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RaIDer-X: Explosive Detection Device

Why in News An explosive detection device, RaIDer-X, was unveiled at the National Workshop on Explosive Detection (NWED-2020) in Pune...

02 Mar 2020 News Analysis
New Bodo Accord

This article is based on Searching for a solution: On Bodo accord, Govt signs accord with NDFB, The third Bodo accord: A new deal, Bodoland at a...

29 Feb 2020 News Editorials
Mission Purvodaya: Accelerated Development of Steel Sector

Why in News A workshop on “Enabling Procedures for Increase of Steel Usage for the Growth of Economy” was organised by the Ministry of...

29 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Project Monitoring Group

The Project Monitoring Group (PMG) is an institutional mechanism for the expedited resolution of issues and regulatory bottlenecks in projects with...

29 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2019

Why in News The United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has released the 2019 report of the International Narcotics Control Board...

29 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana

Why in News 32 projects have been sanctioned under the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY) of the Ministry of Food Processing Industries...

29 Feb 2020 News Analysis
OPV ‘Yard 45006 VAJRA’

Why in News Recently, the sixth Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) ‘Yard 45006 VAJRA’ to enhance coastal security was launched. The OPV...

29 Feb 2020 News Analysis
India-US Relations

This article is based on “Signs and substance: On outcome of Trump visit”, Forging a new India-U.S. modus vivendi, “Why trade with...

28 Feb 2020 News Editorials
INCOIS launches Products

Why in News The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) has launched a trio of products to better cater to its diverse users....

28 Feb 2020 News Analysis
India and Myanmar Ink Various Pacts

Why in News India and Myanmar signed 10 agreements with a focus on socio-economic development of Myanmar, during Myanmar President U Win...

28 Feb 2020 News Analysis
2020 CD3: Mini-moon

In Arizona (USA), the astronomers of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-funded Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) have observed a...

28 Feb 2020 News Analysis
The Big Picture - Army: Women in Commanding Role

Recently, in a landmark judgment, the Supreme Court (SC) has upheld a Delhi High Court order of 2010 that seeks to grant permanent commission to...

28 Feb 2020 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
Biofuel from Microorganisms

Why in News Researchers at the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) are developing a method to improve the growth...

28 Feb 2020 News Analysis
National Science Day 2020

Why in News National Science Day (NSD) is celebrated every year on 28th February to commemorate the discovery of the ‘Raman Effect’. The...

28 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Counting Birds Together

This article is based on “Counting birds together” which was published in The Hindu on 25/02/2020. It talks about the status of birds...

27 Feb 2020 News Editorials
Hindustani Music

Hindustani Music is one of the two distinct schools of Indian Classical Music practiced mainly in North India. The other school of Indian Classical...

27 Feb 2020 Paper 1
International Conference on Standardisation of AYUSH Terminologies

Why in News Two day International Conference on Standardisation of AYUSH Terminologies (ICoSDiTAUS-2020) was held in New Delhi. It adopted the...

27 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Henneguya Salminicola

Scientists have discovered an animal Henneguya Salminicola which does not need oxygen to produce the energy needed for its survival. It is a tiny,...

27 Feb 2020 News Analysis
UKIERI- UGC Higher Education Leadership Development Programme

Why in News The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) has launched ‘Higher Education Leadership Development Programme for...

27 Feb 2020 News Analysis
National Technical Textiles Mission

Why in News The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved the setting up of a National Technical Textiles Mission at a total outlay...

