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Carnatic Music

Why in News? Recently, S. Sowmya was conferred with Sangita Kalanidhi Award for her contribution to Carnatic music. Origin of Carnatic...

20 Feb 2020 Paper 1
Tirur Vettila

Tirur vettila has obtained a Geographical Indication (GI) tag. Tirur Vettila is a type of betel leaf which is grown in Tirur and nearby areas of...

20 Feb 2020 News Analysis
22nd Law Commission of India

Why in news Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the constitution of the 22nd Law Commission of India for a period of three years. Key...

20 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Revamp of the Crop Insurance Schemes

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the revamp of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) and the Restructured Weather Based...

20 Feb 2020 News Analysis
CHILDLINE India Foundation

Why in News According to the data compiled by the CHILDLINE India Foundation (CIF), 35% of the total cases of sexual abuse were committed by...

20 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Historical Gastronomica - The Indus Dining Experience

Why in News The National Museum, New Delhi is hosting a unique exhibition on India’s ancient food history “Historical Gastronomica - The...

20 Feb 2020 News Analysis
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes

Why in News The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) organised its 16th foundation day. On this occasion, the NCST has also decided to...

20 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Assisted Reproductive Technology Regulation Bill, 2020

Why in News The Union Cabinet has approved the Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Regulation Bill, 2020 to monitor medical procedures used to...

20 Feb 2020 News Analysis
ICRG Recommends Continuation of Pakistan in Grey List

Why in News The International Co-operation Review Group (ICRG) of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has recommended that Pakistan be retained...

19 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Gender Parity In Indian Army

This article is based on ‘A just verdict’ which was published in The Indian Express on 19/02/2020. It talks about Supreme Court’s...

19 Feb 2020 News Editorials
India-Norway Task Force on Blue Economy

Why in News Recently, the India-Norway Task Force on Blue Economy for Sustainable Development was inaugrated jointly by both the countries. This...

19 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Aditya-L1 Mission

Why in News The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is preparing for its first scientific expedition to study the Sun, Aditya-L1. It would be...

19 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Northern European Enclosure Dam

Why in News Scientists have proposed the construction of the Northern European Enclosure Dam (NEED) enclosing all of the North Sea to protect...

19 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Private Member Bill for Two-Child Policy Norm

Why in News Recently, a Private Member’s Constitution Amendment Bill has been introduced in the Rajya Sabha proposing incentives in taxation,...

19 Feb 2020 News Analysis
India’s Nutrition Problem

This article is based on “Nutrition and the Budget’s fine print” which was published in The Hindu on 13/02/2020. It talks about...

18 Feb 2020 News Editorials
The Big Picture: Census- Challenges & Importance

There have been rising instances of attack on field enumerators conducting National Sample Survey exercise in some areas of Kerala, Uttar Pradesh,...

18 Feb 2020 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
E-MASIHA

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Minority Affairs has informed that India has made the Haj 2020 process completely digital. Key...

18 Feb 2020 News Analysis
100 years of Jamshedpur City

Why in News Jamshedpur City is celebrating the completion of 100 years. Jamshedpur is one of the first industrial planned cities of India and the...

18 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Arab World's First Nuclear Power Plant

Why in News Recently, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has issued an operating licence for the Arab world's first nuclear power plant, paving the way...

18 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Portuguese President’s Visit to India

Why in News The Portuguese President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa visited India from 13th-16th February, 2020. The last visit by a Portuguese...

