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Australia’s Uluru Rock

Australia’s giant Red Monolith- Uluru (Also known as Ayers Rock) has been permanently closed for trekking by the Australian government. The...

26 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Sakhalin Oil Field

Recently the Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas has visited Sakhalin oil field in Russia. Exxon Mobil (US), Rosneft (Russia), Japanese SODECO...

26 Oct 2019 News Analysis
18th Non-Aligned Summit

Recently, the Vice President of India attended the 18th Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Summit which was held in Baku, Azerbaijan. The theme for the...

26 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Excavation Sites of Sangam Age

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has approved the Tamil Nadu’s request to continue excavations at four locations including...

26 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Medical Devices In India- Issues and Challenges

This article is based on “Medical devices are not drugs” which was published in The Indian Express on 25/10/2019. It talks about the...

25 Oct 2019 News Editorials
The Big Picture: Syria Crisis - US Backs out

Recently, the US announced to withdraw from Syria (in order to fulfil the US president’s electoral promise). However, this will lead to...

25 Oct 2019 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
Ease of Doing Business- 2020

The World Bank recently released its Ease of Doing Business Report, 2020. The indicator measures the performance of countries across 10...

25 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Thotlakonda Buddhist Monastery

Mahastupa of the Buddhist heritage site of Thotlakonda, which was reconstructed in 2016 by the State Archaeology department, collapsed...

25 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Minimum Support Price

The Government has hiked the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for Rabi crops for the marketing season 2020-21, after decision was taken at a meeting of...

25 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Odisha’s Integrated Irrigation Project for Climate Resilient Agriculture

The Government of India, Government of Odisha and the World Bank on 24th October 2019 signed a $165 million loan agreement for the Odisha’s...

25 Oct 2019 News Analysis
World Polio Day

World Polio Day was established by Rotary International on 24th October to celebrate the birth of Jonas Salk, who developed a vaccine against...

25 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Kartarpur Corridor

India and Pakistan have signed an agreement to operationalise the Kartarpur corridor. The agreement is valid initially for five years. Either...

25 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Right To Be Forgotten

This article is based on “The ‘right to be forgotten’ on the Internet” that was published in The Indian Express on...

24 Oct 2019 News Editorials
Mauryan Architecture- Part 2

Mauryan Popular Art Apart from the court art or royal patronage, cave-architecture, sculpture, and pottery took the expressions of art by individual...

24 Oct 2019 Paper 1
Massive Galaxy Found in Cosmic Dust

A massive galaxy, dating back to the early universe, has been spotted in cosmic dust clouds. The found galaxy has almost equal numbers of stars as...

24 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Antarctic Ocean Sanctuary

The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), is considering the proposal of creating the East Antarctic marine...

24 Oct 2019 News Analysis
PM National Dialysis Programme

Recently, the Health Ministry issued guidelines for establishing peritoneal dialysis services under the Pradhan Mantri National Dialysis...

24 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Smallest Ozone Hole in Decades

During September and October months of 2019, the ozone hole over the Antarctic has been the smallest observed since 1982. The presence of...

24 Oct 2019 News Analysis
India-Japan

Recently, the President of India visited Japan. The visit was the first presidential visit to Japan after a gap of 29 years. The last presidential...

24 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Mole Day

Mole Day is an unofficial holiday celebrated among chemists, chemistry students and chemistry enthusiasts on October 23, between 6:02 AM and 6:02 PM,...