27 Feb 2020 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'RaIDer-X: Explosive Detection Device ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>An <strong>explosive detection device, RaIDer-X,</strong> was unveiled at the National Workshop on Explosive Detection (NWED-2020) in Pune (Maharashtra).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Workshop was organized by the <strong>High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL), Pune.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RaIDer-X has the capability to detect 20 explosives within a distance of about 2 metres. Bulk explosive in concealed condition can also be detected by the device.</li>
<li>The data library can be built in the system to expand its capability to detect a number of explosives in pure form as well as with the contaminants.</li>
<li>The device has <strong>various applications</strong> including narcotics, for local police, for customs and other detection agencies who need to detect various elements which may be explosive or non-explosive in nature.</li>
<li>RaIDer-X has been <strong>co-developed by HEMRL, Pune and the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Pune</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>HEMRL Pune is a<strong> premier laboratory of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO.)</a></strong></li>
<li>It is involved in basic and applied research in the area of <strong>high energy materials.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>High energy materials</strong> are compounds which store chemical energy. Such materials, on stimulation by mechanical, thermal or electrical devices, undergo rapid decomposition giving out heat, light, sound and large volumes of gases.</li>
<li>The amount of energy released varies with the properties of the material such as composition, structure, density, heat of formation and decomposition, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Examples:</strong> Propellants used in rockets, pyrotechnics used in festivities, explosives used for military purposes, blasting chemicals used in construction activities, etc., are high energy materials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604799" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source-PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'New Bodo Accord',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/searching-for-a-solution-the-hindu-editorial-on-bodo-accord/article30777398.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Searching for a solution: On Bodo accord</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/govt-signs-accord-with-ndfb-absu-to-resolve-bodo-issue/article30665589.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Govt signs accord with NDFB</strong></a>, <a href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30800941.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The third Bodo accord: A new deal</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/bodoland-at-a-crossroads/article2988588.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bodoland at a crossroads</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/still-no-finality-the-third-time-round/article30925387.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Still no finality, the third time round</strong></a>, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-takeaways-from-bodo-accord-6240082/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Takeaways from Bodo Accord.</strong></a> It talks about the recently concluded Third Bodo Accord.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), the Assam government and the Bodo groups signed a tripartite agreement to redraw, rename and changing power-sharing agreement in the Bodoland Territorial Area District (BTAD) in Assam.</p>
<p>This agreement has been termed as <strong>Third Bodo Accord.</strong> According to the Union government, the signing of the agreement will end the <strong>50-year-old Bodo crisis.</strong> This agreement is a series of concerted efforts to fulfil the aspirations of the Bodo people relating to their cultural identity, language, education and economic development and political aspiration.</p>
<h3>What is the Bodoland Dispute?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bodos are the single largest community among the notified Scheduled Tribes</strong> in Assam. They constitute about 5-6% of Assam&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>The first organised demand for a <strong>Bodo state came in 1967-68</strong> under the banner of the political party called Plains Tribals Council of Assam.</li>
<li>In 1985, when the <strong>Assam Movement culminated in the Assam Accord,</strong> many Bodos saw it as essentially focusing on the interests of the Assamese-speaking community.</li>
<li>As a result of this, several Bodo groups led by the <strong>All Bodo Students Union</strong> (ABSU) and <strong>National Democratic Front of Bodoland</strong> have been demanding separate land for the ethnic community, a movement that has claimed nearly 4,000 lives.</li>
<li>After the years of violent clashes, the <strong>first Bodo Accord was signed with the ABSU in 1993,</strong> leading to the creation of a Bodoland Autonomous Council with limited political powers.</li>
<li>Under the <strong>second Bodo Accord,</strong> it is agreed to create a self-governing body for the Bodo Areas in the State of Assam. In pursuance of this, the <strong>Bodoland Territorial Council</strong> (BTC) was created in 2003 with some more financial and other powers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bodoland Territorial Council is an <strong>autonomous region in the state of Assam</strong> in India.</li>
<li>It is made up of four districts (Kokrajhar, Chirang, Baksa and Udalguri) on the north bank of the Brahmaputra river, by the foothills of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
<li>The area under the jurisdiction of BTC, formed under the 2003 Accord, was called the <strong>Bodo Territorial Autonomous District (BTAD).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>BTC is an area governed under the 6th schedule. However, BTC is an exception to the constitutional provision under the 6th schedule.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As it can constitute up to 46 members out of which 40 are elected.</li>
<li>Of these 40 seats, 35 are reserved for the Scheduled Tribes and non-tribal communities, five are unreserved and the rest six are nominated by the governor from underrepresented communities of the Bodoland Territorial Areas District (BTAD).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus, the creation of the BTC can be seen as a new experiment of territorial autonomy under the Sixth Schedule.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Autonomous districts and regional councils</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Along with ADCs, the Sixth Schedule also provides for separate Regional Councils for each area constituted as an autonomous region. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In all, there are 10 areas in the Northeast that are registered as autonomous districts &ndash; three in Assam, Meghalaya and Mizoram and one in Tripura.</li>
<li>These regions are named as district council of (name of district) and regional council of (name of region).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Each autonomous district and regional council consists of not more than 30 members, of which four are nominated by the governor and the rest via elections. All of them remain in power for a term of five years.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sixth Schedule</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sixth Schedule consists of provisions for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram, according to Article 244 of the Indian Constitution.</li>
<li>Passed by the Constituent Assembly in 1949, it seeks to safeguard the rights of the tribal population through the formation of Autonomous District Councils (ADC). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ADCs are bodies representing a district to which the Constitution has given varying degrees of autonomy within the state legislature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The governors of these states are empowered to reorganise boundaries of the tribal areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In simpler terms, she or he can choose to include or exclude any area, increase or decrease the boundaries and unite two or more autonomous districts into one.</li>
