement includes provisions for a fishery base, an operations centre, and the building or enhancement of the airport.</li>
<li>China is also pushing to <strong>end the region&rsquo;s status as a diplomatic stronghold for Taiwan.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solomon-islands-and-taiwan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Solomons cut ties to Taiwan</strong></a> and allied with Beijing just a few days before the Tulagi deal. A second Pacific nation, <strong>Kiribati, followed suit</strong> the same week.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/china-leases-an-entire-pacific-island-for-75-years/article29721219.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tulagi-island'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Rangdum Monastery',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Archaeological Survey of India is planning to declare the <strong>Rangdum Monastery</strong> located in Ladakh (Kargil district) as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monuments-of-national-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>monument of national importance.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The move aims to look into the opportunities for <strong>expansion of tourism</strong> in the Ladakh region in the backdrop of the decision to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>split Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Central government is looking at bringing more monuments present in this region under its direct protection and therefore it made this monastery <strong>a Centrally-protected</strong> site.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571301320_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571301320_image1.jpg" width="284" height="213" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rangdum Monastery</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>18<sup>th</sup> century</strong> built monastery that is situated at an altitude of 4,031 m. at the head of the <strong>Suru Valley,</strong> in Ladakh.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Suru Valley is drained by the <strong>Suru River</strong> which is a tributary of the <strong>Indus River.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rangdum Monastery is a <strong>Tibetan Buddhist monastery</strong> belonging to the <strong>Gelugpa sect.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ASI is the <strong>premier organization</strong> for the archaeological research, scientific analysis, excavation of archaeological sites, conservation and preservation of protected monuments.</li>
<li>It is an attached office under the <strong>Department of Culture, Ministry of Culture.</strong></li>
<li>ASI was founded in <strong>1861</strong> by <strong>Alexander Cunningham-</strong> the first Director-General of ASI.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rangdum-monastery-in-kargil-likely-to-become-a-monument-of-national-importance/article29713654.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rangdum-monastery'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => '20th Livestock Census',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying has released the <strong>20<sup>th</sup> Livestock Census report</strong> recently.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The release provides key results reflecting the aggregate counts of various species as well as its comparison with the previous census.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571300887_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571300887_image2.jpg" width="432" height="285" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> total Livestock population</strong> is 535.78 million in the country showing an <strong>increase of 4.6% over Livestock Census-2012.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>West Bengal</strong> observed the <strong>highest increase of 23%,</strong> followed by <strong>Telangana (22%).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> total number of cattle</strong> in the country has shown<strong> an increase of 0.8 %.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The increase is mainly driven by a <strong>sharp increase in cross-bred cattle</strong> and <strong>higher female indigenous cattle</strong> population.</li>
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh</strong> has observed a <strong>maximum decrease in cattle population</strong> though the state has taken several steps to save cattle.</li>
<li><strong>West Bengal</strong> has seen the <strong>highest rise of 15%</strong> in cattle population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The population of the <strong>total exotic/crossbred cattle</strong> has <strong>increased by 27%.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cross-bred animals contributed around <strong>28% to India&rsquo;s total milk production in 2018-19.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>milch population</strong> of exotic and crossbred cattle such as <strong>Jersey or Holsteins</strong> shows higher milk yields and thus farmers prefer animals yielding more milk.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>decline of 6%</strong> in the total <strong>indigenous cattle</strong> population has been observed.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s indigenous cattle numbers <strong>continue to decline,</strong> notwithstanding the government&rsquo;s efforts to promote conservation of desi breeds through the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rashtriya-gokul-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM).</strong></a></li>
<li>The <strong>sharpest fall</strong> has been observed in the states (Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,Maharashtra, etc.) with <strong>tough cow slaughter laws.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> total milch animals</strong> have shown an <strong>increase of 6%.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to higher yields, foreign breeds constitute more than half the population of milch animals.</li>
<li>The <strong>more the number of animals that produce milk,</strong> the more would be <strong>pressure on land</strong> and fiercer would be <strong>competition between man and animals for survival.</strong></li>
<li>The figures show that nearly 75% of total cattle in the country are female (cows)-- a clear sign of dairy farmers' preferences for milk-producing cattle. This also gained momentum in the past couple of years due to the government's assistance in terms of providing sex-sorted artificial insemination (AI), with semen of high-yielding bulls, free of cost at farmers' doorstep.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>backyard poultry</strong> has <strong>increased by around 46%</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The sharp increase in backyard poultry is a <strong>significant change</strong> in the<strong> rural landscape</strong> which shows a sign of <strong>poverty alleviation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Total <strong>Bovine population</strong> (Cattle, Buffalo, Mithun and Yak) has shown an <strong>increase of about 1%.</strong></li>
<li>The population of sheep, goat and Mithun <strong>grew in double digits</strong> while the count of horses and ponies, pigs, camels, donkeys, mules and yaks <strong>declined.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>The Livestock Census</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Livestock Census has been conducted in the country periodically since <strong>1919-20.</strong> Since then it has been conducted <strong>once every 5 years.</strong></li>
<li>It covers all domesticated animals and their headcounts.</li>
<li>So far 19 such censuses have been conducted by the <strong>Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying,</strong> in participation with State Governments and UT Administrations.</li>
<li>The household-level data through online transmission from the field has been used for the first time in 20th Livestock Census.</li>
<li>The census is beneficial not just for policymakers but also for agriculturists, traders, entrepreneurs, dairying industry and masses in general.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1588304" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/20th-livestock-census'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Cost Dynamics of Electricity Production',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>The editorial is based on the article <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-cost-effective-way-to-power-generation/article29693826.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A cost-effective way to power generation&rdquo;</strong></a> which appeared in <strong>The Hindu</strong> on <strong>16 October 2019.</strong> The article is based on various aspects of declining cost of power generation in the country, especially renewable energy.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, Indian Prime Minister while addressing 74<sup>th</sup> session of United Nation General Assembly strongly focused on increasing global renewable energy capacity.</p>
<p>In the past few years, India has been aggressively expanding its power generation capacity. India has an installed capacity of 358 GW, which is four times of what it was in 1997-98.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s per-capita energy consumption is about <strong>one-third</strong> of the global average. Though India accounts for around 18% of the world&rsquo;s population, it uses only around<strong> 6%</strong> of the world&rsquo;s primary energy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s per capita energy consumption equals <strong>0.6 tonnes of oil equivalent (toe)</strong> as compared to the <strong>global per capita average of 1.8 toe.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Energy Installation Bag</h3>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 20.2356%; height: 35px; text-align: center;"><strong>Source</strong></td>
<td style="width: 27.928%; height: 35px; text-align: center;"><strong>Installed Capacity (March 2019)</strong></td>
<td style="width: 33.7889%; height: 35px; text-align: center;"><strong>Percentage of Total Installed Capacity</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 20.2356%; height: 19px;">Thermal Energy</td>
<td style="width: 27.928%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">200.7 GW</td>
<td style="width: 33.7889%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">
<p style="text-align: center;">56%</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 20.2356%; height: 19px;"><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-indias-wind-energy-potential" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hydel Energy</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 27.928%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">45.39 GW</td>
<td style="width: 33.7889%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">13%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 20.2356%; height: 19px;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Solar Energy</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 27.928%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">28.18</td>
<td style="width: 33.7889%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">7.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 20.2356%; height: 19px;">Wind Energy</td>
<td style="width: 27.928%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">35.63</td>
<td style="width: 33.7889%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">10%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 20.2356%; height: 19px;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/india-s-prospects-as-a-nuclear-power" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nuclear Energy</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 27.928%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">6.7 GW</td>
<td style="width: 33.7889%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">2%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3><br />India&rsquo;s Energy Targets</h3>
<p>Under the Paris Agreement, India has declared its <strong>INDC target</strong> of about 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030. India embarks on an ambitious journey to achieve <strong>renewable energy capacity of 175 GW by 2022</strong> and 500 GW by 2030. By 2022, India plans to achieve the following renewable energy targets:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Solar Energy: 100 GW</li>
<li>Wind Energy: 60 GW</li>
<li>Biomass Energy: 10 GW</li>
</ul>
<p>It also plans to have 15 GW of nuclear energy and 72 GW of hydel energy by 2027.</p>
<h3>Major Factor that Determine Cost in Power Generation</h3>
<p><strong>Fixed Cost</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Land:</strong> Land forms the major part of fixed investment in power generation which regionally varies and depends on government and pooling policies.</li>
<li><strong>Building and Construction Cost of Power Station:</strong> The capital cost of building central station generators vary from region to region, largely as a function of labor costs and "regulatory costs," which include things like obtaining siting permits, environmental approvals, and so on.</li>
<li><strong>Transmission and Distribution System:</strong> The electricity transmission and distribution systems that deliver electricity have maintenance costs, which include repairing damage to the systems from accidents or extreme weather conditions.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Varying Cost</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fuel:</strong> Fuel costs can vary, especially during periods of high demand. High electricity demand can increase demand for fuel, such as natural gas, which can result in higher prices for the fuel and, in turn, higher costs to generate electricity.</li>
<li><strong>Regulations:</strong> In some states, public service/utility commissions fully regulate prices, while other states have a combination of unregulated prices (for generators) and regulated prices (for transmission and distribution).</li>
<li><strong>Weather conditions:</strong> Rain and snow provide water for low-cost hydropower generation. Wind can provide low-cost electricity generation from wind turbines when wind speeds are favorable. However, extreme temperatures can increase the demand for electricity, especially for cooling, and demand can drive prices up.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Declining Cost of Energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Advances in technology</strong> have resulted in the construction of larger power plants, indicating economies of scale.</li>
<li><strong>Increasing share of private sector investment</strong> which is far more cost effective than public investment.</li>
<li><strong>Competitive tariff-based bidding</strong> of solar project that Solar Energy Corporation of India, State and Central Government have undertaken through reverse auctioning.</li>
<li>The <strong>subsidies and incentives</strong> provided by the Government under <strong>National Solar Mission</strong> have been instrumental in reducing cost and adoption of solar energy.</li>
<li>Historically, land acquisition has always been a problem in India and is a major reason for cost escalation in infrastructure projects.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Solar Park Policy</strong> introduced guidelines that lead state governments to identify suitable large tracts of land with appropriate insolation levels, and prioritise the use of government waste/non-agricultural land in order to speed up acquisition process for setting up solar park.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571229846_pasted%20image 0.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571229846_pasted image 0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="472" height="381" /></a></p>
<h3>What next can be done to reduce the cost further?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Project Size and Cost</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Infrastructure projects have an inverse relationship between size and unit cost. The average cost per MW for a <strong>thermal plant is about 25% lower</strong> than that of a solar plant. Thermal plants are of huge capacity and on average it would take 18 solar or wind plants to generate the same quantity of power as one thermal plant. Therefore, large solar and wind plants are to be constructed in the future to shift toward non-fossilized clean energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Project Ownership</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over the last two decades, 63% of the total planned generation capacity has come from the private sector, and investment were more pronounced in solar and wind energy sector.</li>
<li>Private sector plants have an average cost of 12-34% lower cost per MW for all categories except solar. Therefore, creating additional capacity in existing plant at lower cost can play a big role in keeping electricity tariffs low.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As India continues to ramp up capacity, it is imperative to create generation assets with the lowest unit cost by optimizing plant capacities and encouraging private sector investment.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 19px; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #efffe8;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Inputs</strong></em></span><br /><br />Briefly outline the underlying causes for declining cost of electricity production in recent times. Also suggest policy measures to reduce the cost further.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/cost-dynamics-of-electricity-production'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Global Hunger Index-2019',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>In the recently released <strong>Global Hunger Index (GHI) Report-2019,</strong> India was ranked at <strong>102<sup>nd</sup> position</strong> out of <strong>117</strong> countries.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report is an <strong>annual publication</strong> that is jointly prepared by the <strong>Concern Worldwide</strong> (an Irish agency) and the <strong>Welt Hunger Hilfe</strong> (a German organization).</li>
<li>The report is based on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-hunger-index-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>four GHI indicators</strong></a> namely, undernourishment, child stunting, child wasting, and child mortality.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571219571_drishti_ias_Global%20Hunger Index-2019.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571219571_drishti_ias_Global Hunger Index-2019.jpg" style="float: right;" width="378" height="351" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s rank has slipped from 95<sup>th</sup> position (in 2010) to 102<sup>nd</sup> (in 2019). Over a longer-term duration, the fall in India&rsquo;s rank is sharper, i.e, from 83<sup>rd</sup> out of 113 countries in 2000 to 102<sup>nd</sup> out of 117 in 2019.</li>
<li>According to the report, India&rsquo;s child wasting rate was extremely high at <strong>20.8%&nbsp;</strong>- the <strong>highest</strong> for any country.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Child wasting refers to the share of children under the age of five who are wasted, i.e, they have <strong>low weight with respect to their height</strong>, reflecting acute undernutrition.</li>
<li>The share of wasting among children in India marked a steep rise from 16.5% in the 2008-2012 to 20.8% in 2014-2018.</li>
<li>According to <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)</a>, child wasting is a strong predictor of mortality&nbsp;among children (under 5 yrs. of age).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has <strong>demonstrated an improvement</strong> in other indicators that includes, under-5 mortality rate, prevalence of stunting among children, and prevalence of undernourishment owing to inadequate food.</li>
<li>The report also took note of <strong>open defecation</strong> in India as an impacting factor for health. It pointed out that as of 2015&ndash;2016, 90% of Indian households used an improved drinking water source while 39% of households had no sanitation facilities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Open defecation jeopardizes the population&rsquo;s health and severely impacts children&rsquo;s growth and their ability to absorb nutrients.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-takes-the-low-rung-ranked-102-in-hunger-index-of-117-countries-119101501494_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: BS</a></p>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-hunger-index-2019'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Microbial Fuel Cells',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, at a London Zoo, a fern started taking its own selfies. The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) scientists had laid the groundwork with the aim of using plants to power camera traps and sensors in the wild.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This was achieved by installing the microbial fuel cells in <strong>Pete</strong> (a maidenhair fern).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Microbial fuel cells</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a device that converts <strong>chemical</strong> <strong>energy to electrical energy</strong> by the action of microorganisms.</li>
<li>It is a bio-electrochemical system that uses bacteria as the catalyst to oxidize organic and inorganic matter, and consequently, generate electric current out of it.</li>
<li>It has applications in various fields such as power generation systems, bio-recovery, waste-water treatment, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Plants naturally deposit biomatter as they grow which in turn feeds the natural bacteria present in the soil. This creates energy that can be harnessed by fuel cells and used to power a wide range of vital conservation tools remotely including sensors, monitoring platforms, and camera traps.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/microbial-fuel-cells-technology-that-enabled-a-fern-to-take-its-own-selfies-6071048/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/microbial-fuel-cells'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Third India Energy Forum',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the <strong>India Ministerial Dialogue</strong> was held at <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> India Energy Forum</strong> by <strong>CERAWeek</strong> in New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian, as well as regional energy companies, institutions, and governments, participated at the forum held under the patronage <strong>of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As India is experiencing the <strong>fastest growth in energy consumption</strong> among all large economies, the country will be the <strong>key driver of global energy demand</strong> in the coming decades.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To meet the huge demand for energy, India would be implementing a <strong>healthy mix of all commercially viable energy sources.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India plans its course of the <strong>energy transition in a responsible manner</strong> which would greatly influence<strong> global energy transition.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>shares of renewables in electricity capacity</strong> has significantly <strong>gone up</strong> now to 22% from around 10% in 2014-15.</li>
<li>The <strong>ethanol blending percentage has risen</strong> from 0.67% in 2012-13 to now close to 6%.</li>
<li>Also, <strong>more than 95%</strong> of households now have <strong>access to LPG,</strong> making their kitchens smoke-free.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Three critical transitions to be addressed in the Indian energy sector are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mobility</li>
<li>Urbanization</li>
<li>Power generation</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s per capita consumption of coal is about 1/10<sup>th</sup></strong> of that of the <strong>United States</strong> but still, India aims to use cleaner technology for <strong>low- carbon energy future.</strong></li>
<li>In addition to the above initiatives, India is planning to transform itself into <strong>Gas Economy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Natural Gas offers an option of a balancing fuel, as it has proven capability to complement renewables.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The contribution of modern technologies, efficiency in production has been recognized for transforming the landscape towards <strong>climate justice, and a sustainable future.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>CERAWeek</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CERAWeek by IHS Markit has become the world&rsquo;s premier energy event.</li>
<li>In 1983, Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA) was founded in Cambridge.</li>
<li>Each year, CERA clients gathered for a few days in Houston, Texas to attend the executive conference where they gained insight into the energy future while connecting with their peers. Over time, the program was expanded to five days of informative sessions and networking opportunities&mdash;and named CERAWeek.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1588128" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/third-india-energy-forum'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'China-Nepal-India Triangulation',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/china-nepal-xi-jinping-international-relations-security-diplomacy-6069020/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Xi&rsquo;s Security Diplomacy&rdquo;</strong></a> that was published in The Indian Express on 15/10/2019. It talks about how China-Nepal convergence can affect India&rsquo;s interest.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, China's President Xi Jinping made a significant visit to Nepal, becoming the first Chinese President in over 20 years to visit the Himalayan country.</p>