24 Oct 2019 News Analysis

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Australia’s Uluru Rock',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Australia&rsquo;s giant <strong>Red Monolith- Uluru</strong> (Also known as <strong>Ayers Rock</strong>) has been permanently closed for trekking by the Australian government.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572079091_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572079091_image2.jpg" width="367" height="206" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The spiritual <strong>significance for Anangu (An aboriginal tribe of Australia)</strong> is responsible for the ban.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Uluru</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the huge <strong>red rock monolith</strong> located in the <strong>Central Australian desert.</strong></li>
<li>Ayers Rock (now Uluru) was <strong>first</strong> declared a <strong>national park in 1950</strong> and <strong>renamed</strong> as <strong>Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park</strong> in <strong>1993.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park is included in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage List</strong></a> for both its <strong>natural and cultural values.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Uluru is made up of <strong>sandstone</strong> and is about half a billion years old.</li>
<li>It stands <strong>348 metres high</strong> and has a circumference of<strong> 9.4 km.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/tourists-flock-to-australia-s-uluru-for-last-ever-climb/story-8VooYQcXBDkA3ZOmQrNAQN.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:HT</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/australia-s-uluru-rock'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Sakhalin Oil Field',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently the Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas has visited <strong>Sakhalin oil field in Russia.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Exxon Mobil (US), Rosneft (Russia), Japanese SODECO and ONGC Videsh are the partners in this field which will continue to produce oil and gas till 2055.</li>
<li>During the recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-russia-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vladivostok Summit</strong></a>, there was agreement on a roadmap of <strong>cooperation</strong> over the next five years <strong>in the hydrocarbon sector.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It included strengthening Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) exports to India; encouraging Russian companies to participate in gas projects in India; exploring the possibility of Indian companies collaborating in LNG projects, including in Arctic LNG infrastructure projects; cooperation at the university level, among others.</li>
<li>Sourcing of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-largest-importer-of-coking-coal-by-2025" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> coking coal</strong> </a>from the Russian Far East is now a major priority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572078615_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572078615_image3.jpg" width="434" height="336" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1589047" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sakhalin-oil-field'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => '18th Non-Aligned Summit',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Vice President of India attended the <strong>18<sup>th</sup> Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Summit</strong> which was held in <strong>Baku, Azerbaijan.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The theme for the 18<sup>th</sup> NAM Summit is<strong> &ldquo;Upholding the Bandung Principles to ensure concerted and adequate response to the challenges of the contemporary world.''<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572078273_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572078273_image1.jpg" width="288" height="203" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The theme relates to the forthcoming <strong>65<sup>th</sup> anniversary of Bandung Principles (2020) </strong>and the<strong> 60<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement (2021).</strong></li>
<li>Bandung principles promote world peace and cooperation which were formulated at the <strong>Asian-African Conference in 1955.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-aligned-movement-nam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NAM Summit</strong></a> majorly focussed on contemporary issues such as Terrorism, threats to peace and security, UN reform, climate change, sustainable development, economic governance, and south-south cooperation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India and Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is a founder member of NAM. It participated actively in NAM meetings till 1970s but India&rsquo;s inclination towards erstwhile USSR created confusion in smaller members.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It led to the weakening of NAM and small nations drifted towards either the US or USSR.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further India&rsquo;s New Economic Policy and inclination towards the US raised questions over India&rsquo;s seriousness over non-alignment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The disintegration of the USSR led to the unipolar world order dominated by the US.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, NAM continued losing relevance for India in a unipolar world, especially after the founding members failed to support India during the crisis.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, during the 1962 War with China, Ghana and Indonesia adopted explicitly pro-China positions.</li>
<li>During the 1965 and 1971 wars, Indonesia and Egypt took an anti-India stance and supported Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, the Prime Minister of India <strong>skipped </strong>the<strong> second NAM summit in a row</strong> (17<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> NAM Summit).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It had been the customary practice ever since the inception of NAM that India had always participated in the summit meetings through its prime minister, with the single <strong>exception of the 6<sup>th</sup> NAM Summit</strong> when Chaudhury Charan Singh was the caretaker PM and hence missed it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, India has started to actively <strong>engage with new and old global powers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India joining the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/27-09-2019/print" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quadrilateral Security Dialogue,</strong></a> a coalition seen by many as a counter force to China&rsquo;s rise in the Indo-Pacific and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-international-institutions-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shanghai cooperation organization</strong></a> led by China shown India&rsquo;s balancing approach in the new world order.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1588812" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/18th-non-aligned-summit'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Excavation Sites of Sangam Age',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rangdum-monastery" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)</strong></a> has approved the Tamil Nadu&rsquo;s request to continue excavations at four locations including Keeladi.</li>
<li>This development is expected to bridge the 1000 years gap in history between the Sangam Age and the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley civilization.</strong></a></li>
<li>The excavation will be undertaken at the following sites:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/keeladi-findings" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Keeladi-</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Located in Sivaganga district on the banks of river Vaigai.</li>
<li>It is an <strong>urban settlement</strong> of Sangam Age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kodumanal-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Village located in Erode district, TN.</li>
<li>Flourishing ancient trade city known as <strong>Kodumanam</strong> (as inscribed in <strong>Pathitrupathu</strong> of Sangam Literature).</li>
<li>It is located on the northern banks of Noyyal River (a tributary of the Cauvery).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sivagalai-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Village in the Tuticorin district, TN.</li>
<li>It was once known as <strong>&lsquo;Small Ceylon&rsquo;</strong> by Britishers.</li>
<li>Evidence of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/megalithic-sword-unearthed-in-kozhikode" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>megalithic</strong></a> archaeological remains were found here in 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adichanallur-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Located in Thoothukudi district, TN.</li>
<li>In 2004,<strong> iron-age</strong> (1500 BC to 500 BC) burial sites were unearthed by ASI from here.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ASI is the <strong>premier organization</strong> for the archaeological research, scientific analysis, excavation of archaeological sites, conservation and preservation of protected monuments.</li>
<li>It is an attached office under the <strong>Department of Culture, Ministry of Culture.</strong></li>
<li>ASI was founded in <strong>1861</strong> by <strong>Alexander Cunningham-</strong> the first Director-General of ASI.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sangam Age</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The word<strong> &lsquo;Sangam&rsquo;</strong> is the Tamil form of the Sanskrit word <strong>&lsquo;Sangha&rsquo;</strong> which means a group of persons or an association.</li>
<li>The Sangam literature was largely consolidated from the third Sangam and throws information on conditions of life of people around the beginning of the Christian era.</li>
<li>The Age of the Sangam is the age to which the Sangam literature belonged.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/asi-clears-further-excavations-at-four-sites-in-tamil-nadu-6088468/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/excavation-sites-of-sangam-age'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Medical Devices In India- Issues and Challenges',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/medical-devices-are-not-drugs-6086785/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Medical devices are not drugs&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 25/10/2019. It talks about the proposed regulatory framework for medical devices.</p>
</div>
<p><strong>The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong> is going to set up a <strong>regulatory framework</strong> for <strong>medical devices</strong> and aims to implement this new framework <strong>without moving a new law in Parliament</strong> to regulate the medical device industry.</p>
<h3>Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is creating an entire <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-notification-for-medical-implants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>regulatory framework</strong></a> out of <strong>notifications and rules,</strong> using <strong>powers delegated to it under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>first step</strong> towards this framework was made in 2017 when the ministry notified the <strong>Medical Device Rules, 2017.</strong> At that time, only a few medical devices were notified as &ldquo;drugs&rdquo; but now all are intended to put in the category.</li>
<li>This means that <strong>all medical devices</strong> would be <strong>placed within the framework of the Medical Device Rules, 2017.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>medical industry has been very irresponsible</strong> towards patients in India which became evident by <strong>the hip-implant scandal.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>pre-independence legislation</strong> that was enacted almost 80 years ago.</li>
<li>It is an act of Parliament which <strong>regulates the import, manufacturing and distribution</strong> of drugs in India.</li>
<li>Its objective is to ensure that the drugs and cosmetics sold in India are <strong>safe, effective and fulfills the safety standards and parameters.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Medical Device Rules, 2017</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It came into effect from <strong>January, 2018</strong> and is <strong>applicable to medical devices and in-vitro diagnostic medical devices.</strong></li>
<li>It made <strong>licensing application process online.</strong></li>
<li>It made <strong>medical devices novel to Indian market subject to special regulations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Johnson and Johnson&rsquo;s Faulty Hip Implants Case</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>2018,</strong> Johnson and Johnson&rsquo;s hip implant called <strong>Pinnacle</strong> was found to be <strong>leaking the cobalt-chromium ions into the body, leading to serious health complications,</strong> including <strong>metal poisoning of the blood, debilitating pain, and damage to the body organs.</strong></li>
<li>Further, Johnson and Johnson have <strong>paid compensations to US patients</strong> who had received the defective implants. However, <strong>In India, the company has challenged government orders to compensate</strong> 4,700 patients who had undergone hip replacement surgeries.</li>
<li>Therefore, the Johnson and Johnson<strong> continue to exploit the regulatory deficit in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will <strong>lead to a toothless regulatory framework for devices,</strong> similar to what exists for drugs today.</li>
<li>The<strong> ministry cannot create new offences or penalties through its rule-making authority.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only laws enacted by Parliament create new offences and penalties. As a result, the Medical Device Rules 2017 contains no penal provisions.</li>
<li>The <strong>Drugs and Cosmetics Act does contain a penal provision for the manufacture of sub-standard drugs</strong> but it cannot be used to penalise manufacturers of sub-standard medical devices because legally binding standards recognised in the <strong>Second Schedule to the Drugs and Cosmetics Act covers only pharmacopeias for drugs</strong> which means no standards for medical devices and no prosecution of a manufacturer of sub-standard medical devices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If the current proposal is adopted, the<strong> situation will be similar to that of substandard drugs.</strong> Companies that make defective products will order devices from foreign markets and will continue to sell them in India, and comply with the law. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>sale of substandard drugs can be prosecuted</strong> under the current law but most manufacturers who make poor quality drugs stay free due to <strong>poor surveillance and lack of political will and unity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the recent hip-implant scandal, <strong>one of the main challenges</strong> faced by the government in securing justice for faulty hip-implants <strong>was to secure a list of patients who had received the implant through surgery.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The manufacturer sold devices to doctors and hospitals instead of patients directly so it did not have a list of patients who had these devices implanted. Doctors and hospitals lack incentives to share the patient list and even if they want to, legal liability for surgically implanting faulty devices in the patient&rsquo;s body, would stop them in doing so.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>More importantly <strong>medical devices,</strong> because of their nature, <strong>are far more difficult to standardise</strong> when compared to drugs.</li>
<li>There are<strong> no tools available</strong> to Indian regulators under the proposed framework to hold makers of sub-standard medical device manufacturers to account for their actions. At most, the <strong>ministry can prohibit the manufacture and sale of certain medical devices under Section 26A or cancel a license to prevent</strong> future harm.</li>
<li><strong>Penalties or prosecution to punish for the harm already inflicted on patients due to negligence or intentional wrongdoing are not figured</strong> yet and it remains an important challenge.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Solution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One of the solutions to solve this information deficit is to <strong>create a confidential patient register</strong> that should be maintained by the government to record all details of implants.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This register <strong>could be used to notify patients</strong> in the case of malfunctioning devices. But the proposed regulatory framework does not offer any such provision.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government <strong>must rethink this toothless framework and instead enact a new law through Parliament.</strong> While medical devices have tremendous potential to revolutionise healthcare, the hip-implant scandals in India and abroad have shown us the dark side of this industry.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a difference between medical devices and drugs so it would be a grave mistake to apply the same regulatory framework for both of them. A <strong>targeted and different approach is needed to regulate</strong> these complex devices.</li>
<li><strong>New and innovatives ideas are needed</strong> to regulate this industry in the Indian context especially when the government bodies and the judiciary lack the capacity to handle such difficult and multilayered issues.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fdffeb;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Examine the challenges and issues with respect to the medical device industry of India.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/medical-devices-in-india-issues-and-challenges'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'The Big Picture: Syria Crisis - US Backs out',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ev7wA24_LK8" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>Recently, the US announced to withdraw from Syria (in order to fulfil the US president&rsquo;s electoral promise). However, this will lead to <strong>abandoning of Kurdish fighters in Syria,</strong> who were an <strong>American ally in the war against ISIS.</strong> This may lead to a decline in America's credibility amongst its allies.</p>
<p>With the US planning to leave Syria, <strong>Turkey has threatened to attack a part in Syria</strong> (northern Syria touching borders of Turkey) which was under the <strong>de-facto control of Kurds.</strong> The US has threatened to punish Turkey economically if it goes 'too far' against Kurds. However, what is 'too far' has not been clarified by the US.</p>
<p><strong>Thus, US withdrawal from Syria may have deep implications for the region.</strong></p>
<h3>Who are Kurds?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Kurds are the<strong> world&rsquo;s largest stateless ethnic group.</strong> There are an estimated 25 million to 35 million of them.</li>
<li>They live in the highlands of southern and eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, northwestern Iran, and parts of south Armenia, and are a minority in each of these countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572006152_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572006152_image3.jpg" width="557" height="361" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Kurdish nationalists claim a history going back 2,500 years, but they became identifiable as a distinct community only in the 7<sup>th</sup> century, when most tribes in the area adopted Islam.</li>
<li>The <strong>Treaty of S&egrave;vres (1920),</strong> which <strong>partitioned the old Ottoman dominions,</strong> marked out a much smaller territory as Kurdistan. However, Turkey negotiated with the Allied powers and, in 1923, the <strong>Treaty of Lausanne,</strong> that overtook Treaty of S&egrave;vres and <strong>ended the idea of a self-governing Kurdistan.</strong></li>
<li>Over the decades, the Kurds made repeated attempts at establishing a Kurdistan with defined national borders (within the territory of Turkey), and in this process, <strong>Turkey retaliated with massive repression of Kurds.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Turkey-Kurds-US Triangle</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1978, the Marxist revolutionary Abdullah &Ouml;calan formed the Kurdistan Workers&rsquo; Party (Partiya Karker&ecirc;n Kurdistan&ecirc; or PKK in Kurdish) with the aim of setting up an independent Kurdistan.</li>
<li>PKK guerrillas fought the Turkish army from 1984 to 2013, when the PKK declared a ceasefire.</li>
<li>After the Islamic State (ISIS) swept across Syria and Iraq, the only fighters who were able to resist the onslaught were the <strong>Syrian Kurdish militias.</strong></li>
<li>In 2014, <strong>the Kurds joined the US in the war against ISIS,</strong> and become a helpful regional ally of the US.</li>
<li>Once the Kurds, backed by the Americans, had forced ISIS out of northern Syria, they took over the <strong>re-captured land along the Syria-Turkey border,</strong> home mainly to ethnic Kurds, Arabs, and some other groups.</li>
<li>Turkey sees it as a <strong>serious threat to its territorial integrity, Therefore</strong> Turkey plans to launch an assault on <strong>Kurdish-held territory in Syria.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Why Turkey is invading Syria now?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By invading northern Syria, Turkey seeks to<strong> create a peace zone,</strong> where it can deport <strong>Syrian refugees that fled the country during the Civil war in Syria.</strong></li>
<li>However, experts believe in the name of the creation of a peace zone, Turkey wants to<strong> land grab the strategic area.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Geopolitical Importance of northern Syria.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It holds 30% of Syrian oil &amp; gas.</li>
<li>This area harbours a fertile agricultural land.</li>
<li>Also, the region is drained by water from river Euphrates.</li>
<li>Apart from this, the area is under control of Kurds, which Turkey recognizes as a threat to its territorial integrity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implications of the US's withdrawal from Syria</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rise of Russia</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Syrian crisis was used by Russia to <strong>re-establish its credibility and legitimacy as a superpower</strong> in the region.</li>
<li>This withdrawal of the US and Turkey's attack on Syria will lead to further <strong>deterioration of relations between the US and Turkey and revision of ties between Turkey and Russia.</strong></li>
<li>With the US out of the picture, countries in the Middle East are looking towards Russia for bringing peace and stability in the region.</li>
<li>Also, <strong>Russia, Iran and Syria axis will strengthen</strong> from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean sea.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Change in US's Policy in the region</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The US pursued the policy of <strong>regime change in Syria</strong> (through Arab Spring or post Arab spring Civil War).</li>
<li>However, the US is <strong>changing its policy within the region-</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The US only <strong>seeks partial troops withdrawal</strong> (not full withdrawal, similar to Afghanistan), as it wanted to <strong>establish military bases in the countries.</strong></li>
<li>Thus, it is in the interest of the <strong>US to fragment Syria into small parts,</strong> that's why the US has abandoned Kurds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Resurgence of ISIS</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many of the <strong>ISIS terrorists were captured by Kurds</strong> after they defeated ISIS.</li>
<li>However, Turkey's attack on Kurds may lead to freeing up of ISIS prisoners, that are held captive by the Kurds.</li>
<li>Turkish annexation will be met with Kurdish Resistance which will <strong>further destabilize the region.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>In the middle of all this chaos, <strong>India can act as a credible mediator,</strong> as India is a unique country having stable relations with all the countries engaged in middle east conflict.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Drishti input:</strong></p>
