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President’s Rule in Puducherry

Why in News President’s Rule has been imposed in the Union Territory of Puducherry, on the recommendation of the Lieutenant Governor, after...

26 Feb 2021 News Analysis
Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve: Chhattisgarh

Why in News Thousands of tribals living in villages located in the core areas of Sitanadi Udanti Tiger Reserve are protesting and demanding the...

26 Feb 2021 News Analysis
Structural Issues of Union Territories

This article is based on “The structural fragility of Union Territories” which was published in The Hindu on 25/02/2021. It talks about...

25 Feb 2021 News Editorials
Senkaku Island Dispute

Why in News Recently, China called the Japan-USA mutual security pact a product of the Cold War following USA’s criticism of the presence of...

25 Feb 2021 News Analysis
UNHRC’s New Resolution Against Sri Lanka

Why in News Recently, Sri Lanka has made an appeal to the member states of the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) to reject the impending...

25 Feb 2021 News Analysis
National Commission for Scheduled Castes

Why in News Recently, Vijay Sampla has been appointed as the chairman of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC). Key...

25 Feb 2021 News Analysis
Blank-Cheque Company

Why in News Recently, renewable energy producer ‘ReNew Power’ announced an agreement to merge with RMG Acquisition Corp II, a...

25 Feb 2021 News Analysis
PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister talked about the need to address health issues in a holistic manner and to adopt a four-pronged strategy...

25 Feb 2021 News Analysis
CECPA: India & Mauritius

Why in News The Union Cabinet has approved signing of the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement (CECPA) between India and...

25 Feb 2021 News Analysis
National Urban Digital Mission

Why in News The National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) has been launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) along with the Ministry...

25 Feb 2021 News Analysis
Elusive Two-State Solution

This article is based on “Dialogue not demonisation” which was published in The Indian Express on 24/02/2021. It talks about the...

24 Feb 2021 News Editorials
Black-Necked Crane

Why in News Recently, a group of Buddhist monks in Tawang district has opposed the Arunachal Pradesh government’s renewed push for hydropower...

24 Feb 2021 News Analysis
Pagri Sambhal Movement

Why in News The Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM) is celebrating 23rd February as Pagri Sambhal Diwas, honouring the memory of Ajit Singh-founder of the...

24 Feb 2021 News Analysis
Olive Ridley Turtles

Why in News The Orissa High Court has taken suo motu cognisance of the death of around 800 Olive Ridley sea turtles due to negligence by...

24 Feb 2021 News Analysis
Intensified Mission Indradhanush 3.0 Scheme

Why in News Recently, the Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0 scheme has been rolled out to cover children and pregnant women who missed...

24 Feb 2021 News Analysis
Anti-Dumping Duty on Steel Imports from China

Why in News Recently, the Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) has initiated a probe to review the need for continuing imposition of...

24 Feb 2021 News Analysis
China: India’s Top Trading Partner in 2020

Why in News According to provisional data from India’s commerce ministry, China regained its position as India’s top trade partner in...

24 Feb 2021 News Analysis
Right To Dissent

This article is based on "The pressing need to adjudicate, not mediate" which was published in The Hindu on 19/02/2021. It talks about...

23 Feb 2021 News Editorials
IAEA - Iran Deal over Nuclear Inspections

Why in News Iran and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have agreed to temporary measures to offset Iran's decision to restrict access to...

23 Feb 2021 News Analysis
National Technology Awards 2020

Why in News A total of 12 companies have been selected for the National Technology Awards 2020 for successful commercialization of innovative...