18 Feb 2020 News Analysis

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Carnatic Music',
			'catname' => 'Paper 1',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>Recently, S. Sowmya was conferred with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sangita-kalanidhi-award" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sangita Kalanidhi Award</strong></a> for her contribution to <strong>Carnatic music.</strong></p>
<h3>Origin of Carnatic Music</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Carnatic music owes its name to the Sanskrit term <em>Karn&acirc;taka Sang&icirc;tam</em> which denotes &ldquo;traditional&rdquo; or &ldquo;codified&rdquo; music.</li>
<li>Composed of a system of Ragam <em>(Raga)</em> and Thalam <em>(Tala)</em>, it has a rich history and tradition.</li>
<li>Carnatic Sangeet has developed in the south Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. These states are known for their strong presentation of Dravidian culture.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Renaissance of Carnatic Music</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The course of the evolution of Indian music saw the emergence of two different subsystems as Hindustani and Carnatic music. Both the terms emerged for the first time in <strong>Haripala&rsquo;s &ldquo;Sangeeta Sudhakara&rdquo;,</strong> written in the 14<sup>th</sup> century A.D.</li>
<li>The two distinct styles, Hindustani and Carnatic came into vogue after the advent of the Muslims, particularly during the reign of the Mughal Emperors.</li>
<li><strong>Purandardas</strong> (1484-1564), a prolific poet-composer and mystic of Vijayanagar, is considered to be the <strong>father of Carnatic music</strong> (Carnatic Sangeeta Pitamaha).</li>
<li><strong>Venkatamakhi</strong> is regarded as the grand theorist of Carnatic music. In 17<sup>th</sup> century AD, he developed <strong>&ldquo;Melakarta&rdquo;,</strong> the system for classifying south Indian ragas. There are 72 Melakartas at present.</li>
<li><strong>Tyagaraja</strong> (1767-1847), his contemporaries <strong>Syama Sastri</strong> and <strong>Muttusvami Dikshitar</strong> are together known as the <strong>&ldquo;Trinity&rdquo; of Carnatic music.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Musical forms of Carnatic Music</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gitam:</strong> It is the simplest type of composition with an easy and melodious flow of raga.</li>
<li><strong>Suladi:</strong> The Suladi is a talamalika, the sections being in different talas.</li>
<li><strong>Svarajati:</strong> It consists of three sections, called Pallavi, Anupallavi and Charanam. The theme is either devotional, heroic or amorous.</li>
<li><strong>Jatisavaram:</strong> It is noted for the use of rhythmical excellence and the Jati pattern.</li>
<li><strong>Varnam:</strong> It is the only form which does not find a counterpart in Hindustani music. This form is called a Varnam because many of the Svara group patterns called &lsquo;Varnas&rsquo; in ancient music are interwoven in its texture.</li>
<li><strong>Kirtanam:</strong> It is valued for the devotional content or Bhakti Bhava of the Sahitya.</li>
<li><strong>Kriti:</strong> It developed from the Kirtanam. It is a highly evolved musical form.</li>
<li><strong>Pallavi:</strong> This is the most important branch of creative music. It allows improvisation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Difference between Carnatic and Hindustani Music</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Carnatic music originated in South India whereas Hindustani music in North India.</li>
<li>It is believed that the music of India was more or less uniform before the 13<sup>th</sup> century. Hindustani synthesises with Vedic, Islamic and Persian traditions. Carnatic is comparatively untouched and developed on the original lines.</li>
<li>Carnatic music has homogenous and Hindustani music has a heterogeneous Indian tradition.</li>
<li>Carnatic music has a restrained and intellectual character as compared with the more secular Hindustani traditions.</li>
<li>The major vocal forms of Hindustani music are Dhrupad, Khayal, Tarana, Thumri, Dadra and Gazals. While Carnatic music has several varieties of improvisation such as Alapana, Niraval, Kalpnaswaram and Ragam Thana Pallavi.</li>
<li>Hindustani music has various <em>gharanas</em> like Lucknow, Jaipur, Kirana, Agra etc., wherein Carnatic music no such <em>gharanas</em> found.</li>
</ul>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Tirur Vettila',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Tirur vettila has obtained a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/potential-of-gis-is-waiting-to-be-tapped" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geographical Indication (GI) tag.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tirur Vettila is a type of betel leaf which is grown in<strong> Tirur and nearby areas of Malappuram district of Kerala.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582191354_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582191354_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li>Tirur Vettila is unique for its significantly <strong>high content of total chlorophyll and protein</strong> in fresh leaves.</li>
<li>Tirur vettila possesses some special biochemical characters like <strong>unique flavour and aroma.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Eugenol</strong> is the major essential oil in Tirur betel leaf contributing to its pungency.</li>
<li>The leaves are<strong> nutritive and contain anticarcinogens,</strong> showing future opportunities in anticancer drugs.</li>
<li>Betel vine was reported to have immunosuppressive activity and antimicrobial property.</li>
<li>The Intellectual property rights (IPR) Cell of Kerala Agricultural University has received National IP Award, 2019 of Government of India its efforts in the facilitation of GI Registration.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other GI Products from Kerala</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Kaipad rice, Pokkali rice, Wayanad Jeerakasala rice, Wayanad Gandhakasala rice, Vazhakulam pineapple, Marayoor jaggery, Central Travancore jaggery and Chengalikodan nendran.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => '22nd Law Commission of India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in news</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the constitution of the<strong> 22<sup>nd</sup> Law Commission of India</strong> for a period of <strong>three years.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Law Commission of India is a <strong>non-statutory body</strong> constituted by the Government of India from time to time.</li>
<li>The first Law Commission of independent India was established in <strong>1955</strong> for a <strong>three-year term.</strong> Since then, twenty one more Commissions have been established.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> first Law Commission</strong> was established during the British Raj era in 1834 by the <strong>Charter Act of 1833</strong> and was <strong>chaired by Lord Macaulay.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It works as an<strong> advisory body</strong> to the <strong>Ministry of Law and Justice.</strong></li>
<li>The Law Commission undertakes research in law and review of existing laws in India for making reforms therein and enacting new legislations on a reference made to it by the Central Government or suo-motu.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Important Recommendations by Law Commission of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Law Commission in its 262<sup>nd</sup> Report recommended <strong>abolition of the death penalty</strong> for all crimes except terrorism-related offences and waging war against the state.</li>
<li>Its report on electoral reforms (1999) had suggested <strong>simultaneous Lok Sabha and state assembly elections</strong> to improve governance and stability.</li>
<li>The 267<sup>th</sup> report of the Law Commission had drafted a new law &mdash; The Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2017 &mdash; inserting new Sections to fortify democracy <strong>against hate speeches.</strong></li>
<li>The Law Commission had also recommended the <strong>implementation of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC)</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1603641" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/22nd-law-commission-of-india'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Revamp of the Crop Insurance Schemes',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the revamp of the <strong>Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)</strong> and the <strong>Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The revamped scheme will be effective from <strong>2020 Kharif season.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Changes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reduced Share of the Centre:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Centre has slashed its share of the premium subsidy from the current <strong>50% to just 25% in irrigated areas and 30% for unirrigated areas.</strong></li>
<li>Farmers pay a fixed share of the premium: 2% of the sum insured for Kharif crops, 1.5% for rabi crops and 5% for cash crops.</li>
<li>Currently, the Centre and State split the balance of the premium equally. However, the revamp now reduces the burden on the Centre and increases the share of States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Voluntary Enrollment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The enrolment in these schemes has been made <strong>voluntary for all farmers, including those with existing crop loans.</strong></li>
<li>When the PMFBY was launched in 2016, it was made mandatory for all farmers with crop loans to enrol for insurance cover under the scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flexibility to Select Risk Cover:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has also allowed states the<strong> flexibility to select varied additional risk covers,</strong> with or <strong>without opting for the base PMFBY cover.</strong></li>
<li>Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Bihar had decided to exit the scheme citing high costs and the need to customise it based on geographical diversities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cut-off Dates for State to Release its Share:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has also introduced <strong>cut-off dates for states to release its share of premium subsidy.</strong></li>
<li>If states don&rsquo;t release their share <strong>before March 31 for the Kharif season</strong> and <strong>September 30 for rabi,</strong> they<strong> won&rsquo;t be allowed to implement the scheme.</strong></li>
<li>Data shows a large number of states that participate in the scheme don&rsquo;t release their share on time, which leads to a delayed compensation paid to farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Compulsory Serving Time Period for Insurance Firms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has made it compulsory for the States to<strong> allow crop insurance firms to operate for three years.</strong></li>
<li>Currently, the tenders floated by the States are for one-year, two-year or three-year periods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana was launched in <strong>2016</strong> and is being administered by the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.</strong></li>
<li>It provides a comprehensive insurance cover against the failure of the crop thus helping in stabilising the income of the farmers.</li>
<li><strong>Scope:</strong> All food &amp; oilseed crops and annual commercial/horticultural crops for which past yield data is available.</li>
<li><strong>Premium:</strong> The prescribed premium is 2% to be paid by farmers for all Kharif crops and 1.5% for all rabi crops. In the case of annual commercial and horticultural crops, the premium is 5%.</li>
<li>The scheme is implemented by empanelled general insurance companies. The selection of the Implementing Agency (IA) is done by the concerned State Government through bidding.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme <strong>(RWBCIS)</strong> was launched in 2016 and is being administered by<strong> the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.</strong></li>
<li>It aims to mitigate the hardship of the insured farmers against the likelihood of financial loss on account of anticipated crop loss resulting from adverse weather conditions relating to rainfall, temperature, wind, humidity etc.</li>
<li>WBCIS uses weather parameters as &ldquo;proxy‟ for crop yields in compensating the cultivators for deemed crop losses.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/central-govt-cuts-its-share-in-flagship-crop-insurance-scheme/article30863985.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revamp-of-the-crop-insurance-schemes'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'CHILDLINE India Foundation',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the data compiled by the CHILDLINE India Foundation (CIF), 35% of the total cases of sexual abuse were committed by neighbours.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>CHILDLINE India Foundation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CIF is the largest network of agencies involved in protection of children.</li>
<li>CIF is the <strong>nodal agency</strong> appointed by the <strong>Ministry of Women and Child Development</strong> to manage CHILDLINE helpline 1098 - a free, emergency phone service for <strong>children in need aid and assistance.</strong></li>
<li>It is also the <strong>sole agency/body</strong> responsible for <strong>establishing the CHILDLINE service across the country, monitoring</strong> of service delivery and finance, training, research and documentation, creating awareness, advocacy as well as resource generation for the service.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Number of Phone Calls:</strong> The largest number of phone calls were made to seek <strong>intervention for abuse cases</strong> (17%), followed by those pertaining to <strong>child labour (13%), education (12%),</strong> runaways (11%) and <strong>missing children (11%).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Nature of Abuse:</strong> The nature of abuse children suffered shows that 37% of the complaints were about child marriage, 27% about physical abuse and 13% regarding sexual abuse. The remaining 23% constituted emotional, corporal, domestic and cyber abuse.</li>
<li><strong>Profile of Abusers:</strong> The analyses show that 35% of the total 8,000 cases of sexual abuse were committed by neighbours, 25% by strangers and 11% by family members. The remaining 29% of perpetrators were friends, relatives, teachers, institutional staff, hospital staff, police and step parents.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/one-in-10-calls-on-abuse-to-helpline-made-by-children-study/article30863277.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/childline-india-foundation'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Historical Gastronomica - The Indus Dining Experience',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The National Museum, New Delhi is hosting a unique exhibition on India&rsquo;s ancient food history &ldquo;Historical Gastronomica - The Indus Dining Experience&rdquo; from 19<sup>th</sup> to 25<sup>th</sup> February, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&lsquo;Indus Dining Experience&rsquo; - organized jointly by the National Museum and One Station Million Stories (OSMS) - is based on archaeological research, museum artefacts and their characteristics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One Station Million Stories is a Delhi-based organization that specializes in the craft of storytelling through extensive technical research.</li>
<li>The National Museum is under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Culture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The exhibition in the National Museum features:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An illustrative story of man&rsquo;s food history since his evolution and continues to conclude at the Indus-Saraswati Civilization,</li>
<li><strong>Gallery Walk:</strong> Use of Harappan pottery and artefacts,</li>
<li><strong>Food Tasting:</strong> finger-food samplers and dinners.</li>
<li>A model of a Late Harappan Kitchen and other specially designed exhibits -- recreated by OSMS.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unesco-s-network-of-creative-cities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO&rsquo;s network of creative cities</strong></a> has included <strong>Hyderabad</strong> as a creative<strong> city of gastronomy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indus Valley Civilization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is also known as <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Harappan Civilization.</strong></a></li>
<li>It flourished around 2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia, in contemporary Pakistan and Western India.</li>
<li>The Indus Valley was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China.</li>
<li>In the 1920s, the Archaeological Department of India carried out excavations in the Indus valley wherein the ruins of the two old cities, viz. Mohenjodaro and Harappa were unearthed.</li>
<li>The Harappans were very well acquainted with the manufacturing and use of Bronze.</li>
<li>The Harappan villages, mostly situated near the flood plains, produced sufficient foodgrains. Wheat, barley, rai, peas, sesame, lentil, chickpea and mustard were produced.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1603746" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/historical-gastronomica-the-indus-dining-experience'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'National Commission for Scheduled Tribes',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) organised its 16<sup>th</sup> foundation day.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On this occasion, the NCST has also decided to institute a national award named as <strong>&ldquo;NCST Leadership Award&rdquo;</strong> which will be conferred for significant and exemplary services towards Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the country.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Schedule Tribes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per Census-1931, Schedule tribes are termed as "backward tribes&rdquo; living in the "Excluded" and "Partially Excluded" areas. The Government of India Act of 1935 called for the first time for representatives of "backward tribes" in provincial assemblies.</li>
<li>The Constitution does <strong>not define</strong> the criteria for recognition of Scheduled Tribes and hence the definition contained in 1931 Census was used in initial years after independence.</li>
<li>However, <strong>Article 366(25)</strong> of the Constitution only provides process to define Scheduled Tribes: &ldquo;Scheduled Tribes means such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this Constitution.&rdquo;<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>342(1):</strong> The President may with respect to any State or Union Territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor, by a public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups within tribes or tribal communities as Scheduled Tribe in relation to that State or Union Territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are over <strong>700 tribes</strong> which have been notified.</li>
<li>The<strong> largest number</strong> of tribal communities (62) are found in <strong>Odisha.</strong></li>
<li><strong>No Tribe</strong> was identified in <strong>Haryana, Punjab, Chandigarh, Delhi, and Pondicherry.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Few Related Committees</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Lokur Committee (1965)</strong> was set up to look into criteria for defining Schedule Tribes. The Committee recommended 5 criteria for identification, namely, <strong>primitive traits, distinct culture, geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the community at large, </strong>and<strong> backwardness.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Bhuria Commission (2002-2004)</strong> focused on a wide range of issues from the <strong>5<sup>th</sup> Schedule</strong> to tribal land and forests, health and education, the working of Panchayats and the status of tribal women.</li>
<li>A High-Level Committee (HLC) in 2013, under chairmanship of Prof. Virginius Xaxa was constituted to study the 5 critical issues related to tribal communities : (1) livelihood and employment, (2) education, (3) health, (4) involuntary displacement and migration, (5) and legal and constitutional matters.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> NCST was set up with effect from 19<sup>th</sup> February, 2004 by amending Article 338 and by inserting a new article <strong>338A</strong> in the Constitution through the 89th Constitution Amendment Act, 2003. Hence, it is a <strong>constitutional body.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> Article 338A inter-alia gives powers to the to NCST <strong>oversee the implementation of various safeguards provided to STs under the Constitution or under any other law for time being in force or under any other order to the Government and to evaluate the working of such safeguards.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Composition :</strong> It consists of a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson and 3 other Members who are appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At least one member should be a woman.</li>
<li>The Chairperson, the Vice-Chairperson and the other Members hold office for a term of<strong> 3 years.</strong></li>
<li>The members are <strong>not eligible for appointment for more than two terms.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Chairperson has been given the rank of Union Cabinet Ministers, the Vice Chairperson has the rank of a Minister of State and other Members have the rank of a Secretary to the Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Duties and Functions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To<strong> investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the STs</strong> under the Constitution or under any other law for the time being in force or under any order of the Government.</li>
<li>To <strong>inquire into specific complaints</strong> with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the STs.</li>
<li>To <strong>participate and advise</strong> in the planning process of socio-economic development of the STs and to evaluate the progress of their development.</li>
<li>To present to the <strong>President,</strong> annually and at such other times as the Commission may deem fit, <strong>reports upon the working of those safeguards.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To make in such reports, recommendations as to the measures that should be taken by the Union or any State for effective implementation of those safeguards and other measures for the protection, welfare and socio-economic development of the Scheduled Tribes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare and development and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes as the President may subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament by rule specify.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1603616" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Assisted Reproductive Technology Regulation Bill, 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has approved the <strong>Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Regulation Bill, 2020</strong> to monitor medical procedures used to assist people to achieve pregnancy.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill will <strong>regulate the Assisted Reproductive Technology services</strong> in the country. Consequently, infertile couples will be more ensured/confident of the ethical practices in ARTs.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Assisted Reproductive Technology</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ART is used to <strong>treat infertility.</strong> It includes fertility treatments that handle both a woman's egg and a man's sperm. It works by removing eggs from a woman's body. The eggs are then mixed with sperm to make embryos. The embryos are then put back in the woman's body. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/white-rhino" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>In Vitro fertilization (IVF)</strong></a> is the most common and effective type of ART.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>ART procedures sometimes use donor eggs, donor sperm, or previously frozen embryos. It may also involve a<strong> surrogate carrier.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Features of the Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Safe ART</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bill makes provisions for safe and ethical practice of assisted reproductive technology services in the country.</li>
<li>The Bill will ensure confidentiality of intending couples and protect the rights of the child born through ART.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pre-Genetic Implantation Testing Mandatory:</strong> The test allows doctors to test embryos for any possible abnormal chromosomes before they are transferred to the uterus. This is <strong>to avoid any genetic diseases</strong> in the population born through these technologies.</li>
<li><strong>A National Board</strong> which will lay down a code of conduct to be observed by those operating ART clinics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Board will also formulate minimum standards for laboratory and diagnostic equipment and practices to be followed by human resources employed by clinics and banks.</li>