<p>The visit seeks to accelerate the development of an ambitious trans-Himalayan corridor between China&rsquo;s Tibet and Nepal <strong>(China Nepal Economic Corridor).</strong> However, it is China's <strong>security diplomacy</strong> that is more of a concern for India.</p>
<h3>&ldquo;Security Diplomacy&rdquo; of China</h3>
<p>Nepal&rsquo;s northern border with China lies entirely with Tibet, China sees security cooperation with Nepal as critical in controlling the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/60-years-of-1959-tibetan-uprising" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tibetan matters.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this pursuit, China is following<strong> security diplomacy vis-&agrave;-vis Nepal</strong> (distinct from defense diplomacy).</li>
<li><strong>Security diplomacy vs Defense diplomacy</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Security diplomacy seeks to expand engagement between the two countries, <strong>not just in fields related to military engagement</strong> but also to the police forces, intelligence agencies, border management organisations and law-enforcement authorities of the two nations.</li>
<li>In the case of neighbouring countries, security diplomacy leads to the dynamic interaction between internal political stability and the situation across the frontiers.</li>
<li><strong>Defence diplomacy</strong> may include military exchanges, military sales, joint exercises, humanitarian disasters response training etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Chinese President visit also envisages signing of the <strong>Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters</strong> and an early conclusion of the <strong>Treaty on Extradition.</strong></li>
<li>China also promised to enhance the capacities of Nepal&rsquo;s law enforcement agencies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>China Nepal Economic Corridor</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2017, Nepal signed up to <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/belt-and-road-initiative-perspectives-from-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI),</a></strong> that sought to create highways, airports and other infrastructure in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through <strong>China Nepal Economic Corridor,</strong> Nepal seeks to end Indian dominance over its trade routes by increasing connectivity with China.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Earlier China proposed a trilateral <strong>India-Nepal-China economic corridor,</strong> which sought to provide multidimensional connectivity through the Himalayas.</li>
<li>However, <strong>India rejected this proposal</strong> on account of $50 billion China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as it passes through the disputed territory of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s concern is that,</strong> given the <strong>difference in the strategic weight</strong> of China and Nepal, <strong>security diplomacy can be used as a tool by China</strong> to interfere in the internal affairs of Nepal.</li>
<li>Since <strong>Nepal acts as a buffer state for India,</strong> seeing it slip into China's sphere of influence, will not be in India's strategic interest.</li>
<li>Also, China&rsquo;s interest in &ldquo;security diplomacy&rdquo; is not limited to Nepal.</li>
<li><strong>China Nepal Economic Corridor</strong> can lead to <strong>China dumping consumer goods</strong> through Nepal which will worsen India&rsquo; trade balance with China further.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>China's deep pockets</strong> make it difficult for India to control the expansion of China's influence in India's neighbourhood.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, it is perhaps better to rethink about refusing the Chinese offer to build infrastructure in India which can help India&rsquo;s overall trade and investment.</li>
<li>In this context, India can bargain with China about opening up its services for Indian IT workers and have freer access to Chinese markets for Indian goods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India must not deny every Chinese investment in infrastructure because of CPEC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India must <strong>revise</strong> its stance on <strong>India-Nepal-China economic corridor.</strong></li>
<li>The corridor provides a likelihood of greater tourism and people to people contact which is important for bridging the trust deficit that exists today between India and China.</li>
<li>It will also lead to the rapid development of one of the poorest regions in the world which lie in Nepal and parts of northern and northeastern India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Nepal has sought to increase connectivity with China since a blockade along its border with India resulted in several months of acute shortage of fuel and medicine in 2015 and 2016.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Though India has all the right of such blockade, however,<strong> India must refrain</strong> from such blockades as it <strong>affects India's credibility</strong> in eyes of Nepali citizens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>India should act as a bridge rather than a blockade in realizing Nepal's dream of becoming a land-linked country from a land-locked one.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfceb;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />India's continuous refrain from strategic convergence with China might not prove to be a good strategy. Analyse in the context of China-Nepal-India Triangulation.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/china-nepal-india-triangulation'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'International Labour Organization',
			'catname' => 'International Institutions',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>International Labour Organization (ILO)</strong> celebrated its 100<sup>th</sup> anniversary in 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the only <strong>tripartite U.N. agency.</strong> It brings together <strong>governments, employers and workers</strong> of <strong>187 member States,</strong> to set labour standards, develop policies and devise programmes promoting decent work for all women and men.</li>
</ul>
<h3>History of the ILO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Established in 1919 by the <strong>Treaty of Versailles</strong> as an affiliated agency of the<strong> League of Nations.</strong></li>
<li>Became the first affiliated <strong>specialized agency</strong> of the <strong>United Nations in 1946.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Geneva, Switzerland</li>
<li><strong>Founding Mission:</strong> social justice is essential to universal and lasting peace.</li>
<li>Promotes internationally recognized human and labour rights.</li>
<li>Received the<strong> Nobel Peace Prize</strong> in 1969.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For improving peace among classes</li>
<li>Pursuing decent work and justice for workers</li>
<li>Providing technical assistance to other developing nations</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The organization has played a key role in <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ensuring labour rights during the Great Depression</li>
<li>Decolonization process</li>
<li>The creation of Solidarność ( trade union) in Poland</li>
<li>The victory over apartheid in South Africa</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Today it is providing substantial support in the building of an ethical and productive framework for fair globalization.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The basis of the ILO is the <strong>tripartite principle,</strong> i.e. the negotiations within the organization are held between the representatives of governments, trade unions, and member-states&rsquo; employers.</p>
</div>
<h3>Structure of ILO</h3>
<p>The ILO accomplishes its work through three main bodies which comprise governments', employers' and workers' representatives:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>International Labour Conference:</strong> it sets the International labour standards and the broad policies of the ILO. It meets annually in Geneva. It is often referred to as an <strong>International Parliament of Labour.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is also a forum for discussion of key social and labour questions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Governing Body:</strong> it is the <strong>executive council</strong> of the ILO. It meets three times a year in Geneva. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It takes policy decisions of ILO and establishes the programme and the budget, which it then submits to the Conference for adoption.</li>
<li>The work of the Governing Body and the Office is aided by <strong>tripartite committees</strong> covering major industries.</li>
<li>It is also supported by committees of experts on such matters as vocational training, management development, occupational safety and health, industrial relations, workers&rsquo; education, and special problems of women and young workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Labour Office:</strong> it is the permanent secretariat of the International Labour Organization. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the focal point for ILO&rsquo;s overall activities, which it prepares under the scrutiny of the Governing Body and under the leadership of the Director-General.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regional meetings</strong> of the ILO member States are held periodically to examine matters of special interest to the regions concerned.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Functions of the ILO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Creation of <strong>coordinated policies and programs,</strong> directed at solving social and labour issues.</li>
<li><strong>Adoption of international labour standards</strong> in the form of conventions and recommendations and control over their implementation.</li>
<li><strong>Assistance to member-states</strong> in solving social and labour problems.</li>
<li><strong>Human rights protection</strong> (the right to work, freedom of association, collective negotiations, protection against forced labour, protection against discrimination, etc.).</li>
<li><strong>Research and publication</strong> of works on social and labour issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives of the ILO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To promote and realize standards and fundamental principles and rights at work.</li>
<li>To create greater opportunities for women and men to secure decent employment.</li>
<li>To enhance the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all.</li>
<li>To strengthen tripartism and social dialogue.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Labour Standards</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ILO sets international labour standards with conventions, which are ratified by member states. These are <strong>non-binding.</strong></li>
<li>Conventions are drawn up with input from governments, workers&rsquo; and employers&rsquo; groups at the ILO and are adopted by the <strong>International Labour Conference.</strong></li>
<li>In ratifying an ILO convention, a member state <strong>accepts it as a legally binding instrument.</strong> Many countries use conventions as a tool to bring national laws in line with international standards.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Decent Work Agenda</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As part of its mission, the ILO aims to achieve decent work for all by promoting social dialogue, social protection and employment creation, as well as respect for international labour standards.</li>
<li>The ILO provides technical support to more than 100 countries to help achieve these aims, with the support of development partners.</li>
</ul>
<h3>ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was adopted in 1998, the Declaration commits member states to respect and promote <strong>eight fundamental principles and rights</strong> in four categories, whether or not they have ratified the relevant conventions. They are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Freedom of Association and The Right to collective bargaining (Conventions 87 and 98)</li>
<li>Elimination of forced or compulsory labour (Conventions No. 29 and No. 105)</li>
<li>Abolition of child labour (Conventions No. 138 and No. 182)</li>
<li>Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation (Conventions No. 100 and No. 111)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Core Conventions of the ILO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The eight fundamental conventions form an integral part of the <strong>United Nations Human Rights Framework,</strong> and their ratification is an important sign of member States&rsquo; commitment to human rights.</li>
<li>Overall, 135 member States have ratified all eight fundamental conventions. Unfortunately, 48 member states (out of 183 member States), including member states with the highest populations, have yet to complete ratification of all eight conventions.</li>
<li>The <strong>eight-core conventions of the ILO</strong> are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Forced Labour Convention (No. 29)</li>
<li>Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (No.105)</li>
<li>Equal Remuneration Convention (No.100)</li>
<li>Discrimination (Employment Occupation) Convention (No.111)</li>
<li>Minimum Age Convention (No.138)</li>
<li>Worst forms of Child Labour Convention (No.182)</li>
<li>Freedom of Association and Protection of Right to Organised Convention (No.87)</li>
<li>Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention (No.98)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The eight conventions, taken together, are more relevant today in the face of <strong>global economic</strong> and other challenges impinging on the welfare and livelihood of workers in all regions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indeed, they are part and parcel of the overarching architecture for the universality of human rights, offering protection to all, and responding closely to the quest for social justice in a globalized setting.</li>
<li>They are catalytic to the UN system, the international community and local communities as a whole.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India and ILO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is a founding member of the ILO and it has been a permanent member of the ILO Governing Body since 1922.</li>
<li>In India, the first ILO Office was started in 1928. The decades of productive partnership between the ILO and its constituents has mutual trust and respect as underlying principles and is grounded in building sustained institutional capacities and strengthening capacities of partners.</li>
<li>India has ratified six out of the <strong>eight-core/fundamental ILO conventions.</strong> These conventions are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Forced Labour Convention (No. 29)</li>
<li>Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (No.105)</li>
<li>Equal Remuneration Convention (No.100)</li>
<li>Discrimination (Employment Occupation) Convention (No.111)</li>
<li>Minimum Age Convention (No.138)</li>
<li>Worst forms of Child Labour Convention (No.182)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has <strong>not ratified</strong> the two core/fundamental conventions, namely <strong>Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87)</strong> and <strong>Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main reason for non-ratification of ILO conventions No.87 &amp; 98 is due to certain restrictions imposed on the government servants.</li>
<li>The ratification of these conventions would involve granting of certain rights that are prohibited under the statutory rules, for the government employees, namely, the right to strike, to openly criticize government policies, to freely accept a financial contribution, to freely join foreign organizations etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Trade Unions at the ILO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Trade unions play a crucial role in developing policy at the ILO, Worker group representation is drawn from national trade union confederations.</li>
<li>The <strong>Bureau for Workers' Activities</strong> at the secretariat is dedicated to strengthening independent and democratic trade unions so they can better defend workers&rsquo; rights and interests.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The ILO&rsquo;s supervisory role</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ILO monitors the implementation of ILO conventions ratified by member states. This is done through:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Committee of Experts</strong> on the Application of conventions and Recommendations.</li>
<li>The International Labour Conference&rsquo;s <strong>Tripartite Committee</strong> on the Application of conventions and Recommendations.</li>
<li>Member states are also required to send reports on the progress of the implementation of the conventions they have ratified.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Complaints</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ILO registers complaints against entities that are violating international rules; however, <strong>it does not impose sanctions on governments.</strong></li>
<li>Complaints can be filed against member states for not complying with ILO conventions they have ratified.</li>
<li>Complaints can be from another member state which has signed the same convention, a delegate to the International Labour Conference or the ILO's Governing Body.</li>
</ul>
<h3>ILO&rsquo;s Global Commission on the Future of Work</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The formation of an ILO <strong>Global Commission on the Future of Work</strong> marks the second stage in the ILO Future of Work Initiative.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was co-chaired by <strong>South African President Cyril Ramaphosa</strong> and<strong> Swedish Prime Minister, Stefan L&ouml;fven.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The commission outlines a vision for a human-centred agenda that is based on investing in people&rsquo;s capabilities, institutions of work and decent and sustainable work.</li>
<li>Its has undertaken an in-depth examination of the future of work that can provide the analytical basis for the delivery of social justice in the 21<sup>st</sup> century.</li>
<li>It outlines the<strong> challenges caused by new technology, climate change and demography</strong> and calls for a collective global response to the disruptions they are causing in the world of work.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Artificial intelligence, automation and robotics will lead to job losses, as skills become obsolete.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The key recommendations are:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>A universal labour guarantee</strong> that protects the fundamental rights of workers&rsquo;, an adequate living wage, limits on hours of work and safe and healthy workplaces.</li>
<li><strong>Guaranteed social protection</strong> from birth to old age that supports people&rsquo;s needs over the life cycle.</li>
<li>A universal entitlement to lifelong learning that enables people to skill, reskill and upskill.</li>
<li><strong>Managing technological change</strong> to boost decent work, including an international governance system for digital labour platforms.</li>
<li><strong>Greater investments</strong> in the care, green and rural economies.</li>
<li>A transformative and measurable agenda for <strong>gender equality.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reshaping business incentives</strong> to encourage long-term investments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'World Standards Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>14 October</strong> is celebrated as <strong>World Standards Day</strong> for paying tribute to the collaborative efforts of thousands of experts worldwide who develop the voluntary technical agreements that are published as <strong>International Standards.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is being officially celebrated since <strong>1970.</strong></li>
<li>It is an<strong> annual</strong> event.</li>
<li>The theme for 2019 is <strong>&lsquo;Video Standards Create a Global Stage&rsquo; &mdash;</strong> about standardizing the video compression technologies as mobile phones and other electronic devices related to video production is estimated to be 80% of all internet traffic by 2020.</li>
<li>In India, it is celebrated by the <strong>Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BIS also highlighted the road map for<strong> &lsquo;One Nation One Standard&rsquo;</strong> for India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Indian Standards</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BIS is the National Standard Body of India for the harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods.</li>
<li>BIS has been providing traceability and tangibility benefits to the national economy in a number of ways by:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Providing safe reliable quality goods.</li>
<li>Minimizing health hazards to consumers.</li>
<li>Promoting exports and imports substitute.</li>
<li>Control over the proliferation of varieties etc through standardization, certification, and testing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1588021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-standards-day'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Nobel Prize in Physics 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Nobel Prize for Physics has been awarded to <strong>James Peebles for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology,</strong> and <strong>Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz for discovering an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>James Peebles: Theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Peebles developed a theoretical framework about the <strong>cosmos and its billions of galaxies and galaxy clusters</strong> since the mid-1960s.</li>
<li>The importance of the <strong>cosmic radiation</strong> during birth of the Big Bang was realized by him.</li>
<li>James Peebles also interpreted traces from the <strong>infancy of the universe and discovered new physical processes.</strong></li>
<li>The results showed a universe whose just <strong>five percent of content is known,</strong> the matter which constitutes stars, planets, trees &ndash; and us.<strong> The rest, 95 per cent, is unknown dark matter and dark energy.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is a mystery and a challenge to modern physics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571130815_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571130815_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="660" height="487" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz : Discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was the <strong>first discovery</strong> of an <strong>exoplanet</strong> (a planet outside our solar system, orbiting a solar-type star in our home galaxy, the Milky Way).</li>
<li>The discovery of <strong>exoplanet 51 Pegasi b,</strong> started a <strong>&ldquo;revolution in astronomy&rdquo;.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>51 Pegasi b is a <strong>gaseous ball comparable with Jupiter.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ever since<strong> 4,000 exoplanets</strong> have been <strong>found in the Milky Way Galaxy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/james-peebles-michel-mayor-and-didier-queloz-get-nobel-prize-for-physics/article29617873.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-in-physics-2019'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Nobel Prize for Peace 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Nobel Peace Prize for 2019 has been awarded to<strong> Abiy Ahmed Ali, the Prime Minister of Ethiopia </strong>for<strong> his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict</strong> with neighboring <strong>Eritrea.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Abiy Ahmed Ali, the Prime Minister of Ethiopia ended 20 years war with neighboring Eritrea.</li>
<li>The two countries resumed trade, diplomatic, and travel ties and started &ldquo;a new era of peace and friendship&rdquo; in the war-bloodied Horn of Africa.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Historical Background of the Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1993, <strong>Eritrea broke from its federation with Ethiopia,</strong> becoming an independent country that was located strategically at the mouth of the Red Sea on the Horn of Africa.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Independence was the outcome of a <strong>30-year war by Eritrean liberation fighters against Ethiopia,</strong> which had annexed the small multiethnic territory to its north in 1962.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Just over five years after Independence, however, war broke out between the two countries over the control of <strong>Badme &mdash;</strong> a border town of no apparent significance.</li>
<li>As the conflict evolved into a major refugee crisis, thousands of Eritreans fled to Europe.</li>