<li>They can also alter or change the names of autonomous regions without separate legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need For New Accord</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Bodo Accord signed in 2003,</strong> constitutionally mandated legislative power to the BTC. However, denial of assent by the Governor to laws passed by the BTC was one of the key reasons for the ABSU rejecting the 2003 accord and reviving the statehood demand.</li>
<li>Also, there is a demand for inclusion of villages with ST majority and contiguous to the BTAD, and exclusion of villages which are contiguous to non-Sixth Schedule areas and have majority non-ST population.</li>
</ul>
<h3>New Accord</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the new accord, BTAD will be renamed as <strong>Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR).</strong></li>
<li>The agreement promises more legislative, executive and administrative autonomy under the <strong>Sixth Schedule to Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) and expansion of the BTC territory in lieu of statehood.</strong></li>
<li>It provides for <strong>alteration of the area of BTAD</strong> and provisions for Bodos outside BTAD.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For this, a commission appointed by the state government will examine and recommend if villages contiguous to BTAD and with a majority tribal population can be included into the BTR while those now in BTAD and with a majority non-tribal population can opt-out of the BTR.</li>
<li>Subsequent to this alteration, the total number of Assembly seats will go up to 60, from the existing 40.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Government of Assam will notify <strong>Bodo language in Devanagari script as the associate official language in the state.</strong></li>
<li>The memorandum of the settlement says that the criminal cases registered against members of the NDFB factions for &ldquo;non-heinous&rdquo; crimes shall be withdrawn by the Assam government and in cases of heinous crimes it will be reviewed.</li>
<li>A <strong>Special Development Package of Rs. 1500 Crore</strong> would be given by the Centre to undertake specific projects for the development of Bodo areas.</li>
<li>The Assam government will set up a <strong>Bodo-Kachari Autonomous Council,</strong> which will be a satellite council for the focussed development of Bodo villages outside the BTR on the lines of the existing six councils for plains tribes.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new Bodo Accord has led to the <strong>intensification of the movement for Kamatapur State</strong> by organisations of the Koch-Rajbongshi community.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The territory of the demanded Kamatapur State overlaps with the present BTAD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ripple Effect:</strong> The augmented area and powers of the BTC, under the new accord, may trigger fresh aspirations in the nine autonomous councils in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram to graduate to the new model.</li>
<li><strong>Ethnic Fault-line:</strong> Clamour for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status by the Koch-Rajbongshi, Adivasis and several other non-ST communities has also grown.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Likely expansion of the ST list in Assam has the potential to keep the Bodos out of power in the BTC and may push Bodo organisations to revive their homeland demand. As the reservation of seats of BTC is for the STs and not exclusively for the Bodos.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The New Bodo Accord may have maintained the territorial integrity of Assam. However, the demand for <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/statehood-demand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>separate statehood</strong></a> may emerge in other parts of the northeast as the region is endowed with ethno-cultural diversity.</li>
<li>In order to deal with such complexities, the provision of setting up regional autonomous councils under the Sixth Schedule can be explored to create the space for communities which sought to preserve their cultural identity, language, education and economic development.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #d4f5cb;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Peace will continue to be fragile in Assam&rsquo;s Bodo heartland until an all-inclusive power-sharing and governance model is evolved under the provisions of the Sixth Schedule. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/new-bodo-accord'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Mission Purvodaya: Accelerated Development of Steel Sector',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A workshop on <strong>&ldquo;Enabling Procedures for Increase of Steel Usage for the Growth of Economy&rdquo;</strong> was organised by the <strong>Ministry of Steel</strong> in partnership with the <strong>Government of Japan </strong>and<strong> Confederation of Indian Industries (CII).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Eastern belt has the potential to add more than 75% of the country&rsquo;s incremental steel capacity. In India&rsquo;s march towards a<strong> $5 trillion economy,</strong> the eastern states can play a major role where the steel sector can become the catalyst.</li>
<li>It is expected that out of the 300 MT capacity by 2030-31, over 200 MT can come from this region alone, driven by <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centre-for-the-fourth-industrial-revolution" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industry 4.0</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, Japan and India have also launched the India Japan Steel Dialogue to ensure sustainable growth of the steel sector. Iron ore exports from India, particularly Odisha, helped Japan in becoming a leading economic power.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mission Purvodaya</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched in 2020 for the accelerated development of eastern India through the establishment of an integrated steel hub in Kolkata, West Bengal.</li>
<li>The focus will be on eastern states of India (Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal) and northern part of Andhra Pradesh which collectively hold<strong> ~80% of the country&rsquo;s iron ore, ~100% of coking coal</strong> and significant portion of<strong> chromite, bauxite and dolomite</strong> reserves.</li>
<li>The Integrated Steel Hub would focus on 3 key elements:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Capacity addition through easing the setup of Greenfield steel plants.</li>
<li>Development of steel clusters near integrated steel plants as well as demand centres.</li>
<li>Transformation of logistics and utilities infrastructure which would change the socio-economic landscape in the East.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The objective of this hub would be to enable swift capacity addition and improve overall competitiveness of steel producers both in terms of cost and quality.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Iron &amp; Steel Industry</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Steel is an <strong>alloy of iron and carbon in which the carbon content ranges up to 2%.</strong> Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some quantities of manganese are also required to harden the steel.</li>
<li>The iron and steel industry is the <strong>basic industry</strong> since all the other industries &mdash; heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery. Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.</li>
<li>India is currently the <strong>2<sup>nd</sup> largest producer of crude steel</strong> in the world.</li>
<li><strong>Production and consumption of steel</strong> is often regarded as the <strong>index of a country&rsquo;s development.</strong> Per capita finished steel consumption in 2018 was 224.5 kg for the world and 590.1 kg for China . The same for India was 74.1 kg in 2018.</li>
<li>The Government has launched the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/iron-and-steel-industry-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Steel Policy 2017</strong></a> that aims to increase the <strong>per capita steel consumption to 160 kgs by 2030-31.</strong></li>