<p><strong>Arab Spring and the Syrian Crisis</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Arab Spring</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Arab Spring was a series of pro-democracy uprisings that enveloped several largely Muslim countries, including Tunisia, Morocco, Syria, Libya, Egypt and Bahrain.</li>
<li>The Arab Spring began in December 2010 when Tunisian street vendor <strong>Mohammed Bouazizi</strong> set himself on fire to protest the arbitrary seizing of his vegetable stands by police over failure to obtain a permit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Syrian Crisis</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2011, successful uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt gave hope to Syrian pro-democracy activists.</li>
<li>The Syrian government, led by President Bashar al-Assad, responded to the protests by killing hundreds of demonstrators and imprisoning many more.</li>
<li>In July 2011, defectors from the military announced the formation of the Free Syrian Army(FSA), a rebel group aiming to overthrow the government, and Syria began to slide into civil war.</li>
<li>Foreign backing and open intervention have played a large role in Syria's civil war. Russia entered the conflict in 2015 and has been the Syrian government's main ally since then.</li>
<li>In September 2015, Russia launched a bombing campaign against what is referred to as "terrorist groups" in Syria, which included ISIS as well as FSA backed by the USA.</li>
<li>Due to this Syrian civil war has turned into a regional proxy war.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Syria + Iran + Russia vs Saudi Arabia + Israel + US.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-syria-crisis-us-backs-out'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Ease of Doing Business- 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> recently released its <strong>Ease of Doing Business Report, 2020.&nbsp;</strong>The indicator measures the performance of countries across 10 different dimensions in the 12-month period ending May 1, 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the report, <strong>New Zealand </strong>retained its&nbsp;<strong>1<sup>st</sup>&nbsp;position </strong>whereas<strong> Somalia </strong>was ranked at<strong> 190<sup>th</sup></strong>&nbsp;spot.</li>
<li>India was placed at&nbsp;<strong>63<sup>rd</sup></strong> position this time (2019) out of 190 countries marking an <strong>improvement of 14 places</strong> from its 77<sup>th</sup>&nbsp;position in 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>score improved</strong> from <strong>67.23 in the previous year to 71.0 this year.</strong></li>
<li>India for the third consecutive year was present in the list of 10 economies where the business climate has improved the most.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The essential features of India's performance this year are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s ranking improved basically on <strong>four parameters:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Starting a Business-</strong> India made starting a business easier by fully integrating multiple application forms into a general incorporation form,</li>
<li><strong>Dealing with Construction Permits-</strong> For example, building a warehouse cost around 4% of the warehouse value as compared to 5.7% in the previous year,</li>
<li><strong>Trading across Borders</strong>- with a <strong>single electronic platform-</strong> improved electronic submission methods for documents and upgrades to port infrastructure, <strong>import and export</strong> process became easier, and</li>
<li><strong>Resolving Insolvency-</strong> Recovery rate under resolving insolvency has improved significantly from 26.5% to 71.6%. Also, the time taken for resolving insolvency has also come down significantly from 4.3 years to 1.6 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India continues to maintain its <strong>first position</strong> among <strong>South Asian countries.</strong> It was 6<sup>th</sup> (in 2014).</li>
<li>The World Bank will now include <strong>Kolkata and Bengaluru</strong>, besides Delhi and Mumbai, for preparing ease of doing business report, in order to provide a holistic picture of the business environment of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ease of Doing Business Report</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report was introduced in <strong>2003</strong> to provide an assessment of objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement across 190 economies on ten parameters affecting a business through its life cycle.</li>
<li>The report measures the performance of countries across 10 different parameters namely-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Starting a Business,</li>
<li>Dealing with Construction permits,</li>
<li>Electricity availability,</li>
<li>Property registration,</li>
<li>Credit availability,</li>
<li>Protecting minority Investors,</li>
<li>Paying Taxes,</li>
<li>Trading across borders,</li>
<li>Contracts enforcement, and</li>
<li>Resolving Insolvency.</li>
<li><strong>This time two more&nbsp;parameters were considered namely, employing workers and contracting with the government but these are not included in the score and rankings.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It ranks countries on the basis of <strong>Distance to Frontier (DTF)</strong> score that highlights the gap of an economy with respect to the global best practice. For example, a score of 75 means an economy was 25 percentage points away from the frontier constructed from the best performances across all economies and across time.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/india-climbs-14-notches-in-ease-of-doing-business-ranking/article29789723.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Thotlakonda Buddhist Monastery',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>Mahastupa of the Buddhist heritage site of Thotlakonda, which was</strong> reconstructed in 2016 by the State Archaeology department, collapsed recently.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571992974_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571992974_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="209" height="129" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>2000 years old</strong> monastic complex with remnants of <strong>stupas, chaitya grihas and viharas</strong> atop <strong>Thotlakonda Hill, Andhra Pradesh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Buddhist monks arriving from places like China, Burma and many other countries used to stay at this site for months before finishing their learning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Stupas:</strong> These are Buddhist commemorative monument usually housing sacred relics associated with the Buddha or other saintly persons.</p>
<p><strong>Chaityas:</strong> A Chaitya was a rectangular prayer hall within a stupa placed in the centre, the purpose was <strong>prayer.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Viharas:</strong> Viharas were the residences of the monks.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/mahastupa-caves-in-three-years-after-reconstruction/articleshow/71728936.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TOI</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/thotlakonda-buddhist-monastery'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Minimum Support Price',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Government has hiked the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/msp-agrarian-crisis-and-reform" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minimum Support Price (MSP)</strong></a> for <strong>Rabi crops</strong> for the marketing season 2020-21, after decision was taken at a meeting of the <strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA),</strong> headed by the Prime Minister.</p>
<p>The increase in MSP for Rabi Crops is in line with the principle of fixing the MSPs at a level of <strong>at least 1.5 times</strong> of the all India weighted average cost of production [CoP], which was announced in the Union Budget 2018-19.</p>
<h3>Minimum Support Price</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The MSP is the rate at which the <strong>government buys grains from farmers. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Reason behind the idea of MSP is to counter</strong> price volatility of <strong>agricultural commodities</strong> due to the factors like variation in their supply, lack of market integration and information asymmetry.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fixation of MSP</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The MSP is fixed <strong>on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Factors taken into consideration</strong> for fixing MSP include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Demand and supply;</li>
<li>Cost of production (A2 + FL method)</li>
<li>Price trends in the market, both domestic and international;</li>
<li>Inter-crop price parity;</li>
<li>Terms of trade between agriculture and non-agriculture;</li>
<li>A minimum of 50% as the margin over cost of production; and</li>
<li>Likely implications of MSP on consumers of that product.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Commission also makes visits to states</strong> for on-the-spot assessment of the various constraints that farmers face in marketing their produce, or even raising the productivity levels of their crops.</li>
<li>Based on all these inputs, the Commission then finalizes its recommendations/reports, which are then submitted to the government.</li>
<li>The government, in turn, circulates the CACP reports to state governments and concerned Central Ministries for their comments.</li>
<li>After receiving the feed-back from them, the <strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) of the Union government takes a final decision</strong> on the level of MSPs and other recommendations made by the CACP.</li>
<li><strong>Procurement: </strong>The<strong> Food Corporation of India (FCI),</strong> the nodal central agency of the Government of India, along with other State Agencies undertakes procurement of crops.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>The CACP is an <strong>attached office</strong> of the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare,</strong> formed in 1965. It is a <strong>statutory body</strong> that submits separate reports recommending prices for Kharif and Rabi seasons.</p>
<p><strong>National Commission on Farmers: Swaminathan Committee</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On 18<sup>th</sup> November, 2004, the Union government formed the National Commission on Farmers (NCF) with MS Swaminathan as its chairman.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main aim of the committee was to come up with a sustainable farming system, make farm commodities cost-competitive and more profitable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It, in 2006, recommended that MSPs must be at least 50% more than the cost of production.</li>
<li>It talked about the cost of farming at three levels:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>A2:</strong> All the types of cash expenditure to generate the crop like seeds, manure, chemicals, labour costs, fuel costs and irrigation costs.</li>
<li><strong>A2+FL:</strong> It includes A2 plus an imputed value of unpaid family labour.</li>
<li><strong>C2:</strong> Under C2, the estimated land rent and the cost of interest on the money taken for farming are added to A2 and FL.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Rabi Crops</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rabi crops are <strong>sown in winter from October to December</strong> and harvested in summer from April to June.</li>
<li>Some of the <strong>important rabi crops</strong> are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.</li>
<li>Though, these crops are grown in large parts of India, states from the north and northwestern parts such as <strong>Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh</strong> are important for the production of wheat and other rabi crops.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-hikes-msp-for-wheat-by-85-pulses-by-325-per-quintal/article29777612.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Odisha’s Integrated Irrigation Project for Climate Resilient Agriculture',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Government of India, Government of Odisha and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> on 24<sup>th</sup> October 2019 signed a <strong>$165 million loan agreement</strong> for the Odisha&rsquo;s Integrated Irrigation Project for Climate Resilient Agriculture.</p>
<h3>About Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project aims to <strong>support small landholding farmers</strong> in order to strengthen the resilience of their production systems against adverse climatic conditions by improving access to <strong>climate resilient seed varieties and production technologies.</strong></li>
<li>For <strong>increasing the income</strong> of the farmers, the project strives to <strong>diversify</strong> towards more climate-resilient crops and<strong> improve access</strong> to better water management and irrigation services. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The project will also provide <strong>marketing support</strong> to farmers who are able to generate a marketable surplus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The project will be implemented in <strong>rural areas</strong> that are <strong>vulnerable to droughts</strong> and are largely <strong>dependent on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/policy-bias-against-rainfed-agricultural-area" target="_blank" rel="noopener">rainfed agriculture.</a></strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is expected to benefit about 125,000 smallholder farmer households from 15 districts of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The project also aspires to support the <strong>rehabilitation of 532 water tanks</strong> thereby: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Promoting the <strong>productivity improvements</strong> at the farm level,</li>
<li>Supporting farmers to reduce the current emphasis on food grains (especially paddy- a water guzzler crop) and <strong>increase the share of high-value and more nutritious products</strong> like fruits and vegetables, and</li>
<li>Practising <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-blue-revolution" target="_blank" rel="noopener">aquaculture</a></strong> in rehabilitated tanks so as to help farmers access affordable and quality fingerlings, and disseminate improved aquaculture practices and post-harvest management.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This project is under the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)</strong></a> of the government so as to achieve the <strong>sustainable agriculture-related targets</strong> of the SDGs by 2030.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are <strong>8 national missions</strong> that form the core of the NAPCC representing the multi-pronged, long term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Since 2009, the frequency of droughts in Odisha has increased from 1 in 5 years to 1 in 2 years.</li>
<li>About 70% of the total cultivated area is prone to droughts as compared to 40% in the 1970s.</li>
<li>In Odisha, agriculture is also a major source of <strong>Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions</strong> and is responsible for about 25% of the GHG emissions in the state.</li>
<li>Such erratic and extreme weather are responsible for declining yields and falling incomes of the farmers.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Greenhouse Gases (GHG)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are the gases that absorb and emit radiant energy within the thermal infrared range.</li>
<li><strong>Primary GHGs</strong> are- water vapour, carbon dioxide, <strong>methane,</strong> nitrous oxide, and ozone.</li>
<li>GHGs create Greenhouse Effect which is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project is intended to be a game-changer for the State by creating a more resilient agricultural sector, enhancing food security, increasing farmers&rsquo; incomes and reducing the GHG footprint of the sector.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=193999" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: PIB</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odisha-s-integrated-irrigation-project-for-climate-resilient-agriculture'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'World Polio Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>World Polio Day was established by <strong>Rotary International</strong> on <strong>24<sup>th</sup> October</strong> to celebrate the <strong>birth of Jonas Salk,</strong> who developed a <strong>vaccine against poliomyelitis.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The establishment of the <strong>Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988 reduced</strong> polio worldwide by <strong>99%.</strong></li>
<li>World Polio Day (2019) marked a milestone in polio eradication as the <strong>independent Global Commission for the Certification of Poliomyelitis Eradication (GCC)</strong> has declared<strong> Wild Polio Virus type 3 </strong>to be <strong>globally eradicated.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It follows the eradication of smallpox and wild poliovirus type 2.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Wild Polio Virus type 3</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are three individual and immunologically distinct wild poliovirus strains: Wild Polio Virus type 1 (WPV1), Wild Polio Virus type 2 (WPV2) and Wild Polio Virus type 3 (WPV3).</li>
<li><strong>Symptomatically,</strong> all three strains are<strong> identical,</strong> in that they cause irreversible paralysis or even death.</li>
<li>But there are <strong>genetic and virological differences,</strong> which make these three strains three <strong>separate viruses</strong> that must each be eradicated individually.</li>
<li>WPV2 and WPV3 have been eradicated globally but <strong>WPV1 remains</strong> in circulation in just two countries namely, <strong>Afghanistan and Pakistan.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Polio</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Polio is a crippling and potentially fatal <strong>viral infectious</strong> disease.</li>
<li>There is <strong>no cure,</strong> but <strong>can be prevented</strong> through immunization.</li>
<li>The strategy to eradicate polio is therefore based on preventing infection by immunizing every child until transmission stops.</li>
<li>There are two types of vaccines to prevent infection.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine):</strong> It is given orally as a birth dose for institutional deliveries, then primary three doses at 6, 10 &amp; 14 weeks and one booster dose at 16-24 months of age.</li>
<li><strong>Injectable Polio Vaccine (IPV):</strong> It is introduced as an additional dose along with the 3rd dose of DPT under the universal immunization programme (UIP).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> received <strong>polio-free certification</strong> by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a> in 2014.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Eradication of a disease</strong> refers to the complete and permanent worldwide reduction to zero new cases of an infectious disease through deliberate efforts. If a disease has been eradicated, <strong>no further control measures are required.</strong> For eg- <strong>smallpox has been eradicated.</strong></li>
<li>However, <strong>elimination of a disease</strong> refers to <strong>reduction to zero</strong> (or a very low defined target rate) of new cases of an infectious disease in a <strong>defined geographical area.</strong> Elimination requires <strong>continued measures to prevent re-establishment</strong> of disease transmission. <strong>Yaws and Leprosy</strong> have been eliminated from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/2-out-of-3-wild-poliovirus-strains-have-been-eradicated-says-who/article29789747.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-polio-day'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Kartarpur Corridor',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>India and Pakistan</strong> have signed an <strong>agreement</strong> to operationalise the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kartarpur-corridor" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kartarpur corridor</strong></a>. The agreement is <strong>valid</strong> initially for <strong>five years.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Either party can terminate the agreement at any time by giving notice of one month to the other party of its intention to terminate this agreement.</li>
<li>Also, the pact <strong>could be suspended in case of exigency</strong> or persistent violation of its provisions.</li>
<li>The <strong>Pakistan</strong> side has agreed to make <strong>sufficient provision for langar</strong> and distribution of prasad in the Gurdwara premises.</li>
<li>On<strong> Indian side,</strong> all the <strong>required infrastructure,</strong> including the highway and the passenger terminal building are near completion for timely inauguration of the corridor.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>corridor</strong> is expected <strong>to be inaugurated on 9<sup>th</sup> November 2019.</strong></li>
<li>It would remain open throughout the year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kartarpur Corridor<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571987053_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571987053_image1.jpg" width="408" height="283" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Kartarpur corridor connects the <strong>Darbar Sahib Gurdwara</strong> in Narowal district of <strong>Pakistan</strong> with the <strong>Dera Baba Nanak shrine</strong> in Gurdaspur district in <strong>India&rsquo;s Punjab province.</strong></li>
<li>The agreement will facilitate <strong>visa-free movement of Indian pilgrims</strong> who would just need a permit to cross over to Pakistan.</li>
<li>The corridor was built <strong>to commemorate 550<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary celebrations of Guru Nanak Dev, founder of Sikhism</strong> on 12<sup>th</sup> November 2019.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Guru Nanak</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Guru Nanak Dev <strong>Jayanti is observed on the full-moon day in the month of Katak</strong> to celebrate the birth of <strong>Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1539).</strong></li>
<li>He advocated the <strong>'Nirguna'</strong> form of bhakti. He rejected sacrifices, ritual baths, image worship, austerities and the scriptures of both Hindus and Muslims.</li>
<li>He <strong>set up rules for congregational worship (sangat)</strong> involving collective recitation.</li>
<li>He appointed one of his disciples, Angad, to succeed him as the preceptor (guru), and this practice was followed for nearly 200 years.</li>
<li>The <strong>fifth preceptor, Guru Arjan,</strong> compiled Baba Guru Nanak&rsquo;s hymns along with those of his four successors and also other religious poets, like Baba Farid, Ravidas (also known as Raidas) and Kabir, in the <strong>Adi Granth Sahib.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These hymns, called <strong>'Gurbani',</strong> are composed in many languages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Kartarpur gurudwara is the <strong>revered shrine</strong> about 4km across the border where <strong>Guru Nanak Dev spent the last 18 years of his life.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-pakistan-sign-agreement-to-operationalise-kartarpur-corridor/article29784679.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kartarpur-corridor-2'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Right To Be Forgotten',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-right-to-be-forgotten-on-the-internet-6041283/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;The &lsquo;right to be forgotten&rsquo; on the Internet&rdquo;</a> that was published in The Indian Express on 1/10/2019. It talks about the right to be forgotten in the Indian context.</p>
</div>
<p></p>
<p>Recently, the <strong>European Court of Justice (ECJ)</strong> ruled in favour of the search engine giant Google, which was contesting a French regulatory authority&rsquo;s <strong>order to have web addresses removed from its global database.</strong></p>
<p>The European Union&rsquo;s highest court ruled that an online privacy rule known as the <strong>&lsquo;right to be forgotten&rsquo;</strong> under European law <strong>would not apply beyond the borders of EU member states.</strong></p>
<p>The judgement is an important victory for Google, as now the online privacy law cannot be used to regulate the internet in countries such as India, which are outside the European Union.</p>
<h3>What is the &lsquo;right to be forgotten&rsquo;?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The right to be forgotten empowers individuals to ask organisations to delete their personal data.</strong></li>