<li>In <strong>June 2000,</strong> the two countries signed an Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities, followed by a <strong>Peace Agreement.</strong></li>
<li>The above agreement formally <strong>ended the war</strong> and established a <strong>Boundary Commission</strong> to settle the dispute.</li>
<li>The Commission gave its<strong> &ldquo;final and binding&rdquo;</strong> ruling in <strong>2002</strong> and <strong>Badme was awarded to Eritrea.</strong></li>
<li>However, <strong>Ethiopia refused to accept the decision</strong> and the border issues kept erupting in clashes.</li>
<li>The Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed <strong>broke</strong> the nearly <strong>two-decade stalemate,</strong> announcing that Ethiopia would abide by the <strong>full terms of the 2000 agreement.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571127596_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571127596_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="756" height="426" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Peace between Ethiopia-Eritrea</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ethiopia is landlocked, and through the years of the war with Eritrea, had been dependent heavily on Djibouti for access to the Gulf of Aden and onward to the Arabian Sea.</li>
<li>The peace deal with Eritrea opened up Eritrean ports for Ethiopian use to balance its reliance on Djibouti.</li>
<li>On the other hand, Eritrea sank steadily into economic stagnation and social and diplomatic isolation due to continuous war with Ethiopia.</li>
<li>Eritrea also faced accusations from the UN Human Rights Commission for repeatedly human rights violations in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/ethiopian-pm-abiy-ahmed-wins-2019-nobel-peace-prize-6064282/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-for-peace-2019'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been jointly awarded to <strong>John B Goodenough, M Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino</strong> for the development of <strong>lithium-ion batteries.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Through their work, this year&rsquo;s Chemistry Laureates have laid the foundation of a wireless, fossil fuel-free society.</li>
<li>In the early 1970s, <strong>Dr. Whittingham</strong> developed the <strong>first functional lithium battery.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Dr. Goodenough doubled the lithium battery&rsquo;s potential,</strong> creating the right conditions for a vastly more powerful and useful battery.</li>
<li><strong>Dr. Yoshino</strong> succeeded in <strong>eliminating pure lithium</strong> from the battery, instead<strong> basing it wholly on lithium ions,</strong> which are safer than pure lithium. This made the battery workable in practice.</li>
<li>The result was a lightweight, hardwearing battery that could be charged hundreds of times before its performance deteriorated. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The advantage of lithium-ion batteries is that they are not based upon chemical reactions that break down the electrodes, but upon lithium ions flowing back and forth between the anode and cathode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The lithium-ion batteries have reshaped energy storage and transformed cars, mobile phones and many other devices in an increasingly portable and electronic world.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571127068_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571127068_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="585" height="457" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/three-scientists-share-chemistry-nobel-for-developing-lithium-ion-batteries/article29625933.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-in-chemistry-2019'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'India-Netherlands',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the King and Queen of the <strong>Kingdom of Netherlands</strong> visited India to give an impetus to the bilateral ties shared by the two nations.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571126098_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571126098_image2.jpg" width="324" height="229" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic partnership</strong> between India &amp; Netherlands is a <strong>key pillar</strong> of the bilateral ties. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Netherlands is <strong>India&rsquo;s 4<sup>th</sup> largest trading partner</strong> in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union</strong></a>. And is also <strong>one of the leading investor nation</strong> in India.</li>
<li>The Dutch companies (in India) have a global name in the fields of agriculture, water management, port development, waste management, and urban planning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Historical Relations:</strong> Indo-Dutch relations can be traced back to more than 400 years when the <strong>first Dutch EIC</strong> got established in India (in around 17<sup>th</sup> century AD). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The official relations between the two nations were established in the year 1947 which, since then, have been<strong> cordial and friendly.</strong></li>
<li>The two countries also share common ideals of <strong>democracy, pluralism and the rule of law.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cultural Relations:</strong> The Netherlands currently is home to the <strong>largest Indian community</strong> on the European mainland. The growing Indian <strong>student and professional community</strong> in the Netherlands is making the cultural knot stronger and the technological partnership deeper.</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Netherlands to India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Netherlands&rsquo; has supported India&rsquo;s membership to the different <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/npt-must-for-india-s-entry-into-nsg-china" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Export Control Regimes</strong></a> and India&rsquo;s claim to a <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-un-security-council-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>permanent seat in the UN Security Council.</strong></a></li>
<li>India and the Netherlands share common concerns with regard to contemporary challenges that include <strong>climate action, cyber-security, and terrorism.</strong></li>
<li>Smart Cities, green energy, start-ups, smart solutions, and new-age products are bringing the two nations closer. India is keen to share and learn from the Netherlands on the <strong>river rejuvenation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>LOTUS:</strong> During the recent visit, a joint launch of the second phase of the <strong>Local Treatment of Urban Sewage Streams for the Healthy Reuse (LOTUS-HR)</strong> program was done by the <strong>Union Minister for Science &amp; Technology</strong> for the treatment of sewage water.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The project was <strong>initiated in July 2017</strong> and aims to manifest a novel holistic <strong>waste-water management approach</strong> that will produce clean water, which could henceforth be reused for various purposes.</li>
<li>The LOTUS-HR project is jointly supported by the <strong>Department of Biotechnology</strong> and the <strong>Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research /STW.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>WETLAB:</strong> It is a <strong>design challenge</strong> that is jointly supported by the Department of Biotechnology-Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council<strong> (DBT-BIRAC)</strong> and Netherlands Enterprise Agency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides a <strong>unique learning and networking platform</strong> for young professionals and students to <strong>think differently for innovative ideas</strong> to solve India&rsquo;s urban water challenges and contribute to cleaning up of India&rsquo;s rivers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1588090" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-netherlands'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'The Big Picture: DTH v/s OTT',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Vpuefxybx3E" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to a recent report by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/telecom-firms-oppose-trai%E2%80%99s-public-wi-fi-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Telecom Regulatory Authority of India</strong> </a><strong>(TRAI),</strong> the<strong> average active subscriber base of DTH services</strong> has seen a <strong>sharp decline of 25 percent</strong> in this quarter <strong>coming down to 54.26 million in April to June quarter in comparison to 72.44 million in January to March</strong> this year.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for fall in DTH subscribers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This<strong> coincides with the new DTH tariff regime implemented from 1st April.</strong> The decline in subscriber base highlights the challenges faced by DTH operators during the transition to new tariff regime.</li>
<li>Meanwhile the <strong>rise of OTT services also seems to have impacted the DTH subscription</strong> numbers. With high competition in the segment , OTT service providers give consumers a combination of both attractive content and subscription package. However regulation for OTT platforms continues to remain a contentious issue with the govt mulling over it's options .</li>
<li>A recent survey suggests that <strong>almost 55% Indians prefer OTT over DTH services and almost 87% of Indians use mobile to watch</strong> videos these days.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571124607_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571124607_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="600" height="334" /></a></p>
<h3>The differences and similarities</h3>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;">DTH</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;">OTT</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DTH is an acronym for <strong>&lsquo;Direct To Home&rsquo;</strong> service. It is a <strong>digital satellite service</strong> that provides <strong>television</strong> viewing services directly to subscribers through satellite transmission anywhere in the country.</li>
<li>The <strong>signals are digital</strong> by nature and are <strong>received directly from the satellite.</strong></li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An <strong>&lsquo;Over The Top&rsquo;</strong> media service is any <strong>online content provider</strong> that offers streaming media as a standalone product. The term is commonly applied to <strong>video-on-demand platforms,</strong> but also refers to <strong>audio streaming, messaging services, or internet-based voice calling solutions.</strong></li>
<li>It needs <strong>access to the internet</strong> and <strong>smartphones, tablets, laptop/computers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>content</strong> and the <strong>context</strong> of DTH and OTT are completely different. OTT platforms are very<strong> personal</strong> whereas DTH connections are <strong>more social</strong> in nature.</li>
<li>They <strong>complement each other as well</strong> like the OTT platforms suggest about the material available on DTH <strong>by advertisements.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Are DTH service providers really declining?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The information about the <strong>reduction of 25% is not entirely correct</strong> because TRAI has <strong>changed the method of computation,</strong> worked out the numbers in a new and more accurate way by which some phantom figures have been removed. So the loss of subscribers is not that huge.</li>
<li>The <strong>price factor and the tariffs of OTT platforms have not really gone down to the extent of wiping out DTH</strong> or reducing the subscribers significantly.</li>
<li><strong>New tariff order has changed the bills empowering consumers to pay only for what they want to watch.</strong> The bills will be different for users depending upon their personalised usage rate so there might be complaints from <strong>some users, paying more bills</strong> than the others who have <strong>reduced bills</strong> due to their smaller watch list. So it is not fair to say that all the bills have gone up.</li>
<li><strong>Bundling or packages of channels</strong> makes it easy for the consumer to choose because selecting content to watch with minimal tariff is an extremely difficult exercise. It is not fully developed plan but the sector is working on it.</li>
<li>It is about the <strong>customers preferences</strong> also about what and how they want to watch and on which platform. There will <strong>always be a place for the conventional broadcast tv</strong> and there will be a <strong>space for newer options like OTT platforms</strong> as well.</li>
<li>Just like DTH came and overtook the Cable Connections, the OTT is taking over the DTH now. That is why a lot of <strong>DTH service providers are teaming up with the OTT platforms to sustain themselves.</strong></li>
<li><strong>TRAI has taken measures by making an app</strong> to help consumers choose channel combinations and minimise their bills. It is working even further in the field to help customers in every way possible because no business will flourish if the customers are dissatisfied and not taken care of.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why are OTT platforms overtaking DTH service providers?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>convenience and ease with which OTT platforms can be watched</strong> makes it more attractive. Mobile phones can be carried anywhere and the user can watch anything of the choice anywhere, anytime given the data availability.</li>
<li>The <strong>cost of data services have gone down drastically</strong> in the last few years which has raised the number of average users including the rural areas as well.</li>
<li>OTT platforms seem a<strong> better option in comparison to high tariffs and the tedious process of choosing the channel combinations</strong> in the DTH.</li>
<li>Because of the availability of internet and ease of carrying smartphones, tablets or laptops, there is <strong>consumption irrespective of relatively higher charges</strong> for OTT platforms like Netflix and Amazon Prime <strong>which shows people&rsquo;s demand and interest</strong> in them.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Can OTT platforms completely overtake DTH service providers?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As far as the battle between the DTH and OTT is concerned, we should remember that these are<strong> technologies which allow similar products to be consumed in different ways.</strong> It is<strong> fair that the consumer has the choice to select</strong> what works for him or her the best.</li>
<li>Whether OTT will take over DTH market or not, it depends on various factors. One of them is the <strong>dependency on the internet connection in OTT platforms</strong> which is still <strong>uneven and not accessible</strong> to more than half the people of India.</li>
<li><strong>Roughly two-third of India does not actively use the internet</strong> so OTT choices become very limited. So the whole idea of OTT taking over DTH or cable connections is a<strong> little premature.</strong></li>
<li>Even <strong>DTH has not taken over the cable because there are significant active players</strong> in the market with huge fibre deployed all over the country. So they should not be considered dead instead they are coming back into the market. For example-JIO fibre.</li>
<li>It is necessary to <strong>recognise the diversity of the devices which is good for the consumer.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Future of OTT platforms in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>OTT is going to be on rise</strong> for sure. <strong>Internet penetration levels are not stagnant</strong> and<strong> increasing day by day</strong> with the help of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India</strong></a> and broadband programmes taking it to far flung areas.</li>
<li>The <strong>ease in information collection</strong> and<strong> more importantly the trust towards the phones</strong> show that the base of OTT is going to increase further.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>question of convenience where quality is improving with more young people getting involved</strong> with the OTT platforms. <strong>Indian youth is the biggest consumer of it and India&rsquo;s online video demand is close to China&rsquo;s and has surpassed the UK and the USA.</strong> According to <strong>KPMG Report, India will have more than 500 million subscribers on all OTT platforms by 2023.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>streaming speed is far better</strong> than before and will grow even more in the future under the schemes like Digital India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Regulatory Aspects</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The challenge in regulating the OTT is that it is a <strong>part of the internet and very difficult to separate from the larger internet.</strong> Regulators face the challenge of how to separate it out and then regulate it from the broader internet which is impossible.</li>
<li>Law is very clear regarding the regulations. OTT providers are governed by the <strong>Information Technology Act, 2000 Section 79</strong> where the intermediate liabilities lie. So the OTT providers do not have to get involved in the inception, transmission and reception of the content which make them not liable for the content.</li>
<li>Regulators now<strong> focus on smaller issues which are specific to Indian context</strong> only. Our<strong> licence services are very heavily regulated</strong> so the <strong>issue is not the regulation but reduction in the high level regulations</strong> of the Telecom service in order to empower everyone to choose their ways of consumption.</li>
<li>Clear ways under the <strong>Information Technology</strong> <strong>Act</strong> are mentioned to deal with the content after it is made available to the OTT platforms.</li>
<li>A lot of <strong>streamlining needs to be done</strong> for OTT platforms.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Information Technology Act, 2000</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The act regulates use of computers, computer systems, computer networks and also data and information in electronic format.</li>
<li>The act lists down among other things, following as offences:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tampering with computer source documents.</li>
<li>Hacking with computer system</li>
<li>Act of cyber terrorism i.e. accessing a protected system with the intention of threatening the unity, integrity, sovereignty or security of country.</li>
<li>Cheating using computer resource etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Section 79 of Information Technology Act, 2000</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It exempts intermediaries from liability in certain instances. It states that intermediaries will not be liable for any third party information, data or communication link made available by them.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The need for <strong>transparency</strong> on the OTT platforms is a very important, especially for an industry that touches so many people and with <strong>limited regulations</strong> on it, because it is an <strong>entertainment platform mainly</strong> and this will further <strong>provide choices</strong> to the consumers.</li>
<li>Over time there will be a <strong>level playing field, based on market dynamics,</strong> rather than forcing it through a regulator for support, pricing and directions, with harmony between all the old, new and emerging multimedia platforms.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-dth-v-s-ott'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'UN Climate Action Summit 2019',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, <strong>the UN Secretary-General called all the member states at the UN Climate Action Summit 2019 held in New York, US.</strong> The summit expects members states to lay realistic plans to enhance their contributions to climate change mitigation.</p>
<p><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cop24" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Paris climate deal</strong></a> provides a framework to stop climate disruption and reverse its impact. However, the voluntary nature of Paris climate deal makes it difficult to achieve its target of keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.</p>
<h3>Background of Climate Change Negotiations</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571053510_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571053510_image1.jpg" width="626" height="687" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Rising Environmental Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Global emissions are reaching record levels and show no sign of peaking.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to IAEA, due to higher energy demand in 2018, global energy-related CO2 emissions rose 1.7% to a historic high of 33.1 gigaton of CO2.</li>
<li>It was the highest rate of growth since 2013, and 70% higher than the average increase since 2010.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The last four years were the four hottest on record, and winter temperatures in the Arctic have risen by 3&deg;C since 1990.</li>
<li>Sea levels are rising.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sea level continues to rise at a rate of about one-eighth of an inch per year.</li>
<li>In 2014, global sea level was 2.6 inches above the 1993 average&mdash;the highest annual average in the satellite record (1993-present).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Life-threatening impact of climate change on health, through air pollution, heatwaves and risks to food security.</li>
<li>The UN estimates that the world would need to increase its efforts <strong>between three- and five-fold</strong> to achieve Paris climate deal target.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights of the Summit</h3>
<p>The Secretary-General has prioritized the <strong>six action areas,</strong> which are recognized as having high potential to curb greenhouse gas emissions(GHGs) and are also critical to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement and the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Energy Transition</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Energy efficiency offers a potential 40% of the emission reductions,</strong> yet only a few countries make specific commitments to improve energy efficiency in their climate plans.</li>
<li>Therefore at the summit, a new <strong>Three Percent Club</strong> was launched.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes governments and international organizations, that are committed to a <strong>3% annual global increase in energy efficiency</strong> across their economies and businesses.</li>
<li>India is a member of Three Percent Club.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India also pledged that it will increase renewable energy capacity to <strong>beyond 175 GW by 2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nature-Based Solutions</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The summit sought to adopt new initiatives, developed by the <strong>Nature-Based Solutions Coalition</strong> (co-led by China and New Zealand).</li>
<li>It includes efforts to conserve and restore marine and terrestrial ecosystems, promote regenerative agriculture and the greening of supply chains, and advance innovative financing mechanisms to scale-up nature-based solutions.</li>
<li>It also highlighted the importance of valuing nature in governance, decision-making and finance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cities and Local Action</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cities are key to securing our climate future and successfully implementing national climate plans.</li>
<li>Cities consume more than two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s energy and are the places where the effects of the climate emergency are already severely felt, particularly amongst the most vulnerable populations.</li>
<li>Advancing mitigation and resilience at urban and local levels, can be achieved by new commitments on low-emission buildings, mass transport and urban infrastructure and resilience for the urban poor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Resilience and Adaptation</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-report-on-climate-change-ipcc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IPCC</strong></a> Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5&deg;C states that urgent and transformational adaptation action is needed, yet adaptation action is not keeping pace with the scale of impacts.</li>
<li>Therefore, the summit sought to advance global efforts to address and manage the impacts and risks of climate change, particularly in those communities and nations most vulnerable.</li>
<li>India also pledged to spend approximately $50 billion in the next few years on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong> </a>to conserve water, harvest rainwater and develop water resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Industry Transition</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many countries including India formed a new <strong>Leadership Group for Industry Transition</strong> that seeks to decarbonize energy intensive industries.</li>