<li>Odisha is the highest steel producing state in the country. The ores of Odisha are rich in haematites.</li>
<li>Growth of steel industry would lead to: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Employment opportunities across the entire value chain.</li>
<li>Socio-economic growth of Eastern India.</li>
<li>Reduced disparity between the East and other regions of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Iron Ores</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hematite and magnetite are the most important iron ores in India.</li>
<li><strong>Hematite</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hematite refers to a ferric oxide containing no crystal water, and its chemical formula is <strong>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (iron oxide).</strong></li>
<li>The pure hematite theoretical iron content is 70%.</li>
<li>Its appearance is from red to light gray, sometimes black, and the stripes are dark red. Commonly known as &ldquo;red mine.&rdquo;</li>
<li>Hematite is abundant in nature, but pure hematite is less, often co-existing with magnetite and limonite.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Magnetite</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main iron-bearing mineral of magnetite is tri iron tetroxide, and its chemical formula is <strong>Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.</strong></li>
<li>The theoretical iron content is around 72%.</li>
<li>The appearance color is usually carbon black or slightly light blue black, metallic luster, streaks (color appearing on the board when the surface is uneven on the white porcelain plate) black. Commonly known as the green mine.</li>
<li>The most prominent feature of this ore is its <strong>magnetic nature.</strong></li>
<li>Magnetite is generally very hard, dense in structure and poor in reducing performance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604664" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-purvodaya-accelerated-development-of-steel-sector'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Project Monitoring Group',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Project Monitoring Group (PMG) is an<strong> institutional mechanism</strong> for the <strong>expedited resolution of issues and regulatory bottlenecks</strong> in projects with <strong>investments upward Rs. 500 Crores</strong> in India.</li>
<li>Currently, PMG is situated at <strong>Invest India,</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dipp-renamed-as-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)</strong></a>, <strong>Ministry of Commerce.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was set up as a special cell in the Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India in 2013 and was subsequently brought under the administrative control of the Prime Minister&rsquo;s Office (PMO) in 2015.</li>
<li>The relocation was enabled in order to create a <strong>one-stop facilitation destination for investors at all stages</strong> of the investment process, including issue resolution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The PMG seeks to enlist the unresolved project issues in respect of<strong> all mid and large-sized Public, Private and &lsquo;Public-Private Partnership&rsquo; (PPP) Projects.</strong></li>
<li>DPIIT is mandated as the <strong>nodal body for the review of public and private projects</strong> facing challenges and facilitates their resolution <strong>through PMG.</strong></li>
<li>The issues taken up by PMG are <strong>both at Union and State-Level.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Invest India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Invest India is the <strong>official</strong> Investment Promotion and Facilitation Agency of India and acts as the <strong>first point of reference for investors</strong> in India.</li>
<li>It is set up as a<strong> non-profit</strong> venture under the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604671" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-monitoring-group'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC)</strong></a> has released the <strong>2019 report of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report features <strong>India among top manufacturers of illicit and licit drugs</strong> that are smuggled to other countries and into the hands of addicts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Global Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increased Smuggling of Pharmaceutical Drugs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Drug traffickers tend to<strong> smuggle pharmaceutical drugs rather than illicit drugs</strong> (e.g. hashish,heroin,etc.) because of the <strong>more lenient penalties</strong> imposed for smuggling of <strong>controlled pharmaceutical drugs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phenobarbital Drug:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is one of the <strong>most internationally traded controlled <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/steps-to-curb-abuse-of-synthetic-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">psychotropic substances</a>,</strong> with more than 161 countries reporting imports of the substance in 2018.</li>
<li>It included on the <strong>WHO Model List of Essential Medicines</strong> for treating <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-epilepsy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>epilepsy</strong></a> (a neurological disorder).</li>
<li><strong>China is the lead manufacturing country</strong> of phenobarbital in <strong>2018,</strong> followed by India and Hungary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limited Usage of Pre-Export Notification:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has also been noted that countries like China, South Korea and the United States have received drugs <strong>without pre-notification</strong> through the PEN <strong>Online system.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>PEN Online System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Pre-Export Notification (PEN) Online is developed by <strong>UNODC/International Narcotics Control Board (INCB).</strong></li>
<li>It is used by the Member States exporting precursor chemicals<strong> to alert the national competent authorities in the importing country</strong> with the details of the export transaction.</li>
<li>It enables the<strong> easy on-line exchange of information</strong> between the Member States on shipments<strong> (export and import) of the chemicals</strong> required for the manufacture of illegal addictive drugs.</li>
<li>The system also facilitates <strong>electronic reply</strong> to acknowledge receipt and notify the exporting country of clearance to export.<strong> An electronic copy is sent to INCB by default.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>National Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Diversion of Pharmaceutical Drugs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has also noted an <strong>increased diversion of controlled pharmaceutical precursors,</strong> in particular <strong>ephedrine and pseudoephedrine,</strong> from licit to illicit channels has continued in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Precursors are chemicals which are used <strong>to manufacture narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.</strong></li>
<li>Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine have been notified as <strong>&lsquo;controlled substance&rsquo;</strong> in India.</li>
<li>The<strong> Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985</strong> empowers the Central Government to declare any substance as<strong> &lsquo;controlled substance&rsquo;</strong> after considering its possible use in the production or manufacture of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tramadol Drug:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Globally most of the tramadol seized between 2013 and 2017 was reported to have <strong>originated in India.</strong> e.g.India was the source of <strong>87% of the tramadol seized in Ghana in 2017.</strong></li>
<li>Tramadol, sold under the brand name<strong> Ultram</strong> among others, is an opioid pain medication used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain.</li>
<li>The drug is under the control of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was established in <strong>1997.</strong></li>