<li><strong>ART Bank</strong> means an organization that is set up to supply sperm/semen, oocytes/oocyte donor and surrogate mothers to Assisted Reproductive Technology clinics or the patients.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulatory Boards at State Level</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The States and Union Territories will have to form State Boards and State authorities within three months of the notification of the proposed legislation.</li>
<li>The State Board shall have the responsibility to follow the policies and plans laid by the National Board for clinics and Banks in the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>A national registry and registration authority,</strong> which will maintain a database to assist the national Board to perform its functions.</li>
<li><strong>Punishment</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bill proposes for a stringent punishment for those practising sex selection, sale of human embryos or gametes, running agencies/rackets/organisations for such unlawful practices.</li>
<li>The bill has a provision that those involved in trafficking and sale of embryos will be fined Rs 10 lakh at first instance and in second instance the person could be imprisoned for up to 12 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for the Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Exponential Growth:</strong> Assisted reproductive technology (ART) has grown by leaps and bounds in the last few years. India is among countries that have seen the highest growth in the number of ART centres and ART cycles performed every year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Clinics in India offer nearly all the ART services&mdash;gamete donation, IntraUterine Insemination (IUI), In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) and gestational surrogacy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India has become one of the major centres of the global fertility industry</strong> (ART), with reproductive medical tourism becoming a significant activity. This has also introduced a plethora of legal, ethical and social issues; yet, there is <strong>no standardisation of protocols</strong> and reporting is still very inadequate.</li>
<li>The select committee of the Parliament that examined<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-new-surrogacy-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> the Surrogacy Regulation Bill, 2019</strong> </a>has said that it would be prudent to bring the ART Bill before the Surrogacy Bill, 2019, to establish a regulatory mechanism for ART clinics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ART Regulation Bill is supposed to be more overarching and the first step to regulate the sector. Without registration and a proper database of medical institutions and clinics providing such services, it is impossible to regulate services like surrogacy and abortion (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/medical-termination-of-pregnancy-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Medical Termination of Pregnancy Amendment Bill, 2020</strong></a>).</li>
<li>It needs to be noted that all the three Bills are designed around <strong>protecting and recognizing women&rsquo;s reproductive rights.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assisted-reproductive-technology-regulation-bill-proposes-national-registry-of-clinics/article30864344.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assisted-reproductive-technology-regulation-bill-2020'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'ICRG Recommends Continuation of Pakistan in Grey List',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>International Co-operation Review Group (ICRG) of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF)</strong> has recommended that <strong>Pakistan be retained on the &ldquo;Grey List&rdquo;,</strong> given the country&rsquo;s failure to completely implement the 27-point action plan to check terror financing.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It needs to be noted that a recommendation by the ICRG is a precursor to the final decision at the FATF plenary session, and is usually not overturned. Since <strong>2007,</strong> the the ICRG has analysed high-risk jurisdiction and recommended specific action to address the money laundering/terror financing risks emanating from them.</li>
<li>The<strong> FATF Plenary is the decision making body of the FATF.</strong> It meets three times per year. The latest meeting will conclude on 21st February, 2020 in which final decision with respect to Pakistan will be taken.</li>
<li>The FATF meeting is being held a week after an anti-terrorism court in <strong>Pakistan sentenced Hafiz Saeed,</strong> the mastermind of the 2008 Mumbai attack and founder of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), to 11 years in two terror financing cases.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fatf-s-grey-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> FATF plenary held in October 2019</strong></a> had noted that Pakistan addressed only five out of the 27 tasks given to it in controlling funding to terror groups like the Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) and Hizbul Mujahideen, responsible for a series of attacks in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The FATF, then, strongly urged Pakistan to swiftly complete its full action plan by February, 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pakistan was placed on the grey list by the FATF in June 2018</strong> and was given a plan of action to complete by October 2019, or face the risk of being placed on the black list with Iran and North Korea.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Current Scenario and India&rsquo;s Stand</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the <strong>FATF Asia Pacific Joint Group</strong> meeting in Beijing in January 2020, <strong>Pakistan was adjudged to have cleared 14 points.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Asia Pacific Group on Money Laundering was established in 1997 as an autonomous regional anti-money laundering body by unanimous agreement among 13 original founding members. Presently, it has <strong>41 active members including India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pakistan&rsquo;s Current Stand</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since the 2019 meeting, it has taken all possible measures against terror financing.</li>
<li>It has convicted an unprecedented number of persons, which includes Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) chief Hafiz Saeed.</li>
<li>It has also recently informed the FATF that JeM founder Masood Azhar and his family are &ldquo;missing&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has been maintaining that Pakistan extends regular support to terror groups and has urged FATF to take action against Pakistan.</li>
<li>India counters Pakistan's claims, saying the recent action taken by Islamabad against Saeed and others was an attempt to evade further FATF sanctions.</li>
<li>India asserts that the terror funding operations are still on and outfits such as the LeT and Jaish-e-Mohammed, whose chief Masood Azhar's location as per Pakistan is &ldquo;missing&rdquo;, are having a free run in Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pakistan&rsquo;s Status on Grey List</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pakistan needs 12 votes out of 39 (total members in the FATF) to exit the &lsquo;Grey List&rsquo; and move to &lsquo;White List&rsquo;. To avoid &lsquo;Black List&rsquo;, it needs the support of three countries.</li>
<li>In the Beijing 2020 meeting, Pakistan got support from Malaysia and Turkey besides FATF current chair China.</li>
<li>India has lobbied with several countries, from the US to Europe, Australia to West Asian countries, to make the case for blacklisting of Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Pakistan</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If Pakistan continues on the grey list, it would be very difficult for the country to get financial aid from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the European Union, making its financial condition even more unsteady.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Financial Action Task Force</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an inter-governmental body established in 1989 during the G7 Summit in Paris.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> To set standards and promote effective implementation of legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system.</li>
<li><strong>Secretariat:</strong> Its Secretariat is located at the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) headquarters in Paris.</li>
<li><strong>Member Countries:</strong> The FATF currently has 39 members including two regional organisations &mdash; the European Commission and Gulf Cooperation Council. India is a member of the FATF.</li>
<li><strong>Lists under FATF:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Grey List:</strong> Countries that are considered safe haven for supporting terror funding and money laundering are put in the FATF grey list. This inclusion serves as a warning to the country that it may enter the blacklist.</li>
<li><strong>Black List:</strong> Countries known as Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories (NCCTs) are put in the blacklist. These countries support terror funding and money laundering activities. The FATF revises the blacklist regularly, adding or deleting entries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/sub-group-of-terror-financing-watchdog-fatf-recommends-continuation-of-pakistan-in-grey-list/article30852467.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icrg-recommends-continuation-of-pakistan-in-grey-list'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Gender Parity In Indian Army',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/supreme-court-verdict-women-indian-army-6274740/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;A just verdict&rsquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 19/02/2020. It talks about Supreme Court&rsquo;s judgment to grant permanent commission to women officers at par with their male counterparts.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, in a landmark judgment, the Supreme Court (SC) has upheld a Delhi High Court order of 2010 that seeks to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/women-eligible-for-permanent-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>grant permanent commission to women officers</strong></a> at par with their male counterparts. Along with granting a role to women in combat arms, the judgment essentially highlights the denial of equal opportunity in their existing roles for promotion to higher commands.</p>
<p>The current case is in line with a series of judgments that Supreme Court gave in recent years in order to address various forms of gender discrimination in Indian society and to assert Right to Equality. For example, Sabarimala Case, decriminalising homosexuality etc.</p>
<h3>What were the main highlights of the judgment?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SC directed that, at the stage of<strong> opting for the grant of permanent commission,</strong> all the choices for specialisation shall be available to women officers on the same terms as for the male short service commission officers.</li>
<li>It held that the engagement of women in the Combat Arms is a policy matter of Government and SC will stick to the judgment of the Delhi High Court where &lsquo;women in combat arms was not a matter of appeal.</li>
<li>However, the Supreme Court clarified that women officers would be eligible for <strong>command posting.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Command posting means heading a battalion or substantive command delegated to carry out independent tasks. It is generally done by an officer at the rank of Colonel in the Army.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The SC granted three months time to the centre to implement its order. Also, the ruling will have a retrospective effect.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of the Judgment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Women now have the same terms of employment as men.</strong> No longer will women be forced to retire after 14 years in service, irrespective of their record.</li>
<li>They will also have<strong> full pension and other financial benefits.</strong> The SC clarified that the policy decision will apply to all women SSC officers who are currently in service.</li>
<li>It <strong>opens command appointments</strong> to women officers in 10 streams where the Army has agreed they can serve as permanently commissioned officers.</li>
<li>The<strong> Army will be compelled to change its rules</strong> not only for promotion to command appointments, it will also have to instill widespread changes in the pathways for the women officers to do training courses and hold appointments which have so far been the sole preserves of men.</li>
<li>The <strong>decision will encourage more women to think of a career in the military.</strong> This may begin a process of correcting the gender imbalance in India&rsquo;s forces.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance of the Judgment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SC comes down heavily on the stereotypes of women and their physiological features.</strong> SC held that women as weaker sex is <strong>stereotypical and constitutionally flawed notion.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government over the time held that, due to<strong> inherent physiological differences between men and women,</strong> women are not allowed in commanding and combat roles.</li>
<li>Also, the submissions such as those citing pregnancy and motherhood as reasons for not granting permanent commission to women were based on <strong>&ldquo;sex stereotypes&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The judgment upholds the right to equality in the Constitution</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A professional force does not discriminate on the basis of gender, it works because of training, norms and culture.</li>
<li>The spirit of the order is the <strong>principle of non-discrimination. According to Article 16,</strong> Gender only cannot serve as the basis for inequitable and unequal treatment in any sphere, including in defence forces.</li>
<li>It also held that right to equality under <strong>Article 14 needs to be prescribed by a right to rationality</strong> that forbids any &ldquo;blanket&rdquo; and &ldquo;absolute&rdquo; prohibition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are examples of women soldiers in combat roles like in Israel, Germany, US and Australia. Therefore, Indian armed forces must draw inspiration and move towards gender mainstreaming in the Indian armed forces.</li>
<li>This gender equality can be achieved by establishing professional standards and adhering to them without any bias.</li>
<li>The judgment needs to be complemented by a change in mind sets internally, for male officers continue to see women as best suited for adjunct roles and not as equals.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #e1f5ce;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The Supreme Court judgment allowing women in high decision making posts in the Indian Armed Forces is an endorsement of gender equality. Critically examine.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/gender-parity-in-indian-army'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'India-Norway Task Force on Blue Economy',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>India-Norway Task Force on Blue Economy for Sustainable Development</strong> was inaugrated jointly by both the countries. This task force was launched during Norwegian Prime Minister's visit to India earlier in 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The two countries also commenced a new collaboration on <strong>Integrated Ocean Management &amp; Research.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/norways-pm-visit-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bilateral collaboration</strong></a> intends to <strong>manage the resources in the oceans</strong> in a <strong>sustainable</strong> manner.</li>
<li>The India-Norway cooperation in the field of oceans is based on a shared interest in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>blue economy</strong></a> and the sustainable use of marine resources.</li>
<li>Both countries also desire to <strong>advance scientific knowledge about oceans.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>India-Norway Task Force on Blue Economy for Sustainable Development</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The purpose of the task force is to <strong>develop and follow up joint initiatives</strong> between the two countries.</li>
<li>It also intends to mobilise relevant stakeholders from both Norway and India at the highest level, and ensure continued commitment and progress across ministries and agencies.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Norway is an expert on the subject of the Ocean Economy as 70% of Norway's export is from Norway's maritime industry.</li>
<li>Starting the bilateral ocean dialogue has added a new dimension in India-Norway relations and will help India to understand the know-how of the maritime industry.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India-Norway Relations<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582105154_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582105154_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Norway have been enjoying a cordial and friendly relationship since the establishment of relations in<strong> 1947.</strong></li>
<li>The two countries respect each other for their commonly shared values such as democracy, human rights and rule of law. In recent years, both countries have been increasing their engagements in the field of trade and technology.</li>
<li>Norway has supported India&rsquo;s membership to export control regimes the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/india-s-prospects-as-a-nuclear-power" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), the Wassenaar Arrangement (WA) and the Australia Group (AG)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>India has signed a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-signed-amended-dtaa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA)</strong></a> with Norway in 1986 which was revised in February 2011.</li>
<li><strong>Total bilateral trade</strong> between India and Norway stands around <strong>$1.1 billion in 2015-16.</strong></li>
<li>Three Arctic Missions from India have so far visited Norway, in 2007, 2008 and 2009. India&rsquo;s Polar Research Station &ldquo;Himadri&rdquo; is located at Ny Alesund, Spitsbergen Island, Norway.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Blue Economy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The concept was introduced by <strong>Gunter Pauli</strong> in his <strong>2010</strong> book- <strong>&ldquo;The Blue Economy: 10 years, 100 innovations, 100 million jobs&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It is the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs, and ocean ecosystem health.</li>
<li>It comprises renewable energy, fisheries, maritime transport, tourism, climate change, waste management.</li>
<li>It is also reflected in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal</strong></a> (SDG 14), which calls to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.</li>
<li>Blue Economy can help to generate livelihoods, to achieve energy security, to build ecological resilience and to improve living standards of coastal communities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has a long coastline of 7,517 km covering nine states and two union territories &ndash; with an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 2.02 mn. sq.km.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1603594" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-norway-task-force-on-blue-economy'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Aditya-L1 Mission',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</strong></a> is preparing for its first scientific expedition to <strong>study the Sun, Aditya-L1.</strong> It would be placed into a point in space known as the <strong>L1 Lagrange point.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Aditya L1 will be ISRO&rsquo;s <strong>2<sup>nd</sup> space-based astronomy mission after AstroSat,</strong> which was launched in 2015.</li>
<li><strong>Aditya 1</strong> was renamed as Aditya-L1. The Aditya 1 was meant to observe <strong>only the solar corona.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>AstroSat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>AstroSat, was launched in September, 2015, by PSLV-C30 from Sriharikota (Andhra Pradesh).</li>
<li>It is the<strong> first dedicated Indian astronomy mission</strong> aimed at studying celestial sources in<strong> X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Launch Vehicle:</strong> Aditya L1 will be launched using the <strong>Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) XL</strong> with 7 payloads (instruments) on board.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> Aditya L1 will study the Sun&rsquo;s <strong>corona</strong> (Visible and Near infrared rays), Sun's<strong> photosphere</strong> (soft and hard X-ray), <strong>chromosphere</strong> (Ultra Violet ), solar emissions, solar winds and flares, and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/meteorite-sheds-light-on-the-suns-infant-years" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)</strong></a>, and will carry out <strong>round-the-clock imaging</strong> of the Sun.</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong> The distance of the Sun from Earth ( approximately 15 crore kms on average, compared to the only 3.84 lakh kms to the Moon).This huge distance poses a scientific challenge. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to the risks involved, payloads in earlier ISRO missions have largely remained stationary in space; however, Aditya L1 will have <strong>some moving components</strong> which increases the risks of collision.</li>
<li>Other issues are the<strong> super hot temperatures and radiation</strong> in the solar atmosphere. However, <strong>Aditya L1 will stay much farther away,</strong> and the heat is not expected to be a major concern for the instruments on board.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Evolution of every planet, including Earth and the exoplanets beyond the Solar System, is governed by its parent star i.e the Sun in our case. The Solar weather and environment affects the weather of the entire system. Therefore, it is important to study the Sun.</li>
<li><strong>Effects of Variation in Solar Weather System:</strong> Variations in this weather can <strong>change the orbits of satellites or shorten their lives, interfere with or damage onboard electronics, and cause power blackouts and other disturbances on Earth.</strong></li>
<li>Knowledge of solar events is key to<strong> understanding space weather.</strong></li>
<li>To learn about and<strong> track Earth-directed storms,</strong> and to predict their impact, continuous solar observations are needed.</li>
<li>Many of the instruments and their components for this mission are being <strong>manufactured for the first time in the country.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lagrange Point 1</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lagrange Points, named after Italian-French mathematician Josephy-Louis Lagrange, are positions in space<strong> where the gravitational forces of a two-body system (like the Sun and the Earth) produce enhanced regions of attraction and repulsion.</strong></li>
<li>The L1 point is about 1.5 million km from Earth, or about 1/100th of the way to the Sun.</li>
<li>L1 refers to Lagrangian/Lagrange Point 1, one of 5 points in the <strong>orbital plane of the Earth-Sun system.</strong></li>
<li>These can be used by spacecraft to<strong> reduce fuel consumption</strong> needed to remain in position.</li>
<li>A Satellite placed in the halo orbit around the Lagrangian point 1 (L1) has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun without any occultation/ eclipses.</li>
<li>The L1 point is home to the <strong>Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Satellite (SOHO),</strong> an international collaboration project of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</strong> </a>and the <strong>European Space Agency (ESA).</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Other Missions to the Sun</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NASA&rsquo;s<strong> Parker Solar Probe&rsquo;s</strong> aim is to trace how energy and heat move through the Sun&rsquo;s corona and to study the source of the <strong>solar wind&rsquo;s acceleration.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is part of NASA&rsquo;s<strong> &lsquo;Living With a Star&rsquo;</strong> programme that explores different aspects of the Sun-Earth system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The earlier <strong>Helios 2</strong> solar probe, a <strong>joint venture</strong> between <strong>NASA</strong> and space agency of erstwhile <strong>West Germany,</strong> went within 43 million km of the Sun&rsquo;s surface in <strong>1976.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/parker-solar-probe-eyes-on-the-sun-how-isro-is-preparing-for-its-next-giant-leap-in-space-6275034/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aditya-l1-mission'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Northern European Enclosure Dam',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582099788_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582099788_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>Scientists have proposed the construction of the <strong>Northern European Enclosure Dam (NEED) enclosing all of the North Sea</strong> to protect economic regions of 15 Northern European countries from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rising-sea-level" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sea-level Rise (SLR)</strong></a> as a result of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>climate change.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The proposed NEED aims to construct two dams of a combined length of 637 km.</li>