23 Feb 2021 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'President’s Rule in Puducherry',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>President&rsquo;s Rule has been imposed in the Union Territory of Puducherry, on the recommendation of the Lieutenant Governor, after the established government lost power during <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/floor-test-is-governor-s-discretion-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>a vote of confidence.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The President was satisfied that a situation had arisen in which the administration of the Union Territory of Puducherry could not carry on in accordance with the provisions of the <strong>Government of Union Territories Act, 1963</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The&nbsp;<strong>Government of Union Territories Act, 1963&nbsp;</strong>enacted by the Parliament in accordance with the <strong>provisions of article 239A.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Administration of Union Territories:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 239 to 242 under Part VIII</strong> of the Indian Constitution deals with the administration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uts-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Territories.</strong></a></li>
<li>Every union territory is <strong>administered by the President acting through an administrator</strong> appointed by him.</li>
<li>An <strong>administrator</strong> of a union territory is an agent of the President and not head of state like a governor. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President can specify the designation of an administrator; it may be <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/jurisdictional-conflict-in-delhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lieutenant Governor</strong></a> or Chief Commissioner or Administrator.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Union Territories of Puducherry (in 1963), Delhi (in 1992) and</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uts-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir (in 2019)</strong></a> <strong>are provided with a legislative assembly</strong> and a council of ministers headed by a chief minister.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>But, the establishment of such institutions in the union territories <strong>does not diminish the supreme control of the President</strong> and Parliament over them.</li>
<li>The <strong>Parliament can make laws on any subject of the three lists</strong> (including the State List) for the union territories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provision in Case of Failure of Constitutional Machinery (as per the 1963 Act):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the <strong>President, on receipt of a report from the Administrator</strong> of (the Union territory) <strong>or otherwise,</strong> is satisfied,―<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>that a situation has arisen in which the <strong>administration of the Union territory cannot be carried on</strong> in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or</li>
<li>that<strong> for the proper administration of the Union territory</strong> it is necessary or expedient so to do,</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The President may, <strong>by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act</strong> for such period as he thinks fit, and <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory<strong> in accordance with the provisions of Article 239.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>President&rsquo;s Rule in a State:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>implies the suspension of a state government and the imposition of direct rule of the Centre.</strong></li>
<li>It is also known as <strong>&lsquo;State Emergency&rsquo; or &lsquo;Constitutional Emergency&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President&rsquo;s Rule is <strong>imposed through the invocation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/article-356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 356</a> of the Constitution</strong> by the President on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers.</li>
<li>Under Article 356, President&rsquo;s Rule is imposed if the President, upon receipt of the report from the Governor of the State or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary Approval and Duration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A proclamation imposing President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>must be approved by both the Houses of Parliament within two months</strong> from the date of its issue.</li>
<li>The approval <strong>takes place through simple majority</strong> in either House, that is, a majority of the members of the House present and voting.</li>
<li><strong>Initially valid for six months</strong>, the President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>can be extended for a maximum period of three years</strong> with the approval of the Parliament, every six months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consequences of President&rsquo;s Rule:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The state governor, on behalf of the President, carries on the state administration with the help of the chief secretary of the state or the advisors appointed by the President.</li>
<li>The President can declare that the powers of the state legislature are to be exercised by the Parliament.</li>
<li>The President either suspends or dissolves the state legislative assembly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Revocation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A proclamation of President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>may be revoked by the President at any time</strong> by a subsequent proclamation. Such a proclamation <strong>does not require parliamentary approval.</strong></li>
<li>This happens, in case, the leader of a party produces letters of support from a majority of members of the Assembly, and stakes his claim to form a government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Recommendations/Judgments on President's Rule</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Administrative Reforms Commission (1968)</strong> recommended that the report of the governor regarding the President's rule has to be objective and also the governor should exercise his own judgment in this regard.</li>
<li>The <strong>Rajamannar Committee (1971)</strong> recommended the deletion of Articles 356 and 357 from the Constitution of India. The necessary provisions for safeguards against arbitrary action of the ruling party at the Centre under Article 356 should be incorporated in the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/2021-01-05" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sarkaria Commission</a> (1988)</strong> recommended that Article 356 should be used in very rare cases when it becomes unavoidable to restore the breakdown of constitutional machinery in the State.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/printpdf/governor" target="_blank" rel="noopener">S.R. Bommai Judgment</a> (1994).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court enlisted the situations where the exercise of power under Article 356 could be proper.</li>
<li>One such situation is that of &lsquo;Hung Assembly&rsquo;, i.e. where after general elections to the assembly, no party secures a majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Justice V.Chelliah Commission (2002)</strong> recommended that Article 356 must be used sparingly and only as a remedy of the last resort after exhausting all actions under Articles 256, 257 and 355.</li>
<li>The <strong>Punchhi commission (2007)</strong> recommended that these Articles 355 &amp; 356 be amended. It sought to protect the interests of the States by trying to curb their misuse by the Centre.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/centre-recommends-presidents-rule-in-puducherry/article33922800.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-s-rule-in-puducherry'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve: Chhattisgarh',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Thousands of<strong> tribals</strong> living in villages located in the <strong>core areas of Sitanadi Udanti Tiger Reserve</strong> are protesting and demanding the recognition of their <strong>Community Forest Resource rights.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Community Forest Resource (CFR) rights are given under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forest-rights-act-2006-3#:~:text=Title%20rights%3A%20It%20gives%20FDST,a%20maximum%20of%204%20hectares.&amp;text=Relief%20and%20development%20rights%3A%20To,to%20restrictions%20for%20forest%20protection." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA).</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-importance-of-tiger-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tiger reserves</strong></a> <strong>are constituted on a core/buffer strategy.</strong> The core areas have the legal status of a national park or a sanctuary, whereas the buffer or peripheral areas are a mix of forest and non-forest land, managed as a multiple use area.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Provisions of the Forest Rights Act (FRA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006 recognizes and vest the forest rights and occupation in Forest land in <strong>Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribes (FDST)</strong> and <strong>Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFD)</strong> who have been residing in such forests for generations.</li>
<li>It strengthens the conservation regime of the forests while ensuring livelihood and food security of the FDST and OTFD.</li>
<li>The <strong>Gram Sabha is the authority</strong> to initiate the process for determining the nature and extent of Individual Forest Rights (IFR) or Community Forest Rights (CFR) or both that may be given to FDST and OTFD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Individual Rights:</strong> Encompasses Rights of Self-cultivation and Habitation.</li>
<li><strong>Community Rights:</strong> Such as Grazing, Fishing and access to Water bodies in forests, Habitat Rights for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)</strong></a>, right to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource for sustainable use etc.</li>
<li><strong>Community Forest Resource Rights:</strong> These are rights of Adivasi and OTFDs over customary common forest land within the traditional or customary boundaries of the village or seasonal use of landscape in the case of pastoral communities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These <strong>can be recognised over any forest land</strong> including reserved forests, protected forests and protected areas such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dehing-patkai-wildlife-sanctuary-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sanctuaries and National Park.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve <strong>came into existence in the year 2008-09</strong>, are two separate reserves (Udanti &amp; Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuaries) combined together.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It is located in the <strong>Gariaband district, Chhattisgarh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ecological Diversity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It contains various types of <strong>forest crop</strong> mixed with <strong>Sal forest.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-buffalo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asiatic Wild Buffalo</strong></a> is the key endangered species found in the Core Area.</li>
<li>Apart from the tiger, other endangered and rare species are Indian Wolf, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-leopard-population" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Leopard</a>,</strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nandankanan-zoological-park-odisha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sloth Bear</strong></a> and Mouse Deer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rivers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sitanadi River</strong> originates in the middle of Sitanadi Wildlife sanctuary.</li>
<li><strong>Udanti River</strong> flows from the west to east covering a major part of the Udanti Wildlife sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Tiger Reserves in Chhattisgarh:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biosphere-reserves-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Achanakmar Tiger Reserve.</strong></a></li>
<li>Indravati Tiger Reserve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614325587_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614325587_image2.png" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarhs-sitanadi-udanti-tiger-reserve-tribals-seek-forest-rights-officials-cite-core-area-rule-7203531/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sitanadi-udanti-tiger-reserve-chhattisgarh'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Structural Issues of Union Territories',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-structural-fragility-of-union-territories/article33927116.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The structural fragility of Union Territories&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 25/02/2021. It talks about the legal and constitutional provision that leads to the undermining of the elected governments in the union territories.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, some MLAs from the Puducherry legislative assembly resigned. These resignations reflect a familiar pattern to the resignations of Members of the Legislative Assembly. Such resignations reduce the party&rsquo;s majority in the House abruptly, which invariably leads to the fall of the government.</p>
<p>The intent behind this pattern is that no MLA has to defect and face disqualification under the anti-defection law. In general, these resignations take place only from the ruling parties in the States which are opposed to the ruling party at the Centre.</p>
<p>However, this is not the only way where the elected governments in Union territories are undermined. There are many constitutional and legal provisions that reflect the structural fragility of Union Territories (UTs) as units of the Indian federation.</p>
<h3>Structural Fragility Of Union Territories</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Composition of the Legislature:</strong> Article 239A was originally brought in, by the 14<sup>th</sup> Constitutional amendment act, 1962, to enable Parliament to create legislatures for the UTs. Under this article, the parliament enacted the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The aftermath of this law is that a simple amendment in the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 can create a legislature with more than 50% nominated members.</li>
<li>However, the question remains, how can a predominantly nominated House promote representative democracy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issue of Nomination:</strong> The Government of Union Territories Act provides for a 33-member House for Puducherry of whom three are to be nominated by the Central government.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>So, when the Union government nominated three members to the Assembly without consulting the government, it was challenged in the court.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court in K. Lakshminarayanan v. Union of India, 2019 case held that the Union government is not required to consult the State government for nominating members to the Assembly and the nominated members have the same right to vote as the elected members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arbitrariness in Nomination:</strong> There is provision for the nomination of members to the Rajya Sabha (under Article 80). The Article specifies the fields from which they will be nominated.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The purpose of this nomination is to enable the House to draw on the expertise of those eminent members who are nominated and thus enrich the debate in the House.</li>
<li>However, in the case of nomination to the Puducherry Assembly, no such qualification is laid down either in Article 239A or the Government of Union Territories Act.</li>
<li>Due to this, the law invites arbitrariness in dealing with the nomination of members to the UT legislature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Administrator&rsquo;s Power:</strong> The UTs were never given a fully democratic set-up with the necessary autonomy. The power vested in the administrator (Lieutenant Governor) conflicts with the powers of the elected government of UTs having a legislature.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Section 44 of the Government of Union Territories Act and Article 239 AA(4) (proviso) of the Constitution vests the power in the administrator to express his or her disagreement and refer the matter to the President</li>
<li>The President decides on the advice of the Union government. So, in effect, it is the Union government that finally determines the disputed issue.</li>
<li>This can be reflected in the Chief Minister of Puducherry asking removal of the Lt. Governor.</li>
<li>Similarly, in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, one often hears of complaints against the Lt. Governor from the ministers about the non-cooperative federalism being practiced by him.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Overlapping Areas:</strong>&nbsp;<span>The Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 provides for a Legislative Assembly of Puducherry with a Council of Ministers to govern this Union Territory.&nbsp;</span>Although the l<span>egislative assembly</span> of Puducherry is empowered to make laws, the administrator is not bounded by the aid and advice of the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister.
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This creates overlapping of jurisdictions, which in turn leads to conflict between the union government and elected government of union territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Practicing Cooperative Federalism:</strong> The Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in NCT of Delhi v. Union of India (2019), had said that the administrator should not misuse this power to frustrate the functioning of the elected government in the territory and use it after all methods have failed to reconcile the differences between him/her and the Council of Ministers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, this judgment has not been observed in the letter and spirit. Thus, both the government and UTs need to imbibe the ethos of cooperative federalism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exploring the Washington DC Model:</strong> Indian Government can emulate the model of administrative sharing of power between the Union government and the Governments of UTs.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under that scheme, only the strategic areas and buildings are under the effective control of the federal government and the rest of the areas are under the jurisdiction of Washington state.</li>
<li>Given this, the institution of strategic importance like political institutions, defense establishments, etc. can remain under the jurisdiction of the Union Government, and areas other than these can effectively be handed over to UTs governments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Necessary Reforms:</strong> For effective autonomy to the governments of union territories, there is a need for amendment in the legal and constitutional provisions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The Union government should respect the reason why these UTs were thought fit to provide a legislature and Council of Ministers to some of the UTs. The ostensible reason is to fulfill the democratic aspirations of the people of these territories.</p>
<p>In this context, the Union government should take note of the Supreme court&rsquo;s observation that the administration of Union Territories is by the Central government but that does not mean the Union Territories become merged with the Central government. They are centrally administered but retain their independent entity.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fafffa;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Union Territories having legislatures with ultimate control vested in the central administrator are not workable. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xRuCoZVRIIo" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/after-the-coup-on-political-crisis-in-myanmar/article33917075.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;After the coup: On political crisis in Myanmar&rdquo;</strong> </a>published in The Hindu on February 24<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Senkaku Island Dispute',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, China called the <strong>Japan-USA mutual security pact</strong> a product of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cold-war" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cold War</strong> </a>following USA&rsquo;s criticism of the presence of Chinese coast guard vessels in Japanese-claimed territorial waters.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The 1960 Japan-USA mutual security treaty <strong>assures the USA would come to Japan's aid in the event of an outside attack on Japanese</strong> forces or territory.</li>
<li>The USA criticized China as the Chinese ships have been <strong>repeatedly encroaching the Japanese territorial waters</strong> surrounding the Senkaku island.</li>
<li>Whereas China has long accused the USA of maintaining a <strong>&ldquo;Cold War mentality''</strong> due to which it tries to bring Japan in its Bloc against China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614249247_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614249247_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Senkaku Island Dispute:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Senkaku Island dispute concerns a territorial dispute over a group of uninhabited islands known as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Senkaku Islands</strong> in Japan,</li>
<li><strong>Diaoyu Islands</strong> in China, and</li>
<li><strong>Tiaoyutai Islands</strong> in Taiwan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both Japan and China claim ownership of these islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Eight uninhabited islands lie in the <strong>East China Sea.</strong> They have a total area of about 7 sq km and lie <strong>northeast of Taiwan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic Importance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Islands are close to strategically important shipping lanes, offer rich fishing grounds and are thought to contain oil deposits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Japan's Claim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>After <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-558" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World War II</strong></a>, Japan renounced claims to a number of territories and islands including Taiwan in the <strong>1951 Treaty of San Francisco.</strong></li>
<li>But under the treaty, the Nansei Shoto islands came under USA trusteeship and were then returned to Japan in 1971.</li>
<li>Japan says that<strong> Senkaku islands are part of the Nansei Shoto islands</strong> and hence they also belong to Japan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/senkaku-islands" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>a local council in southern Japan has approved a bill</strong></a> to change the name of an area containing Senkaku Islands from Tonoshiro to Tonoshiro Senkaku.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides, China<strong> raised no objections to the San Francisco deal.</strong> Only since the 1970s, when the issue of oil resources in the area emerged, Chinese and Taiwanese authorities began pressing their claims.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China's Claim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These Islands have been part of its territory since ancient times, serving as important fishing grounds administered by the province of Taiwan.</li>
<li>When Taiwan was returned in the <strong>Treaty of San Francisco</strong>, China said the islands &ndash; as part of it &ndash; should also have been returned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/japan-us-treaty-a-product-of-cold-war/article33926393.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/senkaku-island-dispute'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'UNHRC’s New Resolution Against Sri Lanka',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Sri Lanka has made an appeal to the member states of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-human-rights-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC)</strong></a> to reject the impending resolution on the island nation's human rights accountability and reconciliation.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka is facing a<strong> new resolution</strong> calling on it to hold human rights abusers to account and deliver justice to victims of its<strong> 26-year civil war (1983-2009).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The war was mainly a <strong>clash</strong> between the <strong>Sinhalese-dominated Sri Lankan government</strong> and the <strong>Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)</strong> insurgent group, the latter of which had hoped to establish a separate state for the Tamil minority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sri Lankan forces and Tamil rebels were <strong>accused of atrocities during the war,</strong> which killed at least 1,00,000 people.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614248191_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614248191_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The New Draft Resolution/The Zero Draft:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It incorporates some of the elements of the UNHRC report, including those on <strong>strengthening the HRC&rsquo;s capacity on preserving evidence, devising strategies for future accountability processes, and supporting judicial proceedings in member states with jurisdiction.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the UNHRC report, the government of Sri Lanka had created <strong>parallel military task forces</strong> and commissions that <strong>encroach on civilian functions,</strong> and reversed important institutional checks and balances,<strong> threatening democratic gains,</strong> the <strong>independence of the judiciary</strong> and other key institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also talks about encouraging the Sri Lankan government to implement the requirements of the previous <strong>30/1 resolution</strong> (from which it pulled out).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Resolution 30/1:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It wanted Colombo to establish a <strong>credible judicial process,</strong> with the participation of Commonwealth and other foreign judges, defence lawyers and authorised prosecutors and investigators, to go into the alleged rights abuses.</li>
<li>Recently,<strong> Sri Lanka has said that Resolution 30/1 was against the country.</strong> The Resolution carried a host of commitments that were not deliverable and were not in conformity with the Constitution of Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>asks the High Commissioner&rsquo;s office to monitor progress on national reconciliation and accountability mechanisms,</strong> and come up with updates next March, and a full report in September 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UNHRC&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The present government in Sri Lanka was<strong> &ldquo;proactively&rdquo; obstructing investigations</strong> into past crimes to prevent accountability, and that this had a<strong> &ldquo;devastating effect&rdquo; on families seeking truth, justice and reparations.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN)</strong> </a>member states &ldquo;should pay attention to the early warning signs of more violations to come, and called for <strong>&ldquo;international action&rdquo;</strong> including <strong>targeted sanctions</strong> such as <strong>asset freezes and travel bans against</strong> &ldquo;credibly alleged&rdquo; perpetrators of grave human rights violations and abuses.</li>
<li>States should also<strong> pursue investigations and prosecution in their national courts</strong> under accepted principles of extraterritorial or universal jurisdiction of international crimes committed by all parties in Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand on Previous Resolutions Against Sri Lanka:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India voted<strong> against</strong> Sri Lanka in 2012.</li>
<li>India<strong> abstained</strong> in 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The state is at the core of the historical problems, whether it is repressive militarisation, the reinforcement of majoritarian interests or the centralisation of state power in Colombo. But <strong>reforming the state requires direct challenges by its citizenry,</strong> rather than flight to international forums.</li>
<li>The <strong>&lsquo;China factor,&rsquo;</strong> the <strong>&lsquo;Sri Lankan ethnic issue,&rsquo;</strong> and the attendant <strong>&lsquo;UNHRC resolution&rsquo;</strong> have <strong>negatively impacted bilateral relations between India and Sri Lanka.</strong> India needs to focus more on its traditional and cultural ties to improve relations with Sri Lanka. Mutual recognition of each other's concerns and interests can improve the relationship between both countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sri-lanka-at-the-un-rights-council-another-test-for-india-7203407/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unhrc-s-new-resolution-against-sri-lanka'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'National Commission for Scheduled Castes',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Vijay Sampla</strong> has been appointed as the chairman of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC).</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NCSC is a <strong>constitutional body</strong> that works to<strong> safeguard the interests of the scheduled castes (SC)</strong> in India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 338</strong> of the constitution of India deals with this commission:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides for a <strong>National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes</strong> with duties to investigate and <strong>monitor all matters relating to safeguards provided for them,</strong> to inquire into specific complaints and to participate and advise on the planning process of their socio-economic development etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History and Origin:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Special Officer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Initially, the constitution provided for the appointment of a<strong> Special Officer</strong> under Article 338.</li>
