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Proposals to Change in CITES Listing

India has submitted proposals regarding changes to the listing of the smooth-coated otter, small-clawed otter, Indian star tortoise, Tokay gecko,...

10 Aug 2019 News Analysis
International Day of Indigenous Peoples

International day of indigenous people is observed on August 9 every year, in order to raise awareness of the needs of indigenous people. The first...

10 Aug 2019 News Analysis
India in US list on Drug Transit

Recently, US designated India among about 20 major drug transit or illicit drug-producing countries. However, it also noted that a country’s...

10 Aug 2019 News Analysis
The Motor Vehicles Bill for Road Safety

This article is based on the “The new Motor Vehicles bill paves the way for safer roads” that appeared in The Hindu Business Line on...

09 Aug 2019 News Editorials
India’s Industrial Policy

For...

09 Aug 2019 Paper 3
New Procedure for Pending Angel Tax Cases

In a move to ease scrutiny of startups over the capital they have received from angel investors, Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) has recently...

09 Aug 2019 News Analysis
World Breastfeeding Week

The World Breastfeeding Week (WBW) has been observed from 1st to 7th August 2019. The Food and Nutrition Board, Ministry of Women and Child...

09 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Gujarat-Madhya Pradesh Tussle over the Narmada

Recently, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat have engaged in a tussle over the sharing of Narmada river waters. What is the Controversy? Madhya Pradesh...

09 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Climate Change and Land: IPCC’s Report

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) report on ‘Climate Change and Land’ reveals the relation between climate...

09 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Linking Farmers with Futures Market

The recent, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) study suggests the need to empower the Farmer Producer...

09 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Improvement in Sex Ratio at Birth

According to the fourth National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) 2015-16, the sex ratio at birth (SRB) in India has improved from 914 to 919. SRB is...

09 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Task Force on Offshore Rupee Markets

The Task Force on Offshore Rupee Markets, set up by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in February 2019 and chaired by Smt. Usha Thorat, former Deputy...

09 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Changes in the Prevention of Money Laundering Act

Recently, the Union government has issued a notification on certain changes in the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), which will further...

09 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Women Transforming India Awards

The Women Transforming India awards (4th edition) are being launched by NITI Aayog. The Women Transforming India awards are organized in...

09 Aug 2019 News Analysis
India’s Industrial Policy

Meaning Government action to influence the ownership & structure of the industry and its performance. It takes the form of paying...

09 Aug 2019 Paper 3
Man-Animal Conflict (MAC)

This article based on “The big picture on tigers” which appeared in The Hindu on 8 August 2019. It talks about increasing incidents of...

08 Aug 2019 News Editorials
Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has unveiled the draft Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for...

08 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Tardigrades

Microscopic Earthlings known as Tardigrades, likely survived a crash landing on the Moon surface by Israel's Beresheet probe in April,...

08 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Heracles Inexpectatus: Giant Extinct Parrot

The fossils of the largest ever parrot named Heracles Inexpectatus have been discovered in New Zealand. The 19 million years old fossils were...

08 Aug 2019 News Analysis
India: Second-largest Scrap Importer

India has emerged the world’s second-largest scrap importer of steel toppling South Korea. Scrap imports In India increased by 35% in the...