<li>It is provided by the EU&rsquo;s <strong>General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)</strong>, a law passed by the 28-member bloc in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Note:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to GDPR, the data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller the erasure of personal data concerning him or her without undue delay.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under Article 2 of the GDPR, &ldquo;personal data&rdquo; means &ldquo;any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (&ldquo;data subject&rdquo;)&rdquo;.</li>
<li>&ldquo;Controller&rdquo; means &ldquo;the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or any other body which determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data&rdquo;.</li>
<li>According to the GDPR website, &ldquo;undue delay&rdquo; is considered to be about a month.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After a search engine company like Google gets requests under the GDPR to get information deleted, it first reviews and then removes links on country-specific sites within the European Union.</li>
<li>ECJ observed that the EU cannot enforce the &lsquo;right to be forgotten&rsquo; on countries which do not recognize such a right.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is 'right to be forgotten' under the Indian scheme?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/justice-bn-srikrishna-committee-submits-data-protection-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Justice BN Srikrishna Committee&rsquo;s</a> draft Personal Data Protection Bill 2018, has introduced a new right called the right to be forgotten, which refers to the <strong>ability of an individual to limit, delink, delete, or correct the disclosure of the personal information on the internet</strong> that is misleading, embarrassing, or irrelevant.</li>
<li>According to Section 27 of the Bill, a <strong>data principal</strong> has a right to prevent the <strong>data fiduciary</strong> from using such data or information if data disclosure is no longer necessary, the consent to use data has been withdrawn or if data is being used contrary to the provisions of the law.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, section 27(2) says the <strong>adjudicating officer (Data Protection Authority)</strong> can decide on the question of disclosure, and the circumstances in which he thinks such disclosure can override the <strong>freedom of speech and the citizen&rsquo;s right to information.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Right to be forgotten is in sync with the right to privacy, which was hailed by the Supreme court as an integral part of Article 21 (right to life) of the constitution in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Puttaswamy judgement 2017.</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>DATA PRINCIPAL</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the person, company, or entity whose information is being collected.</li>
<li>&ldquo;Data&rdquo; means information that is represented in a form that is more appropriate for processing.</li>
<li>&ldquo;Processing&rdquo; refers to the operations done to the data, often forms of organisation, searching, combining, and more to glean further information.</li>
</ul>
<p>DATA FIDUCIARY</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This can be a person, state, company, or any entity that decides why data should be processed and how it should be processed.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>What are the issues with India's scheme of 'right to be forgotten'?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Right to be forgotten gets in conflict with the right to information.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This can be depicted in the cases where a rape victim has a right that her past is forgotten and at the same time a criminal cannot claim that he has the right to insist that his conviction should not be referred to by the media.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Whether the data online has to be retained (right to information) or erased (right to be forgotten) from the web, the decision <strong>has to be taken by the Data Protection Authority.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This may turn the <strong>right to be forgotten into danger to press freedom</strong> as a journalist has to wait for the decision of the adjudicating officer.</li>
<li>Thus, the freedom to criticise the public personalities for their public policies based on their past statements and activities will be in jeopardy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, <strong>a citizen seeking access to such information will be confused</strong>, whether to approach the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/14th-anniversary-of-right-to-information" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Central Information Commission</a> or Data Protection Authority.</li>
<li>The state retains unbridled powers to collect and process data, without the need for consent,<strong> for the national interest.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the national interest is nowhere defined, which allows the application of the right to be forgotten under the discretion of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to implement the right to be forgotten, <strong>privacy needs to be added as a ground for reasonable restriction under Article 19 (2)</strong> by a major amendment to the Constitution.</li>
<li>There must be a balance between the right to privacy and protection of personal data (as covered under Article 21 of the Indian constitution), on the one hand, and the freedom of information of internet users (under Article 19), on the other.</li>
<li>A comprehensive data protection law must address these issues and minimize the conflict between the two fundamental rights that form the crucial part of the <strong>golden trinity (Art. 14,19 and 21)</strong> of the Indian constitution.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Drishti Mains Question</p>
<p>Discuss how the right to be forgotten as proposed by Justice BN Srikrishna Committee, can override the freedom of speech and the citizen&rsquo;s right to information.</p>
</div>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-be-forgotten-2'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Mauryan Architecture- Part 2',
			'catname' => 'Paper 1',
			'desc' => '<h3>Mauryan Popular Art<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912484_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912484_image4.jpg" width="203" height="158" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>Apart from the court art or royal patronage, cave-architecture, sculpture, and pottery took the expressions of art by <strong>individual effort.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Cave Architecture:</strong> During the Mauryan period, caves were generally used as<strong> viharas,</strong> i.e. living quarters, by the Jain and Buddhist monks.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Key Features:</strong> The caves during the Mauryan period were marked by a<strong> highly polished</strong> finish of the interior walls and <strong><strong>decorative gateways.</strong></strong>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912446_image15.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912446_image15.jpg" style="float: right;" width="179" height="119" caption="false" /></a></h3>
</li>
<li><strong>Example:</strong> The seven caves (Satgarva) in the Makhdumpur region of Jehanabad district, Bihar, were created by Mauryan emperor Ashoka for the Ajivika Sect:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Barabar Caves (4 caves):</strong> Karna Chaupar, Sudama Cave, Lamarshi (Lomas Rishi) Cave, Vishwamitra (Vishva Zopri) Cave</li>
<li><strong>Nagaragunja Caves (3 caves):</strong> In Bihar were formed during the time of Dasharath, grandson of Ashoka , Gopi Cave, Bahayak Cave and Vedantika Cave.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ajivika Sect</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was founded by <strong>Goshala Maskariputra</strong> (a friend of Mahavira, the 24<sup>th</sup> Tirthankara of Jainism) and was contemporary of Jainism and Buddhism.</li>
<li>Ajivika sect is based on the philosophy that the affairs of the entire universe were ordered by a cosmic force called niyati (Sanskrit: &ldquo;rule&rdquo; or &ldquo;destiny&rdquo;) that determined all events, including an individual&rsquo;s fate.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sculptures<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912518_image9.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912518_image9.jpg" style="float: right;" width="110" height="201" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Two of the most famous sculptures of the Mauryan period are those of <strong>Yaksha and Yakshi.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They were objects of worship related to all three religions &ndash; Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism.</li>
<li>The earliest mention of yakshi can be found in <strong>Silappadikaram,</strong> a Tamil text.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The torso</strong> of the nude male figure found at Lohanipur at Patna.</li>
<li><strong>Didargunj Yakshi</strong> was found at Didargunj village at Patna.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Pottery:</strong> Pottery of the Mauryan period is generally referred to as <strong>Northern Black Polished Ware</strong> (NBPW).<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912560_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912560_image5.jpg" width="77" height="192" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mauryan pottery was characterized by <strong>black paint</strong> and <strong>highly lustrous finish</strong> and was generally used as luxury items.</li>
<li><strong>Kosambi and Patliputra</strong> were the centers of NBPW pottery.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Post Mauryan Art and Architecture</h3>
<p>With the decline of the Mauryan empire several small dynasties rose to power. Among them, Shungas, Kanvas, Kushanas and Shakas in the north and Satvahanas, Ikshavakus, Abhiras, and Vakatakas in Southern and Western India gained prominence.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The architecture in the form of rock-cut caves and stupas continued, with each dynasty introducing some unique features of their own. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Similarly, different schools of sculpture emerged and the art of sculpture reached its climax in the post-Mauryan period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rock-cut Caves:</strong> The construction of rock caves continued as in the Mauryan period. However, this period saw the development of two types of rock caves &ndash; <strong>Chaitya and Viharas.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chaitya was a rectangular prayer hall with a stupa placed in the center, for the purpose of prayer and Viharas were used as the residences of the monks.</li>
<li><strong>Examples</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves</strong> in Bhubaneshwar, Odisha were patronized by the Kalinga king Kharavela and are also known for the Hathigumpha inscription (in Brahmi script).</li>
<li><strong>Ranigumpha cave</strong> in Udayagiri is double-storied and has some beautiful sculptures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stupas:</strong> Post Mauryan period stupas became larger and more decorative and wood and brickwork were replaced by stone.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912668_image14.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912668_image14.jpg" width="143" height="164" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Torans:</strong> In the post-Mauryan period, the Shunga dynasty introduced the idea of torans (Torans reflect the Hellenisti influence) which were beautifully decorated gateways to the stupas.</li>
<li><strong>Examples</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bharhut stupa in Madhya Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sculpture:</strong> Post Mauryan empire three prominent schools of the sculpture came into prominence in three different regions of India namely Gandhara, Mathura, and Amravati schools.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912707_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912707_image7.jpg" width="627" height="251" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Gandhara:</strong> The Gandhara School of Art or Greco-Indian School of Art (First sculptural representation of Buddha in human form) has its origin in Greco tradition (Greek invaders brought with them the traditions of the Greek and Roman sculptors) which was further merged with the regional or local art of the time.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Initial Development:</strong> Gandhara school was developed in the western frontiers of <strong>Punjab.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912779_image10.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912779_image10.jpg" width="199" height="157" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Patronage:</strong> This school was patronized by both <strong>Shaka and Kushan rulers.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Major centers</strong> of Gandhara school of art were Jalalabad (Eastern Afghanistan), Hadda (ancient region of Gandhara),Begram (Parwan province of Afghanistan) &amp; Taxila (Pakistan).</li>
<li><strong>Key Features:</strong> Buddha was depicted in Gandhara Art, through four types of hand gestures called Mudras:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Abahayamudra:</strong> Indicates fearlessness</li>
<li><strong>Dhyana mudra:</strong> Indicates meditative position</li>
<li><strong>Dharmachakramudra:</strong> Means turning the wheel of law.</li>
<li><strong>Bhumisparshamudra:</strong> Touching the earth with right hand and calling it to witness truth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mudras Related To Buddha of Gandhara School</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vitarka Mudra:</strong> It indicates teaching and discussion or intellectual debate. <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912878_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912878_image6.jpg" style="float: right;" width="168" height="141" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The tips of the thumb and index finger touch each other, forming a circle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Anjali Mudra:</strong> Indicates greetings, devotion, and adoration. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both hands close to the chest, palms, and fingers joined against each other vertically (Namaste posture).</li>
<li>This is for Bodhisattvas (who aim and prepare to attain perfect knowledge).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912917_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912917_image3.jpg" width="210" height="315" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Uttarabodhi Mudra:</strong> It means supreme enlightenment.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912976_image8.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912976_image8.jpg" style="float: right;" width="153" height="127" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This Mudra is known for charging one with energy. It symbolises perfection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Varada Mudra:</strong> It indicates charity, compassion or granting wishes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Signifies five perfections: Generosity, morality, patience, effort and meditative concentration, through the five extended fingers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571913091_image13.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571913091_image13.jpg" width="207" height="232" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Karana Mudra:</strong> It indicates warding off evil.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The energy created by this Mudra helps remove obstacles such as sickness or negative thoughts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571913015_image12.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571913015_image12.jpg" width="433" height="243" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vajra Mudra:</strong> It indicates knowledge.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This mudra signifies the importance of knowledge or supreme wisdom.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571913056_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571913056_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="195" height="259" /></a></p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mathura:</strong> The sculptures of the Mathura school were influenced by all the three religions Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Initial Development:</strong> Developed in and around Mathura.</li>
<li><strong>Patronage:</strong> This school was patronized by Kushan rulers.</li>
<li><strong>Major Centres:</strong> Mathura, Sonkh and Kankalitila.</li>
<li><strong>Key Feature:</strong> Symbolism in the images was one of the key features of the Mathura school of art like <strong>Shiva</strong> was represented using linga and mukhalinga, <strong>Halo</strong> around the head of Buddha was decorated geometrical patterns and Buddha is shown to be surrounded by two <strong>Bodhisattavas</strong> Padmapani (holding a lotus) and Vajrapani (holding a thunderbolt).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amaravati:</strong> Unlike Gandhara and Mathura schools which focused on single images, Amaravati school laid more emphasis on the use of <strong>dynamic images or narrative art</strong> (like jataka tales).
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Initial Development:</strong> Amaravati school was developed on the banks of the Krishna river.</li>
<li><strong>Major Centres:</strong> Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda.</li>
<li><strong>Patronage:</strong> This school was patronized by Satvahana rulers.</li>
<li><strong>Key Feature:</strong> Tribhanga posture, i.e. the body with three bends was used excessively by Amaravati school in its sculptures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912376_image11.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912376_image11.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="713" height="450" /></a></p>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Development of Art and Architecture:</strong> Mauryas made a remarkable contribution to art and architecture, and introduced stone masonry on a wide scale.</li>
<li><strong>Polished Stone Pillar:</strong> High technical skill was achieved by Maurya artisans in polishing the stone pillars, which are as shining as the Northern Black Polished Ware.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The stone statue of Yakshini in the form of a beautiful woman found in Didarganj (Patna) is noted for its Maurya polish.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pillars and Sculptor Development:</strong> Each pillar is made of a single piece of buff-colored sandstone. Only their capitals, which are beautiful pieces of sculpture in the form of lions or bulls, are joined to the pillars on the top. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The erection of the polished pillars throughout India shows the spread of the technical knowledge involved in the art of polishing them</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cave Architecture:</strong> The Maurya artisans also started the practice of carving out caves from rocks for monks to live in. Later, this form of cave architecture spread to western and southern India.</li>
<li><strong>Development of Terracotta Art:</strong> In the central phase of the Northern Black Polished Ware around 300 BC, the central Gangetic plains became the center of terracotta art. In Maurya rimes, terracottas were produced on a large scale. They generally represented animals (elephants) and women (mother goddesses).</li>
</ul>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/mauryan-architecture-part-2'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Massive Galaxy Found in Cosmic Dust',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>A <strong>massive galaxy,</strong> dating back to the <strong>early universe,</strong> has been spotted in <strong>cosmic dust clouds.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The found galaxy has almost equal numbers of stars as the Milky Way, but it is forming new stars at 100 times the rate of the Milky Way galaxy.</li>
<li>The research has been carried out with the help of <strong>Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an international partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO), the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan, together with NRC (Canada), NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile.</li>
<li>ALMA is a single telescope composed of 66 high precision antennas located on the <strong>Chajnantor plateau, northern Chile.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, the <strong>James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)</strong> is expected to enhance the quality of research related to cosmic dust clouds.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The James Webb Space Telescope (also called JWST or Webb) will be a<strong> large infrared telescope with a 6.5-meter primary mirror.</strong></li>
<li>The telescope will be launched on an <strong>Ariane 5 rocket</strong> from <strong>French Guiana</strong> in <strong>2021.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>study every phase</strong> in the history of our Universe, ranging from the<strong> first luminous glows</strong> after the <strong>Big Bang,</strong> to the <strong>formation of solar systems</strong> capable of supporting life on planets like Earth, to the evolution of our own Solar System.</li>
<li>Webb is an <strong>international collaboration</strong> between<strong> NASA,</strong> the <strong>European Space Agency (ESA),</strong> and the <strong>Canadian Space Agency (CSA).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cosmic Dust</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cosmic dust consists of tiny particles of solid material floating around in the space between the stars.</li>
<li>It is more like smoke with small particles varying from collections of a few molecules to grains of 0.1 mm in size.</li>
<li>It plays an important role in the formation of young stars and planets in space.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/massive-galaxy-found-hidden-amid-cosmic-dust/article29777782.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/massive-galaxy-found-in-cosmic-dust'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Antarctic Ocean Sanctuary',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR),</strong> is considering the proposal of creating the <strong>East Antarctic marine park,</strong> in its <strong>38<sup>th</sup> meeting</strong> starting from<strong> 21<sup>st</sup> October 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>China and Russia have been key in blocking the proposal,</strong> which was <strong>first floated by Australia, France and the European Union in 2010</strong> before being scaled down in 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both China and Russia have <strong>fishing interests</strong> in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The proposed park, almost <strong>a million square kilometres,</strong> would <strong>protect important foraging areas</strong> and <strong>essential food sources</strong> for emperor penguins as well as seals, whales and other seabirds.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rampant sailing</strong> has brought some species of the ocean like seals, whales, fish, <strong>to the brink of extinction</strong>.</li>
<li>Also looming are the <strong>consequences of the changing climate.</strong> The ocean is warming, acidifying and ice shelves are thinning and collapsing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>consent of all 26 members</strong> of the CCAMLR <strong>is required</strong> for the creation of marine park.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CCAMLR has previously established other major ocean <strong>Antarctic sanctuaries &mdash;</strong> including the world&rsquo;s<strong> largest</strong> spanning <strong>1.55 million square kilometres</strong> in the<strong> Ross Sea.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CCAMLR was established by international convention in <strong>1982</strong> with the objective of <strong>conserving Antarctic marine life.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This was in response to increasing commercial interest in <strong>Antarctic krill resources, a keystone</strong> component of the Antarctic ecosystem and a history of over-exploitation of several other marine resources in the Southern Ocean.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s Secretariat is located in <strong>Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/doubt-over-proposal-to-create-an-antarctic-ocean-sanctuary/article29782166.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/antarctic-ocean-sanctuary'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'PM National Dialysis Programme',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Health Ministry issued guidelines for establishing <strong>peritoneal dialysis</strong> services under the <strong>Pradhan Mantri National Dialysis Programme.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The guidelines are expected to benefit the <strong>2 lakh Indians</strong> who develop end-stage kidney failure every year in India.</li>
