Search

Search list matched with tags “class”

Bhabha Kavach

India’s lightest and cheapest bullet proof jacket ‘Bhabha Kavach’ was displayed at the International Police Expo 2019 held at...

22 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Producing New Antibiotics Through Robotics

Researchers have produced a new class of antibiotics, known as class II Polyketides, by using robotics to engineer Escherichia coli (E. coli), a...

22 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Temple Architecture

Introduction Most of the architectural remains that survive from Ancient and Medieval India are religious in nature. In different parts of the...

22 Jul 2019 Paper 1
Politics of Defection

This article is based on the “Does the anti-defection law serves any purpose?”. It talks about the desirability of Anti-defection law in...

20 Jul 2019 News Editorials
Protection of Human Right (Amendment) Bill, 2019

To make the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) more inclusive and efficient, Lok Sabha passes the Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Bill,...

20 Jul 2019 News Analysis
One Stop Centre Scheme

One stop centre is a centrally sponsored scheme of Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD), for addressing the problem of violence against...

20 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Declining Hangul Population

The Hangul (or Kashmiri Stag) population monitoring exercise has revealed an alarming decline in the fawn-hind and stag-hind ratio of the hangul...

20 Jul 2019 News Analysis
IUCN Red List

The latest update to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species shows that more and more species...

20 Jul 2019 News Analysis
East Asian Model for India

This article is based on editorial “Inappropriate template for a legitimate target” which appeared in The Hindu on 19th July 2019. It...

19 Jul 2019 News Editorials
Cannabis Debate

Recently a cannabis advocacy group has filed a petition regarding decriminalizing cannabis in Delhi High Court. Cannabis is a generic term used to...

19 Jul 2019 News Analysis
West Antarctic Ice Sheet

A recent study has revealed that the giant West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is destabilising and is on the verge of a complete collapse. The...

19 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Rhesus Macaque Declared Vermin

The Union Environment Ministry has declared Monkeys (Rhesus Macaque) as ‘vermin’ in Himachal Pradesh. It will allow local authorities...

19 Jul 2019 News Analysis
SAGAR MAITRI

Oceanographic research vessel of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), INS Sagardhwani, embarked on a two-month-long SAGAR MAITRI...

19 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Child Labour in Film and Television Industry

The government is working to ensure “strict compliance” of norms on working conditions for children by film and television industry, as...

19 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Palau Joins ISA

Palau became the 76th country to sign the International Solar Alliance framework agreement. Palau will host the 2020 edition of the ‘Our...

19 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Two Headed Green Turtle

Turtles right head controls the front right flipper, whereas left head controls the front left flipper and both heads are capable of coordinating...

19 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Right to Information

Why in news? The government is going to introduce a Bill to amend the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 which will change pay and allowances of...

19 Jul 2019 Paper 4
India as Non-Permanent Member of UNSC

This article is based on editorial “At the UNSC, a three-point agenda” that appeared in The Hindu on 17 July 2019. It talks about...

18 Jul 2019 News Editorials
Ebola: Global Health Emergency

World Health Organization has announced the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo (a country in Central Africa) as the global health...

18 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Spent Pot Lining

Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) held a hearing regarding scientific disposal of spent pot lining(SPL) from the aluminium...

18 Jul 2019 News Analysis

Warning (2): count(): Parameter must be an array or an object that implements Countable [ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100]