<li>UNODC publishes the<strong> World Drug Report.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Narcotics Control Board</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) is the<strong> independent and quasi-judicial</strong> monitoring body for the implementation of the United Nations international drug control conventions.</li>
<li>It was established in <strong>1968</strong> in accordance with the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961.</li>
<li>Its <strong>secretariat</strong> is located in<strong> Vienna, Austria.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/india-among-top-suppliers-of-pharma-drugs-used-in-trafficking-un-report/article30932029.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HBL</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-of-the-international-narcotics-control-board-for-2019'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>32 projects have been sanctioned under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-food-processing-industry" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana</strong></a><strong> (PMKSY)</strong> of the <strong>Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The projects are spread across <strong>almost 17 States,</strong> leveraging an <strong>investment worth ₹406 crores.</strong></li>
<li>These projects envisage the <strong>creation of direct and indirect employment,</strong> especially in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-processing-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food processing</strong></a> plays an important role in <strong>connecting Indian farmers to domestic and international consumers and markets.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>introduction of modern processing techniques</strong> for food results in <strong>improved shelf-life</strong> of the agricultural produce and <strong>ensures steady revenue</strong> to farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>processed food market</strong> is expected to grow to $543 billion by 2020 from $322 billion in 2016, at a <strong>Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)</strong> of <strong>14.6%.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Compound Annual Growth Rate</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CAGR is the mean annual growth rate of an investment over a specified period of time longer than one year.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>2016,</strong> MoFPI introduced an umbrella <strong>Scheme for&nbsp;Agro-Marine Processing and Development of Agro-Processing Clusters</strong> or <strong>SAMPADA,</strong> which was proposed to be implemented with an allocation of ₹6,000 crores for the period of 2016-20.</li>
<li>In <strong>2017,</strong> SAMPADA was <strong>renamed</strong> as the <strong>Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY).</strong></li>
<li>It is a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Central Sector Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To<strong> supplement agriculture.</strong></li>
<li>To create <strong>processing and preservation capacities.</strong></li>
<li>To<strong> modernise and expand</strong> existing food processing units with a view to <strong>increasing the level of processing.</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>add value</strong> leading to the <strong>reduction of wastage.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seven component schemes under PMKSY:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mega Food Parks.</li>
<li>Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure.</li>
<li>Infrastructure for Agro-Processing Clusters.</li>
<li>Creation of Backward and Forward Linkages.</li>
<li>Creation/Expansion of Food Processing &amp; Preservation Capacities.</li>
<li>Food Safety and Quality Assurance Infrastructure.</li>
<li>Human Resources and Institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under PMKSY, <strong>capital subsidy</strong> in the form of <strong>grants-in-aid ranging from 35% to 75%</strong> of the eligible project cost <strong>subject to a maximum specified limit</strong> is provided to investors under the various schemes for <strong>undertaking infrastructure, logistic projects and setting up of food processing units</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604549" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kisan-sampada-yojana'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'OPV ‘Yard 45006 VAJRA’',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>sixth Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) &lsquo;Yard</strong> <strong>45006 VAJRA&rsquo;</strong> to enhance coastal security was launched.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The OPV launched is the<strong> sixth in the series of seven OPV projects</strong> being built by M/s Larsen and Toubro (L&amp;T) Shipbuilding under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-flawed-defence-procurement-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Make in India&rsquo;</strong></a> policy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OPVs are long-range surface ships capable of coastal and offshore patrolling, policing maritime zones, control &amp; surveillance, anti-smuggling &amp; anti-piracy operations with limited wartime roles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The ship would be utilized for day and night patrol/surveillance along with anti-terrorist/ anti-smuggling operations in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)</strong></a> as well as Coastal Security.</li>
<li>It will strengthen the efforts of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/recaap-isc-capacity-building-workshop" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Coast Guard</strong></a> for securing over 7500 km vast coastline, an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of over 20 lakh sq kms and more than one lakh merchant ships transiting per year through Indian waters for global trade.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582958847_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582958847_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Coast Guard</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Coast Guard was formally inaugurated on 19<sup>th</sup> August, 1978. It operates under the <strong>Ministry of Defence.</strong></li>
<li>The organization is headed by the Director General Indian Coast Guard (DGICG) exercising his overall command and superintendence from the Coast Guard Headquarters (CGHQ) located at <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>It has jurisdiction over the territorial waters of India including contiguous zone and exclusive economic zone.</li>
<li>It is responsible for marine environment protection in maritime zones of India and is coordinating authority for response to oil spills in Indian waters.</li>
<li>It has a wide range of task capabilities for both surface and air operations. It is <strong>one of the largest coast guards in the world.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604509" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/opv-yard-45006-vajra'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'India-US Relations',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/signs-and-substance-the-hindu-editorial-on-outcome-of-donald-trump-visit/article30925379.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Signs and substance: On outcome of Trump visit&rdquo;</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/forging-a-new-india-us-modus-vivendi/article30883223.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Forging a new India-U.S. modus vivendi</strong></a>, &ldquo;<strong><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-us-trade-free-trade-agreement-donald-trump-visit-6276553/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Why trade with the US matters to India</a></strong>&rdquo; &ldquo;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-us-trade-donald-trump-visit-modi-6276480/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Trading with America</strong></a>&rdquo;. It talks about the current state of the relationship between India and the US.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/usa-presidents-visit-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>US President, Donald Trump visited India.</strong></a> While only three of the nine US Presidents during 1947-2000 visited India, every President in the last two decades has visited India at least once.</p>