<li>There are <strong>two main types</strong> of dialysis namely- <strong>Hemodialysis, and Peritoneal dialysis.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In peritoneal dialysis, people will have access to the treatment option that could be performed at home (as in hemodialysis, treatment needs to be performed at a designated dialysis centre).</li>
<li>The peritoneal dialysis <strong>avoids the substantial costs</strong> of infrastructural set-up, maintenance, and staffing; <strong>reduces the demands</strong> placed on the healthcare system, and <strong>offers patients the autonomy</strong> to be at home. Consequently, the decision to include peritoneal dialysis under the ambit of the PM National Dialysis Programme was finalized.</li>
<li>Mass-based peritoneal dialysis programmes have the potential to substantially bring down the cost of treatment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The move is also expected to <strong>benefit children</strong> suffering from <strong>kidney failure</strong> who need dialysis treatment because of biological and lifestyle reasons. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, paediatric haemodialysis facilities are scarce in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The guidelines will also serve as a comprehensive manual for states intending to set up peritoneal dialysis centers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will ensure the delivery of<strong> high-quality and cost-effective services</strong> and develop a clinically-safe and effective programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Dialysis</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dialysis is a treatment that does some of the things done by healthy kidneys. It is needed when one develops an end-stage kidney failure.</li>
<li>Dialysis maintains balance of body by:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Removing waste, salt and extra water to prevent them from building up in the body.</li>
<li>Keeping a safe level of certain chemicals in your blood, such as potassium, sodium and bicarbonate.</li>
<li>Helping to control blood pressure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>PM National Dialysis Programme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The programme was announced by the Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare in 2016 under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission (NHM)</strong></a> in <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PPP (Public-Private Partnership) model.</strong></a></li>
<li>It aims to provide<strong> free dialysis services to the poor.</strong></li>
<li>The first phase of the programme envisaged setting up of <strong>hemodialysis centres</strong> in all districts of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Financing:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For <strong>Below Poverty Line (BPL)</strong> economic group: 100% expenses are directly covered under NHM by the government.</li>
<li>For <strong>non-BPL</strong> patients: They can get treated at the district hospitals by paying the same rates as paid by the government for the BPL patient.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/health-ministrys-guidelines-for-peritoneal-dialysis-services-welcomed/article29779817.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-national-dialysis-programme'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Smallest Ozone Hole in Decades',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>During September and October months of 2019, the <strong>ozone hole over the Antarctic</strong> has been the <strong>smallest observed since 1982.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571905193_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571905193_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="498" height="266" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The presence of abnormal weather patterns in the atmosphere over Antarctica is responsible for shrinkage of the ozone hole.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to the warmer temperatures over Antarctica in 2019, <strong>fewer polar stratospheric clouds formed and they couldn&rsquo;t persist longer,</strong> which limited the ozone-depletion process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus, shrinkage of the ozone hole is<strong> not a sign of a fast track recovery of atmospheric ozone</strong> but the result of the temporary warming of Antarctica.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ozone</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ozone (composed of three atoms of oxygen) occurs both in the Earth's upper atmosphere (stratosphere) and at ground level ( troposphere). It can be good or bad, depending on where it is found.</li>
<li><strong>Good Ozone:</strong> Ozone occurs naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere <strong>(Stratosphere)</strong> where it forms a protective layer that shields us from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ozone-depleting-gas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ozone-depleting gases</strong></a> like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), HCFCs, halons, destroy this protective shield and causes<strong> the hole in the ozone.</strong></li>
<li>India had adopted the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ozone-layer-is-recovering-un" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol</strong></a> (aims to phase-down hydrofluorocarbons).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bad Ozone:</strong> In the Earth's lower atmosphere (troposphere) near ground level, ozone is formed when pollutants emitted by cars, power plants, industrial boilers, refineries, chemical plants, and other sources react chemically in the presence of sunlight.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-29th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Surface level Ozone</strong></a> is a harmful air pollutant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/telling-numbers-smallest-ozone-hole-in-decades-how-it-happened-why-it-matters-6084710/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></strong></p>',
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		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'India-Japan',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the President of India visited Japan. The visit was the <strong>first presidential visit to Japan after a gap of 29 years.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The last presidential visit was in <strong>1990</strong> when the then President, Ramaswamy Venkatraman, attended the <strong>enthronement ceremonies of Emperor Emeritus Akihoto who stepped down in 2018.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The President <strong>attended the enthronement ceremony of the</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-1st-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Emperor Naruhito</strong></a> of Japan in the Imperial Palace.</li>
<li>He visited the <strong>Tsukiji Hongwanji Buddhist Temple</strong> and <strong>planted a sapling from Bodh Gaya.</strong></li>
<li>He also visited the <strong>Shinto Meiji Shrine</strong> and interacted with a delegation from the <strong>Gotemba Pagoda.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Shrine is dedicated to the deified spirit of Emperor Meiji . The <strong>Meiji restoration in 1868</strong> was a watershed moment in Japanese history in which Japan was completely transformed into a modern country.</li>
<li>The <strong>Peace Park in Gotemba City</strong> provides a beautiful view of Mt. Fuji (the highest mountain in Japan) and houses the chalky stupa. The stupa, the symbol of the park, keeps the <strong>Buddha&rsquo;s ashes presented by late Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He <strong>addressed the members of Indian diaspora in Tokyo</strong> and sought their support for creating a progressive and prosperous India.</li>
<li>He also laid the foundation stone for <strong>Sri Sathya Sai Sanathana Samskruti Project at Sai no Sato,</strong> Kakegawa, Japan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sai no Sato will be developed as a temple on the lines of Akshardham and </strong>Swaminarayan Temple <strong>to promote Indian traditional culture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India-Japan Ties<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571904748_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571904748_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="253" height="179" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Japan share robust ties with cooperation in areas of defence, science and cooperation and trade.</li>
<li>In 2014, India and Japan upgraded their relationship to <strong>'Special Strategic and Global Partnership'.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Railway (MAHSR)</strong> is a very important area of cooperation between India and Japan in Railway Sector.</li>
<li>A<strong> &ldquo;India-Japan Digital Partnership&rdquo; (I-JDP)</strong> was launched during the visit of the Prime Minister of India to Japan in October 2018, furthering existing areas of cooperation as well as new initiatives within the scope of cooperation in <strong>S&amp;T/ICT,</strong> focusing more on &ldquo;Digital ICT Technologies&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The <strong>India-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)</strong> that came into force in August 2011 covers trade in goods, services, movement of natural persons, investments, Intellectual Property Rights, custom procedures and other trade related issues.</li>
<li>India and Japan defence forces organize a series of bilateral exercises namely, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-08th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">JIMEX</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-4th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SHINYUU Maitri</a>,</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-dharma-guardian-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dharma Guardian</strong></a>. Both the countries also participate in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-malabar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Malabar exercise</strong></a> with USA.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1588914" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Mole Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Mole Day is an <strong>unofficial holiday celebrated</strong> among chemists, chemistry students and chemistry enthusiasts on <strong>October 23, between 6:02 AM and 6:02 PM, making the date 6:02 10/23 in the US date format.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The time and date are derived from <strong>Avogadro's number,</strong> which is approximately 6.02&times;10 ^ 23, defining the number of particles (atoms or molecules) in one mole of a substance, <strong>one of the seven base SI units.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> seven base units in the SI system</strong> are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>the kilogram (kg), for mass</li>
<li>the second (s), for time</li>
<li>the kelvin (K), for temperature</li>
<li>the ampere (A), for electric current</li>
<li><strong>the mole (mol), for the amount of a substance</strong></li>
<li>the candela (cd), for luminous intensity</li>
<li>the meter (m), for distance</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The day was created to foster an interest in chemistry.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Avogadro's Number</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The number of particles (atoms, molecules or ions) present in <strong>1 mole of any substance is fixed, with a value of 6.022 &times; 10<sup>23</sup>.</strong></li>
<li>This is an experimentally obtained value. This number is called the Avogadro Constant or <strong>Avogadro Number (represented by N<sub>0</sub>)</strong>, named in honour of the <strong>Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro.</strong></li>
<li><strong>1 mole (of anything) = 6.022 &times; 10<sup>23</sup> in number, as, 1 dozen = 12 nos.</strong></li>
<li>The Avogadro constant 6.022 &times; 10<sup>23</sup> is defined as the number of atoms in exactly <strong>12 g of carbon-12.</strong></li>
</ul>
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Australia’s Uluru Rock',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Australia&rsquo;s giant <strong>Red Monolith- Uluru</strong> (Also known as <strong>Ayers Rock</strong>) has been permanently closed for trekking by the Australian government.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572079091_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572079091_image2.jpg" width="367" height="206" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The spiritual <strong>significance for Anangu (An aboriginal tribe of Australia)</strong> is responsible for the ban.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Uluru</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the huge <strong>red rock monolith</strong> located in the <strong>Central Australian desert.</strong></li>
<li>Ayers Rock (now Uluru) was <strong>first</strong> declared a <strong>national park in 1950</strong> and <strong>renamed</strong> as <strong>Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park</strong> in <strong>1993.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park is included in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage List</strong></a> for both its <strong>natural and cultural values.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Uluru is made up of <strong>sandstone</strong> and is about half a billion years old.</li>
<li>It stands <strong>348 metres high</strong> and has a circumference of<strong> 9.4 km.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/tourists-flock-to-australia-s-uluru-for-last-ever-climb/story-8VooYQcXBDkA3ZOmQrNAQN.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:HT</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/australia-s-uluru-rock'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Sakhalin Oil Field',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently the Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas has visited <strong>Sakhalin oil field in Russia.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Exxon Mobil (US), Rosneft (Russia), Japanese SODECO and ONGC Videsh are the partners in this field which will continue to produce oil and gas till 2055.</li>
<li>During the recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-russia-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vladivostok Summit</strong></a>, there was agreement on a roadmap of <strong>cooperation</strong> over the next five years <strong>in the hydrocarbon sector.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It included strengthening Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) exports to India; encouraging Russian companies to participate in gas projects in India; exploring the possibility of Indian companies collaborating in LNG projects, including in Arctic LNG infrastructure projects; cooperation at the university level, among others.</li>
<li>Sourcing of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-largest-importer-of-coking-coal-by-2025" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> coking coal</strong> </a>from the Russian Far East is now a major priority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572078615_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572078615_image3.jpg" width="434" height="336" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1589047" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sakhalin-oil-field'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => '18th Non-Aligned Summit',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Vice President of India attended the <strong>18<sup>th</sup> Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Summit</strong> which was held in <strong>Baku, Azerbaijan.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The theme for the 18<sup>th</sup> NAM Summit is<strong> &ldquo;Upholding the Bandung Principles to ensure concerted and adequate response to the challenges of the contemporary world.''<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572078273_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572078273_image1.jpg" width="288" height="203" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The theme relates to the forthcoming <strong>65<sup>th</sup> anniversary of Bandung Principles (2020) </strong>and the<strong> 60<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement (2021).</strong></li>
<li>Bandung principles promote world peace and cooperation which were formulated at the <strong>Asian-African Conference in 1955.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-aligned-movement-nam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NAM Summit</strong></a> majorly focussed on contemporary issues such as Terrorism, threats to peace and security, UN reform, climate change, sustainable development, economic governance, and south-south cooperation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India and Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is a founder member of NAM. It participated actively in NAM meetings till 1970s but India&rsquo;s inclination towards erstwhile USSR created confusion in smaller members.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It led to the weakening of NAM and small nations drifted towards either the US or USSR.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further India&rsquo;s New Economic Policy and inclination towards the US raised questions over India&rsquo;s seriousness over non-alignment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The disintegration of the USSR led to the unipolar world order dominated by the US.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, NAM continued losing relevance for India in a unipolar world, especially after the founding members failed to support India during the crisis.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, during the 1962 War with China, Ghana and Indonesia adopted explicitly pro-China positions.</li>
<li>During the 1965 and 1971 wars, Indonesia and Egypt took an anti-India stance and supported Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, the Prime Minister of India <strong>skipped </strong>the<strong> second NAM summit in a row</strong> (17<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> NAM Summit).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It had been the customary practice ever since the inception of NAM that India had always participated in the summit meetings through its prime minister, with the single <strong>exception of the 6<sup>th</sup> NAM Summit</strong> when Chaudhury Charan Singh was the caretaker PM and hence missed it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, India has started to actively <strong>engage with new and old global powers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India joining the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/27-09-2019/print" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quadrilateral Security Dialogue,</strong></a> a coalition seen by many as a counter force to China&rsquo;s rise in the Indo-Pacific and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-international-institutions-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shanghai cooperation organization</strong></a> led by China shown India&rsquo;s balancing approach in the new world order.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1588812" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/18th-non-aligned-summit'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Excavation Sites of Sangam Age',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rangdum-monastery" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)</strong></a> has approved the Tamil Nadu&rsquo;s request to continue excavations at four locations including Keeladi.</li>
<li>This development is expected to bridge the 1000 years gap in history between the Sangam Age and the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley civilization.</strong></a></li>
<li>The excavation will be undertaken at the following sites:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/keeladi-findings" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Keeladi-</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Located in Sivaganga district on the banks of river Vaigai.</li>
<li>It is an <strong>urban settlement</strong> of Sangam Age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kodumanal-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Village located in Erode district, TN.</li>
<li>Flourishing ancient trade city known as <strong>Kodumanam</strong> (as inscribed in <strong>Pathitrupathu</strong> of Sangam Literature).</li>
<li>It is located on the northern banks of Noyyal River (a tributary of the Cauvery).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sivagalai-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Village in the Tuticorin district, TN.</li>
<li>It was once known as <strong>&lsquo;Small Ceylon&rsquo;</strong> by Britishers.</li>
<li>Evidence of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/megalithic-sword-unearthed-in-kozhikode" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>megalithic</strong></a> archaeological remains were found here in 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adichanallur-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Located in Thoothukudi district, TN.</li>
<li>In 2004,<strong> iron-age</strong> (1500 BC to 500 BC) burial sites were unearthed by ASI from here.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ASI is the <strong>premier organization</strong> for the archaeological research, scientific analysis, excavation of archaeological sites, conservation and preservation of protected monuments.</li>
<li>It is an attached office under the <strong>Department of Culture, Ministry of Culture.</strong></li>
<li>ASI was founded in <strong>1861</strong> by <strong>Alexander Cunningham-</strong> the first Director-General of ASI.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sangam Age</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The word<strong> &lsquo;Sangam&rsquo;</strong> is the Tamil form of the Sanskrit word <strong>&lsquo;Sangha&rsquo;</strong> which means a group of persons or an association.</li>
<li>The Sangam literature was largely consolidated from the third Sangam and throws information on conditions of life of people around the beginning of the Christian era.</li>
<li>The Age of the Sangam is the age to which the Sangam literature belonged.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/asi-clears-further-excavations-at-four-sites-in-tamil-nadu-6088468/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/excavation-sites-of-sangam-age'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Medical Devices In India- Issues and Challenges',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/medical-devices-are-not-drugs-6086785/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Medical devices are not drugs&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 25/10/2019. It talks about the proposed regulatory framework for medical devices.</p>
</div>
<p><strong>The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong> is going to set up a <strong>regulatory framework</strong> for <strong>medical devices</strong> and aims to implement this new framework <strong>without moving a new law in Parliament</strong> to regulate the medical device industry.</p>
<h3>Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is creating an entire <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-notification-for-medical-implants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>regulatory framework</strong></a> out of <strong>notifications and rules,</strong> using <strong>powers delegated to it under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>first step</strong> towards this framework was made in 2017 when the ministry notified the <strong>Medical Device Rules, 2017.</strong> At that time, only a few medical devices were notified as &ldquo;drugs&rdquo; but now all are intended to put in the category.</li>
<li>This means that <strong>all medical devices</strong> would be <strong>placed within the framework of the Medical Device Rules, 2017.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>medical industry has been very irresponsible</strong> towards patients in India which became evident by <strong>the hip-implant scandal.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>pre-independence legislation</strong> that was enacted almost 80 years ago.</li>
<li>It is an act of Parliament which <strong>regulates the import, manufacturing and distribution</strong> of drugs in India.</li>
<li>Its objective is to ensure that the drugs and cosmetics sold in India are <strong>safe, effective and fulfills the safety standards and parameters.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Medical Device Rules, 2017</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It came into effect from <strong>January, 2018</strong> and is <strong>applicable to medical devices and in-vitro diagnostic medical devices.</strong></li>