<li>The special officer was designated as the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>65<sup>th</sup> Amendment, 1990:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It replaced the one-member system with a multi-member <strong>National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST).</strong></li>
<li>The Constitution (65<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act 1990, amended Article 338 of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>89<sup>th</sup> Amendment, 2003:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By this amendment, the erstwhile National Commission for SC and ST was replaced by <strong>two separate Commissions</strong> from the year 2004 which were:<strong> National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)</strong></a>- under <strong>Article 338-A.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Structure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It consists of:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Chairperson.</li>
<li>Vice-chairperson.</li>
<li>Three other members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They are <strong>appointed by the President</strong> by warrant under his hand and seal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Monitoring and investigating all issues</strong> concerning the safeguards provided <strong>for the SCs</strong> under the constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Enquiring into complaints</strong> relating to the deprivation of the rights and safeguards of the SCs.</li>
<li>Taking part in and <strong>advising the central or state governments</strong> with respect to the planning of socio-economic development of the SCs.</li>
<li>Regular <strong>reporting to the President</strong> of the country on the implementation of these safeguards.</li>
<li><strong>Recommending steps</strong> to be taken to further the <strong>socio-economic development and other welfare activities</strong> of the SCs.</li>
<li>Any other function with respect to the welfare, protection, development and advancement of the SC community.</li>
<li>The Commission is also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the <strong>Anglo-Indian Community</strong> as it does with respect to the SCs.</li>
<li>Till 2018, the commission was also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the other backward classes (OBCs). It was relieved from this responsibility by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-commission-for-backward-classes-ncbc#:~:text=102nd%20Constitution%20Amendment%20Act,socially%20and%20educationally%20backward%20classes." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>102<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act of 2018</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Constitutional Provisions For Upliftment of the Schedule Caste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 15</strong></a><strong>(4)</strong> refers to the special provisions for their advancement.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(4A)</strong> speaks of <strong>&ldquo;reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of SCs/STs,</strong> which are not adequately represented in the services under the State&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Article 17</strong> abolishes Untouchability.</li>
<li><strong>Article 46</strong> requires the State <strong>&lsquo;to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections</strong> of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.</li>
<li><strong>Article 335</strong> provides that the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of <strong>appointments to services and posts</strong> in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 330</strong> and <strong>Article 332</strong> of the Constitution respectively provide for <strong>reservation of seats in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People and in the legislative assemblies</strong> of the States.</li>
<li>Under <strong>Part IX</strong> relating to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/panchayati-raj-institutions-and-participative-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayats</strong></a> and <strong>Part IXA</strong> of the Constitution relating to the Municipalities, reservation for SC and ST in local bodies has been envisaged and provided.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-gets-chairman/article33928022.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-1'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Blank-Cheque Company',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, renewable energy producer &lsquo;ReNew Power&rsquo; announced an agreement to merge with RMG Acquisition Corp II, a <strong>blank-cheque company</strong> or a <strong>Special Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Blank-cheque Company:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A SPAC, or a blank-cheque company, is an entity <strong>specifically set up with the objective of acquiring a firm</strong> in a particular sector.</li>
<li>The aim of this SPAC is to raise money in an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initial-public-offer-ipo#:~:text=in%20previous%20year.-,Initial%20Public%20Offering,securities%20are%20bought%20and%20sold." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Initial Public Offering (IPO)</strong></a>, and at this point in time, it does not have any operations or revenues.</li>
<li>Once the money is raised from the public, it is kept in an <strong>escrow account</strong>, which can be accessed while making the acquisition.</li>
<li>If the <strong>acquisition is not made within two years of the IPO, the SPAC is delisted</strong> and the money is returned to the investors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are attractive to investors, despite them essentially being <strong>shell companies</strong>, as the blank-cheque companies are people sponsoring.</li>
<li>It is a fresh way of thinking of how to structure and exit versus an expensive IPO. The <strong>money is already raised</strong> by somebody who specialises in that area, and is now picking those assets and building on them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Shell Companies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A shell company is <strong>a firm that does not conduct any operations in the economy, but it is formally registered</strong>, incorporated, or legally organized in the economy.</li>
<li>These are <strong>sometimes used illegitimately</strong>, such as to disguise business ownership from law enforcement or the public.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Initial Public Offering</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IPO is the <strong>selling of securities</strong> to the public in the <strong>primary market.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Primary market deals with new securities being issued for the first time. It is also known as the <strong>new issues market.</strong></li>
<li>It is different from the <strong>Secondary market where existing securities</strong> are bought and sold. It is also known as the <strong>stock market or stock exchange.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is when an unlisted company makes either a fresh issue of securities or an offer for sale of its existing securities or both for the first time to the public.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlisted companies are companies that are not listed on the stock exchange.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Escrow Account</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a legal concept <strong>describing a financial instrument whereby an asset or escrow money is held by a third party</strong> on behalf of two other parties that are in the process of completing a transaction.</li>
<li>The third-party holds the funds until both parties have fulfilled their contractual requirements.</li>
<li>Escrow is associated with real estate transactions, but it can apply to any situation where funds will pass from one party to another.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/renew-power-gets-blank-cheque-deal-for-nasdaq-listing-7203359/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/blank-cheque-company'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister talked about the <strong>need to address health issues in a holistic manner</strong> and to adopt a <strong>four-pronged strategy</strong> for a healthy India that includes implementing the <strong>PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat scheme.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Four-Pronged Strategy for a Healthy India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Prevention of illness and promotion of wellness</strong> including measures such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, yoga and timely care and treatment of pregnant women and children,</li>
<li>Providing cheap and effective <strong>treatment to the poorest of the poor,</strong></li>
<li>Increasing the <strong>quality of health infrastructure</strong> and healthcare professionals and</li>
<li><strong>Working on a mission mode</strong> to overcome obstacles like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission Indradhanush</strong></a> has been extended to the tribal and far-flung areas of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614237375_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614237375_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Announced in the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-02-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget 2021-22.</strong></a></li>
<li>Aims to <strong>develop capacities of primary, secondary, and tertiary care health systems</strong> even in the last miles of the nation.</li>
<li><strong>Developing a modern ecosystem</strong> for research, testing and treatment in the country itself.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> with an outlay of about Rs. 64,180 crores.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong> 6 years.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Supporting development of 17,788 <strong>rural</strong> and 11,024 <strong>urban health and wellness centers</strong> and setting up of <strong>integrated public health labs</strong> in all districts and 3,382 block public health units in 11 states.</li>
<li>Help in establishing <strong>critical care hospital</strong> blocks in 602 districts and 12 central institutions. Strengthening of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-centre-for-disease-control-ncdc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)</strong></a>, its 5 regional branches and 20 metropolitan health surveillance units.</li>
<li>Expansion of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-disease-surveillance-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Health Information Portal</strong></a> to all States/UTs to connect all public health labs.</li>
<li>Help in rolling out the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-and-the-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 vaccination program</strong></a> as well as strengthen the delivery system and build better capability and capacity to combat any future pandemics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives in Health Sector:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat Program.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/janaushadhi-week" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jan Aushadhi Yojana.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/govt-will-ensure-healthcare-for-all-pm/article33918226.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-atmanirbhar-swasth-bharat-scheme'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'CECPA: India & Mauritius',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has approved signing of the <strong>Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement (CECPA)</strong> between India and Mauritius.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The India-Mauritius CECPA is the <strong>first trade agreement signed by India</strong> with a <strong>country in Africa.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614235506_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614235506_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About CECPA :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>a kind of free trade pact</strong> that aims to provide an institutional mechanism to encourage and improve trade between the two countries.</li>
<li>Under this agreement, countries reduce or eliminate the duties on the products. The countries also give relaxation in the norms to promote the services trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Types of Trade Agreements</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Free Trade Agreement (FTA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A free trade agreement is an agreement in which <strong>two or more countries agree to provide preferential trade terms, tariff concession etc.</strong> to the partner country.</li>
<li>India has negotiated FTA with many countries e.g. Sri Lanka and various trading blocs as well e.g. <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASEAN.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this type of agreement, two or more partners give <strong>preferential right of entry to certain products.</strong> This is <strong>done by reducing duties</strong> on an agreed number of tariff lines.</li>
<li>Tariffs may even be reduced to zero for some products even in a PTA. <strong>India signed a PTA with Afghanistan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Partnership agreement or cooperation agreement are more <strong>comprehensive than an FTA.</strong></li>
<li>CEPA covers negotiation on the trade in services and investment, and other areas of economic partnership.</li>
<li>India has signed <strong>CEPAs with South Korea and Japan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CECA generally covers <strong>negotiation on trade tariff and TRQ (Tariff Rate Quotas) rates</strong> only. It is <strong>not as comprehensive as CEPA.</strong> India has signed <strong>CECA with Malaysia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India-Mauritius CECPA:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> limited agreement</strong> that will cover only select sectors. It will cover Trade in <strong>Goods, Rules of Origin, Trade in Services, Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures, Dispute Settlement,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefit to India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>More than 300 domestic goods from agriculture, textiles, electronics and other sectors will <strong>get market access at concessional customs duties</strong> in Mauritius.</li>
<li><strong>Indian service providers will have access to around 115 sub-sectors from the 11 broad service sectors,</strong> such as professional services, computer related services, research &amp; development, other business services, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefit to Mauritius:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will benefit from<strong> preferential market access into India for its 615 products,</strong> including frozen fish, speciality sugar, biscuits, fresh fruits, juices, mineral water, beer, alcoholic drinks, soaps, bags, medical and surgical equipment, and apparel.</li>
<li><strong>India has offered around 95 sub-sectors from the 11 broad services sectors,</strong> including professional services, R&amp;D, other business services, telecommunication, environmental, health, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Negotiation on Automatic Trigger Safeguard Mechanism (ATSM):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India and Mauritius have also agreed to negotiate an Automatic Trigger Safeguard Mechanism (ATSM) for some highly sensitive products within two years of the signing of the agreement.</li>
<li>ATSM <strong>protects the country from any sudden or dramatic increase in imports.</strong></li>
<li>Under this mechanism, if the imports of a product are rising alarmingly, then after reaching a certain <strong>threshold,</strong> India can impose <strong>safeguard duties</strong> on imports from Mauritius automatically. The same provision applies to Mauritius as well against Indian imports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India-Mauritius Economic Relations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India had extended a <strong>&lsquo;Special Economic Package&rsquo;</strong> of USD 353 million to Mauritius in 2016. The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-supreme-court-building-of-mauritius" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Mauritius Supreme Court</strong></a> building project is one of the projects implemented under this package. This was jointly inaugurated by both the countries in 2020.</li>
<li>India and Mauritius have jointly <strong>inaugurated the Phase-I of the Metro Express Project</strong> and the <strong>100-bed state of the art ENT hospital project </strong>in<strong> Mauritius,</strong> also built under the special economic package.</li>
<li>According to the<strong> International Trade Centre (ITC),</strong> in 2019, the <strong>main import partners of Mauritius</strong> were<strong> India (13.85%), China (16.69%), South Africa (8.07%),</strong> and<strong> UAE (7.28%).</strong></li>
<li>The bilateral trade between India and Mauritius has registered a<strong> growth of 233%</strong> from <strong>USD 206.76</strong> million in the Financial Year (FY) <strong>2005-06</strong> to <strong>USD 690.02</strong> million in FY <strong>2019-20.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Mauritius</strong> was the<strong> second</strong> top source of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</strong></a> into India in <strong>2019-20.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Recent Developments:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614236441_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614236441_image2.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="317" height="333" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Mauritius signed a<strong> USD 100 million Defence Line of Credit</strong> agreement</li>
<li>Mauritius would get a<strong> Dornier aircraft and an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/apache-helicopters-for-indian-army" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Advanced Light Helicopter Dhruv</a> on lease</strong> which would build its <strong>maritime security capabilities.</strong></li>
<li>The two sides also<strong> discussed the Chagos Archipelago dispute,</strong> which was an issue of sovereignty and sustainable development before the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN).</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <strong>2019, India voted at the UN General Assembly in support of the Mauritian position on the issue.</strong> India was one of the 116 countries that voted demanding that the UK end its &ldquo;colonial administration&rdquo; from the group of islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-vaccine-diplomacy#:~:text=India%20has%20decided%20to%20ship,as%20a%20grant%20or%20gift." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>delivered 1,00,000 Covishield vaccines</strong></a> to Mauritius.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The evolving <strong>geopolitical landscape of the Indian Ocean (IO)</strong> has created new challenges &ndash; and opportunities &mdash; for the countries in and bordering the IO. Mauritius, along with India&rsquo;s other smaller island neighbours, is acutely aware of its maritime identity and geostrategic value. They especially understand what these mean for their larger neighbour India.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s approach to Mauritius is being increasingly entrenched within a regional framework, as seen with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-sagar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission Sagar</strong></a>, India&rsquo;s initiative to deliver Covid-19 related assistance to countries in the Indian Ocean region. To take this engagement further, <strong>India needs to remain proactive in bringing together like-minded partners</strong> such as Mauritius, Comoros, Madagascar, Seychelles, Maldives, and Sri Lanka in numerous and overlapping ways.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1698689" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cecpa-india-mauritius'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'National Urban Digital Mission',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) has been launched by the <strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA)</strong> along with the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEITY).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Several other digital initiatives of MoHUA viz. <strong>India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX), SmartCode, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Smart Cities</a> 2.0 website</strong>, and <strong>Geospatial Management Information System (GMIS)</strong> have also been launched.</li>
<li>These initiatives will further the ongoing efforts of both Ministries to realise the vision of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will create a shared digital infrastructure for urban India, working across the three pillars of <strong>people, process, and platform</strong> to provide holistic support to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-transforming-indian-cities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cities</strong></a> and towns.</li>
<li>It will institutionalise a <strong>citizen-centric and ecosystem-driven approach</strong> to <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-lacuna-in-urban-planning" target="_blank" rel="noopener">urban governance</a>&nbsp;</strong>and service delivery in 2022 cities by 2022, and across all cities and towns in India by 2024.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the NUDM:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The shared digital infrastructure will <strong>consolidate and cross-leverage the various digital initiatives</strong> of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, enabling cities and towns across India to benefit from holistic and diverse forms of support, in keeping with their needs and local challenges.</li>
<li>NUDM has articulated a set of governing principles, and inherits the technology design principles of the <strong>National Urban Innovation Stack (NUIS).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The principles in turn give rise to standards, specifications, and certifications, across the three pillars of people, process, and platforms.</li>
<li><strong>NUIS</strong> will strengthen the capacity of the urban ecosystem to solve complex programs at speed and scale by unlocking the power of urban data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been developed in partnership between the Smart Cities Mission and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.</li>
<li>It serves as <strong>a seamless interface for data providers and data users</strong>, including <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)</strong></a>, to share, request, and access datasets related to cities, urban governance, and urban service delivery.</li>
<li>It is <strong>an open-source software platform</strong> which facilitates the secure, authenticated, and managed exchange of data amongst various data platforms, 3<sup>rd</sup> party authenticated and authorised applications, and other sources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SmartCode Platform:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SmartCode is a platform that enables all ecosystem stakeholders to <strong>contribute to a repository of open-source code for various solutions</strong> and applications for urban governance.</li>
<li>It is designed to address the challenges that ULBs face in the development and deployment of digital applications to address urban challenges, by enabling cities to take advantage of existing codes and customising them to suit local needs, rather than having to develop new solutions from scratch.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Geospatial Management Information System (GMIS):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GMIS is a web-based, spatially-enabled management tool, providing one-stop access to information.</li>
<li>GMIS integrates information from multiple sources and features search options by topic and geographic area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Schemes/Programmes of MoHUA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tulip-the-urban-learning-internship-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Learning and Internship Program (TULIP)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-cycles4change-challenge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Cycles4Change Challenge </strong></a>and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nurturing-neighbourhoods-challenge-smart-cities-mission#:~:text=It%20is%20a%203%2Dyear,data%20management%20across%20city%20agencies." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Nurturing Neighbourhoods Challenge</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-smart-cities-assessment-framework" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-living-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of Living Index </strong></a>and Municipal Performance Index</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amrut-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AMRUT </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission Urban </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/transit-oriented-development" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Transport</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-grameen-behind-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skoch-governance-gold-award-for-day-nulm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana National Urban Livelihoods Mission</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1700246#:~:text=National%20Urban%20Digital%20Mission%20(NUDM),-The%20National%20Urban&amp;text=It%20will%20institutionalise%20a%20citizen,towns%20in%20India%20by%202024." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-urban-digital-mission'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Elusive Two-State Solution',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/anti-israel-propaganda-palestinian-terrorism-icc-7201723/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Dialogue not demonisation&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 24/02/2021. It talks about the prospects of the two-state solution between Israel and Palestine.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued a decision regarding the scope of its territorial jurisdiction over issues pertaining to the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/israel-palestine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Israeli-Palestinian conflict.</strong></a> According to this, ICC has agreed to look into the human right violations that occurred during the Israel-Palestine issue.</p>
<p>Palestinian Authority has welcomed this decision. On the other hand, Israel has criticized the ICC action as an unwarranted intervention that undermines its sovereignty and threatened that the move may eventually eliminate the possibility of a two-state solution.</p>
<p>Presently, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is marked by a relatively low-intensity conflict, with recurring spikes in violence, and the continual erosion of political options. This dangerous status quo could directly impact sustainable peace and drag the region into instability.</p>
<h3>What is a Two-State Solution?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The two-state solution has for decades been the primary focus of efforts to achieve peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.</li>
<li>The solution would establish an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel &mdash; two states for two peoples.</li>
<li>In theory, this would win Israel&rsquo;s security and allow it to retain a Jewish demographic majority while granting the Palestinians a state.</li>
<li>The 1947 UN Partition Plan led to decades of military action and violence between Israel and Palestine. It is was only after the mediation of the US, in the 1991 Madrid Peace conference a two-state solution was agreed to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.</li>
<li>According to the United Nations, only a two-state solution that realizes the legitimate national aspirations of Palestinians and Israelis can lead to sustainable peace.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Risk to Two-State Solution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Iranian Angle:</strong> Tensions and risk factors persist along Israel&rsquo;s northern fronts, particularly after the Israeli strikes in Syria against Iranian and Hezbollah targets (associated with Palestine) and more recently the killing of Iranian commander Qassem Soleimani by the U.S.</li>
<li><strong>Regional Cold War:</strong> Middle East region is witnessing a regional cold war between Iran and Saudi Arabia. This has led to the emergence of smaller but lethal military groups.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Example, Houthi rebels in Yemen. These groups can acquire greater capabilities which can cause further instability in the region.</li>
<li>All of these factors exacerbate instability and the prospect of a single or even a multi-front war.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Third Intifada:</strong> Finally, these conditions could result in the outbreak of a third intifada, and peaceful resistance can turn into extreme violence and gross human rights violations.</li>
<li><strong>Divided Political Leadership In Palestine:</strong> The Palestinian leadership is divided - a two-state solution is supported by Palestinian nationalists in West Bank but the leadership in Gaza does not even recognize Israel.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Intifada</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Intifada is the two popular uprisings of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip aimed at ending Israel&rsquo;s occupation of those territories and creating an independent Palestinian state.</li>
<li>The first intifada began in December 1987 and ended in September 1993 with the signing of the first Oslo Accords, which provided a framework for peace negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians.</li>
<li>The second intifada, sometimes called the Al-Aqṣā intifada, began in September 2000.</li>
<li>The two uprisings resulted in the death of more than 5,000 Palestinians and some 1,400 Israelis.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Role of India:</strong> Historically, India has urged the leadership of both sides to engage in direct negotiations to advance the goal of a two-state solution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Palestine, India&rsquo;s efforts are focused on nation-building and strengthening institutions through the India-Palestine development partnership covering various sectors of the Palestinian economy.</li>
<li>With Israel, India shares a special relationship in the domains of defense, Science &amp; Tech, etc.</li>