<p>Many <strong>reasons</strong> could be ascribed to the higher frequency of visits &mdash;<strong> a shift in global geopolitics in the post-Cold War era, India&rsquo;s economic ascent, the rise of an assertive China, and India's place on the global high table.</strong> Relations between India and the US have transformed from being <strong>Estranged democracies (during the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cold-war" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cold war</a>) to Strategic partners (in the Post-cold war era).</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Estranged democracies:</strong> US and India, though being the oldest democracy and largest democracy respectively, remained detached during the cold war.</li>
<li><strong>Strategic partners:</strong> US and India, in the post-cold war era (after 1991) turned into strategic allies.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>During the cold war, India got tilted towards the Soviet Union after If the 1971 Friendship Treaty, which was a response to the continuing U.S. tilt towards Pakistan and the beginnings of convergence between US and China. At present, India and US convergence is due to potentially hegemonic China in the Indo-Pacific region.</p>
<p>In this context, the visit of the US president further cements the <strong>strategic convergence</strong> between India and the US.</p>
<h3>Key Takeaways From the Visit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The agreement signed for defence purchases worth $3-billion, including <strong>American helicopters (MH-60 Romeo helicopters),</strong> has led to both sides signalling more cooperation in defence, military exercises and technology sharing.</li>
<li>MoU signed for <strong>Petronet to invest in American gas company Tellurian.</strong></li>
<li>A commercial agreement for <strong>Westinghouse to build six nuclear reactors in Andhra Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li>Along with these two leaders shared strong language in references aimed at <strong>China&rsquo;s hegemony in the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/south-china-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener">South China Sea</a></strong> as well as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/belt-and-road-initiative-perspectives-from-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiative.</strong></a></li>
<li>However, there was <strong>no agreement</strong> on the trade deal.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Divergence In India-US relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Trade Deal:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-us-trade" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Trade has been a major bone of contention between India and the US.</strong></a> India has been referred by the US, as <strong>&ldquo;tariff king&rdquo;</strong> that imposes<strong> &ldquo;tremendously high&rdquo;</strong> import duties. Donald Trump formulated <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/28-06-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>America First policy</strong></a>, on the economic dimension, it means reducing the U.S. 's trade deficits with major trading partners, including India. In pursuance of this:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In June 2019, the Trump administration decided to terminate India&rsquo;s benefits under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/generalized-system-of-preference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) scheme,</strong> </a>which provides preferential, duty-free access for over $6 billion worth of products exported from this country to the US.</li>
<li>Removal from the GSP list amidst rising trade tensions prompted India to finally impose retaliatory tariffs on several American imports.<strong> This made the US approach the WTO against India.</strong></li>
<li>The office of the<strong> US Trade Representative (USTR)</strong> has underlined India&rsquo;s measures to restrict companies from sending personal data of its citizens outside the country as a &ldquo;key&rdquo; barrier to digital trade.</li>
<li>Also, the US has long demanded greater access to American agriculture and dairy products. For India, protecting its domestic agriculture and dairy interests was a <strong>major reason to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-exits-rcep" target="_blank" rel="noopener">walk out of the RCEP agreement.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>US-Pakistan Equation:</strong> US has softened its position on Pakistan in the last seven months, due to the role Pakistan can play in the <strong>Afghan deal</strong> (between the US and the Taliban), likely to be signed on February 29, 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In return, Pakistan wants the US to engage with India on the Kashmir issue <strong>(internationalising the Kashmir issue).</strong> Whereas India maintains the view that Kashmir is a bilateral issue between India and Pakistan and no third party can be engaged in it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Internal Issues in India:</strong> India-US strong strategic partnership is also based on an idea of <strong>&ldquo;shared values&rdquo;</strong> of democracy, rule of law, religious freedom and protection of minorities. However, the revocation of Article 370, the new citizenship law and the NRC is testing this &ldquo;shared values&rdquo; principle.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Though the US president maintained that these matters are internal to India, criticism from the US Congress and some parts of US civil society is pushing the US administration to tell India to bring Kashmir to normalcy and not go ahead with the new citizenship law followed by the NRC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Convergence in Indo-US relations</h3>
<p>In the post-cold war era, India's relationship with the US on defence and strategic issues has strengthened. This can be reflected in the following:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A foundational military agreement that allows for the sharing of encrypted communications and equipment <strong>(COMCASA- Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement).</strong></li>
<li>A change in U.S. export control laws that places India in a privileged category of NATO and non-NATO U.S. allies.</li>
<li>The signing of an Industrial Security Annex that will allow for greater collaboration among the two countries&rsquo; private defence industries.</li>
<li>A new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indo-us-2-2-dialogue" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;2+2&rsquo; foreign and defence ministers dialogue.</strong></a></li>
<li>The bilateral Strategic Energy Partnership was launched in April 2018 under which India has started importing crude and LNG from the US. Now, the US is India&rsquo;s sixth-largest source of crude oil imports and hydrocarbons.</li>
<li>Inauguration of the first India-US tri-service military exercise and expansion of existing military exercises.</li>
<li>Inclusion of India and South Asia in the US Maritime Security Initiative.</li>
<li>These intense engagement has helped achieve robust support from the US against terrorism. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This was evident after the Pulwama attack, leading to the designation of Jaish-e-Mohammad chief Masood Azhar as a global terrorist under UN Security Council Resolution 1267.</li>
<li>Also, placing Pakistan on the grey-list of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fatf-s-grey-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Financial Action Task Force.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The US under its Pivot to Asia policy views India as an ideal balancer to check the aggressive rise of China. Therefore, the US has formulated the concept of Indo-Pacific to counter China in the South China Sea and the Indian ocean.</li>
<li>The US has designated India as an integral part of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/new-indo-pacific-strategy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-pacific</strong></a> narrative by the conception of <strong>Quad.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Despite the historic nuclear deal (2008), civilian nuclear cooperation has not taken off, but the agreement with Westinghouse to build six nuclear reactors will finally bring US nuclear energy on Indian soil.</li>