<li>Energy-intensive sectors like steel, cement, aluminum, aviation and shipping are expected to be responsible for <strong>release of 15.7 giga tonne of GHGs emission</strong> by 2050.</li>
<li>It is necessary to reduce emissions in the immediate term and accelerate the transition to a low-carbon industrial development while pursuing efforts to reach <strong>net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This target has been decided at Costa Rica summit (A pre-summit to CoP 25 of UNFCCC).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Finance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The summit sought to mobilize public and private sources of finance to drive decarbonization of all priority sectors.</li>
<li>It seeks to align public and private finance with a<strong> net zero economy</strong> (carbon emission).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In addition,the summit highlighted three additional key areas:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mitigation Strategy:</strong> to generate momentum for ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and long-term strategies to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement.</li>
<li><strong>Youth Engagement and Public Mobilization:</strong> to mobilize people worldwide to take action on climate change and ensure that young people are integrated and represented across all aspects of the Summit.</li>
<li><strong>Social and Political Drivers:</strong> to advance commitments in areas that affect people&rsquo;s well-being, such as reducing air pollution, generating decent jobs, and strengthening climate adaptation strategies and protect workers and vulnerable groups.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>New technologies and engineering solutions are already delivering energy at a lower cost than the fossil-fuel driven economy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since, solar and onshore wind are now the cheapest sources, they can become a source of new bulk power in virtually all major economies.</li>
<li>In this regard <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-assembly-of-international-solar-alliance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Solar Alliance</a></strong> is a step in the right direction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Carbon trading should be reinvigorated.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>New carbon pricing must reflect the true cost of emissions, from climate risk to the health hazards of air pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Costa Rica&rsquo;s groundbreaking role</strong> in climate mitigation is worth emulating by the world economies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More than 98% of Costa Rica&rsquo;s energy is renewable and forest cover stands at more than 53% after painstaking work to reverse decades of deforestation.</li>
<li>In 2017, the country ran for a record 300 days solely on renewable power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Governments must promote programs like <strong>ActNow</strong> and <strong>Fridays For Future</strong> in their respective countries.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>ActNow campaign</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ActNow is the United Nations global call to individual action on climate change.</li>
<li>The campaign is a critical part of the UN&rsquo;s coordinated effort to raise awareness, ambition, and action for climate change and accelerate implementation of the Paris Agreement.</li>
<li>It is primarily an online and social media campaign that seeks to educate and encourage individual actions, mainly by adjusting consumption patterns.</li>
<li>It highlights the impact that collective action can have at this critical moment in our planet&rsquo;s history. The more people act, the bigger the impact.</li>
<li>ActNow harnesses advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) to spur behaviour change.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Fridays For Future</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a movement that began in Sweden in August 2018 by Greta Thunberg to protest against the lack of action on the climate crisis.</li>
<li>The hashtags <strong>#FridaysForFuture</strong> and<strong> #Climatestrike</strong> became so popular that many students and adults began to protest outside of their Parliaments and local city halls all over the world.</li>
<li><strong>#Climatestrike</strong> is a global event to demand an end to the age of fossil fuels &amp; climate justice for everyone. It is a wake-up call to our generation to solve the greatest environmental challenge in human history.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Santiago Climate Change Conference, which will feature the 25<sup>th</sup> session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 25) to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNFCCC</strong></a>, must incorporate the themes emphasised at UN Climate Action Summit 2019.</li>
<li>Apart from this, COP-25 must focus on the<strong> exchange of experiences</strong> on possible solutions to accelerate the decarbonization and resilience of the world's economies.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/un-climate-action-summit-2019'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Operation Greens',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/tomatoes-onions-potatoes-price-hike-indian-farmers-6067813/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Time to TOP up&rdquo;</strong></a> that was published in The Indian Express on 14/10/2019. It talks about steps to kickstart Operation Greens.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the onion and tomato retail prices saw a steep rise, forcing the government to take steps like the imposition of a minimum export price or applying the stocking limit of the Tomatoes-Onions-Potatoes on the traders.</p>
<p>However, these steps are a knee-jerk reaction, as they try to control the price of Tomatoes-Onions-Potatoes (TOP- the three basic vegetables that face extreme price volatility) and also deprive farmers of the remunerative prices.</p>
<p>In order to curb such price volatility, the Government announced Operation Greens in the Union Budget 2018-19, but it is marred by slow progress.</p>
<h3>What is Operation Greens?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&ldquo;Operation Greens&rdquo; was announced on the lines of &ldquo;Operation Flood&rdquo;, to promote <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producers Organizations</strong></a>, agri-logistics, processing facilities for integrated development of Tomato-Onion-Potato (TOP) value chain.</li>
<li>Development of the TOP value chain will ensure that a higher share of consumer&rsquo;s rupee goes to farmers and stabilize their prices.</li>
<li>The scheme is being implemented by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries.</li>
<li>The idea behind Operation Greens is to double the income of farmers by the end of 2022.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Operation Flood</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Operation Flood was launched in 1970 by India's National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). It is also known as the White revolution.</li>
<li>India's Operation flood was the world's biggest dairy development program which gave a major thrust to the milk production, helping India to become the largest producer of milk in 2016-17.</li>
<li>Operation Flood promoted AMUL model, which is based on large procurement of milk from farmers&rsquo; cooperatives, processing, storing of excess milk in skimmed milk powder form during the flush season and using it during the lean season, and distributing milk through an organised retail network.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the issues in Operation Greens?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Milk does not pass through any <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/agriculture-produce-to-agriculture-marketing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>APMC markets</strong></a>, thereby it bypasses the layers of mandi fees and commissions. Thus, milk farmers normally get 75-80% of the consumer&rsquo;s rupee.</li>
<li>However, TOP are mostly traded in APMC markets, due to this farmers get less than one-third of the consumer&rsquo;s rupee.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to an ICRIER-NABARD study on &ldquo;Deconstructing Value Chains of Tomatoes, Onions and Potatoes&rdquo;, it is estimated that the farmer&rsquo;s share is only 32.1%, 29.1% and 26.6% of a consumer&rsquo;s rupee for TOP respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, the volatility of the price is very high in TOP with a coefficient of variation of 52%, onion is the most volatile, followed by tomato 47% and potato 31%.</li>
<li>Unlike milk, the TOP are grown in different climatic conditions and in different seasons, making marketing intervention (processing and storage) all the more complex.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p><strong>Stabilization of retail prices of TOP and ensuring a higher share of the consumer&rsquo;s rupee to farmers can be achieved by the following steps:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Operation Greens needs to be backed by <strong>creating an institutional setup</strong> like the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was created for Operation Flood.</li>
<li>Price volatility can be checked by increasing <strong>processing-to-production share.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Processing-to-production share is the ratio of food processed against total food produced. More the quantity of processed food available, lesser will be the shortages and hence the price volatility will be more under control.</li>
<li>Currently, processing-to-production share is 7% for potato, 3% for onions and 1% for tomatoes.</li>
<li>India needs to have time-bound targets to process and export at least <strong>10-15% of TOP production.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ample storage for buffer stocks for TOP has to be created. However, repeated stocking limits on TOP traders <strong>discourages private investments in modern cold storages.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The impetus to large private investment in cold storages can be provided by <strong>repealing the Essential Commodities Act (ECA).</strong> ECA places restrictions on the movement of produce, stockholding, pricing and adoption of new technologies.</li>
<li>The dismantling of such controls under ECA and other regulations would expand trade and lead to better realisations for cultivators.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Since buffer stocking for tomatoes is not possible, processing remains the only solution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government can reduce the GST for tomato food processing from 12% to 5%, as most milk products attract 0 to 5% GST.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To propagate the use of processed products (tomato puree, onion flakes, powder) among urban and bulk consumers, the government should run campaigns in association with industry organisations, as was done for eggs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The National Egg Coordination Committee (NECC)&rsquo;s campaign: &lsquo;Sunday ho ya Monday, Roz Khao ande.&rsquo; led the Indian society to prioritise nutrition over tradition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The direct buying by organised retailers from farmer producer organisations (FPOs) through contract farming, bypassing the mandi system, should be encouraged.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Like dairy cooperatives, TOP cooperatives and retail outlets like Safal across the country should be opened.</li>
<li>Setting up of private mandis for better efficiency can be encouraged.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These reforms and investments can be undertaken on a public-private partnership (PPP) basis.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fff2ed;">
<p><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Discuss the issues that act as a roadblock in the path of Operation Greens. Also, enumerate the steps that can be taken for its success.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/operation-greens-3'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Governance through Cultural Gatherings',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>SARAS Aajeevika Mela:</strong> It is a programme to transform rural India in general and the lives of rural women in particular.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an initiative by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-rural-economic-transformation-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission</strong></a> (DAY-NRLM) under the <strong>Ministry of Rural Development</strong> (MoRD), with an objective to bring the rural women <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Self Help Groups (SHGs)</strong></a> under one platform so that they can showcase their skills, sell their products, and help them build linkages with bulk buyers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through participation in SARAS Aajeevika Mela, these rural SHG women will get vital national level exposure to understand the demand and taste of urban customers.</li>
<li>Varied range of products like handicrafts, handlooms, and natural food products will be displayed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Mela acts as an integrated approach towards women empowerment.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rashtriya Sanskriti Mahotsav</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Ministry of Culture</strong> is organizing the 10<sup>th</sup> edition of Rashtriya Sanskriti Mahotsav under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statue-of-unity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat initiative</strong></a> in Madhya Pradesh from 14<sup>th</sup> to 21<sup>st</sup> October 2019.</li>
<li>The idea to organize such Mahotsav was conceived in the year 2015 by the Ministry of Culture with an intention to exhibit the rich <strong>cultural heritage of the country</strong> in all its rich and varied dimensions namely, Handicrafts, Cuisine, Painting, Sculpture and Performing Arts- Folk, Tribal, Classical and Contemporary- all at one place.</li>
<li>The Rashtriya Sanskriti Mahotsav will <strong>reconnect the people</strong> (especially the youth) with their indigenous culture, its multi-faceted nature, magnificence, and historical importance in the context of <strong>&lsquo;India as a Nation&rsquo;</strong> over the millennia.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched in 2015 to promote engagement amongst the people of different States/UTs so as to enhance mutual understanding and bonding between people of diverse cultures, thereby securing stronger unity and integrity of India.</li>
<li>It is an initiative of the <strong>Ministry of</strong> <strong>Human Resource Development.</strong></li>
<li>The broad objectives of the initiative are as follows:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>To CELEBRATE</strong> the <strong>Unity in Diversity</strong> of our nation and to maintain and strengthen the fabric of traditionally existing emotional bonds between the people,</li>
<li><strong>To PROMOTE</strong> the spirit of <strong>national integration</strong> through a deep and structured engagement between all Indian states and Union Territories through a year-long planned engagement between states,</li>
<li><strong>To SHOWCASE</strong> the rich heritage and culture, customs and traditions of different states for enabling people to understand and appreciate the diversity that is India, thus fostering a sense of common identity,</li>
<li><strong>TO ESTABLISH</strong> long-term engagements, and</li>
<li><strong>TO CREATE</strong> an environment which promotes learning between states by sharing best practices and experiences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1587964" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/governance-through-cultural-gatherings'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Typhoon Hagibis',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The main Japanese island of Honshu was hit by Typhoon Hagibis on 12<sup>th</sup> October 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Typhoon Hagibis could be the <strong>strongest storm</strong> to hit Japan since 1958.</li>
<li>Typhoon Hagibis, which means &ldquo;speed&rdquo; in the Philippine language, had packing winds of <strong>180 km per hour</strong> near its centre.</li>
<li>The storm brought record-breaking rainfall to many areas, resulting in floods and landslides in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Typhoon Ida,</strong> known as the &ldquo;Kanogawa Typhoon&rdquo; in Japanese, killed more than 1,000 people in September 1958. Ida had <strong>winds of 190 kmph</strong> when it hit the country.</li>
<li>Typhoon is a <strong>region-specific name of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-western-disturbance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tropical Cyclone</a></strong> (swirling system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or subtropical oceans).</li>
<li>In the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, the term &ldquo;hurricane&rdquo; is used. The same type of disturbance in the Northwest Pacific is called a &ldquo;typhoon&rdquo; and &ldquo;cyclones&rdquo; in the South Pacific and the Indian Ocean.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571041761_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571041761_image6.jpg" width="548" height="328" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571041766_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571041766_image7.jpg" width="501" height="282" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/typhoon-leaves-19-dead-as-japan-launches-major-rescue/article29672301.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/typhoon-hagibis'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'India-China 2nd Informal Summit- Mamallapuram Summit',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Prime Minister of India and the President of the People's Republic of China held their Second Informal Summit in <strong>Chennai (Mamallapuram), India.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The recent <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/05-10-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mamallapuram Summitt</strong></a> has begun a<strong> &ldquo;New Era of Cooperation&rdquo;</strong> between India and China.</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-china-ties-marching-on" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>First India- China informal summit</strong></a> invoked the <strong>&lsquo;Wuhan spirit&rsquo;,</strong> whereas the <strong>second informal India-China summit</strong> has called for <strong>&lsquo;Chennai Connect.</strong></li>
<li>Informal summits allow discussion on wide-ranging issues, they are not particularly purpose-specific, and are sometimes considered to play bigger roles in diplomatic dialogue than formal exchanges.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also acts as supplementary exchanges to annual summits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reiteration of the first Informal Summit in Wuhan (2018)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both the countries reiterated the consensus reached during the first informal Summit in Wuhan to consider India and China as <strong>factors for stability in the current international landscape.</strong></li>
<li>It also emphasized upon managing the differences and <strong>not to allow differences on any issue to become disputes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>A High-Level Economic and Trade Dialogue mechanism</strong> to be established to enhance trade and commercial relations</li>
<li>The <strong>manufacturing partnership</strong> is to be established to encourage <strong>mutual investments</strong> in identified sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multilateral trading system</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India-China agreed to support and strengthen the rules-based multilateral trading system.</li>
<li>Also promised to work together for <strong>open and inclusive trade arrangements to maintain inclusive international order.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Boundary issues to be solved on the lines of a mutually-agreed framework based on <strong>Political Parameters and Guiding Principles that were agreed by the two sides in 2005.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>strategic communication</strong> to be enhanced to <strong>maximize usage</strong> of high-level exchanges like <strong>dialogue mechanisms.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Terrorism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries recognized the joint efforts to ensure that the international community strengthens the framework against training and financing terrorist groups throughout the world and on a<strong> non-discriminatory basis.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sister State Relations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Considering the <strong>age-old commercial as well as maritime linkages,</strong> both the countries agreed to establish <strong>Sister-State Relations between Tamil Nadu and Fujian Province.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An academy to study links between Mahabalipuram and Fujian province on the lines of the experience between Ajanta and Dunhuang to be established.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>70 years of India-China relations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The year <strong>2020 will mark the 70<sup>th</sup> anniversary</strong> of the establishment of<strong> India-China diplomatic relations,</strong> to celebrate the event two countries will be organizing <strong>70 activities</strong> to emphasize the historical connection between the two civilizations.</li>
<li>Also the year 2020 will be designated as the <strong>Year of India-China Cultural and People to People Exchanges.</strong></li>
<li>Being important <strong>contemporary civilizations</strong> in the world, efforts will be taken in order to foster <strong>cultural understanding</strong> between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Why Mamallapuram is chosen?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has chosen Mamallapuram as a symbol of India&rsquo;s <strong>&lsquo;soft power&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Mamallapuram is an important town of the erstwhile <strong>Pallava dynasty</strong> that ruled in parts of South India from 275 CE to 897 CE.</li>
<li>The name Mamallapuram got <strong>distorted during the British era</strong> to Mahabalipuram and thus it is also known as <strong>Mahabalipuram.</strong></li>
<li>The city of Mamallapuram was founded by the <strong>Pallava king Narasimhavarman I in the 7<sup>th</sup> century AD.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The name Mamallapuram derives from Mamallan, or &ldquo;great warrior&rdquo;, a title by which the Pallava King Narasimhavarman I was known.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is renowned for its architecture, widely admired across the world.</li>
<li>Mamallapuram and the Pallava dynasty are also historically relevant, for the <strong>earliest recorded security pact between China and India (in the early 8<sup>th</sup> century)</strong> that involved a Pallava king (Rajasimhan, or Narasimha Varma II), from whom the Chinese sought help to counter Tibet.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Wuhan Spirit:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Wuhan Spirit is in line with the<strong> five principles of peaceful coexistence</strong> (Panchsheel) jointly advocated by China and India in the 1950s.</li>
<li>Wuhan Spirit highlighted<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To form the <strong>"backbone" of economic globalization,</strong> and they should jointly make positive contributions to global peace and development.</li>
<li>To cooperate, for the first time ever, on a <strong>joint project in Afghanistan.</strong></li>
<li>China has indicated that India&rsquo;s refusal to join the Belt and Road Initiative will not come in the way of economic cooperation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Fujian Province</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is located on the <strong>southeastern coast of China,</strong> situated <strong>opposite the island of Taiwan.</strong></li>
<li>Fujian (meaning <strong>&ldquo;Happy Establishment&rdquo;)</strong> is one of the <strong>country&rsquo;s smaller provinces.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571050338_Mamallapuram%20Summit (Map).jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571050338_Mamallapuram Summit (Map).jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1587918" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Tulagi Island',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571301703_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571301703_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="526" height="266" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p>A <strong>Beijing</strong>-based company which has close ties to the Chinese Communist Party has secured<strong> exclusive development rights</strong> for the entire<strong> island of Tulagi</strong> and its surroundings.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been reported that a secretive deal was signed in the month of September 2019 with the provincial government in the Solomon Islands, for the same.</li>