08 Aug 2019 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Proposals to Change in CITES Listing',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>India has submitted proposals regarding changes to the listing of the <strong>smooth-coated otter, small-clawed otter, Indian star tortoise, Tokay gecko, wedgefish and Indian rosewood</strong> in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a> secretariat meeting, scheduled in August 2019 in Geneva (Switzerland).</p>
<h3>Smooth-coated otter and Small-clawed otter</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Otters</a></strong> are found world over, except in Australia, New Zealand, Madagascar, and other oceanic islands.</li>
<li>India is home to 3 of the 13 species of otters found worldwide. These are - Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra); <strong>Smooth-coated Otter</strong> (Lutra perspicillata) and <strong>Small-clawed otter</strong> (Aonyx cinereus).</li>
<li>The Smooth-coated Otter is distributed throughout the country from the <strong>Himalayas southward.</strong></li>
<li>But the Common Otter and the Small-clawed Otter are <strong>restricted to the Himalayas, to the north of the Ganges and to southern India.</strong></li>
<li>These otters have generally been described as fish specialist.</li>
<li>Major threats to Asian otter population are <strong>loss of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/wetlands-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">wetland</a> habitats</strong> due to construction of large scale hydroelectric projects, conversion of wetlands for settlements and agriculture, reduction in prey biomass, poaching and contamination of waterways by pesticides.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</strong></a> has listed these otters under the <strong>vulnerable category.</strong></li>
<li>India, Nepal and the Philippines have proposed that the listing of these otters should be <strong>moved from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/598Image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/598Image5.jpg" width="478" height="247" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Indian star tortoise</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-9th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian star tortoise</strong></a> is found across the Indian sub-continent, more specifically, in the Central and Southern parts of India, in West Pakistan and in Sri Lanka.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/822Image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/822Image2.jpg" width="199" height="176" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>Star Tortoises are protected under <strong>Schedule IV of Wild Life Protection Act, 1972</strong> and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora.</li>
<li>The IUCN has listed it under the vulnerable category.</li>
<li>The species faces two threats: <strong>loss of habitat to agriculture and illegal harvesting</strong> for the pet trade.</li>
<li>India is among the parties proposing the re-listing of the star tortoise<strong> from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Tokay gecko</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Tokay Gecko or <strong>Gekko gecko</strong> is one of the largest geckos (Lizard) in the country and the world.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/779image10.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/779image10.jpg" style="float: right;" width="164" height="119" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>This is a <strong>nocturnal arboreal gecko,</strong> ranging from northeast India, Nepal and Bangladesh, throughout Southeast Asia.</li>
<li>Occurring in the <strong>rainforests,</strong> it is primarily a tree-dweller.</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s use as a<strong> traditional Asian medicine</strong> &mdash;everything from energy drinks to treatments for diabetes, cancer, and HIV/AIDS (there is <strong>no proof of efficacy</strong> in any of these uses), make it prone to illegal trade across borders.</li>
<li>The <strong>IUCN has listed it under Least Concern category.</strong></li>
<li>India has proposed it&rsquo;s listing should be <strong>moved from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Wedgefish</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Wedgefish are <strong>shallow water coastal species,</strong> found in northern Indian Ocean and northwestern Pacific Ocean.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/291image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/291image6.jpg" style="float: right;" width="196" height="122" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>Alongwith giant <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">guitarfishes</a></strong>, they are collectively known as <strong>Rhino Rays</strong> because of their elongated snouts.</li>
<li>They have been listed as the <strong>&lsquo;most imperilled marine fish families in the world&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The main drivers of the decline are the <strong>loss of free flowing rivers and increasing agricultural and urban pollution.</strong></li>
<li>The IUCN has listed it under <strong>vulnerable category.</strong></li>
<li>Indian proposed to <strong>include Wedgefish in Appendix II of CITES.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian rosewood</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>deciduous rosewood tree</strong> native to the Indian subcontinent, also grown in Nigeria, Kenya, Vietnam, the Philippines, and other parts of tropical Africa.</li>
<li>It is used for <strong>making furniture, plywood,</strong> and decorative wood products.</li>
<li>The species grows at a very fast rate and has the capacity to become naturalised outside its native range, it is<strong> invasive</strong> in other parts of the world as well.</li>
<li>India has proposed to <strong>remove rosewood from Appendix II of CITES.</strong></li>
<li>Its IUCN Red List status is <strong>&lsquo;vulnerable&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>CITES Appendices</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Appendices I, II and III to the Convention are lists of species afforded different levels or types of protection from over-exploitation.</li>
<li><strong>Appendix I</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It lists species that are the <strong>most endangered</strong> among CITES-listed animals and plants.</li>
<li>Examples include gorillas, sea turtles, most lady slipper orchids, and giant pandas. Currently 931 species are listed.</li>
<li>They are <strong>threatened with extinction</strong> and CITES <strong>prohibits international trade</strong> in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial, for instance for scientific research.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Appendix II</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It lists species that are <strong>not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled.</strong></li>
<li>International trade in specimens of Appendix-II species may be authorized by the granting of an export permit or re-export certificate.</li>
<li>No import permit is necessary for these species under CITES (although a permit is needed in some countries that have taken stricter measures than CITES requires).</li>
<li>Permits or certificates should only be granted if the relevant authorities are satisfied that certain conditions are met, above all that trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Appendix III</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a list of species <strong>included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species</strong> and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation.</li>
<li>Examples include map turtles, walruses and Cape stag beetles. Currently 147 species are listed.</li>
<li>International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only on presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Species may be added to or removed from Appendix I and II, or moved between them, only by the Conference of the Parties.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, species may be added to or removed from Appendix III at any time and by any Party unilaterally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/833image8.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/833image8.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="557" height="268" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/indian-seeks-change-of-status-of-several-species-like-star-tortoise-otters-in-cites/article28917079.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'International Day of Indigenous Peoples',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>International day of indigenous people is observed on August 9 every year, in order to raise awareness of the needs of indigenous people. The first meeting of the <strong>UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations</strong> was held in Geneva in 1982.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>theme of 2019</strong> is <strong>Indigenous People&rsquo;s Languages</strong> in view of 2019 being marked as the <strong>International Year of Indigenous Languages</strong> by the United Nations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Day of Indigenous Peoples in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On International day of indigenous people, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khadi and Village Industry Commission (KVIC)</strong></a> has launched a new programme <strong>&lsquo;Leather Mission&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It has distributed as many as 50 leather kits and 350 Bee-Boxes with live bee colonies in tribal-dominated village in Sirohi district of Rajasthan, one of the <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/NITI-AAYOG-2018-transformation-of-aspirational-districts-baseline-ranking-and-real-time-monitoring-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>aspirational districts</strong></a> in India identified by the NITI Aayog.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indigenous people</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They are inheritors and practitioners of unique cultures and ways of relating to people and the environment.</li>
<li>They have retained social, cultural, economic and political characteristics that are distinct from those of the dominant societies in which they live. Despite their cultural differences, indigenous peoples from around the world share common problems related to the protection of their rights as distinct peoples.</li>
<li>The indigenous people in the world make up less than 5 percent of the total population, but fall in the 15 percent of the poorest, according to the UN website. They represent as many as 5,000 different cultures.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>International Year of Indigenous Languages</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Languages play a crucially important role in the daily lives of all people. They are pivotal in the areas of human rights protection, peace building and sustainable development, through ensuring cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, despite their immense value, languages around the world continue to disappear at an alarming rate due to a variety of factors. Many of them are indigenous languages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Indigenous languages in particular are a significant factor in a wide range of other indigenous issues, notably education, scientific and technological development, the biosphere and the environment, freedom of expression, employment and social inclusion.</li>
<li>The <strong>International Year of Indigenous Languages</strong> is a United Nations observance in 2019. It aims to raise awareness of the consequences of the endangerment of indigenous languages across the world, with an aim to establish a link between language, development, peace, and reconciliation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/6-of-the-worlds-languages-are-spoken-in-india/article28851168.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH,</a></strong><a href="https://www.un.org/en/events/indigenousday/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UN</a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'India in US list on Drug Transit',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, US designated India among about 20 major drug transit or illicit drug-producing countries.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, it also noted that a country&rsquo;s presence on the list is not necessarily a reflection of its government&rsquo;s counter-narcotic efforts.</li>
<li>Apart from India, the countries identified in the list are Afghanistan, The Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Burma, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Laos, Mexico, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Peru and Venezuela.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/912image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/912image4.jpg" width="613" height="290" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are a combination of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-fighting-drug-menace" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>geographic, commercial, and economic factors</strong></a> that allow drugs to transit or be produced, even if the government has engaged in robust and diligent narcotics control measures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, India is in the middle of two major illicit opium production region in the world the Golden Crescent (Iran-Afghanistan-Pakistan) in the west and the Golden Triangle (South-East Asia) in the east.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/386image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/386image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="565" height="160" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-in-us-list-on-drug-transit/story-k38UkOlpMQ8C9JPDvTPx7K.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:HT</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-in-us-list-on-drug-transit'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'The Motor Vehicles Bill for Road Safety',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on the <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/editorial/the-new-motor-vehicles-bill-paves-the-way-for-safer-roads/article28917169.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The new Motor Vehicles bill paves the way for safer roads&rdquo;</strong></a> that appeared in The Hindu Business Line on 8<sup>th</sup> August. It talks about the provisions of the <strong>Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill, 2019</strong> and their utility in making India&rsquo;s Road safer.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><em><strong>India sees more than five lakh road accidents a year leading to 1.5 lakh deaths.</strong> </em>According to the Union Transport Minister, this could come down by half if the provisions of this Bill are implemented.</li>
<li>The <strong>Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill, 2019</strong> is based on the recommendations of the Group of Transport Ministers (GoM) of States constituted by the Ministry of Road Transport &amp; Highways to address the issue of road safety and to improve the access of the citizens while dealing with transport departments.</li>
<li>The <strong>amendments</strong> in the Bill mainly focus on issues relating to improving road safety, citizens&rsquo; facilitation while dealing with the transport department, strengthening rural transport, last mile connectivity and public transport, automation and computerization and enabling online services.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Features of the bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Road safety:</strong> Bill proposes to <strong>increase penalties</strong> to act as a deterrent against traffic violations.</li>
<li><strong>Compensation for road accident victims:</strong> Cashless treatment of road accident victims during the golden hour (first 1 hour after accident). The minimum compensation for death or grievous injury due to hit and run has been moved up substantially to ₹2 lakh and ₹50,000, respectively.</li>
<li><strong>Road Safety Board:</strong> The Bill provides for a National Road Safety Board, to be created by the central government through a notification. The Board will advise the central and state governments on all aspects of road safety and traffic management.</li>
<li><strong>Protection of Good Samaritan:</strong> To help road accident victims, Good Samaritan guidelines have been incorporated in the Bill. They will not be liable for any civil or criminal action for any injury to or death of an accident victim, caused due to their negligence in providing assistance to the victim.</li>
<li><strong>Motor Vehicle Accident Fund:</strong> The Bill requires the central government to constitute a Motor Vehicle Accident Fund, to provide compulsory insurance cover to all road users in India.</li>
<li><strong>Third-party insurance</strong> terms are friendlier with no cap on liability of insurers and quicker claims processing.</li>
<li>To <strong>reduce scope for manipulation and corruption</strong> in transport departments, vehicle fitness tests will be automated and driving tests, computerised. Also, the driver training process for commercial driving will be strengthened and more training schools set up.</li>
<li><strong>Recall of vehicles:</strong> The Bill allows the central government to order for recall of motor vehicles if a defect in the vehicle may cause damage to the environment, or the driver, or other road users.</li>
<li><strong>National Transportation Policy:</strong> The central government may develop a National Transportation Policy, in consultation with state governments.</li>
<li><strong>Taxi aggregators:</strong> The Bill defines aggregators as digital intermediaries or market places which can be used by passengers to connect with a driver for transportation purposes (taxi services). These aggregators will be issued licenses by state. Further, they must <strong>comply with the Information Technology Act, 2000.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues and challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There will be implementation challenges at all-India level.</li>
<li>Road transport being a subject on the <strong>Concurrent List,</strong> State governments are also free to make their own laws and rules. Some states feel that the amendment infringes upon the rights of the states.</li>
<li>For effective monitoring of traffic violations and accidents and ensuring that the perpetrators don&rsquo;t go scot-free, <strong>electronic surveillance</strong> is essential that needs installation of CCTVs, Speed guns, and other equipments.This could involve substantial investment, and it is not clear who will bear the cost.</li>
<li>Laxity of vehicle-manufacturers in implementing safety features is also a concern.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Road safety Initiatives in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ministry of Road Transport and highways took several steps in the past to improve road safety:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><em>National Road Safety Policy</em> outlines various policy measures such as promoting awareness, establishing road safety information database, encouraging safer road infrastructure including application of intelligent transport, enforcement of safety laws etc.</li>
<li><em><strong>National Road Safety Council</strong></em> as the apex body to take policy decisions in matters of road safety.</li>
<li>A <strong>dashboard for road accident data,</strong> through which people can access related data and other information both state-wise and the national averages, has been introduced.</li>
<li>Comic books <em><strong>Swachha Safar</strong></em> and <em><strong>Surakshit Yatra</strong></em> have been been released, with an aim to create awareness among children about road safety.</li>
<li><strong>VAHAN</strong> (an ICT-based solution for vehicle registration) and <strong>SARATHI</strong> (for licencing) app to curb malpractices in issuing licences and vehicle registration.</li>
<li><strong>Setu Bharatam programme</strong> to make all national highways free of railway crossings by 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tamil Nadu model of integrated data-driven road safety initiatives:</strong> the Supreme Court-appointed three-member road safety committee led by <strong>Justice (retd) KS Radhakrishnan</strong> praised Tamil Nadu&rsquo;s efforts in reducing fatalities in road accidents. NCRB data reveals that road accident deaths in TN came down in 2018 by 24.39%, the biggest decrease recorded in the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Strict and effective enforcement of the amended rules in Motor Vehicle Act would surely help in curbing road-accident related deaths in India.</li>
<li>The central and state governments should work out proper plans to effectively implement the rules.</li>
<li>State governments should ensure transparency and provide a hassle-free experience for citizens at the Regional Transport Offices.</li>
<li>Vehicle manufacturers should update their technologies and adopt the best global practices regarding vehicles&rsquo; and passengers&rsquo; safety.</li>
<li>Simultaneously, the rise of Internet of Things-enabled, connected cars in India, which international auto majors are heavily investing in currently, can give a digital edge to road safety. With an array of embedded sensors informing drivers of other on-road cars, onboard analytics can give them real-time driving suggestions to avoid collisions.</li>
<li>The unprecedented pace of construction and infrastructure improvement is one more link in the journey to safer roads.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" height="83">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; background-color: #e3ffe0; border-color: #ff0000;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></span><br /><br />"Recently the government had introduced the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill 2019, with special focus on road safety. Critically examine if it will be able to address the issue of road safety in India?&rdquo;</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-motor-vehicles-bill-for-road-safety'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'India’s Industrial Policy',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/504India&rsquo;s%20Industrial Policy (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/504India&rsquo;s Industrial Policy (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.jpg" width="410" height="1383" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/india-s-industrial-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/indias-industrial-policy-mind-map'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'New Procedure for Pending Angel Tax Cases',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>In a move to <strong>ease scrutiny of startups</strong> over the capital they have received from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/timely-review-on-start-up-tax" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>angel investors</strong></a>, <strong>Central Board of Direct Taxes</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-4th-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(CBDT)</strong></a> has recently laid out a procedure to address <strong>pending angel tax assessments.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The procedure has followed the announcement made by the Finance Minister in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-budget-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Budget 2019-20.</strong></a> The Finance Minister proposed a host of incentives, including a <strong>special arrangement</strong> for <strong>resolution</strong> of pending assessments of income tax cases, with a view to <strong>encouraging startups.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>New Procedure</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>No verification will be done by an assessing officer if a startup has been recognised by the <strong>Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dipp-renamed-as-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(DPIIT)</a></strong> and the case is selected under <strong>limited scrutiny.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In case the startup has not received DPIIT approval, officers are only allowed to carry out any inquiry or verification only after obtaining <strong>approval of his/her supervisory officer.</strong></li>
<li>In the event that a startup is recognised by DPIIT, but the assessing officers are scrutinising it for <strong>multiple issues,</strong> the officials cannot pursue scrutiny under an <strong>anti-evasion provision</strong> of the Income Tax Act, 1961, in its assessment proceedings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Section 56(2)(vii)(b)</strong> of the Income Tax Act,1961 deals with the taxation of share premiums received in excess of the fair market value and has been used in the past to serve demand notices to startups over the angel capital they have raised.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;"></ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The applicability of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/timely-review-on-start-up-tax" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>angel tax</strong></a> would not be pursued during the assessment proceedings and inquiry or verification with regard to other issues in such cases shall be carried out by the assessing officer <strong>only after obtaining approval of his/her supervisory officer.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps Taken by Indian Government Against Tax terrorism</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to reduce the long pending grievances of taxpayers and to minimise litigations pertaining to tax matters, Government of India in July 2018, has decided to increase the threshold monetary limits for filing Departmental Appeals at various levels.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/redesigning-india-s-fiscal-federalism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Goods and Services Tax</strong></a> has been introduced.</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code</strong></a> has been implemented.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aaykar-diwas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Kardaata e-Sahyog Abhiyaan&rdquo;</a> </strong>has been launched by CBDT etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/startups/relief-for-startups-cbdt-lays-down-procedure-for-pending-angel-tax-cases-5890523/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-procedure-for-pending-angel-tax-cases'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'World Breastfeeding Week',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The World Breastfeeding Week (WBW) has been observed from 1st to 7th August 2019. The Food and Nutrition Board, Ministry of Women and Child Development, has organized a number of activities on the theme <strong>&ldquo;Empower Parents, Enable Breastfeeding&rdquo;</strong>. The focus is on protection, promotion, and support of breastfeeding.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The objectives of World Breastfeeding Week are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To create awareness among the parents about breastfeeding</li>