Code Context


<?php if(count($updates)>0){?>
  <div class="updates">

$viewFile = '/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp'
$dataForView = [
	'progress' => [],
	'bookmarks' => [],
	'notes' => [],
	'mynote' => [],
	'topdata' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'searchdata' => [],
	'searchlist' => [
		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Bhabha Kavach',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>India&rsquo;s <strong>lightest</strong> and <strong>cheapest bullet proof jacket</strong> &lsquo;Bhabha Kavach&rsquo; was displayed at the <strong>International Police Expo 2019</strong> held at Pragati Maidan<strong> in New Delhi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The expo was organised by <strong>Nexgen Exhibitions</strong> (Asia&rsquo;s leading and established trade fair, exhibition and conference organizer).</li>
<li>The bullet proof jacket weighs just <strong>6.6 kg</strong> (in comparison to traditional jackets which weigh around 17-kg).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Production and Development</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bhabha Kavach was <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/indigenisation-of-defence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>developed indigenously</strong></a> by Defence organizations like <strong>Ordnance Factory Board</strong> and <strong>Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited</strong> (MIDHANI) with transfer of carbon-nanomaterial technology from <strong>Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</strong> (BARC).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>MIDHANI,</strong> is a (public sector undertaking) specialized metals and metal alloys manufacturing facility in India, located in <strong>Hyderabad, Telangana.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ordnance Factory Board</strong> is an industrial organisation, functioning under the Department of Defence Production , Ministry of Defence (headquartered in Kolkata).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Manufacturing</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bhabha Kavach is built from layers of<strong> high-density, high-tenacity polyethylene,</strong> which are fused together at <strong>high temperatures</strong> to form a thick, hard armour plate, which is then sprayed with BARC&rsquo;s <strong>carbon nanomaterial.</strong></li>
<li>The material used in the jacket are <strong>hard boron carbide ceramics, carbon nano-tubes</strong> and <strong>composite polymer</strong> (polymer made up of two or other types of polymer).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BARC is India&rsquo;s premier <strong>nuclear research</strong> facility based in Mumbai, Maharashtra.</li>
<li>It is a multi-disciplinary research center with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development.</li>
<li>Its core mandate is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy, primarily for power generation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the backdrop of several terrorist attacks ( like Uri , Pulwama), Indian security forces are in the dire need to develop an advanced, efficient and cost-effective security system which can potentially deal with the fast changing threats of the 21<sup>st</sup> century.</li>
<li>Central Armed Police Forces like Central Reserve Police Force, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bold-qit-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Border Security Force,</strong></a> Indo-Tibet Border Police, and Sashastra Seema Bal, which secure our border areas are more exposed to security threats and hence, Bhabha Kavach has been designed to protect Indian defence forces against:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>AK-47 rifle:</strong> 7.62mm hard steel core or bullets fired from an AK-47 rifle.</li>
<li><strong>INSAS bullet:</strong> 5.56mm Indian Small Arms System (INSAS) bullet.</li>
<li><strong>SLR:</strong> 7.65mm bullet of self-loading rifle (SLR).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bhabha-kavach-to-block-7-62-mm-ak-47-bullets-for-paramilitary-forces-119072200026_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: Business Standard</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhabha-kavach'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Producing New Antibiotics Through Robotics',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Researchers have produced a new class of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-drug-resistance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antibiotics</strong></a>, known as <strong>class II Polyketides, </strong>by<strong> using robotics to engineer Escherichia coli (E. coli),</strong> a common gut bacterium.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These antibiotics are also naturally produced by soil bacteria and <strong>have antimicrobial properties</strong> which are vital in the modern pharmaceutical industry to combat infectious diseases and cancer.</li>
<li>The naturally produced Escherichia coli bacteria are difficult to work with as they grow in dense clumps that are incompatible with the automated robotic systems used for modern biotechnology research.</li>
<li>By transferring the production machinery from the soil bacteria into E. coli, the researchers have made this class of antibiotics <strong>accessible for much more rapid exploration.</strong></li>
<li>This breakthrough could be vital for the ongoing <strong>combat against</strong> <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-antimicrobial-resistance-amr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antimicrobial resistance,</strong></a> as recently developed automated robotics systems can now be used to create new antibiotics in a fast and efficient way.</li>
<li>It will now be possible to explore and engineer polyketides using robotic systems to develop new and diversified polyketides in an automated, rapid and versatile fashion.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Antibiotics</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Antibiotics are chemical substances, which are produced by some microbes and can kill or retard the growth of other (disease-causing) microbes.</li>
<li>Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered. This antibiotic was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War II.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/robots-help-produce-new-class-of-antibiotics/articleshow/70323447.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TOI</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/producing-new-antibiotics-through-robotics'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Temple Architecture',
			'catname' => 'Paper 1',
			'desc' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of the architectural remains that survive from Ancient and Medieval India are religious in nature.</li>
<li>In different parts of the country, distinct architectural style of temples was result of geographical, ethnic and historical diversities.</li>
<li>Two broad orders of temples in the country are known as <strong>Nagara in the north and Dravida in the south.</strong></li>
<li>At times, the <strong>Vesara style</strong> of temples is also found as an independent style, created through the selective mixing of the Nagara and Dravida orders.</li>
<li>As temples grew more complex, more surfaces were created for sculpture by adding more and more rhythmically projecting, symmetrical walls and niches, without breaking away from the fundamental plan of the shrine.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Basic Features of the Hindu Temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The basic form of the Hindu temple comprises the following:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sanctum (garbhagriha</strong> literally &lsquo;womb-house&rsquo;)<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a small cubicle with a single entrance which grew into a larger chamber in time.</li>
<li>The garbhagriha is made to house the main icon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Entrance to the temple</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It may be a portico or colonnaded hall that incorporates space for a large number of worshippers and is known as a <strong>mandapa.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Freestanding temples tend to have a <strong>mountain-like spire</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can take the shape of a curving <strong>shikhar</strong> in North India and a pyramidal tower, called a <strong>vimana</strong>, in South India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The vahan</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was mount or vehicle of the temple&rsquo;s main deity along with a standard pillar or dhvaj is placed axially before the sanctum.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many Hindu temples, feature <strong>mithun (embracing couple) sculptures,</strong> considered auspicious.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Usually, they are placed at the entrance of the temple or on an exterior wall or they may also be placed on the walls between the mandapa and the main shrine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961344_image20.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961344_image20.jpg" width="650" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Nagara or North Indian Temple Style</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In North India it is common for an entire temple to be built on a <strong>stone platform with steps leading up to it.</strong></li>
<li>Further, unlike in South India it <strong>does not usually have elaborate boundary walls</strong> or gateways.</li>
<li>While the earliest temples had just one tower, or shikhara, later temples had several.</li>
<li>The garbhagriha is always located directly under the tallest tower.</li>
<li>There are many subdivisions of nagara temples depending on the shape of the shikhara.</li>
<li>There are different names for the various parts of the temple in different parts of India; however, the most common name for the simple shikhara which is square at the base and whose walls curve or slope inward to a point on top is called the <strong>'latina'</strong> or the rekha-prasada type of shikara.</li>
<li>The second major type of architectural form in the nagara order is the <strong>phamsana,</strong> which tends to be broader and shorter than latina ones.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Their roofs are composed of several slabs that gently rise to a single point over the centre of the building, unlike the latina ones which look like sharply rising tall towers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The third main sub-type of the nagara building is generally called the <strong>valabhi type.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are rectangular buildings with a roof that rises into a vaulted chamber.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Central India Temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ancient temples of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan share many traits. The most visible is that they are <strong>made of sandstone.</strong></li>
<li>Some of the oldest surviving <strong>structural temples from the Gupta Period</strong> are in Madhya Pradesh.</li>
<li>The crowning elements- <strong>amalak and kalash,</strong> are to be found on all nagara temples of this period.</li>
<li>These are relatively modest-looking shrines each having four pillars that support a small mandapa which looks like a simple square porch-like extension before an equally small room that served as the garbhagriha.</li>
<li><strong>Udaigiri,</strong> which is on the outskirts of Vidisha is part of a larger Hindu complex of cave shrines, while the other one is at Sanchi, near the stupa.</li>
<li><strong>Deogarh</strong> (in Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh) was built in the early sixth century CE, is a classic example of a late Gupta Period type of temple.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This temple is in the <strong>panchayatana style of architecture</strong> where the main shrine is built on a rectangular plinth with four smaller subsidiary shrines at the four corners (making it a total number of five shrines, hence the name, panchayatana).</li>
<li>The presence of this curving latina or rekha-prasada type of shikhara also makes it clear that this is an early example of a <strong>classic nagara style of temple.</strong></li>
<li>The temple depicts Vishnu in various forms, due to which it was assumed that the four subsidiary shrines must also have housed Vishnu&rsquo;s avatars and the temple was mistaken for a dashavatara temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Predating the tenth century, <strong>Chausath Yogini temple</strong> is a temple of small, square shrines of roughly-hewn granite blocks, each dedicated to goddesses associated with the rise of Tantric worship after the seventh century.Built between 7<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> centuries, several such temples were dedicated to the cult of the yoginis across Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and even as far south as Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>There are many temples at <strong>Khajuraho,</strong> most of them devoted to Hindu gods. There are some Jain temples as well.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Khajuraho&rsquo;s temples are also known for their <strong>extensive erotic sculptures;</strong> the erotic expression is given equal importance in human experience as spiritual pursuit, and it is seen as part of a larger cosmic whole.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Lakshmana temple</strong> of Khajuraho, dedicated to Vishnu, was built in 954 by the Chandela king, Dhanga. It is a nagara temple placed on a high platform accessed by stairs.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961621_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961621_image5.jpg" width="550" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kandariya Mahadeo temple at Khajuraho</strong> is the epitome of temple architecture in Central India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961699_image16.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961699_image16.jpg" width="500" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Westen Indian Temples<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964027_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964027_image6.jpg" style="float: right;" width="487" caption="false" height="451" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The temples in the north-western parts of India including Gujarat and Rajasthan, and in western Madhya Pradesh are large in numbers.</li>
<li>The stone used to build the temples ranges in colour and type.</li>
<li><strong>While sandstone is the commonest,</strong> a grey to <strong>black basalt</strong> can be seen in some of the 10<sup>th</sup> to 12<sup>th</sup> century temple sculptures.</li>
<li>The most exuberant and famed is the manipulatable <strong>soft white marble</strong> which is also seen in some of the 10<sup>th</sup>-12<sup>th</sup> century <strong>Jain temples in Mount Abu</strong> and the 15<sup>th</sup> century temple at <strong>Ranakpur</strong>.</li>
<li>Among the most important art-historical sites in the region is <strong>Samlaji in Gujarat.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Sun temple at Modhera</strong> dates back to the early 11<sup>th</sup> century and was built by Raja Bhimdev I of the Solanki Dynasty in 1026.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a massive rectangular stepped tank called the surya kund in front of it, perhaps the grandest temple tank in India.</li>
<li>Every year, at the time of the equinoxes, the sun shines directly into this central shrine of the temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964082_image14.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964082_image14.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Eastern Indian temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Eastern Indian temples include those found in the <strong>North East, Bengal </strong>and<strong> Odisha.</strong></li>
<li>It appears that <strong>terracotta was the main medium</strong> of construction, and also for moulding plaques which <strong>depicted Buddhist and Hindu deities</strong> in Bengal until the 7<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li><strong>Assam:</strong> An old sixth-century sculpted door frame from <strong>Dah Parvatia near Tezpur</strong> and another few stray sculptures from <strong>Rangagora Tea Estate</strong> near Tinsukia in Assam bear witness to the import of the Gupta idiom in that region.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964154_image18.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964154_image18.jpg" style="float: right;" width="446" caption="false" height="289" /></a></li>
<li>By the 12<sup>th</sup>-14<sup>th</sup> centuries, a distinct regional style developed in Assam.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The style that came with the <strong>migration of the Tais from Upper Burma mixed with the dominant Pala style of Bengal</strong> and led to the creation of what was later known as the <strong>Ahom style</strong> in and around Guwahati.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kamakhya temple,</strong> a Shakti Peeth, is dedicated to Goddess Kamakhya and was built in the 17<sup>th</sup> century in Assam.</li>
<li><strong>Bengal:</strong> The style of the sculptures during the period between the ninth and eleventh centuries in Bengal (including Bangladesh) and Bihar is known as the <strong>Pala style,</strong> named after the ruling dynasty at the time.</li>
<li>While the style of those of the mid-eleventh to mid-thirteenth centuries is named after the <strong>Sena kings.</strong></li>
<li>While the Palas are celebrated as patrons of many Buddhist monastic sites, the temples from that region are known to express the <strong>local Vanga style.</strong></li>
<li>The 9<sup>th</sup> century <strong>Siddheshvara Mahadeva Temple in Barakar</strong> in Burdwan District, for example, shows a tall curving shikhara crowned by a large amalaka and is an example of the early Pala style.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964201_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964201_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The black to grey basalt and chlorite stone pillars and arched niches of Purlia temples heavily influenced the earliest Bengal sultanate buildings at Gaur and Pandua.</li>
<li><strong>In the Mughal period and later,</strong> scores of terracotta brick temples were built across Bengal and Bangladesh in a unique style that <strong>had elements of local building techniques seen in bamboo huts.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966110_image21.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966110_image21.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="575" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Odisha:</strong> The main architectural features of Odisha temples are classified into three orders, i.e., <strong>rekhapida, pidhadeul and khakra.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the main temple sites are located in ancient Kalinga&mdash;modern Puri District, including Bhubaneswar or ancient Tribhuvanesvara, Puri and Konark.</li>
<li>In general, the <strong>shikhara, called deul in Odisha,</strong> is vertical almost until the top when it suddenly curves sharply inwards.</li>
<li>Deuls are preceded, as usual, by <strong>mandapas called jagamohana</strong> in Odisha.</li>
<li>Odisha temples usually have boundary walls.</li>
<li>The ground plan of the main temple is almost always square, which, in the upper reaches of its superstructure becomes circular in the crowning mastaka.</li>
<li>Compartments and niches are generally square, the exterior of the temples are lavishly carved, their interiors generally quite bare.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578027815_image9.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578027815_image9.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At Konark, on the shores of the Bay of Bengal, lie the ruins of the Surya or <strong>Sun temple</strong> built in stone around 1240.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sun temple is set on a high base, its walls covered in extensive, detailed ornamental carving.</li>
<li>These include<strong> twelve pairs of enormous wheels</strong> sculpted with spokes and hubs, representing the chariot wheels of the Sun god who, in mythology, rides a chariot driven by seven horses, sculpted here at the entrance staircase.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966172_image15.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966172_image15.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="383" height="275" /></a></p>
<h3>Hill Temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A unique form of architecture developed in the hills of <strong>Kumaon, Garhwal, Himachal and Kashmir.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966146_image10.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966146_image10.jpg" style="float: right;" width="452" caption="false" height="301" /></a></strong></li>
<li>Kashmir&rsquo;s proximity to prominent Gandhara sites (such as Taxila, Peshawar and the northwest frontier) lent the region a <strong>strong Gandhara influence</strong> by the 5<sup>th</sup> century CE.</li>
<li>This began to mix with the Gupta and post-Gupta traditions that were brought to it from Sarnath, Mathura and even centres in Gujarat and Bengal.</li>
<li>Brahmin pundits and Buddhist monks frequently travelled between Kashmir, Garhwal, Kumaon and religious centres in the plains like Banaras, Nalanda and even as far south as Kanchipuram.</li>
<li>As a result both Buddhist and Hindu traditions began to intermingle and spread in the hills.</li>
<li>The hills also had their <strong>own tradition of wooden buildings with pitched roofs.</strong></li>
<li>At several places in the hills, while the main garbhagriha and shikhara are made in a <strong>rekha-prasada or latina style,</strong> the mandapa is of an older form of wooden architecture.</li>
<li>Sometimes, the temple itself takes on a <strong>pagoda shape.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Karkota period of Kashmir</strong> is the most significant in terms of architecture.</li>
<li>One of the most important temples is<strong> Pandrethan,</strong> built during the 8<sup>th</sup> and 9<sup>th</sup> centuries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In keeping with the tradition of a water tank attached to the shrine, this temple is built on a plinth built in the middle of a tank.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Like the findings at Samlaji, the sculptures at Chamba also show an <strong>amalgamation of local traditions with a post Gupta style.</strong></li>
<li>The images of <strong>Mahishasuramardini and Narasimha</strong> at the Laksna-Devi Mandir are evidences of the influence of the post-Gupta tradition.</li>
<li>Of the temples in Kumaon, the ones at <strong>Jageshwar</strong> near Almora, and <strong>Champavat</strong> near Pithoragarh, are classic examples of nagara architecture in the region.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965993_image11.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965993_image11.jpg" width="650" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Dravida Or South Indian Temple Style</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Unlike the nagara temple, the dravida temple is enclosed within a <strong>compound wall.</strong></li>
<li>The front wall has an entrance gateway in its centre, which is known as a <strong>gopuram.</strong></li>
<li>The shape of the main temple tower known as <strong>vimana</strong> in Tamil Nadu, is like a stepped pyramid that rises up geometrically rather than the curving shikhara of North India.</li>
<li>It is common to find a large water reservoir, or a temple tank, enclosed within the complex.</li>
<li>Subsidiary shrines are either incorporated within the main temple tower, or located as distinct, separate small shrines beside the main temple.</li>
<li><strong>Kanchipuram, Thanjavur or Tanjore, Madurai and Kumbakonam are the most famous temple towns of Tamil Nadu,</strong> where, during the 8<sup>th</sup>-12<sup>th</sup> centuries, the role of the temple was not limited to religious matters alone.</li>
<li>Temples became rich administrative centres, controlling vast areas of land.</li>
<li>Just as there are many subdivisions of the main types of nagara temples, there are subdivisions also of dravida temples.</li>
<li>These are basically of five different shapes:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>square, usually called <strong>kuta</strong>, and also caturasra</li>
<li>rectangular or <strong>shala or ayatasra</strong></li>
<li>elliptical, called <strong>gaja-prishta</strong> or elephant backed, or also called <strong>vrittayata,</strong> deriving from wagon vaulted shapes of apsidal chaityas with a horse-shoe shaped entrance facade usually called a nasi</li>
<li>circular or <strong>vritta</strong></li>
<li>octagonal or <strong>ashtasra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Pallavas</strong> were one of the ancient South Indian dynasties. They spread their empire to various parts of the subcontinent, at times reaching the borders of Odisha, and their links with South&ndash;East Asia were also strong.</li>
<li>Although they were <strong>mostly Shaivite,</strong> several Vaishnava shrines also survived from their reign, and there is no doubt that they were influenced by the long Buddhist history of the Deccan.</li>
<li>Their early buildings, it is generally assumed, were rock cut, while the later ones were structural.</li>
<li>The early buildings are generally attributed to the reign of <strong>Mahendravarman I,</strong> a contemporary of the Chalukyan king, Pulakesin II of Karnataka.</li>
<li><strong>Narasimhavarman I,</strong> also known as Mamalla, inaugurated most of the building works at Mahabalipuram which came to be known after him as <strong>Mamallapuram.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> shore temple at Mahabalipuram</strong> was built later, probably in the reign of <strong>Narasimhavarman II,</strong> also known as Rajasimha who reigned from 700 to 728 CE.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The temple houses three shrines, two to Shiva, one facing east and the other west, and a middle one to Vishnu.</li>
<li>In the compound there is evidence of a water tank, an early example of a gopuram, and several other images.</li>
<li>Sculptures of the bull, Nandi, Shiva&rsquo;s mount, line the temple walls, and these, along with the carvings on the temple&rsquo;s lower walls have suffered severe disfiguration due to erosion by salt-water laden air over the centuries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964595_image8.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964595_image8.jpg" width="700" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The magnificent <strong>Shiva temple of Thanjavur, called the Rajarajeswara or Brahadeeshwarar temple,</strong> was completed around 1009 by <strong>Rajaraja Chola,</strong> and is the largest and tallest of all Indian temples.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964637_image13.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964637_image13.jpg" style="float: right;" width="500" caption="false" /></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is in this temple that one notices for the first time<strong> two large gopurams</strong> (gateway towers) with an elaborate sculptural programme which was conceived along with the temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Deccan Architecture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Many different styles of temple architecture influenced by both North and South Indian temples were used in regions like Karnataka.</li>
<li>By the late 7<sup>th</sup> or early 8th century, the ambitious projects at<strong> Ellora</strong> became even grander.</li>
<li>By about 750 CE, the early western Chalukya control of the Deccan was taken by the Rashtrakutas.</li>
<li>Their greatest achievement in architecture is the <strong>Kailashnath temple at Ellora,</strong> a culmination of at least a millennium-long tradition in rock-cut architecture in India.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964688_image19.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964688_image19.jpg" caption="false" width="350" height="280" style="float: right;" /></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a complete dravida building with a Nandi shrine&mdash;since the temple is dedicated to Shiva&mdash;a gopuram-like gateway, surrounding cloisters, subsidiary shrines, staircases and an imposing tower or vimana rising to thirty metres.</li>
<li>Importantly, all of this is carved out of living rock. One portion of the monolithic hill was carved patiently to build the <strong>Kailashnath temple.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the southern part of the Deccan, i.e., in the region of Karnataka where some of the most experimental hybrid styles of vesara architecture are to be found.</li>
<li><strong>Pulakesin I</strong> established the western Chalukya kingdom when he secured the land around Badami in 543.</li>
<li>Early Chalukyan activity also takes the form of rock-cut caves while later activity is of structural temples.</li>
<li>The earliest is probably the <strong>Ravana Phadi cave at Aihole</strong> which is known for its distinctive sculptural style.<img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578028326_image1.jpg" width="320" caption="false" style="float: right;" />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One of the most important sculptures at the site is of <strong>Nataraja,</strong> surrounded by larger -than-life-size depictions of the saptamatrikas: three to Shiva&rsquo;s left and four to his right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The most elaborate of all Chalukyan temples at Pattadakal made in the reign of Vikramaditya II (733-44) by his chief queen Loka Mahadevi is <strong>Virupaksha temple.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Another important temple from this site is <strong>Papnath temple,</strong> dedicated to Lord Shiva.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lad Khan temple at Aihole in Karnataka,</strong> seems to be inspired by the wooden-roofed temples of the hills, except that it is constructed out of stone.</li>
<li>The <strong>Hoysaleswara temple</strong> (Lord of the Hoysalas) at Halebid in Karnataka was built in dark schist stone by the Hoysala king in 1150.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dedicated to Shiva as Nataraja, the Halebid temple is a double building with a large hall for the mandapa to facilitate music and dance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Founded in 1336, <strong>Vijayanagara, literally &lsquo;city of victory&rsquo;,</strong> attracted a number of international travellers such as the Italian, Niccolo di Conti, the Portuguese Domingo Paes etc.who have left vivid accounts of the city.</li>
<li>In addition, various Sanskrit and Telugu works document the vibrant literary tradition of this kingdom.</li>
<li>Architecturally, Vijayanagara synthesises the centuries-old dravidian temple architecture with Islamic styles demonstrated by the neighbouring sultanates.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965842_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965842_image7.jpg" width="575" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Buddhist Architectural Developments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pre-eminent Buddhist site is <strong>Bodhgaya.</strong> While the bodhi tree is of immense importance, the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodhgaya is an important reminder of the brick work of that time.</li>
<li>
<p>The first shrine here, located at the base of the <strong>Bodhi tree,</strong> is said to have been constructed by King Ashoka.</p>
</li>
<li>Many of the sculptures in the niches in the temple are dated to the 8<sup>th</sup> century Pala Period. The actual Mahabodhi temple itself as it stands now is largely a colonial period reconstruction of the old 7<sup>th</sup> century design.</li>
<li>The design of the temple is unusual. It is, strictly speaking, <strong>neither dravida or nagara.</strong> It is narrow like a nagara temple, but it rises without curving, like a dravida one.</li>
<li>The<strong> monastic university of Nalanda</strong> is a mahavihara as it is a complex of several monasteries of various sizes.</li>
<li>The foundation of a monastery was laid by <strong>Kumargupta I</strong> in the 5th century CE; and this was carried forward by the later monarchs.</li>
<li>The sculptural art of Nalanda, in stucco, stone and bronze, developed out of a heavy dependence on the Buddhist Gupta art of Sarnath.</li>
<li>The <strong>Nalanda sculptures initially depict Buddhist deities of the Mahayana pantheon</strong> such as standing Buddhas, bodhisattvas such as Manjusri Kumara, Avalokiteshvara seated on a lotus and Naga-Nagarjuna.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965700_image17.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965700_image17.jpg" style="float: right;" width="375" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>During the late 11th and 12th centuries, when Nalanda emerged as an important tantric centre, the repertoire came to be dominated by Vajrayana deities such as Vajrasharada (a form of Saraswati) Khasarpana, Avalokiteshvara, etc.</li>
<li>Depictions of crowned Buddhas occur commonly only after the 10th century.</li>
<li>Later other major Buddhist monasteries developed in Odisha. <strong>Lalitagiri, Vajragiri </strong>and <strong>Ratnagiri</strong> are the most famous of them.</li>
<li>The port-town of <strong>Nagapattinam</strong> was also a major Buddhist centre right until the Chola Period.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965753_image12.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965753_image12.jpg" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Jain Architectural Developments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Jains were prolific temple builders like the Hindus, and their sacred shrines and pilgrimage spots are to be found across the length and breadth of India <strong>except in the hills.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965626_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965626_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="230" height="299" /></a></strong></li>
<li>The oldest Jain pilgrimage sites are to be found in Bihar. In the Deccan, some of the most architecturally important Jain sites can be found in <strong>Ellora and Aihole.</strong></li>
<li>In central India, <strong>Deogarh, Khajuraho, Chanderi </strong>and<strong> Gwalior</strong> have some excellent examples of Jain temples.</li>
<li>Karnataka has a rich heritage of Jain shrines and at <strong>Shravanabelagola</strong> the famous statue of Gomateshwara.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The granite statue of Lord Bahubali which stands eighteen metres or fifty-seven feet high, is the world&rsquo;s tallest <strong>monolithic free-standing structure.</strong></li>
<li>It was commissioned by <strong>Camundaraya,</strong> the General-in-Chief and Prime Minister of the Ganga Kings of Mysore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Jain temples at Mount Abu</strong> were constructed by Vimal Shah.</li>