<li><strong>Tulagi</strong> is an island within the <strong>Solomon Islands,</strong> which are located in the<strong> South Pacific, directly between Australia and the U.S.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was the administrative seat (from 1893) of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate until it was destroyed by the Japanese (1942) during World War II.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The move has <strong>alarmed U.S. officials</strong> who see the island chains of the South Pacific as crucial to keep China in check and protect important sea routes.</li>
<li>The agreement includes provisions for a fishery base, an operations centre, and the building or enhancement of the airport.</li>
<li>China is also pushing to <strong>end the region&rsquo;s status as a diplomatic stronghold for Taiwan.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solomon-islands-and-taiwan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Solomons cut ties to Taiwan</strong></a> and allied with Beijing just a few days before the Tulagi deal. A second Pacific nation, <strong>Kiribati, followed suit</strong> the same week.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/china-leases-an-entire-pacific-island-for-75-years/article29721219.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tulagi-island'
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Rangdum Monastery',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Archaeological Survey of India is planning to declare the <strong>Rangdum Monastery</strong> located in Ladakh (Kargil district) as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monuments-of-national-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>monument of national importance.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The move aims to look into the opportunities for <strong>expansion of tourism</strong> in the Ladakh region in the backdrop of the decision to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>split Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Central government is looking at bringing more monuments present in this region under its direct protection and therefore it made this monastery <strong>a Centrally-protected</strong> site.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571301320_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571301320_image1.jpg" width="284" height="213" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rangdum Monastery</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>18<sup>th</sup> century</strong> built monastery that is situated at an altitude of 4,031 m. at the head of the <strong>Suru Valley,</strong> in Ladakh.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Suru Valley is drained by the <strong>Suru River</strong> which is a tributary of the <strong>Indus River.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rangdum Monastery is a <strong>Tibetan Buddhist monastery</strong> belonging to the <strong>Gelugpa sect.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ASI is the <strong>premier organization</strong> for the archaeological research, scientific analysis, excavation of archaeological sites, conservation and preservation of protected monuments.</li>
<li>It is an attached office under the <strong>Department of Culture, Ministry of Culture.</strong></li>
<li>ASI was founded in <strong>1861</strong> by <strong>Alexander Cunningham-</strong> the first Director-General of ASI.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rangdum-monastery-in-kargil-likely-to-become-a-monument-of-national-importance/article29713654.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rangdum-monastery'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => '20th Livestock Census',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying has released the <strong>20<sup>th</sup> Livestock Census report</strong> recently.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The release provides key results reflecting the aggregate counts of various species as well as its comparison with the previous census.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571300887_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571300887_image2.jpg" width="432" height="285" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> total Livestock population</strong> is 535.78 million in the country showing an <strong>increase of 4.6% over Livestock Census-2012.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>West Bengal</strong> observed the <strong>highest increase of 23%,</strong> followed by <strong>Telangana (22%).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> total number of cattle</strong> in the country has shown<strong> an increase of 0.8 %.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The increase is mainly driven by a <strong>sharp increase in cross-bred cattle</strong> and <strong>higher female indigenous cattle</strong> population.</li>
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh</strong> has observed a <strong>maximum decrease in cattle population</strong> though the state has taken several steps to save cattle.</li>
<li><strong>West Bengal</strong> has seen the <strong>highest rise of 15%</strong> in cattle population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The population of the <strong>total exotic/crossbred cattle</strong> has <strong>increased by 27%.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cross-bred animals contributed around <strong>28% to India&rsquo;s total milk production in 2018-19.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>milch population</strong> of exotic and crossbred cattle such as <strong>Jersey or Holsteins</strong> shows higher milk yields and thus farmers prefer animals yielding more milk.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>decline of 6%</strong> in the total <strong>indigenous cattle</strong> population has been observed.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s indigenous cattle numbers <strong>continue to decline,</strong> notwithstanding the government&rsquo;s efforts to promote conservation of desi breeds through the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rashtriya-gokul-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM).</strong></a></li>
<li>The <strong>sharpest fall</strong> has been observed in the states (Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,Maharashtra, etc.) with <strong>tough cow slaughter laws.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> total milch animals</strong> have shown an <strong>increase of 6%.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to higher yields, foreign breeds constitute more than half the population of milch animals.</li>
<li>The <strong>more the number of animals that produce milk,</strong> the more would be <strong>pressure on land</strong> and fiercer would be <strong>competition between man and animals for survival.</strong></li>
<li>The figures show that nearly 75% of total cattle in the country are female (cows)-- a clear sign of dairy farmers' preferences for milk-producing cattle. This also gained momentum in the past couple of years due to the government's assistance in terms of providing sex-sorted artificial insemination (AI), with semen of high-yielding bulls, free of cost at farmers' doorstep.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>backyard poultry</strong> has <strong>increased by around 46%</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The sharp increase in backyard poultry is a <strong>significant change</strong> in the<strong> rural landscape</strong> which shows a sign of <strong>poverty alleviation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Total <strong>Bovine population</strong> (Cattle, Buffalo, Mithun and Yak) has shown an <strong>increase of about 1%.</strong></li>
<li>The population of sheep, goat and Mithun <strong>grew in double digits</strong> while the count of horses and ponies, pigs, camels, donkeys, mules and yaks <strong>declined.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>The Livestock Census</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Livestock Census has been conducted in the country periodically since <strong>1919-20.</strong> Since then it has been conducted <strong>once every 5 years.</strong></li>
<li>It covers all domesticated animals and their headcounts.</li>
<li>So far 19 such censuses have been conducted by the <strong>Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying,</strong> in participation with State Governments and UT Administrations.</li>
<li>The household-level data through online transmission from the field has been used for the first time in 20th Livestock Census.</li>
<li>The census is beneficial not just for policymakers but also for agriculturists, traders, entrepreneurs, dairying industry and masses in general.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1588304" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/20th-livestock-census'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Cost Dynamics of Electricity Production',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>The editorial is based on the article <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-cost-effective-way-to-power-generation/article29693826.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A cost-effective way to power generation&rdquo;</strong></a> which appeared in <strong>The Hindu</strong> on <strong>16 October 2019.</strong> The article is based on various aspects of declining cost of power generation in the country, especially renewable energy.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, Indian Prime Minister while addressing 74<sup>th</sup> session of United Nation General Assembly strongly focused on increasing global renewable energy capacity.</p>
<p>In the past few years, India has been aggressively expanding its power generation capacity. India has an installed capacity of 358 GW, which is four times of what it was in 1997-98.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s per-capita energy consumption is about <strong>one-third</strong> of the global average. Though India accounts for around 18% of the world&rsquo;s population, it uses only around<strong> 6%</strong> of the world&rsquo;s primary energy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s per capita energy consumption equals <strong>0.6 tonnes of oil equivalent (toe)</strong> as compared to the <strong>global per capita average of 1.8 toe.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Energy Installation Bag</h3>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 20.2356%; height: 35px; text-align: center;"><strong>Source</strong></td>
<td style="width: 27.928%; height: 35px; text-align: center;"><strong>Installed Capacity (March 2019)</strong></td>
<td style="width: 33.7889%; height: 35px; text-align: center;"><strong>Percentage of Total Installed Capacity</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 20.2356%; height: 19px;">Thermal Energy</td>
<td style="width: 27.928%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">200.7 GW</td>
<td style="width: 33.7889%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">
<p style="text-align: center;">56%</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 20.2356%; height: 19px;"><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-indias-wind-energy-potential" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hydel Energy</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 27.928%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">45.39 GW</td>
<td style="width: 33.7889%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">13%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 20.2356%; height: 19px;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Solar Energy</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 27.928%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">28.18</td>
<td style="width: 33.7889%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">7.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 20.2356%; height: 19px;">Wind Energy</td>
<td style="width: 27.928%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">35.63</td>
<td style="width: 33.7889%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">10%</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 20.2356%; height: 19px;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/india-s-prospects-as-a-nuclear-power" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nuclear Energy</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 27.928%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">6.7 GW</td>
<td style="width: 33.7889%; height: 19px; text-align: center;">2%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3><br />India&rsquo;s Energy Targets</h3>
<p>Under the Paris Agreement, India has declared its <strong>INDC target</strong> of about 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030. India embarks on an ambitious journey to achieve <strong>renewable energy capacity of 175 GW by 2022</strong> and 500 GW by 2030. By 2022, India plans to achieve the following renewable energy targets:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Solar Energy: 100 GW</li>
<li>Wind Energy: 60 GW</li>
<li>Biomass Energy: 10 GW</li>
</ul>
<p>It also plans to have 15 GW of nuclear energy and 72 GW of hydel energy by 2027.</p>
<h3>Major Factor that Determine Cost in Power Generation</h3>
<p><strong>Fixed Cost</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Land:</strong> Land forms the major part of fixed investment in power generation which regionally varies and depends on government and pooling policies.</li>
<li><strong>Building and Construction Cost of Power Station:</strong> The capital cost of building central station generators vary from region to region, largely as a function of labor costs and "regulatory costs," which include things like obtaining siting permits, environmental approvals, and so on.</li>
<li><strong>Transmission and Distribution System:</strong> The electricity transmission and distribution systems that deliver electricity have maintenance costs, which include repairing damage to the systems from accidents or extreme weather conditions.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Varying Cost</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fuel:</strong> Fuel costs can vary, especially during periods of high demand. High electricity demand can increase demand for fuel, such as natural gas, which can result in higher prices for the fuel and, in turn, higher costs to generate electricity.</li>
<li><strong>Regulations:</strong> In some states, public service/utility commissions fully regulate prices, while other states have a combination of unregulated prices (for generators) and regulated prices (for transmission and distribution).</li>
<li><strong>Weather conditions:</strong> Rain and snow provide water for low-cost hydropower generation. Wind can provide low-cost electricity generation from wind turbines when wind speeds are favorable. However, extreme temperatures can increase the demand for electricity, especially for cooling, and demand can drive prices up.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Declining Cost of Energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Advances in technology</strong> have resulted in the construction of larger power plants, indicating economies of scale.</li>
<li><strong>Increasing share of private sector investment</strong> which is far more cost effective than public investment.</li>
<li><strong>Competitive tariff-based bidding</strong> of solar project that Solar Energy Corporation of India, State and Central Government have undertaken through reverse auctioning.</li>
<li>The <strong>subsidies and incentives</strong> provided by the Government under <strong>National Solar Mission</strong> have been instrumental in reducing cost and adoption of solar energy.</li>
<li>Historically, land acquisition has always been a problem in India and is a major reason for cost escalation in infrastructure projects.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Solar Park Policy</strong> introduced guidelines that lead state governments to identify suitable large tracts of land with appropriate insolation levels, and prioritise the use of government waste/non-agricultural land in order to speed up acquisition process for setting up solar park.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571229846_pasted%20image 0.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571229846_pasted image 0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="472" height="381" /></a></p>
<h3>What next can be done to reduce the cost further?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Project Size and Cost</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Infrastructure projects have an inverse relationship between size and unit cost. The average cost per MW for a <strong>thermal plant is about 25% lower</strong> than that of a solar plant. Thermal plants are of huge capacity and on average it would take 18 solar or wind plants to generate the same quantity of power as one thermal plant. Therefore, large solar and wind plants are to be constructed in the future to shift toward non-fossilized clean energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Project Ownership</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over the last two decades, 63% of the total planned generation capacity has come from the private sector, and investment were more pronounced in solar and wind energy sector.</li>
<li>Private sector plants have an average cost of 12-34% lower cost per MW for all categories except solar. Therefore, creating additional capacity in existing plant at lower cost can play a big role in keeping electricity tariffs low.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As India continues to ramp up capacity, it is imperative to create generation assets with the lowest unit cost by optimizing plant capacities and encouraging private sector investment.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 19px; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #efffe8;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Inputs</strong></em></span><br /><br />Briefly outline the underlying causes for declining cost of electricity production in recent times. Also suggest policy measures to reduce the cost further.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/cost-dynamics-of-electricity-production'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Global Hunger Index-2019',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>In the recently released <strong>Global Hunger Index (GHI) Report-2019,</strong> India was ranked at <strong>102<sup>nd</sup> position</strong> out of <strong>117</strong> countries.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report is an <strong>annual publication</strong> that is jointly prepared by the <strong>Concern Worldwide</strong> (an Irish agency) and the <strong>Welt Hunger Hilfe</strong> (a German organization).</li>
<li>The report is based on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-hunger-index-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>four GHI indicators</strong></a> namely, undernourishment, child stunting, child wasting, and child mortality.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571219571_drishti_ias_Global%20Hunger Index-2019.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571219571_drishti_ias_Global Hunger Index-2019.jpg" style="float: right;" width="378" height="351" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s rank has slipped from 95<sup>th</sup> position (in 2010) to 102<sup>nd</sup> (in 2019). Over a longer-term duration, the fall in India&rsquo;s rank is sharper, i.e, from 83<sup>rd</sup> out of 113 countries in 2000 to 102<sup>nd</sup> out of 117 in 2019.</li>
<li>According to the report, India&rsquo;s child wasting rate was extremely high at <strong>20.8%&nbsp;</strong>- the <strong>highest</strong> for any country.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Child wasting refers to the share of children under the age of five who are wasted, i.e, they have <strong>low weight with respect to their height</strong>, reflecting acute undernutrition.</li>
<li>The share of wasting among children in India marked a steep rise from 16.5% in the 2008-2012 to 20.8% in 2014-2018.</li>
<li>According to <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)</a>, child wasting is a strong predictor of mortality&nbsp;among children (under 5 yrs. of age).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has <strong>demonstrated an improvement</strong> in other indicators that includes, under-5 mortality rate, prevalence of stunting among children, and prevalence of undernourishment owing to inadequate food.</li>
<li>The report also took note of <strong>open defecation</strong> in India as an impacting factor for health. It pointed out that as of 2015&ndash;2016, 90% of Indian households used an improved drinking water source while 39% of households had no sanitation facilities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Open defecation jeopardizes the population&rsquo;s health and severely impacts children&rsquo;s growth and their ability to absorb nutrients.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-takes-the-low-rung-ranked-102-in-hunger-index-of-117-countries-119101501494_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: BS</a></p>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-hunger-index-2019'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Microbial Fuel Cells',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, at a London Zoo, a fern started taking its own selfies. The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) scientists had laid the groundwork with the aim of using plants to power camera traps and sensors in the wild.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This was achieved by installing the microbial fuel cells in <strong>Pete</strong> (a maidenhair fern).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Microbial fuel cells</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a device that converts <strong>chemical</strong> <strong>energy to electrical energy</strong> by the action of microorganisms.</li>
<li>It is a bio-electrochemical system that uses bacteria as the catalyst to oxidize organic and inorganic matter, and consequently, generate electric current out of it.</li>
<li>It has applications in various fields such as power generation systems, bio-recovery, waste-water treatment, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Plants naturally deposit biomatter as they grow which in turn feeds the natural bacteria present in the soil. This creates energy that can be harnessed by fuel cells and used to power a wide range of vital conservation tools remotely including sensors, monitoring platforms, and camera traps.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/microbial-fuel-cells-technology-that-enabled-a-fern-to-take-its-own-selfies-6071048/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/microbial-fuel-cells'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Third India Energy Forum',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the <strong>India Ministerial Dialogue</strong> was held at <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> India Energy Forum</strong> by <strong>CERAWeek</strong> in New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian, as well as regional energy companies, institutions, and governments, participated at the forum held under the patronage <strong>of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As India is experiencing the <strong>fastest growth in energy consumption</strong> among all large economies, the country will be the <strong>key driver of global energy demand</strong> in the coming decades.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To meet the huge demand for energy, India would be implementing a <strong>healthy mix of all commercially viable energy sources.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India plans its course of the <strong>energy transition in a responsible manner</strong> which would greatly influence<strong> global energy transition.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>shares of renewables in electricity capacity</strong> has significantly <strong>gone up</strong> now to 22% from around 10% in 2014-15.</li>
<li>The <strong>ethanol blending percentage has risen</strong> from 0.67% in 2012-13 to now close to 6%.</li>
<li>Also, <strong>more than 95%</strong> of households now have <strong>access to LPG,</strong> making their kitchens smoke-free.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Three critical transitions to be addressed in the Indian energy sector are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mobility</li>
<li>Urbanization</li>
<li>Power generation</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s per capita consumption of coal is about 1/10<sup>th</sup></strong> of that of the <strong>United States</strong> but still, India aims to use cleaner technology for <strong>low- carbon energy future.</strong></li>
<li>In addition to the above initiatives, India is planning to transform itself into <strong>Gas Economy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Natural Gas offers an option of a balancing fuel, as it has proven capability to complement renewables.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The contribution of modern technologies, efficiency in production has been recognized for transforming the landscape towards <strong>climate justice, and a sustainable future.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>CERAWeek</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CERAWeek by IHS Markit has become the world&rsquo;s premier energy event.</li>
<li>In 1983, Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA) was founded in Cambridge.</li>