<li>Encourage parents to adopt breastfeeding</li>
<li>Creating awareness about the importance of initiation and exclusive breastfeeding, and adequate &amp; appropriate complementary feeding</li>
<li>Providing advocacy material about the importance of breastfeeding</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Importance of Breastfeeding<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It promotes <strong>better health</strong> for mothers and children alike</li>
<li>It <strong>prevents infections</strong> like diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections in early infancy and thus reduce infant mortality</li>
<li>It <strong>decreases the risk of mothers developing breast cancer</strong>, ovarian cancer, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease and</li>
<li>It <strong>protects infants from obesity-related illnesses,</strong> diabetes and increases the IQ.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>MAA - "Mothers Absolute Affection"</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a nationwide programme of the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong> to promote breastfeeding and provision of counselling services for supporting breastfeeding through health systems.</li>
<li>The programme has been named &lsquo;MAA&rsquo; to signify the support a lactating mother requires from family members and at health facilities to breastfeed successfully.</li>
<li>The following are the <strong>objectives of the Programme</strong> in order to achieve the above mentioned goal:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Build an enabling environment for breastfeeding through awareness generation activities, targeting pregnant and lactating mothers, family members and society in order to promote optimal breastfeeding practices.</li>
<li>Breastfeeding to be positioned as an important intervention for child survival and development.</li>
<li>Reinforce lactation support services at public health facilities through trained healthcare providers and through skilled community health workers.</li>
<li>To incentivize and recognize those health facilities that show high rates of breastfeeding along with processes in place for lactation management.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Vatsalya &ndash; Maatri Amrit Kosh&rsquo;,</strong> a National Human Milk Bank and Lactation Counselling Centre has been established at the Lady Hardinge Medical College (LHMC), Delhi. It has been established in collaboration with the Norwegian government, Oslo University and Norway India Partnership Initiative (NIPI).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192549" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: PIB</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-breastfeeding-week'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Gujarat-Madhya Pradesh Tussle over the Narmada',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat have engaged in a tussle over the sharing of Narmada river waters.</p>
<h3>What is the Controversy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Madhya Pradesh has <strong>threatened to restrict the flow of water into the Sardar Sarovar Dam</strong>, located in Gujarat.</li>
<li>The Sardar Sarovar Project<strong> includes two powerhouses,</strong> the River Bed Power House (RBPH; 1,200 MW) and the Canal Head Power House (250 MW).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Power is shared among Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat in a 57:27:16 ratio.</li>
<li>The RBPH has been shut since 2017, Gujarat has sought that generation should not start until the water reaches the full reservoir level (FRL).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Gujarat&rsquo;s view is that its share of 9 MAF (million-acre feet)<strong> water in a normal monsoon year is insufficient to generate power</strong> as drinking water and irrigation are priorities.</li>
<li>Gujarat has also argued that <strong>reaching the FRL is necessary</strong> for testing whether the increased height of the dam can withstand the thrust at that level.</li>
<li>In light of this Narmada Control Authority has granted the permission<strong> not to start generation at a powerhouse until the dam fills to its full level.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh is discontented by frequent power outages</strong> and has refused to release the surplus share for power generation and to allow the dam to be tested at FRL.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sardar Sarovar Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) is a <strong>gravity dam</strong> on the Narmada River crossing Gujarat in India.</li>
<li><strong>It involves a series of large irrigation and hydroelectric multi-purpose dams.</strong></li>
<li>The project <strong>took form in 1979</strong> as part of a development scheme to increase irrigation and produce hydroelectricity.</li>
<li>The hydroelectric power of the SSP is to be <strong>shared by the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh</strong>; the irrigation benefits would accrue to the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/719image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/719image3.jpg" width="503" height="303" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-gujarat-mp-arguing-over-narmada-water-hydro-power-5890515/">Source: IE</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gujarat-madhya-pradesh-tussle-over-the-narmada'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Climate Change and Land: IPCC’s Report',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-warming-of-1-5-c-ipcc-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change&rsquo;s (IPCC)</a> report on &lsquo;Climate Change and Land&rsquo; reveals the relation between climate change and land use pattern.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the first time that the IPCC, has focused its attention solely on the land sector.</li>
<li>The report focuses on the contribution of land-related activities to global warming i.e how the different uses of land, like agriculture, industry, forestry, cattle-rearing, and urbanisation, was affecting <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greenhouse-gas-levels-reach-record-highs-un-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">emission of greenhouse gases</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/578image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/578image2.jpg" width="676" height="349" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Climate Change and Land degradation:</strong> <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-biodiversity-warning-bells" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Land degradation</a> is linked to several climate variables, such as temperature, precipitation, wind, and seasonality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reduced Photosynthesis:</strong> Extreme <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/heat-is-an-invisible-climate-risk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">heat</a> events can reduce photosynthesis in trees, restrict growth rates of leaves and reduce the growth of the whole tree.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In regions where plants decline, land degradation is expected to occur as vegetation provides a vital safeguard against erosion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Aridity:</strong> global warming will exacerbate heat stress thereby increasing deficits in soil moisture that in turn will increase the rate of drying/ aridity.</li>
<li><strong>Rainfall and Flooding:</strong> as a consequence of climate change can also delay planting, increase soil compaction, and cause crop losses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Land Degradation</strong></p>
<p>IPCC report defines land degradation as a negative trend in land condition, caused by direct or indirect human-induced processes including anthropogenic climate change, expressed as long-term reduction or loss of at least one of the following: biological productivity, ecological integrity, or value to humans.&nbsp;</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, report states that some aspects of climate change can improve the condition of the land like CO2 fertilisation, where higher levels of CO2 in the atmosphere increase plant growth.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>How Does the Land contribute to Climate Change:</strong> Land acts as both the source as well as a sink of carbon thereby, large scale land-use changes like deforestation or urbanisation, or even a change in cropping pattern, have a direct impact on the overall emissions of greenhouse gases.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/238image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/238image7.jpg" width="409" height="382" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Carbon Source:</strong> Land-based activities such as agriculture and forestry are sources of greenhouse gas emissions hence act as carbon source.</li>
<li><strong>Carbon Sink:</strong> Soil, trees and vegetation absorb carbon dioxide, thus act as carbon sinks.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Climate Change and Desertification:</strong> The IPCC land report defines desertification as land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas, collectively known as drylands, resulting from many factors, including human activities and climatic variations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to report risks from desertification are projected to increase due to climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/909image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/909image5.jpg" width="520" height="375" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The decline in vegetation can leave the soil more at risk of erosion, increasing the likelihood of sand and dust storms that in turn would tend to decrease precipitation in the local climate, thus further reinforcing desertification.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Impacts of Climate Change-driven Land Degradation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Poverty:</strong> Report states that climate change is frequently noted as a risk multiplier for both land degradation and poverty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/245image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/245image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="640" height="632" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Migration:</strong> Climate-related land degradation and migration are directly linked to each other.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When people are pushed into poverty or have their livelihoods stripped as a result of changes in their environment, one adaptation option is to move to another area and this can be internally or across borders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Climate Change and Food Security:</strong> Climate change is affecting food security through increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and greater frequency of some extreme events.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Agricultural Production:</strong> Increasing temperatures are affecting agricultural productivity in higher latitudes, raising yields of some crops (maize, cotton, wheat, sugar beets), while yields of others (maize, wheat, barley) are declining in lower-latitude regions.</li>
<li><strong>Nutritional Quality:</strong> Increased atmospheric CO2 levels can lower the nutritional quality of crops.</li>
<li><strong>Livestock Production:</strong> Future climate change could affect livestock production.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An increase in desertification and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heat-wave-warning" target="_blank" rel="noopener">heatwaves</a> could have a direct impact on animal morbidity, mortality and distress that in turn could adversely affect the food security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Higher Prices:</strong> Report states that cereal prices could increase by 1-29% by 2050 as a result of climate change, leading to higher food prices and increased risk of food insecurity and hunger</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-food-supply-risk-climate-change-un-report-ipcc-5890160/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-change-and-land-ipcc-report'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Linking Farmers with Futures Market',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The recent, <strong>Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)</strong> study suggests the need to empower the Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) to trade in the commodities <strong>futures market</strong>.</p>
<h3>Farmer Producer Organisation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The concept of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener">'Farmer Producer Organizations (FPO)'</a> consists of <strong>collectivization of producers, especially small and marginal farmers</strong> so as to form an effective alliance to collectively <strong>address many challenges of agriculture</strong> such as improved access to investment, technology, inputs, and markets.</li>
<li>An FPO is <strong>a legal entity formed by primary producers</strong>, viz. farmers, milk producers, fishermen, weavers, rural artisans, craftsmen.</li>
<li>The FPO can be a production company, a cooperative society or any other legal form which provides for sharing of benefits among the members. In some forms like producer companies, institutions of primary producers can also become a member of PO.</li>
<li>The FPOs are generally mobilized by promoting institutions/ resource agencies (RAs). <strong>Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) provides support for the promotion of FPOs.</strong></li>
<li>The resource agencies leverage the support available from governments and agencies like NABARD to promote and nurture FPOs, but attempting an assembly line for mass production of FPOs has not given the desired results.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Future Market</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Futures contracts are used as hedging instruments in agricultural commodities. Hedging is a common practice that insures the farmer against a poor harvest by purchasing futures contracts in the same commodity.</li>
<li><strong>Forward Markets Commission (FMC)</strong> was a regulatory authority for commodity futures market in India. <strong>Forward Markets Commission (FMC) has been merged with</strong> Securities and Exchange Board of India <strong>(SEBI) with effect from September 28, 2015</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Future Trading in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The first futures trade by an Indian FPO took place in 2014 when the Ram Rahim Pragati Producer Company &ndash; an enterprise started by 3,000 women belonging to self-help groups in a tribal area of Madhya Pradesh &ndash; hedged soyabean price risk on the <strong>National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX)</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Between April 2016, when NCDEX began making formal efforts to directly engage with FPOs, and May 2018, FPOs had a miniscule 0.004% share of the agri-futures trade at NCDEX. More than half of the FPO futures trade of ₹50.8 crore was in soybeans, while another third was in maize. <strong>Bihar, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh account for 92% of the trade.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons:</strong> The Small farmers often hesitate to trade in the futures market due to their limited capacity as individuals. Future market is viewed with suspicion and termed as gambling. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Instead, they depend on traders in traditional marketing channels who charge high commissions, but provide easy access to credit and market.</li>
<li>However, FPOs, as aggregates of small farmers, can provide the scale of production needed if they receive sufficient information and support.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commodities and Derivatives Exchange</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Commodities and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) is an online commodities exchange dealing primarily in agricultural commodities in India.</li>
<li>It is a public limited company, established on 23 April 2003 under the Companies Act, 1956.</li>
<li>The exchange was founded by some of India's leading financial institutions such as ICICI Bank Limited, the National Stock Exchange of India and the National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development, among others.</li>
<li>NCDEX is located in Mumbai but has offices across the country to facilitate trade. Trading is done on 27 commodity contracts as of March 2018. These include 25 contracts for agricultural products. NCDEX is run by an independent board of directors with no direct interest in agriculture.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Benefits of Future Market</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Efficient Price Discovery for Farmers:</strong> Linking farmers with futures market can be mutually beneficial to both. Farmers, when linked with a consistent, liquid and deep futures market will be able to reap the benefits of efficient price discovery.</li>
<li><strong>More Liquidity to Market:</strong> Higher farmer participation will provide more liquidity to the market, helping it achieve its objective of price discovery.</li>
<li><strong>Removing Middlemen:</strong> The trading in <strong>futures market</strong> will help farmers make their cropping decisions based on next year&rsquo;s prices rather than last year&rsquo;s rates, as well as break the crippling hold of middlemen and traders and ultimately boost income for agricultural families.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Learning from the example of China, where the state has helped small land holding farmers by providing customised products and reducing price distortions, the <strong>Government of India should have limited intervention in prices and procurement of commodities</strong>.</li>
<li>The government needs to identify production centres and build warehouses and delivery centres around them in order to encourage futures trading in these areas.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/linking-farmers-with-futures-market-can-benefit-both/article28919062.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/linking-farmers-with-futures-market'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Improvement in Sex Ratio at Birth',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to the fourth National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) 2015-16, the sex ratio at birth (SRB) in India has improved from 914 to 919.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SRB is defined as the number of female births per 1,000 male births.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/414image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/414image1.jpg" width="158" height="226" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li>Survey held that <strong>the highest improvement in SRB was noted in Punjab at 126</strong> points, but its SRB remained at 860 (one of the lowest SRB in the states).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This success can be attributed to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-25th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) Scheme</a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Despite the North-Eastern societies traditionally being matriarchal, the sharpest decline was in Sikkim, where the SRB dropped 175 points to reach 809, the lowest among all states in 2015-16.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Next, to Sikkim, the five states with the highest declines included four more from the Northeast.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/280image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/280image6.jpg" width="422" height="387" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sex-ratio-at-birth-kerala-on-top-northeast-states-show-decline-5890615/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/improvement-in-sex-ratio-at-birth'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Task Force on Offshore Rupee Markets',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-1st-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Task Force on Offshore Rupee Markets,</strong></a> set up by the <strong>Reserve Bank of India <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(RBI)</a></strong> in February 2019 and chaired by <strong>Smt. Usha Thorat</strong>, former Deputy Governor, RBI, submitted its report to the Governor recently.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>The Task Force was set up to examine the issues relating to the <strong>offshore Rupee markets</strong> and recommend appropriate <strong>policy measures</strong> while factoring in the requirement of ensuring <strong>stability of the external value of the Rupee</strong> including <strong>measures for incentivising <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-diaspora" target="_blank" rel="noopener">non-residents</a></strong> to access the onshore foreign exchange market.</p>
</div>
<h3>Key Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian banks should not be allowed to deal in the offshore rupee derivative market &mdash; or <strong>Non-Deliverable Forward (NDF) markets &mdash;</strong> for the present.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The onshore rupee derivatives market is currently more deep and liquid as compared to the offshore rupee market and participation of the Indian banks in the offshore market might, over time, take away this advantage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NDF</strong> is a foreign exchange derivatives contract whereby two parties agree to exchange cash at a given spot rate on a future date. The contract is settled in a widely traded currency, such as the US dollar, rather than the original currency.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Extension of onshore market hours</strong> to improve access of overseas users and permit Indian banks to freely offer prices to global clients around the clock.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Banks should be allowed to freely offer prices to non-residents at all times either by a domestic sales team or by using staff located at overseas branches.</li>
<li>Also, wide access to the forex-retail trading platform to non-residents would be a major incentive to use the onshore market.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Enabling rupee derivatives (settled in foreign currency) to be traded in the <strong>International Financial Services Centers <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-financial-services-centres-authority-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(IFSC)</a></strong> in India.</li>
<li>To allow users to undertake <strong>forex transactions up to USD 100 million in over the counter (OTC) currency derivative market</strong> without the need to establish underlying exposure (security that must be delivered when a derivative contract is exercised).</li>
<li>To <strong>facilitate non-residents</strong> to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-eases-hedging-norms-for-external-commercial-borrowings" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>hedge</strong></a> their foreign exchange exposure onshore by:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Establishing a <strong>central clearing and settlement mechanism</strong> for non-resident transactions in the onshore market;</li>
<li>Implementing <strong>margin requirements</strong> for non-centrally cleared OTC derivatives and allowing Indian banks to post margins abroad;</li>
<li><strong>Aligning the tax treatment</strong> of foreign exchange derivatives with that in major international centres; and</li>
<li><strong>Centralising the KYC requirements</strong> across financial markets with uniform documentation requirement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>&lsquo;Onshore&rsquo; currencies simply mean buying the currencies locally, whereas &lsquo;offshore&rsquo; currencies mean buying the currencies outside the national boundaries</p>
</div>
<h3>Currency derivatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are <strong>exchange-based futures and options contracts</strong> that allow one to hedge against currency movements.</li>
<li>In simple words, one can use a currency future contract to exchange one currency for another at a future date at a price decided on the day of the purchase of the contract.</li>
<li>In India, one can use such derivative contracts to hedge against currencies like Dollar, Euro, U.K. pound and Yen.</li>
<li>While all such currency contracts are cash-settled in rupees, the Securities and Exchange Board of India <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(SEBI)</strong></a>, in July 2018, gave a go-ahead to start cross currency contracts on euro-dollar, pound-dollar and dollar-yen.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Trade in currency derivatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The two national-level stock exchanges, (Bombay Stock Exchange) BSE and the (National Stock Exchange) NSE, have currency derivatives segments.</li>
<li>One can trade in currency derivatives through brokers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Over the Counter (OTC) Market</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Prior to the introduction of currency derivatives on exchanges, there was only the OTC &ndash; over the counter &ndash; market to hedge currency risks and where forward contracts were negotiated and entered into.</li>
<li>It was kind of an <strong>opaque and closed market</strong> where mostly banks and financial institutions traded.</li>
<li>Exchange-based currency derivatives segment is a <strong>regulated and transparent market</strong> that can be used by small businesses and even individuals to hedge their currency risks.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/rbi-task-force-against-indian-banks-dealing-in-offshore-ndf-rupee-market-5890557/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/task-force-on-offshore-rupee-markets'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Changes in the Prevention of Money Laundering Act',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Union government has issued a notification on certain changes in the <strong>Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA)</strong>, which will further empower the Enforcement Directorate (ED) in tackling the cases of Money Laundering.</p>