<li>The<strong> first</strong> between <strong>northern Scotland and western Norway (476 km)</strong> and the <strong>second</strong> between <strong>France and southwestern England</strong> (161 km).</li>
<li>The project intends <strong>to separate the North and Baltic Seas from the Atlantic Ocean to protect Northern Europe</strong> against <strong>SLR.</strong></li>
<li>The project classifies the<strong> solutions to SLR</strong> into <strong>three categories</strong> namely,<strong> taking no action, protection,</strong> and <strong>managed retreat &mdash;</strong> and categorises <strong>NEED into the second category.</strong></li>
<li>NEED is expected to have the <strong>least direct impact</strong> on people&rsquo;s daily lives and can be built at a<strong> reasonable cost.</strong></li>
<li>It can be implemented in other regions in the world including the Persian Gulf, the Mediterranean Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Irish Sea, and the Red Sea.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/can-dams-to-control-rising-sea-levels-work-6274997/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/northern-european-enclosure-dam'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Private Member Bill for Two-Child Policy Norm',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/introduction-of-private-member-s-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Private Member&rsquo;s Constitution Amendment Bill</strong></a> has been introduced in the Rajya Sabha <strong>proposing incentives in taxation, education and employment for people who limit their family size to two children.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill is likely to be discussed when Parliament meets for the second half of the Budget session.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Features of the Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill proposes for the incorporation of a <strong>new provision &mdash; Article 47A(Duty of the State to promote small family norm) &mdash; in Part IV of the Constitution.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Part IV of the Indian Constitution deals with <strong>the Directive Principles of the State Policy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The proposed insertion of <strong>Article 47A</strong> intends <strong>to withdraw all concessions</strong> from people who fail to adhere to the<strong> &lsquo;small-family-norm&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The Bill also intends<strong> to offer incentives</strong> in taxes, employment, education and priority in social benefit schemes and school admissions etc to its people who keep their family limited to two children.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Entry 20-A in List III (Concurrent List) of the 7<sup>th</sup> Schedule</strong> deals with population control and family planning. This provision was added through the <strong>42<sup>nd</sup> Constitutional Amendment 1976.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution,</strong> headed by <strong>M.N. Venkatachaliah</strong> had also recommended in 2002, that <strong>Article 47A</strong> to be inserted into the Constitution to<strong> control population explosion.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Current Status</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Presently, <strong>six states including Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh</strong> have made the<strong> two-child norm mandatory</strong> for all panchayat members.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2018, <strong>412 panchayat members in Rajasthan</strong> had been <strong>removed</strong> from their posts because they failed to comply with the two-child norm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Supreme Court has <strong>upheld the provision</strong> in several states that <strong>debars members with more than two children</strong> from <strong>contesting and holding</strong> panchayat posts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for Two-Child Policy Norm</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s population has already <strong>crossed 125 crores</strong> and India is <strong>expected to surpass the world&rsquo;s most populous nation-China</strong> in the next couple of decades.</li>
<li>Despite having the <strong>National Population Control Policy (2000),</strong> India is the <strong>second-most populous country in the world.</strong></li>
<li>Thus, India&rsquo;s natural resources are extremely<strong> over-burdened</strong> and facing <strong>over-exploitation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Criticism of the Two-Child Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The restricted child policy will create a shortage of educated young people needed to carry on India&rsquo;s technological revolution.</li>
<li>The problems like gender imbalance, undocumented children, etc. faced by China (as a result of the one-child policy) might be experienced by India.</li>
<li>India's <strong>birthrate is slowing down to sustainable levels.</strong> In <strong>2000,</strong> the fertility rate was still relatively high at <strong>3.2</strong> children per woman. By <strong>2016,</strong> that number had already fallen to<strong> 2.3</strong> children.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Private Member&rsquo;s Bill</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Any Member of Parliament (MP) who is <strong>not a minister</strong> is referred to as a private member.</li>
<li>The purpose of the private member&rsquo;s bill is to draw the government&rsquo;s attention to what individual MPs see as issues and gaps in the existing legal framework, which require legislative intervention. Thus it<strong> reflects the stand of the opposition party</strong> on public matters.</li>
<li>Its introduction in the House requires <strong>one month&rsquo;s notice.</strong></li>
<li>Its rejection by the House has <strong>no implication on the parliamentary confidence</strong> in the government or its resignation.</li>
<li>The<strong> last time</strong> a private member&rsquo;s bill was passed by both Houses was in <strong>1970.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was the Supreme Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Bill, 1968.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>14</strong> private member&rsquo;s bills have<strong> become law so far.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-rajya-sabha-shiv-sena-mp-brings-in-private-member-bill-for-two-child-norm-6265268/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/private-member-bill-for-two-child-policy-norm'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'India’s Nutrition Problem',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/nutrition-and-the-budgets-fine-print/article30803731.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Nutrition and the Budget&rsquo;s fine print&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 13/02/2020. It talks about India&rsquo;s nutrition problem.</p>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-hunger-index-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Hunger Index, 2019,</strong></a> reported that India suffers from a &ldquo;serious&rdquo; hunger problem is ranked 102 out of 117 countries. It also held that just a tenth of children between 6 to 23 months is fed a minimum acceptable diet.</p>
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Nutrition Policy of 1993</strong> called for the adoption of a multi-sectoral approach and the implementation of a wide range of measures to achieve the goal of optimum nutrition for all. In pursuance of this, many welfare schemes have been launched to address malnutrition.</p>
<p>Despite these schemes to address malnutrition, funding and policy gaps are the problem areas.</p>
<h3>Malnutrition in India and Related Schemes</h3>
<p>There are multiple dimensions of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>malnutrition in India</strong> </a>that include <strong>calorific deficiency, protein hunger and micronutrient deficiency.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Calorific Deficiency:</strong> It is any shortage in the number of calories consumed relative to the number of calories required for maintenance of the current body weight. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme provides a package of services including supplementary nutrition, nutrition and health education, health check-ups and referral services addressing children, pregnant and lactating mothers and adolescent girls, services to address community malnutrition and that tackle calorific deficiency and beyond.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protein Hunger or Protein Deficiency:</strong> Pulses are a major contributor to address protein hunger.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government of India has launched a scheme called Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Maize and Oilpalm (later merged with National Food Security Mission) to address this problem.</li>
<li>The Mid-Day Meal Scheme aims to enhance the nutrition of school children by providing a balanced diet in schools.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Micronutrient Deficiency:</strong> It is a term used to refer to diseases caused by a dietary deficiency of vitamins or minerals.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/horticulture-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Horticulture Mission</strong></a> can be one of the ways to address micronutrient deficiency effectively.</li>
<li>In 2018-19, the Government of India launched a<strong> National Millet Mission</strong> which included renaming millets as <strong>&ldquo;Nutri-cereals&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Also, 2018-19 was designated as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2023-is-the-international-year-of-millets-fao" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>year of Millets</strong></a>, to promote nutritious cereals in a campaign mode across the country.</li>
<li>As millets have the potential to address micronutrient deficiencies, the momentum given to these cereals needs to be sustained.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why these schemes still not able to address Malnutrition problem?</h3>
<p>The<strong> Economic Survey 2019-2020</strong> notes that <strong>&ldquo;Food is not just an end in itself but also an essential ingredient in the growth of human capital and therefore important for national wealth creation&rdquo;.</strong> Therefore, India should give special attention to nutrition, but the Budget has not explicitly spelt out nutrition in a greater detail in many ways.</p>
<p>However, there is no need for new policies on nutrition, existing schemes can well address India&rsquo;s malnutrition dilemma. For this to happen, the following issues need to be addressed.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Underutilisation of Resources:</strong> Budget 2020 highlighted that expenditure made under many nutrition-based schemes is considerably lower than what was allocated under them. Thus, emphasis needs to be on implementation.</li>
<li>With underspending, allocations for subsequent years will also be affected, limiting the possibility of increasing budgets and the focus on nutrition schemes.</li>
<li><strong>Absence of Agriculture-Nutrition Link:</strong> An important approach to address nutrition is through agriculture. This link is important because about three-fifths of rural households are agricultural in India (National Sample Survey Office, 70<sup>th</sup> round) and malnutrition rates, particularly in rural areas are high (National Family Health Survey-4).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission)</strong></a> which is a major initiative to address malnutrition, had 72% of total expenditure going into &ldquo;Information and Communication Technology. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The focus of the bulk of the funding has been on technology, whereas, actually, it is the convergence of many schemes that is crucial to address nutrition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Agriculture-Nutrition linkage</strong> schemes have the potential for greater impact in dealing with malnutrition and thus, needs greater emphasis.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recognising the importance of this link, Ministery for Women and Child Development launched the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bharatiya-poshan-krishi-kosh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh</strong></a> in 2019.</li>
<li>There is a need to promote schemes directed to nutrition-agriculture link activities in rural areas. The announcement to form 10,000 farmer producer organisations with an allocation of ₹500 crores to nutrition-based activities is a step in the right direction.</li>
<li>However, implementation remains the key.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government needs to ensure early disbursement of funds and optimum utilisation of funds in schemes linked to nutrition.</li>
<li>Nutrition goes beyond just food, with economic, health, water sanitation, gender perspectives and social norms contributing to better nutrition. This is why the proper implementation of other schemes can also contribute to better nutrition.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The convergence of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Jal Jeevan mission with schemes pertaining to nutrition, will bring holistic changes to India&rsquo;s nutrition scenario.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With the largest number of undernourished people in the world, India needs to hasten to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 2 of &lsquo;Zero Hunger&rsquo; by 2030.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the World Food Programme and World Bank, malnutrition affects cognitive ability, workdays and health, impacting as much as 16% of GDP of the world.</li>
<li>In that sense, while Budget 2020-21 looks toward an<strong> &lsquo;Aspirational India&rsquo;,</strong> fixing the nutrition problem of India, can make a difference not just to better nutrition but to build a wealthier nation too.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #dbf5ce;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Nutrition is a key roadblock in the path of achieving an &lsquo;Aspirational India&rsquo; as envisaged by budget 2020-21. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-nutrition-problem'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'The Big Picture: Census- Challenges & Importance',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/B5EBTYgULFo" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>There have been rising instances of attack on field enumerators conducting <strong>National Sample Survey exercise</strong> in some areas of Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal owing to <strong>apprehensions and mistrust</strong> people have gathered regarding the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new citizenship law</strong></a> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/new-citizenship-regime" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pan India NRC exercise.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This can negatively affect the house-listing operation and the updation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-population-register-updation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Population Register (NPR)</strong></a> exercise, which is set to begin in April for Census 2021.</li>
<li>In this backdrop, conducting household and other surveys with the &lsquo;Census as the frame&rsquo; would be very tough going ahead.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Census</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A population Census is the process of collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating demographic, social, cultural and economic data relating to all persons in the country, at a particular time in ten years interval.</li>
<li>India is recognised for its<strong> 'Unity in diversity'</strong> and the Census gives the citizens a chance to study this diversity and associated facets of their nation through its society, demography, economics, anthropology, sociology, statistics, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Historical Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The earliest literature<strong> &lsquo;Rig Veda&rsquo;</strong> reveals that some kind of population count was maintained during 800-600 BC.</li>
<li>Kautilya&rsquo;s Arthasastra (written around 321-296 BC) laid stress on Census taking as a measure of State policy for <strong>purpose of taxation.</strong></li>
<li>During the regime of Mughal king Akbar, the administrative report <strong>&lsquo;Ain-e-Akbari&rsquo;</strong> included comprehensive data pertaining to population, industry, wealth and many other characteristics.</li>
<li>The <strong>first Census</strong> was conducted in India in 1872 (although non-synchronously in different parts) during the reign of <strong>Governor-General Lord Mayo.</strong> The first complete synchronous Census was conducted in 1881.</li>
<li>With a history of more than 130 years, it has proved to be a reliable exercise that is conducted every 10 years.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Census-2021</strong></a> is the 16<sup>th</sup> such exercise since inception and 8<sup>th</sup> since independence.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How is the Census Conducted?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The primary tool of Census operations is the <strong>questionnaire</strong> that is developed over the years, taking into account the changing needs of the country.</li>
<li>It is a<strong> list of questions</strong> that helps the government collect all the necessary details required about citizens. The questions enhance the credibility &amp; quality of data if various dimensions of socio-economic issues are well incorporated in the questionnaire.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The name of person, relationship with the head, sex, date of birth and age, current marital status, religion, mother tongue, literacy status inter alia are some of the fundamental questions which are asked by the <strong>enumerators</strong> (a person employed in taking a Census of the population).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Census-2021 exercise would be conducted in two rounds:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Household Schedule:</strong> The first round will be conducted in 2020, wherein the enumerators would go on a house-to-house basis to <strong>record amenities</strong> in each household.</li>
<li>The second round&ndash; <strong>&lsquo;Headcount&rsquo;</strong> would be carried out in early 2021 approximately 6 months after the first round.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Census Act, 1948</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although the population Census of India is a major administrative function, the<strong> Census Organisation</strong> was set up on an <strong>ad-hoc basis</strong> for each Census till the Census of 1951.</li>
<li>The <strong>Census Act,</strong> enacted in <strong>1948,</strong> then provided for the permanent scheme of conducting population Census with duties and responsibilities of Census Officers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act makes it obligatory on the part of every citizen to answer the Census question truthfully and also penalises for giving false information.</li>
<li>One of the most important provisions of the Census Act 1948 is that it makes provisions for the<strong> maintenance of secrecy of the information</strong> collected at the Census of each individual. All information collected under the Census is <strong>confidential</strong> and is not shared with any agency- Government or private.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Authority Involved</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government of India in May 1949 decided to initiate steps for developing the systematic collection of statistics on the size of the population, its growth, etc.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For this purpose, it established an organisation viz. <strong>Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner</strong> under <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> (which is responsible for conducting the decennial Census).</li>
<li>Later, this office was also entrusted with the responsibility of implementation of <strong>Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Importance of Census</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Comprehensive Source of Data:</strong> Census is a data collection exercise. It gathers <strong>knowledge about the demographic dividend</strong> of the nation which is vital for many purposes.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Various surveys like health survey, education survey, agriculture survey, etc. are based on this comprehensive data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decision-making:</strong> Census is significant for any country for <strong>evidence-based decision making.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data collected through the Census is used for <strong>administration, governance, planning and policy-making as well as management and evaluation</strong> of various programmes run or to be introduced by the Government, NGOs, researchers, commercial and private enterprises, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Policy-making:</strong> Census is responsible for taking the collected information<strong> &ldquo;from a dwelling unit to the delivery unit&rdquo;.</strong> It will boost coherence policy-making and scientific planning, resulting in optimisation of resources.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To scholars and researchers in demography, economics, anthropology, and many other disciplines, the Indian Census has been a fascinating source of data.</li>
<li>The collected data from the Census is <strong>available to grassroots administrative authorities</strong> of a particular region in order to take appropriate developmental tasks.</li>
<li>It helps in <strong>effective targeting and better delivery of government programmes</strong> to the most downtrodden sections of the society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demarcation:</strong> Census data is also used for the demarcation of <strong>constituencies and allocation</strong> of representation to the Parliament, State Legislative Assemblies and local bodies.</li>
<li><strong>Giving Grants: Finance Commission</strong> gives grants to the states on the basis of population figures available from the Census data.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How is Census-2021 different from Earlier Ones?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Digital Data:</strong> It is for the <strong>first time the data is collected digitally</strong> via mobile applications (installed on enumerator&rsquo;s phone) with a provision of working in offline mode. This would help in reducing the delay and having the <strong>results almost immediately,</strong> unlike earlier cases where it used to take multiple years for the data to be analyzed and the reports published.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data collected by enumerator on his/her phone will be <strong>registered with the Census authorities.</strong> In case of lack of network availability/connectivity, he/she will also have an option to collect the same information on paper and then make data entries onto the application (in offline mode).</li>
<li><strong>No document</strong> will be required by the citizens to be shown as proof, and <strong>self-declaration</strong> will suffice the same.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Census Monitoring &amp; Management Portal</strong> will act as a single source for all officers/ officials involved in Census activities to provide<strong> multi-language support.</strong></li>
<li><strong>No Caste Data:</strong> The latest Census (as per the existing plan) will <strong>not collect caste data.</strong> While the <strong>Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC)</strong> was conducted alongside Census 2011, the outcome of the caste Census is yet to be made public.</li>
<li><strong>Transgender Head:</strong> It is for the first time that information of households <strong>headed by a person from the transgender community and members</strong> living in the family will be collected. Earlier there was a column for male and female only.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Errors:</strong> There are two types of error during statistical exercise: <strong>Content error, and Coverage error</strong> which needs to be minimised.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People should not be considered as a mere headcount but as citizens having certain basic rights. Therefore, <strong>accurate data collection with minimal exclusion</strong> should be focused upon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Furnishing of false information:</strong> Due to <strong>fear of losing intended benefits</strong> of various schemes (or fear of losing citizenship this time) and <strong>lack of education,</strong> people fabricate and tend to provide false information. For example, people had apprehensions about the data collection of children not going to school and many-a-times they did not answer the survey questions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this regard, the Kerala CM urged the people to<strong> acknowledge true information</strong> and take the Census exercise seriously.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Associated Costs: Huge expenditure</strong> (thousands of crores) is incurred by the government in conducting this exercise.</li>