<li>In this context, India can leverage its soft power to propel these two countries towards lasting peace.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Abraham Accords, a Positive Step:</strong> The recent normalization agreements between Israel and the UAE, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco, known as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/uae-israel-peace-treaty-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Abraham Accords</strong></a>, are further proof that the only way to achieve genuine peace is through direct negotiations.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All regional powers should envisage peace between the two countries on line of Abraham Accords.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The world at large needs to come together for a peaceful solution but the reluctance of the Israeli government and other involved parties has aggravated the issue more. Thus a balanced approach towards the Israel-Palestine issue would help to maintain favorable relations with Arab countries as well as Israel.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614170726_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614170726_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffef2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss the prospects of the two-state solution between Israel and Palestine and its impact.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wAGrFrzxlhA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/by-diligence-not-lockdowns/&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1614174351459000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3EB5w5-yje62sVoTGCeFsH" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;By diligence, not lockdowns&rdquo;</strong></a> published in The Economic Times on February 22nd, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/elusive-two-state-solution'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Black-Necked Crane',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a group of<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Buddhist</strong> </a>monks in Tawang district has opposed the Arunachal Pradesh government&rsquo;s renewed push for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/etalin-hydroelectric-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> hydropower projects.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The proposed projects would not only affect the<strong> nesting grounds of the endangered <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-20th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Black-Necked Crane</a></strong> but also threaten several holy Buddhist pilgrimage sites in the region.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161743_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161743_image4.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both the sexes are almost of the same size but <strong>male is slightly bigger than female.</strong></li>
<li>The upper long neck, head, primary and secondary flight feathers and tail are completely black and<strong> body plumage is pale gray/whitish.</strong></li>
<li>A conspicuous <strong>red crown</strong> adorns the head.</li>
<li>The <strong>juveniles have a brownish head and neck</strong> and plumage is slightly paler than that of an adult.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bird is <strong>revered by the community of Monpas</strong> (major Buddhist ethnic group of Arunachal Pradesh) as an <strong>embodiment of the sixth Dalai Lama</strong> (Tsangyang Gyatso).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Monpas</strong> inhabit the West Kameng and Tawang districts, are essentially Buddhists who follow the <strong>Mahayana sect.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat and Breeding Grounds :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>high altitude wetlands</strong> of the Tibetan plateau , Sichuan (China), and eastern <strong>Ladakh</strong> (India) are the<strong> main breeding ground of the species,</strong> the birds spend winter at lower altitudes.</li>
<li>In Bhutan and<strong> Arunachal Pradesh,</strong> it only comes <strong>during the winters.</strong></li>
<li>In Arunachal Pradesh, it can be seen in three areas: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sangti valley</strong> in West Kameng district.</li>
<li><strong>Zemithang</strong> in Tawang district.</li>
<li><strong>Chug valley</strong> in Tawang district.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Damage to the eggs and chicks,</strong> caused by feral dogs.</li>
<li><strong>Loss of habitat</strong> due to human pressure (Development Projects) on the wetlands.</li>
<li>Increased grazing pressure on the limited pastures near the wetlands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps for their Conservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/living-planet-report-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Wide Fund</strong> </a><strong>for Nature-India</strong> (WWF-India) in collaboration with the Department of Wildlife Protection, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, has been working towards conservation of high altitude wetlands, with<strong> black-necked cranes as a priority species in Ladakh region.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In Arunachal Pradesh, WWF is working for the conservation of the small wintering population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Near Threatened</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a>: Appendix I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tawang-monks-oppose-arunachal-govts-fresh-push-for-hydropower-projects/article33910552.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/black-necked-crane'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Pagri Sambhal Movement',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM) is celebrating <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> February</strong> as <strong>Pagri Sambhal Diwas</strong>, honouring the <strong>memory of Ajit Singh</strong>-founder of the <strong>Pagri Sambhaal Movement of 1907.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Farmer unions part of the ongoing protests in Delhi claim that <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/2020-12-01" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>farm laws</strong></a> passed by Parliament will ultimately force them to sell their land to corporates. It was a similar complaint that fueled the farm protests in 1907.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pagri Sambhal Movement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a successful farm agitation that <strong>forced the British government to repeal three laws</strong> related to agriculture back in 1907. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Punjab Land Alienation Act</strong> 1900, the <strong>Punjab Land Colonisation Act</strong> 1906 and <strong>the Doab Bari Act</strong> 1907.</li>
<li>These acts would <strong>reduce farmers from owners to contractors of land</strong>, and <strong>gave the British government the right to take back the allotted land</strong> if the farmer even touched a tree in his field without permission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Slogan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The slogan, Pagdi Sambhal Jatta, the name of the movement, was <strong>inspired by the song by Banke Lal, the editor of the Jang Sayal newspaper.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protest:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The protests were <strong>violent</strong> and the protestors ransacked government buildings, post offices, banks, overturning telephone poles and pulling down telephone wires.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Leader of the Agitation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhagat-singh-s-birth-anniversary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhagat Singh&rsquo;s</strong></a> uncle <strong>Ajit Singh</strong> was the force behind this agitation.</li>
<li>He wanted to <strong>channel people&rsquo;s anger over the farm laws to topple the colonial government.</strong></li>
<li>Bhagat Singh&rsquo;s father Kishan Singh and uncle Ajit Singh, with their revolutionary friend Ghasita Ram, formed <strong>Bharat Mata Society</strong>, aiming to mobilise this unrest into a revolt against the British government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Many young revolutionaries like Sufi Amba Prasad, Zia-ul-Haq, Lal Chand Falak, Din Dayal Banke, Kishan Singh and Lala Ram Saran Das were among the <strong>members of Bharat Mata Society.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sardar Ajit Singh:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161469_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161469_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="424" height="340" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Born on <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> February, 1881</strong> he was an <strong>Indian revolutionary</strong>, an Indian dissident and a <strong>nationalist</strong> during the colonial era.</li>
<li>He was an inspiration to Indian revolutionaries and his nephew Bhagat Singh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Work:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He <strong>openly criticised the colonial government</strong> and was amongst the early protests in Punjab.</li>
<li>With his brother Kishan Singh, <strong>worked among the people</strong> in famine-stricken regions like Barar (Madhya Pradesh) and Ahmedabad and in flood-and-earthquake-affected areas of Srinagar and Kangla in <strong>1905.</strong></li>
<li>He launched the <strong>Bharat Mata Book Agency ( part of Bharat Mata Society)</strong>, which, because of its strident anti-government, propagandist publications, <strong>attracted the attention of the British government.</strong></li>
<li>He built a <strong>network of solidarity</strong> with people who were struggling for India&rsquo;s liberation in different parts of Europe. He also founded in this period the <strong>Indian Revolutionary Association (Bharatiya Krantikari Sangh).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In May 1907, Sardar Ajit Singh along with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lala-lajpat-rai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lala Lajpat Rai</strong></a> was <strong>exiled to Mandalay in Burma.</strong></li>
<li>However, due to great public pressure and apprehension of unrest in the Indian Army, <strong>both of them were released in October 1907.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Escape:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 1909, Sardar Ajit Singh along with Sufi Amba Prasad <strong>escaped to Iran and lived in a self-imposed exile for 38 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In March 1947, he returned to India and <strong>died on 15<sup>th</sup> August 1947, the day India gained independence at Dalhousie, Punjab.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During the medieval period, <strong>only noblemen were allowed to wear a turban</strong> but during the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/sikhism" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sikh</a> revolution in the 17<sup>th</sup> century, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/guru-gobind-singh" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Guru Gobind Singh</a> declared it as a symbol of defiance.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He subverted the selectiveness of a turban, providing the common man with a <strong>way to claim and assert their own self-esteem.</strong></li>
<li>Pagri (Turban) represents the dignity of the common man.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>1907</strong>, Pagri Sambhal Jatta was a call to not let the Pagri fall, literally and figuratively.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-farmers-pagri-sambhal-diwas-1907-movement-british-scrap-3-farm-laws-7201372/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pagri-sambhal-movement'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Olive Ridley Turtles',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Orissa High Court has taken suo motu cognisance of the death of around 800 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-hatching" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Olive Ridley sea turtles</strong> </a>due to negligence by Odisha&rsquo;s forest and fisheries departments.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Features of Olive Ridley Turtles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Olive ridley turtles are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world.</li>
<li>These turtles are carnivores and get their name from their olive colored carapace.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614159610_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614159610_image3.png" caption="false" width="600" height="747" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></a>: Scheduled 1</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Vulnerable</li>
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CITES</a></strong>: Appendix I</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are found in warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.</li>
<li>The Odisha&rsquo;s<strong> Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary</strong> is known as the world&rsquo;s largest rookery (colony of breeding animals) of sea turtles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arribada (Mass Nesting):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are best known for their <strong>unique mass nesting called Arribada,</strong> where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.</li>
<li>They lay their eggs over a period of five to seven days in conical nests about one and a half feet deep which they dig with their hind flippers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Marine pollution and waste</strong></li>
<li><strong>Human Consumption:</strong> They are extensively poached for their meat, shell and leather, and eggs.</li>
<li><strong>Plastic Garbage:</strong> An ever-increasing debris of plastics, fishing nets, discarded nets, polythene and other garbage dumped by tourists and fishing workers.</li>
<li><strong>Fishing Trawlers:</strong> Overexploitation of marine resources by use of trawlers often violates the rule to not fish 20 kilometres within a marine sanctuary.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There were injury marks on many dead turtles indicating they could have been trapped under trawls or gill nets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gahirmatha is the mass nesting spot in Indian Ocean region and the only turtle sanctuary in Odisha.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>world&rsquo;s largest nesting beach</strong> of Olive Ridley Sea Turtles.</li>
<li>Gahirmatha was declared a <strong>turtle sanctuary in 1997</strong> by the Odisha government after considering its ecological importance and as part of efforts to save the sea turtles.</li>
<li>Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary is one of the three parts of the Bhitarkanika National Park. The other two includes the area of Bhitarkanika National Park and the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/dte-impact-orissa-high-court-notices-to-officials-on-death-of-olive-ridley-turtles-75600#:~:text=Orissa%20High%20Court%20February%2023,Odisha's%20forest%20and%20fisheries%20departments.&amp;text=The%20state's%20Gahirmatha%20Marine%20Sanctuary,largest%20rookery%20of%20sea%20turtles." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-5'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Intensified Mission Indradhanush 3.0 Scheme',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0</strong> scheme has been rolled out to cover children and pregnant women who missed routine immunisation during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> pandemic.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0 Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To reach the unreached population with all the available vaccines under Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) and thereby accelerate the full immunization and complete immunization coverage of children and pregnant women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have <strong>two rounds this year</strong> which will be <strong>conducted in 250 pre-identified districts/urban areas</strong> across 29 States/UTs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The districts have been classified to reflect 313 low risk, 152 medium risk and 250 high risk districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries from migration areas and remote areas</strong> would be targeted as they may have missed their vaccine doses during the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> It will foster India&rsquo;s march towards the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Universal Immunization Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Immunization Programme in India was introduced in 1978</strong> as &lsquo;Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</li>
<li>In<strong> 1985,</strong> the Programme was <strong>modified as &lsquo;Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of the Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rapidly increasing immunization coverage,</li>
<li>Improving the quality of services,</li>
<li>Establishing a reliable cold chain system to the health facility level,</li>
<li>Introducing a district-wise system for monitoring of performance, and</li>
<li>Achieving self-sufficiency in vaccine production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>UIP prevents mortality and morbidity in children and pregnant women <strong>against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases.</strong> But in the past, it was seen that the increase in immunization coverage had slowed down and it increased at the rate of 1% per year between 2009 and 2013.</li>
<li>To accelerate the coverage, <strong>Mission Indradhanush was envisaged</strong> and <strong>implemented since 2015</strong> to rapidly increase the full immunization coverage to 90%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mission Indradhanush:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To fully immunize more than 89 lakh children who are either unvaccinated or partially vaccinated under UIP.</li>
<li>Targets children under 2 years of age and pregnant women for immunization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Diseases Covered:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Provides vaccination against <strong>12 Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (VPD)</strong> i.e. diphtheria, Whooping cough, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, meningitis and pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae type B infections, Japanese encephalitis (JE), rotavirus vaccine, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and measles-rubella (MR).</li>
<li>However, Vaccination against Japanese Encephalitis and Haemophilus influenzae type B is being provided in selected districts of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intensified Mission Indradhanush 1.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in October 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under IMI, greater focus was <strong>given on urban areas</strong> which were one of the gaps of Mission Indradhanush.</li>
<li>It focused to<strong> improve immunisation coverage in select districts and cities</strong> to ensure full immunisation to more than 90% by December 2018 instead of 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intensified Mission Indradhanush 2.0: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a nationwide immunisation drive to mark the <strong>25 years of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pulse polio programme</a></strong> (2019-20).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>had targets of full immunization coverage in 272 districts</strong> spread over 27 States.</li>
<li>It aimed to <strong>achieve at least 90% pan-India immunisation coverage by 2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/indradhanush-30-to-fill-gap-in-immunisation-due-to-covid/article33918209.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intensified-mission-indradhanush-3-0-scheme'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Anti-Dumping Duty on Steel Imports from China',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) has initiated a probe to <strong>review the need for continuing imposition of anti-dumping duty on certain types of steel products imported from China</strong>, following complaints from domestic industry.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The duty on the certain <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-purvodaya-accelerated-development-of-steel-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>steel products</strong></a> was first imposed in February 2017 and is set to expire on 16th May 2021.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Directorate General of Trade Remedies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>apex national authority under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry</strong> for administering all trade remedial measures including anti-dumping, countervailing duties and safeguard measures.</li>
<li>It <strong>provides trade defence support</strong> to the domestic industry and exporters in dealing with increasing instances of trade remedy investigations instituted against them by other countries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some of the major private domestic producers of steel have filed an application before the DGTR for a <strong>sunset review of anti-dumping duty</strong> imposed on imports of seamless tubes, pipes and hollow profiles of iron, alloy or non-alloy steel from China.</li>
<li>The applicants <strong>have alleged that dumping of these products from China has continued even after imposition of anti-dumping duty</strong>, and there has been a significant increase in the volume of imports.</li>
<li><strong>DGTR would review the need for continued imposition of the duties</strong> in force and examine whether the expiry of existing duties is likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of dumping and impact the domestic industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Anti Dumping Duty:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About Dumping:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dumping is said to occur<strong> when the goods are exported by a country to another country at a price lower than the price</strong> it normally charges in its own home market.</li>
<li>This is <strong>an unfair trade practice</strong> which can have a distortive effect on international trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Imposition of Anti-dumping duty is a measure</strong> to rectify the situation arising out of the dumping of goods and its trade distortive effect.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the long-term, anti-dumping duties <strong>can reduce the international competition of domestic companies</strong> producing similar goods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>protectionist tariff</strong> that a domestic government imposes on foreign imports that it believes are priced below fair market value.</li>
<li>The use of anti-dumping measures as an instrument of fair competition is<strong> permitted by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Trade Organisation.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Different From Countervailing Duties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An Anti-Dumping Duty (ADD) is a customs duty on imports providing a protection against the dumping of goods at prices substantially lower than the normal value whereas Countervailing duty is a customs <strong>duty on goods that have received government subsidies</strong> in the originating or exporting country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>WTO's Provisions Related to Anti-Dumping Duty:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Validity:</strong> An anti-dumping duty is <strong>valid for a period of five years</strong> from the date of imposition unless revoked earlier.</li>
<li><strong>Sunset Review:</strong> It can be extended for a further period of five years through a sunset or expiry review investigation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>Sunset review/ expiry review</strong> is an <strong>evaluation of the need for the continued existence of a program</strong> or an agency. It allows for an assessment of the effectiveness and performance of the program or agency.</li>
<li>Such a review <strong>can be initiated suo moto or on the basis of a duly substantiated request</strong> received from or on behalf of the domestic industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/china-steel-govt-starts-probe-to-review-anti-dumping-duty/article33916382.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-dumping-duty-on-steel-imports-from-china'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'China: India’s Top Trading Partner in 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to <strong>provisional data from India&rsquo;s commerce ministry, China regained its position as India&rsquo;s top trade partner in 2020</strong> despite<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> high border tensions</strong> </a>between the two countries.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614155213_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614155213_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="600" height="397" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>China as a Top Trading Partner:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Data:</strong> The two-way trade between India and China <strong>stood at USD 77.7 billion</strong> for the year 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Trade with China<strong> was USD 85.5 billion total in the previous year</strong> (2018-2019).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Replaced USA:</strong> Now, China is the largest commercial partner displacing the US bilateral trade at USD 75.9 billion amid reduced demand for goods in the middle of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Imports from China:</strong> Total imports from China at USD 58.7 billion were more than India&rsquo;s combined purchases from the USA and the UAE, which are its second- and third-largest trade partners, respectively.</li>
<li><strong>Exports to China:</strong> India has only managed to increase its exports to China by about 11% from a year ago to USD 19 billion last year.</li>
<li><strong>Trade Deficit:</strong> Thus, a<strong> bilateral trade gap</strong> with China stood at almost<strong> USD 40 billion in 2020,</strong> making it India&rsquo;s largest.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Trade Gap/Deficit is the amount by which the cost of a country's imports exceeds the value of its exports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Analysis:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Emergence of China as the top trading partner is due to <strong>increased import of Chinese medical supplies.</strong></li>
<li>Online shoppers <strong>seem to prefer Chinese mobile phones and electronic gadgets despite</strong> the environment of anti-China sentiments in the nation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the Prime Day 2020 sale data of Amazon, an e-commerce giant, OnePlus, Oppo, Huawei&rsquo;s Honor and Xiaomi were among the top-selling smartphone brands in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, India<strong> continues to rely heavily on Chinese-made heavy machinery,</strong> telecom equipment and home appliances.</li>
<li>The increase in trade is despite the tense relations between the two countries and India&rsquo;s ambitions to bolster its manufacturing capabilities under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measures Taken to Reduce Import Dependence on China:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Recent Ban:</strong> The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/43-more-mobile-apps-banned" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> ban on more than 100 Chinese apps</strong> </a>citing national security reasons.</li>
<li><strong>Increased Scrutiny:</strong> It has increased scrutiny of Chinese investments in many sectors, and is weighing a decision to keep Chinese companies out of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5g-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 5G trials.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Curb Opportunistic Takeovers:</strong> The government recently put import restrictions on tyres, while also making its prior<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-fdi-rule#:~:text=The%20Government%20of%20India%20has,the%20current%20Covid%2D19%20pandemic." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> approval mandatory for foreign investments from countries that share land border</strong> </a>with India to curb "opportunistic takeovers" of domestic firms - a move which will restrict FDI from China.</li>
<li><strong>Focus on Self-Sufficiency:</strong> The Ministry of Commerce and Industry has also<strong> identified 12 sectors -</strong> food processing, organic farming, iron, aluminium and copper, agro chemicals, electronics, industrial machinery, furniture, leather and shoes, auto parts, textiles, and coveralls, masks, sanitisers and ventilators - to make India a global supplier and cut import bill.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To<strong> cut import dependency on China for APIs</strong> (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients), the government in March 2020 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-approved-to-promote-drug-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>approved a package</strong> </a>comprising four schemes with a total outlay of Rs. 13,760 crore to boost domestic production of bulk drugs and medical devices in the country along with their exports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India cannot afford to sever all its economic links with the world&rsquo;s second-largest economy. Chinese finance can help in sustaining India&rsquo;s start-up economy.</li>
<li>India needs to be very selective in its measures. For example, India can curb Chinese firms' involvement in the telecom sector in India, especially 5G trials. But at the same time a large part of the infrastructure India already has in place in the 4G network is all Chinese, so India will still need China for maintenance and servicing.</li>
<li>However, through Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan, India can try to replace chinese products with domestic products in the sectors where it is possible. Further, it needs to boost up its economic relations with other countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/china-back-as-top-india-trade-partner-even-as-relations-sour-7200747/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Right To Dissent',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<strong>&nbsp;"<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-pressing-need-to-adjudicate-not-mediate/article33874422.ece">The pressing need to adjudicate, not mediate</a>"&nbsp;</strong>which was published in The Hindu on 19/02/2021. It talks about the significance of the Right to Dissent in a democracy.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, in the pretext of farmer&rsquo;s protest, a review petition on the Shaheen Bagh protest has been filed in the Supreme Court. The court refused to review its earlier verdict which declared that there is no absolute <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-protest-in-a-free-society" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>right to protest</strong></a>, and it could be subjected to the orders of the authority regarding the place and time.</p>