<li>Each year, CERA clients gathered for a few days in Houston, Texas to attend the executive conference where they gained insight into the energy future while connecting with their peers. Over time, the program was expanded to five days of informative sessions and networking opportunities&mdash;and named CERAWeek.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1588128" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/third-india-energy-forum'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'China-Nepal-India Triangulation',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/china-nepal-xi-jinping-international-relations-security-diplomacy-6069020/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Xi&rsquo;s Security Diplomacy&rdquo;</strong></a> that was published in The Indian Express on 15/10/2019. It talks about how China-Nepal convergence can affect India&rsquo;s interest.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, China's President Xi Jinping made a significant visit to Nepal, becoming the first Chinese President in over 20 years to visit the Himalayan country.</p>
<p>The visit seeks to accelerate the development of an ambitious trans-Himalayan corridor between China&rsquo;s Tibet and Nepal <strong>(China Nepal Economic Corridor).</strong> However, it is China's <strong>security diplomacy</strong> that is more of a concern for India.</p>
<h3>&ldquo;Security Diplomacy&rdquo; of China</h3>
<p>Nepal&rsquo;s northern border with China lies entirely with Tibet, China sees security cooperation with Nepal as critical in controlling the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/60-years-of-1959-tibetan-uprising" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tibetan matters.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this pursuit, China is following<strong> security diplomacy vis-&agrave;-vis Nepal</strong> (distinct from defense diplomacy).</li>
<li><strong>Security diplomacy vs Defense diplomacy</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Security diplomacy seeks to expand engagement between the two countries, <strong>not just in fields related to military engagement</strong> but also to the police forces, intelligence agencies, border management organisations and law-enforcement authorities of the two nations.</li>
<li>In the case of neighbouring countries, security diplomacy leads to the dynamic interaction between internal political stability and the situation across the frontiers.</li>
<li><strong>Defence diplomacy</strong> may include military exchanges, military sales, joint exercises, humanitarian disasters response training etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Chinese President visit also envisages signing of the <strong>Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters</strong> and an early conclusion of the <strong>Treaty on Extradition.</strong></li>
<li>China also promised to enhance the capacities of Nepal&rsquo;s law enforcement agencies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>China Nepal Economic Corridor</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2017, Nepal signed up to <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/belt-and-road-initiative-perspectives-from-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI),</a></strong> that sought to create highways, airports and other infrastructure in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through <strong>China Nepal Economic Corridor,</strong> Nepal seeks to end Indian dominance over its trade routes by increasing connectivity with China.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Earlier China proposed a trilateral <strong>India-Nepal-China economic corridor,</strong> which sought to provide multidimensional connectivity through the Himalayas.</li>
<li>However, <strong>India rejected this proposal</strong> on account of $50 billion China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as it passes through the disputed territory of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s concern is that,</strong> given the <strong>difference in the strategic weight</strong> of China and Nepal, <strong>security diplomacy can be used as a tool by China</strong> to interfere in the internal affairs of Nepal.</li>
<li>Since <strong>Nepal acts as a buffer state for India,</strong> seeing it slip into China's sphere of influence, will not be in India's strategic interest.</li>
<li>Also, China&rsquo;s interest in &ldquo;security diplomacy&rdquo; is not limited to Nepal.</li>
<li><strong>China Nepal Economic Corridor</strong> can lead to <strong>China dumping consumer goods</strong> through Nepal which will worsen India&rsquo; trade balance with China further.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>China's deep pockets</strong> make it difficult for India to control the expansion of China's influence in India's neighbourhood.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, it is perhaps better to rethink about refusing the Chinese offer to build infrastructure in India which can help India&rsquo;s overall trade and investment.</li>
<li>In this context, India can bargain with China about opening up its services for Indian IT workers and have freer access to Chinese markets for Indian goods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India must not deny every Chinese investment in infrastructure because of CPEC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India must <strong>revise</strong> its stance on <strong>India-Nepal-China economic corridor.</strong></li>
<li>The corridor provides a likelihood of greater tourism and people to people contact which is important for bridging the trust deficit that exists today between India and China.</li>
<li>It will also lead to the rapid development of one of the poorest regions in the world which lie in Nepal and parts of northern and northeastern India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Nepal has sought to increase connectivity with China since a blockade along its border with India resulted in several months of acute shortage of fuel and medicine in 2015 and 2016.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Though India has all the right of such blockade, however,<strong> India must refrain</strong> from such blockades as it <strong>affects India's credibility</strong> in eyes of Nepali citizens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>India should act as a bridge rather than a blockade in realizing Nepal's dream of becoming a land-linked country from a land-locked one.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfceb;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />India's continuous refrain from strategic convergence with China might not prove to be a good strategy. Analyse in the context of China-Nepal-India Triangulation.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/china-nepal-india-triangulation'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'International Labour Organization',
		'catname' => 'International Institutions',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>International Labour Organization (ILO)</strong> celebrated its 100<sup>th</sup> anniversary in 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the only <strong>tripartite U.N. agency.</strong> It brings together <strong>governments, employers and workers</strong> of <strong>187 member States,</strong> to set labour standards, develop policies and devise programmes promoting decent work for all women and men.</li>
</ul>
<h3>History of the ILO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Established in 1919 by the <strong>Treaty of Versailles</strong> as an affiliated agency of the<strong> League of Nations.</strong></li>
<li>Became the first affiliated <strong>specialized agency</strong> of the <strong>United Nations in 1946.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Geneva, Switzerland</li>
<li><strong>Founding Mission:</strong> social justice is essential to universal and lasting peace.</li>
<li>Promotes internationally recognized human and labour rights.</li>
<li>Received the<strong> Nobel Peace Prize</strong> in 1969.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For improving peace among classes</li>
<li>Pursuing decent work and justice for workers</li>
<li>Providing technical assistance to other developing nations</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The organization has played a key role in <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ensuring labour rights during the Great Depression</li>
<li>Decolonization process</li>
<li>The creation of Solidarność ( trade union) in Poland</li>
<li>The victory over apartheid in South Africa</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Today it is providing substantial support in the building of an ethical and productive framework for fair globalization.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The basis of the ILO is the <strong>tripartite principle,</strong> i.e. the negotiations within the organization are held between the representatives of governments, trade unions, and member-states&rsquo; employers.</p>
</div>
<h3>Structure of ILO</h3>
<p>The ILO accomplishes its work through three main bodies which comprise governments', employers' and workers' representatives:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>International Labour Conference:</strong> it sets the International labour standards and the broad policies of the ILO. It meets annually in Geneva. It is often referred to as an <strong>International Parliament of Labour.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is also a forum for discussion of key social and labour questions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Governing Body:</strong> it is the <strong>executive council</strong> of the ILO. It meets three times a year in Geneva. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It takes policy decisions of ILO and establishes the programme and the budget, which it then submits to the Conference for adoption.</li>
<li>The work of the Governing Body and the Office is aided by <strong>tripartite committees</strong> covering major industries.</li>
<li>It is also supported by committees of experts on such matters as vocational training, management development, occupational safety and health, industrial relations, workers&rsquo; education, and special problems of women and young workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Labour Office:</strong> it is the permanent secretariat of the International Labour Organization. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the focal point for ILO&rsquo;s overall activities, which it prepares under the scrutiny of the Governing Body and under the leadership of the Director-General.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regional meetings</strong> of the ILO member States are held periodically to examine matters of special interest to the regions concerned.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Functions of the ILO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Creation of <strong>coordinated policies and programs,</strong> directed at solving social and labour issues.</li>
<li><strong>Adoption of international labour standards</strong> in the form of conventions and recommendations and control over their implementation.</li>
<li><strong>Assistance to member-states</strong> in solving social and labour problems.</li>
<li><strong>Human rights protection</strong> (the right to work, freedom of association, collective negotiations, protection against forced labour, protection against discrimination, etc.).</li>
<li><strong>Research and publication</strong> of works on social and labour issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives of the ILO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To promote and realize standards and fundamental principles and rights at work.</li>
<li>To create greater opportunities for women and men to secure decent employment.</li>
<li>To enhance the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all.</li>
<li>To strengthen tripartism and social dialogue.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Labour Standards</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ILO sets international labour standards with conventions, which are ratified by member states. These are <strong>non-binding.</strong></li>
<li>Conventions are drawn up with input from governments, workers&rsquo; and employers&rsquo; groups at the ILO and are adopted by the <strong>International Labour Conference.</strong></li>
<li>In ratifying an ILO convention, a member state <strong>accepts it as a legally binding instrument.</strong> Many countries use conventions as a tool to bring national laws in line with international standards.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Decent Work Agenda</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As part of its mission, the ILO aims to achieve decent work for all by promoting social dialogue, social protection and employment creation, as well as respect for international labour standards.</li>
<li>The ILO provides technical support to more than 100 countries to help achieve these aims, with the support of development partners.</li>
</ul>
<h3>ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was adopted in 1998, the Declaration commits member states to respect and promote <strong>eight fundamental principles and rights</strong> in four categories, whether or not they have ratified the relevant conventions. They are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Freedom of Association and The Right to collective bargaining (Conventions 87 and 98)</li>
<li>Elimination of forced or compulsory labour (Conventions No. 29 and No. 105)</li>
<li>Abolition of child labour (Conventions No. 138 and No. 182)</li>
<li>Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation (Conventions No. 100 and No. 111)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Core Conventions of the ILO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The eight fundamental conventions form an integral part of the <strong>United Nations Human Rights Framework,</strong> and their ratification is an important sign of member States&rsquo; commitment to human rights.</li>
<li>Overall, 135 member States have ratified all eight fundamental conventions. Unfortunately, 48 member states (out of 183 member States), including member states with the highest populations, have yet to complete ratification of all eight conventions.</li>
<li>The <strong>eight-core conventions of the ILO</strong> are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Forced Labour Convention (No. 29)</li>
<li>Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (No.105)</li>
<li>Equal Remuneration Convention (No.100)</li>
<li>Discrimination (Employment Occupation) Convention (No.111)</li>
<li>Minimum Age Convention (No.138)</li>
<li>Worst forms of Child Labour Convention (No.182)</li>
<li>Freedom of Association and Protection of Right to Organised Convention (No.87)</li>
<li>Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention (No.98)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The eight conventions, taken together, are more relevant today in the face of <strong>global economic</strong> and other challenges impinging on the welfare and livelihood of workers in all regions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indeed, they are part and parcel of the overarching architecture for the universality of human rights, offering protection to all, and responding closely to the quest for social justice in a globalized setting.</li>
<li>They are catalytic to the UN system, the international community and local communities as a whole.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India and ILO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is a founding member of the ILO and it has been a permanent member of the ILO Governing Body since 1922.</li>
<li>In India, the first ILO Office was started in 1928. The decades of productive partnership between the ILO and its constituents has mutual trust and respect as underlying principles and is grounded in building sustained institutional capacities and strengthening capacities of partners.</li>
<li>India has ratified six out of the <strong>eight-core/fundamental ILO conventions.</strong> These conventions are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Forced Labour Convention (No. 29)</li>
<li>Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (No.105)</li>
<li>Equal Remuneration Convention (No.100)</li>
<li>Discrimination (Employment Occupation) Convention (No.111)</li>
<li>Minimum Age Convention (No.138)</li>
<li>Worst forms of Child Labour Convention (No.182)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has <strong>not ratified</strong> the two core/fundamental conventions, namely <strong>Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87)</strong> and <strong>Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main reason for non-ratification of ILO conventions No.87 &amp; 98 is due to certain restrictions imposed on the government servants.</li>
<li>The ratification of these conventions would involve granting of certain rights that are prohibited under the statutory rules, for the government employees, namely, the right to strike, to openly criticize government policies, to freely accept a financial contribution, to freely join foreign organizations etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Trade Unions at the ILO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Trade unions play a crucial role in developing policy at the ILO, Worker group representation is drawn from national trade union confederations.</li>
<li>The <strong>Bureau for Workers' Activities</strong> at the secretariat is dedicated to strengthening independent and democratic trade unions so they can better defend workers&rsquo; rights and interests.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The ILO&rsquo;s supervisory role</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ILO monitors the implementation of ILO conventions ratified by member states. This is done through:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Committee of Experts</strong> on the Application of conventions and Recommendations.</li>
<li>The International Labour Conference&rsquo;s <strong>Tripartite Committee</strong> on the Application of conventions and Recommendations.</li>
<li>Member states are also required to send reports on the progress of the implementation of the conventions they have ratified.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Complaints</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ILO registers complaints against entities that are violating international rules; however, <strong>it does not impose sanctions on governments.</strong></li>
<li>Complaints can be filed against member states for not complying with ILO conventions they have ratified.</li>
<li>Complaints can be from another member state which has signed the same convention, a delegate to the International Labour Conference or the ILO's Governing Body.</li>
</ul>
<h3>ILO&rsquo;s Global Commission on the Future of Work</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The formation of an ILO <strong>Global Commission on the Future of Work</strong> marks the second stage in the ILO Future of Work Initiative.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was co-chaired by <strong>South African President Cyril Ramaphosa</strong> and<strong> Swedish Prime Minister, Stefan L&ouml;fven.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The commission outlines a vision for a human-centred agenda that is based on investing in people&rsquo;s capabilities, institutions of work and decent and sustainable work.</li>
<li>Its has undertaken an in-depth examination of the future of work that can provide the analytical basis for the delivery of social justice in the 21<sup>st</sup> century.</li>
<li>It outlines the<strong> challenges caused by new technology, climate change and demography</strong> and calls for a collective global response to the disruptions they are causing in the world of work.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Artificial intelligence, automation and robotics will lead to job losses, as skills become obsolete.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The key recommendations are:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>A universal labour guarantee</strong> that protects the fundamental rights of workers&rsquo;, an adequate living wage, limits on hours of work and safe and healthy workplaces.</li>
<li><strong>Guaranteed social protection</strong> from birth to old age that supports people&rsquo;s needs over the life cycle.</li>
<li>A universal entitlement to lifelong learning that enables people to skill, reskill and upskill.</li>
<li><strong>Managing technological change</strong> to boost decent work, including an international governance system for digital labour platforms.</li>
<li><strong>Greater investments</strong> in the care, green and rural economies.</li>
<li>A transformative and measurable agenda for <strong>gender equality.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reshaping business incentives</strong> to encourage long-term investments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'World Standards Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>14 October</strong> is celebrated as <strong>World Standards Day</strong> for paying tribute to the collaborative efforts of thousands of experts worldwide who develop the voluntary technical agreements that are published as <strong>International Standards.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is being officially celebrated since <strong>1970.</strong></li>
<li>It is an<strong> annual</strong> event.</li>
<li>The theme for 2019 is <strong>&lsquo;Video Standards Create a Global Stage&rsquo; &mdash;</strong> about standardizing the video compression technologies as mobile phones and other electronic devices related to video production is estimated to be 80% of all internet traffic by 2020.</li>
<li>In India, it is celebrated by the <strong>Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BIS also highlighted the road map for<strong> &lsquo;One Nation One Standard&rsquo;</strong> for India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Indian Standards</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BIS is the National Standard Body of India for the harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods.</li>
<li>BIS has been providing traceability and tangibility benefits to the national economy in a number of ways by:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Providing safe reliable quality goods.</li>
<li>Minimizing health hazards to consumers.</li>
<li>Promoting exports and imports substitute.</li>
<li>Control over the proliferation of varieties etc through standardization, certification, and testing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1588021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-standards-day'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Nobel Prize in Physics 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Nobel Prize for Physics has been awarded to <strong>James Peebles for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology,</strong> and <strong>Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz for discovering an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>James Peebles: Theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Peebles developed a theoretical framework about the <strong>cosmos and its billions of galaxies and galaxy clusters</strong> since the mid-1960s.</li>
<li>The importance of the <strong>cosmic radiation</strong> during birth of the Big Bang was realized by him.</li>
<li>James Peebles also interpreted traces from the <strong>infancy of the universe and discovered new physical processes.</strong></li>
<li>The results showed a universe whose just <strong>five percent of content is known,</strong> the matter which constitutes stars, planets, trees &ndash; and us.<strong> The rest, 95 per cent, is unknown dark matter and dark energy.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is a mystery and a challenge to modern physics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571130815_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571130815_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="660" height="487" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz : Discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was the <strong>first discovery</strong> of an <strong>exoplanet</strong> (a planet outside our solar system, orbiting a solar-type star in our home galaxy, the Milky Way).</li>
<li>The discovery of <strong>exoplanet 51 Pegasi b,</strong> started a <strong>&ldquo;revolution in astronomy&rdquo;.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>51 Pegasi b is a <strong>gaseous ball comparable with Jupiter.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ever since<strong> 4,000 exoplanets</strong> have been <strong>found in the Milky Way Galaxy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/james-peebles-michel-mayor-and-didier-queloz-get-nobel-prize-for-physics/article29617873.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-in-physics-2019'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Nobel Prize for Peace 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Nobel Peace Prize for 2019 has been awarded to<strong> Abiy Ahmed Ali, the Prime Minister of Ethiopia </strong>for<strong> his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict</strong> with neighboring <strong>Eritrea.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Abiy Ahmed Ali, the Prime Minister of Ethiopia ended 20 years war with neighboring Eritrea.</li>