<li><strong>Security:</strong> The move towards digital mode of collecting the data is a step forward to speed up the process of analysis. However, the <strong>security</strong> of the data being collected (especially on the application) and<strong> adequate backup mechanism</strong> for such data has to be looked into.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The mistrust and fear of misuse of data need to be minimized and mitigated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Abuse of Data:</strong> The availability of data with regional authorities has the potential for abuse of such data, as the concerned authority has access to everything about a particular family (ownership, caste, financial aspects, occupation, lifestyle, etc.).</li>
<li>Lack of <strong>community participation</strong> and <strong>inadequate training of enumerators</strong> to collect the precise and accurate data acts as a big challenge in conducting the Census exercise.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Remedial Measures</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Capacity-Building:</strong> Proper training of enumerators (data collectors) and organizers should be organised.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, enumerators should be <strong>well paid</strong> to keep them motivated, as they are the focal point of data collection and ensuring data accuracy. As any disgruntled/aggrieved enumerator can hamper the quality of data.</li>
<li>A <strong>conducive safe and secure environment</strong> should be provided to the interviewers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening the Data Quality:</strong> This can be done by<strong> minimising the coverage error and content error</strong> (through increased list of questions in the survey). It will help in changing the discourse of the government&rsquo;s programme implementation.</li>
<li><strong>Organizing Campaigns:</strong> Launching of massive publicity campaigns in order to make people aware about the importance of Census in their life should be organized.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Relevant community political &amp; religious leaders, college students (conducting flash mobs) should be involved in order to <strong>spread awareness and educate people.</strong></li>
<li>Also, the government needs to create a <strong>mass media campaign</strong> through print &amp; electronic media (through advertisements) in order to <strong>allay the fears and doubts</strong> haunting the minds of the people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Census in India is the <strong>largest single source</strong> of a variety of <strong>statistical information</strong> on different characteristics of the people of India. It is a <strong>sacred democratic exercise.</strong> To follow an <strong>integrated approach</strong> should be the aim of all involved stakeholders in order to conduct this exercise in a hassle-free manner.</p>',
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		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'E-MASIHA',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Minority Affairs</strong> has informed that India has made the <strong>Haj 2020 process completely digital.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has become the <strong>first country in the world</strong> which has made the entire Haj 2020 process <strong>100% digital.</strong></li>
<li>The online facilities include application procedure, E-Visa, Haj mobile app, &ldquo;E-MASIHA&rdquo; health facility and &ldquo;E-luggage pre-tagging&rdquo; providing all information in India itself regarding accommodation/transportation in Makkah-Madinah, Saudi Arabia.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>E-MASIHA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>E-MASIHA (E-Medical Assistance System for Indian Pilgrims Abroad) is an online system to create and maintain the complete health database of Indian pilgrims.</li>
<li>It also provides doctors&rsquo; prescriptions, medical treatment as well as medicine disbursals, and has been developed to deal with any emergency in Makkah-Madinah.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1603400" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => '100 years of Jamshedpur City',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Jamshedpur City is celebrating the completion of 100 years.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Jamshedpur is one of the <strong>first industrial planned cities</strong> of India and the <strong>most populous urban agglomeration</strong> in Jharkhand.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The city, originally a village called <strong>Sakchi,</strong> was <strong>renamed</strong> as <strong>Jamshedpur</strong> by then Viceroy of India <strong>Lord Chelmsford (1916-21)</strong> in 1919 in the honour of Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata, founder of the Tata group.</li>
<li>It is located in <strong>Chota Nagpur plateau,</strong> surrounded by the<strong> Dalma Hills</strong> and at the <strong>confluence</strong> of<strong> Kharkai</strong> and <strong>Subarnarekha Rivers.</strong></li>
<li>Jamshedji Tata had established the <strong>Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO)</strong> in Jamshedpur in <strong>1907.</strong> TISCO (now Tata Steel Ltd) is the oldest iron and steel enterprise of India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Subarnarekha River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Subarnarekha (Line of gold) river flows through the states of <strong>Jharkhand, West Bengal</strong> and <strong>Odisha.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Major Tributaries: Kanchi River </strong>and<strong> Kharkai river</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1603413" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Arab World's First Nuclear Power Plant',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>United Arab Emirates (UAE)</strong> has issued an <strong>operating licence</strong> for the <strong>Arab world's first nuclear power plant,</strong> paving the way for it to start production in 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Barakah nuclear power plant</strong> in <strong>Abu Dhabi</strong> is being built by <strong>Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO),</strong> was originally due to open in 2017.</li>
<li>Barakah will have <strong>four reactors</strong> with a <strong>total capacity of 5,600 megawatts.</strong> It will be almost a<strong> fifth of the country&rsquo;s current installed generating capacity.</strong></li>
<li>The plant is located on a sparsely populated <strong>strip of desert on the Persian Gulf coast.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582019041_Arabian%20World's first nuclear power plant.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582019041_Arabian World's first nuclear power plant.jpg" width="404" height="404" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/arab-world-s-first-nuclear-reactor-cleared-for-startup/story-2bJs8tzX9oSmrXJURUkfqM.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a><strong></strong></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Portuguese President’s Visit to India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Portuguese President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa</strong> visited India from 13<sup>th</sup>-16<sup>th</sup> February, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The last visit by a Portuguese President to India was in 2007.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights of the Visit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>14 agreements and understandings</strong> were signed between India and Portugal in the fields of maritime heritage, maritime transport and port development, migration and mobility, start-ups, Intellectual Property Rights, aerospace, nano-biotechnology, audio visual co-production, yoga, diplomatic training, scientific research and public-policy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One of the agreements included cooperation in setting up a <strong>national maritime museum heritage complex in Lothal,</strong> Gujarat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Permanent Seat at UNSC:</strong> Portugal provided its support to India to become a permanent member of the Security Council of the United Nations.</li>
<li><strong>India-Portugal Joint Economic Committee:</strong> It has been decided to hold the next session of the India-Portugal Joint Economic Committee in India soon to review the gamut of the bilateral trade and economic relations.</li>
<li>Portugal also extended its support for the <strong>commemoration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/portugal-s-gandhi-citizenship-education-prize" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mahatma Gandhi&rsquo;s 150<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary.</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Visit to Goa</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Portuguese president visited churches in Old Goa, including the Basilica of Bom Jesus where relics of St. Francis Xavier are preserved. He also paid a visit to Institute Mater Dei Santa Monica, a church in the Old Goa heritage complex, and the Christian Art Museum located on the premises.</li>
<li>All these structures at Old Goa, located about nine km from Panaji, are part of the complex certified as <strong>world heritage monuments by UNESCO.</strong></li>
<li>Santa Monica Church is over 450 years old, having been one of the first churches the Portuguese built in Goa in 1525.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Upcoming Collaborations</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Portugal could join the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-assembly-of-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></a> in the near future.</li>
<li>India as an Associate Observer of the <strong>Community of Portuguese Language Countries,</strong> so that both the countries can amplify their developmental partnerships in Africa and elsewhere.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s deepening engagement with the European Union (EU), especially when Portugal assumes the Presidency of the<strong> EU</strong> in 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>St. Francis Xavier</strong> was the greatest Roman Catholic missionary of modern times who was instrumental in the establishment of Christianity in India, the Malay Archipelago, and Japan.</li>
<li><strong>Community of Portuguese Language Countries</strong> (CPLP) is a multilateral forum whose objective is to deepen the mutual friendship and cooperation among its members. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was created on 17<sup>th</sup> July, 1996.</li>
<li>It has eight member states which have Portuguese as their official language: Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, East Timor, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, S&atilde;o Tom&eacute; and Pr&iacute;ncipe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India-Portugal<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582014548_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582014548_image3.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established in 1949.</li>
<li>Bilateral relations, however, went into decline after 1950 over Portugal's refusal to surrender its enclaves of Goa, Daman Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli on India's west coast. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By 1955, the two nations had cut off diplomatic relations which were followed by Indian military forces liberating Goa in 1961 through <strong>Operation Vijay,</strong> ending over 450 years of Portuguese rule in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>1974,</strong> India and Portugal signed a treaty recognising India&rsquo;s sovereignty over Goa, Daman &amp; Diu, Dadra &amp; Nagar Haveli and related matters. With the signing of this treaty, diplomatic relations were re-established.</li>
<li><strong>Bilateral S&amp;T cooperation</strong> is being actively fostered between the two countries under the Agreement for Cooperation in Science and Technology signed on 3rd December, 1998.</li>
<li>The Centre for Indian Studies at the University of Lisbon was inaugurated in April 2016 by the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs Augusto Santos Silva. It is the first centre in any university in Portugal dedicated to the study of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199346" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Carnatic Music',
		'catname' => 'Paper 1',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>Recently, S. Sowmya was conferred with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sangita-kalanidhi-award" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sangita Kalanidhi Award</strong></a> for her contribution to <strong>Carnatic music.</strong></p>
<h3>Origin of Carnatic Music</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Carnatic music owes its name to the Sanskrit term <em>Karn&acirc;taka Sang&icirc;tam</em> which denotes &ldquo;traditional&rdquo; or &ldquo;codified&rdquo; music.</li>
<li>Composed of a system of Ragam <em>(Raga)</em> and Thalam <em>(Tala)</em>, it has a rich history and tradition.</li>
<li>Carnatic Sangeet has developed in the south Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. These states are known for their strong presentation of Dravidian culture.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Renaissance of Carnatic Music</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The course of the evolution of Indian music saw the emergence of two different subsystems as Hindustani and Carnatic music. Both the terms emerged for the first time in <strong>Haripala&rsquo;s &ldquo;Sangeeta Sudhakara&rdquo;,</strong> written in the 14<sup>th</sup> century A.D.</li>
<li>The two distinct styles, Hindustani and Carnatic came into vogue after the advent of the Muslims, particularly during the reign of the Mughal Emperors.</li>
<li><strong>Purandardas</strong> (1484-1564), a prolific poet-composer and mystic of Vijayanagar, is considered to be the <strong>father of Carnatic music</strong> (Carnatic Sangeeta Pitamaha).</li>
<li><strong>Venkatamakhi</strong> is regarded as the grand theorist of Carnatic music. In 17<sup>th</sup> century AD, he developed <strong>&ldquo;Melakarta&rdquo;,</strong> the system for classifying south Indian ragas. There are 72 Melakartas at present.</li>
<li><strong>Tyagaraja</strong> (1767-1847), his contemporaries <strong>Syama Sastri</strong> and <strong>Muttusvami Dikshitar</strong> are together known as the <strong>&ldquo;Trinity&rdquo; of Carnatic music.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Musical forms of Carnatic Music</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gitam:</strong> It is the simplest type of composition with an easy and melodious flow of raga.</li>
<li><strong>Suladi:</strong> The Suladi is a talamalika, the sections being in different talas.</li>
<li><strong>Svarajati:</strong> It consists of three sections, called Pallavi, Anupallavi and Charanam. The theme is either devotional, heroic or amorous.</li>
<li><strong>Jatisavaram:</strong> It is noted for the use of rhythmical excellence and the Jati pattern.</li>
<li><strong>Varnam:</strong> It is the only form which does not find a counterpart in Hindustani music. This form is called a Varnam because many of the Svara group patterns called &lsquo;Varnas&rsquo; in ancient music are interwoven in its texture.</li>
<li><strong>Kirtanam:</strong> It is valued for the devotional content or Bhakti Bhava of the Sahitya.</li>
<li><strong>Kriti:</strong> It developed from the Kirtanam. It is a highly evolved musical form.</li>
<li><strong>Pallavi:</strong> This is the most important branch of creative music. It allows improvisation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Difference between Carnatic and Hindustani Music</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Carnatic music originated in South India whereas Hindustani music in North India.</li>
<li>It is believed that the music of India was more or less uniform before the 13<sup>th</sup> century. Hindustani synthesises with Vedic, Islamic and Persian traditions. Carnatic is comparatively untouched and developed on the original lines.</li>
<li>Carnatic music has homogenous and Hindustani music has a heterogeneous Indian tradition.</li>
<li>Carnatic music has a restrained and intellectual character as compared with the more secular Hindustani traditions.</li>
<li>The major vocal forms of Hindustani music are Dhrupad, Khayal, Tarana, Thumri, Dadra and Gazals. While Carnatic music has several varieties of improvisation such as Alapana, Niraval, Kalpnaswaram and Ragam Thana Pallavi.</li>
<li>Hindustani music has various <em>gharanas</em> like Lucknow, Jaipur, Kirana, Agra etc., wherein Carnatic music no such <em>gharanas</em> found.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Tirur Vettila',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Tirur vettila has obtained a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/potential-of-gis-is-waiting-to-be-tapped" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geographical Indication (GI) tag.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tirur Vettila is a type of betel leaf which is grown in<strong> Tirur and nearby areas of Malappuram district of Kerala.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582191354_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582191354_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li>Tirur Vettila is unique for its significantly <strong>high content of total chlorophyll and protein</strong> in fresh leaves.</li>
<li>Tirur vettila possesses some special biochemical characters like <strong>unique flavour and aroma.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Eugenol</strong> is the major essential oil in Tirur betel leaf contributing to its pungency.</li>
<li>The leaves are<strong> nutritive and contain anticarcinogens,</strong> showing future opportunities in anticancer drugs.</li>
<li>Betel vine was reported to have immunosuppressive activity and antimicrobial property.</li>
<li>The Intellectual property rights (IPR) Cell of Kerala Agricultural University has received National IP Award, 2019 of Government of India its efforts in the facilitation of GI Registration.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other GI Products from Kerala</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Kaipad rice, Pokkali rice, Wayanad Jeerakasala rice, Wayanad Gandhakasala rice, Vazhakulam pineapple, Marayoor jaggery, Central Travancore jaggery and Chengalikodan nendran.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tirur-vettila-1'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => '22nd Law Commission of India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in news</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the constitution of the<strong> 22<sup>nd</sup> Law Commission of India</strong> for a period of <strong>three years.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Law Commission of India is a <strong>non-statutory body</strong> constituted by the Government of India from time to time.</li>
<li>The first Law Commission of independent India was established in <strong>1955</strong> for a <strong>three-year term.</strong> Since then, twenty one more Commissions have been established.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> first Law Commission</strong> was established during the British Raj era in 1834 by the <strong>Charter Act of 1833</strong> and was <strong>chaired by Lord Macaulay.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It works as an<strong> advisory body</strong> to the <strong>Ministry of Law and Justice.</strong></li>
<li>The Law Commission undertakes research in law and review of existing laws in India for making reforms therein and enacting new legislations on a reference made to it by the Central Government or suo-motu.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Important Recommendations by Law Commission of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Law Commission in its 262<sup>nd</sup> Report recommended <strong>abolition of the death penalty</strong> for all crimes except terrorism-related offences and waging war against the state.</li>
<li>Its report on electoral reforms (1999) had suggested <strong>simultaneous Lok Sabha and state assembly elections</strong> to improve governance and stability.</li>
<li>The 267<sup>th</sup> report of the Law Commission had drafted a new law &mdash; The Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2017 &mdash; inserting new Sections to fortify democracy <strong>against hate speeches.</strong></li>
<li>The Law Commission had also recommended the <strong>implementation of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC)</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1603641" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/22nd-law-commission-of-india'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Revamp of the Crop Insurance Schemes',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the revamp of the <strong>Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)</strong> and the <strong>Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The revamped scheme will be effective from <strong>2020 Kharif season.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Changes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reduced Share of the Centre:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Centre has slashed its share of the premium subsidy from the current <strong>50% to just 25% in irrigated areas and 30% for unirrigated areas.</strong></li>
<li>Farmers pay a fixed share of the premium: 2% of the sum insured for Kharif crops, 1.5% for rabi crops and 5% for cash crops.</li>
<li>Currently, the Centre and State split the balance of the premium equally. However, the revamp now reduces the burden on the Centre and increases the share of States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Voluntary Enrollment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The enrolment in these schemes has been made <strong>voluntary for all farmers, including those with existing crop loans.</strong></li>
<li>When the PMFBY was launched in 2016, it was made mandatory for all farmers with crop loans to enrol for insurance cover under the scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flexibility to Select Risk Cover:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has also allowed states the<strong> flexibility to select varied additional risk covers,</strong> with or <strong>without opting for the base PMFBY cover.</strong></li>
<li>Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Bihar had decided to exit the scheme citing high costs and the need to customise it based on geographical diversities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cut-off Dates for State to Release its Share:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has also introduced <strong>cut-off dates for states to release its share of premium subsidy.</strong></li>
<li>If states don&rsquo;t release their share <strong>before March 31 for the Kharif season</strong> and <strong>September 30 for rabi,</strong> they<strong> won&rsquo;t be allowed to implement the scheme.</strong></li>
<li>Data shows a large number of states that participate in the scheme don&rsquo;t release their share on time, which leads to a delayed compensation paid to farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Compulsory Serving Time Period for Insurance Firms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has made it compulsory for the States to<strong> allow crop insurance firms to operate for three years.</strong></li>
<li>Currently, the tenders floated by the States are for one-year, two-year or three-year periods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana was launched in <strong>2016</strong> and is being administered by the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.</strong></li>
<li>It provides a comprehensive insurance cover against the failure of the crop thus helping in stabilising the income of the farmers.</li>
<li><strong>Scope:</strong> All food &amp; oilseed crops and annual commercial/horticultural crops for which past yield data is available.</li>
<li><strong>Premium:</strong> The prescribed premium is 2% to be paid by farmers for all Kharif crops and 1.5% for all rabi crops. In the case of annual commercial and horticultural crops, the premium is 5%.</li>
<li>The scheme is implemented by empanelled general insurance companies. The selection of the Implementing Agency (IA) is done by the concerned State Government through bidding.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme <strong>(RWBCIS)</strong> was launched in 2016 and is being administered by<strong> the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.</strong></li>
<li>It aims to mitigate the hardship of the insured farmers against the likelihood of financial loss on account of anticipated crop loss resulting from adverse weather conditions relating to rainfall, temperature, wind, humidity etc.</li>
<li>WBCIS uses weather parameters as &ldquo;proxy‟ for crop yields in compensating the cultivators for deemed crop losses.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/central-govt-cuts-its-share-in-flagship-crop-insurance-scheme/article30863985.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revamp-of-the-crop-insurance-schemes'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'CHILDLINE India Foundation',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the data compiled by the CHILDLINE India Foundation (CIF), 35% of the total cases of sexual abuse were committed by neighbours.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>CHILDLINE India Foundation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CIF is the largest network of agencies involved in protection of children.</li>