<h3>What are the proposed amendments?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The amendment seeks to treat <strong>money laundering as a stand-alone crime.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Till now Money Laundering was not an independent crime; rather depended on another crime, known as the <strong>'predicate offence'</strong> or 'scheduled offence', the proceeds of which are made the subject matter of crime of money laundering.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also <strong>expands the ambit of &ldquo;proceeds of crime&rdquo;</strong> to those properties which &ldquo;may directly or indirectly be derived or obtained as a result of any criminal activity relatable to the scheduled offence.</li>
<li>The most crucial amendments are the <strong>deletion of provisions</strong> in sub-sections (1) of Section 17 (Search and Seizure) and Section 18 (Search of Persons).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These provisions required the pre-requisite of an FIR or charge sheet by other agencies that are authorised to probe the offences listed in the PMLA schedule.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>An explanation is added to Section 45 that clarifies that all <strong>PMLA offences will be cognisable and non-bailable.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Therefore, ED will be empowered to arrest an accused without a warrant, subject to certain conditions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Another vital amendment makes concealment of proceeds of crime, possession, acquisition, use, projecting as untainted money, or claiming as untainted property as independent and complete offences under the Act.</li>
<li>Section 72 will now give power to the Centre to set up an <strong>Inter-Ministerial Coordination Committee</strong> for inter-departmental and inter-agency coordination for operational and policy level cooperation, for consultation on anti-money laundering and counter-terror funding initiatives.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is Money Laundering?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Money laundering is the process of making large amounts of money generated by criminal activity, such as drug trafficking or terrorist funding, appear to have come from a legitimate source.</strong></li>
<li>Criminal activities like illegal arms sales, smuggling, drug trafficking and prostitution rings, insider trading, bribery and computer fraud schemes produce large profits.</li>
<li>Thereby it creates the incentive for money launderer to "legitimize" the ill-gotten gains through money laundering.</li>
<li>The money so generated is called 'dirty money' and <strong>money laundering is the process of conversion of 'dirty money', to make it appear as 'legitimate' money.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>How does Money Laundering take place?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Money laundering is a three-stage process :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Placement:</strong> The first stage is when the crime money is injected into the formal financial system.</li>
<li><strong>Layering:</strong> In the second stage, money injected into the system is layered and spread over various transactions with a view to obfuscate the tainted origin of the money.</li>
<li><strong>Integration:</strong> In the third and the final stage, money enters the financial system in such a way that original association with the crime is sought to be wiped out and the money can then be used by the offender as clean money.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bulk Cash Smuggling, Cash Intensive Businesses, Trade-based laundering, Shell companies and trusts, Round-tripping, Bank Capture, Gambling, Real Estate, Black Salaries, Fictional Loans, Hawala, False invoicing are some of the common methods of Money Laundering.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The legal framework in India to deal with Money Laundering</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, the specific legislation dealing with money laundering is the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act((PMLA), 2002</li>
<li>The law was enacted to combat money laundering in India and has three main objectives :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To prevent and control money laundering.</li>
<li>To provide for confiscation and seizure of property obtained from laundered money.</li>
<li>To deal with any other issue connected with money-laundering in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Under the PMLA Act, the Enforcement Directorate is empowered to conduct a Money Laundering investigation.</strong></li>
<li>Apart from the provisions of PMLA, there are other specialised provisions such as RBI/SEBI/IRDA anti-money laundering regulations</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Enforcement Directorate</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Directorate of Enforcement is a specialized financial investigation agency under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.</li>
<li>On 1 May 1956, an &lsquo;Enforcement Unit&rsquo; was formed, in Department of Economic Affairs, for handling Exchange Control Laws violations under Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947.</li>
<li>In the year 1957, this Unit was renamed as &lsquo;Enforcement Directorate&rsquo;.</li>
<li>ED enforces the following laws:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Foreign Exchange Management Act,1999 (FEMA)</li>
<li>Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/changes-in-pmla-act-empower-ed/article28916974.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/changes-in-the-prevention-of-money-laundering-act'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Women Transforming India Awards',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Women Transforming India awards (4th edition) are being launched by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Women Transforming India awards are organized in collaboration with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For WTI-2019 awards WhatsApp (facebook owned messaging platform) has collaborated with NITI Aayog.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The theme of the Women Transforming India- 2019 awards is <strong>Women and Entrepreneurship</strong> (same as in 2018).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Entrepreneurship Awards</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Entrepreneurship Awards aim to honour outstanding young first-generation entrepreneurs and ecosystem builders for their exceptional contribution in entrepreneurship development.</li>
<li>They recognise individuals or organizations that have made outstanding contributions to the entrepreneur ecosystem of India.</li>
<li>The National Entrepreneurship Awards are announced annually by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.</li>
<li><strong>To be eligible for</strong> National Entrepreneurship Awards the nominee (entrepreneur) must be:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the age of 40 years</li>
<li>First-generation entrepreneur</li>
<li>Hold 51% or more equity and ownership of the business</li>
<li>Women entrants must individually or collectively own 75% or more of the enterprise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Women Transforming India Awards</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WTI awards were launched by NITI Aayog and the United Nations in India in <strong>2016,</strong> to honour the <strong>women entrepreneurs,</strong> who are breaking the glass ceiling and challenging stereotypes, through businesses, enterprises and innovative initiatives.</li>
<li>WTI award recognizes women who are flag bearers of the next wave of business innovations and connect with potential business opportunities, through NITI Aayog&rsquo;s <strong>Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Women Entrepreneurship Platform (unified access portal to help women realise their entrepreneurial aspirations) is an initiative by NITI Aayog to promote and support aspiring as well as established women entrepreneurs in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1581564" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/women-transforming-india-awards'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'India’s Industrial Policy',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<h3>Meaning</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Government action to influence the ownership &amp; structure of the industry and its performance. It takes the form of pay&shy;ing subsidies or providing finance in other ways, or of regulation.</li>
<li>It includes procedures, principles (i.e., the philosophy of a given economy), policies, rules and regulations, in&shy;centives and punishments, the tariff policy, the labour policy, government&rsquo;s attitude towards foreign capital, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives</h3>
<p>The main objectives of the Industrial Policy of the Government in India are:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>to maintain a sustained growth in productivity;</li>
<li>to enhance gainful employment;</li>
<li>to achieve optimal utilisation of human resources;</li>
<li>to attain international competitiveness; and</li>
<li>to transform India into a major partner and player in the global arena.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Industrial Policies in India since Independence<br /><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578480116_image10.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578480116_image10.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948</strong>- It defined the broad contours of the policy <strong>delineating the role of the State in industrial development</strong> both as an entrepreneur and authority.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It made clear that India is going to have a <strong>Mixed Economic Model.</strong></li>
<li><strong>It classified industries into four broad areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Strategic Industries (Public Sector):</strong> It included three industries in which Central Government had monopoly. These included Arms and ammunition, Atomic energy and Rail transport.</li>
<li><strong>Basic/Key Industries (Public-cum-Private Sector):</strong> 6 industries viz. coal, iron &amp; steel, aircraft manufacturing, ship-building, manufacture of telephone, telegraph &amp; wireless apparatus, and mineral oil were designated as &ldquo;Key Industries&rdquo; or &ldquo;Basic Industries&rdquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These industries were to be set-up by the Central Government.</li>
<li>However, the existing private sector enterprises were allowed to continue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Industries (Controlled Private Sector):</strong> It included 18 industries including heavy chemicals, sugar, cotton textile &amp; woollen industry, cement, paper, salt, machine tools, fertiliser, rubber, air and sea transport, motor, tractor, electricity etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These industries continue to remain under private sector however, the central government, in consultation with the state government, had general control over them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Industries (Private and Cooperative Sector):</strong> All other industries which were not included in the above mentioned three categories were left open for the private sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Industries (Development and Regula&shy;tion) Act</strong> was passed in 1951 to implement the Industrial Policy Resolution, 1948.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Industrial Policy Statement of 1956 :</strong> Government revised its first Industrial Policy (i.e.the policy of 1948) through the Industrial Policy of 1956.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was regarded as the <strong>&ldquo;Economic Constitution of India&rdquo; or &ldquo;The Bible of State Capitalism&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The 1956 Policy empha&shy;sised the need to expand the public sector, to build up a large and growing coop&shy;erative sector and to encourage the separation of ownership and management in private in&shy;dustries and, above all, prevent the rise of pri&shy;vate monopolies.</li>
<li>It provided the basic framework for the government&rsquo;s policy in regard to in&shy;dustries till June 1991.</li>
<li>IPR, 1956 classified industries into three categories<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Schedule A</strong> consisting of 17 industries was the exclusive responsibility of the State. Out of these 17 industries, four industries, namely arms and ammunition, atomic en&shy;ergy, railways and air transport had Central Government monopolies; new units in the remaining industries were developed by the State Governments.</li>
<li><strong>Schedule B,</strong> consisting of 12 industries, was open to both the private and public sectors; however, such industries were progressively State-owned.</li>
<li><strong>Schedule C-</strong> All the other industries not included in these two Schedules constituted the third category which was left open to the pri&shy;vate sector. However, the State reserved the right to undertake any type of indus&shy;trial production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The IPR 1956, stressed the <strong>importance of cottage and small scale industries</strong> for expand&shy;ing employment opportunities and for wider decentralisation of economic power and activity</li>
<li>The Resolution also called for <strong>efforts to maintain industrial peace;</strong> a fair share of the proceeds of production was to be given to the toiling mass in keeping with the avowed objectives of democratic socialism.</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> The IPR 1956 came in for sharp criticism from the private sector since this Resolution <strong>reduced the scope for the expan&shy;sion of the private sector significantly.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The sector was <strong>kept under state control through a system of licenses.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Industrial Licenses</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to open new industry or to expand production, obtaining a license from the government was a prerequisite.</li>
<li>Opening new industries in economically backward areas was incentivised through easy licensing and subsidization of critical inputs like electricity and water. This was done to counter regional disparities that existed in the country.</li>
<li>Licenses to increase production were issued only if the government was convinced that the economy required more of the goods.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Industrial Policy Statement, 1977-</strong> In December 1977, the Janata Government announced its New Industrial Policy through a statement in the Parliament.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main thrust of this policy was the effective <strong>promotion of cottage and small industries</strong> widely dispersed in rural areas and small towns.</li>
<li>In this policy the <strong>small sector was classified into three groups&mdash;</strong>cottage and household sector, tiny sector and small scale industries.</li>
<li>The 1977 Industrial Policy prescribed <strong>different areas for large scale industrial sector-</strong> Basic industries,Capital goods industries, High technology industries and Other industries outside the list of reserved items for the small scale sector.</li>
<li>The 1977 Industrial Policy restricted the scope of large business houses so that no unit of the same business group acquired a dominant and monopolistic position in the market.</li>
<li>It put emphasis on reducing the occurrence of labour unrest. The Government <strong>encouraged the worker&rsquo;s participation in management</strong> from shop floor level to board level.</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> The industrial Policy 1977, was subjected to serious criticism as there was an absence of effective measures to curb the dominant position of large scale units and the policy <strong>did not envisage any socio&shy;economic transformation of the economy</strong> for curbing the role of big business houses and multinationals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Industrial Policy of 1980</strong> sought to promote the <strong>concept of economic federation,</strong> to raise the efficiency of the public sector and to reverse the trend of industrial production of the past three years and reaffirmed its faith in the <strong>Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act</strong> and the <strong>Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA).</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>New Industrial Policy During Economic Reforms of 1991</strong></p>
<p>The long-awaited liberalised industrial policy was announced by the Government of India in 1991 in the midst of severe economic instability in the country. The objective of the policy was to raise efficiency and accelerate economic growth.</p>
<h3>Features of New Industrial Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>De-reservation of Public sector:</strong> Sectors that were earlier exclusively reserved for public sector were reduced. However, pre-eminent place of public sec&shy;tor in 5 core areas like arms and ammu&shy;nition, atomic energy, mineral oils, rail transport and mining was continued. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Presently, only two sectors- Atomic Energy and Railway operations-</strong> are reserved exclusively for the public sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>De-licensing:</strong> Abolition of Industrial Licensing for all projects except for a short list of indus&shy;tries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are only 4 industries at present related to security, strategic and environmental concerns, where an industrial license is currently required- <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Electronic aerospace and defence equipment</li>
<li>Specified hazardous chemicals</li>
<li>Industrial explosives</li>
<li>Cigars and cigarettes of tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disinvestment of Public Sector:</strong> Government stakes in Public Sector Enterprises were reduced to enhance their efficiency and competitiveness.</li>
<li><strong>Liberalisation of Foreign Investment:</strong> This was the first Industrial policy in which foreign companies were allowed to have majority stake in India. In 47 high priority industries, upto 51% FDI was allowed. For export trading houses, FDI up to 74% was allowed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Today, there are numerous sectors in the economy where government allows 100% FDI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Foreign Technology Agreement:</strong> Automatic approvals for technology related agreements.</li>
<li><strong>MRTP Act</strong> was amended to remove the threshold limits of assets in respect of MRTP companies and dominant undertakings. MRTP Act was replaced by the Competition Act 2002.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Outcomes of New Industrial Policies</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 1991 policy<strong> made &lsquo;Licence, Permit and Quota Raj&rsquo; a thing of the past.</strong> It attempted to liberalise the economy by <strong>removing bureaucratic hurdles</strong> in industrial growth.</li>
<li>Limited role of Public sector reduced the burden of the Government.</li>
<li>The policy provided <strong>easier entry of multinational companies,</strong> privatisation, removal of asset limit on MRTP companies, liberal licensing. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All this resulted in increased competition, that led to lower prices in many goods such as electronics prices. This brought domestic as well as foreign investment in almost every sector opened to private sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The policy was followed by special efforts to increase exports. Concepts like Export Oriented Units, Export Processing Zones, Agri-Export Zones, Special Economic Zones and lately National Investment and Manufacturing Zones emerged. All these have benefitted the export sector of the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Limitations of Industrial Policies in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stagnation of Manufacturing Sector:</strong> Industrial policies in India have failed to push manufacturing sector whose contribution to GDP is stagnated at about 16% since 1991.</li>
<li><strong>Distortions in industrial pattern owing to selective inflow of investments:</strong> In the current phase of investment following liberalisation, while substantial investments have been flowing into a few industries, there is concern over the slow pace of investments in many basic and strategic industries such as engineering, power, machine tools, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Displacement of labour:</strong> Restructuring and modernisation of industries as a sequel to the new industrial policy led to displacement of labour.</li>
<li><strong>Absence of incentives for raising efficiency:</strong> Focussing attention on internal liberalisation without adequate emphasis on trade policy reforms resulted in <strong>&lsquo;consumption-led growth&rsquo; rather than &lsquo;investment&rsquo; or &lsquo;export-led growth&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Vaguely defined industrial location policy:</strong> The New Industrial Policy, while emphasised the detrimental effects of damage to the environment, failed to define a proper industrial location policy, which could ensure a pollution free development of industrial climate.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Industrial policies in India have taken a shift from predominantly <strong>Socialistic pattern in 1956 to Capitalistic since 1991.</strong></li>
<li>India now has a much liberalised industrial policy regime focusing on increased foreign investment and lesser regulations.</li>
<li>India ranked 77th on World Bank&rsquo;s Doing Business Report 2018. Reforms related to <strong>insolvency resolution (Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, 2017) and the Goods and Services Taxes (GST)</strong> are impressive and will result in <strong>long-term gains for the industrial sector.</strong></li>
<li>Campaigns such as <strong>Make in India</strong> and<strong> Start up India</strong> have helped to enhance the business ecosystem in the country.</li>
<li>However, electricity shortages and high prices, credit constraints, high unit labour costs due to labour regulations, political interference and other regulatory burdens continue to remain challenges for firm growth of the industrial sector in India.</li>
<li>There is a <strong>need for a new Industrial Policy</strong> to boost the manufacturing sector in the country. Government in December 2018 also felt the need to introduce a new Industrial Policy that would be a road map for all business enterprises in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/indias-industrial-policy-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Man-Animal Conflict (MAC)',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-big-picture-on-tigers/article28872115.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The big picture on tigers&rdquo;</strong></a> which appeared in The Hindu on 8 August 2019. It talks about increasing incidents of Man-Animal Conflict and way forward.</p>
</div>
<p>According to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>4<sup>th</sup> Tiger Census,</strong></a> there are approximately 2,967 tigers in India. Tigers count in India has increased from 1,411 in 2006 to 1,706 in 2010 and to 2,226 in 2014, marking the success of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Tiger.</strong></a></p>
<p>India has achieved the goal of doubling the number of tigers as highlighted by the <strong>St Petersburg declaration 2010.</strong> However, according to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</strong></a>, India can have a maximum of 3,000 tigers with respect to the available area of tiger reserves.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>St Petersburg declaration</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The governments of 13 tiger home range countries agreed to a Global Tiger Recovery Program</strong></li>
<li><strong>The declaration seeks to double the global tiger population by 2022</strong></li>
<li><strong>The tiger range countries that are part of the Global Tiger Recovery Program are Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand, and Vietnam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Increased Tiger population has resulted in <strong>Man-Animal Conflict (MAC)</strong>, as the human population expands and natural habitats shrink, people and animals are increasingly coming into conflict over living space and food.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MAC has become the main threats to the continued survival of many species in different parts of the world and is also a significant threat to local human populations.</li>
<li>According to data from the Union environment ministry, <strong>more than 1,608 humans were killed</strong> in conflict cases involving tigers, leopards, bears and elephants between 2013 and 2017.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the reasons for increased MAC?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Habitat Loss: Only 5% of India&rsquo;s geographical area is in the protected area category.</strong> This space is <strong>not enough</strong> to have a full-fledged habitat for wild animals.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A territorial animal like a male tiger needs an area of 60-100 sq km. But the area allocated to an entire tiger reserve, like the Bor Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra, is around 140 sq km.</li>
<li>The territorial animals do not have enough space within reserves and their prey does not have enough fodder to thrive on.</li>
<li><strong>This has forced the wild animals to move out and venture close to human habitation in search of food, resulting in MAC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Infrastructure Development: Recent relaxations in norms</strong> to allow for a widening of highway and railway networks near these protected areas are the new threats, adding to the old ones of retaliatory poisoning and poaching.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apart from highways, railway and irrigation projects are coming up in tiger reserves. For example- the Ken-Betwa <strong>river interlinking project</strong> will submerge 100 sq. km of Panna Tiger Reserve.</li>