<li>The two countries resumed trade, diplomatic, and travel ties and started &ldquo;a new era of peace and friendship&rdquo; in the war-bloodied Horn of Africa.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Historical Background of the Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1993, <strong>Eritrea broke from its federation with Ethiopia,</strong> becoming an independent country that was located strategically at the mouth of the Red Sea on the Horn of Africa.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Independence was the outcome of a <strong>30-year war by Eritrean liberation fighters against Ethiopia,</strong> which had annexed the small multiethnic territory to its north in 1962.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Just over five years after Independence, however, war broke out between the two countries over the control of <strong>Badme &mdash;</strong> a border town of no apparent significance.</li>
<li>As the conflict evolved into a major refugee crisis, thousands of Eritreans fled to Europe.</li>
<li>In <strong>June 2000,</strong> the two countries signed an Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities, followed by a <strong>Peace Agreement.</strong></li>
<li>The above agreement formally <strong>ended the war</strong> and established a <strong>Boundary Commission</strong> to settle the dispute.</li>
<li>The Commission gave its<strong> &ldquo;final and binding&rdquo;</strong> ruling in <strong>2002</strong> and <strong>Badme was awarded to Eritrea.</strong></li>
<li>However, <strong>Ethiopia refused to accept the decision</strong> and the border issues kept erupting in clashes.</li>
<li>The Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed <strong>broke</strong> the nearly <strong>two-decade stalemate,</strong> announcing that Ethiopia would abide by the <strong>full terms of the 2000 agreement.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571127596_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571127596_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="756" height="426" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Peace between Ethiopia-Eritrea</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ethiopia is landlocked, and through the years of the war with Eritrea, had been dependent heavily on Djibouti for access to the Gulf of Aden and onward to the Arabian Sea.</li>
<li>The peace deal with Eritrea opened up Eritrean ports for Ethiopian use to balance its reliance on Djibouti.</li>
<li>On the other hand, Eritrea sank steadily into economic stagnation and social and diplomatic isolation due to continuous war with Ethiopia.</li>
<li>Eritrea also faced accusations from the UN Human Rights Commission for repeatedly human rights violations in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/ethiopian-pm-abiy-ahmed-wins-2019-nobel-peace-prize-6064282/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-for-peace-2019'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been jointly awarded to <strong>John B Goodenough, M Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino</strong> for the development of <strong>lithium-ion batteries.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Through their work, this year&rsquo;s Chemistry Laureates have laid the foundation of a wireless, fossil fuel-free society.</li>
<li>In the early 1970s, <strong>Dr. Whittingham</strong> developed the <strong>first functional lithium battery.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Dr. Goodenough doubled the lithium battery&rsquo;s potential,</strong> creating the right conditions for a vastly more powerful and useful battery.</li>
<li><strong>Dr. Yoshino</strong> succeeded in <strong>eliminating pure lithium</strong> from the battery, instead<strong> basing it wholly on lithium ions,</strong> which are safer than pure lithium. This made the battery workable in practice.</li>
<li>The result was a lightweight, hardwearing battery that could be charged hundreds of times before its performance deteriorated. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The advantage of lithium-ion batteries is that they are not based upon chemical reactions that break down the electrodes, but upon lithium ions flowing back and forth between the anode and cathode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The lithium-ion batteries have reshaped energy storage and transformed cars, mobile phones and many other devices in an increasingly portable and electronic world.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571127068_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571127068_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="585" height="457" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/three-scientists-share-chemistry-nobel-for-developing-lithium-ion-batteries/article29625933.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-in-chemistry-2019'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'India-Netherlands',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the King and Queen of the <strong>Kingdom of Netherlands</strong> visited India to give an impetus to the bilateral ties shared by the two nations.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571126098_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571126098_image2.jpg" width="324" height="229" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic partnership</strong> between India &amp; Netherlands is a <strong>key pillar</strong> of the bilateral ties. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Netherlands is <strong>India&rsquo;s 4<sup>th</sup> largest trading partner</strong> in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union</strong></a>. And is also <strong>one of the leading investor nation</strong> in India.</li>
<li>The Dutch companies (in India) have a global name in the fields of agriculture, water management, port development, waste management, and urban planning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Historical Relations:</strong> Indo-Dutch relations can be traced back to more than 400 years when the <strong>first Dutch EIC</strong> got established in India (in around 17<sup>th</sup> century AD). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The official relations between the two nations were established in the year 1947 which, since then, have been<strong> cordial and friendly.</strong></li>
<li>The two countries also share common ideals of <strong>democracy, pluralism and the rule of law.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cultural Relations:</strong> The Netherlands currently is home to the <strong>largest Indian community</strong> on the European mainland. The growing Indian <strong>student and professional community</strong> in the Netherlands is making the cultural knot stronger and the technological partnership deeper.</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Netherlands to India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Netherlands&rsquo; has supported India&rsquo;s membership to the different <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/npt-must-for-india-s-entry-into-nsg-china" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Export Control Regimes</strong></a> and India&rsquo;s claim to a <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-un-security-council-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>permanent seat in the UN Security Council.</strong></a></li>
<li>India and the Netherlands share common concerns with regard to contemporary challenges that include <strong>climate action, cyber-security, and terrorism.</strong></li>
<li>Smart Cities, green energy, start-ups, smart solutions, and new-age products are bringing the two nations closer. India is keen to share and learn from the Netherlands on the <strong>river rejuvenation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>LOTUS:</strong> During the recent visit, a joint launch of the second phase of the <strong>Local Treatment of Urban Sewage Streams for the Healthy Reuse (LOTUS-HR)</strong> program was done by the <strong>Union Minister for Science &amp; Technology</strong> for the treatment of sewage water.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The project was <strong>initiated in July 2017</strong> and aims to manifest a novel holistic <strong>waste-water management approach</strong> that will produce clean water, which could henceforth be reused for various purposes.</li>
<li>The LOTUS-HR project is jointly supported by the <strong>Department of Biotechnology</strong> and the <strong>Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research /STW.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>WETLAB:</strong> It is a <strong>design challenge</strong> that is jointly supported by the Department of Biotechnology-Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council<strong> (DBT-BIRAC)</strong> and Netherlands Enterprise Agency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides a <strong>unique learning and networking platform</strong> for young professionals and students to <strong>think differently for innovative ideas</strong> to solve India&rsquo;s urban water challenges and contribute to cleaning up of India&rsquo;s rivers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1588090" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-netherlands'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: DTH v/s OTT',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Vpuefxybx3E" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to a recent report by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/telecom-firms-oppose-trai%E2%80%99s-public-wi-fi-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Telecom Regulatory Authority of India</strong> </a><strong>(TRAI),</strong> the<strong> average active subscriber base of DTH services</strong> has seen a <strong>sharp decline of 25 percent</strong> in this quarter <strong>coming down to 54.26 million in April to June quarter in comparison to 72.44 million in January to March</strong> this year.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for fall in DTH subscribers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This<strong> coincides with the new DTH tariff regime implemented from 1st April.</strong> The decline in subscriber base highlights the challenges faced by DTH operators during the transition to new tariff regime.</li>
<li>Meanwhile the <strong>rise of OTT services also seems to have impacted the DTH subscription</strong> numbers. With high competition in the segment , OTT service providers give consumers a combination of both attractive content and subscription package. However regulation for OTT platforms continues to remain a contentious issue with the govt mulling over it's options .</li>
<li>A recent survey suggests that <strong>almost 55% Indians prefer OTT over DTH services and almost 87% of Indians use mobile to watch</strong> videos these days.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571124607_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571124607_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="600" height="334" /></a></p>
<h3>The differences and similarities</h3>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;">DTH</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;">OTT</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DTH is an acronym for <strong>&lsquo;Direct To Home&rsquo;</strong> service. It is a <strong>digital satellite service</strong> that provides <strong>television</strong> viewing services directly to subscribers through satellite transmission anywhere in the country.</li>
<li>The <strong>signals are digital</strong> by nature and are <strong>received directly from the satellite.</strong></li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An <strong>&lsquo;Over The Top&rsquo;</strong> media service is any <strong>online content provider</strong> that offers streaming media as a standalone product. The term is commonly applied to <strong>video-on-demand platforms,</strong> but also refers to <strong>audio streaming, messaging services, or internet-based voice calling solutions.</strong></li>
<li>It needs <strong>access to the internet</strong> and <strong>smartphones, tablets, laptop/computers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>content</strong> and the <strong>context</strong> of DTH and OTT are completely different. OTT platforms are very<strong> personal</strong> whereas DTH connections are <strong>more social</strong> in nature.</li>
<li>They <strong>complement each other as well</strong> like the OTT platforms suggest about the material available on DTH <strong>by advertisements.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Are DTH service providers really declining?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The information about the <strong>reduction of 25% is not entirely correct</strong> because TRAI has <strong>changed the method of computation,</strong> worked out the numbers in a new and more accurate way by which some phantom figures have been removed. So the loss of subscribers is not that huge.</li>
<li>The <strong>price factor and the tariffs of OTT platforms have not really gone down to the extent of wiping out DTH</strong> or reducing the subscribers significantly.</li>
<li><strong>New tariff order has changed the bills empowering consumers to pay only for what they want to watch.</strong> The bills will be different for users depending upon their personalised usage rate so there might be complaints from <strong>some users, paying more bills</strong> than the others who have <strong>reduced bills</strong> due to their smaller watch list. So it is not fair to say that all the bills have gone up.</li>
<li><strong>Bundling or packages of channels</strong> makes it easy for the consumer to choose because selecting content to watch with minimal tariff is an extremely difficult exercise. It is not fully developed plan but the sector is working on it.</li>
<li>It is about the <strong>customers preferences</strong> also about what and how they want to watch and on which platform. There will <strong>always be a place for the conventional broadcast tv</strong> and there will be a <strong>space for newer options like OTT platforms</strong> as well.</li>
<li>Just like DTH came and overtook the Cable Connections, the OTT is taking over the DTH now. That is why a lot of <strong>DTH service providers are teaming up with the OTT platforms to sustain themselves.</strong></li>
<li><strong>TRAI has taken measures by making an app</strong> to help consumers choose channel combinations and minimise their bills. It is working even further in the field to help customers in every way possible because no business will flourish if the customers are dissatisfied and not taken care of.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why are OTT platforms overtaking DTH service providers?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>convenience and ease with which OTT platforms can be watched</strong> makes it more attractive. Mobile phones can be carried anywhere and the user can watch anything of the choice anywhere, anytime given the data availability.</li>
<li>The <strong>cost of data services have gone down drastically</strong> in the last few years which has raised the number of average users including the rural areas as well.</li>
<li>OTT platforms seem a<strong> better option in comparison to high tariffs and the tedious process of choosing the channel combinations</strong> in the DTH.</li>
<li>Because of the availability of internet and ease of carrying smartphones, tablets or laptops, there is <strong>consumption irrespective of relatively higher charges</strong> for OTT platforms like Netflix and Amazon Prime <strong>which shows people&rsquo;s demand and interest</strong> in them.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Can OTT platforms completely overtake DTH service providers?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As far as the battle between the DTH and OTT is concerned, we should remember that these are<strong> technologies which allow similar products to be consumed in different ways.</strong> It is<strong> fair that the consumer has the choice to select</strong> what works for him or her the best.</li>
<li>Whether OTT will take over DTH market or not, it depends on various factors. One of them is the <strong>dependency on the internet connection in OTT platforms</strong> which is still <strong>uneven and not accessible</strong> to more than half the people of India.</li>
<li><strong>Roughly two-third of India does not actively use the internet</strong> so OTT choices become very limited. So the whole idea of OTT taking over DTH or cable connections is a<strong> little premature.</strong></li>
<li>Even <strong>DTH has not taken over the cable because there are significant active players</strong> in the market with huge fibre deployed all over the country. So they should not be considered dead instead they are coming back into the market. For example-JIO fibre.</li>
<li>It is necessary to <strong>recognise the diversity of the devices which is good for the consumer.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Future of OTT platforms in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>OTT is going to be on rise</strong> for sure. <strong>Internet penetration levels are not stagnant</strong> and<strong> increasing day by day</strong> with the help of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India</strong></a> and broadband programmes taking it to far flung areas.</li>
<li>The <strong>ease in information collection</strong> and<strong> more importantly the trust towards the phones</strong> show that the base of OTT is going to increase further.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>question of convenience where quality is improving with more young people getting involved</strong> with the OTT platforms. <strong>Indian youth is the biggest consumer of it and India&rsquo;s online video demand is close to China&rsquo;s and has surpassed the UK and the USA.</strong> According to <strong>KPMG Report, India will have more than 500 million subscribers on all OTT platforms by 2023.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>streaming speed is far better</strong> than before and will grow even more in the future under the schemes like Digital India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Regulatory Aspects</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The challenge in regulating the OTT is that it is a <strong>part of the internet and very difficult to separate from the larger internet.</strong> Regulators face the challenge of how to separate it out and then regulate it from the broader internet which is impossible.</li>
<li>Law is very clear regarding the regulations. OTT providers are governed by the <strong>Information Technology Act, 2000 Section 79</strong> where the intermediate liabilities lie. So the OTT providers do not have to get involved in the inception, transmission and reception of the content which make them not liable for the content.</li>
<li>Regulators now<strong> focus on smaller issues which are specific to Indian context</strong> only. Our<strong> licence services are very heavily regulated</strong> so the <strong>issue is not the regulation but reduction in the high level regulations</strong> of the Telecom service in order to empower everyone to choose their ways of consumption.</li>
<li>Clear ways under the <strong>Information Technology</strong> <strong>Act</strong> are mentioned to deal with the content after it is made available to the OTT platforms.</li>
<li>A lot of <strong>streamlining needs to be done</strong> for OTT platforms.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Information Technology Act, 2000</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The act regulates use of computers, computer systems, computer networks and also data and information in electronic format.</li>
<li>The act lists down among other things, following as offences:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tampering with computer source documents.</li>
<li>Hacking with computer system</li>
<li>Act of cyber terrorism i.e. accessing a protected system with the intention of threatening the unity, integrity, sovereignty or security of country.</li>
<li>Cheating using computer resource etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Section 79 of Information Technology Act, 2000</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It exempts intermediaries from liability in certain instances. It states that intermediaries will not be liable for any third party information, data or communication link made available by them.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The need for <strong>transparency</strong> on the OTT platforms is a very important, especially for an industry that touches so many people and with <strong>limited regulations</strong> on it, because it is an <strong>entertainment platform mainly</strong> and this will further <strong>provide choices</strong> to the consumers.</li>
<li>Over time there will be a <strong>level playing field, based on market dynamics,</strong> rather than forcing it through a regulator for support, pricing and directions, with harmony between all the old, new and emerging multimedia platforms.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-dth-v-s-ott'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'UN Climate Action Summit 2019',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, <strong>the UN Secretary-General called all the member states at the UN Climate Action Summit 2019 held in New York, US.</strong> The summit expects members states to lay realistic plans to enhance their contributions to climate change mitigation.</p>
<p><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cop24" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Paris climate deal</strong></a> provides a framework to stop climate disruption and reverse its impact. However, the voluntary nature of Paris climate deal makes it difficult to achieve its target of keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.</p>
<h3>Background of Climate Change Negotiations</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571053510_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571053510_image1.jpg" width="626" height="687" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Rising Environmental Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Global emissions are reaching record levels and show no sign of peaking.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to IAEA, due to higher energy demand in 2018, global energy-related CO2 emissions rose 1.7% to a historic high of 33.1 gigaton of CO2.</li>
<li>It was the highest rate of growth since 2013, and 70% higher than the average increase since 2010.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The last four years were the four hottest on record, and winter temperatures in the Arctic have risen by 3&deg;C since 1990.</li>
<li>Sea levels are rising.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sea level continues to rise at a rate of about one-eighth of an inch per year.</li>
<li>In 2014, global sea level was 2.6 inches above the 1993 average&mdash;the highest annual average in the satellite record (1993-present).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Life-threatening impact of climate change on health, through air pollution, heatwaves and risks to food security.</li>
<li>The UN estimates that the world would need to increase its efforts <strong>between three- and five-fold</strong> to achieve Paris climate deal target.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights of the Summit</h3>
<p>The Secretary-General has prioritized the <strong>six action areas,</strong> which are recognized as having high potential to curb greenhouse gas emissions(GHGs) and are also critical to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement and the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Energy Transition</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Energy efficiency offers a potential 40% of the emission reductions,</strong> yet only a few countries make specific commitments to improve energy efficiency in their climate plans.</li>
<li>Therefore at the summit, a new <strong>Three Percent Club</strong> was launched.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes governments and international organizations, that are committed to a <strong>3% annual global increase in energy efficiency</strong> across their economies and businesses.</li>
<li>India is a member of Three Percent Club.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India also pledged that it will increase renewable energy capacity to <strong>beyond 175 GW by 2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nature-Based Solutions</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The summit sought to adopt new initiatives, developed by the <strong>Nature-Based Solutions Coalition</strong> (co-led by China and New Zealand).</li>
<li>It includes efforts to conserve and restore marine and terrestrial ecosystems, promote regenerative agriculture and the greening of supply chains, and advance innovative financing mechanisms to scale-up nature-based solutions.</li>
<li>It also highlighted the importance of valuing nature in governance, decision-making and finance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cities and Local Action</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cities are key to securing our climate future and successfully implementing national climate plans.</li>
<li>Cities consume more than two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s energy and are the places where the effects of the climate emergency are already severely felt, particularly amongst the most vulnerable populations.</li>
<li>Advancing mitigation and resilience at urban and local levels, can be achieved by new commitments on low-emission buildings, mass transport and urban infrastructure and resilience for the urban poor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Resilience and Adaptation</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-report-on-climate-change-ipcc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IPCC</strong></a> Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5&deg;C states that urgent and transformational adaptation action is needed, yet adaptation action is not keeping pace with the scale of impacts.</li>