<li>It made <strong>licensing application process online.</strong></li>
<li>It made <strong>medical devices novel to Indian market subject to special regulations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Johnson and Johnson&rsquo;s Faulty Hip Implants Case</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>2018,</strong> Johnson and Johnson&rsquo;s hip implant called <strong>Pinnacle</strong> was found to be <strong>leaking the cobalt-chromium ions into the body, leading to serious health complications,</strong> including <strong>metal poisoning of the blood, debilitating pain, and damage to the body organs.</strong></li>
<li>Further, Johnson and Johnson have <strong>paid compensations to US patients</strong> who had received the defective implants. However, <strong>In India, the company has challenged government orders to compensate</strong> 4,700 patients who had undergone hip replacement surgeries.</li>
<li>Therefore, the Johnson and Johnson<strong> continue to exploit the regulatory deficit in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will <strong>lead to a toothless regulatory framework for devices,</strong> similar to what exists for drugs today.</li>
<li>The<strong> ministry cannot create new offences or penalties through its rule-making authority.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only laws enacted by Parliament create new offences and penalties. As a result, the Medical Device Rules 2017 contains no penal provisions.</li>
<li>The <strong>Drugs and Cosmetics Act does contain a penal provision for the manufacture of sub-standard drugs</strong> but it cannot be used to penalise manufacturers of sub-standard medical devices because legally binding standards recognised in the <strong>Second Schedule to the Drugs and Cosmetics Act covers only pharmacopeias for drugs</strong> which means no standards for medical devices and no prosecution of a manufacturer of sub-standard medical devices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If the current proposal is adopted, the<strong> situation will be similar to that of substandard drugs.</strong> Companies that make defective products will order devices from foreign markets and will continue to sell them in India, and comply with the law. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>sale of substandard drugs can be prosecuted</strong> under the current law but most manufacturers who make poor quality drugs stay free due to <strong>poor surveillance and lack of political will and unity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the recent hip-implant scandal, <strong>one of the main challenges</strong> faced by the government in securing justice for faulty hip-implants <strong>was to secure a list of patients who had received the implant through surgery.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The manufacturer sold devices to doctors and hospitals instead of patients directly so it did not have a list of patients who had these devices implanted. Doctors and hospitals lack incentives to share the patient list and even if they want to, legal liability for surgically implanting faulty devices in the patient&rsquo;s body, would stop them in doing so.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>More importantly <strong>medical devices,</strong> because of their nature, <strong>are far more difficult to standardise</strong> when compared to drugs.</li>
<li>There are<strong> no tools available</strong> to Indian regulators under the proposed framework to hold makers of sub-standard medical device manufacturers to account for their actions. At most, the <strong>ministry can prohibit the manufacture and sale of certain medical devices under Section 26A or cancel a license to prevent</strong> future harm.</li>
<li><strong>Penalties or prosecution to punish for the harm already inflicted on patients due to negligence or intentional wrongdoing are not figured</strong> yet and it remains an important challenge.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Solution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One of the solutions to solve this information deficit is to <strong>create a confidential patient register</strong> that should be maintained by the government to record all details of implants.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This register <strong>could be used to notify patients</strong> in the case of malfunctioning devices. But the proposed regulatory framework does not offer any such provision.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government <strong>must rethink this toothless framework and instead enact a new law through Parliament.</strong> While medical devices have tremendous potential to revolutionise healthcare, the hip-implant scandals in India and abroad have shown us the dark side of this industry.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a difference between medical devices and drugs so it would be a grave mistake to apply the same regulatory framework for both of them. A <strong>targeted and different approach is needed to regulate</strong> these complex devices.</li>
<li><strong>New and innovatives ideas are needed</strong> to regulate this industry in the Indian context especially when the government bodies and the judiciary lack the capacity to handle such difficult and multilayered issues.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fdffeb;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Examine the challenges and issues with respect to the medical device industry of India.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/medical-devices-in-india-issues-and-challenges'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Syria Crisis - US Backs out',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ev7wA24_LK8" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>Recently, the US announced to withdraw from Syria (in order to fulfil the US president&rsquo;s electoral promise). However, this will lead to <strong>abandoning of Kurdish fighters in Syria,</strong> who were an <strong>American ally in the war against ISIS.</strong> This may lead to a decline in America's credibility amongst its allies.</p>
<p>With the US planning to leave Syria, <strong>Turkey has threatened to attack a part in Syria</strong> (northern Syria touching borders of Turkey) which was under the <strong>de-facto control of Kurds.</strong> The US has threatened to punish Turkey economically if it goes 'too far' against Kurds. However, what is 'too far' has not been clarified by the US.</p>
<p><strong>Thus, US withdrawal from Syria may have deep implications for the region.</strong></p>
<h3>Who are Kurds?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Kurds are the<strong> world&rsquo;s largest stateless ethnic group.</strong> There are an estimated 25 million to 35 million of them.</li>
<li>They live in the highlands of southern and eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, northwestern Iran, and parts of south Armenia, and are a minority in each of these countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572006152_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1572006152_image3.jpg" width="557" height="361" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Kurdish nationalists claim a history going back 2,500 years, but they became identifiable as a distinct community only in the 7<sup>th</sup> century, when most tribes in the area adopted Islam.</li>
<li>The <strong>Treaty of S&egrave;vres (1920),</strong> which <strong>partitioned the old Ottoman dominions,</strong> marked out a much smaller territory as Kurdistan. However, Turkey negotiated with the Allied powers and, in 1923, the <strong>Treaty of Lausanne,</strong> that overtook Treaty of S&egrave;vres and <strong>ended the idea of a self-governing Kurdistan.</strong></li>
<li>Over the decades, the Kurds made repeated attempts at establishing a Kurdistan with defined national borders (within the territory of Turkey), and in this process, <strong>Turkey retaliated with massive repression of Kurds.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Turkey-Kurds-US Triangle</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1978, the Marxist revolutionary Abdullah &Ouml;calan formed the Kurdistan Workers&rsquo; Party (Partiya Karker&ecirc;n Kurdistan&ecirc; or PKK in Kurdish) with the aim of setting up an independent Kurdistan.</li>
<li>PKK guerrillas fought the Turkish army from 1984 to 2013, when the PKK declared a ceasefire.</li>
<li>After the Islamic State (ISIS) swept across Syria and Iraq, the only fighters who were able to resist the onslaught were the <strong>Syrian Kurdish militias.</strong></li>
<li>In 2014, <strong>the Kurds joined the US in the war against ISIS,</strong> and become a helpful regional ally of the US.</li>
<li>Once the Kurds, backed by the Americans, had forced ISIS out of northern Syria, they took over the <strong>re-captured land along the Syria-Turkey border,</strong> home mainly to ethnic Kurds, Arabs, and some other groups.</li>
<li>Turkey sees it as a <strong>serious threat to its territorial integrity, Therefore</strong> Turkey plans to launch an assault on <strong>Kurdish-held territory in Syria.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Why Turkey is invading Syria now?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By invading northern Syria, Turkey seeks to<strong> create a peace zone,</strong> where it can deport <strong>Syrian refugees that fled the country during the Civil war in Syria.</strong></li>
<li>However, experts believe in the name of the creation of a peace zone, Turkey wants to<strong> land grab the strategic area.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Geopolitical Importance of northern Syria.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It holds 30% of Syrian oil &amp; gas.</li>
<li>This area harbours a fertile agricultural land.</li>
<li>Also, the region is drained by water from river Euphrates.</li>
<li>Apart from this, the area is under control of Kurds, which Turkey recognizes as a threat to its territorial integrity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implications of the US's withdrawal from Syria</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rise of Russia</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Syrian crisis was used by Russia to <strong>re-establish its credibility and legitimacy as a superpower</strong> in the region.</li>
<li>This withdrawal of the US and Turkey's attack on Syria will lead to further <strong>deterioration of relations between the US and Turkey and revision of ties between Turkey and Russia.</strong></li>
<li>With the US out of the picture, countries in the Middle East are looking towards Russia for bringing peace and stability in the region.</li>
<li>Also, <strong>Russia, Iran and Syria axis will strengthen</strong> from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean sea.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Change in US's Policy in the region</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The US pursued the policy of <strong>regime change in Syria</strong> (through Arab Spring or post Arab spring Civil War).</li>
<li>However, the US is <strong>changing its policy within the region-</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The US only <strong>seeks partial troops withdrawal</strong> (not full withdrawal, similar to Afghanistan), as it wanted to <strong>establish military bases in the countries.</strong></li>
<li>Thus, it is in the interest of the <strong>US to fragment Syria into small parts,</strong> that's why the US has abandoned Kurds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Resurgence of ISIS</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many of the <strong>ISIS terrorists were captured by Kurds</strong> after they defeated ISIS.</li>
<li>However, Turkey's attack on Kurds may lead to freeing up of ISIS prisoners, that are held captive by the Kurds.</li>
<li>Turkish annexation will be met with Kurdish Resistance which will <strong>further destabilize the region.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>In the middle of all this chaos, <strong>India can act as a credible mediator,</strong> as India is a unique country having stable relations with all the countries engaged in middle east conflict.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Drishti input:</strong></p>
<p><strong>Arab Spring and the Syrian Crisis</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Arab Spring</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Arab Spring was a series of pro-democracy uprisings that enveloped several largely Muslim countries, including Tunisia, Morocco, Syria, Libya, Egypt and Bahrain.</li>
<li>The Arab Spring began in December 2010 when Tunisian street vendor <strong>Mohammed Bouazizi</strong> set himself on fire to protest the arbitrary seizing of his vegetable stands by police over failure to obtain a permit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Syrian Crisis</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2011, successful uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt gave hope to Syrian pro-democracy activists.</li>
<li>The Syrian government, led by President Bashar al-Assad, responded to the protests by killing hundreds of demonstrators and imprisoning many more.</li>
<li>In July 2011, defectors from the military announced the formation of the Free Syrian Army(FSA), a rebel group aiming to overthrow the government, and Syria began to slide into civil war.</li>
<li>Foreign backing and open intervention have played a large role in Syria's civil war. Russia entered the conflict in 2015 and has been the Syrian government's main ally since then.</li>
<li>In September 2015, Russia launched a bombing campaign against what is referred to as "terrorist groups" in Syria, which included ISIS as well as FSA backed by the USA.</li>
<li>Due to this Syrian civil war has turned into a regional proxy war.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Syria + Iran + Russia vs Saudi Arabia + Israel + US.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-syria-crisis-us-backs-out'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Ease of Doing Business- 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> recently released its <strong>Ease of Doing Business Report, 2020.&nbsp;</strong>The indicator measures the performance of countries across 10 different dimensions in the 12-month period ending May 1, 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the report, <strong>New Zealand </strong>retained its&nbsp;<strong>1<sup>st</sup>&nbsp;position </strong>whereas<strong> Somalia </strong>was ranked at<strong> 190<sup>th</sup></strong>&nbsp;spot.</li>
<li>India was placed at&nbsp;<strong>63<sup>rd</sup></strong> position this time (2019) out of 190 countries marking an <strong>improvement of 14 places</strong> from its 77<sup>th</sup>&nbsp;position in 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>score improved</strong> from <strong>67.23 in the previous year to 71.0 this year.</strong></li>
<li>India for the third consecutive year was present in the list of 10 economies where the business climate has improved the most.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The essential features of India's performance this year are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s ranking improved basically on <strong>four parameters:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Starting a Business-</strong> India made starting a business easier by fully integrating multiple application forms into a general incorporation form,</li>
<li><strong>Dealing with Construction Permits-</strong> For example, building a warehouse cost around 4% of the warehouse value as compared to 5.7% in the previous year,</li>
<li><strong>Trading across Borders</strong>- with a <strong>single electronic platform-</strong> improved electronic submission methods for documents and upgrades to port infrastructure, <strong>import and export</strong> process became easier, and</li>
<li><strong>Resolving Insolvency-</strong> Recovery rate under resolving insolvency has improved significantly from 26.5% to 71.6%. Also, the time taken for resolving insolvency has also come down significantly from 4.3 years to 1.6 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India continues to maintain its <strong>first position</strong> among <strong>South Asian countries.</strong> It was 6<sup>th</sup> (in 2014).</li>
<li>The World Bank will now include <strong>Kolkata and Bengaluru</strong>, besides Delhi and Mumbai, for preparing ease of doing business report, in order to provide a holistic picture of the business environment of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ease of Doing Business Report</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report was introduced in <strong>2003</strong> to provide an assessment of objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement across 190 economies on ten parameters affecting a business through its life cycle.</li>
<li>The report measures the performance of countries across 10 different parameters namely-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Starting a Business,</li>
<li>Dealing with Construction permits,</li>
<li>Electricity availability,</li>
<li>Property registration,</li>
<li>Credit availability,</li>
<li>Protecting minority Investors,</li>
<li>Paying Taxes,</li>
<li>Trading across borders,</li>
<li>Contracts enforcement, and</li>
<li>Resolving Insolvency.</li>
<li><strong>This time two more&nbsp;parameters were considered namely, employing workers and contracting with the government but these are not included in the score and rankings.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It ranks countries on the basis of <strong>Distance to Frontier (DTF)</strong> score that highlights the gap of an economy with respect to the global best practice. For example, a score of 75 means an economy was 25 percentage points away from the frontier constructed from the best performances across all economies and across time.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/india-climbs-14-notches-in-ease-of-doing-business-ranking/article29789723.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Thotlakonda Buddhist Monastery',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>Mahastupa of the Buddhist heritage site of Thotlakonda, which was</strong> reconstructed in 2016 by the State Archaeology department, collapsed recently.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571992974_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571992974_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="209" height="129" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>2000 years old</strong> monastic complex with remnants of <strong>stupas, chaitya grihas and viharas</strong> atop <strong>Thotlakonda Hill, Andhra Pradesh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Buddhist monks arriving from places like China, Burma and many other countries used to stay at this site for months before finishing their learning.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Stupas:</strong> These are Buddhist commemorative monument usually housing sacred relics associated with the Buddha or other saintly persons.</p>
<p><strong>Chaityas:</strong> A Chaitya was a rectangular prayer hall within a stupa placed in the centre, the purpose was <strong>prayer.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Viharas:</strong> Viharas were the residences of the monks.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/mahastupa-caves-in-three-years-after-reconstruction/articleshow/71728936.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TOI</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/thotlakonda-buddhist-monastery'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Minimum Support Price',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Government has hiked the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/msp-agrarian-crisis-and-reform" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minimum Support Price (MSP)</strong></a> for <strong>Rabi crops</strong> for the marketing season 2020-21, after decision was taken at a meeting of the <strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA),</strong> headed by the Prime Minister.</p>
<p>The increase in MSP for Rabi Crops is in line with the principle of fixing the MSPs at a level of <strong>at least 1.5 times</strong> of the all India weighted average cost of production [CoP], which was announced in the Union Budget 2018-19.</p>
<h3>Minimum Support Price</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The MSP is the rate at which the <strong>government buys grains from farmers. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Reason behind the idea of MSP is to counter</strong> price volatility of <strong>agricultural commodities</strong> due to the factors like variation in their supply, lack of market integration and information asymmetry.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fixation of MSP</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The MSP is fixed <strong>on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Factors taken into consideration</strong> for fixing MSP include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Demand and supply;</li>
<li>Cost of production (A2 + FL method)</li>
<li>Price trends in the market, both domestic and international;</li>
<li>Inter-crop price parity;</li>
<li>Terms of trade between agriculture and non-agriculture;</li>
<li>A minimum of 50% as the margin over cost of production; and</li>
<li>Likely implications of MSP on consumers of that product.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Commission also makes visits to states</strong> for on-the-spot assessment of the various constraints that farmers face in marketing their produce, or even raising the productivity levels of their crops.</li>
<li>Based on all these inputs, the Commission then finalizes its recommendations/reports, which are then submitted to the government.</li>
<li>The government, in turn, circulates the CACP reports to state governments and concerned Central Ministries for their comments.</li>
<li>After receiving the feed-back from them, the <strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) of the Union government takes a final decision</strong> on the level of MSPs and other recommendations made by the CACP.</li>
<li><strong>Procurement: </strong>The<strong> Food Corporation of India (FCI),</strong> the nodal central agency of the Government of India, along with other State Agencies undertakes procurement of crops.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>The CACP is an <strong>attached office</strong> of the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare,</strong> formed in 1965. It is a <strong>statutory body</strong> that submits separate reports recommending prices for Kharif and Rabi seasons.</p>
<p><strong>National Commission on Farmers: Swaminathan Committee</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On 18<sup>th</sup> November, 2004, the Union government formed the National Commission on Farmers (NCF) with MS Swaminathan as its chairman.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main aim of the committee was to come up with a sustainable farming system, make farm commodities cost-competitive and more profitable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It, in 2006, recommended that MSPs must be at least 50% more than the cost of production.</li>
<li>It talked about the cost of farming at three levels:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>A2:</strong> All the types of cash expenditure to generate the crop like seeds, manure, chemicals, labour costs, fuel costs and irrigation costs.</li>
<li><strong>A2+FL:</strong> It includes A2 plus an imputed value of unpaid family labour.</li>
<li><strong>C2:</strong> Under C2, the estimated land rent and the cost of interest on the money taken for farming are added to A2 and FL.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Rabi Crops</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rabi crops are <strong>sown in winter from October to December</strong> and harvested in summer from April to June.</li>
<li>Some of the <strong>important rabi crops</strong> are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.</li>
<li>Though, these crops are grown in large parts of India, states from the north and northwestern parts such as <strong>Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh</strong> are important for the production of wheat and other rabi crops.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-hikes-msp-for-wheat-by-85-pulses-by-325-per-quintal/article29777612.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Odisha’s Integrated Irrigation Project for Climate Resilient Agriculture',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Government of India, Government of Odisha and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> on 24<sup>th</sup> October 2019 signed a <strong>$165 million loan agreement</strong> for the Odisha&rsquo;s Integrated Irrigation Project for Climate Resilient Agriculture.</p>
<h3>About Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project aims to <strong>support small landholding farmers</strong> in order to strengthen the resilience of their production systems against adverse climatic conditions by improving access to <strong>climate resilient seed varieties and production technologies.</strong></li>