<li>Also, wildlife experts estimate that <strong>29% of the tigers in India are outside the protected areas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/624Image%201.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/624Image 1.webp" width="481" height="678" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Wildlife experts, if wildlife protection is confined to reserves and parks alone, several species will stand at the brink of extinction.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example <strong>Great Indian Bustard, which is a Schedule-I animal. Despite having sanctuaries to itself, the bird has been driven to the brink of extinction.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Co-occurrence approach: Building community participation</strong> in conservation is a better idea than just having protected areas.</li>
<li>Events of MAC can be reduced by <strong>integrating early warning systems with simpler damage-prevention practices</strong> (such as improving fencing of crops or better livestock husbandry).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Hunting of prey animals, such as deer and pig, needs to stop as they form the base for growth of tiger and other carnivore populations.</li>
<li>Efforts can be taken to better wildlife management practices and <strong>understanding of animal behaviour.</strong> So that people don't kill an animal out of panic.</li>
<li><strong>Crop insurance</strong> should be provided in the event of destruction by wild animals.</li>
<li>Safeguarding Tiger corridors, building eco-bridges and such conservation measures can be part of <strong>corporate social responsibility.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>The tiger is a unique animal which plays a pivotal role in the health and diversity of an ecosystem. The presence of tigers in the forest is an indicator of the well being of the ecosystem.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" height="82">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 527px; border-style: dotted; background-color: #f2f1d3; border-color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br /><br />Sustaining the country&rsquo;s tiger population will require a deft balancing of the imperative of conservation with the needs of local people and the demands of infrastructure development. Comment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has unveiled the <strong>draft Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)</strong> for Integrated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coastal-regulation-zone-crz-notification-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coastal</strong></a> management.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The draft plan will dictate how prospective infrastructure projects situated along the coast would be assessed before they can apply for clearance by laying out guidelines for coastal States to adopt when they approve and regulate projects in coastal zones.</li>
<li>The ESMF draft plan as a part of a World Bank-funded project seeks to assist the Government of India in <strong>enhancing coastal resource efficiency and resilience</strong>, by building collective capacity (including communities and decentralised governance) for adopting and implementing <strong>Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan.</strong></li>
<li>The MoEFCC had launched an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project (ICZMP) by establishing a <strong>Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM).</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Draft Environmental and Social Management Framework</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Draft ESMF has been prepared in support of a project proposal for &ldquo;Enhancing climate resilience of India&rsquo;s coastal communities&rdquo; by the Government of India (GoI) to the Green Climate Fund (GCF).</li>
<li>The objective of the draft ESMF project is to enhance the resilience of the lives and livelihoods of the most vulnerable populations, particularly women, in the coastal areas of India.</li>
<li>The project will work at national, state, and community levels to enhance capacity for the ecosystem and community-based approaches to adaptation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Society of Integrated Coastal Management</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM) has been established under the aegis of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.</li>
<li>It has a vision for vibrant, healthy and resilient coastal and marine environment for the continuous and enhanced outflow of benefits to the country and the coastal community.</li>
<li>SICOM is the national project management unit of India in strategic planning, management, execution, monitoring and successful implementation of the ICZMP-Phase-I.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan:</strong> (ICZM) is a process for the management of the coast using an integrated approach, regarding all aspects of the coastal zone, including geographical and political boundaries, in an attempt to achieve sustainability.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The concept was born in 1992 during the Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro.</li>
<li>The specifics regarding ICZM is set out in the proceedings of the summit within Agenda 21.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implementation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> assisted project and is being implemented by the Department of Forests and Environment with assistance from the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC).</li>
<li>The <strong>National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM),</strong> Chennai, is providing scientific and technical inputs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objective</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Formulation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan for the State</li>
<li>Lessen the coastal erosion</li>
<li>Reduce vulnerability to disaster</li>
<li>Biodiversity conservation</li>
<li>Livelihood security</li>
<li>Pollution/ environmental quality management</li>
<li>Improvement and conservation of cultural/ archaeological assets</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Components:</strong> Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM) would be implementing the project the national level and state level.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Till now three coastal states namely West Bengal, Gujarat and Orissa have been selected under the ICZM plan.</li>
<li>Four main components of the plan include National Coastal Zone Management Programme, ICZM-West Bengal, ICZM-Orissa and ICZM-Gujarat:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National</strong> Coastal Zone Management Programme: The national component will include <strong>mapping, delineation </strong>and<strong> demarcation</strong> of the hazard lines, and delineation of coastal sediment cells all along the mainland coast of India.</li>
<li><strong>ICZM approaches in Gujarat, Orissa and West Bengal:</strong> will support capacity building of the state-level agencies and institutions, including preparation of an ICZM plan for the coastal sediment cell, regional coastal process study, and pilot investments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-unveils-plan-for-coastal-zone-management/article28872370.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></strong></p>',
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		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Tardigrades',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Microscopic <strong>Earthlings</strong> known as Tardigrades, likely survived a crash landing on the Moon surface by Israel's <strong>Beresheet probe</strong> in April, 2019.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Beresheet probe is a private mission to the Moon by <strong>Israeli non-profit SpaceIL organisation.</strong> It was successfully launched in February 2019, on board of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/spacex-s-falcon-heavy-rocket" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Falcon 9 rocket</strong></a> from <strong>Cape Canaveral</strong> (Florida, USA) and arrived in lunar orbit in April 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;"></ul>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Tardigrades are found in <strong>terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments</strong> from the Arctic to the Antarctic, including great depths and altitudes.</li>
<li>They <strong>can withstand extreme radiation, sizzling heat, the coldest temperatures</strong> of the universe, and decades without food.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/358image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/358image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="265" height="139" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>Also known as <strong>water bears or moss piglets,</strong> they are capable of surviving temperatures as high as 150&deg; Celsius and as low as minus 272&deg; Celsius albeit for a few minutes.</li>
<li>The grub-like, <strong>eight-legged animals</strong> can come back from being dried out to a lifeless husk for decades, <strong>withstand near zero pressure in outer space</strong> and the crushing depths of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-to-explore-ocean-deeps" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mariana Trench.</strong></a></li>
<li>They are <strong>microscopic, multicellular,</strong> and one of the <strong>most durable forms of life</strong> on planet Earth.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/earths-toughest-creatures-may-be-on-moon/articleshow/70580476.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TOI</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Heracles Inexpectatus: Giant Extinct Parrot',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The fossils of the largest ever parrot named <strong>Heracles Inexpectatus</strong> have been discovered in <strong>New Zealand.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>19 million years</strong> old fossils were unearthed near <strong>St. Bathans</strong> (known for its rich source of fossils from the Miocene period) in southern New Zealand.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/335image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/335image1.jpg" width="242" height="182" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>Heracles Inexpectatus was among the <strong>flightless birds</strong> and were at least <strong>one metre tall</strong> with a weight of up to <strong>seven kilograms.</strong></li>
<li>The fossil is approximately the size of the giant <strong>dodo pigeon</strong> and twice the size of the critically endangered flightless <strong>New Zealand kakapo</strong> (which until now was the largest known parrot).</li>
<li>Newzealand is known for its rich diversity of extinct giant birds like flightless bird Moa (3.6 metres tall).</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/meet-the-giant-parrots-that-lived-19-million-years-ago/article28871880.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'India: Second-largest Scrap Importer',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>India has emerged the <strong>world&rsquo;s second-largest scrap importer of steel toppling South Korea.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scrap imports In India increased by 35% in the first half of this year to 3.87 million tonnes.</li>
<li>This signifies that <strong>the Indian system is not consuming internal scrap</strong> <strong>of steel, that is generated from old vehicles and machinery components, due to lack of efficient metal recycling facilities and technology</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>What will be the benefits of using internal scrap?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Due to the <strong>slowdown in the domestic steel industry and cheap price of imported scrap metals,</strong> India became the second-largest scrap importer.</li>
<li>However, India's Internal scrap market holds huge potential, for instance, India will have <strong>22 million obsolete vehicles by 2025</strong> from 8.7 million at present.</li>
<li>But as of now,<strong> India lacks regulations in scrapping and</strong> recycling is mostly done by the <strong>unorganised segment.</strong></li>
<li>Thus, there is a need for a <strong>comprehensive metal recycling policy</strong> so that India can mobilise Internal scrap market.</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of using internal scrap:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will improve <strong>India&rsquo;s balance of trade.</strong></li>
<li>Mobilising internal scrap will <strong>create millions of jobs</strong> in recycling dominated industries like plastic, rubber, glass, fabric, metal industries and technology and the auto sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government can <strong>incentivise internal scrap mobilisation</strong> in the automobile industry, by steps like <strong>waiver</strong> in the registration fee for a new car can be provided if the buyer produces a certificate for scrapping an old car.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Turkey is still the world&rsquo;s largest recycler and scrap importer of the world.</strong></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-news/article28875110.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:THBL</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Proposals to Change in CITES Listing',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>India has submitted proposals regarding changes to the listing of the <strong>smooth-coated otter, small-clawed otter, Indian star tortoise, Tokay gecko, wedgefish and Indian rosewood</strong> in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a> secretariat meeting, scheduled in August 2019 in Geneva (Switzerland).</p>
<h3>Smooth-coated otter and Small-clawed otter</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Otters</a></strong> are found world over, except in Australia, New Zealand, Madagascar, and other oceanic islands.</li>
<li>India is home to 3 of the 13 species of otters found worldwide. These are - Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra); <strong>Smooth-coated Otter</strong> (Lutra perspicillata) and <strong>Small-clawed otter</strong> (Aonyx cinereus).</li>
<li>The Smooth-coated Otter is distributed throughout the country from the <strong>Himalayas southward.</strong></li>
<li>But the Common Otter and the Small-clawed Otter are <strong>restricted to the Himalayas, to the north of the Ganges and to southern India.</strong></li>
<li>These otters have generally been described as fish specialist.</li>
<li>Major threats to Asian otter population are <strong>loss of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/wetlands-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">wetland</a> habitats</strong> due to construction of large scale hydroelectric projects, conversion of wetlands for settlements and agriculture, reduction in prey biomass, poaching and contamination of waterways by pesticides.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</strong></a> has listed these otters under the <strong>vulnerable category.</strong></li>
<li>India, Nepal and the Philippines have proposed that the listing of these otters should be <strong>moved from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/598Image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/598Image5.jpg" width="478" height="247" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Indian star tortoise</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-9th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian star tortoise</strong></a> is found across the Indian sub-continent, more specifically, in the Central and Southern parts of India, in West Pakistan and in Sri Lanka.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/822Image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/822Image2.jpg" width="199" height="176" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>Star Tortoises are protected under <strong>Schedule IV of Wild Life Protection Act, 1972</strong> and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora.</li>
<li>The IUCN has listed it under the vulnerable category.</li>
<li>The species faces two threats: <strong>loss of habitat to agriculture and illegal harvesting</strong> for the pet trade.</li>
<li>India is among the parties proposing the re-listing of the star tortoise<strong> from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Tokay gecko</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Tokay Gecko or <strong>Gekko gecko</strong> is one of the largest geckos (Lizard) in the country and the world.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/779image10.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/779image10.jpg" style="float: right;" width="164" height="119" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>This is a <strong>nocturnal arboreal gecko,</strong> ranging from northeast India, Nepal and Bangladesh, throughout Southeast Asia.</li>
<li>Occurring in the <strong>rainforests,</strong> it is primarily a tree-dweller.</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s use as a<strong> traditional Asian medicine</strong> &mdash;everything from energy drinks to treatments for diabetes, cancer, and HIV/AIDS (there is <strong>no proof of efficacy</strong> in any of these uses), make it prone to illegal trade across borders.</li>
<li>The <strong>IUCN has listed it under Least Concern category.</strong></li>
<li>India has proposed it&rsquo;s listing should be <strong>moved from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Wedgefish</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Wedgefish are <strong>shallow water coastal species,</strong> found in northern Indian Ocean and northwestern Pacific Ocean.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/291image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/291image6.jpg" style="float: right;" width="196" height="122" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>Alongwith giant <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">guitarfishes</a></strong>, they are collectively known as <strong>Rhino Rays</strong> because of their elongated snouts.</li>
<li>They have been listed as the <strong>&lsquo;most imperilled marine fish families in the world&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The main drivers of the decline are the <strong>loss of free flowing rivers and increasing agricultural and urban pollution.</strong></li>
<li>The IUCN has listed it under <strong>vulnerable category.</strong></li>
<li>Indian proposed to <strong>include Wedgefish in Appendix II of CITES.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian rosewood</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>deciduous rosewood tree</strong> native to the Indian subcontinent, also grown in Nigeria, Kenya, Vietnam, the Philippines, and other parts of tropical Africa.</li>
<li>It is used for <strong>making furniture, plywood,</strong> and decorative wood products.</li>
<li>The species grows at a very fast rate and has the capacity to become naturalised outside its native range, it is<strong> invasive</strong> in other parts of the world as well.</li>
<li>India has proposed to <strong>remove rosewood from Appendix II of CITES.</strong></li>
<li>Its IUCN Red List status is <strong>&lsquo;vulnerable&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>CITES Appendices</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Appendices I, II and III to the Convention are lists of species afforded different levels or types of protection from over-exploitation.</li>
<li><strong>Appendix I</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It lists species that are the <strong>most endangered</strong> among CITES-listed animals and plants.</li>
<li>Examples include gorillas, sea turtles, most lady slipper orchids, and giant pandas. Currently 931 species are listed.</li>
<li>They are <strong>threatened with extinction</strong> and CITES <strong>prohibits international trade</strong> in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial, for instance for scientific research.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Appendix II</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It lists species that are <strong>not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled.</strong></li>
<li>International trade in specimens of Appendix-II species may be authorized by the granting of an export permit or re-export certificate.</li>
<li>No import permit is necessary for these species under CITES (although a permit is needed in some countries that have taken stricter measures than CITES requires).</li>
<li>Permits or certificates should only be granted if the relevant authorities are satisfied that certain conditions are met, above all that trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Appendix III</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a list of species <strong>included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species</strong> and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation.</li>
<li>Examples include map turtles, walruses and Cape stag beetles. Currently 147 species are listed.</li>
<li>International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only on presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Species may be added to or removed from Appendix I and II, or moved between them, only by the Conference of the Parties.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, species may be added to or removed from Appendix III at any time and by any Party unilaterally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/833image8.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/833image8.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="557" height="268" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/indian-seeks-change-of-status-of-several-species-like-star-tortoise-otters-in-cites/article28917079.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposals-to-change-in-cites-listing'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'International Day of Indigenous Peoples',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>International day of indigenous people is observed on August 9 every year, in order to raise awareness of the needs of indigenous people. The first meeting of the <strong>UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations</strong> was held in Geneva in 1982.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>theme of 2019</strong> is <strong>Indigenous People&rsquo;s Languages</strong> in view of 2019 being marked as the <strong>International Year of Indigenous Languages</strong> by the United Nations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Day of Indigenous Peoples in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On International day of indigenous people, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khadi and Village Industry Commission (KVIC)</strong></a> has launched a new programme <strong>&lsquo;Leather Mission&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It has distributed as many as 50 leather kits and 350 Bee-Boxes with live bee colonies in tribal-dominated village in Sirohi district of Rajasthan, one of the <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/NITI-AAYOG-2018-transformation-of-aspirational-districts-baseline-ranking-and-real-time-monitoring-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>aspirational districts</strong></a> in India identified by the NITI Aayog.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indigenous people</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They are inheritors and practitioners of unique cultures and ways of relating to people and the environment.</li>
<li>They have retained social, cultural, economic and political characteristics that are distinct from those of the dominant societies in which they live. Despite their cultural differences, indigenous peoples from around the world share common problems related to the protection of their rights as distinct peoples.</li>
<li>The indigenous people in the world make up less than 5 percent of the total population, but fall in the 15 percent of the poorest, according to the UN website. They represent as many as 5,000 different cultures.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>International Year of Indigenous Languages</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Languages play a crucially important role in the daily lives of all people. They are pivotal in the areas of human rights protection, peace building and sustainable development, through ensuring cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, despite their immense value, languages around the world continue to disappear at an alarming rate due to a variety of factors. Many of them are indigenous languages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Indigenous languages in particular are a significant factor in a wide range of other indigenous issues, notably education, scientific and technological development, the biosphere and the environment, freedom of expression, employment and social inclusion.</li>
<li>The <strong>International Year of Indigenous Languages</strong> is a United Nations observance in 2019. It aims to raise awareness of the consequences of the endangerment of indigenous languages across the world, with an aim to establish a link between language, development, peace, and reconciliation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/6-of-the-worlds-languages-are-spoken-in-india/article28851168.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH,</a></strong><a href="https://www.un.org/en/events/indigenousday/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UN</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-day-of-indigenous-peoples'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'India in US list on Drug Transit',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, US designated India among about 20 major drug transit or illicit drug-producing countries.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, it also noted that a country&rsquo;s presence on the list is not necessarily a reflection of its government&rsquo;s counter-narcotic efforts.</li>