<li>Therefore, the summit sought to advance global efforts to address and manage the impacts and risks of climate change, particularly in those communities and nations most vulnerable.</li>
<li>India also pledged to spend approximately $50 billion in the next few years on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong> </a>to conserve water, harvest rainwater and develop water resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Industry Transition</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many countries including India formed a new <strong>Leadership Group for Industry Transition</strong> that seeks to decarbonize energy intensive industries.</li>
<li>Energy-intensive sectors like steel, cement, aluminum, aviation and shipping are expected to be responsible for <strong>release of 15.7 giga tonne of GHGs emission</strong> by 2050.</li>
<li>It is necessary to reduce emissions in the immediate term and accelerate the transition to a low-carbon industrial development while pursuing efforts to reach <strong>net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This target has been decided at Costa Rica summit (A pre-summit to CoP 25 of UNFCCC).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Finance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The summit sought to mobilize public and private sources of finance to drive decarbonization of all priority sectors.</li>
<li>It seeks to align public and private finance with a<strong> net zero economy</strong> (carbon emission).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In addition,the summit highlighted three additional key areas:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mitigation Strategy:</strong> to generate momentum for ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and long-term strategies to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement.</li>
<li><strong>Youth Engagement and Public Mobilization:</strong> to mobilize people worldwide to take action on climate change and ensure that young people are integrated and represented across all aspects of the Summit.</li>
<li><strong>Social and Political Drivers:</strong> to advance commitments in areas that affect people&rsquo;s well-being, such as reducing air pollution, generating decent jobs, and strengthening climate adaptation strategies and protect workers and vulnerable groups.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>New technologies and engineering solutions are already delivering energy at a lower cost than the fossil-fuel driven economy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since, solar and onshore wind are now the cheapest sources, they can become a source of new bulk power in virtually all major economies.</li>
<li>In this regard <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-assembly-of-international-solar-alliance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Solar Alliance</a></strong> is a step in the right direction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Carbon trading should be reinvigorated.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>New carbon pricing must reflect the true cost of emissions, from climate risk to the health hazards of air pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Costa Rica&rsquo;s groundbreaking role</strong> in climate mitigation is worth emulating by the world economies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More than 98% of Costa Rica&rsquo;s energy is renewable and forest cover stands at more than 53% after painstaking work to reverse decades of deforestation.</li>
<li>In 2017, the country ran for a record 300 days solely on renewable power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Governments must promote programs like <strong>ActNow</strong> and <strong>Fridays For Future</strong> in their respective countries.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>ActNow campaign</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ActNow is the United Nations global call to individual action on climate change.</li>
<li>The campaign is a critical part of the UN&rsquo;s coordinated effort to raise awareness, ambition, and action for climate change and accelerate implementation of the Paris Agreement.</li>
<li>It is primarily an online and social media campaign that seeks to educate and encourage individual actions, mainly by adjusting consumption patterns.</li>
<li>It highlights the impact that collective action can have at this critical moment in our planet&rsquo;s history. The more people act, the bigger the impact.</li>
<li>ActNow harnesses advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) to spur behaviour change.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Fridays For Future</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a movement that began in Sweden in August 2018 by Greta Thunberg to protest against the lack of action on the climate crisis.</li>
<li>The hashtags <strong>#FridaysForFuture</strong> and<strong> #Climatestrike</strong> became so popular that many students and adults began to protest outside of their Parliaments and local city halls all over the world.</li>
<li><strong>#Climatestrike</strong> is a global event to demand an end to the age of fossil fuels &amp; climate justice for everyone. It is a wake-up call to our generation to solve the greatest environmental challenge in human history.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Santiago Climate Change Conference, which will feature the 25<sup>th</sup> session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 25) to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNFCCC</strong></a>, must incorporate the themes emphasised at UN Climate Action Summit 2019.</li>
<li>Apart from this, COP-25 must focus on the<strong> exchange of experiences</strong> on possible solutions to accelerate the decarbonization and resilience of the world's economies.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/un-climate-action-summit-2019'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Operation Greens',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/tomatoes-onions-potatoes-price-hike-indian-farmers-6067813/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Time to TOP up&rdquo;</strong></a> that was published in The Indian Express on 14/10/2019. It talks about steps to kickstart Operation Greens.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the onion and tomato retail prices saw a steep rise, forcing the government to take steps like the imposition of a minimum export price or applying the stocking limit of the Tomatoes-Onions-Potatoes on the traders.</p>
<p>However, these steps are a knee-jerk reaction, as they try to control the price of Tomatoes-Onions-Potatoes (TOP- the three basic vegetables that face extreme price volatility) and also deprive farmers of the remunerative prices.</p>
<p>In order to curb such price volatility, the Government announced Operation Greens in the Union Budget 2018-19, but it is marred by slow progress.</p>
<h3>What is Operation Greens?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&ldquo;Operation Greens&rdquo; was announced on the lines of &ldquo;Operation Flood&rdquo;, to promote <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producers Organizations</strong></a>, agri-logistics, processing facilities for integrated development of Tomato-Onion-Potato (TOP) value chain.</li>
<li>Development of the TOP value chain will ensure that a higher share of consumer&rsquo;s rupee goes to farmers and stabilize their prices.</li>
<li>The scheme is being implemented by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries.</li>
<li>The idea behind Operation Greens is to double the income of farmers by the end of 2022.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Operation Flood</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Operation Flood was launched in 1970 by India's National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). It is also known as the White revolution.</li>
<li>India's Operation flood was the world's biggest dairy development program which gave a major thrust to the milk production, helping India to become the largest producer of milk in 2016-17.</li>
<li>Operation Flood promoted AMUL model, which is based on large procurement of milk from farmers&rsquo; cooperatives, processing, storing of excess milk in skimmed milk powder form during the flush season and using it during the lean season, and distributing milk through an organised retail network.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the issues in Operation Greens?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Milk does not pass through any <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/agriculture-produce-to-agriculture-marketing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>APMC markets</strong></a>, thereby it bypasses the layers of mandi fees and commissions. Thus, milk farmers normally get 75-80% of the consumer&rsquo;s rupee.</li>
<li>However, TOP are mostly traded in APMC markets, due to this farmers get less than one-third of the consumer&rsquo;s rupee.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to an ICRIER-NABARD study on &ldquo;Deconstructing Value Chains of Tomatoes, Onions and Potatoes&rdquo;, it is estimated that the farmer&rsquo;s share is only 32.1%, 29.1% and 26.6% of a consumer&rsquo;s rupee for TOP respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, the volatility of the price is very high in TOP with a coefficient of variation of 52%, onion is the most volatile, followed by tomato 47% and potato 31%.</li>
<li>Unlike milk, the TOP are grown in different climatic conditions and in different seasons, making marketing intervention (processing and storage) all the more complex.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p><strong>Stabilization of retail prices of TOP and ensuring a higher share of the consumer&rsquo;s rupee to farmers can be achieved by the following steps:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Operation Greens needs to be backed by <strong>creating an institutional setup</strong> like the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was created for Operation Flood.</li>
<li>Price volatility can be checked by increasing <strong>processing-to-production share.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Processing-to-production share is the ratio of food processed against total food produced. More the quantity of processed food available, lesser will be the shortages and hence the price volatility will be more under control.</li>
<li>Currently, processing-to-production share is 7% for potato, 3% for onions and 1% for tomatoes.</li>
<li>India needs to have time-bound targets to process and export at least <strong>10-15% of TOP production.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ample storage for buffer stocks for TOP has to be created. However, repeated stocking limits on TOP traders <strong>discourages private investments in modern cold storages.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The impetus to large private investment in cold storages can be provided by <strong>repealing the Essential Commodities Act (ECA).</strong> ECA places restrictions on the movement of produce, stockholding, pricing and adoption of new technologies.</li>
<li>The dismantling of such controls under ECA and other regulations would expand trade and lead to better realisations for cultivators.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Since buffer stocking for tomatoes is not possible, processing remains the only solution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government can reduce the GST for tomato food processing from 12% to 5%, as most milk products attract 0 to 5% GST.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To propagate the use of processed products (tomato puree, onion flakes, powder) among urban and bulk consumers, the government should run campaigns in association with industry organisations, as was done for eggs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The National Egg Coordination Committee (NECC)&rsquo;s campaign: &lsquo;Sunday ho ya Monday, Roz Khao ande.&rsquo; led the Indian society to prioritise nutrition over tradition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The direct buying by organised retailers from farmer producer organisations (FPOs) through contract farming, bypassing the mandi system, should be encouraged.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Like dairy cooperatives, TOP cooperatives and retail outlets like Safal across the country should be opened.</li>
<li>Setting up of private mandis for better efficiency can be encouraged.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These reforms and investments can be undertaken on a public-private partnership (PPP) basis.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fff2ed;">
<p><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Discuss the issues that act as a roadblock in the path of Operation Greens. Also, enumerate the steps that can be taken for its success.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/operation-greens-3'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Governance through Cultural Gatherings',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>SARAS Aajeevika Mela:</strong> It is a programme to transform rural India in general and the lives of rural women in particular.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an initiative by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-rural-economic-transformation-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission</strong></a> (DAY-NRLM) under the <strong>Ministry of Rural Development</strong> (MoRD), with an objective to bring the rural women <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Self Help Groups (SHGs)</strong></a> under one platform so that they can showcase their skills, sell their products, and help them build linkages with bulk buyers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through participation in SARAS Aajeevika Mela, these rural SHG women will get vital national level exposure to understand the demand and taste of urban customers.</li>
<li>Varied range of products like handicrafts, handlooms, and natural food products will be displayed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Mela acts as an integrated approach towards women empowerment.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rashtriya Sanskriti Mahotsav</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Ministry of Culture</strong> is organizing the 10<sup>th</sup> edition of Rashtriya Sanskriti Mahotsav under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statue-of-unity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat initiative</strong></a> in Madhya Pradesh from 14<sup>th</sup> to 21<sup>st</sup> October 2019.</li>
<li>The idea to organize such Mahotsav was conceived in the year 2015 by the Ministry of Culture with an intention to exhibit the rich <strong>cultural heritage of the country</strong> in all its rich and varied dimensions namely, Handicrafts, Cuisine, Painting, Sculpture and Performing Arts- Folk, Tribal, Classical and Contemporary- all at one place.</li>
<li>The Rashtriya Sanskriti Mahotsav will <strong>reconnect the people</strong> (especially the youth) with their indigenous culture, its multi-faceted nature, magnificence, and historical importance in the context of <strong>&lsquo;India as a Nation&rsquo;</strong> over the millennia.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched in 2015 to promote engagement amongst the people of different States/UTs so as to enhance mutual understanding and bonding between people of diverse cultures, thereby securing stronger unity and integrity of India.</li>
<li>It is an initiative of the <strong>Ministry of</strong> <strong>Human Resource Development.</strong></li>
<li>The broad objectives of the initiative are as follows:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>To CELEBRATE</strong> the <strong>Unity in Diversity</strong> of our nation and to maintain and strengthen the fabric of traditionally existing emotional bonds between the people,</li>
<li><strong>To PROMOTE</strong> the spirit of <strong>national integration</strong> through a deep and structured engagement between all Indian states and Union Territories through a year-long planned engagement between states,</li>
<li><strong>To SHOWCASE</strong> the rich heritage and culture, customs and traditions of different states for enabling people to understand and appreciate the diversity that is India, thus fostering a sense of common identity,</li>
<li><strong>TO ESTABLISH</strong> long-term engagements, and</li>
<li><strong>TO CREATE</strong> an environment which promotes learning between states by sharing best practices and experiences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1587964" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/governance-through-cultural-gatherings'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Typhoon Hagibis',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The main Japanese island of Honshu was hit by Typhoon Hagibis on 12<sup>th</sup> October 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Typhoon Hagibis could be the <strong>strongest storm</strong> to hit Japan since 1958.</li>
<li>Typhoon Hagibis, which means &ldquo;speed&rdquo; in the Philippine language, had packing winds of <strong>180 km per hour</strong> near its centre.</li>
<li>The storm brought record-breaking rainfall to many areas, resulting in floods and landslides in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Typhoon Ida,</strong> known as the &ldquo;Kanogawa Typhoon&rdquo; in Japanese, killed more than 1,000 people in September 1958. Ida had <strong>winds of 190 kmph</strong> when it hit the country.</li>
<li>Typhoon is a <strong>region-specific name of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-western-disturbance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tropical Cyclone</a></strong> (swirling system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or subtropical oceans).</li>
<li>In the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, the term &ldquo;hurricane&rdquo; is used. The same type of disturbance in the Northwest Pacific is called a &ldquo;typhoon&rdquo; and &ldquo;cyclones&rdquo; in the South Pacific and the Indian Ocean.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571041761_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571041761_image6.jpg" width="548" height="328" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571041766_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571041766_image7.jpg" width="501" height="282" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/typhoon-leaves-19-dead-as-japan-launches-major-rescue/article29672301.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/typhoon-hagibis'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'India-China 2nd Informal Summit- Mamallapuram Summit',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Prime Minister of India and the President of the People's Republic of China held their Second Informal Summit in <strong>Chennai (Mamallapuram), India.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The recent <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/05-10-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mamallapuram Summitt</strong></a> has begun a<strong> &ldquo;New Era of Cooperation&rdquo;</strong> between India and China.</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-china-ties-marching-on" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>First India- China informal summit</strong></a> invoked the <strong>&lsquo;Wuhan spirit&rsquo;,</strong> whereas the <strong>second informal India-China summit</strong> has called for <strong>&lsquo;Chennai Connect.</strong></li>
<li>Informal summits allow discussion on wide-ranging issues, they are not particularly purpose-specific, and are sometimes considered to play bigger roles in diplomatic dialogue than formal exchanges.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also acts as supplementary exchanges to annual summits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reiteration of the first Informal Summit in Wuhan (2018)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both the countries reiterated the consensus reached during the first informal Summit in Wuhan to consider India and China as <strong>factors for stability in the current international landscape.</strong></li>
<li>It also emphasized upon managing the differences and <strong>not to allow differences on any issue to become disputes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>A High-Level Economic and Trade Dialogue mechanism</strong> to be established to enhance trade and commercial relations</li>
<li>The <strong>manufacturing partnership</strong> is to be established to encourage <strong>mutual investments</strong> in identified sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multilateral trading system</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India-China agreed to support and strengthen the rules-based multilateral trading system.</li>
<li>Also promised to work together for <strong>open and inclusive trade arrangements to maintain inclusive international order.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Boundary issues to be solved on the lines of a mutually-agreed framework based on <strong>Political Parameters and Guiding Principles that were agreed by the two sides in 2005.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>strategic communication</strong> to be enhanced to <strong>maximize usage</strong> of high-level exchanges like <strong>dialogue mechanisms.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Terrorism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries recognized the joint efforts to ensure that the international community strengthens the framework against training and financing terrorist groups throughout the world and on a<strong> non-discriminatory basis.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sister State Relations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Considering the <strong>age-old commercial as well as maritime linkages,</strong> both the countries agreed to establish <strong>Sister-State Relations between Tamil Nadu and Fujian Province.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An academy to study links between Mahabalipuram and Fujian province on the lines of the experience between Ajanta and Dunhuang to be established.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>70 years of India-China relations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The year <strong>2020 will mark the 70<sup>th</sup> anniversary</strong> of the establishment of<strong> India-China diplomatic relations,</strong> to celebrate the event two countries will be organizing <strong>70 activities</strong> to emphasize the historical connection between the two civilizations.</li>
<li>Also the year 2020 will be designated as the <strong>Year of India-China Cultural and People to People Exchanges.</strong></li>
<li>Being important <strong>contemporary civilizations</strong> in the world, efforts will be taken in order to foster <strong>cultural understanding</strong> between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Why Mamallapuram is chosen?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has chosen Mamallapuram as a symbol of India&rsquo;s <strong>&lsquo;soft power&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Mamallapuram is an important town of the erstwhile <strong>Pallava dynasty</strong> that ruled in parts of South India from 275 CE to 897 CE.</li>
<li>The name Mamallapuram got <strong>distorted during the British era</strong> to Mahabalipuram and thus it is also known as <strong>Mahabalipuram.</strong></li>
<li>The city of Mamallapuram was founded by the <strong>Pallava king Narasimhavarman I in the 7<sup>th</sup> century AD.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The name Mamallapuram derives from Mamallan, or &ldquo;great warrior&rdquo;, a title by which the Pallava King Narasimhavarman I was known.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is renowned for its architecture, widely admired across the world.</li>
<li>Mamallapuram and the Pallava dynasty are also historically relevant, for the <strong>earliest recorded security pact between China and India (in the early 8<sup>th</sup> century)</strong> that involved a Pallava king (Rajasimhan, or Narasimha Varma II), from whom the Chinese sought help to counter Tibet.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Wuhan Spirit:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Wuhan Spirit is in line with the<strong> five principles of peaceful coexistence</strong> (Panchsheel) jointly advocated by China and India in the 1950s.</li>
<li>Wuhan Spirit highlighted<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To form the <strong>"backbone" of economic globalization,</strong> and they should jointly make positive contributions to global peace and development.</li>
<li>To cooperate, for the first time ever, on a <strong>joint project in Afghanistan.</strong></li>
<li>China has indicated that India&rsquo;s refusal to join the Belt and Road Initiative will not come in the way of economic cooperation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Fujian Province</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is located on the <strong>southeastern coast of China,</strong> situated <strong>opposite the island of Taiwan.</strong></li>
<li>Fujian (meaning <strong>&ldquo;Happy Establishment&rdquo;)</strong> is one of the <strong>country&rsquo;s smaller provinces.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571050338_Mamallapuram%20Summit (Map).jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571050338_Mamallapuram Summit (Map).jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1587918" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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