<p>This brings into focus the tug-of-war between morality and state security, freedom, and responsibility. On one hand, it is the government&rsquo;s responsibility to ensure that any protest should not turn into violent chaos. On the other hand, public protests are the hallmark of a free, democratic society, whose logic demands that the voice of the people should be heard by those in power and decisions be reached after proper discussion and consultation.</p>
<p>In spite of this dilemma, in order to preserve the democratic fabric of the Indian society, it is the responsibility of stakeholders in a democracy that all freedoms under Article 19 of the Constitution shouldn&rsquo;t be seriously impaired.</p>
<h3>Significance of Right to Dissent</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fundamental Right:</strong> The Right to protest peacefully is enshrined in the Indian Constitution&mdash;Article 19(1)(a) guarantees the freedom of speech and expression; Article 19(1)(b) assures citizens the right to assemble peaceably and without arms.</li>
<li><strong>Historical Context:</strong> The background of the Indian Constitution is formed by its anti-colonial struggle, within which the seeds of a political public sphere and democratic constitution were sown.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indian people fought hard and long to publicly express their views on colonial policies and laws and form a public opinion against them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Checking Abuse of Power:</strong> The Right to the association is required to form associations for political purposes &mdash; for instance, to collectively challenge government decisions and to even aim, peacefully and legally, to displace the government, to not merely check abuse of power but to wrest power.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Right to peaceably assemble allows political parties and citizenship bodies such as university-based student groups to question and object to acts of the government by demonstrations, agitations and public meetings, to launch sustained protest movements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>People as Watchdogs:</strong> People act as watchdogs and constantly monitor governments' acts, which provides feedback to the governments about their policies and actions after which the concerned government, through consultation, meetings and discussion, recognizes and rectifies its mistakes.</li>
<li><strong>Supreme Court&rsquo;s Observation:</strong> In Ramlila Maidan Incident v. Home Secretary, Union Of India &amp; Ors. case (2012), the Supreme Court had stated, &ldquo;Citizens have a fundamental right to assembly and peaceful protest which cannot be taken away by an arbitrary executive or legislative action.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenge to Right to Dissent</h3>
<p>Any form of public action to challenge the government&rsquo;s proposals or decisions is also constitutionally legitimate, as long as it is done peacefully. Article 19(2) imposes reasonable restrictions on the right to assemble peaceably and without arms.</p>
<p>These reasonable restrictions are imposed in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to an offense.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, in the recent review petition, the petitioners apprehended that the observations in the Shaheen Bagh judgment against the indefinite occupation of public space may prove to be a license in the hands of the police to commit atrocities on the legitimate voice of protest.</li>
<li>Recently, not only the protesting farmers but also their supporters, including comedians and journalists, were charged with the Sedition.</li>
<li>Further, any arbitrary restraint on the exercise of such rights &mdash; for instance, imposing Section 144 &mdash; shows the inability of the government to tolerate dissent.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pro-Active Judiciary:</strong> A fair and effective adjudicative mechanism in constitutional matters can meaningfully prevent agitation on the street.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Studies have shown that social movements could be less radical and less oppositional when the issues could be effectively sorted out by way of fair litigation means.</li>
<li>Further, courts need to ensure timely agitation, because had there been a timely adjudication of the validity of the laws which was questioned by the process recognized by the law, the agitation on the street could have been probably reduced.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishing Public Enquiry System:</strong> In the United Kingdom there exists a robust public enquiry system that processes ecological demands, integrates them into the political system, and minimizes radicalization of the movement arising out of exclusion and marginalization.</li>
<li><strong>Imbibing Civic Culture:</strong> On part of citizens, there is a need to imbibe a civic culture that is characterized by the acceptance of the authority of the state and a belief in participation in civic duties.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>In order to participate in public protest, the right to freedom of speech &amp; expression, association, and peaceful assembly are necessary. In this context, there is a need for debate in public discourse that it is time when reasonable restrictions outlined in Article 19(2) should be brought under review.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fafaf2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Freedom of assembly is an essential element of a democratic system and that the public streets are the &lsquo;natural&rsquo; places for expression of opinion and dissemination of ideas. Critically analyze.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ORcHl1RU_Nc" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/time-and-perseverance-the-hindu-editorial-on-nasas-mars-perseverance-rover/article33897256.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Time and perseverance: On NASA&rsquo;s rover on Mars&rdquo;</strong></a> published in The Hindu on February 22<sup>nd</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'IAEA - Iran Deal over Nuclear Inspections',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Iran and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/63rd-general-conference-of-iaea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)</strong></a> have agreed to temporary measures to offset Iran's decision to restrict access to inspectors.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In December 2020, Iran&rsquo;s Parliament passed the law demanding a suspension of some inspections if the USA failed to lift sanctions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Iran will <strong>stop the implementation of the voluntary measures</strong> as envisaged in the <strong>2015 nuclear deal,</strong> as of 23rd February 2021.</li>
<li>However, Iran will<strong> continue to implement</strong> fully and without limitation its <strong>Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement with the IAEA as before.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under <strong>a comprehensive safeguards agreement,</strong> the IAEA has the right and obligation to ensure that safeguards are applied on all nuclear material in the territory, jurisdiction or control of the State for the exclusive purpose of verifying that such material is not diverted to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>No access will be given to the IAEA beyond safeguards of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/50-years-of-nuclear-non-proliferation-treaty-npt#:~:text=The%20treaty%20institutionalised%20the%20non,Russia%2C%20the%20UK%2C%20France%20and" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Non-Proliferation Treaty</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Iran would <strong>deny the IAEA real-time access to footage from surveillance cameras</strong> installed at some sites and, if sanctions are not lifted within three months, delete it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the Deal:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It certainly seems likely to<strong> defuse a mounting sense of crisis surrounding Iran's nuclear activities</strong> and efforts to <strong>breathe new life into the 2015 nuclear deal.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>significantly reduces the impact of a new Iranian law,</strong> passed in 2020, which would have seriously hampered the IAEA's ability to do its work.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2015 Nuclear Deal:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2015, Iran with the<strong> P5+1</strong> group of world powers - the USA, UK, France, China, Russia, and Germany agreed on a long-term deal on its nuclear programme.</li>
<li>The deal was named as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iran-blocking-sites-access-iaea#:~:text=Iran%20Nuclear%20Program%20and%20JCPOA&amp;text=The%20deal%20was%20named%20as,parlance%20as%20Iran%20Nuclear%20Deal.&amp;text=The%20agreement%20allowed%20Iran%20to,reactor%20fuel%20and%20nuclear%20weapons." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)</strong></a> and in common parlance as Iran Nuclear Deal.</li>
<li>Under the deal, Iran agreed to curb its nuclear activity in return for the lifting of sanctions and access to global trade.</li>
<li>The agreement allowed Iran to accumulate small amounts of uranium for research but it <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iran-steps-up-uranium-enrichment#:~:text=The%20deal%20was%20named%20as,parlance%20as%20Iran%20Nuclear%20Deal.&amp;text=The%20agreement%20allowed%20Iran%20to,reactor%20fuel%20and%20nuclear%20weapons." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>banned the enrichment of uranium</strong></a>, which is used to make reactor fuel and nuclear weapons.</li>
<li>Iran was also required to <strong>redesign a heavy-water reactor</strong> being built, whose spent fuel could contain plutonium suitable for a bomb and to <strong>allow international inspections.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614079166_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614079166_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>USA Abandoning the Deal in 2018:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In May 2018, the USA abandoned the deal criticising it as flawed and reinstated and tightened its sanctions.</li>
<li>Since sanctions were tightened, Iran has been steadily breaking some of its commitments to pressure the remaining signatories to find a way to provide sanctions relief.</li>
<li>The USA held that it would attempt to force all countries to stop buying Iranian oil and put pressure on Iran to negotiate a new nuclear accord.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>IAEA&rsquo;s Stand:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2018, an International Atomic Energy Agency&rsquo;s report concluded that Iran&rsquo;s stockpile of uranium and heavy water, as well as its implementation of additional protocols, were &ldquo;in compliance&rdquo; with the agreement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Atomic Energy Agency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Widely known as the world&rsquo;s <strong>&ldquo;Atoms for Peace and Development&rdquo;</strong> organization within the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong> </a>family, the IAEA is the international centre for cooperation in the nuclear field.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IAEA was created in 1957 in response to the deep fears and expectations generated by the discoveries and diverse uses of nuclear technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarter:</strong> Vienna, Austria.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Agency works with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote safe, secure and peaceful use of nuclear technologies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2005, it was awarded the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/nobel-prize-2020#:~:text=The%202020%20Nobel%20Peace%20Prize,weapon%20of%20war%20and%20conflict." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Peace Prize</strong></a> for their work for a safe and peaceful world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an<strong> independent international organization</strong> that reports annually to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nation General Assembly.</strong></a></li>
<li>When necessary, the IAEA also reports to the UN Security Council in regards to instances of members&rsquo; non-compliance with safeguards and security obligations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/temporary-solution-found-ahead-of-iran-nuclear-deadline-iaea/article33898849.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'National Technology Awards 2020 ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A total of 12 companies have been selected for the National Technology Awards 2020 for successful commercialization of innovative indigenous technologies.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The awards are conferred by the <strong>Technology Development Board (TDB).</strong></li>
<li>Every year TDB seeks applications for prestigious National awards for commercialization of technologies under three categories -<strong> Indigenous technologies, MSME, and Startups.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Category 1: National Award For Successful Commercialization of Indigenous Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This award is given to an industrial concern which has successfully developed &amp; commercialized an indigenous technology.</li>
<li>In case, the technology developer / provider and the company commercializing the technology are two different organizations, each is eligible for award of Rs. 25 Lakh and a trophy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Category 2: National Award For MSMEs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The award of Rs. 15 lakhs each in this category is given to selected MSMEs that have successfully commercialized the product based on indigenous technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Category 3: National Award For Technology Start-ups:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This award is given to a technology start-up for promising new technology with potential for commercialization.</li>
<li>The award in addition to the trophy includes a cash award of Rs. 15 Lakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These awards conferred to various industries provide a platform of recognition to Indian industries and their technology provider, who have worked as a team, to bring innovation to the market and contributed to the vision of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>&ldquo;Atmanirbhar Bharat&rdquo;.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Technology Development Board</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Technology Development Board is a<strong> statutory body</strong> of the Government of India functioning under the<strong> Department of Science of Technology.</strong> It was established in 1996.</li>
<li>It provides financial assistance to companies working for commercialization of indigenous technologies and adaptation of imported technologies for domestic applications.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technology-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Technology Day (11<sup>th</sup> May)</strong></a> is organised every year by the TDB.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1699922"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
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		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
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$searchdata = []
$searchlist = [
	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'President’s Rule in Puducherry',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>President&rsquo;s Rule has been imposed in the Union Territory of Puducherry, on the recommendation of the Lieutenant Governor, after the established government lost power during <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/floor-test-is-governor-s-discretion-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>a vote of confidence.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The President was satisfied that a situation had arisen in which the administration of the Union Territory of Puducherry could not carry on in accordance with the provisions of the <strong>Government of Union Territories Act, 1963</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The&nbsp;<strong>Government of Union Territories Act, 1963&nbsp;</strong>enacted by the Parliament in accordance with the <strong>provisions of article 239A.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Administration of Union Territories:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 239 to 242 under Part VIII</strong> of the Indian Constitution deals with the administration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uts-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Territories.</strong></a></li>
<li>Every union territory is <strong>administered by the President acting through an administrator</strong> appointed by him.</li>
<li>An <strong>administrator</strong> of a union territory is an agent of the President and not head of state like a governor. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President can specify the designation of an administrator; it may be <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/jurisdictional-conflict-in-delhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lieutenant Governor</strong></a> or Chief Commissioner or Administrator.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Union Territories of Puducherry (in 1963), Delhi (in 1992) and</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uts-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir (in 2019)</strong></a> <strong>are provided with a legislative assembly</strong> and a council of ministers headed by a chief minister.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>But, the establishment of such institutions in the union territories <strong>does not diminish the supreme control of the President</strong> and Parliament over them.</li>
<li>The <strong>Parliament can make laws on any subject of the three lists</strong> (including the State List) for the union territories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provision in Case of Failure of Constitutional Machinery (as per the 1963 Act):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the <strong>President, on receipt of a report from the Administrator</strong> of (the Union territory) <strong>or otherwise,</strong> is satisfied,―<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>that a situation has arisen in which the <strong>administration of the Union territory cannot be carried on</strong> in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or</li>
<li>that<strong> for the proper administration of the Union territory</strong> it is necessary or expedient so to do,</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The President may, <strong>by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act</strong> for such period as he thinks fit, and <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory<strong> in accordance with the provisions of Article 239.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>President&rsquo;s Rule in a State:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>implies the suspension of a state government and the imposition of direct rule of the Centre.</strong></li>
<li>It is also known as <strong>&lsquo;State Emergency&rsquo; or &lsquo;Constitutional Emergency&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President&rsquo;s Rule is <strong>imposed through the invocation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/article-356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 356</a> of the Constitution</strong> by the President on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers.</li>
<li>Under Article 356, President&rsquo;s Rule is imposed if the President, upon receipt of the report from the Governor of the State or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary Approval and Duration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A proclamation imposing President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>must be approved by both the Houses of Parliament within two months</strong> from the date of its issue.</li>
<li>The approval <strong>takes place through simple majority</strong> in either House, that is, a majority of the members of the House present and voting.</li>
<li><strong>Initially valid for six months</strong>, the President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>can be extended for a maximum period of three years</strong> with the approval of the Parliament, every six months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consequences of President&rsquo;s Rule:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The state governor, on behalf of the President, carries on the state administration with the help of the chief secretary of the state or the advisors appointed by the President.</li>
<li>The President can declare that the powers of the state legislature are to be exercised by the Parliament.</li>
<li>The President either suspends or dissolves the state legislative assembly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Revocation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A proclamation of President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>may be revoked by the President at any time</strong> by a subsequent proclamation. Such a proclamation <strong>does not require parliamentary approval.</strong></li>
<li>This happens, in case, the leader of a party produces letters of support from a majority of members of the Assembly, and stakes his claim to form a government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Recommendations/Judgments on President's Rule</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Administrative Reforms Commission (1968)</strong> recommended that the report of the governor regarding the President's rule has to be objective and also the governor should exercise his own judgment in this regard.</li>
<li>The <strong>Rajamannar Committee (1971)</strong> recommended the deletion of Articles 356 and 357 from the Constitution of India. The necessary provisions for safeguards against arbitrary action of the ruling party at the Centre under Article 356 should be incorporated in the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/2021-01-05" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sarkaria Commission</a> (1988)</strong> recommended that Article 356 should be used in very rare cases when it becomes unavoidable to restore the breakdown of constitutional machinery in the State.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/printpdf/governor" target="_blank" rel="noopener">S.R. Bommai Judgment</a> (1994).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court enlisted the situations where the exercise of power under Article 356 could be proper.</li>
<li>One such situation is that of &lsquo;Hung Assembly&rsquo;, i.e. where after general elections to the assembly, no party secures a majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Justice V.Chelliah Commission (2002)</strong> recommended that Article 356 must be used sparingly and only as a remedy of the last resort after exhausting all actions under Articles 256, 257 and 355.</li>
<li>The <strong>Punchhi commission (2007)</strong> recommended that these Articles 355 &amp; 356 be amended. It sought to protect the interests of the States by trying to curb their misuse by the Centre.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/centre-recommends-presidents-rule-in-puducherry/article33922800.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-s-rule-in-puducherry'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve: Chhattisgarh',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Thousands of<strong> tribals</strong> living in villages located in the <strong>core areas of Sitanadi Udanti Tiger Reserve</strong> are protesting and demanding the recognition of their <strong>Community Forest Resource rights.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Community Forest Resource (CFR) rights are given under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forest-rights-act-2006-3#:~:text=Title%20rights%3A%20It%20gives%20FDST,a%20maximum%20of%204%20hectares.&amp;text=Relief%20and%20development%20rights%3A%20To,to%20restrictions%20for%20forest%20protection." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA).</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-importance-of-tiger-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tiger reserves</strong></a> <strong>are constituted on a core/buffer strategy.</strong> The core areas have the legal status of a national park or a sanctuary, whereas the buffer or peripheral areas are a mix of forest and non-forest land, managed as a multiple use area.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Provisions of the Forest Rights Act (FRA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006 recognizes and vest the forest rights and occupation in Forest land in <strong>Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribes (FDST)</strong> and <strong>Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFD)</strong> who have been residing in such forests for generations.</li>
<li>It strengthens the conservation regime of the forests while ensuring livelihood and food security of the FDST and OTFD.</li>
<li>The <strong>Gram Sabha is the authority</strong> to initiate the process for determining the nature and extent of Individual Forest Rights (IFR) or Community Forest Rights (CFR) or both that may be given to FDST and OTFD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Individual Rights:</strong> Encompasses Rights of Self-cultivation and Habitation.</li>
<li><strong>Community Rights:</strong> Such as Grazing, Fishing and access to Water bodies in forests, Habitat Rights for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)</strong></a>, right to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource for sustainable use etc.</li>
<li><strong>Community Forest Resource Rights:</strong> These are rights of Adivasi and OTFDs over customary common forest land within the traditional or customary boundaries of the village or seasonal use of landscape in the case of pastoral communities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These <strong>can be recognised over any forest land</strong> including reserved forests, protected forests and protected areas such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dehing-patkai-wildlife-sanctuary-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sanctuaries and National Park.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve <strong>came into existence in the year 2008-09</strong>, are two separate reserves (Udanti &amp; Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuaries) combined together.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It is located in the <strong>Gariaband district, Chhattisgarh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ecological Diversity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It contains various types of <strong>forest crop</strong> mixed with <strong>Sal forest.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-buffalo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asiatic Wild Buffalo</strong></a> is the key endangered species found in the Core Area.</li>
<li>Apart from the tiger, other endangered and rare species are Indian Wolf, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-leopard-population" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Leopard</a>,</strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nandankanan-zoological-park-odisha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sloth Bear</strong></a> and Mouse Deer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rivers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sitanadi River</strong> originates in the middle of Sitanadi Wildlife sanctuary.</li>
<li><strong>Udanti River</strong> flows from the west to east covering a major part of the Udanti Wildlife sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Tiger Reserves in Chhattisgarh:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biosphere-reserves-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Achanakmar Tiger Reserve.</strong></a></li>
<li>Indravati Tiger Reserve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614325587_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614325587_image2.png" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarhs-sitanadi-udanti-tiger-reserve-tribals-seek-forest-rights-officials-cite-core-area-rule-7203531/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sitanadi-udanti-tiger-reserve-chhattisgarh'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Structural Issues of Union Territories',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-structural-fragility-of-union-territories/article33927116.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The structural fragility of Union Territories&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 25/02/2021. It talks about the legal and constitutional provision that leads to the undermining of the elected governments in the union territories.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, some MLAs from the Puducherry legislative assembly resigned. These resignations reflect a familiar pattern to the resignations of Members of the Legislative Assembly. Such resignations reduce the party&rsquo;s majority in the House abruptly, which invariably leads to the fall of the government.</p>
<p>The intent behind this pattern is that no MLA has to defect and face disqualification under the anti-defection law. In general, these resignations take place only from the ruling parties in the States which are opposed to the ruling party at the Centre.</p>
<p>However, this is not the only way where the elected governments in Union territories are undermined. There are many constitutional and legal provisions that reflect the structural fragility of Union Territories (UTs) as units of the Indian federation.</p>
<h3>Structural Fragility Of Union Territories</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Composition of the Legislature:</strong> Article 239A was originally brought in, by the 14<sup>th</sup> Constitutional amendment act, 1962, to enable Parliament to create legislatures for the UTs. Under this article, the parliament enacted the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The aftermath of this law is that a simple amendment in the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 can create a legislature with more than 50% nominated members.</li>
<li>However, the question remains, how can a predominantly nominated House promote representative democracy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issue of Nomination:</strong> The Government of Union Territories Act provides for a 33-member House for Puducherry of whom three are to be nominated by the Central government.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>So, when the Union government nominated three members to the Assembly without consulting the government, it was challenged in the court.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court in K. Lakshminarayanan v. Union of India, 2019 case held that the Union government is not required to consult the State government for nominating members to the Assembly and the nominated members have the same right to vote as the elected members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arbitrariness in Nomination:</strong> There is provision for the nomination of members to the Rajya Sabha (under Article 80). The Article specifies the fields from which they will be nominated.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The purpose of this nomination is to enable the House to draw on the expertise of those eminent members who are nominated and thus enrich the debate in the House.</li>