<li>For <strong>increasing the income</strong> of the farmers, the project strives to <strong>diversify</strong> towards more climate-resilient crops and<strong> improve access</strong> to better water management and irrigation services. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The project will also provide <strong>marketing support</strong> to farmers who are able to generate a marketable surplus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The project will be implemented in <strong>rural areas</strong> that are <strong>vulnerable to droughts</strong> and are largely <strong>dependent on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/policy-bias-against-rainfed-agricultural-area" target="_blank" rel="noopener">rainfed agriculture.</a></strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is expected to benefit about 125,000 smallholder farmer households from 15 districts of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The project also aspires to support the <strong>rehabilitation of 532 water tanks</strong> thereby: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Promoting the <strong>productivity improvements</strong> at the farm level,</li>
<li>Supporting farmers to reduce the current emphasis on food grains (especially paddy- a water guzzler crop) and <strong>increase the share of high-value and more nutritious products</strong> like fruits and vegetables, and</li>
<li>Practising <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-blue-revolution" target="_blank" rel="noopener">aquaculture</a></strong> in rehabilitated tanks so as to help farmers access affordable and quality fingerlings, and disseminate improved aquaculture practices and post-harvest management.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This project is under the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)</strong></a> of the government so as to achieve the <strong>sustainable agriculture-related targets</strong> of the SDGs by 2030.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are <strong>8 national missions</strong> that form the core of the NAPCC representing the multi-pronged, long term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Since 2009, the frequency of droughts in Odisha has increased from 1 in 5 years to 1 in 2 years.</li>
<li>About 70% of the total cultivated area is prone to droughts as compared to 40% in the 1970s.</li>
<li>In Odisha, agriculture is also a major source of <strong>Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions</strong> and is responsible for about 25% of the GHG emissions in the state.</li>
<li>Such erratic and extreme weather are responsible for declining yields and falling incomes of the farmers.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Greenhouse Gases (GHG)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are the gases that absorb and emit radiant energy within the thermal infrared range.</li>
<li><strong>Primary GHGs</strong> are- water vapour, carbon dioxide, <strong>methane,</strong> nitrous oxide, and ozone.</li>
<li>GHGs create Greenhouse Effect which is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project is intended to be a game-changer for the State by creating a more resilient agricultural sector, enhancing food security, increasing farmers&rsquo; incomes and reducing the GHG footprint of the sector.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=193999" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: PIB</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odisha-s-integrated-irrigation-project-for-climate-resilient-agriculture'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'World Polio Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>World Polio Day was established by <strong>Rotary International</strong> on <strong>24<sup>th</sup> October</strong> to celebrate the <strong>birth of Jonas Salk,</strong> who developed a <strong>vaccine against poliomyelitis.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The establishment of the <strong>Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988 reduced</strong> polio worldwide by <strong>99%.</strong></li>
<li>World Polio Day (2019) marked a milestone in polio eradication as the <strong>independent Global Commission for the Certification of Poliomyelitis Eradication (GCC)</strong> has declared<strong> Wild Polio Virus type 3 </strong>to be <strong>globally eradicated.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It follows the eradication of smallpox and wild poliovirus type 2.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Wild Polio Virus type 3</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are three individual and immunologically distinct wild poliovirus strains: Wild Polio Virus type 1 (WPV1), Wild Polio Virus type 2 (WPV2) and Wild Polio Virus type 3 (WPV3).</li>
<li><strong>Symptomatically,</strong> all three strains are<strong> identical,</strong> in that they cause irreversible paralysis or even death.</li>
<li>But there are <strong>genetic and virological differences,</strong> which make these three strains three <strong>separate viruses</strong> that must each be eradicated individually.</li>
<li>WPV2 and WPV3 have been eradicated globally but <strong>WPV1 remains</strong> in circulation in just two countries namely, <strong>Afghanistan and Pakistan.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Polio</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Polio is a crippling and potentially fatal <strong>viral infectious</strong> disease.</li>
<li>There is <strong>no cure,</strong> but <strong>can be prevented</strong> through immunization.</li>
<li>The strategy to eradicate polio is therefore based on preventing infection by immunizing every child until transmission stops.</li>
<li>There are two types of vaccines to prevent infection.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine):</strong> It is given orally as a birth dose for institutional deliveries, then primary three doses at 6, 10 &amp; 14 weeks and one booster dose at 16-24 months of age.</li>
<li><strong>Injectable Polio Vaccine (IPV):</strong> It is introduced as an additional dose along with the 3rd dose of DPT under the universal immunization programme (UIP).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> received <strong>polio-free certification</strong> by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a> in 2014.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Eradication of a disease</strong> refers to the complete and permanent worldwide reduction to zero new cases of an infectious disease through deliberate efforts. If a disease has been eradicated, <strong>no further control measures are required.</strong> For eg- <strong>smallpox has been eradicated.</strong></li>
<li>However, <strong>elimination of a disease</strong> refers to <strong>reduction to zero</strong> (or a very low defined target rate) of new cases of an infectious disease in a <strong>defined geographical area.</strong> Elimination requires <strong>continued measures to prevent re-establishment</strong> of disease transmission. <strong>Yaws and Leprosy</strong> have been eliminated from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/2-out-of-3-wild-poliovirus-strains-have-been-eradicated-says-who/article29789747.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-polio-day'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Kartarpur Corridor',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>India and Pakistan</strong> have signed an <strong>agreement</strong> to operationalise the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kartarpur-corridor" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kartarpur corridor</strong></a>. The agreement is <strong>valid</strong> initially for <strong>five years.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Either party can terminate the agreement at any time by giving notice of one month to the other party of its intention to terminate this agreement.</li>
<li>Also, the pact <strong>could be suspended in case of exigency</strong> or persistent violation of its provisions.</li>
<li>The <strong>Pakistan</strong> side has agreed to make <strong>sufficient provision for langar</strong> and distribution of prasad in the Gurdwara premises.</li>
<li>On<strong> Indian side,</strong> all the <strong>required infrastructure,</strong> including the highway and the passenger terminal building are near completion for timely inauguration of the corridor.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>corridor</strong> is expected <strong>to be inaugurated on 9<sup>th</sup> November 2019.</strong></li>
<li>It would remain open throughout the year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kartarpur Corridor<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571987053_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571987053_image1.jpg" width="408" height="283" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Kartarpur corridor connects the <strong>Darbar Sahib Gurdwara</strong> in Narowal district of <strong>Pakistan</strong> with the <strong>Dera Baba Nanak shrine</strong> in Gurdaspur district in <strong>India&rsquo;s Punjab province.</strong></li>
<li>The agreement will facilitate <strong>visa-free movement of Indian pilgrims</strong> who would just need a permit to cross over to Pakistan.</li>
<li>The corridor was built <strong>to commemorate 550<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary celebrations of Guru Nanak Dev, founder of Sikhism</strong> on 12<sup>th</sup> November 2019.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Guru Nanak</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Guru Nanak Dev <strong>Jayanti is observed on the full-moon day in the month of Katak</strong> to celebrate the birth of <strong>Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1539).</strong></li>
<li>He advocated the <strong>'Nirguna'</strong> form of bhakti. He rejected sacrifices, ritual baths, image worship, austerities and the scriptures of both Hindus and Muslims.</li>
<li>He <strong>set up rules for congregational worship (sangat)</strong> involving collective recitation.</li>
<li>He appointed one of his disciples, Angad, to succeed him as the preceptor (guru), and this practice was followed for nearly 200 years.</li>
<li>The <strong>fifth preceptor, Guru Arjan,</strong> compiled Baba Guru Nanak&rsquo;s hymns along with those of his four successors and also other religious poets, like Baba Farid, Ravidas (also known as Raidas) and Kabir, in the <strong>Adi Granth Sahib.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These hymns, called <strong>'Gurbani',</strong> are composed in many languages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Kartarpur gurudwara is the <strong>revered shrine</strong> about 4km across the border where <strong>Guru Nanak Dev spent the last 18 years of his life.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-pakistan-sign-agreement-to-operationalise-kartarpur-corridor/article29784679.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kartarpur-corridor-2'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Right To Be Forgotten',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-right-to-be-forgotten-on-the-internet-6041283/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;The &lsquo;right to be forgotten&rsquo; on the Internet&rdquo;</a> that was published in The Indian Express on 1/10/2019. It talks about the right to be forgotten in the Indian context.</p>
</div>
<p></p>
<p>Recently, the <strong>European Court of Justice (ECJ)</strong> ruled in favour of the search engine giant Google, which was contesting a French regulatory authority&rsquo;s <strong>order to have web addresses removed from its global database.</strong></p>
<p>The European Union&rsquo;s highest court ruled that an online privacy rule known as the <strong>&lsquo;right to be forgotten&rsquo;</strong> under European law <strong>would not apply beyond the borders of EU member states.</strong></p>
<p>The judgement is an important victory for Google, as now the online privacy law cannot be used to regulate the internet in countries such as India, which are outside the European Union.</p>
<h3>What is the &lsquo;right to be forgotten&rsquo;?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The right to be forgotten empowers individuals to ask organisations to delete their personal data.</strong></li>
<li>It is provided by the EU&rsquo;s <strong>General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)</strong>, a law passed by the 28-member bloc in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Note:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to GDPR, the data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller the erasure of personal data concerning him or her without undue delay.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under Article 2 of the GDPR, &ldquo;personal data&rdquo; means &ldquo;any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (&ldquo;data subject&rdquo;)&rdquo;.</li>
<li>&ldquo;Controller&rdquo; means &ldquo;the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or any other body which determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data&rdquo;.</li>
<li>According to the GDPR website, &ldquo;undue delay&rdquo; is considered to be about a month.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After a search engine company like Google gets requests under the GDPR to get information deleted, it first reviews and then removes links on country-specific sites within the European Union.</li>
<li>ECJ observed that the EU cannot enforce the &lsquo;right to be forgotten&rsquo; on countries which do not recognize such a right.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is 'right to be forgotten' under the Indian scheme?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/justice-bn-srikrishna-committee-submits-data-protection-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Justice BN Srikrishna Committee&rsquo;s</a> draft Personal Data Protection Bill 2018, has introduced a new right called the right to be forgotten, which refers to the <strong>ability of an individual to limit, delink, delete, or correct the disclosure of the personal information on the internet</strong> that is misleading, embarrassing, or irrelevant.</li>
<li>According to Section 27 of the Bill, a <strong>data principal</strong> has a right to prevent the <strong>data fiduciary</strong> from using such data or information if data disclosure is no longer necessary, the consent to use data has been withdrawn or if data is being used contrary to the provisions of the law.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, section 27(2) says the <strong>adjudicating officer (Data Protection Authority)</strong> can decide on the question of disclosure, and the circumstances in which he thinks such disclosure can override the <strong>freedom of speech and the citizen&rsquo;s right to information.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Right to be forgotten is in sync with the right to privacy, which was hailed by the Supreme court as an integral part of Article 21 (right to life) of the constitution in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Puttaswamy judgement 2017.</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>DATA PRINCIPAL</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the person, company, or entity whose information is being collected.</li>
<li>&ldquo;Data&rdquo; means information that is represented in a form that is more appropriate for processing.</li>
<li>&ldquo;Processing&rdquo; refers to the operations done to the data, often forms of organisation, searching, combining, and more to glean further information.</li>
</ul>
<p>DATA FIDUCIARY</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This can be a person, state, company, or any entity that decides why data should be processed and how it should be processed.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>What are the issues with India's scheme of 'right to be forgotten'?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Right to be forgotten gets in conflict with the right to information.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This can be depicted in the cases where a rape victim has a right that her past is forgotten and at the same time a criminal cannot claim that he has the right to insist that his conviction should not be referred to by the media.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Whether the data online has to be retained (right to information) or erased (right to be forgotten) from the web, the decision <strong>has to be taken by the Data Protection Authority.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This may turn the <strong>right to be forgotten into danger to press freedom</strong> as a journalist has to wait for the decision of the adjudicating officer.</li>
<li>Thus, the freedom to criticise the public personalities for their public policies based on their past statements and activities will be in jeopardy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, <strong>a citizen seeking access to such information will be confused</strong>, whether to approach the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/14th-anniversary-of-right-to-information" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Central Information Commission</a> or Data Protection Authority.</li>
<li>The state retains unbridled powers to collect and process data, without the need for consent,<strong> for the national interest.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the national interest is nowhere defined, which allows the application of the right to be forgotten under the discretion of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to implement the right to be forgotten, <strong>privacy needs to be added as a ground for reasonable restriction under Article 19 (2)</strong> by a major amendment to the Constitution.</li>
<li>There must be a balance between the right to privacy and protection of personal data (as covered under Article 21 of the Indian constitution), on the one hand, and the freedom of information of internet users (under Article 19), on the other.</li>
<li>A comprehensive data protection law must address these issues and minimize the conflict between the two fundamental rights that form the crucial part of the <strong>golden trinity (Art. 14,19 and 21)</strong> of the Indian constitution.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Drishti Mains Question</p>
<p>Discuss how the right to be forgotten as proposed by Justice BN Srikrishna Committee, can override the freedom of speech and the citizen&rsquo;s right to information.</p>
</div>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-be-forgotten-2'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Mauryan Architecture- Part 2',
		'catname' => 'Paper 1',
		'desc' => '<h3>Mauryan Popular Art<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912484_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912484_image4.jpg" width="203" height="158" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>Apart from the court art or royal patronage, cave-architecture, sculpture, and pottery took the expressions of art by <strong>individual effort.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Cave Architecture:</strong> During the Mauryan period, caves were generally used as<strong> viharas,</strong> i.e. living quarters, by the Jain and Buddhist monks.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Key Features:</strong> The caves during the Mauryan period were marked by a<strong> highly polished</strong> finish of the interior walls and <strong><strong>decorative gateways.</strong></strong>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912446_image15.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912446_image15.jpg" style="float: right;" width="179" height="119" caption="false" /></a></h3>
</li>
<li><strong>Example:</strong> The seven caves (Satgarva) in the Makhdumpur region of Jehanabad district, Bihar, were created by Mauryan emperor Ashoka for the Ajivika Sect:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Barabar Caves (4 caves):</strong> Karna Chaupar, Sudama Cave, Lamarshi (Lomas Rishi) Cave, Vishwamitra (Vishva Zopri) Cave</li>
<li><strong>Nagaragunja Caves (3 caves):</strong> In Bihar were formed during the time of Dasharath, grandson of Ashoka , Gopi Cave, Bahayak Cave and Vedantika Cave.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ajivika Sect</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was founded by <strong>Goshala Maskariputra</strong> (a friend of Mahavira, the 24<sup>th</sup> Tirthankara of Jainism) and was contemporary of Jainism and Buddhism.</li>
<li>Ajivika sect is based on the philosophy that the affairs of the entire universe were ordered by a cosmic force called niyati (Sanskrit: &ldquo;rule&rdquo; or &ldquo;destiny&rdquo;) that determined all events, including an individual&rsquo;s fate.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sculptures<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912518_image9.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912518_image9.jpg" style="float: right;" width="110" height="201" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Two of the most famous sculptures of the Mauryan period are those of <strong>Yaksha and Yakshi.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They were objects of worship related to all three religions &ndash; Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism.</li>
<li>The earliest mention of yakshi can be found in <strong>Silappadikaram,</strong> a Tamil text.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The torso</strong> of the nude male figure found at Lohanipur at Patna.</li>
<li><strong>Didargunj Yakshi</strong> was found at Didargunj village at Patna.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Pottery:</strong> Pottery of the Mauryan period is generally referred to as <strong>Northern Black Polished Ware</strong> (NBPW).<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912560_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912560_image5.jpg" width="77" height="192" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mauryan pottery was characterized by <strong>black paint</strong> and <strong>highly lustrous finish</strong> and was generally used as luxury items.</li>
<li><strong>Kosambi and Patliputra</strong> were the centers of NBPW pottery.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Post Mauryan Art and Architecture</h3>
<p>With the decline of the Mauryan empire several small dynasties rose to power. Among them, Shungas, Kanvas, Kushanas and Shakas in the north and Satvahanas, Ikshavakus, Abhiras, and Vakatakas in Southern and Western India gained prominence.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The architecture in the form of rock-cut caves and stupas continued, with each dynasty introducing some unique features of their own. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Similarly, different schools of sculpture emerged and the art of sculpture reached its climax in the post-Mauryan period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rock-cut Caves:</strong> The construction of rock caves continued as in the Mauryan period. However, this period saw the development of two types of rock caves &ndash; <strong>Chaitya and Viharas.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chaitya was a rectangular prayer hall with a stupa placed in the center, for the purpose of prayer and Viharas were used as the residences of the monks.</li>
<li><strong>Examples</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves</strong> in Bhubaneshwar, Odisha were patronized by the Kalinga king Kharavela and are also known for the Hathigumpha inscription (in Brahmi script).</li>
<li><strong>Ranigumpha cave</strong> in Udayagiri is double-storied and has some beautiful sculptures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stupas:</strong> Post Mauryan period stupas became larger and more decorative and wood and brickwork were replaced by stone.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912668_image14.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912668_image14.jpg" width="143" height="164" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Torans:</strong> In the post-Mauryan period, the Shunga dynasty introduced the idea of torans (Torans reflect the Hellenisti influence) which were beautifully decorated gateways to the stupas.</li>
<li><strong>Examples</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bharhut stupa in Madhya Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sculpture:</strong> Post Mauryan empire three prominent schools of the sculpture came into prominence in three different regions of India namely Gandhara, Mathura, and Amravati schools.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912707_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912707_image7.jpg" width="627" height="251" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Gandhara:</strong> The Gandhara School of Art or Greco-Indian School of Art (First sculptural representation of Buddha in human form) has its origin in Greco tradition (Greek invaders brought with them the traditions of the Greek and Roman sculptors) which was further merged with the regional or local art of the time.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Initial Development:</strong> Gandhara school was developed in the western frontiers of <strong>Punjab.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912779_image10.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912779_image10.jpg" width="199" height="157" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Patronage:</strong> This school was patronized by both <strong>Shaka and Kushan rulers.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Major centers</strong> of Gandhara school of art were Jalalabad (Eastern Afghanistan), Hadda (ancient region of Gandhara),Begram (Parwan province of Afghanistan) &amp; Taxila (Pakistan).</li>