<li>CIF is the <strong>nodal agency</strong> appointed by the <strong>Ministry of Women and Child Development</strong> to manage CHILDLINE helpline 1098 - a free, emergency phone service for <strong>children in need aid and assistance.</strong></li>
<li>It is also the <strong>sole agency/body</strong> responsible for <strong>establishing the CHILDLINE service across the country, monitoring</strong> of service delivery and finance, training, research and documentation, creating awareness, advocacy as well as resource generation for the service.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Number of Phone Calls:</strong> The largest number of phone calls were made to seek <strong>intervention for abuse cases</strong> (17%), followed by those pertaining to <strong>child labour (13%), education (12%),</strong> runaways (11%) and <strong>missing children (11%).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Nature of Abuse:</strong> The nature of abuse children suffered shows that 37% of the complaints were about child marriage, 27% about physical abuse and 13% regarding sexual abuse. The remaining 23% constituted emotional, corporal, domestic and cyber abuse.</li>
<li><strong>Profile of Abusers:</strong> The analyses show that 35% of the total 8,000 cases of sexual abuse were committed by neighbours, 25% by strangers and 11% by family members. The remaining 29% of perpetrators were friends, relatives, teachers, institutional staff, hospital staff, police and step parents.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/one-in-10-calls-on-abuse-to-helpline-made-by-children-study/article30863277.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/childline-india-foundation'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Historical Gastronomica - The Indus Dining Experience',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The National Museum, New Delhi is hosting a unique exhibition on India&rsquo;s ancient food history &ldquo;Historical Gastronomica - The Indus Dining Experience&rdquo; from 19<sup>th</sup> to 25<sup>th</sup> February, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&lsquo;Indus Dining Experience&rsquo; - organized jointly by the National Museum and One Station Million Stories (OSMS) - is based on archaeological research, museum artefacts and their characteristics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One Station Million Stories is a Delhi-based organization that specializes in the craft of storytelling through extensive technical research.</li>
<li>The National Museum is under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Culture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The exhibition in the National Museum features:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An illustrative story of man&rsquo;s food history since his evolution and continues to conclude at the Indus-Saraswati Civilization,</li>
<li><strong>Gallery Walk:</strong> Use of Harappan pottery and artefacts,</li>
<li><strong>Food Tasting:</strong> finger-food samplers and dinners.</li>
<li>A model of a Late Harappan Kitchen and other specially designed exhibits -- recreated by OSMS.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unesco-s-network-of-creative-cities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO&rsquo;s network of creative cities</strong></a> has included <strong>Hyderabad</strong> as a creative<strong> city of gastronomy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indus Valley Civilization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is also known as <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Harappan Civilization.</strong></a></li>
<li>It flourished around 2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia, in contemporary Pakistan and Western India.</li>
<li>The Indus Valley was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China.</li>
<li>In the 1920s, the Archaeological Department of India carried out excavations in the Indus valley wherein the ruins of the two old cities, viz. Mohenjodaro and Harappa were unearthed.</li>
<li>The Harappans were very well acquainted with the manufacturing and use of Bronze.</li>
<li>The Harappan villages, mostly situated near the flood plains, produced sufficient foodgrains. Wheat, barley, rai, peas, sesame, lentil, chickpea and mustard were produced.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1603746" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/historical-gastronomica-the-indus-dining-experience'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'National Commission for Scheduled Tribes',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) organised its 16<sup>th</sup> foundation day.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On this occasion, the NCST has also decided to institute a national award named as <strong>&ldquo;NCST Leadership Award&rdquo;</strong> which will be conferred for significant and exemplary services towards Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the country.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Schedule Tribes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per Census-1931, Schedule tribes are termed as "backward tribes&rdquo; living in the "Excluded" and "Partially Excluded" areas. The Government of India Act of 1935 called for the first time for representatives of "backward tribes" in provincial assemblies.</li>
<li>The Constitution does <strong>not define</strong> the criteria for recognition of Scheduled Tribes and hence the definition contained in 1931 Census was used in initial years after independence.</li>
<li>However, <strong>Article 366(25)</strong> of the Constitution only provides process to define Scheduled Tribes: &ldquo;Scheduled Tribes means such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this Constitution.&rdquo;<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>342(1):</strong> The President may with respect to any State or Union Territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor, by a public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups within tribes or tribal communities as Scheduled Tribe in relation to that State or Union Territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are over <strong>700 tribes</strong> which have been notified.</li>
<li>The<strong> largest number</strong> of tribal communities (62) are found in <strong>Odisha.</strong></li>
<li><strong>No Tribe</strong> was identified in <strong>Haryana, Punjab, Chandigarh, Delhi, and Pondicherry.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Few Related Committees</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Lokur Committee (1965)</strong> was set up to look into criteria for defining Schedule Tribes. The Committee recommended 5 criteria for identification, namely, <strong>primitive traits, distinct culture, geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the community at large, </strong>and<strong> backwardness.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Bhuria Commission (2002-2004)</strong> focused on a wide range of issues from the <strong>5<sup>th</sup> Schedule</strong> to tribal land and forests, health and education, the working of Panchayats and the status of tribal women.</li>
<li>A High-Level Committee (HLC) in 2013, under chairmanship of Prof. Virginius Xaxa was constituted to study the 5 critical issues related to tribal communities : (1) livelihood and employment, (2) education, (3) health, (4) involuntary displacement and migration, (5) and legal and constitutional matters.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> NCST was set up with effect from 19<sup>th</sup> February, 2004 by amending Article 338 and by inserting a new article <strong>338A</strong> in the Constitution through the 89th Constitution Amendment Act, 2003. Hence, it is a <strong>constitutional body.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> Article 338A inter-alia gives powers to the to NCST <strong>oversee the implementation of various safeguards provided to STs under the Constitution or under any other law for time being in force or under any other order to the Government and to evaluate the working of such safeguards.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Composition :</strong> It consists of a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson and 3 other Members who are appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At least one member should be a woman.</li>
<li>The Chairperson, the Vice-Chairperson and the other Members hold office for a term of<strong> 3 years.</strong></li>
<li>The members are <strong>not eligible for appointment for more than two terms.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Chairperson has been given the rank of Union Cabinet Ministers, the Vice Chairperson has the rank of a Minister of State and other Members have the rank of a Secretary to the Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Duties and Functions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To<strong> investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the STs</strong> under the Constitution or under any other law for the time being in force or under any order of the Government.</li>
<li>To <strong>inquire into specific complaints</strong> with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the STs.</li>
<li>To <strong>participate and advise</strong> in the planning process of socio-economic development of the STs and to evaluate the progress of their development.</li>
<li>To present to the <strong>President,</strong> annually and at such other times as the Commission may deem fit, <strong>reports upon the working of those safeguards.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To make in such reports, recommendations as to the measures that should be taken by the Union or any State for effective implementation of those safeguards and other measures for the protection, welfare and socio-economic development of the Scheduled Tribes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare and development and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes as the President may subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament by rule specify.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1603616" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Assisted Reproductive Technology Regulation Bill, 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has approved the <strong>Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Regulation Bill, 2020</strong> to monitor medical procedures used to assist people to achieve pregnancy.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill will <strong>regulate the Assisted Reproductive Technology services</strong> in the country. Consequently, infertile couples will be more ensured/confident of the ethical practices in ARTs.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Assisted Reproductive Technology</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ART is used to <strong>treat infertility.</strong> It includes fertility treatments that handle both a woman's egg and a man's sperm. It works by removing eggs from a woman's body. The eggs are then mixed with sperm to make embryos. The embryos are then put back in the woman's body. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/white-rhino" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>In Vitro fertilization (IVF)</strong></a> is the most common and effective type of ART.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>ART procedures sometimes use donor eggs, donor sperm, or previously frozen embryos. It may also involve a<strong> surrogate carrier.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Features of the Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Safe ART</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bill makes provisions for safe and ethical practice of assisted reproductive technology services in the country.</li>
<li>The Bill will ensure confidentiality of intending couples and protect the rights of the child born through ART.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pre-Genetic Implantation Testing Mandatory:</strong> The test allows doctors to test embryos for any possible abnormal chromosomes before they are transferred to the uterus. This is <strong>to avoid any genetic diseases</strong> in the population born through these technologies.</li>
<li><strong>A National Board</strong> which will lay down a code of conduct to be observed by those operating ART clinics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Board will also formulate minimum standards for laboratory and diagnostic equipment and practices to be followed by human resources employed by clinics and banks.</li>
<li><strong>ART Bank</strong> means an organization that is set up to supply sperm/semen, oocytes/oocyte donor and surrogate mothers to Assisted Reproductive Technology clinics or the patients.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulatory Boards at State Level</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The States and Union Territories will have to form State Boards and State authorities within three months of the notification of the proposed legislation.</li>
<li>The State Board shall have the responsibility to follow the policies and plans laid by the National Board for clinics and Banks in the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>A national registry and registration authority,</strong> which will maintain a database to assist the national Board to perform its functions.</li>
<li><strong>Punishment</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bill proposes for a stringent punishment for those practising sex selection, sale of human embryos or gametes, running agencies/rackets/organisations for such unlawful practices.</li>
<li>The bill has a provision that those involved in trafficking and sale of embryos will be fined Rs 10 lakh at first instance and in second instance the person could be imprisoned for up to 12 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for the Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Exponential Growth:</strong> Assisted reproductive technology (ART) has grown by leaps and bounds in the last few years. India is among countries that have seen the highest growth in the number of ART centres and ART cycles performed every year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Clinics in India offer nearly all the ART services&mdash;gamete donation, IntraUterine Insemination (IUI), In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) and gestational surrogacy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India has become one of the major centres of the global fertility industry</strong> (ART), with reproductive medical tourism becoming a significant activity. This has also introduced a plethora of legal, ethical and social issues; yet, there is <strong>no standardisation of protocols</strong> and reporting is still very inadequate.</li>
<li>The select committee of the Parliament that examined<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-new-surrogacy-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> the Surrogacy Regulation Bill, 2019</strong> </a>has said that it would be prudent to bring the ART Bill before the Surrogacy Bill, 2019, to establish a regulatory mechanism for ART clinics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ART Regulation Bill is supposed to be more overarching and the first step to regulate the sector. Without registration and a proper database of medical institutions and clinics providing such services, it is impossible to regulate services like surrogacy and abortion (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/medical-termination-of-pregnancy-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Medical Termination of Pregnancy Amendment Bill, 2020</strong></a>).</li>
<li>It needs to be noted that all the three Bills are designed around <strong>protecting and recognizing women&rsquo;s reproductive rights.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assisted-reproductive-technology-regulation-bill-proposes-national-registry-of-clinics/article30864344.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assisted-reproductive-technology-regulation-bill-2020'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'ICRG Recommends Continuation of Pakistan in Grey List',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>International Co-operation Review Group (ICRG) of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF)</strong> has recommended that <strong>Pakistan be retained on the &ldquo;Grey List&rdquo;,</strong> given the country&rsquo;s failure to completely implement the 27-point action plan to check terror financing.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It needs to be noted that a recommendation by the ICRG is a precursor to the final decision at the FATF plenary session, and is usually not overturned. Since <strong>2007,</strong> the the ICRG has analysed high-risk jurisdiction and recommended specific action to address the money laundering/terror financing risks emanating from them.</li>
<li>The<strong> FATF Plenary is the decision making body of the FATF.</strong> It meets three times per year. The latest meeting will conclude on 21st February, 2020 in which final decision with respect to Pakistan will be taken.</li>
<li>The FATF meeting is being held a week after an anti-terrorism court in <strong>Pakistan sentenced Hafiz Saeed,</strong> the mastermind of the 2008 Mumbai attack and founder of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), to 11 years in two terror financing cases.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fatf-s-grey-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> FATF plenary held in October 2019</strong></a> had noted that Pakistan addressed only five out of the 27 tasks given to it in controlling funding to terror groups like the Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) and Hizbul Mujahideen, responsible for a series of attacks in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The FATF, then, strongly urged Pakistan to swiftly complete its full action plan by February, 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pakistan was placed on the grey list by the FATF in June 2018</strong> and was given a plan of action to complete by October 2019, or face the risk of being placed on the black list with Iran and North Korea.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Current Scenario and India&rsquo;s Stand</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the <strong>FATF Asia Pacific Joint Group</strong> meeting in Beijing in January 2020, <strong>Pakistan was adjudged to have cleared 14 points.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Asia Pacific Group on Money Laundering was established in 1997 as an autonomous regional anti-money laundering body by unanimous agreement among 13 original founding members. Presently, it has <strong>41 active members including India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pakistan&rsquo;s Current Stand</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since the 2019 meeting, it has taken all possible measures against terror financing.</li>
<li>It has convicted an unprecedented number of persons, which includes Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) chief Hafiz Saeed.</li>
<li>It has also recently informed the FATF that JeM founder Masood Azhar and his family are &ldquo;missing&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has been maintaining that Pakistan extends regular support to terror groups and has urged FATF to take action against Pakistan.</li>
<li>India counters Pakistan's claims, saying the recent action taken by Islamabad against Saeed and others was an attempt to evade further FATF sanctions.</li>
<li>India asserts that the terror funding operations are still on and outfits such as the LeT and Jaish-e-Mohammed, whose chief Masood Azhar's location as per Pakistan is &ldquo;missing&rdquo;, are having a free run in Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pakistan&rsquo;s Status on Grey List</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pakistan needs 12 votes out of 39 (total members in the FATF) to exit the &lsquo;Grey List&rsquo; and move to &lsquo;White List&rsquo;. To avoid &lsquo;Black List&rsquo;, it needs the support of three countries.</li>
<li>In the Beijing 2020 meeting, Pakistan got support from Malaysia and Turkey besides FATF current chair China.</li>
<li>India has lobbied with several countries, from the US to Europe, Australia to West Asian countries, to make the case for blacklisting of Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Pakistan</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If Pakistan continues on the grey list, it would be very difficult for the country to get financial aid from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the European Union, making its financial condition even more unsteady.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Financial Action Task Force</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an inter-governmental body established in 1989 during the G7 Summit in Paris.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> To set standards and promote effective implementation of legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system.</li>
<li><strong>Secretariat:</strong> Its Secretariat is located at the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) headquarters in Paris.</li>
<li><strong>Member Countries:</strong> The FATF currently has 39 members including two regional organisations &mdash; the European Commission and Gulf Cooperation Council. India is a member of the FATF.</li>
<li><strong>Lists under FATF:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Grey List:</strong> Countries that are considered safe haven for supporting terror funding and money laundering are put in the FATF grey list. This inclusion serves as a warning to the country that it may enter the blacklist.</li>
<li><strong>Black List:</strong> Countries known as Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories (NCCTs) are put in the blacklist. These countries support terror funding and money laundering activities. The FATF revises the blacklist regularly, adding or deleting entries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/sub-group-of-terror-financing-watchdog-fatf-recommends-continuation-of-pakistan-in-grey-list/article30852467.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icrg-recommends-continuation-of-pakistan-in-grey-list'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Gender Parity In Indian Army',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/supreme-court-verdict-women-indian-army-6274740/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;A just verdict&rsquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 19/02/2020. It talks about Supreme Court&rsquo;s judgment to grant permanent commission to women officers at par with their male counterparts.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, in a landmark judgment, the Supreme Court (SC) has upheld a Delhi High Court order of 2010 that seeks to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/women-eligible-for-permanent-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>grant permanent commission to women officers</strong></a> at par with their male counterparts. Along with granting a role to women in combat arms, the judgment essentially highlights the denial of equal opportunity in their existing roles for promotion to higher commands.</p>
<p>The current case is in line with a series of judgments that Supreme Court gave in recent years in order to address various forms of gender discrimination in Indian society and to assert Right to Equality. For example, Sabarimala Case, decriminalising homosexuality etc.</p>
<h3>What were the main highlights of the judgment?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SC directed that, at the stage of<strong> opting for the grant of permanent commission,</strong> all the choices for specialisation shall be available to women officers on the same terms as for the male short service commission officers.</li>
<li>It held that the engagement of women in the Combat Arms is a policy matter of Government and SC will stick to the judgment of the Delhi High Court where &lsquo;women in combat arms was not a matter of appeal.</li>
<li>However, the Supreme Court clarified that women officers would be eligible for <strong>command posting.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Command posting means heading a battalion or substantive command delegated to carry out independent tasks. It is generally done by an officer at the rank of Colonel in the Army.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The SC granted three months time to the centre to implement its order. Also, the ruling will have a retrospective effect.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of the Judgment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Women now have the same terms of employment as men.</strong> No longer will women be forced to retire after 14 years in service, irrespective of their record.</li>
<li>They will also have<strong> full pension and other financial benefits.</strong> The SC clarified that the policy decision will apply to all women SSC officers who are currently in service.</li>
<li>It <strong>opens command appointments</strong> to women officers in 10 streams where the Army has agreed they can serve as permanently commissioned officers.</li>
<li>The<strong> Army will be compelled to change its rules</strong> not only for promotion to command appointments, it will also have to instill widespread changes in the pathways for the women officers to do training courses and hold appointments which have so far been the sole preserves of men.</li>