<li>However, in the case of nomination to the Puducherry Assembly, no such qualification is laid down either in Article 239A or the Government of Union Territories Act.</li>
<li>Due to this, the law invites arbitrariness in dealing with the nomination of members to the UT legislature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Administrator&rsquo;s Power:</strong> The UTs were never given a fully democratic set-up with the necessary autonomy. The power vested in the administrator (Lieutenant Governor) conflicts with the powers of the elected government of UTs having a legislature.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Section 44 of the Government of Union Territories Act and Article 239 AA(4) (proviso) of the Constitution vests the power in the administrator to express his or her disagreement and refer the matter to the President</li>
<li>The President decides on the advice of the Union government. So, in effect, it is the Union government that finally determines the disputed issue.</li>
<li>This can be reflected in the Chief Minister of Puducherry asking removal of the Lt. Governor.</li>
<li>Similarly, in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, one often hears of complaints against the Lt. Governor from the ministers about the non-cooperative federalism being practiced by him.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Overlapping Areas:</strong>&nbsp;<span>The Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 provides for a Legislative Assembly of Puducherry with a Council of Ministers to govern this Union Territory.&nbsp;</span>Although the l<span>egislative assembly</span> of Puducherry is empowered to make laws, the administrator is not bounded by the aid and advice of the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister.
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This creates overlapping of jurisdictions, which in turn leads to conflict between the union government and elected government of union territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Practicing Cooperative Federalism:</strong> The Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in NCT of Delhi v. Union of India (2019), had said that the administrator should not misuse this power to frustrate the functioning of the elected government in the territory and use it after all methods have failed to reconcile the differences between him/her and the Council of Ministers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, this judgment has not been observed in the letter and spirit. Thus, both the government and UTs need to imbibe the ethos of cooperative federalism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exploring the Washington DC Model:</strong> Indian Government can emulate the model of administrative sharing of power between the Union government and the Governments of UTs.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under that scheme, only the strategic areas and buildings are under the effective control of the federal government and the rest of the areas are under the jurisdiction of Washington state.</li>
<li>Given this, the institution of strategic importance like political institutions, defense establishments, etc. can remain under the jurisdiction of the Union Government, and areas other than these can effectively be handed over to UTs governments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Necessary Reforms:</strong> For effective autonomy to the governments of union territories, there is a need for amendment in the legal and constitutional provisions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The Union government should respect the reason why these UTs were thought fit to provide a legislature and Council of Ministers to some of the UTs. The ostensible reason is to fulfill the democratic aspirations of the people of these territories.</p>
<p>In this context, the Union government should take note of the Supreme court&rsquo;s observation that the administration of Union Territories is by the Central government but that does not mean the Union Territories become merged with the Central government. They are centrally administered but retain their independent entity.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fafffa;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Union Territories having legislatures with ultimate control vested in the central administrator are not workable. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xRuCoZVRIIo" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/after-the-coup-on-political-crisis-in-myanmar/article33917075.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;After the coup: On political crisis in Myanmar&rdquo;</strong> </a>published in The Hindu on February 24<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/structural-issues-of-union-territories'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Senkaku Island Dispute',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, China called the <strong>Japan-USA mutual security pact</strong> a product of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cold-war" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cold War</strong> </a>following USA&rsquo;s criticism of the presence of Chinese coast guard vessels in Japanese-claimed territorial waters.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The 1960 Japan-USA mutual security treaty <strong>assures the USA would come to Japan's aid in the event of an outside attack on Japanese</strong> forces or territory.</li>
<li>The USA criticized China as the Chinese ships have been <strong>repeatedly encroaching the Japanese territorial waters</strong> surrounding the Senkaku island.</li>
<li>Whereas China has long accused the USA of maintaining a <strong>&ldquo;Cold War mentality''</strong> due to which it tries to bring Japan in its Bloc against China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614249247_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614249247_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Senkaku Island Dispute:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Senkaku Island dispute concerns a territorial dispute over a group of uninhabited islands known as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Senkaku Islands</strong> in Japan,</li>
<li><strong>Diaoyu Islands</strong> in China, and</li>
<li><strong>Tiaoyutai Islands</strong> in Taiwan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both Japan and China claim ownership of these islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Eight uninhabited islands lie in the <strong>East China Sea.</strong> They have a total area of about 7 sq km and lie <strong>northeast of Taiwan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic Importance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Islands are close to strategically important shipping lanes, offer rich fishing grounds and are thought to contain oil deposits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Japan's Claim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>After <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-558" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World War II</strong></a>, Japan renounced claims to a number of territories and islands including Taiwan in the <strong>1951 Treaty of San Francisco.</strong></li>
<li>But under the treaty, the Nansei Shoto islands came under USA trusteeship and were then returned to Japan in 1971.</li>
<li>Japan says that<strong> Senkaku islands are part of the Nansei Shoto islands</strong> and hence they also belong to Japan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/senkaku-islands" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>a local council in southern Japan has approved a bill</strong></a> to change the name of an area containing Senkaku Islands from Tonoshiro to Tonoshiro Senkaku.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides, China<strong> raised no objections to the San Francisco deal.</strong> Only since the 1970s, when the issue of oil resources in the area emerged, Chinese and Taiwanese authorities began pressing their claims.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China's Claim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These Islands have been part of its territory since ancient times, serving as important fishing grounds administered by the province of Taiwan.</li>
<li>When Taiwan was returned in the <strong>Treaty of San Francisco</strong>, China said the islands &ndash; as part of it &ndash; should also have been returned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/japan-us-treaty-a-product-of-cold-war/article33926393.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/senkaku-island-dispute'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'UNHRC’s New Resolution Against Sri Lanka',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Sri Lanka has made an appeal to the member states of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-human-rights-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC)</strong></a> to reject the impending resolution on the island nation's human rights accountability and reconciliation.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka is facing a<strong> new resolution</strong> calling on it to hold human rights abusers to account and deliver justice to victims of its<strong> 26-year civil war (1983-2009).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The war was mainly a <strong>clash</strong> between the <strong>Sinhalese-dominated Sri Lankan government</strong> and the <strong>Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)</strong> insurgent group, the latter of which had hoped to establish a separate state for the Tamil minority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sri Lankan forces and Tamil rebels were <strong>accused of atrocities during the war,</strong> which killed at least 1,00,000 people.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614248191_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614248191_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The New Draft Resolution/The Zero Draft:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It incorporates some of the elements of the UNHRC report, including those on <strong>strengthening the HRC&rsquo;s capacity on preserving evidence, devising strategies for future accountability processes, and supporting judicial proceedings in member states with jurisdiction.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the UNHRC report, the government of Sri Lanka had created <strong>parallel military task forces</strong> and commissions that <strong>encroach on civilian functions,</strong> and reversed important institutional checks and balances,<strong> threatening democratic gains,</strong> the <strong>independence of the judiciary</strong> and other key institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also talks about encouraging the Sri Lankan government to implement the requirements of the previous <strong>30/1 resolution</strong> (from which it pulled out).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Resolution 30/1:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It wanted Colombo to establish a <strong>credible judicial process,</strong> with the participation of Commonwealth and other foreign judges, defence lawyers and authorised prosecutors and investigators, to go into the alleged rights abuses.</li>
<li>Recently,<strong> Sri Lanka has said that Resolution 30/1 was against the country.</strong> The Resolution carried a host of commitments that were not deliverable and were not in conformity with the Constitution of Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>asks the High Commissioner&rsquo;s office to monitor progress on national reconciliation and accountability mechanisms,</strong> and come up with updates next March, and a full report in September 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UNHRC&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The present government in Sri Lanka was<strong> &ldquo;proactively&rdquo; obstructing investigations</strong> into past crimes to prevent accountability, and that this had a<strong> &ldquo;devastating effect&rdquo; on families seeking truth, justice and reparations.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN)</strong> </a>member states &ldquo;should pay attention to the early warning signs of more violations to come, and called for <strong>&ldquo;international action&rdquo;</strong> including <strong>targeted sanctions</strong> such as <strong>asset freezes and travel bans against</strong> &ldquo;credibly alleged&rdquo; perpetrators of grave human rights violations and abuses.</li>
<li>States should also<strong> pursue investigations and prosecution in their national courts</strong> under accepted principles of extraterritorial or universal jurisdiction of international crimes committed by all parties in Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand on Previous Resolutions Against Sri Lanka:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India voted<strong> against</strong> Sri Lanka in 2012.</li>
<li>India<strong> abstained</strong> in 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The state is at the core of the historical problems, whether it is repressive militarisation, the reinforcement of majoritarian interests or the centralisation of state power in Colombo. But <strong>reforming the state requires direct challenges by its citizenry,</strong> rather than flight to international forums.</li>
<li>The <strong>&lsquo;China factor,&rsquo;</strong> the <strong>&lsquo;Sri Lankan ethnic issue,&rsquo;</strong> and the attendant <strong>&lsquo;UNHRC resolution&rsquo;</strong> have <strong>negatively impacted bilateral relations between India and Sri Lanka.</strong> India needs to focus more on its traditional and cultural ties to improve relations with Sri Lanka. Mutual recognition of each other's concerns and interests can improve the relationship between both countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sri-lanka-at-the-un-rights-council-another-test-for-india-7203407/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unhrc-s-new-resolution-against-sri-lanka'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'National Commission for Scheduled Castes',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Vijay Sampla</strong> has been appointed as the chairman of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC).</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NCSC is a <strong>constitutional body</strong> that works to<strong> safeguard the interests of the scheduled castes (SC)</strong> in India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 338</strong> of the constitution of India deals with this commission:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides for a <strong>National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes</strong> with duties to investigate and <strong>monitor all matters relating to safeguards provided for them,</strong> to inquire into specific complaints and to participate and advise on the planning process of their socio-economic development etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History and Origin:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Special Officer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Initially, the constitution provided for the appointment of a<strong> Special Officer</strong> under Article 338.</li>
<li>The special officer was designated as the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>65<sup>th</sup> Amendment, 1990:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It replaced the one-member system with a multi-member <strong>National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST).</strong></li>
<li>The Constitution (65<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act 1990, amended Article 338 of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>89<sup>th</sup> Amendment, 2003:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By this amendment, the erstwhile National Commission for SC and ST was replaced by <strong>two separate Commissions</strong> from the year 2004 which were:<strong> National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)</strong></a>- under <strong>Article 338-A.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Structure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It consists of:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Chairperson.</li>
<li>Vice-chairperson.</li>
<li>Three other members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They are <strong>appointed by the President</strong> by warrant under his hand and seal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Monitoring and investigating all issues</strong> concerning the safeguards provided <strong>for the SCs</strong> under the constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Enquiring into complaints</strong> relating to the deprivation of the rights and safeguards of the SCs.</li>
<li>Taking part in and <strong>advising the central or state governments</strong> with respect to the planning of socio-economic development of the SCs.</li>
<li>Regular <strong>reporting to the President</strong> of the country on the implementation of these safeguards.</li>
<li><strong>Recommending steps</strong> to be taken to further the <strong>socio-economic development and other welfare activities</strong> of the SCs.</li>
<li>Any other function with respect to the welfare, protection, development and advancement of the SC community.</li>
<li>The Commission is also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the <strong>Anglo-Indian Community</strong> as it does with respect to the SCs.</li>
<li>Till 2018, the commission was also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the other backward classes (OBCs). It was relieved from this responsibility by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-commission-for-backward-classes-ncbc#:~:text=102nd%20Constitution%20Amendment%20Act,socially%20and%20educationally%20backward%20classes." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>102<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act of 2018</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Constitutional Provisions For Upliftment of the Schedule Caste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 15</strong></a><strong>(4)</strong> refers to the special provisions for their advancement.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(4A)</strong> speaks of <strong>&ldquo;reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of SCs/STs,</strong> which are not adequately represented in the services under the State&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Article 17</strong> abolishes Untouchability.</li>
<li><strong>Article 46</strong> requires the State <strong>&lsquo;to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections</strong> of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.</li>
<li><strong>Article 335</strong> provides that the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of <strong>appointments to services and posts</strong> in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 330</strong> and <strong>Article 332</strong> of the Constitution respectively provide for <strong>reservation of seats in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People and in the legislative assemblies</strong> of the States.</li>
<li>Under <strong>Part IX</strong> relating to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/panchayati-raj-institutions-and-participative-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayats</strong></a> and <strong>Part IXA</strong> of the Constitution relating to the Municipalities, reservation for SC and ST in local bodies has been envisaged and provided.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-gets-chairman/article33928022.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-1'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Blank-Cheque Company',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, renewable energy producer &lsquo;ReNew Power&rsquo; announced an agreement to merge with RMG Acquisition Corp II, a <strong>blank-cheque company</strong> or a <strong>Special Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Blank-cheque Company:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A SPAC, or a blank-cheque company, is an entity <strong>specifically set up with the objective of acquiring a firm</strong> in a particular sector.</li>
<li>The aim of this SPAC is to raise money in an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initial-public-offer-ipo#:~:text=in%20previous%20year.-,Initial%20Public%20Offering,securities%20are%20bought%20and%20sold." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Initial Public Offering (IPO)</strong></a>, and at this point in time, it does not have any operations or revenues.</li>
<li>Once the money is raised from the public, it is kept in an <strong>escrow account</strong>, which can be accessed while making the acquisition.</li>
<li>If the <strong>acquisition is not made within two years of the IPO, the SPAC is delisted</strong> and the money is returned to the investors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are attractive to investors, despite them essentially being <strong>shell companies</strong>, as the blank-cheque companies are people sponsoring.</li>
<li>It is a fresh way of thinking of how to structure and exit versus an expensive IPO. The <strong>money is already raised</strong> by somebody who specialises in that area, and is now picking those assets and building on them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Shell Companies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A shell company is <strong>a firm that does not conduct any operations in the economy, but it is formally registered</strong>, incorporated, or legally organized in the economy.</li>
<li>These are <strong>sometimes used illegitimately</strong>, such as to disguise business ownership from law enforcement or the public.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Initial Public Offering</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IPO is the <strong>selling of securities</strong> to the public in the <strong>primary market.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Primary market deals with new securities being issued for the first time. It is also known as the <strong>new issues market.</strong></li>
<li>It is different from the <strong>Secondary market where existing securities</strong> are bought and sold. It is also known as the <strong>stock market or stock exchange.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is when an unlisted company makes either a fresh issue of securities or an offer for sale of its existing securities or both for the first time to the public.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlisted companies are companies that are not listed on the stock exchange.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Escrow Account</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a legal concept <strong>describing a financial instrument whereby an asset or escrow money is held by a third party</strong> on behalf of two other parties that are in the process of completing a transaction.</li>
<li>The third-party holds the funds until both parties have fulfilled their contractual requirements.</li>
<li>Escrow is associated with real estate transactions, but it can apply to any situation where funds will pass from one party to another.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/renew-power-gets-blank-cheque-deal-for-nasdaq-listing-7203359/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/blank-cheque-company'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister talked about the <strong>need to address health issues in a holistic manner</strong> and to adopt a <strong>four-pronged strategy</strong> for a healthy India that includes implementing the <strong>PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat scheme.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Four-Pronged Strategy for a Healthy India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Prevention of illness and promotion of wellness</strong> including measures such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, yoga and timely care and treatment of pregnant women and children,</li>
<li>Providing cheap and effective <strong>treatment to the poorest of the poor,</strong></li>
<li>Increasing the <strong>quality of health infrastructure</strong> and healthcare professionals and</li>
<li><strong>Working on a mission mode</strong> to overcome obstacles like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission Indradhanush</strong></a> has been extended to the tribal and far-flung areas of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614237375_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614237375_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Announced in the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-02-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget 2021-22.</strong></a></li>
<li>Aims to <strong>develop capacities of primary, secondary, and tertiary care health systems</strong> even in the last miles of the nation.</li>
<li><strong>Developing a modern ecosystem</strong> for research, testing and treatment in the country itself.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> with an outlay of about Rs. 64,180 crores.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong> 6 years.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Supporting development of 17,788 <strong>rural</strong> and 11,024 <strong>urban health and wellness centers</strong> and setting up of <strong>integrated public health labs</strong> in all districts and 3,382 block public health units in 11 states.</li>
<li>Help in establishing <strong>critical care hospital</strong> blocks in 602 districts and 12 central institutions. Strengthening of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-centre-for-disease-control-ncdc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)</strong></a>, its 5 regional branches and 20 metropolitan health surveillance units.</li>
<li>Expansion of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-disease-surveillance-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Health Information Portal</strong></a> to all States/UTs to connect all public health labs.</li>
<li>Help in rolling out the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-and-the-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 vaccination program</strong></a> as well as strengthen the delivery system and build better capability and capacity to combat any future pandemics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives in Health Sector:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat Program.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/janaushadhi-week" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jan Aushadhi Yojana.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/govt-will-ensure-healthcare-for-all-pm/article33918226.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-atmanirbhar-swasth-bharat-scheme'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'CECPA: India & Mauritius',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has approved signing of the <strong>Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement (CECPA)</strong> between India and Mauritius.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The India-Mauritius CECPA is the <strong>first trade agreement signed by India</strong> with a <strong>country in Africa.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614235506_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614235506_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About CECPA :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>a kind of free trade pact</strong> that aims to provide an institutional mechanism to encourage and improve trade between the two countries.</li>
<li>Under this agreement, countries reduce or eliminate the duties on the products. The countries also give relaxation in the norms to promote the services trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Types of Trade Agreements</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Free Trade Agreement (FTA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A free trade agreement is an agreement in which <strong>two or more countries agree to provide preferential trade terms, tariff concession etc.</strong> to the partner country.</li>
<li>India has negotiated FTA with many countries e.g. Sri Lanka and various trading blocs as well e.g. <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASEAN.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this type of agreement, two or more partners give <strong>preferential right of entry to certain products.</strong> This is <strong>done by reducing duties</strong> on an agreed number of tariff lines.</li>
<li>Tariffs may even be reduced to zero for some products even in a PTA. <strong>India signed a PTA with Afghanistan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Partnership agreement or cooperation agreement are more <strong>comprehensive than an FTA.</strong></li>
<li>CEPA covers negotiation on the trade in services and investment, and other areas of economic partnership.</li>
<li>India has signed <strong>CEPAs with South Korea and Japan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CECA generally covers <strong>negotiation on trade tariff and TRQ (Tariff Rate Quotas) rates</strong> only. It is <strong>not as comprehensive as CEPA.</strong> India has signed <strong>CECA with Malaysia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India-Mauritius CECPA:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> limited agreement</strong> that will cover only select sectors. It will cover Trade in <strong>Goods, Rules of Origin, Trade in Services, Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures, Dispute Settlement,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefit to India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>More than 300 domestic goods from agriculture, textiles, electronics and other sectors will <strong>get market access at concessional customs duties</strong> in Mauritius.</li>
<li><strong>Indian service providers will have access to around 115 sub-sectors from the 11 broad service sectors,</strong> such as professional services, computer related services, research &amp; development, other business services, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefit to Mauritius:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will benefit from<strong> preferential market access into India for its 615 products,</strong> including frozen fish, speciality sugar, biscuits, fresh fruits, juices, mineral water, beer, alcoholic drinks, soaps, bags, medical and surgical equipment, and apparel.</li>
<li><strong>India has offered around 95 sub-sectors from the 11 broad services sectors,</strong> including professional services, R&amp;D, other business services, telecommunication, environmental, health, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Negotiation on Automatic Trigger Safeguard Mechanism (ATSM):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India and Mauritius have also agreed to negotiate an Automatic Trigger Safeguard Mechanism (ATSM) for some highly sensitive products within two years of the signing of the agreement.</li>
<li>ATSM <strong>protects the country from any sudden or dramatic increase in imports.</strong></li>