<li>The temple is famous for its unique patterns on every ceiling, and the graceful bracket figures along the domed ceilings.</li>
<li>The great Jain pilgrimage site in the Shatrunjay hills near Palitana in Kathiawar, Gujarat, is imposing with scores of temples clustered together.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965587_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965587_image2.jpg" width="270" caption="false" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Politics of Defection',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on the <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/does-the-anti-defection-law-serve-any-purpose/article28562644.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Does the anti-defection law serves any purpose?&rdquo;</strong></a>. It talks about the desirability of Anti-defection law in Indian democracy.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Supreme Court has held that it is the Speaker&rsquo;s discretion to decide on the resignations of the 15 dissident MLAs belonging to the Congress-Janata Dal (Secular) coalition government of Karnataka. The legislators have resigned saying they do not have confidence in the current government while the critics held that these resignations are rendered so to evade disqualification.</p>
<p>The Supreme Court ruled on the Karnataka incidents saying that the Speaker has the complete discretion to decide upon the resignations of the MLAs The resignation issue has raised some important questions on the working of the anti-defection law.</p>
<h3>What is the Anti Defection law?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Anti-Defection Law was <strong>passed in 1985</strong> through the <strong>52<sup>nd</sup> Amendment to the Constitution,</strong> which added the <strong>Tenth Schedule</strong> to the Indian Constitution. The main intent of the law was to combat &ldquo;the evil of political defections&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/612FireShot%20Capture 007 -  - www.prsindia.org.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/612FireShot Capture 007 -  - www.prsindia.org.webp" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>What is the issue?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under <strong>Article 190(3)</strong> of the Constitution, the Speaker has to satisfy himself that the resignations are voluntary and genuine and can reject them if he feels they are not. <strong>The Speaker has absolute discretion in this matter.</strong></li>
<li>The resignations were tendered with a view to avoid disqualification pertaining under Anti-defection law.</li>
<li>As the supreme court in G. Vishwanathan v. Speaker (Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly) 1996 case, held that once a member is expelled, he is treated as an &lsquo;unattached&rsquo; member in the house. However, he continues to be a member of the old party as per the Tenth Schedule. So if he joins a new party after being expelled, he can be said to have voluntarily given up membership of his old party.</li>
</ul>
<p>However, while deterring defections, the law also leads to the suppression of healthy intra-party debate and dissent.</p>
<h3>Should, the anti-defection law be repealed?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to Edmund Burke&rsquo;s famous speech on representative democracy, the representative should think of what is good for the country and not just for his constituents.</li>
<li>Due to Anti-defection law, the parliamentary system in India is converted to a de-facto presidential system, as the head of the executive (Prime Minister) also controls the majority party in the legislature.</li>
<li>Further, while discussing the draft constitution, Dr Ambedkar held that despite the stability inherent in the presidential system, responsibility provided by the parliamentary system is more important in a country like India.</li>
<li>But anti-defection law has led to the <strong>silencing of dissent in the legislature,</strong> in this light, the anti-defection law has <strong>hallowed the deliberative aspect of representative democracy.</strong></li>
<li>Also, features like Anti-defection are generally not observed in mature democracies:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Like in UK politics, including the defection of Ramsay Macdonald, the first Labour Prime Minister, in 1931, defected from his party following disagreements on policy responses to the economic crisis.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Neither Macdonald nor any of his three cabinet colleagues who defected with him resigned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the US too, Congressmen often vote against the party programme on important issues without actually defecting from the party.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>On the positive side, <strong>Anti-Defection law deters the horse-trading in the parliament</strong> as was observed during the decade of 1970-80s.</p>
<p>This anti-defection law has regulated parliamentary behaviour for over the three decades now. Though it has the advantage of <strong>providing stability to governments</strong> and <strong>ensuring loyalty to party manifestos,</strong> it <strong>reduces the accountability of the government to Parliament</strong> and <strong>curbs dissent against party policies.</strong></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The words &lsquo;voluntarily giving up membership of a political party&rsquo; should be comprehensively defined.</li>
<li>According to 2<sup>nd</sup> ARC, decisions under the Tenth Schedule should be made by the President/ Governor on the binding advice of the Election Commission.</li>
<li>According to law commission, provisions which exempt splits and mergers from disqualification should be deleted.</li>
<li>Disqualification should be limited to cases where :
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>a member voluntarily gives up the membership of his political party,</li>
<li>a member abstains from voting, or votes contrary to the party whip in a motion of vote of confidence or motion of no-confidence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The vote cast by a defector to topple a government should be treated as invalid.</li>
</ul>
<p>It is not feasible to completely repeal the Anti-defection law, it should be amended appropriately, but the long term solution lies in <strong>checking the political culture</strong> and the legislators who act in unscrupulous ways should be voted out in subsequent elections, as the ultimate sovereignty lies with the people of India.<br /><br /></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.8008%;" height="99">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #ff4747;">
<td style="width: 502px; background-color: #f4f5da; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br /><br />The Anti-defection law has provided stability to governments, however, it reduces the accountability of the government to Parliament and curbs dissent against party policies. In this context discuss the viability of repealing Anti-defection law?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/politics-of-defection'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Protection of Human Right (Amendment) Bill, 2019 ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To make the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) more inclusive and efficient, Lok Sabha passes the Protection of <strong>Human Rights (Amendment) Bill, 2019</strong> which amends the Protection of Human Rights Act,1993.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Amendment proposed</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A person <strong>who has been a Judge of the Supreme Court</strong> is also made eligible to be appointed as Chairperson of the Commission in addition to the person who has been the Chief Justice of India.</li>
<li><strong>Increasing the members of the commission who have knowledge of human rights issues,</strong> from two to three, out of which one must be a woman;</li>
<li>Include <strong>Chairperson of the National Commission for Backward Classes</strong>, <strong>Chairperson of the National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities</strong> as deemed Members of the Commission;</li>
<li><strong>Reduces the term of the Chairperson</strong> and Members of the Commission and the State Commissions from <strong>five to three years</strong> and shall be eligible for re-appointment;</li>
<li>A person who has<strong> been a Judge of the High Court is also made eligible</strong> to be appointed as Chairperson of the State Commission in addition to the person who has been the Chief Justice of the High Court; and,</li>
<li><strong>Confer upon State Commissions,</strong> the functions relating to human rights being discharged by the Union territories, other than the Union territory of Delhi, which will be dealt with by the Commission.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Protection of Human Right Act, 1993</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993</strong> came into force with <strong>retrospective effect from September 28, 1993.</strong></li>
<li>It applies to the <strong>whole of India and in case of J&amp;K, it applies to matters pertaining to Union List and the Concurrent List only.</strong></li>
<li>The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 was enacted to provide for the constitution of:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Human Rights Commission (NHRC),</strong></li>
<li><strong>State Human Rights Commission (SHRC)</strong> and</li>
<li><strong>Human Rights Courts for the protection of human rights.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Human Right</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to Section 2 of the act <strong>-&ldquo;Human Rights&rdquo;</strong> means the rights relating to <strong>life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International covenants and enforceable by courts in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protection-of-human-right-amendment-bill-2019'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'One Stop Centre Scheme',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>One stop centre is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>centrally sponsored scheme</strong></a> of <strong>Ministry of Women and Child Development</strong> (MWCD), for addressing the problem of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/violence-against-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>violence against women.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a subscheme of umbrella scheme for National Mission for Empowerment of Women including Indira Gandhi Mattritav Sahyaog Yojana.</li>
<li>One stop centre, will be established across the country to provide <strong>integrated support </strong>and<strong> assistance</strong> under one roof to women affected by violence, both in <strong>private </strong>and <strong>public spaces.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong> The scheme is funded through <strong>Nirbhaya Fund</strong> and the central government provides <strong>100% financial assistance</strong> to the state governments /Union Territories administrations.</li>
<li><strong>Auditing:</strong> Audit will be done as per <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comptroller &amp; Auditor General of India</strong></a> norms and<strong> social audit</strong> will also be undertaken by civil society groups.</li>
<li><strong>Services:</strong> One stop centres will be integrated with women helplines to provide following services:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Emergency response and rescue services.</li>
<li>Medical assistance.</li>
<li>Assistance to women in lodging the FIR.</li>
<li>Psycho- social support and counselling.</li>
<li>Legal aid and counselling.</li>
<li>Shelter</li>
<li>Video conferencing facility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Nirbhaya Fund&rsquo;</strong>&nbsp;was established for women safety pertaining to the strategic areas of prevention, protection and rehabilitation.</li>
<li>The<strong> 12<sup>th</sup> Plan Working Group</strong> on Women&rsquo;s Agency and Empowerment had recommended setting up of one stop crisis centres.</li>
<li><strong>Usha Mehra Commission,</strong> had recommended for the establishment of a &ldquo;one-stop centre&rdquo; to help victims of sexual assault and ensure speedy punishment to culprits.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nirbhaya Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Nirbhaya Fund Framework provides for a non-lapsable corpus fund for safety and security of women.</li>
<li>It is administered by the <strong>Department of Economic Affairs</strong> (DEA) of the Ministry of Finance (MoF) of the Government of India.</li>
<li>It can be utilized for projects and initiatives related to women safety.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gender Based Violence</strong> (GBV) is a global health, human rights and development issue that transcends geography, class, culture, age, race and religion to affect every community and country in every corner of the world.</li>
<li>In India, gender based violence has many manifestations:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Like <strong>domestic</strong> and <strong>sexual violence</strong> including rape.</li>
<li><strong>Harmful practices</strong> such as, dowry, honour killings, acid attacks, witch-hunting, sexual harassment, child sexual abuse, trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation, child marriage, sex selective abortion, sati etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is also grappling with <strong>violence due to inequities</strong> in social life more particularly in times of displacement and communal incidents.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-stop-centre-scheme'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Declining Hangul Population',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-29th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hangul</strong></a> (or Kashmiri Stag) <strong>population monitoring exercise</strong> has revealed an alarming decline in the fawn-hind and stag-hind ratio of the hangul population in <strong>Kashmir.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Exercise was conducted by the <strong>Department of Wildlife Protection,</strong> Jammu &amp; Kashmir (DWLP) in collaboration with the <strong>Wildlife Institute of India</strong> (WII).</li>
<li><strong>Fawn</strong> is a young deer in its <strong>first year</strong> and <strong>Hind</strong> is a female <strong>deer</strong>, over <strong>three years old</strong> and her counterpart, the <strong>mature male</strong>, is called a <strong>stag.</strong></li>
<li>The male-female and fawn-female ratios, is crucial for the management and conservation of deer populations.</li>
<li>Although hangul is limited to the <strong>Dachigam Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> near Srinagar, but a small population has also been witnessed in <strong>Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> in south Kashmir.</li>
<li>The Kashmir stag is the <strong>state animal</strong> of Jammu and Kashmir and is the only surviving species of <strong>red deer</strong> in India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Dachigam Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dachigam (stands for &lsquo;ten villages&rsquo;) National Park is located about 22 Kilometers from Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong> The main animal species that Dachigam is most famous for is the hangul, or the Kashmir stag.</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong> floral wealth of the park is extremely diverse and a significant part of its ecosystem and includes walnut, apricot, apple, pear, and wild cherry, plum, chestnut, willow, oak and birch trees.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/declining-hangul-population'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'IUCN Red List',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The latest update to the International Union for Conservation of Nature <strong>(IUCN) Red List</strong> of Threatened Species shows that more and more species assessed are being threatened with extinction.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The list assessed 1,05,732 species - the <strong>largest such assessment</strong> of species, out of which 28,338 species are threatened with extinction.</li>
<li>The updated list brings out an alarming rate of decline of freshwater and deep sea species. For example, over 50 % of Japan&rsquo;s endemic freshwater fishes are under the threat of extinction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Wedgefishes and giant guitarfishes, collectively known as Rhino Rays because of their elongated snouts, have been listed as the &lsquo;most imperilled marine fish families in the world&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The main drivers of this decline are the loss of free flowing rivers and increasing agricultural and urban pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Close to 50% of the species assessed by IUCN have been put under the &lsquo;Least Concern&rsquo; category. It means the rest 50% are under various degrees of decline.</li>
<li>Of the total assessed, 873 are already extinct while 6,127 are critically endangered.</li>
<li>This Red List update <strong>confirms the findings</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-species-extinction" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IPBES Global Biodiversity Assessment.</strong></a></li>
<li>The list clearly indicates that humans are overexploiting wildlife.</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/living-planet-report-2018-aiming-higher-by-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>global Strategic Plan for Biodiversity</strong></a> <strong>(2011-2020)&rsquo;s Target 12,</strong> the extinction of known threatened species has to be &lsquo;prevented&rsquo; by 2020. The target also includes an improvement in the conservation status of species.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The International Union for Conservation of Nature</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IUCN is a membership union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations.</li>
<li>Created in <strong>1948,</strong> it is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in <strong>Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> IUCN Red List</strong> of Threatened Species, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It uses a set of quantitative criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of species. These criteria are relevant to most species and all regions of the world.</li>
<li>The IUCN Red List Categories define the extinction risk of species assessed.<strong> Nine</strong> <strong>categories</strong> extend from NE <em>(Not Evaluated)</em> to EX <em>(Extinct)</em>. Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) and Vulnerable (VU) species are considered to be threatened with extinction.</li>
<li>It is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity.</li>
<li>It is also a key indicator for the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SDGs</strong></a> and Aichi Targets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/990image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/990image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="631" height="172" caption="false" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'East Asian Model for India',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/inappropriate-template-for-a-legitimate-target/article28563774.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Inappropriate template for a legitimate target&rdquo;</strong></a> which appeared in The Hindu on 19<sup>th</sup> July 2019. It talks about the viability of the East Asian growth model for achieving India&rsquo;s target of becoming a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25.</p>
</div>
<p>According to the economic survey, India needs a &ldquo;virtuous cycle&rdquo; of savings, investments, and exports to transform India into a $5 trillion economy in the next five years. It rightly underlines the need for India to revive private investment to become the world's third-largest economy in the near future. So for reviving India&rsquo;s floundering investment rates, the economic survey highlights the <strong>East Asian model.</strong></p>
<h3>How India can become a USD 5 trillion economy by 2024-25?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To achieve the objective of becoming a USD 5 trillion economy by 2024-25, India needs to sustain a real GDP growth rate of 8%.</li>
<li>International experience, especially from high-growth East Asian economies, suggests that such growth can only be sustained by a <strong>&ldquo;virtuous cycle&rdquo; of savings, investment and exports, supported by a favourable demographic phase.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The survey highlights that <strong>savings and growth</strong> are not only positively correlated but their positive correlation is even stronger than that between growth and investment. Giving examples of China and East Asia, it said these countries had high saving and investment rates that led to high growth.</li>
<li>Investment, especially <strong>private investment,</strong> is the &ldquo;key driver&rdquo; that drives demand, creates capacity, increases labour productivity, introduces new technology, allows creative destruction, and generates jobs.</li>
<li>Similarly,<strong> exports</strong> must form an integral part of the growth model</li>
<li>The above parameters will lead to <strong>job creation which will further fuel higher savings.</strong> The relation is crucial because jobs with meaningful wages become important in driving the savings rate in the economy.</li>
<li>It further said that India has got a <strong>great demographic advantage</strong> and like China, it can propel higher saving and thereby higher growth.</li>
<li>Together, these factors will create a virtuous cycle which will help in achieving the ambitious agenda of becoming a $5 trillion economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is East Asian Growth Model?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The East Asian model or<strong> state-sponsored capitalism,</strong> is an economic system where the government invests in certain sectors of the economy in order to stimulate the growth of new industries in the private sector.</li>
<li>East Asian model includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>State control of finance,</li>
<li>Direct support for state-owned enterprises in strategic sectors of the economy or the creation of privately owned national champions,</li>
<li>High dependence on the export market for growth, promoting high rate of savings and investments, high educational standards, assiduity and export-oriented policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It differs from a<strong> socialistic or centrally planned economy,</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In a socialist economy, the government would mobilize its own resources to create the needed industries which would themselves end up being state-owned and operated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The East Asian model was largely a story driven by the newly industrialised economies (NIEs) of Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan, and Japan earlier.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Specifically, the prime goal in various NIEs was to raise gross savings rates. This was done by positive demographic dividend, macroeconomic stability, low inflation, lack of social safety nets and forced savings.</li>
<li>This, coupled with the fiscal discipline practised by the economies, ensured that the public sector did not crowd out private savings and, in some cases, actually added to national savings.</li>
<li>The state-owned banks were tightly regulated as financial stability was the cornerstone of overall macroeconomic stability.</li>
<li>Another goal was to ensure that the private savings were actually channelised into the formal financial system. for this Financial inclusion was encouraged.</li>
<li>While these economies were generally successful in encouraging savings, the cost of capital was rather high. To tackle this, the East Asian economies undertook financial repression.</li>
<li>What is<strong> financial repression?</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Financial repression is a term that describes measures by which governments channel funds to themselves as a form of debt reduction.</li>
<li>This concept was introduced in 1973 by Stanford economists Edward S. Shaw and Ronald I. McKinnon.</li>
<li>Financial repression can include such measures as directed lending to the government, caps on interest rates, regulation of capital movement between countries and a tighter association between government and banks. For example:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Increasing <strong>SLR(statutory liquidity ratio)</strong> channelizes more funds to the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When the government is loaded with public money, it increases the money supply through public investment.</li>
<li>This, in turn, increases inflation and debt of the government is decreased</li>
<li>It also leads to economic growth but savings of public gets eroded.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>All these accompanied by central banks of these economies maintained tight oversight, and selective capital controls ensured that the low-yielding savings did not leave their countries of origin.</li>
<li>Along with these, the governments undertook sophisticated industrial policies to promote domestic investment, much of which was export-led</li>
<li>In addition, the bureaucracies of these East Asian economies were referred to as &ldquo;embedded autonomy&rdquo;. This allowed the state to be autonomous, yet embedded within the private sector and enabled the two to work together to develop policies or change course if the policies did not work.</li>
<li>All these policies helped NIEs to escape the &lsquo;middle income trap&rsquo; and become developed economies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How India can replicate the East Asian growth model?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Due to political and other compulsions, India&rsquo;s reforms since 1991 have been rather haphazard and of a &lsquo;stop-and-go&rsquo; nature, which has made it much more challenging for the country to take full advantage of its demographic dividend.</li>
<li>So India needs heterodox policies and reforms that are carefully calibrated</li>
<li>Indian government needs to understand that a vertical industrial policy (economic growth&rsquo;) would not work without a sound horizontal industrial policy (dealing with labour and land reforms, bringing about basic literacy and raising women&rsquo;s participation in the labour force).</li>
<li>Though the government in the last five years has done well on ground of financial inclusion, a banking system in crisis doesn't augur well for channelization of savings into investment.</li>
<li>Measures like reducing policy uncertainty; ensuring that the fiscal expenditures do not crowd out private savings and investment; enhancing the efficiency of financial intermediation; and dealing with land acquisition and environment clearances are all essential so that investment rate can be again increased.</li>
<li>Indian bureaucracies need to be imparted embedded autonomy.</li>
</ul>
<p>Since the economies are intricately interwoven systems, it is high time for India to <strong>switch from a traditional economic model</strong> which assumes that the economy is basically in the balance until an outside shock upsets it, towards an economic model which is based on a <strong>virtuous cycle or a vicious cycle.<br /><br /></strong></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #ff0000;">
<td style="width: 534px; background-color: #fcf1d4;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br /><br />India needs to follow the East Asian growth model to achieve the target of becoming a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. Substantiate?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/east-asian-model-for-india'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Cannabis Debate',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently a cannabis advocacy group has filed a petition regarding <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-study-marijuana-derived-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>decriminalizing cannabis</strong></a> in Delhi High Court.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cannabis is a generic term used to denote the several psychoactive preparations of the plant Cannabis sativa.</li>
<li>The Mexican term 'marijuana' is frequently used in referring to cannabis leaves or other crude plant material in many countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/915image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/915image4.jpg" width="479" height="474" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cannabis-debate'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'West Antarctic Ice Sheet',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>A recent study has revealed that the giant West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is destabilising and is on the verge of a complete collapse.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The researchers have concluded that this can be tackled by launching a last-ditch engineering project to blanket its surface with &ldquo;artificial snow&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Artificial Snow</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scientists have proposed using 12,000 wind turbines to pump seawater 4,900 feet up to the surface, where it would be frozen into &ldquo;snow&rdquo; to weigh the WAIS down enough to stop it collapsing any further.</li>
<li>West Antarctic Ice Sheet could be stabilized by depositing a minimum of 7,400 gigatonnes of artificial snow over 10 years around the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers.</li>
<li>The snow would be compacted as ice, pushing down the glacier and stabilising it, as well as making it thicker.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/189image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/189image3.jpg" width="534" height="518" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recent studies have shown <strong>warmer ocean water</strong> is being pushed toward the huge WAIS, <strong>destabilizing it and speeding up the decline of its huge glaciers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is because much of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet lies below sea level, making it a Marine Ice Sheet. Marine Ice Sheets are more vulnerable to collapse because of their exposure to warm waters.</li>
<li>West Antarctica is currently the world&rsquo;s largest marine ice sheet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, many of these glaciers have a reverse bed slope, meaning that as they retreat it exposes deeper and thicker ice to the ocean.</li>
<li>That is a very unstable position, and causes a positive feedback effect which accelerates the retreat (and hence contribution to sea level rise).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of Climate Change</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, it is more important to focus on the seriousness of the issue at the South Pole because of climate change.</li>
<li>The Antarctica as a whole lost more than 3 trillion tons of ice between 1992 and 2017. Most of that came from West Antarctica, where the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shrinking-sea-ice-extent" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rate of ice loss has tripled in the last quarter century.</strong></a></li>
<li>Scientists believe that global warming has already caused so much melting at the south pole that the WAIS is now on course to disintegrate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This would trigger an eventual global <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rising-sea-level" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sea level rise</strong></a> of at least three metres (10 feet) over the centuries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Although, full sea level rise projected to follow the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet might not unfold for hundreds of years, but this will eventually submerge low lying cities like Hamburg, Shanghai, New York and Hong Kong.</li>
<li><strong>Melting ice sheets</strong> in Greenland, the Arctic and <strong>shrinking glaciers</strong> around the world would worsen the problem and could ultimately lead to sea level rise by at least five metres (16 feet) even if countries manage to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>implement the Paris pact.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While geoengineering projects do offer some hope in theory, they could also end up damaging the planet and its ecosystem in unexpected ways.These interventions must not be used as an excuse to delay emissions cuts.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/west-antarctic-ice-sheet'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Rhesus Macaque Declared Vermin',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Union Environment Ministry has declared <strong>Monkeys (Rhesus Macaque)</strong> as &lsquo;vermin&rsquo; in Himachal Pradesh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will allow local authorities to cull this animal in certain identified non-forest areas in Shimla for one year.</li>
<li>The state government reported harm to life and property including large-scale destruction of agriculture due to the overpopulation of this species outside forests.</li>
<li>Rhesus Macaque monkeys are protected species under Schedule II of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, the law allows for it to be hunted by declaring it &lsquo;vermin&rsquo; for a specific period if it poses a danger to human life or property.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rhesus Macaques</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are familiar brown primates with red faces and rears. They have close-cropped hair on their heads, which accentuates their very expressive faces.</li>
<li>Their natural range includes Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Southeast Asia, and China. A few troops of introduced rhesus macaques now live wild in Florida.</li>
<li>It has a least concerned status in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-heritage-glaciers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN</strong></a> red list.</li>
<li>These intelligent animals can adapt to many habitats, and some can even become accustomed to living in human communities. This is most common in India, where Hindus regard the animals as sacred and usually leave them undisturbed.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Vermin Animal</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per <strong>Section 62 of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act,</a> 1972</strong>, States can send a list of wild animals to the Centre requesting it to declare them vermin for selective slaughter.</li>
<li>Wildlife laws divide species into &lsquo;schedules&rsquo; ranked from I to V. Schedule I members are the best protected, in theory, with severe punishments meted out to those who hunt them.</li>