<li>The <strong>decision will encourage more women to think of a career in the military.</strong> This may begin a process of correcting the gender imbalance in India&rsquo;s forces.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance of the Judgment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SC comes down heavily on the stereotypes of women and their physiological features.</strong> SC held that women as weaker sex is <strong>stereotypical and constitutionally flawed notion.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government over the time held that, due to<strong> inherent physiological differences between men and women,</strong> women are not allowed in commanding and combat roles.</li>
<li>Also, the submissions such as those citing pregnancy and motherhood as reasons for not granting permanent commission to women were based on <strong>&ldquo;sex stereotypes&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The judgment upholds the right to equality in the Constitution</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A professional force does not discriminate on the basis of gender, it works because of training, norms and culture.</li>
<li>The spirit of the order is the <strong>principle of non-discrimination. According to Article 16,</strong> Gender only cannot serve as the basis for inequitable and unequal treatment in any sphere, including in defence forces.</li>
<li>It also held that right to equality under <strong>Article 14 needs to be prescribed by a right to rationality</strong> that forbids any &ldquo;blanket&rdquo; and &ldquo;absolute&rdquo; prohibition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are examples of women soldiers in combat roles like in Israel, Germany, US and Australia. Therefore, Indian armed forces must draw inspiration and move towards gender mainstreaming in the Indian armed forces.</li>
<li>This gender equality can be achieved by establishing professional standards and adhering to them without any bias.</li>
<li>The judgment needs to be complemented by a change in mind sets internally, for male officers continue to see women as best suited for adjunct roles and not as equals.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #e1f5ce;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The Supreme Court judgment allowing women in high decision making posts in the Indian Armed Forces is an endorsement of gender equality. Critically examine.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/gender-parity-in-indian-army'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'India-Norway Task Force on Blue Economy',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>India-Norway Task Force on Blue Economy for Sustainable Development</strong> was inaugrated jointly by both the countries. This task force was launched during Norwegian Prime Minister's visit to India earlier in 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The two countries also commenced a new collaboration on <strong>Integrated Ocean Management &amp; Research.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/norways-pm-visit-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bilateral collaboration</strong></a> intends to <strong>manage the resources in the oceans</strong> in a <strong>sustainable</strong> manner.</li>
<li>The India-Norway cooperation in the field of oceans is based on a shared interest in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>blue economy</strong></a> and the sustainable use of marine resources.</li>
<li>Both countries also desire to <strong>advance scientific knowledge about oceans.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>India-Norway Task Force on Blue Economy for Sustainable Development</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The purpose of the task force is to <strong>develop and follow up joint initiatives</strong> between the two countries.</li>
<li>It also intends to mobilise relevant stakeholders from both Norway and India at the highest level, and ensure continued commitment and progress across ministries and agencies.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Norway is an expert on the subject of the Ocean Economy as 70% of Norway's export is from Norway's maritime industry.</li>
<li>Starting the bilateral ocean dialogue has added a new dimension in India-Norway relations and will help India to understand the know-how of the maritime industry.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India-Norway Relations<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582105154_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582105154_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Norway have been enjoying a cordial and friendly relationship since the establishment of relations in<strong> 1947.</strong></li>
<li>The two countries respect each other for their commonly shared values such as democracy, human rights and rule of law. In recent years, both countries have been increasing their engagements in the field of trade and technology.</li>
<li>Norway has supported India&rsquo;s membership to export control regimes the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/india-s-prospects-as-a-nuclear-power" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), the Wassenaar Arrangement (WA) and the Australia Group (AG)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>India has signed a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-signed-amended-dtaa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA)</strong></a> with Norway in 1986 which was revised in February 2011.</li>
<li><strong>Total bilateral trade</strong> between India and Norway stands around <strong>$1.1 billion in 2015-16.</strong></li>
<li>Three Arctic Missions from India have so far visited Norway, in 2007, 2008 and 2009. India&rsquo;s Polar Research Station &ldquo;Himadri&rdquo; is located at Ny Alesund, Spitsbergen Island, Norway.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Blue Economy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The concept was introduced by <strong>Gunter Pauli</strong> in his <strong>2010</strong> book- <strong>&ldquo;The Blue Economy: 10 years, 100 innovations, 100 million jobs&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It is the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs, and ocean ecosystem health.</li>
<li>It comprises renewable energy, fisheries, maritime transport, tourism, climate change, waste management.</li>
<li>It is also reflected in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal</strong></a> (SDG 14), which calls to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.</li>
<li>Blue Economy can help to generate livelihoods, to achieve energy security, to build ecological resilience and to improve living standards of coastal communities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has a long coastline of 7,517 km covering nine states and two union territories &ndash; with an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 2.02 mn. sq.km.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1603594" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-norway-task-force-on-blue-economy'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Aditya-L1 Mission',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</strong></a> is preparing for its first scientific expedition to <strong>study the Sun, Aditya-L1.</strong> It would be placed into a point in space known as the <strong>L1 Lagrange point.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Aditya L1 will be ISRO&rsquo;s <strong>2<sup>nd</sup> space-based astronomy mission after AstroSat,</strong> which was launched in 2015.</li>
<li><strong>Aditya 1</strong> was renamed as Aditya-L1. The Aditya 1 was meant to observe <strong>only the solar corona.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>AstroSat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>AstroSat, was launched in September, 2015, by PSLV-C30 from Sriharikota (Andhra Pradesh).</li>
<li>It is the<strong> first dedicated Indian astronomy mission</strong> aimed at studying celestial sources in<strong> X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Launch Vehicle:</strong> Aditya L1 will be launched using the <strong>Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) XL</strong> with 7 payloads (instruments) on board.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> Aditya L1 will study the Sun&rsquo;s <strong>corona</strong> (Visible and Near infrared rays), Sun's<strong> photosphere</strong> (soft and hard X-ray), <strong>chromosphere</strong> (Ultra Violet ), solar emissions, solar winds and flares, and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/meteorite-sheds-light-on-the-suns-infant-years" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)</strong></a>, and will carry out <strong>round-the-clock imaging</strong> of the Sun.</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong> The distance of the Sun from Earth ( approximately 15 crore kms on average, compared to the only 3.84 lakh kms to the Moon).This huge distance poses a scientific challenge. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to the risks involved, payloads in earlier ISRO missions have largely remained stationary in space; however, Aditya L1 will have <strong>some moving components</strong> which increases the risks of collision.</li>
<li>Other issues are the<strong> super hot temperatures and radiation</strong> in the solar atmosphere. However, <strong>Aditya L1 will stay much farther away,</strong> and the heat is not expected to be a major concern for the instruments on board.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Evolution of every planet, including Earth and the exoplanets beyond the Solar System, is governed by its parent star i.e the Sun in our case. The Solar weather and environment affects the weather of the entire system. Therefore, it is important to study the Sun.</li>
<li><strong>Effects of Variation in Solar Weather System:</strong> Variations in this weather can <strong>change the orbits of satellites or shorten their lives, interfere with or damage onboard electronics, and cause power blackouts and other disturbances on Earth.</strong></li>
<li>Knowledge of solar events is key to<strong> understanding space weather.</strong></li>
<li>To learn about and<strong> track Earth-directed storms,</strong> and to predict their impact, continuous solar observations are needed.</li>
<li>Many of the instruments and their components for this mission are being <strong>manufactured for the first time in the country.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lagrange Point 1</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lagrange Points, named after Italian-French mathematician Josephy-Louis Lagrange, are positions in space<strong> where the gravitational forces of a two-body system (like the Sun and the Earth) produce enhanced regions of attraction and repulsion.</strong></li>
<li>The L1 point is about 1.5 million km from Earth, or about 1/100th of the way to the Sun.</li>
<li>L1 refers to Lagrangian/Lagrange Point 1, one of 5 points in the <strong>orbital plane of the Earth-Sun system.</strong></li>
<li>These can be used by spacecraft to<strong> reduce fuel consumption</strong> needed to remain in position.</li>
<li>A Satellite placed in the halo orbit around the Lagrangian point 1 (L1) has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun without any occultation/ eclipses.</li>
<li>The L1 point is home to the <strong>Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Satellite (SOHO),</strong> an international collaboration project of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</strong> </a>and the <strong>European Space Agency (ESA).</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Other Missions to the Sun</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NASA&rsquo;s<strong> Parker Solar Probe&rsquo;s</strong> aim is to trace how energy and heat move through the Sun&rsquo;s corona and to study the source of the <strong>solar wind&rsquo;s acceleration.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is part of NASA&rsquo;s<strong> &lsquo;Living With a Star&rsquo;</strong> programme that explores different aspects of the Sun-Earth system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The earlier <strong>Helios 2</strong> solar probe, a <strong>joint venture</strong> between <strong>NASA</strong> and space agency of erstwhile <strong>West Germany,</strong> went within 43 million km of the Sun&rsquo;s surface in <strong>1976.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/parker-solar-probe-eyes-on-the-sun-how-isro-is-preparing-for-its-next-giant-leap-in-space-6275034/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aditya-l1-mission'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Northern European Enclosure Dam',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582099788_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582099788_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>Scientists have proposed the construction of the <strong>Northern European Enclosure Dam (NEED) enclosing all of the North Sea</strong> to protect economic regions of 15 Northern European countries from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rising-sea-level" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sea-level Rise (SLR)</strong></a> as a result of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>climate change.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The proposed NEED aims to construct two dams of a combined length of 637 km.</li>
<li>The<strong> first</strong> between <strong>northern Scotland and western Norway (476 km)</strong> and the <strong>second</strong> between <strong>France and southwestern England</strong> (161 km).</li>
<li>The project intends <strong>to separate the North and Baltic Seas from the Atlantic Ocean to protect Northern Europe</strong> against <strong>SLR.</strong></li>
<li>The project classifies the<strong> solutions to SLR</strong> into <strong>three categories</strong> namely,<strong> taking no action, protection,</strong> and <strong>managed retreat &mdash;</strong> and categorises <strong>NEED into the second category.</strong></li>
<li>NEED is expected to have the <strong>least direct impact</strong> on people&rsquo;s daily lives and can be built at a<strong> reasonable cost.</strong></li>
<li>It can be implemented in other regions in the world including the Persian Gulf, the Mediterranean Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Irish Sea, and the Red Sea.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/can-dams-to-control-rising-sea-levels-work-6274997/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/northern-european-enclosure-dam'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Private Member Bill for Two-Child Policy Norm',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/introduction-of-private-member-s-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Private Member&rsquo;s Constitution Amendment Bill</strong></a> has been introduced in the Rajya Sabha <strong>proposing incentives in taxation, education and employment for people who limit their family size to two children.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill is likely to be discussed when Parliament meets for the second half of the Budget session.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Features of the Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill proposes for the incorporation of a <strong>new provision &mdash; Article 47A(Duty of the State to promote small family norm) &mdash; in Part IV of the Constitution.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Part IV of the Indian Constitution deals with <strong>the Directive Principles of the State Policy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The proposed insertion of <strong>Article 47A</strong> intends <strong>to withdraw all concessions</strong> from people who fail to adhere to the<strong> &lsquo;small-family-norm&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The Bill also intends<strong> to offer incentives</strong> in taxes, employment, education and priority in social benefit schemes and school admissions etc to its people who keep their family limited to two children.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Entry 20-A in List III (Concurrent List) of the 7<sup>th</sup> Schedule</strong> deals with population control and family planning. This provision was added through the <strong>42<sup>nd</sup> Constitutional Amendment 1976.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution,</strong> headed by <strong>M.N. Venkatachaliah</strong> had also recommended in 2002, that <strong>Article 47A</strong> to be inserted into the Constitution to<strong> control population explosion.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Current Status</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Presently, <strong>six states including Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh</strong> have made the<strong> two-child norm mandatory</strong> for all panchayat members.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2018, <strong>412 panchayat members in Rajasthan</strong> had been <strong>removed</strong> from their posts because they failed to comply with the two-child norm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Supreme Court has <strong>upheld the provision</strong> in several states that <strong>debars members with more than two children</strong> from <strong>contesting and holding</strong> panchayat posts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for Two-Child Policy Norm</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s population has already <strong>crossed 125 crores</strong> and India is <strong>expected to surpass the world&rsquo;s most populous nation-China</strong> in the next couple of decades.</li>
<li>Despite having the <strong>National Population Control Policy (2000),</strong> India is the <strong>second-most populous country in the world.</strong></li>
<li>Thus, India&rsquo;s natural resources are extremely<strong> over-burdened</strong> and facing <strong>over-exploitation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Criticism of the Two-Child Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The restricted child policy will create a shortage of educated young people needed to carry on India&rsquo;s technological revolution.</li>
<li>The problems like gender imbalance, undocumented children, etc. faced by China (as a result of the one-child policy) might be experienced by India.</li>
<li>India's <strong>birthrate is slowing down to sustainable levels.</strong> In <strong>2000,</strong> the fertility rate was still relatively high at <strong>3.2</strong> children per woman. By <strong>2016,</strong> that number had already fallen to<strong> 2.3</strong> children.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Private Member&rsquo;s Bill</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Any Member of Parliament (MP) who is <strong>not a minister</strong> is referred to as a private member.</li>
<li>The purpose of the private member&rsquo;s bill is to draw the government&rsquo;s attention to what individual MPs see as issues and gaps in the existing legal framework, which require legislative intervention. Thus it<strong> reflects the stand of the opposition party</strong> on public matters.</li>
<li>Its introduction in the House requires <strong>one month&rsquo;s notice.</strong></li>
<li>Its rejection by the House has <strong>no implication on the parliamentary confidence</strong> in the government or its resignation.</li>
<li>The<strong> last time</strong> a private member&rsquo;s bill was passed by both Houses was in <strong>1970.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was the Supreme Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Bill, 1968.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>14</strong> private member&rsquo;s bills have<strong> become law so far.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-rajya-sabha-shiv-sena-mp-brings-in-private-member-bill-for-two-child-norm-6265268/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/private-member-bill-for-two-child-policy-norm'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'India’s Nutrition Problem',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/nutrition-and-the-budgets-fine-print/article30803731.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Nutrition and the Budget&rsquo;s fine print&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 13/02/2020. It talks about India&rsquo;s nutrition problem.</p>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-hunger-index-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Hunger Index, 2019,</strong></a> reported that India suffers from a &ldquo;serious&rdquo; hunger problem is ranked 102 out of 117 countries. It also held that just a tenth of children between 6 to 23 months is fed a minimum acceptable diet.</p>
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Nutrition Policy of 1993</strong> called for the adoption of a multi-sectoral approach and the implementation of a wide range of measures to achieve the goal of optimum nutrition for all. In pursuance of this, many welfare schemes have been launched to address malnutrition.</p>
<p>Despite these schemes to address malnutrition, funding and policy gaps are the problem areas.</p>
<h3>Malnutrition in India and Related Schemes</h3>
<p>There are multiple dimensions of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>malnutrition in India</strong> </a>that include <strong>calorific deficiency, protein hunger and micronutrient deficiency.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Calorific Deficiency:</strong> It is any shortage in the number of calories consumed relative to the number of calories required for maintenance of the current body weight. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme provides a package of services including supplementary nutrition, nutrition and health education, health check-ups and referral services addressing children, pregnant and lactating mothers and adolescent girls, services to address community malnutrition and that tackle calorific deficiency and beyond.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protein Hunger or Protein Deficiency:</strong> Pulses are a major contributor to address protein hunger.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government of India has launched a scheme called Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Maize and Oilpalm (later merged with National Food Security Mission) to address this problem.</li>
<li>The Mid-Day Meal Scheme aims to enhance the nutrition of school children by providing a balanced diet in schools.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Micronutrient Deficiency:</strong> It is a term used to refer to diseases caused by a dietary deficiency of vitamins or minerals.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/horticulture-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Horticulture Mission</strong></a> can be one of the ways to address micronutrient deficiency effectively.</li>
<li>In 2018-19, the Government of India launched a<strong> National Millet Mission</strong> which included renaming millets as <strong>&ldquo;Nutri-cereals&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Also, 2018-19 was designated as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2023-is-the-international-year-of-millets-fao" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>year of Millets</strong></a>, to promote nutritious cereals in a campaign mode across the country.</li>
<li>As millets have the potential to address micronutrient deficiencies, the momentum given to these cereals needs to be sustained.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why these schemes still not able to address Malnutrition problem?</h3>
<p>The<strong> Economic Survey 2019-2020</strong> notes that <strong>&ldquo;Food is not just an end in itself but also an essential ingredient in the growth of human capital and therefore important for national wealth creation&rdquo;.</strong> Therefore, India should give special attention to nutrition, but the Budget has not explicitly spelt out nutrition in a greater detail in many ways.</p>
<p>However, there is no need for new policies on nutrition, existing schemes can well address India&rsquo;s malnutrition dilemma. For this to happen, the following issues need to be addressed.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Underutilisation of Resources:</strong> Budget 2020 highlighted that expenditure made under many nutrition-based schemes is considerably lower than what was allocated under them. Thus, emphasis needs to be on implementation.</li>
<li>With underspending, allocations for subsequent years will also be affected, limiting the possibility of increasing budgets and the focus on nutrition schemes.</li>
<li><strong>Absence of Agriculture-Nutrition Link:</strong> An important approach to address nutrition is through agriculture. This link is important because about three-fifths of rural households are agricultural in India (National Sample Survey Office, 70<sup>th</sup> round) and malnutrition rates, particularly in rural areas are high (National Family Health Survey-4).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission)</strong></a> which is a major initiative to address malnutrition, had 72% of total expenditure going into &ldquo;Information and Communication Technology. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The focus of the bulk of the funding has been on technology, whereas, actually, it is the convergence of many schemes that is crucial to address nutrition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Agriculture-Nutrition linkage</strong> schemes have the potential for greater impact in dealing with malnutrition and thus, needs greater emphasis.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recognising the importance of this link, Ministery for Women and Child Development launched the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bharatiya-poshan-krishi-kosh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh</strong></a> in 2019.</li>
<li>There is a need to promote schemes directed to nutrition-agriculture link activities in rural areas. The announcement to form 10,000 farmer producer organisations with an allocation of ₹500 crores to nutrition-based activities is a step in the right direction.</li>