<li>Under this mechanism, if the imports of a product are rising alarmingly, then after reaching a certain <strong>threshold,</strong> India can impose <strong>safeguard duties</strong> on imports from Mauritius automatically. The same provision applies to Mauritius as well against Indian imports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India-Mauritius Economic Relations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India had extended a <strong>&lsquo;Special Economic Package&rsquo;</strong> of USD 353 million to Mauritius in 2016. The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-supreme-court-building-of-mauritius" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Mauritius Supreme Court</strong></a> building project is one of the projects implemented under this package. This was jointly inaugurated by both the countries in 2020.</li>
<li>India and Mauritius have jointly <strong>inaugurated the Phase-I of the Metro Express Project</strong> and the <strong>100-bed state of the art ENT hospital project </strong>in<strong> Mauritius,</strong> also built under the special economic package.</li>
<li>According to the<strong> International Trade Centre (ITC),</strong> in 2019, the <strong>main import partners of Mauritius</strong> were<strong> India (13.85%), China (16.69%), South Africa (8.07%),</strong> and<strong> UAE (7.28%).</strong></li>
<li>The bilateral trade between India and Mauritius has registered a<strong> growth of 233%</strong> from <strong>USD 206.76</strong> million in the Financial Year (FY) <strong>2005-06</strong> to <strong>USD 690.02</strong> million in FY <strong>2019-20.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Mauritius</strong> was the<strong> second</strong> top source of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</strong></a> into India in <strong>2019-20.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Recent Developments:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614236441_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614236441_image2.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="317" height="333" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Mauritius signed a<strong> USD 100 million Defence Line of Credit</strong> agreement</li>
<li>Mauritius would get a<strong> Dornier aircraft and an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/apache-helicopters-for-indian-army" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Advanced Light Helicopter Dhruv</a> on lease</strong> which would build its <strong>maritime security capabilities.</strong></li>
<li>The two sides also<strong> discussed the Chagos Archipelago dispute,</strong> which was an issue of sovereignty and sustainable development before the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN).</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <strong>2019, India voted at the UN General Assembly in support of the Mauritian position on the issue.</strong> India was one of the 116 countries that voted demanding that the UK end its &ldquo;colonial administration&rdquo; from the group of islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-vaccine-diplomacy#:~:text=India%20has%20decided%20to%20ship,as%20a%20grant%20or%20gift." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>delivered 1,00,000 Covishield vaccines</strong></a> to Mauritius.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The evolving <strong>geopolitical landscape of the Indian Ocean (IO)</strong> has created new challenges &ndash; and opportunities &mdash; for the countries in and bordering the IO. Mauritius, along with India&rsquo;s other smaller island neighbours, is acutely aware of its maritime identity and geostrategic value. They especially understand what these mean for their larger neighbour India.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s approach to Mauritius is being increasingly entrenched within a regional framework, as seen with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-sagar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission Sagar</strong></a>, India&rsquo;s initiative to deliver Covid-19 related assistance to countries in the Indian Ocean region. To take this engagement further, <strong>India needs to remain proactive in bringing together like-minded partners</strong> such as Mauritius, Comoros, Madagascar, Seychelles, Maldives, and Sri Lanka in numerous and overlapping ways.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1698689" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cecpa-india-mauritius'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'National Urban Digital Mission',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) has been launched by the <strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA)</strong> along with the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEITY).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Several other digital initiatives of MoHUA viz. <strong>India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX), SmartCode, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Smart Cities</a> 2.0 website</strong>, and <strong>Geospatial Management Information System (GMIS)</strong> have also been launched.</li>
<li>These initiatives will further the ongoing efforts of both Ministries to realise the vision of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will create a shared digital infrastructure for urban India, working across the three pillars of <strong>people, process, and platform</strong> to provide holistic support to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-transforming-indian-cities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cities</strong></a> and towns.</li>
<li>It will institutionalise a <strong>citizen-centric and ecosystem-driven approach</strong> to <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-lacuna-in-urban-planning" target="_blank" rel="noopener">urban governance</a>&nbsp;</strong>and service delivery in 2022 cities by 2022, and across all cities and towns in India by 2024.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the NUDM:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The shared digital infrastructure will <strong>consolidate and cross-leverage the various digital initiatives</strong> of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, enabling cities and towns across India to benefit from holistic and diverse forms of support, in keeping with their needs and local challenges.</li>
<li>NUDM has articulated a set of governing principles, and inherits the technology design principles of the <strong>National Urban Innovation Stack (NUIS).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The principles in turn give rise to standards, specifications, and certifications, across the three pillars of people, process, and platforms.</li>
<li><strong>NUIS</strong> will strengthen the capacity of the urban ecosystem to solve complex programs at speed and scale by unlocking the power of urban data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been developed in partnership between the Smart Cities Mission and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.</li>
<li>It serves as <strong>a seamless interface for data providers and data users</strong>, including <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)</strong></a>, to share, request, and access datasets related to cities, urban governance, and urban service delivery.</li>
<li>It is <strong>an open-source software platform</strong> which facilitates the secure, authenticated, and managed exchange of data amongst various data platforms, 3<sup>rd</sup> party authenticated and authorised applications, and other sources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SmartCode Platform:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SmartCode is a platform that enables all ecosystem stakeholders to <strong>contribute to a repository of open-source code for various solutions</strong> and applications for urban governance.</li>
<li>It is designed to address the challenges that ULBs face in the development and deployment of digital applications to address urban challenges, by enabling cities to take advantage of existing codes and customising them to suit local needs, rather than having to develop new solutions from scratch.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Geospatial Management Information System (GMIS):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GMIS is a web-based, spatially-enabled management tool, providing one-stop access to information.</li>
<li>GMIS integrates information from multiple sources and features search options by topic and geographic area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Schemes/Programmes of MoHUA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tulip-the-urban-learning-internship-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Learning and Internship Program (TULIP)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-cycles4change-challenge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Cycles4Change Challenge </strong></a>and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nurturing-neighbourhoods-challenge-smart-cities-mission#:~:text=It%20is%20a%203%2Dyear,data%20management%20across%20city%20agencies." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Nurturing Neighbourhoods Challenge</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-smart-cities-assessment-framework" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-living-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of Living Index </strong></a>and Municipal Performance Index</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amrut-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AMRUT </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission Urban </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/transit-oriented-development" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Transport</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-grameen-behind-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skoch-governance-gold-award-for-day-nulm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana National Urban Livelihoods Mission</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1700246#:~:text=National%20Urban%20Digital%20Mission%20(NUDM),-The%20National%20Urban&amp;text=It%20will%20institutionalise%20a%20citizen,towns%20in%20India%20by%202024." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-urban-digital-mission'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Elusive Two-State Solution',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/anti-israel-propaganda-palestinian-terrorism-icc-7201723/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Dialogue not demonisation&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 24/02/2021. It talks about the prospects of the two-state solution between Israel and Palestine.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued a decision regarding the scope of its territorial jurisdiction over issues pertaining to the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/israel-palestine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Israeli-Palestinian conflict.</strong></a> According to this, ICC has agreed to look into the human right violations that occurred during the Israel-Palestine issue.</p>
<p>Palestinian Authority has welcomed this decision. On the other hand, Israel has criticized the ICC action as an unwarranted intervention that undermines its sovereignty and threatened that the move may eventually eliminate the possibility of a two-state solution.</p>
<p>Presently, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is marked by a relatively low-intensity conflict, with recurring spikes in violence, and the continual erosion of political options. This dangerous status quo could directly impact sustainable peace and drag the region into instability.</p>
<h3>What is a Two-State Solution?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The two-state solution has for decades been the primary focus of efforts to achieve peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.</li>
<li>The solution would establish an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel &mdash; two states for two peoples.</li>
<li>In theory, this would win Israel&rsquo;s security and allow it to retain a Jewish demographic majority while granting the Palestinians a state.</li>
<li>The 1947 UN Partition Plan led to decades of military action and violence between Israel and Palestine. It is was only after the mediation of the US, in the 1991 Madrid Peace conference a two-state solution was agreed to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.</li>
<li>According to the United Nations, only a two-state solution that realizes the legitimate national aspirations of Palestinians and Israelis can lead to sustainable peace.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Risk to Two-State Solution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Iranian Angle:</strong> Tensions and risk factors persist along Israel&rsquo;s northern fronts, particularly after the Israeli strikes in Syria against Iranian and Hezbollah targets (associated with Palestine) and more recently the killing of Iranian commander Qassem Soleimani by the U.S.</li>
<li><strong>Regional Cold War:</strong> Middle East region is witnessing a regional cold war between Iran and Saudi Arabia. This has led to the emergence of smaller but lethal military groups.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Example, Houthi rebels in Yemen. These groups can acquire greater capabilities which can cause further instability in the region.</li>
<li>All of these factors exacerbate instability and the prospect of a single or even a multi-front war.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Third Intifada:</strong> Finally, these conditions could result in the outbreak of a third intifada, and peaceful resistance can turn into extreme violence and gross human rights violations.</li>
<li><strong>Divided Political Leadership In Palestine:</strong> The Palestinian leadership is divided - a two-state solution is supported by Palestinian nationalists in West Bank but the leadership in Gaza does not even recognize Israel.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Intifada</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Intifada is the two popular uprisings of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip aimed at ending Israel&rsquo;s occupation of those territories and creating an independent Palestinian state.</li>
<li>The first intifada began in December 1987 and ended in September 1993 with the signing of the first Oslo Accords, which provided a framework for peace negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians.</li>
<li>The second intifada, sometimes called the Al-Aqṣā intifada, began in September 2000.</li>
<li>The two uprisings resulted in the death of more than 5,000 Palestinians and some 1,400 Israelis.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Role of India:</strong> Historically, India has urged the leadership of both sides to engage in direct negotiations to advance the goal of a two-state solution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Palestine, India&rsquo;s efforts are focused on nation-building and strengthening institutions through the India-Palestine development partnership covering various sectors of the Palestinian economy.</li>
<li>With Israel, India shares a special relationship in the domains of defense, Science &amp; Tech, etc.</li>
<li>In this context, India can leverage its soft power to propel these two countries towards lasting peace.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Abraham Accords, a Positive Step:</strong> The recent normalization agreements between Israel and the UAE, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco, known as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/uae-israel-peace-treaty-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Abraham Accords</strong></a>, are further proof that the only way to achieve genuine peace is through direct negotiations.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All regional powers should envisage peace between the two countries on line of Abraham Accords.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The world at large needs to come together for a peaceful solution but the reluctance of the Israeli government and other involved parties has aggravated the issue more. Thus a balanced approach towards the Israel-Palestine issue would help to maintain favorable relations with Arab countries as well as Israel.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614170726_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614170726_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffef2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss the prospects of the two-state solution between Israel and Palestine and its impact.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wAGrFrzxlhA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/by-diligence-not-lockdowns/&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1614174351459000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3EB5w5-yje62sVoTGCeFsH" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;By diligence, not lockdowns&rdquo;</strong></a> published in The Economic Times on February 22nd, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/elusive-two-state-solution'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Black-Necked Crane',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a group of<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Buddhist</strong> </a>monks in Tawang district has opposed the Arunachal Pradesh government&rsquo;s renewed push for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/etalin-hydroelectric-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> hydropower projects.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The proposed projects would not only affect the<strong> nesting grounds of the endangered <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-20th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Black-Necked Crane</a></strong> but also threaten several holy Buddhist pilgrimage sites in the region.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161743_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161743_image4.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both the sexes are almost of the same size but <strong>male is slightly bigger than female.</strong></li>
<li>The upper long neck, head, primary and secondary flight feathers and tail are completely black and<strong> body plumage is pale gray/whitish.</strong></li>
<li>A conspicuous <strong>red crown</strong> adorns the head.</li>
<li>The <strong>juveniles have a brownish head and neck</strong> and plumage is slightly paler than that of an adult.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bird is <strong>revered by the community of Monpas</strong> (major Buddhist ethnic group of Arunachal Pradesh) as an <strong>embodiment of the sixth Dalai Lama</strong> (Tsangyang Gyatso).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Monpas</strong> inhabit the West Kameng and Tawang districts, are essentially Buddhists who follow the <strong>Mahayana sect.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat and Breeding Grounds :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>high altitude wetlands</strong> of the Tibetan plateau , Sichuan (China), and eastern <strong>Ladakh</strong> (India) are the<strong> main breeding ground of the species,</strong> the birds spend winter at lower altitudes.</li>
<li>In Bhutan and<strong> Arunachal Pradesh,</strong> it only comes <strong>during the winters.</strong></li>
<li>In Arunachal Pradesh, it can be seen in three areas: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sangti valley</strong> in West Kameng district.</li>
<li><strong>Zemithang</strong> in Tawang district.</li>
<li><strong>Chug valley</strong> in Tawang district.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Damage to the eggs and chicks,</strong> caused by feral dogs.</li>
<li><strong>Loss of habitat</strong> due to human pressure (Development Projects) on the wetlands.</li>
<li>Increased grazing pressure on the limited pastures near the wetlands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps for their Conservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/living-planet-report-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Wide Fund</strong> </a><strong>for Nature-India</strong> (WWF-India) in collaboration with the Department of Wildlife Protection, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, has been working towards conservation of high altitude wetlands, with<strong> black-necked cranes as a priority species in Ladakh region.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In Arunachal Pradesh, WWF is working for the conservation of the small wintering population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Near Threatened</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a>: Appendix I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tawang-monks-oppose-arunachal-govts-fresh-push-for-hydropower-projects/article33910552.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/black-necked-crane'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Pagri Sambhal Movement',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM) is celebrating <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> February</strong> as <strong>Pagri Sambhal Diwas</strong>, honouring the <strong>memory of Ajit Singh</strong>-founder of the <strong>Pagri Sambhaal Movement of 1907.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Farmer unions part of the ongoing protests in Delhi claim that <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/2020-12-01" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>farm laws</strong></a> passed by Parliament will ultimately force them to sell their land to corporates. It was a similar complaint that fueled the farm protests in 1907.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pagri Sambhal Movement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a successful farm agitation that <strong>forced the British government to repeal three laws</strong> related to agriculture back in 1907. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Punjab Land Alienation Act</strong> 1900, the <strong>Punjab Land Colonisation Act</strong> 1906 and <strong>the Doab Bari Act</strong> 1907.</li>
<li>These acts would <strong>reduce farmers from owners to contractors of land</strong>, and <strong>gave the British government the right to take back the allotted land</strong> if the farmer even touched a tree in his field without permission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Slogan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The slogan, Pagdi Sambhal Jatta, the name of the movement, was <strong>inspired by the song by Banke Lal, the editor of the Jang Sayal newspaper.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protest:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The protests were <strong>violent</strong> and the protestors ransacked government buildings, post offices, banks, overturning telephone poles and pulling down telephone wires.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Leader of the Agitation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhagat-singh-s-birth-anniversary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhagat Singh&rsquo;s</strong></a> uncle <strong>Ajit Singh</strong> was the force behind this agitation.</li>
<li>He wanted to <strong>channel people&rsquo;s anger over the farm laws to topple the colonial government.</strong></li>
<li>Bhagat Singh&rsquo;s father Kishan Singh and uncle Ajit Singh, with their revolutionary friend Ghasita Ram, formed <strong>Bharat Mata Society</strong>, aiming to mobilise this unrest into a revolt against the British government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Many young revolutionaries like Sufi Amba Prasad, Zia-ul-Haq, Lal Chand Falak, Din Dayal Banke, Kishan Singh and Lala Ram Saran Das were among the <strong>members of Bharat Mata Society.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sardar Ajit Singh:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161469_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161469_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="424" height="340" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Born on <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> February, 1881</strong> he was an <strong>Indian revolutionary</strong>, an Indian dissident and a <strong>nationalist</strong> during the colonial era.</li>
<li>He was an inspiration to Indian revolutionaries and his nephew Bhagat Singh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Work:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He <strong>openly criticised the colonial government</strong> and was amongst the early protests in Punjab.</li>
<li>With his brother Kishan Singh, <strong>worked among the people</strong> in famine-stricken regions like Barar (Madhya Pradesh) and Ahmedabad and in flood-and-earthquake-affected areas of Srinagar and Kangla in <strong>1905.</strong></li>
<li>He launched the <strong>Bharat Mata Book Agency ( part of Bharat Mata Society)</strong>, which, because of its strident anti-government, propagandist publications, <strong>attracted the attention of the British government.</strong></li>
<li>He built a <strong>network of solidarity</strong> with people who were struggling for India&rsquo;s liberation in different parts of Europe. He also founded in this period the <strong>Indian Revolutionary Association (Bharatiya Krantikari Sangh).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In May 1907, Sardar Ajit Singh along with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lala-lajpat-rai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lala Lajpat Rai</strong></a> was <strong>exiled to Mandalay in Burma.</strong></li>
<li>However, due to great public pressure and apprehension of unrest in the Indian Army, <strong>both of them were released in October 1907.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Escape:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 1909, Sardar Ajit Singh along with Sufi Amba Prasad <strong>escaped to Iran and lived in a self-imposed exile for 38 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In March 1947, he returned to India and <strong>died on 15<sup>th</sup> August 1947, the day India gained independence at Dalhousie, Punjab.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During the medieval period, <strong>only noblemen were allowed to wear a turban</strong> but during the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/sikhism" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sikh</a> revolution in the 17<sup>th</sup> century, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/guru-gobind-singh" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Guru Gobind Singh</a> declared it as a symbol of defiance.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He subverted the selectiveness of a turban, providing the common man with a <strong>way to claim and assert their own self-esteem.</strong></li>
<li>Pagri (Turban) represents the dignity of the common man.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>1907</strong>, Pagri Sambhal Jatta was a call to not let the Pagri fall, literally and figuratively.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-farmers-pagri-sambhal-diwas-1907-movement-british-scrap-3-farm-laws-7201372/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pagri-sambhal-movement'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Olive Ridley Turtles',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Orissa High Court has taken suo motu cognisance of the death of around 800 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-hatching" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Olive Ridley sea turtles</strong> </a>due to negligence by Odisha&rsquo;s forest and fisheries departments.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Features of Olive Ridley Turtles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Olive ridley turtles are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world.</li>
<li>These turtles are carnivores and get their name from their olive colored carapace.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614159610_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614159610_image3.png" caption="false" width="600" height="747" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></a>: Scheduled 1</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Vulnerable</li>
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CITES</a></strong>: Appendix I</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are found in warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.</li>
<li>The Odisha&rsquo;s<strong> Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary</strong> is known as the world&rsquo;s largest rookery (colony of breeding animals) of sea turtles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arribada (Mass Nesting):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are best known for their <strong>unique mass nesting called Arribada,</strong> where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.</li>
<li>They lay their eggs over a period of five to seven days in conical nests about one and a half feet deep which they dig with their hind flippers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Marine pollution and waste</strong></li>
<li><strong>Human Consumption:</strong> They are extensively poached for their meat, shell and leather, and eggs.</li>
<li><strong>Plastic Garbage:</strong> An ever-increasing debris of plastics, fishing nets, discarded nets, polythene and other garbage dumped by tourists and fishing workers.</li>
<li><strong>Fishing Trawlers:</strong> Overexploitation of marine resources by use of trawlers often violates the rule to not fish 20 kilometres within a marine sanctuary.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There were injury marks on many dead turtles indicating they could have been trapped under trawls or gill nets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gahirmatha is the mass nesting spot in Indian Ocean region and the only turtle sanctuary in Odisha.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>world&rsquo;s largest nesting beach</strong> of Olive Ridley Sea Turtles.</li>
<li>Gahirmatha was declared a <strong>turtle sanctuary in 1997</strong> by the Odisha government after considering its ecological importance and as part of efforts to save the sea turtles.</li>
<li>Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary is one of the three parts of the Bhitarkanika National Park. The other two includes the area of Bhitarkanika National Park and the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/dte-impact-orissa-high-court-notices-to-officials-on-death-of-olive-ridley-turtles-75600#:~:text=Orissa%20High%20Court%20February%2023,Odisha's%20forest%20and%20fisheries%20departments.&amp;text=The%20state's%20Gahirmatha%20Marine%20Sanctuary,largest%20rookery%20of%20sea%20turtles." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-5'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Intensified Mission Indradhanush 3.0 Scheme',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0</strong> scheme has been rolled out to cover children and pregnant women who missed routine immunisation during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-vaccine-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> pandemic.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0 Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To reach the unreached population with all the available vaccines under Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) and thereby accelerate the full immunization and complete immunization coverage of children and pregnant women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have <strong>two rounds this year</strong> which will be <strong>conducted in 250 pre-identified districts/urban areas</strong> across 29 States/UTs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The districts have been classified to reflect 313 low risk, 152 medium risk and 250 high risk districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries from migration areas and remote areas</strong> would be targeted as they may have missed their vaccine doses during the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> It will foster India&rsquo;s march towards the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Universal Immunization Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Immunization Programme in India was introduced in 1978</strong> as &lsquo;Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</li>