<li>Wild boars, nilgai and rhesus monkeys are Schedule II and III members, it is also protected, but can be hunted under specific conditions.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rhesus-macaque-declared-vermin'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'SAGAR MAITRI',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Oceanographic research vessel of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a>, <strong>INS Sagardhwani,</strong> embarked on a two-month-long <strong>SAGAR MAITRI Mission-2.</strong></li>
<li>SAGAR MAITRI is a unique initiative of DRDO with the broad objective of <strong>&ldquo;Safety And Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)&rdquo;</strong> to promote closer co-operation in socio-economic aspects as well as greater scientific interaction especially in ocean research among <strong>Indian Ocean Rim (IOR)</strong> countries.</li>
<li><strong>&ldquo;MAITRI (Marine &amp; Allied Interdisciplinary Training and Research Initiative)&rdquo;</strong> is the specific scientific component of DRDO.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives of SAGAR MAITRI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The prime objectives of the SAGAR MAITRI Mission are data collection from the entire North Indian Ocean, focussing on the Andaman Sea and adjoining seas and establishing a long-term collaboration with eight IOR countries in the field of ocean research and development.</li>
<li>The programme also aims at establishing long term scientific collaboration with these countries in the field of &lsquo;Ocean Research &amp; Development&rsquo; and data collection with a focus on the Andaman Sea.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>The IOR countries, include Oman, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Myanmar.</p>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sagar-maitri'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Child Labour in Film and Television Industry',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The government is working to ensure &ldquo;strict compliance&rdquo; of norms on working conditions for children by film and television industry, as well as the inclusion of mandatory disclaimers when they appear on the screen.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry has expressed concern over violations of child labour rules in film and television.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Child Labour</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/world-day-against-child-labour-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Child Labour&rsquo;</strong></a> is defined as a work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity and is harmful to their physical and mental development.</li>
<li>It refers to the work that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children, interferes with schooling by depriving them of the opportunity to attend school, obligement to leave school prematurely or requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Rules, 2017</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Rules, 2017, child artistes are supposed to work for a maximum of five hours a day and not more than three hours without rest.</li>
<li>The rules also require permission from the District Magistrate and an undertaking by the producer, as well as the deployment of one person each for ensuring the safety and security of a maximum of five children.</li>
<li>Children should not be away from schooling for more than 27 days and 20% of their income should be deposited in a fixed deposit in their name, as per the rules.</li>
<li>If a child was involved in filming, the film should include a disclaimer saying that all measures were taken to ensure that no abuse, neglect or exploitation of the child took place during shooting.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-labour-in-film-and-television-industry'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Palau Joins ISA',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Palau became the <strong>76<sup>th</sup> </strong>country to sign the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-assembly-of-international-solar-alliance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Solar Alliance</strong></a> framework agreement.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Palau will host the <strong>2020</strong> edition of the <strong>&lsquo;Our Oceans conference&rsquo;,</strong> ( based on the concept of partnership - &ldquo;big brothers working with small brothers to address sustainable development issues&rdquo;) which will focus on issues such as <strong>climate change, sustainable fisheries</strong> and <strong>marine pollution.</strong></li>
<li>The ISA was jointly launched by India and France at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Climate Change Conference</strong></a> in Paris on November 2015.</li>
<li>The <strong>First Assembly</strong> of the ISA was held in New Delhi in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Palau<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/696image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/696image1.jpg" width="315" height="259" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Palau, is a country in the western pacific Ocean that consists of coral and volcanic islands surrounded by single barrier reef.</li>
<li>Palau lies in the southwest corner of Micronesia ( country spread across the western Pacific Ocean comprising more than 600 islands), with New Guinea to the south, and the Philippines to the west.</li>
<li>Its major populated islands are Babelthuap (Babeldaob), Koror, Malakal, Arakabesan, and Peleliu.</li>
<li>There is concern that the low-lying islands could be badly affected by rising sea levels possibly due to climate change.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/924image1.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a></p>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/palau-joins-isa'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Two Headed Green Turtle',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Turtles right head controls the front right flipper, whereas left head controls the front left flipper and both heads are capable of coordinating their movements in order to walk and swim.</p>
<h3>Green Turtle</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Physical appearance:</strong> Green turtles are named after the greenish colour of their <strong>cartilage</strong> and the <strong>fat deposits</strong> around their internal organs.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/891image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/891image2.jpg" width="269" height="179" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are<strong> black-brown</strong> or <strong>greenish yellow</strong> in colour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Distribution:</strong> Green turtles are widely distributed in<strong> tropical</strong> and <strong>subtropical waters.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong> Green turtles are particularly sought for their <strong>meat</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Habitat loss and degradation</li>
<li>Wildlife trade</li>
<li>Collection of eggs and meat for consumption</li>
<li>Incidental capture (bycatch)</li>
<li>Climate change</li>
<li>Pollution</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Marine turtles fulfill important roles in <strong>marine ecosystems.</strong></li>
<li>Green turtles play a significant, symbolic role in traditional <strong>Indonesian</strong> hindu rituals and ceremonies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is listed as <strong>endangered</strong> species in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-heritage-glaciers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for the Conservation of Nature</strong></a> <strong>(IUCN) red list.</strong></li>
<li>Green turtles are also included in the Convention <strong>on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora&nbsp;</strong>(CITES) appendix 1.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/two-headed-green-turtle'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Right to Information',
			'catname' => 'Paper 4',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in news?</h3>
<p>The government is going to introduce a Bill to amend the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 which will change pay and allowances of information commissioners, who currently enjoy benefits equivalent to election commissioners. The move has been criticised by activists who said it will affect independence and neutrality of the transparency panel.</p>
<h3>Historical Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The right to information gained power when <strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</strong> was adopted in 1948 providing everyone the right to seek, receive, information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.</li>
<li>The <strong>International Covenant on Civil and Political rights 1966</strong> states that everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression, the freedom to seek and impart information and ideas of all kinds.</li>
<li>According to <strong>Thomas Jefferson</strong> <em>&ldquo;Information is the currency of democracy,&rdquo;</em> and critical to the emergence and development of a vibrant civil society. However, with a view to set out a practical regime for the citizens to secure information as a matter of right, the Indian Parliament enacted the Right to Information Act, 2005.</li>
<li>Genesis of RTI law started in 1986, through judgement of Supreme Court in <strong>Mr. Kulwal v/s Jaipur Municipal Corporation</strong> case, in which it directed that freedom of speech and expression provided under<strong> Article 19</strong> of the Constitution clearly implies Right to Information, as without information the freedom of speech and expression cannot be fully used by the citizens.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives of the Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To empower the citizens</li>
<li>To promote transparency and accountability</li>
<li>To contain corruption and</li>
<li>To enhance people&rsquo;s participation in democratic process.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Adoption of Information Act</h3>
<p>The factors responsible for adoption of information act are as follows-</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Corruption and scandals</li>
<li>International pressure and activism</li>
<li>Modernization and the information society</li>
</ul>
<h3>Features of the Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Section 1(2) :</strong> It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li><strong>Section- 2 (f):</strong> "Information" means any material in any form, including Records, Documents, Memos, e-mails, Opinions, Advices, Press releases, Circulars, Orders, Logbooks, Contracts, Reports, Papers, Samples, Models, Data material held in any electronic form and information relating to any private body which can be accessed by a Public Authority under any other law for the time being in force.</li>
<li><strong>Section- 2(j) : "Right to Information"</strong> means the right to information accessible under this Act which is held by or under the control of <strong>any public authority</strong> and includes the right to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inspection of work, documents, records;</li>
<li>Taking notes, extracts or certified copies of documents or records;</li>
<li>Taking certified samples of material;</li>
<li>Obtaining information in the form of diskettes, floppies, tapes, video cassettes or in any other electronic mode or through printouts where such information is stored in a computer or in any other device.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is Public Authority?</strong></p>
<p><strong>"Public authority"</strong> means any authority or body or institution of self government established or constituted&mdash;</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>by or under the Constitution;</li>
<li>by any other law made by Parliament/State Legislature.</li>
<li>by notification issued or order made by the appropriate Government, and includes any&mdash;<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>body owned, controlled or substantially financed;</li>
<li>non-Government organisation substantially financed, directly or indirectly by funds provided by the appropriate Government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Section 4</strong> of the RTI Act requires <strong>suo motu disclosure of information</strong> by each public authority. However, such disclosures have remained less than satisfactory.</li>
<li><strong>Section 8 (1)</strong> mentions exemptions against furnishing information under RTI Act.</li>
<li><strong>Section 8 (2)</strong> provides for disclosure of information exempted under Official Secrets Act, 1923 if larger public interest is served.</li>
<li>The Act also provides for appointment of <strong>Information Commissioners</strong> at Central and State level. Public authorities have designated some of its officers as Public Information Officer. They are responsible to give information to a person who seeks information under the RTI Act.</li>
<li>Time period: In normal course, information to an applicant is to be <strong>supplied within 30 days</strong> from the receipt of application by the public authority. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If information sought <strong>concerns the life or liberty of a person,</strong> it shall be supplied <strong>within 48 hours.</strong></li>
<li>In case the application is sent through the Assistant Public Information Officer or it is sent to a wrong public authority, five days shall be added to the period of thirty days or 48 hours, as the case may be.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The RTI Act, 2005 <strong>did not create a new bureaucracy for implementing the law.</strong> Instead, <strong>it tasked and mandated officials in every office to change their attitude</strong> and duty from one of secrecy to one of sharing and openness. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It carefully and deliberately empowered the Information Commission to be the highest authority in the country with the mandate to order any office in the country to provide information as per the provisions of the Act. And it empowered the Commission to fine any official who did not follow the mandate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Right to information has been seen as the key to <strong>strengthening participatory democracy</strong> and ushering in people centred governance.</li>
<li>Access to information<strong> can empower the poor and the weaker sections of society</strong> to demand and get information about public policies and actions, thereby leading to their welfare. It showed an early promise by exposing wrongdoings at high places, such as in the organisation of the Commonwealth Games, and the allocation of 2G spectrum and coal blocks.</li>
<li>Right to information opens up government&rsquo;s records to public scrutiny, thereby arming citizens with a vital tool to inform them about what the government does and how effectively, thus <strong>making the government more accountable.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Improves decision making by public authority</strong> by removing unnecessary secrecy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Different types of information is sought which has no public interest and sometimes can be used to misuse the law and harass the public authorities. For example- <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Asking for desperate and voluminous information.</li>
<li>To attain publicity by filing RTI</li>
<li>RTI filed as vindictive tool to harass or pressurize the public authority</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Because of the illiteracy and unawareness among the majority of population in the country, the RTI cannot be exercised.</li>
<li>Though RTI&rsquo;s aim is not to create a grievance redressal mechanism, the notices from Information Commissions often spur the public authorities to redress grievances.</li>
</ul>
<h3>RTI vs Legislations for Non Disclosure of Information</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Some provisions of <strong>Indian Evidence Act</strong> (Sections 123, 124, and 162) provide to hold the disclosure of documents. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under these provisions, head of department may refuse to provide information on affairs of state and only swearing that it is a state secret will entitle not to disclose the information.</li>
<li>In a similar manner no public officer shall be compelled to disclose communications made to him in official confidence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Atomic Energy Act, 1912</strong> provides that it shall be an offence to disclose information restricted by the Central Government.</li>
<li>The <strong>Central Civil Services Act</strong> provides a government servant not to communicate or part with any official documents except in accordance with a general or special order of government.</li>
<li>The <strong>Official Secrets Act, 1923</strong> provides that any government official can mark a document as confidential so as to prevent its publication.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>RTI vs Right to Privacy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Conceptually, RTI and the right to privacy are both complementary as well as in conflict to each other.</li>
<li>While RTI increases access to information, the right to privacy protects it instead.</li>
<li>At the same time they both function, as citizen rights safeguarding liberty, against state&rsquo;s overreach.</li>
</ul>
<p>When the question of harmonising the contradicting rights arises, it should</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>give justice to the larger public interest</li>
<li>advance the public morality</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>RTI vs OSA</strong></p>
<p>The OSA was enacted in 1923 by the British to keep certain kinds of information confidential, including, but not always limited to, information involving the affairs of state, diplomacy, national security, espionage, and other state secrets.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Whenever there is a conflict between the two laws, the provisions of the <strong>RTI Act override those of the OSA.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Section 22 of the RTI Act</strong> states that its provisions will have effect notwithstanding anything that is inconsistent with them in the OSA.</li>
<li>Similarly, <strong>under Section 8(2) of the RTI Act, a public authority may allow access to information covered under the OSA,</strong> &ldquo;if the public interest in disclosure outweighs the harm to the protected interest&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>RTI and Political Parties</h3>
<p>Why activists want political parties to be brought under RTI?</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To contain corruption</li>
<li>Huge donations from corporates which lead to favouritism or crony capitalism</li>
<li>Illegal foreign contribution</li>
<li>The leader of the opposition is statutorily mandated to be part of the select committees to choose Chairperson for CIC, Lokpal, CBI Director and CVC</li>
<li>Various members of the opposition are also part of various parliamentary committees</li>
<li>They enjoy multiple benefits like concessional office spaces, free airtime on DD &amp; AIR from govt</li>
</ul>
<p>Stand of Political Parties</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PP&rsquo;s are not public authorities, hence cannot be brought under RTI Act.</li>
<li>Disclosed information can be misused.</li>
<li>Can disclose financial information under the IT Act.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recent Amendments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The RTI amendment Bill 2013 removes political parties from the ambit of the definition of public authorities and hence from the purview of the RTI Act.</li>
<li>The draft provision 2017 which provides for closure of case in case of death of applicant can lead to more attacks on the lives of whistleblowers.</li>
<li>The proposed RTI Amendment Act 2018 is aimed at giving the Centre the power to fix the tenures and salaries of state and central information commissioners, which are statutorily protected under the RTI Act. The move will dilute the autonomy and independence of CIC.</li>
<li>The Act proposes to replace the fixed 5 year tenure to as much prescribed by government.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Information commissioners do not have adequate authorities to enforce the RTI Act.</li>
<li>In case of award of compensation to activist by public authority as ordered by commision, compliance cannot be secured.</li>
<li>Poor record-keeping practices</li>
<li>Lack of adequate infrastructure and staff for running information commissions</li>
<li>Dilution of supplementary laws like the whistleblowers protection Act.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Right to Information Act was made to achieve social justice, transparency and to make accountable government but this act has not achieved its full objectives due to some impediments created due to systematic failures.</li>
<li>As observed by Delhi High Court that misuse of the RTI Act has to be appropriately dealt with; otherwise the public would lose faith and confidence in this "sunshine Act".</li>
<li>It is well recognized that right to information is necessary, but not sufficient, to improve governance. A lot more needs to be done to usher in accountability in governance, including protection of whistleblowers, decentralization of power and fusion of authority with accountability at all levels.</li>
<li>This law provides us a priceless opportunity to redesign the processes of governance, particularly at the grass roots level where the citizens&rsquo; interface is maximum.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'India as Non-Permanent Member of UNSC',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/at-the-unsc-a-three-point-agenda/article28524130.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;At the UNSC, a three-point agenda&rdquo;</a> that appeared in The Hindu on 17 July 2019. It talks about India&rsquo;s role as non permanent member of UNSC for establishing global order.</p>
</div>
<p>India has won the unanimous support of all countries in the 55-member Asia-Pacific Group for its bid for a non-permanent seat at the UN Security Council (UNSC) for a two-year term in 2021-22. India's inclusion as a non-permanent seat on the UNSC for eighth time should help build a stable and secure world order that recently has been in a turmoil.</p>
<h3>What is the status of the current world order?</h3>
<p>Henry Kissinger in his latest work, <em>World Order,</em> held that the world is in a greater state of disorder than at any time since the end of World War II.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the middle of chaos in both West and East Asia, India finds itself sandwiched in this troubled region.</li>
<li>Both the regions are suffering from insurgencies, terrorism, human and narcotics trafficking, and great power rivalries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>West Asia:</strong> US vs Iran, Israel vs Palestine, Syrian civil war, Resurgence of Taliban in Afghanistan and US withdrawal of forces, surviving and dispersed ISIS poses a bigger threat.</li>
<li><strong>East Asia:</strong> US-China Trade war, the nuclear and missile tests by North Korea.</li>
<li><strong>In South Asia</strong> itself, there lies strategic mistrust or misperception, unresolved borders and territorial disputes: India and China, India-Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The values on which Liberal world order was based, free trade and globalisation, are being crushed by the western world: <strong>Anti-globalisation wave</strong> (America first policy, Brexit). <strong>Due to this fear, populism, polarization, and ultra-nationalism have become the basis of international world order today.</strong></li>
<li>In this context, India's inclusion into UNSC as non- permanent member will promote its prosperity, regional and global security and growth, and rule-based world order. It could emerge as a partner of choice for developing and developed countries alike.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India and UNSC</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has already held a non-permanent seat at the UNSC for seven terms: 1950-1951, 1967-1968, 1972-1973, 1977-1978, 1984-1985, 1991-1992 and 2011-2012.</li>
<li>India needs vote of two-thirds of the 193 UN General Assembly members to win a non-permanent seat on the UNSC.</li>
<li>It is to re-enter the Council after a gap of 10 years.</li>
<li>India is one of the founding members of UNSC.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India as the Non Permanent Member of UNSC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Financial Contribution:</strong> India will have to increase its financial contribution in United Nation Security Council, as its share of United Nation&rsquo;s expenses are lower than many of the P-5 (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) countries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even Germany and Japan&rsquo;s contribution is many times more than India.</li>
<li>Although India has been a leading provider of peacekeepers, its financial contribution to United Nation peacekeeping operations is abysmally low.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Leadership:</strong> In the absence of international leadership on global issues, like security, migrant movement, poverty, and climate change, India has an opportunity to promote well-balanced, common solutions.</li>
<li><strong>Global Order:</strong> Fragile and complex international system in terms of nativism, protectionism, insurgencies and mass migration can become even more <strong>unpredictable and conflictual</strong> in future so India should work towards a rule based global order that can promote the <strong>sustainable development</strong> and ensure the welfare of people instead of inclining towards the council&rsquo;s principles of humanitarian interventionism or &lsquo;responsibility to protect&rsquo; that promotes aggression and conflict like situation.</li>
<li><strong>Consensus Builder:</strong> India should act as a consensus builder and must lead the decisions and policies at council by having good relations with all the great powers, and by pursuing the principles of inclusion, the rule of law, constitutionalism, and rational internationalism at UNSC.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As harmonised and collective response at UNSC could help in dealing with global problems of <strong>climate change, disarmament, terrorism, trade, and development</strong>.</li>
<li>For instance India should take the lead in activating the <strong>UNSC&rsquo;s Military Staff Committee</strong>&nbsp;(which was never set into motion following the UN&rsquo;s inception) without which UNSC&rsquo;s <strong>collective security</strong> and <strong>conflict-resolution roles</strong> will continue to remain limited.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Finally, India cannot achieve the positive development at global stage with confidence in the absence of stable relations with its neighbours. Besides India&rsquo;s empowered position at international organizations like the UNSC, it must also play its crucial and democratic role in South Asia and its neighborhood. In order to become a great power, India must have a strong motive to embrace polycentrism.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #cdf3fa; border-color: #06788c; border-style: dashed; width: 0%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 961px;"><em><strong>Drishti input:</strong></em><br /><br />At Asia-Pacific Group India has won its bid for a non-permanent seat at the UN Security Council (UNSC) for a two-year term in 2021-22. Discuss India&rsquo;s role as UNSC non-permanent member for achieving the global order and stability.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-as-non-permanent-member-of-unsc'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Ebola: Global Health Emergency',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization</strong></a> has announced the Ebola outbreak in the <strong>Democratic Republic of Congo</strong> (a country in Central Africa) as the global health emergency.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WHO defines a global emergency as an <strong>&ldquo;extraordinary event&rdquo;</strong> which constitutes a <strong>risk</strong> to other countries and requires a <strong>coordinated international response.</strong></li>
<li>A declaration of a global health emergency brings greater <strong>international attention</strong> and <strong>aid</strong> (both financial and technical) but should not be used to <strong>stigmatise</strong> or <strong>penalise</strong> the people by imposing <strong>travel</strong> or <strong>trade restrictions</strong> as those restrictions actually restrict the <strong>flow of goods</strong> and <strong>health care workers</strong> into affected countries and turn counter-productive.</li>
<li>It can be noted that recently, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has released a list of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Ten threats to global health in 2019&rdquo;</strong></a> which also included Ebola.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ebola Outbreak</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 2014&ndash;2016 outbreak in <strong>West Africa</strong> was the largest Ebola outbreak since the virus was first discovered in 1976.</li>
<li>The outbreak started in Guinea and then moved across land borders to <strong>Sierra Leone </strong>and<strong> Liberia.</strong></li>
<li>The current 2018-2019 outbreak in the <strong>Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo</strong> is highly complex.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Ebola Virus Disease</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ebola virus disease,</strong> formerly known as <strong>Ebola haemorrhagic fever,</strong> is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human to human transmission.</li>
<li><strong>Transmission: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nipah-virus-and-fruit-bat" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family</a></strong> are natural Ebola virus hosts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Animal to human transmission:</strong> Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the <strong>blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids </strong>of<strong> infected animals</strong> such as fruit bats, chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys, forest antelope or porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest.</li>
<li><strong>Human-to-human transmission:</strong> Ebola spreads via <strong>direct contact</strong> (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Blood or body fluids</strong> of a person who is sick with or has died from Ebola.</li>
<li><strong>Objects</strong> that have been contaminated with <strong>body fluids</strong> (like blood, feces, vomit) from a person sick with Ebola or the body of a person who died from Ebola</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> symptoms of Ebola can be sudden and include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fever</li>
<li>Fatigue</li>
<li>Muscle pain</li>
<li>Headache</li>
<li>Sore throat</li>
<li>Vomiting</li>
<li>Diarrhoea</li>
<li>Symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function</li>
<li>In some cases, both internal and external bleeding</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Diagnosis:</strong> It can be difficult to clinically distinguish Ebola from other infectious diseases such as <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-malaria-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>malaria</strong></a>, <strong>typhoid fever,</strong> and <strong>meningitis</strong> but confirmation that symptoms are caused by Ebola virus infection are made using the following diagnostic methods:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>ELISA</strong> (antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)</li>
<li><strong>Antigen-capture</strong> detection tests</li>
<li><strong>Serum</strong> neutralization test</li>
<li><strong>Reverse transcriptase polymerase</strong> chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay</li>
<li>Electron <strong>microscopy</strong></li>
<li><strong>Virus isolation</strong> by cell culture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ebola-global-health-emergency'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Spent Pot Lining',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong> </a>held a hearing regarding scientific disposal of <strong>spent pot lining(SPL)</strong> from the aluminium industries.</li>
<li>It has also been classified as a <strong>hazardous waste</strong> under the <strong>Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016.</strong></li>
<li>Most SPL is currently stored at the aluminium smelter sites or placed in landfills. Dissolved fluorides and cyanides from SPL <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/leachate-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>landfill leachate</strong> </a>may have environmental impacts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Spent Pot Lining</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Spent Pot Lining</strong> is produced by the smelting plants and contains a high level of <strong>cyanide and fluoride</strong> and is <strong>carcinogenic</strong> in nature and must be scientifically utilised or detoxified. Spent Potlining is also known as spent pot liner and spent cell liner.</li>
<li>The process of extracting aluminium metal from aluminium oxide takes place in electrolytic cells that are known as pots. The pots are made up of steel shells with two linings, an outer insulating or refractory lining and an inner carbon lining that acts as the cathode of the electrolytic cell.</li>
<li>During the operation of the cell, substances, including aluminium and fluorides, are absorbed into the cell lining. After some years of operation, the pot lining fails and is removed. The removed material is spent pot lining.</li>
<li>Hazardous properties of SPL are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Toxic fluoride and cyanide compounds that are leachable in water and are carcinogenic.</li>
<li>Corrosive - exhibiting high pH due to alkali metals and oxides.</li>
<li>Reactive with water - producing inflammable, toxic and explosive gases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The toxic, corrosive and reactive nature of SPL means that particular care must be taken in its handling, transportation and storage.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>pH Scale</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pH is a scale used to specify how acidic or basic a water-based solution is.</li>
<li>Acidic solutions have a lower pH, while basic solutions have a higher pH.</li>
<li>The neutral value of the pH depends on the temperature.</li>
<li>The usual range of pH values runs from 0 to 14, At room temperature (25 &deg;C), pure water is neither acidic nor basic and has a pH of 7.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/spent-pot-lining'
		]
	],
	'updates' => object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