<li>In order to counter China in the maritime domain, India needs to fully engage with the US and other partners in the Indo-pacific region, in order to preserve the freedom of navigation and the rules-based order.</li>
<li>In international politics, there are no permanent friends and no permanent enemies, only permanent interests in such a scenario India must continue to pursue its foreign policy of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-embrace-of-strategic-hedging" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>strategic hedging.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p>India-US relation remains critical for the shaping of world order in the 21st century. In order to realise the full potential of relations, the two governments must now strive to complete the unfinished agreements and set the course for a <strong>Comprehensive Strategic Global Partnership.</strong></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #dcf5e8;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>In the 21st century, India-US relations have found many reasons for strategic convergence. However, there is also a pressing need to weed out the divergences. Analyse.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-us-relations-1'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'INCOIS launches Products',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)</strong> has launched a trio of products to better cater to its diverse users. The Products are</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Small Vessel Advisory and Forecast Services System,</li>
<li>Swell Surge Forecast System and</li>
<li>Algal Bloom Information Service</li>
</ul>
<h3>Small Vessel Advisory and Forecast Services System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an innovative impact-based advisory and forecast service system for small vessels operating in Indian coastal waters.</li>
<li>It warns users about potential zones where <strong>vessel overturning</strong> can take place.</li>
<li>The warning system is based on the<strong> &lsquo;Boat Safety Index&rsquo; (BSI)</strong> derived from wave model forecast outputs such as significant wave height, wave steepness, directional spread and the rapid development of wind at sea which is boat-specific.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Swell Surge Forecast System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swell surge forecast system is an innovative system designed for the prediction of Kallakkadal/Swell Surge that occurs along the Indian coast, particularly the west coast.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kallakadal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Kallakadal/Swell surge are <strong>flash-flood events</strong> that take place without any noticeable advance change in local winds or any other apparent signature in the coastal environment.</li>
<li>Kallakkadal is a colloquial term used by Kerala fishermen to refer to the freaky flooding episodes and in 2012 <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO</strong></a> formally accepted this term for scientific use. They are caused by <strong>meteorological conditions</strong> in the <strong>Southern Ocean,</strong> south of 30&deg;S.</li>
<li>During Kallakkadal events, the sea surges into the land and inundates vast areas.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Algal Bloom Information Service</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ABIS provides timely information on harmful algal blooms, which are detrimental to coastal fisheries, water quality and also tend to induce respiratory problems within the coastal population from time to time.</li>
<li>The <strong>target users-</strong> fishermen, marine fishery resource managers, researchers, ecologists and environmentalists.</li>
<li>INCOIS-ABIS will provide <strong>near-real time information</strong> on <strong>spatio-temporal occurrence</strong> and <strong>spread of phytoplankton blooms</strong> over the <strong>North Indian Ocean.</strong></li>
<li>Four regions have been identified as bloom hotspots-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>North Eastern Arabian Sea</li>
<li>coastal waters off Kerala</li>
<li>Gulf of Mannar</li>
<li>coastal waters of Gopalpur.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Algal bloom</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An algal bloom or marine bloom or water bloom is a rapid increase in the population of algae in an aquatic system. They may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments.</li>
<li>Harmful Algal Blooms, or HABs, occur when colonies of algae grow out of control and produce toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals and birds.</li>
<li>Harmful Algal Blooms can:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Produce extremely dangerous toxins that can sicken or kill people and animals.</li>
<li>Create dead zones in the water.</li>
<li>Raise treatment costs for drinking water.</li>
<li>Hurt industries that depend on clean water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INCOIS is an <strong>autonomous organization</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).</strong></li>
<li>It is located in <strong>Hyderabad &amp;</strong> was established in <strong>1999.</strong> It is a unit of the<strong> Earth System Science Organization (ESSO),&nbsp;</strong>New Delhi. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ESSO operates as an executive arm of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) for its policies and programmes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is mandated to provide the best possible ocean information and advisory services to society, industry, government agencies and the scientific community through sustained ocean observations and constant improvement through systematic and focused research.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604587" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/incois-launches-products'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'India and Myanmar Ink Various Pacts',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>India and Myanmar</strong> signed <strong>10 agreements with a focus on socio-economic development of Myanmar,</strong> during Myanmar President U Win Myint&rsquo;s visit to India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Myanmar stands at the confluence of India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/what-is-indias-neighbourhood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Neighbourhood First</strong></a> and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-act-east-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Act East Policy</strong> </a>and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/india-myanmar-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India-Myanmar partnership</strong></a> is at the heart of India&rsquo;s vision to create a connected and cooperative neighbourhood.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582887232_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582887232_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Connectivity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two countries will start a coordinated bus service between <strong>Manipur&rsquo;s Imphal </strong>and<strong> Myanmar&rsquo;s Mandalay</strong> from April 2020.</li>
<li>India will assist Myanmar in the construction of <strong>Integrated Check Point at Tamu, Myanmar, bordering Manipur.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The two countries signed the<strong> Land Border Crossing Agreement in 2018,</strong> which allowed bona fide travellers with valid documents to cross the border at two<strong> international points of entry/exit- Moreh-Tamu </strong>and <strong>Zokhawathar-Rih.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rakhine-state-development-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rakhine State Development Programme:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More projects will be added to this programme.</li>
<li>India signed a development programme for Rakhine State in Myanmar in late 2017 which was designed to assist the Myanmar government in Rakhine State to build housing infrastructure for displaced Rohingyas.</li>
<li>India had committed <strong>$25 million grant assistance to Myanmar</strong> and phase-I involved completion of 250 prefabricated houses in Rakhine State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India will also<strong> support the establishment of Myanmar&rsquo;s diplomatic academy, </strong>and<strong> extend the National Knowledge Network</strong> to Myanmar.</li>