<li>In<strong> 1985,</strong> the Programme was <strong>modified as &lsquo;Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of the Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rapidly increasing immunization coverage,</li>
<li>Improving the quality of services,</li>
<li>Establishing a reliable cold chain system to the health facility level,</li>
<li>Introducing a district-wise system for monitoring of performance, and</li>
<li>Achieving self-sufficiency in vaccine production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>UIP prevents mortality and morbidity in children and pregnant women <strong>against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases.</strong> But in the past, it was seen that the increase in immunization coverage had slowed down and it increased at the rate of 1% per year between 2009 and 2013.</li>
<li>To accelerate the coverage, <strong>Mission Indradhanush was envisaged</strong> and <strong>implemented since 2015</strong> to rapidly increase the full immunization coverage to 90%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mission Indradhanush:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To fully immunize more than 89 lakh children who are either unvaccinated or partially vaccinated under UIP.</li>
<li>Targets children under 2 years of age and pregnant women for immunization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Diseases Covered:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Provides vaccination against <strong>12 Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (VPD)</strong> i.e. diphtheria, Whooping cough, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, meningitis and pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae type B infections, Japanese encephalitis (JE), rotavirus vaccine, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and measles-rubella (MR).</li>
<li>However, Vaccination against Japanese Encephalitis and Haemophilus influenzae type B is being provided in selected districts of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intensified Mission Indradhanush 1.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in October 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under IMI, greater focus was <strong>given on urban areas</strong> which were one of the gaps of Mission Indradhanush.</li>
<li>It focused to<strong> improve immunisation coverage in select districts and cities</strong> to ensure full immunisation to more than 90% by December 2018 instead of 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intensified Mission Indradhanush 2.0: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a nationwide immunisation drive to mark the <strong>25 years of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pulse polio programme</a></strong> (2019-20).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>had targets of full immunization coverage in 272 districts</strong> spread over 27 States.</li>
<li>It aimed to <strong>achieve at least 90% pan-India immunisation coverage by 2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/indradhanush-30-to-fill-gap-in-immunisation-due-to-covid/article33918209.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intensified-mission-indradhanush-3-0-scheme'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Anti-Dumping Duty on Steel Imports from China',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) has initiated a probe to <strong>review the need for continuing imposition of anti-dumping duty on certain types of steel products imported from China</strong>, following complaints from domestic industry.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The duty on the certain <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-purvodaya-accelerated-development-of-steel-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>steel products</strong></a> was first imposed in February 2017 and is set to expire on 16th May 2021.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Directorate General of Trade Remedies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>apex national authority under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry</strong> for administering all trade remedial measures including anti-dumping, countervailing duties and safeguard measures.</li>
<li>It <strong>provides trade defence support</strong> to the domestic industry and exporters in dealing with increasing instances of trade remedy investigations instituted against them by other countries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some of the major private domestic producers of steel have filed an application before the DGTR for a <strong>sunset review of anti-dumping duty</strong> imposed on imports of seamless tubes, pipes and hollow profiles of iron, alloy or non-alloy steel from China.</li>
<li>The applicants <strong>have alleged that dumping of these products from China has continued even after imposition of anti-dumping duty</strong>, and there has been a significant increase in the volume of imports.</li>
<li><strong>DGTR would review the need for continued imposition of the duties</strong> in force and examine whether the expiry of existing duties is likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of dumping and impact the domestic industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Anti Dumping Duty:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About Dumping:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dumping is said to occur<strong> when the goods are exported by a country to another country at a price lower than the price</strong> it normally charges in its own home market.</li>
<li>This is <strong>an unfair trade practice</strong> which can have a distortive effect on international trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Imposition of Anti-dumping duty is a measure</strong> to rectify the situation arising out of the dumping of goods and its trade distortive effect.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the long-term, anti-dumping duties <strong>can reduce the international competition of domestic companies</strong> producing similar goods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>protectionist tariff</strong> that a domestic government imposes on foreign imports that it believes are priced below fair market value.</li>
<li>The use of anti-dumping measures as an instrument of fair competition is<strong> permitted by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Trade Organisation.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Different From Countervailing Duties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An Anti-Dumping Duty (ADD) is a customs duty on imports providing a protection against the dumping of goods at prices substantially lower than the normal value whereas Countervailing duty is a customs <strong>duty on goods that have received government subsidies</strong> in the originating or exporting country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>WTO's Provisions Related to Anti-Dumping Duty:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Validity:</strong> An anti-dumping duty is <strong>valid for a period of five years</strong> from the date of imposition unless revoked earlier.</li>
<li><strong>Sunset Review:</strong> It can be extended for a further period of five years through a sunset or expiry review investigation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>Sunset review/ expiry review</strong> is an <strong>evaluation of the need for the continued existence of a program</strong> or an agency. It allows for an assessment of the effectiveness and performance of the program or agency.</li>
<li>Such a review <strong>can be initiated suo moto or on the basis of a duly substantiated request</strong> received from or on behalf of the domestic industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/china-steel-govt-starts-probe-to-review-anti-dumping-duty/article33916382.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-dumping-duty-on-steel-imports-from-china'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'China: India’s Top Trading Partner in 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to <strong>provisional data from India&rsquo;s commerce ministry, China regained its position as India&rsquo;s top trade partner in 2020</strong> despite<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> high border tensions</strong> </a>between the two countries.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614155213_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614155213_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="600" height="397" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>China as a Top Trading Partner:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Data:</strong> The two-way trade between India and China <strong>stood at USD 77.7 billion</strong> for the year 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Trade with China<strong> was USD 85.5 billion total in the previous year</strong> (2018-2019).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Replaced USA:</strong> Now, China is the largest commercial partner displacing the US bilateral trade at USD 75.9 billion amid reduced demand for goods in the middle of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Imports from China:</strong> Total imports from China at USD 58.7 billion were more than India&rsquo;s combined purchases from the USA and the UAE, which are its second- and third-largest trade partners, respectively.</li>
<li><strong>Exports to China:</strong> India has only managed to increase its exports to China by about 11% from a year ago to USD 19 billion last year.</li>
<li><strong>Trade Deficit:</strong> Thus, a<strong> bilateral trade gap</strong> with China stood at almost<strong> USD 40 billion in 2020,</strong> making it India&rsquo;s largest.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Trade Gap/Deficit is the amount by which the cost of a country's imports exceeds the value of its exports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Analysis:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Emergence of China as the top trading partner is due to <strong>increased import of Chinese medical supplies.</strong></li>
<li>Online shoppers <strong>seem to prefer Chinese mobile phones and electronic gadgets despite</strong> the environment of anti-China sentiments in the nation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the Prime Day 2020 sale data of Amazon, an e-commerce giant, OnePlus, Oppo, Huawei&rsquo;s Honor and Xiaomi were among the top-selling smartphone brands in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, India<strong> continues to rely heavily on Chinese-made heavy machinery,</strong> telecom equipment and home appliances.</li>
<li>The increase in trade is despite the tense relations between the two countries and India&rsquo;s ambitions to bolster its manufacturing capabilities under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measures Taken to Reduce Import Dependence on China:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Recent Ban:</strong> The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/43-more-mobile-apps-banned" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> ban on more than 100 Chinese apps</strong> </a>citing national security reasons.</li>
<li><strong>Increased Scrutiny:</strong> It has increased scrutiny of Chinese investments in many sectors, and is weighing a decision to keep Chinese companies out of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5g-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 5G trials.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Curb Opportunistic Takeovers:</strong> The government recently put import restrictions on tyres, while also making its prior<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-fdi-rule#:~:text=The%20Government%20of%20India%20has,the%20current%20Covid%2D19%20pandemic." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> approval mandatory for foreign investments from countries that share land border</strong> </a>with India to curb "opportunistic takeovers" of domestic firms - a move which will restrict FDI from China.</li>
<li><strong>Focus on Self-Sufficiency:</strong> The Ministry of Commerce and Industry has also<strong> identified 12 sectors -</strong> food processing, organic farming, iron, aluminium and copper, agro chemicals, electronics, industrial machinery, furniture, leather and shoes, auto parts, textiles, and coveralls, masks, sanitisers and ventilators - to make India a global supplier and cut import bill.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To<strong> cut import dependency on China for APIs</strong> (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients), the government in March 2020 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-approved-to-promote-drug-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>approved a package</strong> </a>comprising four schemes with a total outlay of Rs. 13,760 crore to boost domestic production of bulk drugs and medical devices in the country along with their exports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India cannot afford to sever all its economic links with the world&rsquo;s second-largest economy. Chinese finance can help in sustaining India&rsquo;s start-up economy.</li>
<li>India needs to be very selective in its measures. For example, India can curb Chinese firms' involvement in the telecom sector in India, especially 5G trials. But at the same time a large part of the infrastructure India already has in place in the 4G network is all Chinese, so India will still need China for maintenance and servicing.</li>
<li>However, through Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan, India can try to replace chinese products with domestic products in the sectors where it is possible. Further, it needs to boost up its economic relations with other countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/china-back-as-top-india-trade-partner-even-as-relations-sour-7200747/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-india-s-top-trading-partner-in-2020'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Right To Dissent',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<strong>&nbsp;"<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-pressing-need-to-adjudicate-not-mediate/article33874422.ece">The pressing need to adjudicate, not mediate</a>"&nbsp;</strong>which was published in The Hindu on 19/02/2021. It talks about the significance of the Right to Dissent in a democracy.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, in the pretext of farmer&rsquo;s protest, a review petition on the Shaheen Bagh protest has been filed in the Supreme Court. The court refused to review its earlier verdict which declared that there is no absolute <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-protest-in-a-free-society" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>right to protest</strong></a>, and it could be subjected to the orders of the authority regarding the place and time.</p>
<p>This brings into focus the tug-of-war between morality and state security, freedom, and responsibility. On one hand, it is the government&rsquo;s responsibility to ensure that any protest should not turn into violent chaos. On the other hand, public protests are the hallmark of a free, democratic society, whose logic demands that the voice of the people should be heard by those in power and decisions be reached after proper discussion and consultation.</p>
<p>In spite of this dilemma, in order to preserve the democratic fabric of the Indian society, it is the responsibility of stakeholders in a democracy that all freedoms under Article 19 of the Constitution shouldn&rsquo;t be seriously impaired.</p>
<h3>Significance of Right to Dissent</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fundamental Right:</strong> The Right to protest peacefully is enshrined in the Indian Constitution&mdash;Article 19(1)(a) guarantees the freedom of speech and expression; Article 19(1)(b) assures citizens the right to assemble peaceably and without arms.</li>
<li><strong>Historical Context:</strong> The background of the Indian Constitution is formed by its anti-colonial struggle, within which the seeds of a political public sphere and democratic constitution were sown.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indian people fought hard and long to publicly express their views on colonial policies and laws and form a public opinion against them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Checking Abuse of Power:</strong> The Right to the association is required to form associations for political purposes &mdash; for instance, to collectively challenge government decisions and to even aim, peacefully and legally, to displace the government, to not merely check abuse of power but to wrest power.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Right to peaceably assemble allows political parties and citizenship bodies such as university-based student groups to question and object to acts of the government by demonstrations, agitations and public meetings, to launch sustained protest movements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>People as Watchdogs:</strong> People act as watchdogs and constantly monitor governments' acts, which provides feedback to the governments about their policies and actions after which the concerned government, through consultation, meetings and discussion, recognizes and rectifies its mistakes.</li>
<li><strong>Supreme Court&rsquo;s Observation:</strong> In Ramlila Maidan Incident v. Home Secretary, Union Of India &amp; Ors. case (2012), the Supreme Court had stated, &ldquo;Citizens have a fundamental right to assembly and peaceful protest which cannot be taken away by an arbitrary executive or legislative action.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenge to Right to Dissent</h3>
<p>Any form of public action to challenge the government&rsquo;s proposals or decisions is also constitutionally legitimate, as long as it is done peacefully. Article 19(2) imposes reasonable restrictions on the right to assemble peaceably and without arms.</p>
<p>These reasonable restrictions are imposed in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to an offense.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, in the recent review petition, the petitioners apprehended that the observations in the Shaheen Bagh judgment against the indefinite occupation of public space may prove to be a license in the hands of the police to commit atrocities on the legitimate voice of protest.</li>
<li>Recently, not only the protesting farmers but also their supporters, including comedians and journalists, were charged with the Sedition.</li>
<li>Further, any arbitrary restraint on the exercise of such rights &mdash; for instance, imposing Section 144 &mdash; shows the inability of the government to tolerate dissent.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pro-Active Judiciary:</strong> A fair and effective adjudicative mechanism in constitutional matters can meaningfully prevent agitation on the street.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Studies have shown that social movements could be less radical and less oppositional when the issues could be effectively sorted out by way of fair litigation means.</li>
<li>Further, courts need to ensure timely agitation, because had there been a timely adjudication of the validity of the laws which was questioned by the process recognized by the law, the agitation on the street could have been probably reduced.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishing Public Enquiry System:</strong> In the United Kingdom there exists a robust public enquiry system that processes ecological demands, integrates them into the political system, and minimizes radicalization of the movement arising out of exclusion and marginalization.</li>
<li><strong>Imbibing Civic Culture:</strong> On part of citizens, there is a need to imbibe a civic culture that is characterized by the acceptance of the authority of the state and a belief in participation in civic duties.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>In order to participate in public protest, the right to freedom of speech &amp; expression, association, and peaceful assembly are necessary. In this context, there is a need for debate in public discourse that it is time when reasonable restrictions outlined in Article 19(2) should be brought under review.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fafaf2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Freedom of assembly is an essential element of a democratic system and that the public streets are the &lsquo;natural&rsquo; places for expression of opinion and dissemination of ideas. Critically analyze.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ORcHl1RU_Nc" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/time-and-perseverance-the-hindu-editorial-on-nasas-mars-perseverance-rover/article33897256.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Time and perseverance: On NASA&rsquo;s rover on Mars&rdquo;</strong></a> published in The Hindu on February 22<sup>nd</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-dissent'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'IAEA - Iran Deal over Nuclear Inspections',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Iran and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/63rd-general-conference-of-iaea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)</strong></a> have agreed to temporary measures to offset Iran's decision to restrict access to inspectors.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In December 2020, Iran&rsquo;s Parliament passed the law demanding a suspension of some inspections if the USA failed to lift sanctions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Iran will <strong>stop the implementation of the voluntary measures</strong> as envisaged in the <strong>2015 nuclear deal,</strong> as of 23rd February 2021.</li>
<li>However, Iran will<strong> continue to implement</strong> fully and without limitation its <strong>Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement with the IAEA as before.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under <strong>a comprehensive safeguards agreement,</strong> the IAEA has the right and obligation to ensure that safeguards are applied on all nuclear material in the territory, jurisdiction or control of the State for the exclusive purpose of verifying that such material is not diverted to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>No access will be given to the IAEA beyond safeguards of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/50-years-of-nuclear-non-proliferation-treaty-npt#:~:text=The%20treaty%20institutionalised%20the%20non,Russia%2C%20the%20UK%2C%20France%20and" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Non-Proliferation Treaty</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Iran would <strong>deny the IAEA real-time access to footage from surveillance cameras</strong> installed at some sites and, if sanctions are not lifted within three months, delete it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the Deal:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It certainly seems likely to<strong> defuse a mounting sense of crisis surrounding Iran's nuclear activities</strong> and efforts to <strong>breathe new life into the 2015 nuclear deal.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>significantly reduces the impact of a new Iranian law,</strong> passed in 2020, which would have seriously hampered the IAEA's ability to do its work.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2015 Nuclear Deal:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2015, Iran with the<strong> P5+1</strong> group of world powers - the USA, UK, France, China, Russia, and Germany agreed on a long-term deal on its nuclear programme.</li>
<li>The deal was named as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iran-blocking-sites-access-iaea#:~:text=Iran%20Nuclear%20Program%20and%20JCPOA&amp;text=The%20deal%20was%20named%20as,parlance%20as%20Iran%20Nuclear%20Deal.&amp;text=The%20agreement%20allowed%20Iran%20to,reactor%20fuel%20and%20nuclear%20weapons." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)</strong></a> and in common parlance as Iran Nuclear Deal.</li>
<li>Under the deal, Iran agreed to curb its nuclear activity in return for the lifting of sanctions and access to global trade.</li>
<li>The agreement allowed Iran to accumulate small amounts of uranium for research but it <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iran-steps-up-uranium-enrichment#:~:text=The%20deal%20was%20named%20as,parlance%20as%20Iran%20Nuclear%20Deal.&amp;text=The%20agreement%20allowed%20Iran%20to,reactor%20fuel%20and%20nuclear%20weapons." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>banned the enrichment of uranium</strong></a>, which is used to make reactor fuel and nuclear weapons.</li>
<li>Iran was also required to <strong>redesign a heavy-water reactor</strong> being built, whose spent fuel could contain plutonium suitable for a bomb and to <strong>allow international inspections.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614079166_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614079166_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>USA Abandoning the Deal in 2018:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In May 2018, the USA abandoned the deal criticising it as flawed and reinstated and tightened its sanctions.</li>
<li>Since sanctions were tightened, Iran has been steadily breaking some of its commitments to pressure the remaining signatories to find a way to provide sanctions relief.</li>
<li>The USA held that it would attempt to force all countries to stop buying Iranian oil and put pressure on Iran to negotiate a new nuclear accord.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>IAEA&rsquo;s Stand:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2018, an International Atomic Energy Agency&rsquo;s report concluded that Iran&rsquo;s stockpile of uranium and heavy water, as well as its implementation of additional protocols, were &ldquo;in compliance&rdquo; with the agreement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Atomic Energy Agency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Widely known as the world&rsquo;s <strong>&ldquo;Atoms for Peace and Development&rdquo;</strong> organization within the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong> </a>family, the IAEA is the international centre for cooperation in the nuclear field.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IAEA was created in 1957 in response to the deep fears and expectations generated by the discoveries and diverse uses of nuclear technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarter:</strong> Vienna, Austria.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Agency works with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote safe, secure and peaceful use of nuclear technologies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2005, it was awarded the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/nobel-prize-2020#:~:text=The%202020%20Nobel%20Peace%20Prize,weapon%20of%20war%20and%20conflict." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Peace Prize</strong></a> for their work for a safe and peaceful world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an<strong> independent international organization</strong> that reports annually to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nation General Assembly.</strong></a></li>
<li>When necessary, the IAEA also reports to the UN Security Council in regards to instances of members&rsquo; non-compliance with safeguards and security obligations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/temporary-solution-found-ahead-of-iran-nuclear-deadline-iaea/article33898849.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
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	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'National Technology Awards 2020 ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A total of 12 companies have been selected for the National Technology Awards 2020 for successful commercialization of innovative indigenous technologies.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The awards are conferred by the <strong>Technology Development Board (TDB).</strong></li>
<li>Every year TDB seeks applications for prestigious National awards for commercialization of technologies under three categories -<strong> Indigenous technologies, MSME, and Startups.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Category 1: National Award For Successful Commercialization of Indigenous Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This award is given to an industrial concern which has successfully developed &amp; commercialized an indigenous technology.</li>
<li>In case, the technology developer / provider and the company commercializing the technology are two different organizations, each is eligible for award of Rs. 25 Lakh and a trophy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Category 2: National Award For MSMEs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The award of Rs. 15 lakhs each in this category is given to selected MSMEs that have successfully commercialized the product based on indigenous technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Category 3: National Award For Technology Start-ups:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This award is given to a technology start-up for promising new technology with potential for commercialization.</li>
<li>The award in addition to the trophy includes a cash award of Rs. 15 Lakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These awards conferred to various industries provide a platform of recognition to Indian industries and their technology provider, who have worked as a team, to bring innovation to the market and contributed to the vision of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>&ldquo;Atmanirbhar Bharat&rdquo;.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Technology Development Board</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Technology Development Board is a<strong> statutory body</strong> of the Government of India functioning under the<strong> Department of Science of Technology.</strong> It was established in 1996.</li>
<li>It provides financial assistance to companies working for commercialization of indigenous technologies and adaptation of imported technologies for domestic applications.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technology-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Technology Day (11<sup>th</sup> May)</strong></a> is organised every year by the TDB.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1699922"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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