		'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
		'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
		'params' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'defaultTypes' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'decorators' => (int) 0,
		'executed' => false,
		'hydrate' => true,
		'buffered' => true,
		'formatters' => (int) 0,
		'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
		'contain' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'matching' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'extraOptions' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}
	
	},
	'page' => (int) 176,
	'search' => 'class',
	'totalPages' => (float) 277,
	'title' => 'Search'
]
$progress = []
$bookmarks = []
$notes = []
$mynote = []
$topdata = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/estore/test-series-en/upsc-mains-english/sociology-optional-mains-online-en',
		'title' => 'Sociology Mains Test Series 2020 - Join Now',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/estore/test-series-en/upsc-prelims-english/prelims-test-series-2021-online',
		'title' => 'Prelims Test Series 2021 (Online) - Join Now',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://bit.ly/drishtibooks',
		'title' => 'Get Drishti Publications books & magazines on Amazon - click here!',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://bit.ly/joindrishti',
		'title' => 'Click here for Online Inquiry form to join Drishti IAS programmes',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	}
]
$searchdata = []
$searchlist = [
	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Bhabha Kavach',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>India&rsquo;s <strong>lightest</strong> and <strong>cheapest bullet proof jacket</strong> &lsquo;Bhabha Kavach&rsquo; was displayed at the <strong>International Police Expo 2019</strong> held at Pragati Maidan<strong> in New Delhi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The expo was organised by <strong>Nexgen Exhibitions</strong> (Asia&rsquo;s leading and established trade fair, exhibition and conference organizer).</li>
<li>The bullet proof jacket weighs just <strong>6.6 kg</strong> (in comparison to traditional jackets which weigh around 17-kg).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Production and Development</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bhabha Kavach was <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/indigenisation-of-defence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>developed indigenously</strong></a> by Defence organizations like <strong>Ordnance Factory Board</strong> and <strong>Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited</strong> (MIDHANI) with transfer of carbon-nanomaterial technology from <strong>Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</strong> (BARC).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>MIDHANI,</strong> is a (public sector undertaking) specialized metals and metal alloys manufacturing facility in India, located in <strong>Hyderabad, Telangana.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ordnance Factory Board</strong> is an industrial organisation, functioning under the Department of Defence Production , Ministry of Defence (headquartered in Kolkata).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Manufacturing</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bhabha Kavach is built from layers of<strong> high-density, high-tenacity polyethylene,</strong> which are fused together at <strong>high temperatures</strong> to form a thick, hard armour plate, which is then sprayed with BARC&rsquo;s <strong>carbon nanomaterial.</strong></li>
<li>The material used in the jacket are <strong>hard boron carbide ceramics, carbon nano-tubes</strong> and <strong>composite polymer</strong> (polymer made up of two or other types of polymer).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BARC is India&rsquo;s premier <strong>nuclear research</strong> facility based in Mumbai, Maharashtra.</li>
<li>It is a multi-disciplinary research center with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development.</li>
<li>Its core mandate is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy, primarily for power generation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the backdrop of several terrorist attacks ( like Uri , Pulwama), Indian security forces are in the dire need to develop an advanced, efficient and cost-effective security system which can potentially deal with the fast changing threats of the 21<sup>st</sup> century.</li>
<li>Central Armed Police Forces like Central Reserve Police Force, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bold-qit-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Border Security Force,</strong></a> Indo-Tibet Border Police, and Sashastra Seema Bal, which secure our border areas are more exposed to security threats and hence, Bhabha Kavach has been designed to protect Indian defence forces against:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>AK-47 rifle:</strong> 7.62mm hard steel core or bullets fired from an AK-47 rifle.</li>
<li><strong>INSAS bullet:</strong> 5.56mm Indian Small Arms System (INSAS) bullet.</li>
<li><strong>SLR:</strong> 7.65mm bullet of self-loading rifle (SLR).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bhabha-kavach-to-block-7-62-mm-ak-47-bullets-for-paramilitary-forces-119072200026_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: Business Standard</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhabha-kavach'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Producing New Antibiotics Through Robotics',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Researchers have produced a new class of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-drug-resistance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antibiotics</strong></a>, known as <strong>class II Polyketides, </strong>by<strong> using robotics to engineer Escherichia coli (E. coli),</strong> a common gut bacterium.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These antibiotics are also naturally produced by soil bacteria and <strong>have antimicrobial properties</strong> which are vital in the modern pharmaceutical industry to combat infectious diseases and cancer.</li>
<li>The naturally produced Escherichia coli bacteria are difficult to work with as they grow in dense clumps that are incompatible with the automated robotic systems used for modern biotechnology research.</li>
<li>By transferring the production machinery from the soil bacteria into E. coli, the researchers have made this class of antibiotics <strong>accessible for much more rapid exploration.</strong></li>
<li>This breakthrough could be vital for the ongoing <strong>combat against</strong> <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-antimicrobial-resistance-amr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antimicrobial resistance,</strong></a> as recently developed automated robotics systems can now be used to create new antibiotics in a fast and efficient way.</li>
<li>It will now be possible to explore and engineer polyketides using robotic systems to develop new and diversified polyketides in an automated, rapid and versatile fashion.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Antibiotics</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Antibiotics are chemical substances, which are produced by some microbes and can kill or retard the growth of other (disease-causing) microbes.</li>
<li>Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered. This antibiotic was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War II.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/robots-help-produce-new-class-of-antibiotics/articleshow/70323447.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TOI</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/producing-new-antibiotics-through-robotics'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Temple Architecture',
		'catname' => 'Paper 1',
		'desc' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of the architectural remains that survive from Ancient and Medieval India are religious in nature.</li>
<li>In different parts of the country, distinct architectural style of temples was result of geographical, ethnic and historical diversities.</li>
<li>Two broad orders of temples in the country are known as <strong>Nagara in the north and Dravida in the south.</strong></li>
<li>At times, the <strong>Vesara style</strong> of temples is also found as an independent style, created through the selective mixing of the Nagara and Dravida orders.</li>
<li>As temples grew more complex, more surfaces were created for sculpture by adding more and more rhythmically projecting, symmetrical walls and niches, without breaking away from the fundamental plan of the shrine.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Basic Features of the Hindu Temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The basic form of the Hindu temple comprises the following:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sanctum (garbhagriha</strong> literally &lsquo;womb-house&rsquo;)<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a small cubicle with a single entrance which grew into a larger chamber in time.</li>
<li>The garbhagriha is made to house the main icon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Entrance to the temple</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It may be a portico or colonnaded hall that incorporates space for a large number of worshippers and is known as a <strong>mandapa.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Freestanding temples tend to have a <strong>mountain-like spire</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can take the shape of a curving <strong>shikhar</strong> in North India and a pyramidal tower, called a <strong>vimana</strong>, in South India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The vahan</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was mount or vehicle of the temple&rsquo;s main deity along with a standard pillar or dhvaj is placed axially before the sanctum.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many Hindu temples, feature <strong>mithun (embracing couple) sculptures,</strong> considered auspicious.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Usually, they are placed at the entrance of the temple or on an exterior wall or they may also be placed on the walls between the mandapa and the main shrine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961344_image20.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961344_image20.jpg" width="650" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Nagara or North Indian Temple Style</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In North India it is common for an entire temple to be built on a <strong>stone platform with steps leading up to it.</strong></li>
<li>Further, unlike in South India it <strong>does not usually have elaborate boundary walls</strong> or gateways.</li>
<li>While the earliest temples had just one tower, or shikhara, later temples had several.</li>
<li>The garbhagriha is always located directly under the tallest tower.</li>
<li>There are many subdivisions of nagara temples depending on the shape of the shikhara.</li>
<li>There are different names for the various parts of the temple in different parts of India; however, the most common name for the simple shikhara which is square at the base and whose walls curve or slope inward to a point on top is called the <strong>'latina'</strong> or the rekha-prasada type of shikara.</li>
<li>The second major type of architectural form in the nagara order is the <strong>phamsana,</strong> which tends to be broader and shorter than latina ones.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Their roofs are composed of several slabs that gently rise to a single point over the centre of the building, unlike the latina ones which look like sharply rising tall towers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The third main sub-type of the nagara building is generally called the <strong>valabhi type.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are rectangular buildings with a roof that rises into a vaulted chamber.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Central India Temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ancient temples of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan share many traits. The most visible is that they are <strong>made of sandstone.</strong></li>
<li>Some of the oldest surviving <strong>structural temples from the Gupta Period</strong> are in Madhya Pradesh.</li>
<li>The crowning elements- <strong>amalak and kalash,</strong> are to be found on all nagara temples of this period.</li>
<li>These are relatively modest-looking shrines each having four pillars that support a small mandapa which looks like a simple square porch-like extension before an equally small room that served as the garbhagriha.</li>
<li><strong>Udaigiri,</strong> which is on the outskirts of Vidisha is part of a larger Hindu complex of cave shrines, while the other one is at Sanchi, near the stupa.</li>
<li><strong>Deogarh</strong> (in Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh) was built in the early sixth century CE, is a classic example of a late Gupta Period type of temple.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This temple is in the <strong>panchayatana style of architecture</strong> where the main shrine is built on a rectangular plinth with four smaller subsidiary shrines at the four corners (making it a total number of five shrines, hence the name, panchayatana).</li>
<li>The presence of this curving latina or rekha-prasada type of shikhara also makes it clear that this is an early example of a <strong>classic nagara style of temple.</strong></li>
<li>The temple depicts Vishnu in various forms, due to which it was assumed that the four subsidiary shrines must also have housed Vishnu&rsquo;s avatars and the temple was mistaken for a dashavatara temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Predating the tenth century, <strong>Chausath Yogini temple</strong> is a temple of small, square shrines of roughly-hewn granite blocks, each dedicated to goddesses associated with the rise of Tantric worship after the seventh century.Built between 7<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> centuries, several such temples were dedicated to the cult of the yoginis across Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and even as far south as Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>There are many temples at <strong>Khajuraho,</strong> most of them devoted to Hindu gods. There are some Jain temples as well.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Khajuraho&rsquo;s temples are also known for their <strong>extensive erotic sculptures;</strong> the erotic expression is given equal importance in human experience as spiritual pursuit, and it is seen as part of a larger cosmic whole.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Lakshmana temple</strong> of Khajuraho, dedicated to Vishnu, was built in 954 by the Chandela king, Dhanga. It is a nagara temple placed on a high platform accessed by stairs.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961621_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961621_image5.jpg" width="550" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kandariya Mahadeo temple at Khajuraho</strong> is the epitome of temple architecture in Central India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961699_image16.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961699_image16.jpg" width="500" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Westen Indian Temples<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964027_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964027_image6.jpg" style="float: right;" width="487" caption="false" height="451" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The temples in the north-western parts of India including Gujarat and Rajasthan, and in western Madhya Pradesh are large in numbers.</li>
<li>The stone used to build the temples ranges in colour and type.</li>
<li><strong>While sandstone is the commonest,</strong> a grey to <strong>black basalt</strong> can be seen in some of the 10<sup>th</sup> to 12<sup>th</sup> century temple sculptures.</li>
<li>The most exuberant and famed is the manipulatable <strong>soft white marble</strong> which is also seen in some of the 10<sup>th</sup>-12<sup>th</sup> century <strong>Jain temples in Mount Abu</strong> and the 15<sup>th</sup> century temple at <strong>Ranakpur</strong>.</li>
<li>Among the most important art-historical sites in the region is <strong>Samlaji in Gujarat.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Sun temple at Modhera</strong> dates back to the early 11<sup>th</sup> century and was built by Raja Bhimdev I of the Solanki Dynasty in 1026.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a massive rectangular stepped tank called the surya kund in front of it, perhaps the grandest temple tank in India.</li>
<li>Every year, at the time of the equinoxes, the sun shines directly into this central shrine of the temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964082_image14.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964082_image14.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Eastern Indian temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Eastern Indian temples include those found in the <strong>North East, Bengal </strong>and<strong> Odisha.</strong></li>
<li>It appears that <strong>terracotta was the main medium</strong> of construction, and also for moulding plaques which <strong>depicted Buddhist and Hindu deities</strong> in Bengal until the 7<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li><strong>Assam:</strong> An old sixth-century sculpted door frame from <strong>Dah Parvatia near Tezpur</strong> and another few stray sculptures from <strong>Rangagora Tea Estate</strong> near Tinsukia in Assam bear witness to the import of the Gupta idiom in that region.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964154_image18.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964154_image18.jpg" style="float: right;" width="446" caption="false" height="289" /></a></li>
<li>By the 12<sup>th</sup>-14<sup>th</sup> centuries, a distinct regional style developed in Assam.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The style that came with the <strong>migration of the Tais from Upper Burma mixed with the dominant Pala style of Bengal</strong> and led to the creation of what was later known as the <strong>Ahom style</strong> in and around Guwahati.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kamakhya temple,</strong> a Shakti Peeth, is dedicated to Goddess Kamakhya and was built in the 17<sup>th</sup> century in Assam.</li>
<li><strong>Bengal:</strong> The style of the sculptures during the period between the ninth and eleventh centuries in Bengal (including Bangladesh) and Bihar is known as the <strong>Pala style,</strong> named after the ruling dynasty at the time.</li>
<li>While the style of those of the mid-eleventh to mid-thirteenth centuries is named after the <strong>Sena kings.</strong></li>
<li>While the Palas are celebrated as patrons of many Buddhist monastic sites, the temples from that region are known to express the <strong>local Vanga style.</strong></li>
<li>The 9<sup>th</sup> century <strong>Siddheshvara Mahadeva Temple in Barakar</strong> in Burdwan District, for example, shows a tall curving shikhara crowned by a large amalaka and is an example of the early Pala style.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964201_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964201_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The black to grey basalt and chlorite stone pillars and arched niches of Purlia temples heavily influenced the earliest Bengal sultanate buildings at Gaur and Pandua.</li>
<li><strong>In the Mughal period and later,</strong> scores of terracotta brick temples were built across Bengal and Bangladesh in a unique style that <strong>had elements of local building techniques seen in bamboo huts.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966110_image21.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966110_image21.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="575" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Odisha:</strong> The main architectural features of Odisha temples are classified into three orders, i.e., <strong>rekhapida, pidhadeul and khakra.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the main temple sites are located in ancient Kalinga&mdash;modern Puri District, including Bhubaneswar or ancient Tribhuvanesvara, Puri and Konark.</li>
<li>In general, the <strong>shikhara, called deul in Odisha,</strong> is vertical almost until the top when it suddenly curves sharply inwards.</li>
<li>Deuls are preceded, as usual, by <strong>mandapas called jagamohana</strong> in Odisha.</li>
<li>Odisha temples usually have boundary walls.</li>
<li>The ground plan of the main temple is almost always square, which, in the upper reaches of its superstructure becomes circular in the crowning mastaka.</li>
<li>Compartments and niches are generally square, the exterior of the temples are lavishly carved, their interiors generally quite bare.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578027815_image9.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578027815_image9.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At Konark, on the shores of the Bay of Bengal, lie the ruins of the Surya or <strong>Sun temple</strong> built in stone around 1240.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sun temple is set on a high base, its walls covered in extensive, detailed ornamental carving.</li>
<li>These include<strong> twelve pairs of enormous wheels</strong> sculpted with spokes and hubs, representing the chariot wheels of the Sun god who, in mythology, rides a chariot driven by seven horses, sculpted here at the entrance staircase.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966172_image15.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966172_image15.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="383" height="275" /></a></p>
<h3>Hill Temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A unique form of architecture developed in the hills of <strong>Kumaon, Garhwal, Himachal and Kashmir.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966146_image10.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966146_image10.jpg" style="float: right;" width="452" caption="false" height="301" /></a></strong></li>
<li>Kashmir&rsquo;s proximity to prominent Gandhara sites (such as Taxila, Peshawar and the northwest frontier) lent the region a <strong>strong Gandhara influence</strong> by the 5<sup>th</sup> century CE.</li>
<li>This began to mix with the Gupta and post-Gupta traditions that were brought to it from Sarnath, Mathura and even centres in Gujarat and Bengal.</li>
<li>Brahmin pundits and Buddhist monks frequently travelled between Kashmir, Garhwal, Kumaon and religious centres in the plains like Banaras, Nalanda and even as far south as Kanchipuram.</li>
<li>As a result both Buddhist and Hindu traditions began to intermingle and spread in the hills.</li>
<li>The hills also had their <strong>own tradition of wooden buildings with pitched roofs.</strong></li>
<li>At several places in the hills, while the main garbhagriha and shikhara are made in a <strong>rekha-prasada or latina style,</strong> the mandapa is of an older form of wooden architecture.</li>
<li>Sometimes, the temple itself takes on a <strong>pagoda shape.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Karkota period of Kashmir</strong> is the most significant in terms of architecture.</li>
<li>One of the most important temples is<strong> Pandrethan,</strong> built during the 8<sup>th</sup> and 9<sup>th</sup> centuries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In keeping with the tradition of a water tank attached to the shrine, this temple is built on a plinth built in the middle of a tank.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Like the findings at Samlaji, the sculptures at Chamba also show an <strong>amalgamation of local traditions with a post Gupta style.</strong></li>
<li>The images of <strong>Mahishasuramardini and Narasimha</strong> at the Laksna-Devi Mandir are evidences of the influence of the post-Gupta tradition.</li>
<li>Of the temples in Kumaon, the ones at <strong>Jageshwar</strong> near Almora, and <strong>Champavat</strong> near Pithoragarh, are classic examples of nagara architecture in the region.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965993_image11.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965993_image11.jpg" width="650" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Dravida Or South Indian Temple Style</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Unlike the nagara temple, the dravida temple is enclosed within a <strong>compound wall.</strong></li>
<li>The front wall has an entrance gateway in its centre, which is known as a <strong>gopuram.</strong></li>
<li>The shape of the main temple tower known as <strong>vimana</strong> in Tamil Nadu, is like a stepped pyramid that rises up geometrically rather than the curving shikhara of North India.</li>
<li>It is common to find a large water reservoir, or a temple tank, enclosed within the complex.</li>
<li>Subsidiary shrines are either incorporated within the main temple tower, or located as distinct, separate small shrines beside the main temple.</li>
<li><strong>Kanchipuram, Thanjavur or Tanjore, Madurai and Kumbakonam are the most famous temple towns of Tamil Nadu,</strong> where, during the 8<sup>th</sup>-12<sup>th</sup> centuries, the role of the temple was not limited to religious matters alone.</li>
<li>Temples became rich administrative centres, controlling vast areas of land.</li>
<li>Just as there are many subdivisions of the main types of nagara temples, there are subdivisions also of dravida temples.</li>
<li>These are basically of five different shapes:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>square, usually called <strong>kuta</strong>, and also caturasra</li>
<li>rectangular or <strong>shala or ayatasra</strong></li>
<li>elliptical, called <strong>gaja-prishta</strong> or elephant backed, or also called <strong>vrittayata,</strong> deriving from wagon vaulted shapes of apsidal chaityas with a horse-shoe shaped entrance facade usually called a nasi</li>
<li>circular or <strong>vritta</strong></li>
<li>octagonal or <strong>ashtasra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Pallavas</strong> were one of the ancient South Indian dynasties. They spread their empire to various parts of the subcontinent, at times reaching the borders of Odisha, and their links with South&ndash;East Asia were also strong.</li>
<li>Although they were <strong>mostly Shaivite,</strong> several Vaishnava shrines also survived from their reign, and there is no doubt that they were influenced by the long Buddhist history of the Deccan.</li>
<li>Their early buildings, it is generally assumed, were rock cut, while the later ones were structural.</li>
<li>The early buildings are generally attributed to the reign of <strong>Mahendravarman I,</strong> a contemporary of the Chalukyan king, Pulakesin II of Karnataka.</li>
<li><strong>Narasimhavarman I,</strong> also known as Mamalla, inaugurated most of the building works at Mahabalipuram which came to be known after him as <strong>Mamallapuram.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> shore temple at Mahabalipuram</strong> was built later, probably in the reign of <strong>Narasimhavarman II,</strong> also known as Rajasimha who reigned from 700 to 728 CE.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The temple houses three shrines, two to Shiva, one facing east and the other west, and a middle one to Vishnu.</li>
<li>In the compound there is evidence of a water tank, an early example of a gopuram, and several other images.</li>
<li>Sculptures of the bull, Nandi, Shiva&rsquo;s mount, line the temple walls, and these, along with the carvings on the temple&rsquo;s lower walls have suffered severe disfiguration due to erosion by salt-water laden air over the centuries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964595_image8.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964595_image8.jpg" width="700" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The magnificent <strong>Shiva temple of Thanjavur, called the Rajarajeswara or Brahadeeshwarar temple,</strong> was completed around 1009 by <strong>Rajaraja Chola,</strong> and is the largest and tallest of all Indian temples.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964637_image13.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964637_image13.jpg" style="float: right;" width="500" caption="false" /></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is in this temple that one notices for the first time<strong> two large gopurams</strong> (gateway towers) with an elaborate sculptural programme which was conceived along with the temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Deccan Architecture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Many different styles of temple architecture influenced by both North and South Indian temples were used in regions like Karnataka.</li>
<li>By the late 7<sup>th</sup> or early 8th century, the ambitious projects at<strong> Ellora</strong> became even grander.</li>
<li>By about 750 CE, the early western Chalukya control of the Deccan was taken by the Rashtrakutas.</li>
<li>Their greatest achievement in architecture is the <strong>Kailashnath temple at Ellora,</strong> a culmination of at least a millennium-long tradition in rock-cut architecture in India.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964688_image19.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964688_image19.jpg" caption="false" width="350" height="280" style="float: right;" /></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a complete dravida building with a Nandi shrine&mdash;since the temple is dedicated to Shiva&mdash;a gopuram-like gateway, surrounding cloisters, subsidiary shrines, staircases and an imposing tower or vimana rising to thirty metres.</li>
<li>Importantly, all of this is carved out of living rock. One portion of the monolithic hill was carved patiently to build the <strong>Kailashnath temple.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the southern part of the Deccan, i.e., in the region of Karnataka where some of the most experimental hybrid styles of vesara architecture are to be found.</li>
<li><strong>Pulakesin I</strong> established the western Chalukya kingdom when he secured the land around Badami in 543.</li>
<li>Early Chalukyan activity also takes the form of rock-cut caves while later activity is of structural temples.</li>
<li>The earliest is probably the <strong>Ravana Phadi cave at Aihole</strong> which is known for its distinctive sculptural style.<img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578028326_image1.jpg" width="320" caption="false" style="float: right;" />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One of the most important sculptures at the site is of <strong>Nataraja,</strong> surrounded by larger -than-life-size depictions of the saptamatrikas: three to Shiva&rsquo;s left and four to his right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The most elaborate of all Chalukyan temples at Pattadakal made in the reign of Vikramaditya II (733-44) by his chief queen Loka Mahadevi is <strong>Virupaksha temple.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Another important temple from this site is <strong>Papnath temple,</strong> dedicated to Lord Shiva.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lad Khan temple at Aihole in Karnataka,</strong> seems to be inspired by the wooden-roofed temples of the hills, except that it is constructed out of stone.</li>
<li>The <strong>Hoysaleswara temple</strong> (Lord of the Hoysalas) at Halebid in Karnataka was built in dark schist stone by the Hoysala king in 1150.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dedicated to Shiva as Nataraja, the Halebid temple is a double building with a large hall for the mandapa to facilitate music and dance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Founded in 1336, <strong>Vijayanagara, literally &lsquo;city of victory&rsquo;,</strong> attracted a number of international travellers such as the Italian, Niccolo di Conti, the Portuguese Domingo Paes etc.who have left vivid accounts of the city.</li>
<li>In addition, various Sanskrit and Telugu works document the vibrant literary tradition of this kingdom.</li>
<li>Architecturally, Vijayanagara synthesises the centuries-old dravidian temple architecture with Islamic styles demonstrated by the neighbouring sultanates.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965842_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965842_image7.jpg" width="575" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Buddhist Architectural Developments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pre-eminent Buddhist site is <strong>Bodhgaya.</strong> While the bodhi tree is of immense importance, the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodhgaya is an important reminder of the brick work of that time.</li>
<li>
<p>The first shrine here, located at the base of the <strong>Bodhi tree,</strong> is said to have been constructed by King Ashoka.</p>
</li>
<li>Many of the sculptures in the niches in the temple are dated to the 8<sup>th</sup> century Pala Period. The actual Mahabodhi temple itself as it stands now is largely a colonial period reconstruction of the old 7<sup>th</sup> century design.</li>
<li>The design of the temple is unusual. It is, strictly speaking, <strong>neither dravida or nagara.</strong> It is narrow like a nagara temple, but it rises without curving, like a dravida one.</li>
<li>The<strong> monastic university of Nalanda</strong> is a mahavihara as it is a complex of several monasteries of various sizes.</li>
<li>The foundation of a monastery was laid by <strong>Kumargupta I</strong> in the 5th century CE; and this was carried forward by the later monarchs.</li>
<li>The sculptural art of Nalanda, in stucco, stone and bronze, developed out of a heavy dependence on the Buddhist Gupta art of Sarnath.</li>
<li>The <strong>Nalanda sculptures initially depict Buddhist deities of the Mahayana pantheon</strong> such as standing Buddhas, bodhisattvas such as Manjusri Kumara, Avalokiteshvara seated on a lotus and Naga-Nagarjuna.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965700_image17.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965700_image17.jpg" style="float: right;" width="375" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>During the late 11th and 12th centuries, when Nalanda emerged as an important tantric centre, the repertoire came to be dominated by Vajrayana deities such as Vajrasharada (a form of Saraswati) Khasarpana, Avalokiteshvara, etc.</li>
<li>Depictions of crowned Buddhas occur commonly only after the 10th century.</li>
<li>Later other major Buddhist monasteries developed in Odisha. <strong>Lalitagiri, Vajragiri </strong>and <strong>Ratnagiri</strong> are the most famous of them.</li>
<li>The port-town of <strong>Nagapattinam</strong> was also a major Buddhist centre right until the Chola Period.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965753_image12.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965753_image12.jpg" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Jain Architectural Developments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Jains were prolific temple builders like the Hindus, and their sacred shrines and pilgrimage spots are to be found across the length and breadth of India <strong>except in the hills.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965626_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965626_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="230" height="299" /></a></strong></li>