<li>Apart from India, the countries identified in the list are Afghanistan, The Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Burma, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Laos, Mexico, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Peru and Venezuela.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/912image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/912image4.jpg" width="613" height="290" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are a combination of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-fighting-drug-menace" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>geographic, commercial, and economic factors</strong></a> that allow drugs to transit or be produced, even if the government has engaged in robust and diligent narcotics control measures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, India is in the middle of two major illicit opium production region in the world the Golden Crescent (Iran-Afghanistan-Pakistan) in the west and the Golden Triangle (South-East Asia) in the east.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/386image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/386image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="565" height="160" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-in-us-list-on-drug-transit/story-k38UkOlpMQ8C9JPDvTPx7K.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:HT</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-in-us-list-on-drug-transit'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'The Motor Vehicles Bill for Road Safety',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on the <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/editorial/the-new-motor-vehicles-bill-paves-the-way-for-safer-roads/article28917169.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The new Motor Vehicles bill paves the way for safer roads&rdquo;</strong></a> that appeared in The Hindu Business Line on 8<sup>th</sup> August. It talks about the provisions of the <strong>Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill, 2019</strong> and their utility in making India&rsquo;s Road safer.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><em><strong>India sees more than five lakh road accidents a year leading to 1.5 lakh deaths.</strong> </em>According to the Union Transport Minister, this could come down by half if the provisions of this Bill are implemented.</li>
<li>The <strong>Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill, 2019</strong> is based on the recommendations of the Group of Transport Ministers (GoM) of States constituted by the Ministry of Road Transport &amp; Highways to address the issue of road safety and to improve the access of the citizens while dealing with transport departments.</li>
<li>The <strong>amendments</strong> in the Bill mainly focus on issues relating to improving road safety, citizens&rsquo; facilitation while dealing with the transport department, strengthening rural transport, last mile connectivity and public transport, automation and computerization and enabling online services.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Features of the bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Road safety:</strong> Bill proposes to <strong>increase penalties</strong> to act as a deterrent against traffic violations.</li>
<li><strong>Compensation for road accident victims:</strong> Cashless treatment of road accident victims during the golden hour (first 1 hour after accident). The minimum compensation for death or grievous injury due to hit and run has been moved up substantially to ₹2 lakh and ₹50,000, respectively.</li>
<li><strong>Road Safety Board:</strong> The Bill provides for a National Road Safety Board, to be created by the central government through a notification. The Board will advise the central and state governments on all aspects of road safety and traffic management.</li>
<li><strong>Protection of Good Samaritan:</strong> To help road accident victims, Good Samaritan guidelines have been incorporated in the Bill. They will not be liable for any civil or criminal action for any injury to or death of an accident victim, caused due to their negligence in providing assistance to the victim.</li>
<li><strong>Motor Vehicle Accident Fund:</strong> The Bill requires the central government to constitute a Motor Vehicle Accident Fund, to provide compulsory insurance cover to all road users in India.</li>
<li><strong>Third-party insurance</strong> terms are friendlier with no cap on liability of insurers and quicker claims processing.</li>
<li>To <strong>reduce scope for manipulation and corruption</strong> in transport departments, vehicle fitness tests will be automated and driving tests, computerised. Also, the driver training process for commercial driving will be strengthened and more training schools set up.</li>
<li><strong>Recall of vehicles:</strong> The Bill allows the central government to order for recall of motor vehicles if a defect in the vehicle may cause damage to the environment, or the driver, or other road users.</li>
<li><strong>National Transportation Policy:</strong> The central government may develop a National Transportation Policy, in consultation with state governments.</li>
<li><strong>Taxi aggregators:</strong> The Bill defines aggregators as digital intermediaries or market places which can be used by passengers to connect with a driver for transportation purposes (taxi services). These aggregators will be issued licenses by state. Further, they must <strong>comply with the Information Technology Act, 2000.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues and challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There will be implementation challenges at all-India level.</li>
<li>Road transport being a subject on the <strong>Concurrent List,</strong> State governments are also free to make their own laws and rules. Some states feel that the amendment infringes upon the rights of the states.</li>
<li>For effective monitoring of traffic violations and accidents and ensuring that the perpetrators don&rsquo;t go scot-free, <strong>electronic surveillance</strong> is essential that needs installation of CCTVs, Speed guns, and other equipments.This could involve substantial investment, and it is not clear who will bear the cost.</li>
<li>Laxity of vehicle-manufacturers in implementing safety features is also a concern.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Road safety Initiatives in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ministry of Road Transport and highways took several steps in the past to improve road safety:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><em>National Road Safety Policy</em> outlines various policy measures such as promoting awareness, establishing road safety information database, encouraging safer road infrastructure including application of intelligent transport, enforcement of safety laws etc.</li>
<li><em><strong>National Road Safety Council</strong></em> as the apex body to take policy decisions in matters of road safety.</li>
<li>A <strong>dashboard for road accident data,</strong> through which people can access related data and other information both state-wise and the national averages, has been introduced.</li>
<li>Comic books <em><strong>Swachha Safar</strong></em> and <em><strong>Surakshit Yatra</strong></em> have been been released, with an aim to create awareness among children about road safety.</li>
<li><strong>VAHAN</strong> (an ICT-based solution for vehicle registration) and <strong>SARATHI</strong> (for licencing) app to curb malpractices in issuing licences and vehicle registration.</li>
<li><strong>Setu Bharatam programme</strong> to make all national highways free of railway crossings by 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tamil Nadu model of integrated data-driven road safety initiatives:</strong> the Supreme Court-appointed three-member road safety committee led by <strong>Justice (retd) KS Radhakrishnan</strong> praised Tamil Nadu&rsquo;s efforts in reducing fatalities in road accidents. NCRB data reveals that road accident deaths in TN came down in 2018 by 24.39%, the biggest decrease recorded in the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Strict and effective enforcement of the amended rules in Motor Vehicle Act would surely help in curbing road-accident related deaths in India.</li>
<li>The central and state governments should work out proper plans to effectively implement the rules.</li>
<li>State governments should ensure transparency and provide a hassle-free experience for citizens at the Regional Transport Offices.</li>
<li>Vehicle manufacturers should update their technologies and adopt the best global practices regarding vehicles&rsquo; and passengers&rsquo; safety.</li>
<li>Simultaneously, the rise of Internet of Things-enabled, connected cars in India, which international auto majors are heavily investing in currently, can give a digital edge to road safety. With an array of embedded sensors informing drivers of other on-road cars, onboard analytics can give them real-time driving suggestions to avoid collisions.</li>
<li>The unprecedented pace of construction and infrastructure improvement is one more link in the journey to safer roads.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" height="83">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; background-color: #e3ffe0; border-color: #ff0000;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></span><br /><br />"Recently the government had introduced the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill 2019, with special focus on road safety. Critically examine if it will be able to address the issue of road safety in India?&rdquo;</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-motor-vehicles-bill-for-road-safety'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'India’s Industrial Policy',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/504India&rsquo;s%20Industrial Policy (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/504India&rsquo;s Industrial Policy (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.jpg" width="410" height="1383" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/india-s-industrial-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/indias-industrial-policy-mind-map'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'New Procedure for Pending Angel Tax Cases',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>In a move to <strong>ease scrutiny of startups</strong> over the capital they have received from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/timely-review-on-start-up-tax" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>angel investors</strong></a>, <strong>Central Board of Direct Taxes</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-4th-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(CBDT)</strong></a> has recently laid out a procedure to address <strong>pending angel tax assessments.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The procedure has followed the announcement made by the Finance Minister in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-budget-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Budget 2019-20.</strong></a> The Finance Minister proposed a host of incentives, including a <strong>special arrangement</strong> for <strong>resolution</strong> of pending assessments of income tax cases, with a view to <strong>encouraging startups.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>New Procedure</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>No verification will be done by an assessing officer if a startup has been recognised by the <strong>Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dipp-renamed-as-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(DPIIT)</a></strong> and the case is selected under <strong>limited scrutiny.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In case the startup has not received DPIIT approval, officers are only allowed to carry out any inquiry or verification only after obtaining <strong>approval of his/her supervisory officer.</strong></li>
<li>In the event that a startup is recognised by DPIIT, but the assessing officers are scrutinising it for <strong>multiple issues,</strong> the officials cannot pursue scrutiny under an <strong>anti-evasion provision</strong> of the Income Tax Act, 1961, in its assessment proceedings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Section 56(2)(vii)(b)</strong> of the Income Tax Act,1961 deals with the taxation of share premiums received in excess of the fair market value and has been used in the past to serve demand notices to startups over the angel capital they have raised.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;"></ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The applicability of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/timely-review-on-start-up-tax" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>angel tax</strong></a> would not be pursued during the assessment proceedings and inquiry or verification with regard to other issues in such cases shall be carried out by the assessing officer <strong>only after obtaining approval of his/her supervisory officer.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps Taken by Indian Government Against Tax terrorism</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to reduce the long pending grievances of taxpayers and to minimise litigations pertaining to tax matters, Government of India in July 2018, has decided to increase the threshold monetary limits for filing Departmental Appeals at various levels.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/redesigning-india-s-fiscal-federalism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Goods and Services Tax</strong></a> has been introduced.</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code</strong></a> has been implemented.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aaykar-diwas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Kardaata e-Sahyog Abhiyaan&rdquo;</a> </strong>has been launched by CBDT etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/startups/relief-for-startups-cbdt-lays-down-procedure-for-pending-angel-tax-cases-5890523/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-procedure-for-pending-angel-tax-cases'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'World Breastfeeding Week',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The World Breastfeeding Week (WBW) has been observed from 1st to 7th August 2019. The Food and Nutrition Board, Ministry of Women and Child Development, has organized a number of activities on the theme <strong>&ldquo;Empower Parents, Enable Breastfeeding&rdquo;</strong>. The focus is on protection, promotion, and support of breastfeeding.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The objectives of World Breastfeeding Week are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To create awareness among the parents about breastfeeding</li>
<li>Encourage parents to adopt breastfeeding</li>
<li>Creating awareness about the importance of initiation and exclusive breastfeeding, and adequate &amp; appropriate complementary feeding</li>
<li>Providing advocacy material about the importance of breastfeeding</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Importance of Breastfeeding<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It promotes <strong>better health</strong> for mothers and children alike</li>
<li>It <strong>prevents infections</strong> like diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections in early infancy and thus reduce infant mortality</li>
<li>It <strong>decreases the risk of mothers developing breast cancer</strong>, ovarian cancer, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease and</li>
<li>It <strong>protects infants from obesity-related illnesses,</strong> diabetes and increases the IQ.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>MAA - "Mothers Absolute Affection"</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a nationwide programme of the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong> to promote breastfeeding and provision of counselling services for supporting breastfeeding through health systems.</li>
<li>The programme has been named &lsquo;MAA&rsquo; to signify the support a lactating mother requires from family members and at health facilities to breastfeed successfully.</li>
<li>The following are the <strong>objectives of the Programme</strong> in order to achieve the above mentioned goal:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Build an enabling environment for breastfeeding through awareness generation activities, targeting pregnant and lactating mothers, family members and society in order to promote optimal breastfeeding practices.</li>
<li>Breastfeeding to be positioned as an important intervention for child survival and development.</li>
<li>Reinforce lactation support services at public health facilities through trained healthcare providers and through skilled community health workers.</li>
<li>To incentivize and recognize those health facilities that show high rates of breastfeeding along with processes in place for lactation management.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Vatsalya &ndash; Maatri Amrit Kosh&rsquo;,</strong> a National Human Milk Bank and Lactation Counselling Centre has been established at the Lady Hardinge Medical College (LHMC), Delhi. It has been established in collaboration with the Norwegian government, Oslo University and Norway India Partnership Initiative (NIPI).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192549" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: PIB</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-breastfeeding-week'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Gujarat-Madhya Pradesh Tussle over the Narmada',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat have engaged in a tussle over the sharing of Narmada river waters.</p>
<h3>What is the Controversy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Madhya Pradesh has <strong>threatened to restrict the flow of water into the Sardar Sarovar Dam</strong>, located in Gujarat.</li>
<li>The Sardar Sarovar Project<strong> includes two powerhouses,</strong> the River Bed Power House (RBPH; 1,200 MW) and the Canal Head Power House (250 MW).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Power is shared among Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat in a 57:27:16 ratio.</li>
<li>The RBPH has been shut since 2017, Gujarat has sought that generation should not start until the water reaches the full reservoir level (FRL).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Gujarat&rsquo;s view is that its share of 9 MAF (million-acre feet)<strong> water in a normal monsoon year is insufficient to generate power</strong> as drinking water and irrigation are priorities.</li>
<li>Gujarat has also argued that <strong>reaching the FRL is necessary</strong> for testing whether the increased height of the dam can withstand the thrust at that level.</li>
<li>In light of this Narmada Control Authority has granted the permission<strong> not to start generation at a powerhouse until the dam fills to its full level.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh is discontented by frequent power outages</strong> and has refused to release the surplus share for power generation and to allow the dam to be tested at FRL.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sardar Sarovar Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) is a <strong>gravity dam</strong> on the Narmada River crossing Gujarat in India.</li>
<li><strong>It involves a series of large irrigation and hydroelectric multi-purpose dams.</strong></li>
<li>The project <strong>took form in 1979</strong> as part of a development scheme to increase irrigation and produce hydroelectricity.</li>
<li>The hydroelectric power of the SSP is to be <strong>shared by the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh</strong>; the irrigation benefits would accrue to the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/719image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/719image3.jpg" width="503" height="303" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-gujarat-mp-arguing-over-narmada-water-hydro-power-5890515/">Source: IE</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gujarat-madhya-pradesh-tussle-over-the-narmada'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Climate Change and Land: IPCC’s Report',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-warming-of-1-5-c-ipcc-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change&rsquo;s (IPCC)</a> report on &lsquo;Climate Change and Land&rsquo; reveals the relation between climate change and land use pattern.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the first time that the IPCC, has focused its attention solely on the land sector.</li>
<li>The report focuses on the contribution of land-related activities to global warming i.e how the different uses of land, like agriculture, industry, forestry, cattle-rearing, and urbanisation, was affecting <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greenhouse-gas-levels-reach-record-highs-un-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">emission of greenhouse gases</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/578image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/578image2.jpg" width="676" height="349" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Climate Change and Land degradation:</strong> <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-biodiversity-warning-bells" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Land degradation</a> is linked to several climate variables, such as temperature, precipitation, wind, and seasonality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reduced Photosynthesis:</strong> Extreme <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/heat-is-an-invisible-climate-risk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">heat</a> events can reduce photosynthesis in trees, restrict growth rates of leaves and reduce the growth of the whole tree.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In regions where plants decline, land degradation is expected to occur as vegetation provides a vital safeguard against erosion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Aridity:</strong> global warming will exacerbate heat stress thereby increasing deficits in soil moisture that in turn will increase the rate of drying/ aridity.</li>
<li><strong>Rainfall and Flooding:</strong> as a consequence of climate change can also delay planting, increase soil compaction, and cause crop losses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Land Degradation</strong></p>
<p>IPCC report defines land degradation as a negative trend in land condition, caused by direct or indirect human-induced processes including anthropogenic climate change, expressed as long-term reduction or loss of at least one of the following: biological productivity, ecological integrity, or value to humans.&nbsp;</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, report states that some aspects of climate change can improve the condition of the land like CO2 fertilisation, where higher levels of CO2 in the atmosphere increase plant growth.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>How Does the Land contribute to Climate Change:</strong> Land acts as both the source as well as a sink of carbon thereby, large scale land-use changes like deforestation or urbanisation, or even a change in cropping pattern, have a direct impact on the overall emissions of greenhouse gases.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/238image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/238image7.jpg" width="409" height="382" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Carbon Source:</strong> Land-based activities such as agriculture and forestry are sources of greenhouse gas emissions hence act as carbon source.</li>
<li><strong>Carbon Sink:</strong> Soil, trees and vegetation absorb carbon dioxide, thus act as carbon sinks.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Climate Change and Desertification:</strong> The IPCC land report defines desertification as land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas, collectively known as drylands, resulting from many factors, including human activities and climatic variations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to report risks from desertification are projected to increase due to climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/909image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/909image5.jpg" width="520" height="375" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The decline in vegetation can leave the soil more at risk of erosion, increasing the likelihood of sand and dust storms that in turn would tend to decrease precipitation in the local climate, thus further reinforcing desertification.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Impacts of Climate Change-driven Land Degradation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Poverty:</strong> Report states that climate change is frequently noted as a risk multiplier for both land degradation and poverty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/245image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/245image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="640" height="632" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Migration:</strong> Climate-related land degradation and migration are directly linked to each other.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When people are pushed into poverty or have their livelihoods stripped as a result of changes in their environment, one adaptation option is to move to another area and this can be internally or across borders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Climate Change and Food Security:</strong> Climate change is affecting food security through increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and greater frequency of some extreme events.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Agricultural Production:</strong> Increasing temperatures are affecting agricultural productivity in higher latitudes, raising yields of some crops (maize, cotton, wheat, sugar beets), while yields of others (maize, wheat, barley) are declining in lower-latitude regions.</li>
<li><strong>Nutritional Quality:</strong> Increased atmospheric CO2 levels can lower the nutritional quality of crops.</li>
<li><strong>Livestock Production:</strong> Future climate change could affect livestock production.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An increase in desertification and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heat-wave-warning" target="_blank" rel="noopener">heatwaves</a> could have a direct impact on animal morbidity, mortality and distress that in turn could adversely affect the food security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Higher Prices:</strong> Report states that cereal prices could increase by 1-29% by 2050 as a result of climate change, leading to higher food prices and increased risk of food insecurity and hunger</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-food-supply-risk-climate-change-un-report-ipcc-5890160/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-change-and-land-ipcc-report'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Linking Farmers with Futures Market',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The recent, <strong>Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)</strong> study suggests the need to empower the Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) to trade in the commodities <strong>futures market</strong>.</p>
<h3>Farmer Producer Organisation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The concept of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener">'Farmer Producer Organizations (FPO)'</a> consists of <strong>collectivization of producers, especially small and marginal farmers</strong> so as to form an effective alliance to collectively <strong>address many challenges of agriculture</strong> such as improved access to investment, technology, inputs, and markets.</li>