<li>However, implementation remains the key.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government needs to ensure early disbursement of funds and optimum utilisation of funds in schemes linked to nutrition.</li>
<li>Nutrition goes beyond just food, with economic, health, water sanitation, gender perspectives and social norms contributing to better nutrition. This is why the proper implementation of other schemes can also contribute to better nutrition.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The convergence of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Jal Jeevan mission with schemes pertaining to nutrition, will bring holistic changes to India&rsquo;s nutrition scenario.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With the largest number of undernourished people in the world, India needs to hasten to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 2 of &lsquo;Zero Hunger&rsquo; by 2030.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the World Food Programme and World Bank, malnutrition affects cognitive ability, workdays and health, impacting as much as 16% of GDP of the world.</li>
<li>In that sense, while Budget 2020-21 looks toward an<strong> &lsquo;Aspirational India&rsquo;,</strong> fixing the nutrition problem of India, can make a difference not just to better nutrition but to build a wealthier nation too.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #dbf5ce;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Nutrition is a key roadblock in the path of achieving an &lsquo;Aspirational India&rsquo; as envisaged by budget 2020-21. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-nutrition-problem'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Census- Challenges & Importance',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/B5EBTYgULFo" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>There have been rising instances of attack on field enumerators conducting <strong>National Sample Survey exercise</strong> in some areas of Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal owing to <strong>apprehensions and mistrust</strong> people have gathered regarding the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new citizenship law</strong></a> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/new-citizenship-regime" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pan India NRC exercise.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This can negatively affect the house-listing operation and the updation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-population-register-updation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Population Register (NPR)</strong></a> exercise, which is set to begin in April for Census 2021.</li>
<li>In this backdrop, conducting household and other surveys with the &lsquo;Census as the frame&rsquo; would be very tough going ahead.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Census</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A population Census is the process of collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating demographic, social, cultural and economic data relating to all persons in the country, at a particular time in ten years interval.</li>
<li>India is recognised for its<strong> 'Unity in diversity'</strong> and the Census gives the citizens a chance to study this diversity and associated facets of their nation through its society, demography, economics, anthropology, sociology, statistics, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Historical Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The earliest literature<strong> &lsquo;Rig Veda&rsquo;</strong> reveals that some kind of population count was maintained during 800-600 BC.</li>
<li>Kautilya&rsquo;s Arthasastra (written around 321-296 BC) laid stress on Census taking as a measure of State policy for <strong>purpose of taxation.</strong></li>
<li>During the regime of Mughal king Akbar, the administrative report <strong>&lsquo;Ain-e-Akbari&rsquo;</strong> included comprehensive data pertaining to population, industry, wealth and many other characteristics.</li>
<li>The <strong>first Census</strong> was conducted in India in 1872 (although non-synchronously in different parts) during the reign of <strong>Governor-General Lord Mayo.</strong> The first complete synchronous Census was conducted in 1881.</li>
<li>With a history of more than 130 years, it has proved to be a reliable exercise that is conducted every 10 years.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Census-2021</strong></a> is the 16<sup>th</sup> such exercise since inception and 8<sup>th</sup> since independence.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How is the Census Conducted?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The primary tool of Census operations is the <strong>questionnaire</strong> that is developed over the years, taking into account the changing needs of the country.</li>
<li>It is a<strong> list of questions</strong> that helps the government collect all the necessary details required about citizens. The questions enhance the credibility &amp; quality of data if various dimensions of socio-economic issues are well incorporated in the questionnaire.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The name of person, relationship with the head, sex, date of birth and age, current marital status, religion, mother tongue, literacy status inter alia are some of the fundamental questions which are asked by the <strong>enumerators</strong> (a person employed in taking a Census of the population).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Census-2021 exercise would be conducted in two rounds:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Household Schedule:</strong> The first round will be conducted in 2020, wherein the enumerators would go on a house-to-house basis to <strong>record amenities</strong> in each household.</li>
<li>The second round&ndash; <strong>&lsquo;Headcount&rsquo;</strong> would be carried out in early 2021 approximately 6 months after the first round.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Census Act, 1948</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although the population Census of India is a major administrative function, the<strong> Census Organisation</strong> was set up on an <strong>ad-hoc basis</strong> for each Census till the Census of 1951.</li>
<li>The <strong>Census Act,</strong> enacted in <strong>1948,</strong> then provided for the permanent scheme of conducting population Census with duties and responsibilities of Census Officers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act makes it obligatory on the part of every citizen to answer the Census question truthfully and also penalises for giving false information.</li>
<li>One of the most important provisions of the Census Act 1948 is that it makes provisions for the<strong> maintenance of secrecy of the information</strong> collected at the Census of each individual. All information collected under the Census is <strong>confidential</strong> and is not shared with any agency- Government or private.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Authority Involved</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government of India in May 1949 decided to initiate steps for developing the systematic collection of statistics on the size of the population, its growth, etc.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For this purpose, it established an organisation viz. <strong>Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner</strong> under <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> (which is responsible for conducting the decennial Census).</li>
<li>Later, this office was also entrusted with the responsibility of implementation of <strong>Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Importance of Census</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Comprehensive Source of Data:</strong> Census is a data collection exercise. It gathers <strong>knowledge about the demographic dividend</strong> of the nation which is vital for many purposes.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Various surveys like health survey, education survey, agriculture survey, etc. are based on this comprehensive data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decision-making:</strong> Census is significant for any country for <strong>evidence-based decision making.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data collected through the Census is used for <strong>administration, governance, planning and policy-making as well as management and evaluation</strong> of various programmes run or to be introduced by the Government, NGOs, researchers, commercial and private enterprises, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Policy-making:</strong> Census is responsible for taking the collected information<strong> &ldquo;from a dwelling unit to the delivery unit&rdquo;.</strong> It will boost coherence policy-making and scientific planning, resulting in optimisation of resources.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To scholars and researchers in demography, economics, anthropology, and many other disciplines, the Indian Census has been a fascinating source of data.</li>
<li>The collected data from the Census is <strong>available to grassroots administrative authorities</strong> of a particular region in order to take appropriate developmental tasks.</li>
<li>It helps in <strong>effective targeting and better delivery of government programmes</strong> to the most downtrodden sections of the society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demarcation:</strong> Census data is also used for the demarcation of <strong>constituencies and allocation</strong> of representation to the Parliament, State Legislative Assemblies and local bodies.</li>
<li><strong>Giving Grants: Finance Commission</strong> gives grants to the states on the basis of population figures available from the Census data.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How is Census-2021 different from Earlier Ones?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Digital Data:</strong> It is for the <strong>first time the data is collected digitally</strong> via mobile applications (installed on enumerator&rsquo;s phone) with a provision of working in offline mode. This would help in reducing the delay and having the <strong>results almost immediately,</strong> unlike earlier cases where it used to take multiple years for the data to be analyzed and the reports published.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data collected by enumerator on his/her phone will be <strong>registered with the Census authorities.</strong> In case of lack of network availability/connectivity, he/she will also have an option to collect the same information on paper and then make data entries onto the application (in offline mode).</li>
<li><strong>No document</strong> will be required by the citizens to be shown as proof, and <strong>self-declaration</strong> will suffice the same.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Census Monitoring &amp; Management Portal</strong> will act as a single source for all officers/ officials involved in Census activities to provide<strong> multi-language support.</strong></li>
<li><strong>No Caste Data:</strong> The latest Census (as per the existing plan) will <strong>not collect caste data.</strong> While the <strong>Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC)</strong> was conducted alongside Census 2011, the outcome of the caste Census is yet to be made public.</li>
<li><strong>Transgender Head:</strong> It is for the first time that information of households <strong>headed by a person from the transgender community and members</strong> living in the family will be collected. Earlier there was a column for male and female only.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Errors:</strong> There are two types of error during statistical exercise: <strong>Content error, and Coverage error</strong> which needs to be minimised.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People should not be considered as a mere headcount but as citizens having certain basic rights. Therefore, <strong>accurate data collection with minimal exclusion</strong> should be focused upon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Furnishing of false information:</strong> Due to <strong>fear of losing intended benefits</strong> of various schemes (or fear of losing citizenship this time) and <strong>lack of education,</strong> people fabricate and tend to provide false information. For example, people had apprehensions about the data collection of children not going to school and many-a-times they did not answer the survey questions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this regard, the Kerala CM urged the people to<strong> acknowledge true information</strong> and take the Census exercise seriously.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Associated Costs: Huge expenditure</strong> (thousands of crores) is incurred by the government in conducting this exercise.</li>
<li><strong>Security:</strong> The move towards digital mode of collecting the data is a step forward to speed up the process of analysis. However, the <strong>security</strong> of the data being collected (especially on the application) and<strong> adequate backup mechanism</strong> for such data has to be looked into.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The mistrust and fear of misuse of data need to be minimized and mitigated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Abuse of Data:</strong> The availability of data with regional authorities has the potential for abuse of such data, as the concerned authority has access to everything about a particular family (ownership, caste, financial aspects, occupation, lifestyle, etc.).</li>
<li>Lack of <strong>community participation</strong> and <strong>inadequate training of enumerators</strong> to collect the precise and accurate data acts as a big challenge in conducting the Census exercise.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Remedial Measures</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Capacity-Building:</strong> Proper training of enumerators (data collectors) and organizers should be organised.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, enumerators should be <strong>well paid</strong> to keep them motivated, as they are the focal point of data collection and ensuring data accuracy. As any disgruntled/aggrieved enumerator can hamper the quality of data.</li>
<li>A <strong>conducive safe and secure environment</strong> should be provided to the interviewers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening the Data Quality:</strong> This can be done by<strong> minimising the coverage error and content error</strong> (through increased list of questions in the survey). It will help in changing the discourse of the government&rsquo;s programme implementation.</li>
<li><strong>Organizing Campaigns:</strong> Launching of massive publicity campaigns in order to make people aware about the importance of Census in their life should be organized.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Relevant community political &amp; religious leaders, college students (conducting flash mobs) should be involved in order to <strong>spread awareness and educate people.</strong></li>
<li>Also, the government needs to create a <strong>mass media campaign</strong> through print &amp; electronic media (through advertisements) in order to <strong>allay the fears and doubts</strong> haunting the minds of the people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Census in India is the <strong>largest single source</strong> of a variety of <strong>statistical information</strong> on different characteristics of the people of India. It is a <strong>sacred democratic exercise.</strong> To follow an <strong>integrated approach</strong> should be the aim of all involved stakeholders in order to conduct this exercise in a hassle-free manner.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-census-challenges-importance'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'E-MASIHA',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Minority Affairs</strong> has informed that India has made the <strong>Haj 2020 process completely digital.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has become the <strong>first country in the world</strong> which has made the entire Haj 2020 process <strong>100% digital.</strong></li>
<li>The online facilities include application procedure, E-Visa, Haj mobile app, &ldquo;E-MASIHA&rdquo; health facility and &ldquo;E-luggage pre-tagging&rdquo; providing all information in India itself regarding accommodation/transportation in Makkah-Madinah, Saudi Arabia.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>E-MASIHA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>E-MASIHA (E-Medical Assistance System for Indian Pilgrims Abroad) is an online system to create and maintain the complete health database of Indian pilgrims.</li>
<li>It also provides doctors&rsquo; prescriptions, medical treatment as well as medicine disbursals, and has been developed to deal with any emergency in Makkah-Madinah.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1603400" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-masiha'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => '100 years of Jamshedpur City',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Jamshedpur City is celebrating the completion of 100 years.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Jamshedpur is one of the <strong>first industrial planned cities</strong> of India and the <strong>most populous urban agglomeration</strong> in Jharkhand.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The city, originally a village called <strong>Sakchi,</strong> was <strong>renamed</strong> as <strong>Jamshedpur</strong> by then Viceroy of India <strong>Lord Chelmsford (1916-21)</strong> in 1919 in the honour of Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata, founder of the Tata group.</li>
<li>It is located in <strong>Chota Nagpur plateau,</strong> surrounded by the<strong> Dalma Hills</strong> and at the <strong>confluence</strong> of<strong> Kharkai</strong> and <strong>Subarnarekha Rivers.</strong></li>
<li>Jamshedji Tata had established the <strong>Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO)</strong> in Jamshedpur in <strong>1907.</strong> TISCO (now Tata Steel Ltd) is the oldest iron and steel enterprise of India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Subarnarekha River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Subarnarekha (Line of gold) river flows through the states of <strong>Jharkhand, West Bengal</strong> and <strong>Odisha.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Major Tributaries: Kanchi River </strong>and<strong> Kharkai river</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1603413" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100-years-of-jamshedpur-city'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Arab World's First Nuclear Power Plant',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>United Arab Emirates (UAE)</strong> has issued an <strong>operating licence</strong> for the <strong>Arab world's first nuclear power plant,</strong> paving the way for it to start production in 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Barakah nuclear power plant</strong> in <strong>Abu Dhabi</strong> is being built by <strong>Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO),</strong> was originally due to open in 2017.</li>
<li>Barakah will have <strong>four reactors</strong> with a <strong>total capacity of 5,600 megawatts.</strong> It will be almost a<strong> fifth of the country&rsquo;s current installed generating capacity.</strong></li>
<li>The plant is located on a sparsely populated <strong>strip of desert on the Persian Gulf coast.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582019041_Arabian%20World's first nuclear power plant.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582019041_Arabian World's first nuclear power plant.jpg" width="404" height="404" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/arab-world-s-first-nuclear-reactor-cleared-for-startup/story-2bJs8tzX9oSmrXJURUkfqM.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a><strong></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/arab-world-s-first-nuclear-power-plant'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Portuguese President’s Visit to India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Portuguese President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa</strong> visited India from 13<sup>th</sup>-16<sup>th</sup> February, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The last visit by a Portuguese President to India was in 2007.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights of the Visit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>14 agreements and understandings</strong> were signed between India and Portugal in the fields of maritime heritage, maritime transport and port development, migration and mobility, start-ups, Intellectual Property Rights, aerospace, nano-biotechnology, audio visual co-production, yoga, diplomatic training, scientific research and public-policy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One of the agreements included cooperation in setting up a <strong>national maritime museum heritage complex in Lothal,</strong> Gujarat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Permanent Seat at UNSC:</strong> Portugal provided its support to India to become a permanent member of the Security Council of the United Nations.</li>
<li><strong>India-Portugal Joint Economic Committee:</strong> It has been decided to hold the next session of the India-Portugal Joint Economic Committee in India soon to review the gamut of the bilateral trade and economic relations.</li>
<li>Portugal also extended its support for the <strong>commemoration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/portugal-s-gandhi-citizenship-education-prize" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mahatma Gandhi&rsquo;s 150<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary.</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Visit to Goa</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Portuguese president visited churches in Old Goa, including the Basilica of Bom Jesus where relics of St. Francis Xavier are preserved. He also paid a visit to Institute Mater Dei Santa Monica, a church in the Old Goa heritage complex, and the Christian Art Museum located on the premises.</li>
<li>All these structures at Old Goa, located about nine km from Panaji, are part of the complex certified as <strong>world heritage monuments by UNESCO.</strong></li>
<li>Santa Monica Church is over 450 years old, having been one of the first churches the Portuguese built in Goa in 1525.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Upcoming Collaborations</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Portugal could join the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-assembly-of-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></a> in the near future.</li>
<li>India as an Associate Observer of the <strong>Community of Portuguese Language Countries,</strong> so that both the countries can amplify their developmental partnerships in Africa and elsewhere.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s deepening engagement with the European Union (EU), especially when Portugal assumes the Presidency of the<strong> EU</strong> in 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>St. Francis Xavier</strong> was the greatest Roman Catholic missionary of modern times who was instrumental in the establishment of Christianity in India, the Malay Archipelago, and Japan.</li>
<li><strong>Community of Portuguese Language Countries</strong> (CPLP) is a multilateral forum whose objective is to deepen the mutual friendship and cooperation among its members. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was created on 17<sup>th</sup> July, 1996.</li>
<li>It has eight member states which have Portuguese as their official language: Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, East Timor, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, S&atilde;o Tom&eacute; and Pr&iacute;ncipe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India-Portugal<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582014548_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582014548_image3.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established in 1949.</li>
<li>Bilateral relations, however, went into decline after 1950 over Portugal's refusal to surrender its enclaves of Goa, Daman Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli on India's west coast. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By 1955, the two nations had cut off diplomatic relations which were followed by Indian military forces liberating Goa in 1961 through <strong>Operation Vijay,</strong> ending over 450 years of Portuguese rule in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>1974,</strong> India and Portugal signed a treaty recognising India&rsquo;s sovereignty over Goa, Daman &amp; Diu, Dadra &amp; Nagar Haveli and related matters. With the signing of this treaty, diplomatic relations were re-established.</li>
<li><strong>Bilateral S&amp;T cooperation</strong> is being actively fostered between the two countries under the Agreement for Cooperation in Science and Technology signed on 3rd December, 1998.</li>
<li>The Centre for Indian Studies at the University of Lisbon was inaugurated in April 2016 by the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs Augusto Santos Silva. It is the first centre in any university in Portugal dedicated to the study of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199346" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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