<li>The oldest Jain pilgrimage sites are to be found in Bihar. In the Deccan, some of the most architecturally important Jain sites can be found in <strong>Ellora and Aihole.</strong></li>
<li>In central India, <strong>Deogarh, Khajuraho, Chanderi </strong>and<strong> Gwalior</strong> have some excellent examples of Jain temples.</li>
<li>Karnataka has a rich heritage of Jain shrines and at <strong>Shravanabelagola</strong> the famous statue of Gomateshwara.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The granite statue of Lord Bahubali which stands eighteen metres or fifty-seven feet high, is the world&rsquo;s tallest <strong>monolithic free-standing structure.</strong></li>
<li>It was commissioned by <strong>Camundaraya,</strong> the General-in-Chief and Prime Minister of the Ganga Kings of Mysore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Jain temples at Mount Abu</strong> were constructed by Vimal Shah.</li>
<li>The temple is famous for its unique patterns on every ceiling, and the graceful bracket figures along the domed ceilings.</li>
<li>The great Jain pilgrimage site in the Shatrunjay hills near Palitana in Kathiawar, Gujarat, is imposing with scores of temples clustered together.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965587_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965587_image2.jpg" width="270" caption="false" /></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Politics of Defection',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on the <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/does-the-anti-defection-law-serve-any-purpose/article28562644.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Does the anti-defection law serves any purpose?&rdquo;</strong></a>. It talks about the desirability of Anti-defection law in Indian democracy.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Supreme Court has held that it is the Speaker&rsquo;s discretion to decide on the resignations of the 15 dissident MLAs belonging to the Congress-Janata Dal (Secular) coalition government of Karnataka. The legislators have resigned saying they do not have confidence in the current government while the critics held that these resignations are rendered so to evade disqualification.</p>
<p>The Supreme Court ruled on the Karnataka incidents saying that the Speaker has the complete discretion to decide upon the resignations of the MLAs The resignation issue has raised some important questions on the working of the anti-defection law.</p>
<h3>What is the Anti Defection law?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Anti-Defection Law was <strong>passed in 1985</strong> through the <strong>52<sup>nd</sup> Amendment to the Constitution,</strong> which added the <strong>Tenth Schedule</strong> to the Indian Constitution. The main intent of the law was to combat &ldquo;the evil of political defections&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/612FireShot%20Capture 007 -  - www.prsindia.org.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/612FireShot Capture 007 -  - www.prsindia.org.webp" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>What is the issue?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under <strong>Article 190(3)</strong> of the Constitution, the Speaker has to satisfy himself that the resignations are voluntary and genuine and can reject them if he feels they are not. <strong>The Speaker has absolute discretion in this matter.</strong></li>
<li>The resignations were tendered with a view to avoid disqualification pertaining under Anti-defection law.</li>
<li>As the supreme court in G. Vishwanathan v. Speaker (Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly) 1996 case, held that once a member is expelled, he is treated as an &lsquo;unattached&rsquo; member in the house. However, he continues to be a member of the old party as per the Tenth Schedule. So if he joins a new party after being expelled, he can be said to have voluntarily given up membership of his old party.</li>
</ul>
<p>However, while deterring defections, the law also leads to the suppression of healthy intra-party debate and dissent.</p>
<h3>Should, the anti-defection law be repealed?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to Edmund Burke&rsquo;s famous speech on representative democracy, the representative should think of what is good for the country and not just for his constituents.</li>
<li>Due to Anti-defection law, the parliamentary system in India is converted to a de-facto presidential system, as the head of the executive (Prime Minister) also controls the majority party in the legislature.</li>
<li>Further, while discussing the draft constitution, Dr Ambedkar held that despite the stability inherent in the presidential system, responsibility provided by the parliamentary system is more important in a country like India.</li>
<li>But anti-defection law has led to the <strong>silencing of dissent in the legislature,</strong> in this light, the anti-defection law has <strong>hallowed the deliberative aspect of representative democracy.</strong></li>
<li>Also, features like Anti-defection are generally not observed in mature democracies:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Like in UK politics, including the defection of Ramsay Macdonald, the first Labour Prime Minister, in 1931, defected from his party following disagreements on policy responses to the economic crisis.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Neither Macdonald nor any of his three cabinet colleagues who defected with him resigned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the US too, Congressmen often vote against the party programme on important issues without actually defecting from the party.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>On the positive side, <strong>Anti-Defection law deters the horse-trading in the parliament</strong> as was observed during the decade of 1970-80s.</p>
<p>This anti-defection law has regulated parliamentary behaviour for over the three decades now. Though it has the advantage of <strong>providing stability to governments</strong> and <strong>ensuring loyalty to party manifestos,</strong> it <strong>reduces the accountability of the government to Parliament</strong> and <strong>curbs dissent against party policies.</strong></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The words &lsquo;voluntarily giving up membership of a political party&rsquo; should be comprehensively defined.</li>
<li>According to 2<sup>nd</sup> ARC, decisions under the Tenth Schedule should be made by the President/ Governor on the binding advice of the Election Commission.</li>
<li>According to law commission, provisions which exempt splits and mergers from disqualification should be deleted.</li>
<li>Disqualification should be limited to cases where :
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>a member voluntarily gives up the membership of his political party,</li>
<li>a member abstains from voting, or votes contrary to the party whip in a motion of vote of confidence or motion of no-confidence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The vote cast by a defector to topple a government should be treated as invalid.</li>
</ul>
<p>It is not feasible to completely repeal the Anti-defection law, it should be amended appropriately, but the long term solution lies in <strong>checking the political culture</strong> and the legislators who act in unscrupulous ways should be voted out in subsequent elections, as the ultimate sovereignty lies with the people of India.<br /><br /></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.8008%;" height="99">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #ff4747;">
<td style="width: 502px; background-color: #f4f5da; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br /><br />The Anti-defection law has provided stability to governments, however, it reduces the accountability of the government to Parliament and curbs dissent against party policies. In this context discuss the viability of repealing Anti-defection law?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/politics-of-defection'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Protection of Human Right (Amendment) Bill, 2019 ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To make the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) more inclusive and efficient, Lok Sabha passes the Protection of <strong>Human Rights (Amendment) Bill, 2019</strong> which amends the Protection of Human Rights Act,1993.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Amendment proposed</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A person <strong>who has been a Judge of the Supreme Court</strong> is also made eligible to be appointed as Chairperson of the Commission in addition to the person who has been the Chief Justice of India.</li>
<li><strong>Increasing the members of the commission who have knowledge of human rights issues,</strong> from two to three, out of which one must be a woman;</li>
<li>Include <strong>Chairperson of the National Commission for Backward Classes</strong>, <strong>Chairperson of the National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities</strong> as deemed Members of the Commission;</li>
<li><strong>Reduces the term of the Chairperson</strong> and Members of the Commission and the State Commissions from <strong>five to three years</strong> and shall be eligible for re-appointment;</li>
<li>A person who has<strong> been a Judge of the High Court is also made eligible</strong> to be appointed as Chairperson of the State Commission in addition to the person who has been the Chief Justice of the High Court; and,</li>
<li><strong>Confer upon State Commissions,</strong> the functions relating to human rights being discharged by the Union territories, other than the Union territory of Delhi, which will be dealt with by the Commission.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Protection of Human Right Act, 1993</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993</strong> came into force with <strong>retrospective effect from September 28, 1993.</strong></li>
<li>It applies to the <strong>whole of India and in case of J&amp;K, it applies to matters pertaining to Union List and the Concurrent List only.</strong></li>
<li>The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 was enacted to provide for the constitution of:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Human Rights Commission (NHRC),</strong></li>
<li><strong>State Human Rights Commission (SHRC)</strong> and</li>
<li><strong>Human Rights Courts for the protection of human rights.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Human Right</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to Section 2 of the act <strong>-&ldquo;Human Rights&rdquo;</strong> means the rights relating to <strong>life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International covenants and enforceable by courts in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protection-of-human-right-amendment-bill-2019'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'One Stop Centre Scheme',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>One stop centre is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>centrally sponsored scheme</strong></a> of <strong>Ministry of Women and Child Development</strong> (MWCD), for addressing the problem of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/violence-against-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>violence against women.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a subscheme of umbrella scheme for National Mission for Empowerment of Women including Indira Gandhi Mattritav Sahyaog Yojana.</li>
<li>One stop centre, will be established across the country to provide <strong>integrated support </strong>and<strong> assistance</strong> under one roof to women affected by violence, both in <strong>private </strong>and <strong>public spaces.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong> The scheme is funded through <strong>Nirbhaya Fund</strong> and the central government provides <strong>100% financial assistance</strong> to the state governments /Union Territories administrations.</li>
<li><strong>Auditing:</strong> Audit will be done as per <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comptroller &amp; Auditor General of India</strong></a> norms and<strong> social audit</strong> will also be undertaken by civil society groups.</li>
<li><strong>Services:</strong> One stop centres will be integrated with women helplines to provide following services:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Emergency response and rescue services.</li>
<li>Medical assistance.</li>
<li>Assistance to women in lodging the FIR.</li>
<li>Psycho- social support and counselling.</li>
<li>Legal aid and counselling.</li>
<li>Shelter</li>
<li>Video conferencing facility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Nirbhaya Fund&rsquo;</strong>&nbsp;was established for women safety pertaining to the strategic areas of prevention, protection and rehabilitation.</li>
<li>The<strong> 12<sup>th</sup> Plan Working Group</strong> on Women&rsquo;s Agency and Empowerment had recommended setting up of one stop crisis centres.</li>
<li><strong>Usha Mehra Commission,</strong> had recommended for the establishment of a &ldquo;one-stop centre&rdquo; to help victims of sexual assault and ensure speedy punishment to culprits.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nirbhaya Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Nirbhaya Fund Framework provides for a non-lapsable corpus fund for safety and security of women.</li>
<li>It is administered by the <strong>Department of Economic Affairs</strong> (DEA) of the Ministry of Finance (MoF) of the Government of India.</li>
<li>It can be utilized for projects and initiatives related to women safety.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gender Based Violence</strong> (GBV) is a global health, human rights and development issue that transcends geography, class, culture, age, race and religion to affect every community and country in every corner of the world.</li>
<li>In India, gender based violence has many manifestations:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Like <strong>domestic</strong> and <strong>sexual violence</strong> including rape.</li>
<li><strong>Harmful practices</strong> such as, dowry, honour killings, acid attacks, witch-hunting, sexual harassment, child sexual abuse, trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation, child marriage, sex selective abortion, sati etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is also grappling with <strong>violence due to inequities</strong> in social life more particularly in times of displacement and communal incidents.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-stop-centre-scheme'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Declining Hangul Population',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-29th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hangul</strong></a> (or Kashmiri Stag) <strong>population monitoring exercise</strong> has revealed an alarming decline in the fawn-hind and stag-hind ratio of the hangul population in <strong>Kashmir.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Exercise was conducted by the <strong>Department of Wildlife Protection,</strong> Jammu &amp; Kashmir (DWLP) in collaboration with the <strong>Wildlife Institute of India</strong> (WII).</li>
<li><strong>Fawn</strong> is a young deer in its <strong>first year</strong> and <strong>Hind</strong> is a female <strong>deer</strong>, over <strong>three years old</strong> and her counterpart, the <strong>mature male</strong>, is called a <strong>stag.</strong></li>
<li>The male-female and fawn-female ratios, is crucial for the management and conservation of deer populations.</li>
<li>Although hangul is limited to the <strong>Dachigam Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> near Srinagar, but a small population has also been witnessed in <strong>Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> in south Kashmir.</li>
<li>The Kashmir stag is the <strong>state animal</strong> of Jammu and Kashmir and is the only surviving species of <strong>red deer</strong> in India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Dachigam Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dachigam (stands for &lsquo;ten villages&rsquo;) National Park is located about 22 Kilometers from Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong> The main animal species that Dachigam is most famous for is the hangul, or the Kashmir stag.</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong> floral wealth of the park is extremely diverse and a significant part of its ecosystem and includes walnut, apricot, apple, pear, and wild cherry, plum, chestnut, willow, oak and birch trees.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/declining-hangul-population'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'IUCN Red List',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The latest update to the International Union for Conservation of Nature <strong>(IUCN) Red List</strong> of Threatened Species shows that more and more species assessed are being threatened with extinction.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The list assessed 1,05,732 species - the <strong>largest such assessment</strong> of species, out of which 28,338 species are threatened with extinction.</li>
<li>The updated list brings out an alarming rate of decline of freshwater and deep sea species. For example, over 50 % of Japan&rsquo;s endemic freshwater fishes are under the threat of extinction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Wedgefishes and giant guitarfishes, collectively known as Rhino Rays because of their elongated snouts, have been listed as the &lsquo;most imperilled marine fish families in the world&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The main drivers of this decline are the loss of free flowing rivers and increasing agricultural and urban pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Close to 50% of the species assessed by IUCN have been put under the &lsquo;Least Concern&rsquo; category. It means the rest 50% are under various degrees of decline.</li>
<li>Of the total assessed, 873 are already extinct while 6,127 are critically endangered.</li>
<li>This Red List update <strong>confirms the findings</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-species-extinction" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IPBES Global Biodiversity Assessment.</strong></a></li>
<li>The list clearly indicates that humans are overexploiting wildlife.</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/living-planet-report-2018-aiming-higher-by-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>global Strategic Plan for Biodiversity</strong></a> <strong>(2011-2020)&rsquo;s Target 12,</strong> the extinction of known threatened species has to be &lsquo;prevented&rsquo; by 2020. The target also includes an improvement in the conservation status of species.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The International Union for Conservation of Nature</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IUCN is a membership union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations.</li>
<li>Created in <strong>1948,</strong> it is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in <strong>Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> IUCN Red List</strong> of Threatened Species, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It uses a set of quantitative criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of species. These criteria are relevant to most species and all regions of the world.</li>
<li>The IUCN Red List Categories define the extinction risk of species assessed.<strong> Nine</strong> <strong>categories</strong> extend from NE <em>(Not Evaluated)</em> to EX <em>(Extinct)</em>. Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) and Vulnerable (VU) species are considered to be threatened with extinction.</li>
<li>It is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity.</li>
<li>It is also a key indicator for the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SDGs</strong></a> and Aichi Targets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/990image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/990image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="631" height="172" caption="false" /></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'East Asian Model for India',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/inappropriate-template-for-a-legitimate-target/article28563774.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Inappropriate template for a legitimate target&rdquo;</strong></a> which appeared in The Hindu on 19<sup>th</sup> July 2019. It talks about the viability of the East Asian growth model for achieving India&rsquo;s target of becoming a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25.</p>
</div>
<p>According to the economic survey, India needs a &ldquo;virtuous cycle&rdquo; of savings, investments, and exports to transform India into a $5 trillion economy in the next five years. It rightly underlines the need for India to revive private investment to become the world's third-largest economy in the near future. So for reviving India&rsquo;s floundering investment rates, the economic survey highlights the <strong>East Asian model.</strong></p>
<h3>How India can become a USD 5 trillion economy by 2024-25?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To achieve the objective of becoming a USD 5 trillion economy by 2024-25, India needs to sustain a real GDP growth rate of 8%.</li>
<li>International experience, especially from high-growth East Asian economies, suggests that such growth can only be sustained by a <strong>&ldquo;virtuous cycle&rdquo; of savings, investment and exports, supported by a favourable demographic phase.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The survey highlights that <strong>savings and growth</strong> are not only positively correlated but their positive correlation is even stronger than that between growth and investment. Giving examples of China and East Asia, it said these countries had high saving and investment rates that led to high growth.</li>
<li>Investment, especially <strong>private investment,</strong> is the &ldquo;key driver&rdquo; that drives demand, creates capacity, increases labour productivity, introduces new technology, allows creative destruction, and generates jobs.</li>
<li>Similarly,<strong> exports</strong> must form an integral part of the growth model</li>
<li>The above parameters will lead to <strong>job creation which will further fuel higher savings.</strong> The relation is crucial because jobs with meaningful wages become important in driving the savings rate in the economy.</li>
<li>It further said that India has got a <strong>great demographic advantage</strong> and like China, it can propel higher saving and thereby higher growth.</li>
<li>Together, these factors will create a virtuous cycle which will help in achieving the ambitious agenda of becoming a $5 trillion economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is East Asian Growth Model?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The East Asian model or<strong> state-sponsored capitalism,</strong> is an economic system where the government invests in certain sectors of the economy in order to stimulate the growth of new industries in the private sector.</li>
<li>East Asian model includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>State control of finance,</li>
<li>Direct support for state-owned enterprises in strategic sectors of the economy or the creation of privately owned national champions,</li>
<li>High dependence on the export market for growth, promoting high rate of savings and investments, high educational standards, assiduity and export-oriented policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It differs from a<strong> socialistic or centrally planned economy,</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In a socialist economy, the government would mobilize its own resources to create the needed industries which would themselves end up being state-owned and operated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The East Asian model was largely a story driven by the newly industrialised economies (NIEs) of Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan, and Japan earlier.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Specifically, the prime goal in various NIEs was to raise gross savings rates. This was done by positive demographic dividend, macroeconomic stability, low inflation, lack of social safety nets and forced savings.</li>
<li>This, coupled with the fiscal discipline practised by the economies, ensured that the public sector did not crowd out private savings and, in some cases, actually added to national savings.</li>
<li>The state-owned banks were tightly regulated as financial stability was the cornerstone of overall macroeconomic stability.</li>
<li>Another goal was to ensure that the private savings were actually channelised into the formal financial system. for this Financial inclusion was encouraged.</li>
<li>While these economies were generally successful in encouraging savings, the cost of capital was rather high. To tackle this, the East Asian economies undertook financial repression.</li>
<li>What is<strong> financial repression?</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Financial repression is a term that describes measures by which governments channel funds to themselves as a form of debt reduction.</li>
<li>This concept was introduced in 1973 by Stanford economists Edward S. Shaw and Ronald I. McKinnon.</li>
<li>Financial repression can include such measures as directed lending to the government, caps on interest rates, regulation of capital movement between countries and a tighter association between government and banks. For example:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Increasing <strong>SLR(statutory liquidity ratio)</strong> channelizes more funds to the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When the government is loaded with public money, it increases the money supply through public investment.</li>
<li>This, in turn, increases inflation and debt of the government is decreased</li>
<li>It also leads to economic growth but savings of public gets eroded.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>All these accompanied by central banks of these economies maintained tight oversight, and selective capital controls ensured that the low-yielding savings did not leave their countries of origin.</li>
<li>Along with these, the governments undertook sophisticated industrial policies to promote domestic investment, much of which was export-led</li>
<li>In addition, the bureaucracies of these East Asian economies were referred to as &ldquo;embedded autonomy&rdquo;. This allowed the state to be autonomous, yet embedded within the private sector and enabled the two to work together to develop policies or change course if the policies did not work.</li>
<li>All these policies helped NIEs to escape the &lsquo;middle income trap&rsquo; and become developed economies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How India can replicate the East Asian growth model?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Due to political and other compulsions, India&rsquo;s reforms since 1991 have been rather haphazard and of a &lsquo;stop-and-go&rsquo; nature, which has made it much more challenging for the country to take full advantage of its demographic dividend.</li>
<li>So India needs heterodox policies and reforms that are carefully calibrated</li>
<li>Indian government needs to understand that a vertical industrial policy (economic growth&rsquo;) would not work without a sound horizontal industrial policy (dealing with labour and land reforms, bringing about basic literacy and raising women&rsquo;s participation in the labour force).</li>
<li>Though the government in the last five years has done well on ground of financial inclusion, a banking system in crisis doesn't augur well for channelization of savings into investment.</li>
<li>Measures like reducing policy uncertainty; ensuring that the fiscal expenditures do not crowd out private savings and investment; enhancing the efficiency of financial intermediation; and dealing with land acquisition and environment clearances are all essential so that investment rate can be again increased.</li>
<li>Indian bureaucracies need to be imparted embedded autonomy.</li>
</ul>
<p>Since the economies are intricately interwoven systems, it is high time for India to <strong>switch from a traditional economic model</strong> which assumes that the economy is basically in the balance until an outside shock upsets it, towards an economic model which is based on a <strong>virtuous cycle or a vicious cycle.<br /><br /></strong></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #ff0000;">
<td style="width: 534px; background-color: #fcf1d4;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br /><br />India needs to follow the East Asian growth model to achieve the target of becoming a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. Substantiate?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/east-asian-model-for-india'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Cannabis Debate',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently a cannabis advocacy group has filed a petition regarding <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-study-marijuana-derived-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>decriminalizing cannabis</strong></a> in Delhi High Court.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cannabis is a generic term used to denote the several psychoactive preparations of the plant Cannabis sativa.</li>
<li>The Mexican term 'marijuana' is frequently used in referring to cannabis leaves or other crude plant material in many countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/915image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/915image4.jpg" width="479" height="474" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cannabis-debate'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'West Antarctic Ice Sheet',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>A recent study has revealed that the giant West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is destabilising and is on the verge of a complete collapse.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The researchers have concluded that this can be tackled by launching a last-ditch engineering project to blanket its surface with &ldquo;artificial snow&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Artificial Snow</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scientists have proposed using 12,000 wind turbines to pump seawater 4,900 feet up to the surface, where it would be frozen into &ldquo;snow&rdquo; to weigh the WAIS down enough to stop it collapsing any further.</li>
<li>West Antarctic Ice Sheet could be stabilized by depositing a minimum of 7,400 gigatonnes of artificial snow over 10 years around the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers.</li>
<li>The snow would be compacted as ice, pushing down the glacier and stabilising it, as well as making it thicker.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/189image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/189image3.jpg" width="534" height="518" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recent studies have shown <strong>warmer ocean water</strong> is being pushed toward the huge WAIS, <strong>destabilizing it and speeding up the decline of its huge glaciers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is because much of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet lies below sea level, making it a Marine Ice Sheet. Marine Ice Sheets are more vulnerable to collapse because of their exposure to warm waters.</li>
<li>West Antarctica is currently the world&rsquo;s largest marine ice sheet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, many of these glaciers have a reverse bed slope, meaning that as they retreat it exposes deeper and thicker ice to the ocean.</li>
<li>That is a very unstable position, and causes a positive feedback effect which accelerates the retreat (and hence contribution to sea level rise).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of Climate Change</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, it is more important to focus on the seriousness of the issue at the South Pole because of climate change.</li>
<li>The Antarctica as a whole lost more than 3 trillion tons of ice between 1992 and 2017. Most of that came from West Antarctica, where the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shrinking-sea-ice-extent" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rate of ice loss has tripled in the last quarter century.</strong></a></li>
<li>Scientists believe that global warming has already caused so much melting at the south pole that the WAIS is now on course to disintegrate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This would trigger an eventual global <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rising-sea-level" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sea level rise</strong></a> of at least three metres (10 feet) over the centuries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Although, full sea level rise projected to follow the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet might not unfold for hundreds of years, but this will eventually submerge low lying cities like Hamburg, Shanghai, New York and Hong Kong.</li>
<li><strong>Melting ice sheets</strong> in Greenland, the Arctic and <strong>shrinking glaciers</strong> around the world would worsen the problem and could ultimately lead to sea level rise by at least five metres (16 feet) even if countries manage to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>implement the Paris pact.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While geoengineering projects do offer some hope in theory, they could also end up damaging the planet and its ecosystem in unexpected ways.These interventions must not be used as an excuse to delay emissions cuts.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/west-antarctic-ice-sheet'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Rhesus Macaque Declared Vermin',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Union Environment Ministry has declared <strong>Monkeys (Rhesus Macaque)</strong> as &lsquo;vermin&rsquo; in Himachal Pradesh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will allow local authorities to cull this animal in certain identified non-forest areas in Shimla for one year.</li>
<li>The state government reported harm to life and property including large-scale destruction of agriculture due to the overpopulation of this species outside forests.</li>
<li>Rhesus Macaque monkeys are protected species under Schedule II of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, the law allows for it to be hunted by declaring it &lsquo;vermin&rsquo; for a specific period if it poses a danger to human life or property.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rhesus Macaques</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are familiar brown primates with red faces and rears. They have close-cropped hair on their heads, which accentuates their very expressive faces.</li>
<li>Their natural range includes Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Southeast Asia, and China. A few troops of introduced rhesus macaques now live wild in Florida.</li>
<li>It has a least concerned status in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-heritage-glaciers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN</strong></a> red list.</li>
<li>These intelligent animals can adapt to many habitats, and some can even become accustomed to living in human communities. This is most common in India, where Hindus regard the animals as sacred and usually leave them undisturbed.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Vermin Animal</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per <strong>Section 62 of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act,</a> 1972</strong>, States can send a list of wild animals to the Centre requesting it to declare them vermin for selective slaughter.</li>