<li>An FPO is <strong>a legal entity formed by primary producers</strong>, viz. farmers, milk producers, fishermen, weavers, rural artisans, craftsmen.</li>
<li>The FPO can be a production company, a cooperative society or any other legal form which provides for sharing of benefits among the members. In some forms like producer companies, institutions of primary producers can also become a member of PO.</li>
<li>The FPOs are generally mobilized by promoting institutions/ resource agencies (RAs). <strong>Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) provides support for the promotion of FPOs.</strong></li>
<li>The resource agencies leverage the support available from governments and agencies like NABARD to promote and nurture FPOs, but attempting an assembly line for mass production of FPOs has not given the desired results.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Future Market</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Futures contracts are used as hedging instruments in agricultural commodities. Hedging is a common practice that insures the farmer against a poor harvest by purchasing futures contracts in the same commodity.</li>
<li><strong>Forward Markets Commission (FMC)</strong> was a regulatory authority for commodity futures market in India. <strong>Forward Markets Commission (FMC) has been merged with</strong> Securities and Exchange Board of India <strong>(SEBI) with effect from September 28, 2015</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Future Trading in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The first futures trade by an Indian FPO took place in 2014 when the Ram Rahim Pragati Producer Company &ndash; an enterprise started by 3,000 women belonging to self-help groups in a tribal area of Madhya Pradesh &ndash; hedged soyabean price risk on the <strong>National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX)</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Between April 2016, when NCDEX began making formal efforts to directly engage with FPOs, and May 2018, FPOs had a miniscule 0.004% share of the agri-futures trade at NCDEX. More than half of the FPO futures trade of ₹50.8 crore was in soybeans, while another third was in maize. <strong>Bihar, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh account for 92% of the trade.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons:</strong> The Small farmers often hesitate to trade in the futures market due to their limited capacity as individuals. Future market is viewed with suspicion and termed as gambling. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Instead, they depend on traders in traditional marketing channels who charge high commissions, but provide easy access to credit and market.</li>
<li>However, FPOs, as aggregates of small farmers, can provide the scale of production needed if they receive sufficient information and support.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commodities and Derivatives Exchange</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Commodities and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) is an online commodities exchange dealing primarily in agricultural commodities in India.</li>
<li>It is a public limited company, established on 23 April 2003 under the Companies Act, 1956.</li>
<li>The exchange was founded by some of India's leading financial institutions such as ICICI Bank Limited, the National Stock Exchange of India and the National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development, among others.</li>
<li>NCDEX is located in Mumbai but has offices across the country to facilitate trade. Trading is done on 27 commodity contracts as of March 2018. These include 25 contracts for agricultural products. NCDEX is run by an independent board of directors with no direct interest in agriculture.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Benefits of Future Market</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Efficient Price Discovery for Farmers:</strong> Linking farmers with futures market can be mutually beneficial to both. Farmers, when linked with a consistent, liquid and deep futures market will be able to reap the benefits of efficient price discovery.</li>
<li><strong>More Liquidity to Market:</strong> Higher farmer participation will provide more liquidity to the market, helping it achieve its objective of price discovery.</li>
<li><strong>Removing Middlemen:</strong> The trading in <strong>futures market</strong> will help farmers make their cropping decisions based on next year&rsquo;s prices rather than last year&rsquo;s rates, as well as break the crippling hold of middlemen and traders and ultimately boost income for agricultural families.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Learning from the example of China, where the state has helped small land holding farmers by providing customised products and reducing price distortions, the <strong>Government of India should have limited intervention in prices and procurement of commodities</strong>.</li>
<li>The government needs to identify production centres and build warehouses and delivery centres around them in order to encourage futures trading in these areas.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/linking-farmers-with-futures-market-can-benefit-both/article28919062.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/linking-farmers-with-futures-market'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Improvement in Sex Ratio at Birth',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to the fourth National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) 2015-16, the sex ratio at birth (SRB) in India has improved from 914 to 919.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SRB is defined as the number of female births per 1,000 male births.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/414image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/414image1.jpg" width="158" height="226" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li>Survey held that <strong>the highest improvement in SRB was noted in Punjab at 126</strong> points, but its SRB remained at 860 (one of the lowest SRB in the states).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This success can be attributed to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-25th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) Scheme</a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Despite the North-Eastern societies traditionally being matriarchal, the sharpest decline was in Sikkim, where the SRB dropped 175 points to reach 809, the lowest among all states in 2015-16.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Next, to Sikkim, the five states with the highest declines included four more from the Northeast.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/280image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/280image6.jpg" width="422" height="387" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sex-ratio-at-birth-kerala-on-top-northeast-states-show-decline-5890615/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/improvement-in-sex-ratio-at-birth'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Task Force on Offshore Rupee Markets',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-1st-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Task Force on Offshore Rupee Markets,</strong></a> set up by the <strong>Reserve Bank of India <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(RBI)</a></strong> in February 2019 and chaired by <strong>Smt. Usha Thorat</strong>, former Deputy Governor, RBI, submitted its report to the Governor recently.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>The Task Force was set up to examine the issues relating to the <strong>offshore Rupee markets</strong> and recommend appropriate <strong>policy measures</strong> while factoring in the requirement of ensuring <strong>stability of the external value of the Rupee</strong> including <strong>measures for incentivising <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-diaspora" target="_blank" rel="noopener">non-residents</a></strong> to access the onshore foreign exchange market.</p>
</div>
<h3>Key Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian banks should not be allowed to deal in the offshore rupee derivative market &mdash; or <strong>Non-Deliverable Forward (NDF) markets &mdash;</strong> for the present.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The onshore rupee derivatives market is currently more deep and liquid as compared to the offshore rupee market and participation of the Indian banks in the offshore market might, over time, take away this advantage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NDF</strong> is a foreign exchange derivatives contract whereby two parties agree to exchange cash at a given spot rate on a future date. The contract is settled in a widely traded currency, such as the US dollar, rather than the original currency.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Extension of onshore market hours</strong> to improve access of overseas users and permit Indian banks to freely offer prices to global clients around the clock.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Banks should be allowed to freely offer prices to non-residents at all times either by a domestic sales team or by using staff located at overseas branches.</li>
<li>Also, wide access to the forex-retail trading platform to non-residents would be a major incentive to use the onshore market.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Enabling rupee derivatives (settled in foreign currency) to be traded in the <strong>International Financial Services Centers <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-financial-services-centres-authority-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(IFSC)</a></strong> in India.</li>
<li>To allow users to undertake <strong>forex transactions up to USD 100 million in over the counter (OTC) currency derivative market</strong> without the need to establish underlying exposure (security that must be delivered when a derivative contract is exercised).</li>
<li>To <strong>facilitate non-residents</strong> to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-eases-hedging-norms-for-external-commercial-borrowings" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>hedge</strong></a> their foreign exchange exposure onshore by:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Establishing a <strong>central clearing and settlement mechanism</strong> for non-resident transactions in the onshore market;</li>
<li>Implementing <strong>margin requirements</strong> for non-centrally cleared OTC derivatives and allowing Indian banks to post margins abroad;</li>
<li><strong>Aligning the tax treatment</strong> of foreign exchange derivatives with that in major international centres; and</li>
<li><strong>Centralising the KYC requirements</strong> across financial markets with uniform documentation requirement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>&lsquo;Onshore&rsquo; currencies simply mean buying the currencies locally, whereas &lsquo;offshore&rsquo; currencies mean buying the currencies outside the national boundaries</p>
</div>
<h3>Currency derivatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are <strong>exchange-based futures and options contracts</strong> that allow one to hedge against currency movements.</li>
<li>In simple words, one can use a currency future contract to exchange one currency for another at a future date at a price decided on the day of the purchase of the contract.</li>
<li>In India, one can use such derivative contracts to hedge against currencies like Dollar, Euro, U.K. pound and Yen.</li>
<li>While all such currency contracts are cash-settled in rupees, the Securities and Exchange Board of India <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(SEBI)</strong></a>, in July 2018, gave a go-ahead to start cross currency contracts on euro-dollar, pound-dollar and dollar-yen.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Trade in currency derivatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The two national-level stock exchanges, (Bombay Stock Exchange) BSE and the (National Stock Exchange) NSE, have currency derivatives segments.</li>
<li>One can trade in currency derivatives through brokers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Over the Counter (OTC) Market</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Prior to the introduction of currency derivatives on exchanges, there was only the OTC &ndash; over the counter &ndash; market to hedge currency risks and where forward contracts were negotiated and entered into.</li>
<li>It was kind of an <strong>opaque and closed market</strong> where mostly banks and financial institutions traded.</li>
<li>Exchange-based currency derivatives segment is a <strong>regulated and transparent market</strong> that can be used by small businesses and even individuals to hedge their currency risks.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/rbi-task-force-against-indian-banks-dealing-in-offshore-ndf-rupee-market-5890557/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/task-force-on-offshore-rupee-markets'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Changes in the Prevention of Money Laundering Act',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Union government has issued a notification on certain changes in the <strong>Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA)</strong>, which will further empower the Enforcement Directorate (ED) in tackling the cases of Money Laundering.</p>
<h3>What are the proposed amendments?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The amendment seeks to treat <strong>money laundering as a stand-alone crime.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Till now Money Laundering was not an independent crime; rather depended on another crime, known as the <strong>'predicate offence'</strong> or 'scheduled offence', the proceeds of which are made the subject matter of crime of money laundering.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also <strong>expands the ambit of &ldquo;proceeds of crime&rdquo;</strong> to those properties which &ldquo;may directly or indirectly be derived or obtained as a result of any criminal activity relatable to the scheduled offence.</li>
<li>The most crucial amendments are the <strong>deletion of provisions</strong> in sub-sections (1) of Section 17 (Search and Seizure) and Section 18 (Search of Persons).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These provisions required the pre-requisite of an FIR or charge sheet by other agencies that are authorised to probe the offences listed in the PMLA schedule.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>An explanation is added to Section 45 that clarifies that all <strong>PMLA offences will be cognisable and non-bailable.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Therefore, ED will be empowered to arrest an accused without a warrant, subject to certain conditions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Another vital amendment makes concealment of proceeds of crime, possession, acquisition, use, projecting as untainted money, or claiming as untainted property as independent and complete offences under the Act.</li>
<li>Section 72 will now give power to the Centre to set up an <strong>Inter-Ministerial Coordination Committee</strong> for inter-departmental and inter-agency coordination for operational and policy level cooperation, for consultation on anti-money laundering and counter-terror funding initiatives.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is Money Laundering?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Money laundering is the process of making large amounts of money generated by criminal activity, such as drug trafficking or terrorist funding, appear to have come from a legitimate source.</strong></li>
<li>Criminal activities like illegal arms sales, smuggling, drug trafficking and prostitution rings, insider trading, bribery and computer fraud schemes produce large profits.</li>
<li>Thereby it creates the incentive for money launderer to "legitimize" the ill-gotten gains through money laundering.</li>
<li>The money so generated is called 'dirty money' and <strong>money laundering is the process of conversion of 'dirty money', to make it appear as 'legitimate' money.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>How does Money Laundering take place?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Money laundering is a three-stage process :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Placement:</strong> The first stage is when the crime money is injected into the formal financial system.</li>
<li><strong>Layering:</strong> In the second stage, money injected into the system is layered and spread over various transactions with a view to obfuscate the tainted origin of the money.</li>
<li><strong>Integration:</strong> In the third and the final stage, money enters the financial system in such a way that original association with the crime is sought to be wiped out and the money can then be used by the offender as clean money.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bulk Cash Smuggling, Cash Intensive Businesses, Trade-based laundering, Shell companies and trusts, Round-tripping, Bank Capture, Gambling, Real Estate, Black Salaries, Fictional Loans, Hawala, False invoicing are some of the common methods of Money Laundering.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The legal framework in India to deal with Money Laundering</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, the specific legislation dealing with money laundering is the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act((PMLA), 2002</li>
<li>The law was enacted to combat money laundering in India and has three main objectives :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To prevent and control money laundering.</li>
<li>To provide for confiscation and seizure of property obtained from laundered money.</li>
<li>To deal with any other issue connected with money-laundering in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Under the PMLA Act, the Enforcement Directorate is empowered to conduct a Money Laundering investigation.</strong></li>
<li>Apart from the provisions of PMLA, there are other specialised provisions such as RBI/SEBI/IRDA anti-money laundering regulations</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Enforcement Directorate</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Directorate of Enforcement is a specialized financial investigation agency under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.</li>
<li>On 1 May 1956, an &lsquo;Enforcement Unit&rsquo; was formed, in Department of Economic Affairs, for handling Exchange Control Laws violations under Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947.</li>
<li>In the year 1957, this Unit was renamed as &lsquo;Enforcement Directorate&rsquo;.</li>
<li>ED enforces the following laws:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Foreign Exchange Management Act,1999 (FEMA)</li>
<li>Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/changes-in-pmla-act-empower-ed/article28916974.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/changes-in-the-prevention-of-money-laundering-act'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Women Transforming India Awards',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Women Transforming India awards (4th edition) are being launched by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Women Transforming India awards are organized in collaboration with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For WTI-2019 awards WhatsApp (facebook owned messaging platform) has collaborated with NITI Aayog.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The theme of the Women Transforming India- 2019 awards is <strong>Women and Entrepreneurship</strong> (same as in 2018).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Entrepreneurship Awards</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Entrepreneurship Awards aim to honour outstanding young first-generation entrepreneurs and ecosystem builders for their exceptional contribution in entrepreneurship development.</li>
<li>They recognise individuals or organizations that have made outstanding contributions to the entrepreneur ecosystem of India.</li>
<li>The National Entrepreneurship Awards are announced annually by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.</li>
<li><strong>To be eligible for</strong> National Entrepreneurship Awards the nominee (entrepreneur) must be:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the age of 40 years</li>
<li>First-generation entrepreneur</li>
<li>Hold 51% or more equity and ownership of the business</li>
<li>Women entrants must individually or collectively own 75% or more of the enterprise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Women Transforming India Awards</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WTI awards were launched by NITI Aayog and the United Nations in India in <strong>2016,</strong> to honour the <strong>women entrepreneurs,</strong> who are breaking the glass ceiling and challenging stereotypes, through businesses, enterprises and innovative initiatives.</li>
<li>WTI award recognizes women who are flag bearers of the next wave of business innovations and connect with potential business opportunities, through NITI Aayog&rsquo;s <strong>Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Women Entrepreneurship Platform (unified access portal to help women realise their entrepreneurial aspirations) is an initiative by NITI Aayog to promote and support aspiring as well as established women entrepreneurs in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1581564" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/women-transforming-india-awards'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'India’s Industrial Policy',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<h3>Meaning</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Government action to influence the ownership &amp; structure of the industry and its performance. It takes the form of pay&shy;ing subsidies or providing finance in other ways, or of regulation.</li>
<li>It includes procedures, principles (i.e., the philosophy of a given economy), policies, rules and regulations, in&shy;centives and punishments, the tariff policy, the labour policy, government&rsquo;s attitude towards foreign capital, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives</h3>
<p>The main objectives of the Industrial Policy of the Government in India are:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>to maintain a sustained growth in productivity;</li>
<li>to enhance gainful employment;</li>
<li>to achieve optimal utilisation of human resources;</li>
<li>to attain international competitiveness; and</li>
<li>to transform India into a major partner and player in the global arena.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Industrial Policies in India since Independence<br /><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578480116_image10.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578480116_image10.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948</strong>- It defined the broad contours of the policy <strong>delineating the role of the State in industrial development</strong> both as an entrepreneur and authority.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It made clear that India is going to have a <strong>Mixed Economic Model.</strong></li>
<li><strong>It classified industries into four broad areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Strategic Industries (Public Sector):</strong> It included three industries in which Central Government had monopoly. These included Arms and ammunition, Atomic energy and Rail transport.</li>
<li><strong>Basic/Key Industries (Public-cum-Private Sector):</strong> 6 industries viz. coal, iron &amp; steel, aircraft manufacturing, ship-building, manufacture of telephone, telegraph &amp; wireless apparatus, and mineral oil were designated as &ldquo;Key Industries&rdquo; or &ldquo;Basic Industries&rdquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These industries were to be set-up by the Central Government.</li>
<li>However, the existing private sector enterprises were allowed to continue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Industries (Controlled Private Sector):</strong> It included 18 industries including heavy chemicals, sugar, cotton textile &amp; woollen industry, cement, paper, salt, machine tools, fertiliser, rubber, air and sea transport, motor, tractor, electricity etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These industries continue to remain under private sector however, the central government, in consultation with the state government, had general control over them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Industries (Private and Cooperative Sector):</strong> All other industries which were not included in the above mentioned three categories were left open for the private sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Industries (Development and Regula&shy;tion) Act</strong> was passed in 1951 to implement the Industrial Policy Resolution, 1948.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Industrial Policy Statement of 1956 :</strong> Government revised its first Industrial Policy (i.e.the policy of 1948) through the Industrial Policy of 1956.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was regarded as the <strong>&ldquo;Economic Constitution of India&rdquo; or &ldquo;The Bible of State Capitalism&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The 1956 Policy empha&shy;sised the need to expand the public sector, to build up a large and growing coop&shy;erative sector and to encourage the separation of ownership and management in private in&shy;dustries and, above all, prevent the rise of pri&shy;vate monopolies.</li>
<li>It provided the basic framework for the government&rsquo;s policy in regard to in&shy;dustries till June 1991.</li>
<li>IPR, 1956 classified industries into three categories<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Schedule A</strong> consisting of 17 industries was the exclusive responsibility of the State. Out of these 17 industries, four industries, namely arms and ammunition, atomic en&shy;ergy, railways and air transport had Central Government monopolies; new units in the remaining industries were developed by the State Governments.</li>
<li><strong>Schedule B,</strong> consisting of 12 industries, was open to both the private and public sectors; however, such industries were progressively State-owned.</li>
<li><strong>Schedule C-</strong> All the other industries not included in these two Schedules constituted the third category which was left open to the pri&shy;vate sector. However, the State reserved the right to undertake any type of indus&shy;trial production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The IPR 1956, stressed the <strong>importance of cottage and small scale industries</strong> for expand&shy;ing employment opportunities and for wider decentralisation of economic power and activity</li>