<li><strong>Key Features:</strong> Buddha was depicted in Gandhara Art, through four types of hand gestures called Mudras:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Abahayamudra:</strong> Indicates fearlessness</li>
<li><strong>Dhyana mudra:</strong> Indicates meditative position</li>
<li><strong>Dharmachakramudra:</strong> Means turning the wheel of law.</li>
<li><strong>Bhumisparshamudra:</strong> Touching the earth with right hand and calling it to witness truth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mudras Related To Buddha of Gandhara School</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vitarka Mudra:</strong> It indicates teaching and discussion or intellectual debate. <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912878_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912878_image6.jpg" style="float: right;" width="168" height="141" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The tips of the thumb and index finger touch each other, forming a circle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Anjali Mudra:</strong> Indicates greetings, devotion, and adoration. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both hands close to the chest, palms, and fingers joined against each other vertically (Namaste posture).</li>
<li>This is for Bodhisattvas (who aim and prepare to attain perfect knowledge).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912917_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912917_image3.jpg" width="210" height="315" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Uttarabodhi Mudra:</strong> It means supreme enlightenment.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912976_image8.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912976_image8.jpg" style="float: right;" width="153" height="127" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This Mudra is known for charging one with energy. It symbolises perfection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Varada Mudra:</strong> It indicates charity, compassion or granting wishes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Signifies five perfections: Generosity, morality, patience, effort and meditative concentration, through the five extended fingers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571913091_image13.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571913091_image13.jpg" width="207" height="232" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Karana Mudra:</strong> It indicates warding off evil.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The energy created by this Mudra helps remove obstacles such as sickness or negative thoughts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571913015_image12.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571913015_image12.jpg" width="433" height="243" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vajra Mudra:</strong> It indicates knowledge.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This mudra signifies the importance of knowledge or supreme wisdom.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571913056_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571913056_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="195" height="259" /></a></p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mathura:</strong> The sculptures of the Mathura school were influenced by all the three religions Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Initial Development:</strong> Developed in and around Mathura.</li>
<li><strong>Patronage:</strong> This school was patronized by Kushan rulers.</li>
<li><strong>Major Centres:</strong> Mathura, Sonkh and Kankalitila.</li>
<li><strong>Key Feature:</strong> Symbolism in the images was one of the key features of the Mathura school of art like <strong>Shiva</strong> was represented using linga and mukhalinga, <strong>Halo</strong> around the head of Buddha was decorated geometrical patterns and Buddha is shown to be surrounded by two <strong>Bodhisattavas</strong> Padmapani (holding a lotus) and Vajrapani (holding a thunderbolt).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amaravati:</strong> Unlike Gandhara and Mathura schools which focused on single images, Amaravati school laid more emphasis on the use of <strong>dynamic images or narrative art</strong> (like jataka tales).
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Initial Development:</strong> Amaravati school was developed on the banks of the Krishna river.</li>
<li><strong>Major Centres:</strong> Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda.</li>
<li><strong>Patronage:</strong> This school was patronized by Satvahana rulers.</li>
<li><strong>Key Feature:</strong> Tribhanga posture, i.e. the body with three bends was used excessively by Amaravati school in its sculptures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912376_image11.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571912376_image11.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="713" height="450" /></a></p>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Development of Art and Architecture:</strong> Mauryas made a remarkable contribution to art and architecture, and introduced stone masonry on a wide scale.</li>
<li><strong>Polished Stone Pillar:</strong> High technical skill was achieved by Maurya artisans in polishing the stone pillars, which are as shining as the Northern Black Polished Ware.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The stone statue of Yakshini in the form of a beautiful woman found in Didarganj (Patna) is noted for its Maurya polish.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pillars and Sculptor Development:</strong> Each pillar is made of a single piece of buff-colored sandstone. Only their capitals, which are beautiful pieces of sculpture in the form of lions or bulls, are joined to the pillars on the top. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The erection of the polished pillars throughout India shows the spread of the technical knowledge involved in the art of polishing them</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cave Architecture:</strong> The Maurya artisans also started the practice of carving out caves from rocks for monks to live in. Later, this form of cave architecture spread to western and southern India.</li>
<li><strong>Development of Terracotta Art:</strong> In the central phase of the Northern Black Polished Ware around 300 BC, the central Gangetic plains became the center of terracotta art. In Maurya rimes, terracottas were produced on a large scale. They generally represented animals (elephants) and women (mother goddesses).</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/mauryan-architecture-part-2'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Massive Galaxy Found in Cosmic Dust',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>A <strong>massive galaxy,</strong> dating back to the <strong>early universe,</strong> has been spotted in <strong>cosmic dust clouds.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The found galaxy has almost equal numbers of stars as the Milky Way, but it is forming new stars at 100 times the rate of the Milky Way galaxy.</li>
<li>The research has been carried out with the help of <strong>Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an international partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO), the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan, together with NRC (Canada), NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile.</li>
<li>ALMA is a single telescope composed of 66 high precision antennas located on the <strong>Chajnantor plateau, northern Chile.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, the <strong>James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)</strong> is expected to enhance the quality of research related to cosmic dust clouds.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The James Webb Space Telescope (also called JWST or Webb) will be a<strong> large infrared telescope with a 6.5-meter primary mirror.</strong></li>
<li>The telescope will be launched on an <strong>Ariane 5 rocket</strong> from <strong>French Guiana</strong> in <strong>2021.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>study every phase</strong> in the history of our Universe, ranging from the<strong> first luminous glows</strong> after the <strong>Big Bang,</strong> to the <strong>formation of solar systems</strong> capable of supporting life on planets like Earth, to the evolution of our own Solar System.</li>
<li>Webb is an <strong>international collaboration</strong> between<strong> NASA,</strong> the <strong>European Space Agency (ESA),</strong> and the <strong>Canadian Space Agency (CSA).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cosmic Dust</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cosmic dust consists of tiny particles of solid material floating around in the space between the stars.</li>
<li>It is more like smoke with small particles varying from collections of a few molecules to grains of 0.1 mm in size.</li>
<li>It plays an important role in the formation of young stars and planets in space.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/massive-galaxy-found-hidden-amid-cosmic-dust/article29777782.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/massive-galaxy-found-in-cosmic-dust'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Antarctic Ocean Sanctuary',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR),</strong> is considering the proposal of creating the <strong>East Antarctic marine park,</strong> in its <strong>38<sup>th</sup> meeting</strong> starting from<strong> 21<sup>st</sup> October 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>China and Russia have been key in blocking the proposal,</strong> which was <strong>first floated by Australia, France and the European Union in 2010</strong> before being scaled down in 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both China and Russia have <strong>fishing interests</strong> in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The proposed park, almost <strong>a million square kilometres,</strong> would <strong>protect important foraging areas</strong> and <strong>essential food sources</strong> for emperor penguins as well as seals, whales and other seabirds.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rampant sailing</strong> has brought some species of the ocean like seals, whales, fish, <strong>to the brink of extinction</strong>.</li>
<li>Also looming are the <strong>consequences of the changing climate.</strong> The ocean is warming, acidifying and ice shelves are thinning and collapsing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>consent of all 26 members</strong> of the CCAMLR <strong>is required</strong> for the creation of marine park.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CCAMLR has previously established other major ocean <strong>Antarctic sanctuaries &mdash;</strong> including the world&rsquo;s<strong> largest</strong> spanning <strong>1.55 million square kilometres</strong> in the<strong> Ross Sea.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CCAMLR was established by international convention in <strong>1982</strong> with the objective of <strong>conserving Antarctic marine life.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This was in response to increasing commercial interest in <strong>Antarctic krill resources, a keystone</strong> component of the Antarctic ecosystem and a history of over-exploitation of several other marine resources in the Southern Ocean.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s Secretariat is located in <strong>Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/doubt-over-proposal-to-create-an-antarctic-ocean-sanctuary/article29782166.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/antarctic-ocean-sanctuary'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'PM National Dialysis Programme',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Health Ministry issued guidelines for establishing <strong>peritoneal dialysis</strong> services under the <strong>Pradhan Mantri National Dialysis Programme.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The guidelines are expected to benefit the <strong>2 lakh Indians</strong> who develop end-stage kidney failure every year in India.</li>
<li>There are <strong>two main types</strong> of dialysis namely- <strong>Hemodialysis, and Peritoneal dialysis.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In peritoneal dialysis, people will have access to the treatment option that could be performed at home (as in hemodialysis, treatment needs to be performed at a designated dialysis centre).</li>
<li>The peritoneal dialysis <strong>avoids the substantial costs</strong> of infrastructural set-up, maintenance, and staffing; <strong>reduces the demands</strong> placed on the healthcare system, and <strong>offers patients the autonomy</strong> to be at home. Consequently, the decision to include peritoneal dialysis under the ambit of the PM National Dialysis Programme was finalized.</li>
<li>Mass-based peritoneal dialysis programmes have the potential to substantially bring down the cost of treatment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The move is also expected to <strong>benefit children</strong> suffering from <strong>kidney failure</strong> who need dialysis treatment because of biological and lifestyle reasons. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, paediatric haemodialysis facilities are scarce in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The guidelines will also serve as a comprehensive manual for states intending to set up peritoneal dialysis centers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will ensure the delivery of<strong> high-quality and cost-effective services</strong> and develop a clinically-safe and effective programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Dialysis</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dialysis is a treatment that does some of the things done by healthy kidneys. It is needed when one develops an end-stage kidney failure.</li>
<li>Dialysis maintains balance of body by:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Removing waste, salt and extra water to prevent them from building up in the body.</li>
<li>Keeping a safe level of certain chemicals in your blood, such as potassium, sodium and bicarbonate.</li>
<li>Helping to control blood pressure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>PM National Dialysis Programme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The programme was announced by the Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare in 2016 under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission (NHM)</strong></a> in <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PPP (Public-Private Partnership) model.</strong></a></li>
<li>It aims to provide<strong> free dialysis services to the poor.</strong></li>
<li>The first phase of the programme envisaged setting up of <strong>hemodialysis centres</strong> in all districts of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Financing:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For <strong>Below Poverty Line (BPL)</strong> economic group: 100% expenses are directly covered under NHM by the government.</li>
<li>For <strong>non-BPL</strong> patients: They can get treated at the district hospitals by paying the same rates as paid by the government for the BPL patient.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/health-ministrys-guidelines-for-peritoneal-dialysis-services-welcomed/article29779817.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-national-dialysis-programme'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Smallest Ozone Hole in Decades',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>During September and October months of 2019, the <strong>ozone hole over the Antarctic</strong> has been the <strong>smallest observed since 1982.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571905193_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571905193_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="498" height="266" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The presence of abnormal weather patterns in the atmosphere over Antarctica is responsible for shrinkage of the ozone hole.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to the warmer temperatures over Antarctica in 2019, <strong>fewer polar stratospheric clouds formed and they couldn&rsquo;t persist longer,</strong> which limited the ozone-depletion process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus, shrinkage of the ozone hole is<strong> not a sign of a fast track recovery of atmospheric ozone</strong> but the result of the temporary warming of Antarctica.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ozone</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ozone (composed of three atoms of oxygen) occurs both in the Earth's upper atmosphere (stratosphere) and at ground level ( troposphere). It can be good or bad, depending on where it is found.</li>
<li><strong>Good Ozone:</strong> Ozone occurs naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere <strong>(Stratosphere)</strong> where it forms a protective layer that shields us from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ozone-depleting-gas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ozone-depleting gases</strong></a> like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), HCFCs, halons, destroy this protective shield and causes<strong> the hole in the ozone.</strong></li>
<li>India had adopted the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ozone-layer-is-recovering-un" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol</strong></a> (aims to phase-down hydrofluorocarbons).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bad Ozone:</strong> In the Earth's lower atmosphere (troposphere) near ground level, ozone is formed when pollutants emitted by cars, power plants, industrial boilers, refineries, chemical plants, and other sources react chemically in the presence of sunlight.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-29th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Surface level Ozone</strong></a> is a harmful air pollutant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/telling-numbers-smallest-ozone-hole-in-decades-how-it-happened-why-it-matters-6084710/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></strong></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smallest-ozone-hole-in-decades'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'India-Japan',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the President of India visited Japan. The visit was the <strong>first presidential visit to Japan after a gap of 29 years.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The last presidential visit was in <strong>1990</strong> when the then President, Ramaswamy Venkatraman, attended the <strong>enthronement ceremonies of Emperor Emeritus Akihoto who stepped down in 2018.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The President <strong>attended the enthronement ceremony of the</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-1st-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Emperor Naruhito</strong></a> of Japan in the Imperial Palace.</li>
<li>He visited the <strong>Tsukiji Hongwanji Buddhist Temple</strong> and <strong>planted a sapling from Bodh Gaya.</strong></li>
<li>He also visited the <strong>Shinto Meiji Shrine</strong> and interacted with a delegation from the <strong>Gotemba Pagoda.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Shrine is dedicated to the deified spirit of Emperor Meiji . The <strong>Meiji restoration in 1868</strong> was a watershed moment in Japanese history in which Japan was completely transformed into a modern country.</li>
<li>The <strong>Peace Park in Gotemba City</strong> provides a beautiful view of Mt. Fuji (the highest mountain in Japan) and houses the chalky stupa. The stupa, the symbol of the park, keeps the <strong>Buddha&rsquo;s ashes presented by late Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He <strong>addressed the members of Indian diaspora in Tokyo</strong> and sought their support for creating a progressive and prosperous India.</li>
<li>He also laid the foundation stone for <strong>Sri Sathya Sai Sanathana Samskruti Project at Sai no Sato,</strong> Kakegawa, Japan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sai no Sato will be developed as a temple on the lines of Akshardham and </strong>Swaminarayan Temple <strong>to promote Indian traditional culture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India-Japan Ties<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571904748_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571904748_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="253" height="179" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Japan share robust ties with cooperation in areas of defence, science and cooperation and trade.</li>
<li>In 2014, India and Japan upgraded their relationship to <strong>'Special Strategic and Global Partnership'.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Railway (MAHSR)</strong> is a very important area of cooperation between India and Japan in Railway Sector.</li>
<li>A<strong> &ldquo;India-Japan Digital Partnership&rdquo; (I-JDP)</strong> was launched during the visit of the Prime Minister of India to Japan in October 2018, furthering existing areas of cooperation as well as new initiatives within the scope of cooperation in <strong>S&amp;T/ICT,</strong> focusing more on &ldquo;Digital ICT Technologies&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The <strong>India-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)</strong> that came into force in August 2011 covers trade in goods, services, movement of natural persons, investments, Intellectual Property Rights, custom procedures and other trade related issues.</li>
<li>India and Japan defence forces organize a series of bilateral exercises namely, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-08th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">JIMEX</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-4th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SHINYUU Maitri</a>,</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-dharma-guardian-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dharma Guardian</strong></a>. Both the countries also participate in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-malabar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Malabar exercise</strong></a> with USA.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1588914" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-japan-2'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Mole Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Mole Day is an <strong>unofficial holiday celebrated</strong> among chemists, chemistry students and chemistry enthusiasts on <strong>October 23, between 6:02 AM and 6:02 PM, making the date 6:02 10/23 in the US date format.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The time and date are derived from <strong>Avogadro's number,</strong> which is approximately 6.02&times;10 ^ 23, defining the number of particles (atoms or molecules) in one mole of a substance, <strong>one of the seven base SI units.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> seven base units in the SI system</strong> are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>the kilogram (kg), for mass</li>
<li>the second (s), for time</li>
<li>the kelvin (K), for temperature</li>
<li>the ampere (A), for electric current</li>
<li><strong>the mole (mol), for the amount of a substance</strong></li>
<li>the candela (cd), for luminous intensity</li>
<li>the meter (m), for distance</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The day was created to foster an interest in chemistry.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Avogadro's Number</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The number of particles (atoms, molecules or ions) present in <strong>1 mole of any substance is fixed, with a value of 6.022 &times; 10<sup>23</sup>.</strong></li>
<li>This is an experimentally obtained value. This number is called the Avogadro Constant or <strong>Avogadro Number (represented by N<sub>0</sub>)</strong>, named in honour of the <strong>Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro.</strong></li>
<li><strong>1 mole (of anything) = 6.022 &times; 10<sup>23</sup> in number, as, 1 dozen = 12 nos.</strong></li>
<li>The Avogadro constant 6.022 &times; 10<sup>23</sup> is defined as the number of atoms in exactly <strong>12 g of carbon-12.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mole-day'
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