<li>Wildlife laws divide species into &lsquo;schedules&rsquo; ranked from I to V. Schedule I members are the best protected, in theory, with severe punishments meted out to those who hunt them.</li>
<li>Wild boars, nilgai and rhesus monkeys are Schedule II and III members, it is also protected, but can be hunted under specific conditions.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rhesus-macaque-declared-vermin'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'SAGAR MAITRI',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Oceanographic research vessel of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a>, <strong>INS Sagardhwani,</strong> embarked on a two-month-long <strong>SAGAR MAITRI Mission-2.</strong></li>
<li>SAGAR MAITRI is a unique initiative of DRDO with the broad objective of <strong>&ldquo;Safety And Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)&rdquo;</strong> to promote closer co-operation in socio-economic aspects as well as greater scientific interaction especially in ocean research among <strong>Indian Ocean Rim (IOR)</strong> countries.</li>
<li><strong>&ldquo;MAITRI (Marine &amp; Allied Interdisciplinary Training and Research Initiative)&rdquo;</strong> is the specific scientific component of DRDO.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives of SAGAR MAITRI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The prime objectives of the SAGAR MAITRI Mission are data collection from the entire North Indian Ocean, focussing on the Andaman Sea and adjoining seas and establishing a long-term collaboration with eight IOR countries in the field of ocean research and development.</li>
<li>The programme also aims at establishing long term scientific collaboration with these countries in the field of &lsquo;Ocean Research &amp; Development&rsquo; and data collection with a focus on the Andaman Sea.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>The IOR countries, include Oman, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Myanmar.</p>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sagar-maitri'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Child Labour in Film and Television Industry',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The government is working to ensure &ldquo;strict compliance&rdquo; of norms on working conditions for children by film and television industry, as well as the inclusion of mandatory disclaimers when they appear on the screen.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry has expressed concern over violations of child labour rules in film and television.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Child Labour</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/world-day-against-child-labour-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Child Labour&rsquo;</strong></a> is defined as a work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity and is harmful to their physical and mental development.</li>
<li>It refers to the work that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children, interferes with schooling by depriving them of the opportunity to attend school, obligement to leave school prematurely or requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Rules, 2017</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Rules, 2017, child artistes are supposed to work for a maximum of five hours a day and not more than three hours without rest.</li>
<li>The rules also require permission from the District Magistrate and an undertaking by the producer, as well as the deployment of one person each for ensuring the safety and security of a maximum of five children.</li>
<li>Children should not be away from schooling for more than 27 days and 20% of their income should be deposited in a fixed deposit in their name, as per the rules.</li>
<li>If a child was involved in filming, the film should include a disclaimer saying that all measures were taken to ensure that no abuse, neglect or exploitation of the child took place during shooting.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-labour-in-film-and-television-industry'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Palau Joins ISA',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Palau became the <strong>76<sup>th</sup> </strong>country to sign the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-assembly-of-international-solar-alliance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Solar Alliance</strong></a> framework agreement.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Palau will host the <strong>2020</strong> edition of the <strong>&lsquo;Our Oceans conference&rsquo;,</strong> ( based on the concept of partnership - &ldquo;big brothers working with small brothers to address sustainable development issues&rdquo;) which will focus on issues such as <strong>climate change, sustainable fisheries</strong> and <strong>marine pollution.</strong></li>
<li>The ISA was jointly launched by India and France at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Climate Change Conference</strong></a> in Paris on November 2015.</li>
<li>The <strong>First Assembly</strong> of the ISA was held in New Delhi in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Palau<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/696image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/696image1.jpg" width="315" height="259" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Palau, is a country in the western pacific Ocean that consists of coral and volcanic islands surrounded by single barrier reef.</li>
<li>Palau lies in the southwest corner of Micronesia ( country spread across the western Pacific Ocean comprising more than 600 islands), with New Guinea to the south, and the Philippines to the west.</li>
<li>Its major populated islands are Babelthuap (Babeldaob), Koror, Malakal, Arakabesan, and Peleliu.</li>
<li>There is concern that the low-lying islands could be badly affected by rising sea levels possibly due to climate change.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/924image1.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a></p>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/palau-joins-isa'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Two Headed Green Turtle',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Turtles right head controls the front right flipper, whereas left head controls the front left flipper and both heads are capable of coordinating their movements in order to walk and swim.</p>
<h3>Green Turtle</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Physical appearance:</strong> Green turtles are named after the greenish colour of their <strong>cartilage</strong> and the <strong>fat deposits</strong> around their internal organs.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/891image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/891image2.jpg" width="269" height="179" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are<strong> black-brown</strong> or <strong>greenish yellow</strong> in colour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Distribution:</strong> Green turtles are widely distributed in<strong> tropical</strong> and <strong>subtropical waters.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong> Green turtles are particularly sought for their <strong>meat</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Habitat loss and degradation</li>
<li>Wildlife trade</li>
<li>Collection of eggs and meat for consumption</li>
<li>Incidental capture (bycatch)</li>
<li>Climate change</li>
<li>Pollution</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Marine turtles fulfill important roles in <strong>marine ecosystems.</strong></li>
<li>Green turtles play a significant, symbolic role in traditional <strong>Indonesian</strong> hindu rituals and ceremonies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is listed as <strong>endangered</strong> species in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-heritage-glaciers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for the Conservation of Nature</strong></a> <strong>(IUCN) red list.</strong></li>
<li>Green turtles are also included in the Convention <strong>on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora&nbsp;</strong>(CITES) appendix 1.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/two-headed-green-turtle'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Right to Information',
		'catname' => 'Paper 4',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in news?</h3>
<p>The government is going to introduce a Bill to amend the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 which will change pay and allowances of information commissioners, who currently enjoy benefits equivalent to election commissioners. The move has been criticised by activists who said it will affect independence and neutrality of the transparency panel.</p>
<h3>Historical Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The right to information gained power when <strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</strong> was adopted in 1948 providing everyone the right to seek, receive, information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.</li>
<li>The <strong>International Covenant on Civil and Political rights 1966</strong> states that everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression, the freedom to seek and impart information and ideas of all kinds.</li>
<li>According to <strong>Thomas Jefferson</strong> <em>&ldquo;Information is the currency of democracy,&rdquo;</em> and critical to the emergence and development of a vibrant civil society. However, with a view to set out a practical regime for the citizens to secure information as a matter of right, the Indian Parliament enacted the Right to Information Act, 2005.</li>
<li>Genesis of RTI law started in 1986, through judgement of Supreme Court in <strong>Mr. Kulwal v/s Jaipur Municipal Corporation</strong> case, in which it directed that freedom of speech and expression provided under<strong> Article 19</strong> of the Constitution clearly implies Right to Information, as without information the freedom of speech and expression cannot be fully used by the citizens.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives of the Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To empower the citizens</li>
<li>To promote transparency and accountability</li>
<li>To contain corruption and</li>
<li>To enhance people&rsquo;s participation in democratic process.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Adoption of Information Act</h3>
<p>The factors responsible for adoption of information act are as follows-</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Corruption and scandals</li>
<li>International pressure and activism</li>
<li>Modernization and the information society</li>
</ul>
<h3>Features of the Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Section 1(2) :</strong> It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li><strong>Section- 2 (f):</strong> "Information" means any material in any form, including Records, Documents, Memos, e-mails, Opinions, Advices, Press releases, Circulars, Orders, Logbooks, Contracts, Reports, Papers, Samples, Models, Data material held in any electronic form and information relating to any private body which can be accessed by a Public Authority under any other law for the time being in force.</li>
<li><strong>Section- 2(j) : "Right to Information"</strong> means the right to information accessible under this Act which is held by or under the control of <strong>any public authority</strong> and includes the right to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inspection of work, documents, records;</li>
<li>Taking notes, extracts or certified copies of documents or records;</li>
<li>Taking certified samples of material;</li>
<li>Obtaining information in the form of diskettes, floppies, tapes, video cassettes or in any other electronic mode or through printouts where such information is stored in a computer or in any other device.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is Public Authority?</strong></p>
<p><strong>"Public authority"</strong> means any authority or body or institution of self government established or constituted&mdash;</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>by or under the Constitution;</li>
<li>by any other law made by Parliament/State Legislature.</li>
<li>by notification issued or order made by the appropriate Government, and includes any&mdash;<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>body owned, controlled or substantially financed;</li>
<li>non-Government organisation substantially financed, directly or indirectly by funds provided by the appropriate Government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Section 4</strong> of the RTI Act requires <strong>suo motu disclosure of information</strong> by each public authority. However, such disclosures have remained less than satisfactory.</li>
<li><strong>Section 8 (1)</strong> mentions exemptions against furnishing information under RTI Act.</li>
<li><strong>Section 8 (2)</strong> provides for disclosure of information exempted under Official Secrets Act, 1923 if larger public interest is served.</li>
<li>The Act also provides for appointment of <strong>Information Commissioners</strong> at Central and State level. Public authorities have designated some of its officers as Public Information Officer. They are responsible to give information to a person who seeks information under the RTI Act.</li>
<li>Time period: In normal course, information to an applicant is to be <strong>supplied within 30 days</strong> from the receipt of application by the public authority. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If information sought <strong>concerns the life or liberty of a person,</strong> it shall be supplied <strong>within 48 hours.</strong></li>
<li>In case the application is sent through the Assistant Public Information Officer or it is sent to a wrong public authority, five days shall be added to the period of thirty days or 48 hours, as the case may be.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The RTI Act, 2005 <strong>did not create a new bureaucracy for implementing the law.</strong> Instead, <strong>it tasked and mandated officials in every office to change their attitude</strong> and duty from one of secrecy to one of sharing and openness. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It carefully and deliberately empowered the Information Commission to be the highest authority in the country with the mandate to order any office in the country to provide information as per the provisions of the Act. And it empowered the Commission to fine any official who did not follow the mandate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Right to information has been seen as the key to <strong>strengthening participatory democracy</strong> and ushering in people centred governance.</li>
<li>Access to information<strong> can empower the poor and the weaker sections of society</strong> to demand and get information about public policies and actions, thereby leading to their welfare. It showed an early promise by exposing wrongdoings at high places, such as in the organisation of the Commonwealth Games, and the allocation of 2G spectrum and coal blocks.</li>
<li>Right to information opens up government&rsquo;s records to public scrutiny, thereby arming citizens with a vital tool to inform them about what the government does and how effectively, thus <strong>making the government more accountable.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Improves decision making by public authority</strong> by removing unnecessary secrecy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Different types of information is sought which has no public interest and sometimes can be used to misuse the law and harass the public authorities. For example- <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Asking for desperate and voluminous information.</li>
<li>To attain publicity by filing RTI</li>
<li>RTI filed as vindictive tool to harass or pressurize the public authority</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Because of the illiteracy and unawareness among the majority of population in the country, the RTI cannot be exercised.</li>
<li>Though RTI&rsquo;s aim is not to create a grievance redressal mechanism, the notices from Information Commissions often spur the public authorities to redress grievances.</li>
</ul>
<h3>RTI vs Legislations for Non Disclosure of Information</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Some provisions of <strong>Indian Evidence Act</strong> (Sections 123, 124, and 162) provide to hold the disclosure of documents. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under these provisions, head of department may refuse to provide information on affairs of state and only swearing that it is a state secret will entitle not to disclose the information.</li>
<li>In a similar manner no public officer shall be compelled to disclose communications made to him in official confidence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Atomic Energy Act, 1912</strong> provides that it shall be an offence to disclose information restricted by the Central Government.</li>
<li>The <strong>Central Civil Services Act</strong> provides a government servant not to communicate or part with any official documents except in accordance with a general or special order of government.</li>
<li>The <strong>Official Secrets Act, 1923</strong> provides that any government official can mark a document as confidential so as to prevent its publication.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>RTI vs Right to Privacy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Conceptually, RTI and the right to privacy are both complementary as well as in conflict to each other.</li>
<li>While RTI increases access to information, the right to privacy protects it instead.</li>
<li>At the same time they both function, as citizen rights safeguarding liberty, against state&rsquo;s overreach.</li>
</ul>
<p>When the question of harmonising the contradicting rights arises, it should</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>give justice to the larger public interest</li>
<li>advance the public morality</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>RTI vs OSA</strong></p>
<p>The OSA was enacted in 1923 by the British to keep certain kinds of information confidential, including, but not always limited to, information involving the affairs of state, diplomacy, national security, espionage, and other state secrets.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Whenever there is a conflict between the two laws, the provisions of the <strong>RTI Act override those of the OSA.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Section 22 of the RTI Act</strong> states that its provisions will have effect notwithstanding anything that is inconsistent with them in the OSA.</li>
<li>Similarly, <strong>under Section 8(2) of the RTI Act, a public authority may allow access to information covered under the OSA,</strong> &ldquo;if the public interest in disclosure outweighs the harm to the protected interest&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>RTI and Political Parties</h3>
<p>Why activists want political parties to be brought under RTI?</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To contain corruption</li>
<li>Huge donations from corporates which lead to favouritism or crony capitalism</li>
<li>Illegal foreign contribution</li>
<li>The leader of the opposition is statutorily mandated to be part of the select committees to choose Chairperson for CIC, Lokpal, CBI Director and CVC</li>
<li>Various members of the opposition are also part of various parliamentary committees</li>
<li>They enjoy multiple benefits like concessional office spaces, free airtime on DD &amp; AIR from govt</li>
</ul>
<p>Stand of Political Parties</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PP&rsquo;s are not public authorities, hence cannot be brought under RTI Act.</li>
<li>Disclosed information can be misused.</li>
<li>Can disclose financial information under the IT Act.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recent Amendments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The RTI amendment Bill 2013 removes political parties from the ambit of the definition of public authorities and hence from the purview of the RTI Act.</li>
<li>The draft provision 2017 which provides for closure of case in case of death of applicant can lead to more attacks on the lives of whistleblowers.</li>
<li>The proposed RTI Amendment Act 2018 is aimed at giving the Centre the power to fix the tenures and salaries of state and central information commissioners, which are statutorily protected under the RTI Act. The move will dilute the autonomy and independence of CIC.</li>
<li>The Act proposes to replace the fixed 5 year tenure to as much prescribed by government.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Information commissioners do not have adequate authorities to enforce the RTI Act.</li>
<li>In case of award of compensation to activist by public authority as ordered by commision, compliance cannot be secured.</li>
<li>Poor record-keeping practices</li>
<li>Lack of adequate infrastructure and staff for running information commissions</li>
<li>Dilution of supplementary laws like the whistleblowers protection Act.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Right to Information Act was made to achieve social justice, transparency and to make accountable government but this act has not achieved its full objectives due to some impediments created due to systematic failures.</li>
<li>As observed by Delhi High Court that misuse of the RTI Act has to be appropriately dealt with; otherwise the public would lose faith and confidence in this "sunshine Act".</li>
<li>It is well recognized that right to information is necessary, but not sufficient, to improve governance. A lot more needs to be done to usher in accountability in governance, including protection of whistleblowers, decentralization of power and fusion of authority with accountability at all levels.</li>
<li>This law provides us a priceless opportunity to redesign the processes of governance, particularly at the grass roots level where the citizens&rsquo; interface is maximum.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'India as Non-Permanent Member of UNSC',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/at-the-unsc-a-three-point-agenda/article28524130.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;At the UNSC, a three-point agenda&rdquo;</a> that appeared in The Hindu on 17 July 2019. It talks about India&rsquo;s role as non permanent member of UNSC for establishing global order.</p>
</div>
<p>India has won the unanimous support of all countries in the 55-member Asia-Pacific Group for its bid for a non-permanent seat at the UN Security Council (UNSC) for a two-year term in 2021-22. India's inclusion as a non-permanent seat on the UNSC for eighth time should help build a stable and secure world order that recently has been in a turmoil.</p>
<h3>What is the status of the current world order?</h3>
<p>Henry Kissinger in his latest work, <em>World Order,</em> held that the world is in a greater state of disorder than at any time since the end of World War II.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the middle of chaos in both West and East Asia, India finds itself sandwiched in this troubled region.</li>
<li>Both the regions are suffering from insurgencies, terrorism, human and narcotics trafficking, and great power rivalries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>West Asia:</strong> US vs Iran, Israel vs Palestine, Syrian civil war, Resurgence of Taliban in Afghanistan and US withdrawal of forces, surviving and dispersed ISIS poses a bigger threat.</li>
<li><strong>East Asia:</strong> US-China Trade war, the nuclear and missile tests by North Korea.</li>
<li><strong>In South Asia</strong> itself, there lies strategic mistrust or misperception, unresolved borders and territorial disputes: India and China, India-Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The values on which Liberal world order was based, free trade and globalisation, are being crushed by the western world: <strong>Anti-globalisation wave</strong> (America first policy, Brexit). <strong>Due to this fear, populism, polarization, and ultra-nationalism have become the basis of international world order today.</strong></li>
<li>In this context, India's inclusion into UNSC as non- permanent member will promote its prosperity, regional and global security and growth, and rule-based world order. It could emerge as a partner of choice for developing and developed countries alike.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India and UNSC</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has already held a non-permanent seat at the UNSC for seven terms: 1950-1951, 1967-1968, 1972-1973, 1977-1978, 1984-1985, 1991-1992 and 2011-2012.</li>
<li>India needs vote of two-thirds of the 193 UN General Assembly members to win a non-permanent seat on the UNSC.</li>
<li>It is to re-enter the Council after a gap of 10 years.</li>
<li>India is one of the founding members of UNSC.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India as the Non Permanent Member of UNSC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Financial Contribution:</strong> India will have to increase its financial contribution in United Nation Security Council, as its share of United Nation&rsquo;s expenses are lower than many of the P-5 (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) countries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even Germany and Japan&rsquo;s contribution is many times more than India.</li>
<li>Although India has been a leading provider of peacekeepers, its financial contribution to United Nation peacekeeping operations is abysmally low.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Leadership:</strong> In the absence of international leadership on global issues, like security, migrant movement, poverty, and climate change, India has an opportunity to promote well-balanced, common solutions.</li>
<li><strong>Global Order:</strong> Fragile and complex international system in terms of nativism, protectionism, insurgencies and mass migration can become even more <strong>unpredictable and conflictual</strong> in future so India should work towards a rule based global order that can promote the <strong>sustainable development</strong> and ensure the welfare of people instead of inclining towards the council&rsquo;s principles of humanitarian interventionism or &lsquo;responsibility to protect&rsquo; that promotes aggression and conflict like situation.</li>
<li><strong>Consensus Builder:</strong> India should act as a consensus builder and must lead the decisions and policies at council by having good relations with all the great powers, and by pursuing the principles of inclusion, the rule of law, constitutionalism, and rational internationalism at UNSC.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As harmonised and collective response at UNSC could help in dealing with global problems of <strong>climate change, disarmament, terrorism, trade, and development</strong>.</li>
<li>For instance India should take the lead in activating the <strong>UNSC&rsquo;s Military Staff Committee</strong>&nbsp;(which was never set into motion following the UN&rsquo;s inception) without which UNSC&rsquo;s <strong>collective security</strong> and <strong>conflict-resolution roles</strong> will continue to remain limited.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Finally, India cannot achieve the positive development at global stage with confidence in the absence of stable relations with its neighbours. Besides India&rsquo;s empowered position at international organizations like the UNSC, it must also play its crucial and democratic role in South Asia and its neighborhood. In order to become a great power, India must have a strong motive to embrace polycentrism.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #cdf3fa; border-color: #06788c; border-style: dashed; width: 0%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 961px;"><em><strong>Drishti input:</strong></em><br /><br />At Asia-Pacific Group India has won its bid for a non-permanent seat at the UN Security Council (UNSC) for a two-year term in 2021-22. Discuss India&rsquo;s role as UNSC non-permanent member for achieving the global order and stability.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-as-non-permanent-member-of-unsc'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Ebola: Global Health Emergency',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization</strong></a> has announced the Ebola outbreak in the <strong>Democratic Republic of Congo</strong> (a country in Central Africa) as the global health emergency.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WHO defines a global emergency as an <strong>&ldquo;extraordinary event&rdquo;</strong> which constitutes a <strong>risk</strong> to other countries and requires a <strong>coordinated international response.</strong></li>
<li>A declaration of a global health emergency brings greater <strong>international attention</strong> and <strong>aid</strong> (both financial and technical) but should not be used to <strong>stigmatise</strong> or <strong>penalise</strong> the people by imposing <strong>travel</strong> or <strong>trade restrictions</strong> as those restrictions actually restrict the <strong>flow of goods</strong> and <strong>health care workers</strong> into affected countries and turn counter-productive.</li>
<li>It can be noted that recently, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has released a list of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Ten threats to global health in 2019&rdquo;</strong></a> which also included Ebola.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ebola Outbreak</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 2014&ndash;2016 outbreak in <strong>West Africa</strong> was the largest Ebola outbreak since the virus was first discovered in 1976.</li>
<li>The outbreak started in Guinea and then moved across land borders to <strong>Sierra Leone </strong>and<strong> Liberia.</strong></li>
<li>The current 2018-2019 outbreak in the <strong>Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo</strong> is highly complex.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Ebola Virus Disease</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ebola virus disease,</strong> formerly known as <strong>Ebola haemorrhagic fever,</strong> is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human to human transmission.</li>
<li><strong>Transmission: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nipah-virus-and-fruit-bat" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family</a></strong> are natural Ebola virus hosts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Animal to human transmission:</strong> Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the <strong>blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids </strong>of<strong> infected animals</strong> such as fruit bats, chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys, forest antelope or porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest.</li>
<li><strong>Human-to-human transmission:</strong> Ebola spreads via <strong>direct contact</strong> (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Blood or body fluids</strong> of a person who is sick with or has died from Ebola.</li>
<li><strong>Objects</strong> that have been contaminated with <strong>body fluids</strong> (like blood, feces, vomit) from a person sick with Ebola or the body of a person who died from Ebola</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> symptoms of Ebola can be sudden and include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fever</li>
<li>Fatigue</li>
<li>Muscle pain</li>
<li>Headache</li>
<li>Sore throat</li>
<li>Vomiting</li>
<li>Diarrhoea</li>
<li>Symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function</li>
<li>In some cases, both internal and external bleeding</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Diagnosis:</strong> It can be difficult to clinically distinguish Ebola from other infectious diseases such as <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-malaria-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>malaria</strong></a>, <strong>typhoid fever,</strong> and <strong>meningitis</strong> but confirmation that symptoms are caused by Ebola virus infection are made using the following diagnostic methods:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>ELISA</strong> (antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)</li>
<li><strong>Antigen-capture</strong> detection tests</li>
<li><strong>Serum</strong> neutralization test</li>
<li><strong>Reverse transcriptase polymerase</strong> chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay</li>
<li>Electron <strong>microscopy</strong></li>
<li><strong>Virus isolation</strong> by cell culture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ebola-global-health-emergency'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Spent Pot Lining',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong> </a>held a hearing regarding scientific disposal of <strong>spent pot lining(SPL)</strong> from the aluminium industries.</li>
<li>It has also been classified as a <strong>hazardous waste</strong> under the <strong>Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016.</strong></li>
<li>Most SPL is currently stored at the aluminium smelter sites or placed in landfills. Dissolved fluorides and cyanides from SPL <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/leachate-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>landfill leachate</strong> </a>may have environmental impacts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Spent Pot Lining</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Spent Pot Lining</strong> is produced by the smelting plants and contains a high level of <strong>cyanide and fluoride</strong> and is <strong>carcinogenic</strong> in nature and must be scientifically utilised or detoxified. Spent Potlining is also known as spent pot liner and spent cell liner.</li>
<li>The process of extracting aluminium metal from aluminium oxide takes place in electrolytic cells that are known as pots. The pots are made up of steel shells with two linings, an outer insulating or refractory lining and an inner carbon lining that acts as the cathode of the electrolytic cell.</li>
<li>During the operation of the cell, substances, including aluminium and fluorides, are absorbed into the cell lining. After some years of operation, the pot lining fails and is removed. The removed material is spent pot lining.</li>
<li>Hazardous properties of SPL are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Toxic fluoride and cyanide compounds that are leachable in water and are carcinogenic.</li>
<li>Corrosive - exhibiting high pH due to alkali metals and oxides.</li>
<li>Reactive with water - producing inflammable, toxic and explosive gases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The toxic, corrosive and reactive nature of SPL means that particular care must be taken in its handling, transportation and storage.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>pH Scale</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pH is a scale used to specify how acidic or basic a water-based solution is.</li>
<li>Acidic solutions have a lower pH, while basic solutions have a higher pH.</li>
<li>The neutral value of the pH depends on the temperature.</li>
<li>The usual range of pH values runs from 0 to 14, At room temperature (25 &deg;C), pure water is neither acidic nor basic and has a pH of 7.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/spent-pot-lining'
	]
]
$updates = object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