<li>The Resolution also called for <strong>efforts to maintain industrial peace;</strong> a fair share of the proceeds of production was to be given to the toiling mass in keeping with the avowed objectives of democratic socialism.</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> The IPR 1956 came in for sharp criticism from the private sector since this Resolution <strong>reduced the scope for the expan&shy;sion of the private sector significantly.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The sector was <strong>kept under state control through a system of licenses.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Industrial Licenses</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to open new industry or to expand production, obtaining a license from the government was a prerequisite.</li>
<li>Opening new industries in economically backward areas was incentivised through easy licensing and subsidization of critical inputs like electricity and water. This was done to counter regional disparities that existed in the country.</li>
<li>Licenses to increase production were issued only if the government was convinced that the economy required more of the goods.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Industrial Policy Statement, 1977-</strong> In December 1977, the Janata Government announced its New Industrial Policy through a statement in the Parliament.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main thrust of this policy was the effective <strong>promotion of cottage and small industries</strong> widely dispersed in rural areas and small towns.</li>
<li>In this policy the <strong>small sector was classified into three groups&mdash;</strong>cottage and household sector, tiny sector and small scale industries.</li>
<li>The 1977 Industrial Policy prescribed <strong>different areas for large scale industrial sector-</strong> Basic industries,Capital goods industries, High technology industries and Other industries outside the list of reserved items for the small scale sector.</li>
<li>The 1977 Industrial Policy restricted the scope of large business houses so that no unit of the same business group acquired a dominant and monopolistic position in the market.</li>
<li>It put emphasis on reducing the occurrence of labour unrest. The Government <strong>encouraged the worker&rsquo;s participation in management</strong> from shop floor level to board level.</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> The industrial Policy 1977, was subjected to serious criticism as there was an absence of effective measures to curb the dominant position of large scale units and the policy <strong>did not envisage any socio&shy;economic transformation of the economy</strong> for curbing the role of big business houses and multinationals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Industrial Policy of 1980</strong> sought to promote the <strong>concept of economic federation,</strong> to raise the efficiency of the public sector and to reverse the trend of industrial production of the past three years and reaffirmed its faith in the <strong>Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act</strong> and the <strong>Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA).</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>New Industrial Policy During Economic Reforms of 1991</strong></p>
<p>The long-awaited liberalised industrial policy was announced by the Government of India in 1991 in the midst of severe economic instability in the country. The objective of the policy was to raise efficiency and accelerate economic growth.</p>
<h3>Features of New Industrial Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>De-reservation of Public sector:</strong> Sectors that were earlier exclusively reserved for public sector were reduced. However, pre-eminent place of public sec&shy;tor in 5 core areas like arms and ammu&shy;nition, atomic energy, mineral oils, rail transport and mining was continued. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Presently, only two sectors- Atomic Energy and Railway operations-</strong> are reserved exclusively for the public sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>De-licensing:</strong> Abolition of Industrial Licensing for all projects except for a short list of indus&shy;tries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are only 4 industries at present related to security, strategic and environmental concerns, where an industrial license is currently required- <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Electronic aerospace and defence equipment</li>
<li>Specified hazardous chemicals</li>
<li>Industrial explosives</li>
<li>Cigars and cigarettes of tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disinvestment of Public Sector:</strong> Government stakes in Public Sector Enterprises were reduced to enhance their efficiency and competitiveness.</li>
<li><strong>Liberalisation of Foreign Investment:</strong> This was the first Industrial policy in which foreign companies were allowed to have majority stake in India. In 47 high priority industries, upto 51% FDI was allowed. For export trading houses, FDI up to 74% was allowed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Today, there are numerous sectors in the economy where government allows 100% FDI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Foreign Technology Agreement:</strong> Automatic approvals for technology related agreements.</li>
<li><strong>MRTP Act</strong> was amended to remove the threshold limits of assets in respect of MRTP companies and dominant undertakings. MRTP Act was replaced by the Competition Act 2002.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Outcomes of New Industrial Policies</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 1991 policy<strong> made &lsquo;Licence, Permit and Quota Raj&rsquo; a thing of the past.</strong> It attempted to liberalise the economy by <strong>removing bureaucratic hurdles</strong> in industrial growth.</li>
<li>Limited role of Public sector reduced the burden of the Government.</li>
<li>The policy provided <strong>easier entry of multinational companies,</strong> privatisation, removal of asset limit on MRTP companies, liberal licensing. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All this resulted in increased competition, that led to lower prices in many goods such as electronics prices. This brought domestic as well as foreign investment in almost every sector opened to private sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The policy was followed by special efforts to increase exports. Concepts like Export Oriented Units, Export Processing Zones, Agri-Export Zones, Special Economic Zones and lately National Investment and Manufacturing Zones emerged. All these have benefitted the export sector of the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Limitations of Industrial Policies in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stagnation of Manufacturing Sector:</strong> Industrial policies in India have failed to push manufacturing sector whose contribution to GDP is stagnated at about 16% since 1991.</li>
<li><strong>Distortions in industrial pattern owing to selective inflow of investments:</strong> In the current phase of investment following liberalisation, while substantial investments have been flowing into a few industries, there is concern over the slow pace of investments in many basic and strategic industries such as engineering, power, machine tools, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Displacement of labour:</strong> Restructuring and modernisation of industries as a sequel to the new industrial policy led to displacement of labour.</li>
<li><strong>Absence of incentives for raising efficiency:</strong> Focussing attention on internal liberalisation without adequate emphasis on trade policy reforms resulted in <strong>&lsquo;consumption-led growth&rsquo; rather than &lsquo;investment&rsquo; or &lsquo;export-led growth&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Vaguely defined industrial location policy:</strong> The New Industrial Policy, while emphasised the detrimental effects of damage to the environment, failed to define a proper industrial location policy, which could ensure a pollution free development of industrial climate.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Industrial policies in India have taken a shift from predominantly <strong>Socialistic pattern in 1956 to Capitalistic since 1991.</strong></li>
<li>India now has a much liberalised industrial policy regime focusing on increased foreign investment and lesser regulations.</li>
<li>India ranked 77th on World Bank&rsquo;s Doing Business Report 2018. Reforms related to <strong>insolvency resolution (Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, 2017) and the Goods and Services Taxes (GST)</strong> are impressive and will result in <strong>long-term gains for the industrial sector.</strong></li>
<li>Campaigns such as <strong>Make in India</strong> and<strong> Start up India</strong> have helped to enhance the business ecosystem in the country.</li>
<li>However, electricity shortages and high prices, credit constraints, high unit labour costs due to labour regulations, political interference and other regulatory burdens continue to remain challenges for firm growth of the industrial sector in India.</li>
<li>There is a <strong>need for a new Industrial Policy</strong> to boost the manufacturing sector in the country. Government in December 2018 also felt the need to introduce a new Industrial Policy that would be a road map for all business enterprises in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/indias-industrial-policy-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/india-s-industrial-policy'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Man-Animal Conflict (MAC)',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-big-picture-on-tigers/article28872115.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The big picture on tigers&rdquo;</strong></a> which appeared in The Hindu on 8 August 2019. It talks about increasing incidents of Man-Animal Conflict and way forward.</p>
</div>
<p>According to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>4<sup>th</sup> Tiger Census,</strong></a> there are approximately 2,967 tigers in India. Tigers count in India has increased from 1,411 in 2006 to 1,706 in 2010 and to 2,226 in 2014, marking the success of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Tiger.</strong></a></p>
<p>India has achieved the goal of doubling the number of tigers as highlighted by the <strong>St Petersburg declaration 2010.</strong> However, according to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</strong></a>, India can have a maximum of 3,000 tigers with respect to the available area of tiger reserves.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>St Petersburg declaration</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The governments of 13 tiger home range countries agreed to a Global Tiger Recovery Program</strong></li>
<li><strong>The declaration seeks to double the global tiger population by 2022</strong></li>
<li><strong>The tiger range countries that are part of the Global Tiger Recovery Program are Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand, and Vietnam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Increased Tiger population has resulted in <strong>Man-Animal Conflict (MAC)</strong>, as the human population expands and natural habitats shrink, people and animals are increasingly coming into conflict over living space and food.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MAC has become the main threats to the continued survival of many species in different parts of the world and is also a significant threat to local human populations.</li>
<li>According to data from the Union environment ministry, <strong>more than 1,608 humans were killed</strong> in conflict cases involving tigers, leopards, bears and elephants between 2013 and 2017.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the reasons for increased MAC?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Habitat Loss: Only 5% of India&rsquo;s geographical area is in the protected area category.</strong> This space is <strong>not enough</strong> to have a full-fledged habitat for wild animals.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A territorial animal like a male tiger needs an area of 60-100 sq km. But the area allocated to an entire tiger reserve, like the Bor Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra, is around 140 sq km.</li>
<li>The territorial animals do not have enough space within reserves and their prey does not have enough fodder to thrive on.</li>
<li><strong>This has forced the wild animals to move out and venture close to human habitation in search of food, resulting in MAC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Infrastructure Development: Recent relaxations in norms</strong> to allow for a widening of highway and railway networks near these protected areas are the new threats, adding to the old ones of retaliatory poisoning and poaching.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apart from highways, railway and irrigation projects are coming up in tiger reserves. For example- the Ken-Betwa <strong>river interlinking project</strong> will submerge 100 sq. km of Panna Tiger Reserve.</li>
<li>Also, wildlife experts estimate that <strong>29% of the tigers in India are outside the protected areas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/624Image%201.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/624Image 1.webp" width="481" height="678" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Wildlife experts, if wildlife protection is confined to reserves and parks alone, several species will stand at the brink of extinction.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example <strong>Great Indian Bustard, which is a Schedule-I animal. Despite having sanctuaries to itself, the bird has been driven to the brink of extinction.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Co-occurrence approach: Building community participation</strong> in conservation is a better idea than just having protected areas.</li>
<li>Events of MAC can be reduced by <strong>integrating early warning systems with simpler damage-prevention practices</strong> (such as improving fencing of crops or better livestock husbandry).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Hunting of prey animals, such as deer and pig, needs to stop as they form the base for growth of tiger and other carnivore populations.</li>
<li>Efforts can be taken to better wildlife management practices and <strong>understanding of animal behaviour.</strong> So that people don't kill an animal out of panic.</li>
<li><strong>Crop insurance</strong> should be provided in the event of destruction by wild animals.</li>
<li>Safeguarding Tiger corridors, building eco-bridges and such conservation measures can be part of <strong>corporate social responsibility.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>The tiger is a unique animal which plays a pivotal role in the health and diversity of an ecosystem. The presence of tigers in the forest is an indicator of the well being of the ecosystem.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" height="82">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 527px; border-style: dotted; background-color: #f2f1d3; border-color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br /><br />Sustaining the country&rsquo;s tiger population will require a deft balancing of the imperative of conservation with the needs of local people and the demands of infrastructure development. Comment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/man-animal-conflict-mac'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has unveiled the <strong>draft Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)</strong> for Integrated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coastal-regulation-zone-crz-notification-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coastal</strong></a> management.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The draft plan will dictate how prospective infrastructure projects situated along the coast would be assessed before they can apply for clearance by laying out guidelines for coastal States to adopt when they approve and regulate projects in coastal zones.</li>
<li>The ESMF draft plan as a part of a World Bank-funded project seeks to assist the Government of India in <strong>enhancing coastal resource efficiency and resilience</strong>, by building collective capacity (including communities and decentralised governance) for adopting and implementing <strong>Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan.</strong></li>
<li>The MoEFCC had launched an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project (ICZMP) by establishing a <strong>Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM).</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Draft Environmental and Social Management Framework</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Draft ESMF has been prepared in support of a project proposal for &ldquo;Enhancing climate resilience of India&rsquo;s coastal communities&rdquo; by the Government of India (GoI) to the Green Climate Fund (GCF).</li>
<li>The objective of the draft ESMF project is to enhance the resilience of the lives and livelihoods of the most vulnerable populations, particularly women, in the coastal areas of India.</li>
<li>The project will work at national, state, and community levels to enhance capacity for the ecosystem and community-based approaches to adaptation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Society of Integrated Coastal Management</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM) has been established under the aegis of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.</li>
<li>It has a vision for vibrant, healthy and resilient coastal and marine environment for the continuous and enhanced outflow of benefits to the country and the coastal community.</li>
<li>SICOM is the national project management unit of India in strategic planning, management, execution, monitoring and successful implementation of the ICZMP-Phase-I.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan:</strong> (ICZM) is a process for the management of the coast using an integrated approach, regarding all aspects of the coastal zone, including geographical and political boundaries, in an attempt to achieve sustainability.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The concept was born in 1992 during the Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro.</li>
<li>The specifics regarding ICZM is set out in the proceedings of the summit within Agenda 21.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implementation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> assisted project and is being implemented by the Department of Forests and Environment with assistance from the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC).</li>
<li>The <strong>National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM),</strong> Chennai, is providing scientific and technical inputs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objective</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Formulation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan for the State</li>
<li>Lessen the coastal erosion</li>
<li>Reduce vulnerability to disaster</li>
<li>Biodiversity conservation</li>
<li>Livelihood security</li>
<li>Pollution/ environmental quality management</li>
<li>Improvement and conservation of cultural/ archaeological assets</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Components:</strong> Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM) would be implementing the project the national level and state level.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Till now three coastal states namely West Bengal, Gujarat and Orissa have been selected under the ICZM plan.</li>
<li>Four main components of the plan include National Coastal Zone Management Programme, ICZM-West Bengal, ICZM-Orissa and ICZM-Gujarat:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National</strong> Coastal Zone Management Programme: The national component will include <strong>mapping, delineation </strong>and<strong> demarcation</strong> of the hazard lines, and delineation of coastal sediment cells all along the mainland coast of India.</li>
<li><strong>ICZM approaches in Gujarat, Orissa and West Bengal:</strong> will support capacity building of the state-level agencies and institutions, including preparation of an ICZM plan for the coastal sediment cell, regional coastal process study, and pilot investments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-unveils-plan-for-coastal-zone-management/article28872370.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></strong></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-coastal-zone-management-plan'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Tardigrades',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Microscopic <strong>Earthlings</strong> known as Tardigrades, likely survived a crash landing on the Moon surface by Israel's <strong>Beresheet probe</strong> in April, 2019.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Beresheet probe is a private mission to the Moon by <strong>Israeli non-profit SpaceIL organisation.</strong> It was successfully launched in February 2019, on board of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/spacex-s-falcon-heavy-rocket" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Falcon 9 rocket</strong></a> from <strong>Cape Canaveral</strong> (Florida, USA) and arrived in lunar orbit in April 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;"></ul>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Tardigrades are found in <strong>terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments</strong> from the Arctic to the Antarctic, including great depths and altitudes.</li>
<li>They <strong>can withstand extreme radiation, sizzling heat, the coldest temperatures</strong> of the universe, and decades without food.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/358image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/358image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="265" height="139" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>Also known as <strong>water bears or moss piglets,</strong> they are capable of surviving temperatures as high as 150&deg; Celsius and as low as minus 272&deg; Celsius albeit for a few minutes.</li>
<li>The grub-like, <strong>eight-legged animals</strong> can come back from being dried out to a lifeless husk for decades, <strong>withstand near zero pressure in outer space</strong> and the crushing depths of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-to-explore-ocean-deeps" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mariana Trench.</strong></a></li>
<li>They are <strong>microscopic, multicellular,</strong> and one of the <strong>most durable forms of life</strong> on planet Earth.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/earths-toughest-creatures-may-be-on-moon/articleshow/70580476.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TOI</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tardigrades'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Heracles Inexpectatus: Giant Extinct Parrot',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The fossils of the largest ever parrot named <strong>Heracles Inexpectatus</strong> have been discovered in <strong>New Zealand.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>19 million years</strong> old fossils were unearthed near <strong>St. Bathans</strong> (known for its rich source of fossils from the Miocene period) in southern New Zealand.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/335image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/335image1.jpg" width="242" height="182" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>Heracles Inexpectatus was among the <strong>flightless birds</strong> and were at least <strong>one metre tall</strong> with a weight of up to <strong>seven kilograms.</strong></li>
<li>The fossil is approximately the size of the giant <strong>dodo pigeon</strong> and twice the size of the critically endangered flightless <strong>New Zealand kakapo</strong> (which until now was the largest known parrot).</li>
<li>Newzealand is known for its rich diversity of extinct giant birds like flightless bird Moa (3.6 metres tall).</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/meet-the-giant-parrots-that-lived-19-million-years-ago/article28871880.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heracles-inexpectatus-giant-extinct-parrot'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'India: Second-largest Scrap Importer',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>India has emerged the <strong>world&rsquo;s second-largest scrap importer of steel toppling South Korea.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scrap imports In India increased by 35% in the first half of this year to 3.87 million tonnes.</li>
<li>This signifies that <strong>the Indian system is not consuming internal scrap</strong> <strong>of steel, that is generated from old vehicles and machinery components, due to lack of efficient metal recycling facilities and technology</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>What will be the benefits of using internal scrap?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Due to the <strong>slowdown in the domestic steel industry and cheap price of imported scrap metals,</strong> India became the second-largest scrap importer.</li>
<li>However, India's Internal scrap market holds huge potential, for instance, India will have <strong>22 million obsolete vehicles by 2025</strong> from 8.7 million at present.</li>
<li>But as of now,<strong> India lacks regulations in scrapping and</strong> recycling is mostly done by the <strong>unorganised segment.</strong></li>
<li>Thus, there is a need for a <strong>comprehensive metal recycling policy</strong> so that India can mobilise Internal scrap market.</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of using internal scrap:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will improve <strong>India&rsquo;s balance of trade.</strong></li>
<li>Mobilising internal scrap will <strong>create millions of jobs</strong> in recycling dominated industries like plastic, rubber, glass, fabric, metal industries and technology and the auto sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government can <strong>incentivise internal scrap mobilisation</strong> in the automobile industry, by steps like <strong>waiver</strong> in the registration fee for a new car can be provided if the buyer produces a certificate for scrapping an old car.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Turkey is still the world&rsquo;s largest recycler and scrap importer of the world.</strong></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-news/article28875110.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:THBL</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-second-largest-scrap-importer'
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