	'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
	'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
	'params' => [
		':c0' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	],
	'defaultTypes' => [
		'articles__article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.article_id' => 'integer',
		'article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.category_id' => 'integer',
		'category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__title' => 'string',
		'articles.title' => 'string',
		'title' => 'string',
		'articles__description' => 'text',
		'articles.description' => 'text',
		'description' => 'text',
		'articles__shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles.shortdescription' => 'string',
		'shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles__featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles.featuredimage' => 'string',
		'featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles__tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.tag_id' => 'integer',
		'tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles.secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles__type' => 'integer',
		'articles.type' => 'integer',
		'type' => 'integer',
		'articles__publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles.publishon' => 'datetime',
		'publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles__posturl' => 'string',
		'articles.posturl' => 'string',
		'posturl' => 'string',
		'articles__metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles.metatitle' => 'string',
		'metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles__metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles.metadescription' => 'string',
		'metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles__metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles.metakeyword' => 'text',
		'metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles__status' => 'integer',
		'articles.status' => 'integer',
		'status' => 'integer',
		'articles__sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles.sort_order' => 'integer',
		'sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles__addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.addedby' => 'integer',
		'addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.updatedby' => 'integer',
		'updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.added' => 'timestamp',
		'added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.modified' => 'timestamp',
		'modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles.whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_comments' => 'integer',
		'display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles__pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles.pdf_name' => 'string',
		'pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles__display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_archive' => 'integer',
		'display_archive' => 'integer'
	],
	'decorators' => (int) 0,
	'executed' => false,
	'hydrate' => true,
	'buffered' => true,
	'formatters' => (int) 0,
	'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
	'contain' => [],
	'matching' => [],
	'extraOptions' => [],
	'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}

}
$page = (int) 176
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 277
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

Achievers Corner

Prelims

Mains & Interview

Current Affairs

Drishti Specials

Free Downloads

Test Series

Videos

Search

Search list matched with tags “class”