<li>Both countries have decided to extend the <strong>Quick Impact Project schemes to Myanmar.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this, India will take up capacity development work in the form of small projects which yield quick beneficial results for the local people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both sides agreed to work together to promote principles of openness, inclusiveness, transparency, respect for international law and<a href="/burning-issues-of-the-month/association-of-southeast-asian-nations-asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Association of Southeast Asian Nations</strong></a> <strong>(ASEAN)</strong> centrality in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-Pacific.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation under other sectors:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India will offer<strong> medical radiation equipment Bhabhatron II</strong> for the treatment of cancer patients and <strong>strengthen cooperation in the health sector.</strong></li>
<li>Both countries agreed to have<strong> government-to-government cooperation in petroleum,</strong> including in refinery, stockpiling, blending and retail.</li>
<li>In governance, India will help Myanmar with the<strong> project of e-ID cards,</strong> which is modelled after the Aadhaar project.</li>
<li>The two sides showed commitment to continue negotiations on pending treaties like <strong>Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT)</strong> and <strong>Extradition Treaty.</strong></li>
<li>An MoU has also been signed on<strong> &lsquo;Cooperation for Prevention of Trafficking in Persons; Rescue, Recovery, Repatriation and Re-Integration of Victims of Trafficking&rsquo;</strong> between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are agreements between governments allowing for the exchange of evidence and information in criminal and related matters between the signing countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Extradition Treaty</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is an agreement or arrangement made by India with a Foreign State, relating to the Extradition of fugitive criminals.</li>
<li>Extradition treaties are traditionally <strong>bilateral in character.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-myanmar-ink-pact-on-bus-service-developing-rakhine-6290294/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-and-myanmar-ink-various-pacts'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => '2020 CD3: Mini-moon',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In Arizona (USA), the astronomers of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</strong></a> <strong>(NASA)-funded Catalina Sky Survey (CSS)</strong> have observed a small object orbiting Earth. It is actually an <strong>asteroid</strong> with a <strong>diameter of about 1.9-3.5 m.</strong></li>
<li>It has been named <strong>2020 CD3.</strong> It is also called <strong>&ldquo;mini-moon&rdquo;</strong> or the planet&rsquo;s <strong>&ldquo;second moon&rdquo;.</strong> It is orbiting at a distance farther from Earth.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlike earth&rsquo;s permanent Moon, the mini-moon is<strong> temporary.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When an asteroid&rsquo;s orbit crosses Earth&rsquo;s orbit, it can sometimes be captured into the latter orbit. Such an asteroid is called a <strong>Temporarily Captured Object (TCO).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>orbit of such objects is unstable.</strong></li>
<li>They have to contend with the gravitational influence of the existing permanent natural satellite (Moon in earth&rsquo;s case) as well as that of the Sun.</li>
<li>Once caught in a planet&rsquo;s orbit, such objects usually remain for a few years before they break free and go into an independent orbit around the Sun.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the researchers, 2020 CD3 was captured into Earth&rsquo;s orbit over three years ago. CSS previously discovered <strong>2006 RH120,</strong> which orbited Earth for some time in 2006 and escaped its orbit in 2007.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Catalina Sky Survey</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>NASA funded project</strong> to <strong>discover and track near-Earth objects (NEOs).</strong> It is based in <strong>Arizona</strong> in the United States of America.</li>
<li>NEOs are <strong>asteroids or comets</strong> with sizes ranging from metres to tens of kilometres that orbit the Sun and whose orbits come close to that of Earth&rsquo;s.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/express-explained-what-is-mini-moon-6290115/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2020-cd3-mini-moon'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'The Big Picture - Army: Women in Commanding Role',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cnpJzG2qvPY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>Recently, in a landmark judgment, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> has upheld a Delhi High Court order of 2010 that seeks to grant permanent commission to women officers at par with their male counterparts. Along with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/gender-parity-in-indian-army" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>granting a role to women in combat arms</strong></a>, the judgment essentially highlights the denial of equal opportunity in their existing roles for promotion to higher commands. With immediate effect, in addition to permanent commissions in ten arms and services of the Indian Army, women officers will also be eligible for &lsquo;command positions&rsquo; in their respective units, as applicable to their male counterparts.</p>
<h3>Government&rsquo;s Perspective</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Societal Issues:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Centre had told the SC that composition of male officers, predominantly drawn from a rural background, with prevailing societal norms, troops are not yet mentally schooled to accept women officers in command of units.</li>
<li>Society has low acceptance for the women officer who had been caught as a prisoner of war by an enemy country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Physiological Challenges:</strong> The Centre has informed the apex court that motherhood, child care, psychological limitations are vital factors, which have a bearing on the employment of women officers in the Army. It is a challenge for women to meet these hazards of service owing to prolonged absence during pregnancy, motherhood and domestic obligations towards their children and families especially when both husband and wife happen to be service officers.</li>
<li><strong>Family Issues:</strong> The Centre also said that the armed forces require sacrifices and commitment beyond the call of duty by the entire family of service personnel involving separation and frequent transfers, affecting the education of children and career prospects of the spouse.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Combat Role:</strong> Combat roles are those that involve engaging and fighting the enemy either in person or by using specialized equipment.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are more than 3,500 women in the military, but front-line combat roles were off-limits to them until 2015 when they were inducted into the fighter stream in <strong>Indian Air Force (IAF). Navy</strong> has women as pilots and observers onboard its maritime reconnaissance aircraft, which is a combat role. However, warships, tanks and combat positions in the<strong> infantry</strong> are still no-go zones for women.</li>
<li>The SC judgment was also silent on women&rsquo;s role in combat roles and held that the engagement of women in the Combat Arms is a policy matter of Government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Commanding Position:</strong> A position held by an officer to head a battalion or substantive command delegated to carry out independent tasks. It is generally done by an officer at the rank of Colonel in the Army.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The army, air force and navy began inducting women as Short Service Commission (SSC) officers in 1992. This was the first time women were allowed to join the military outside the medical stream. Initially, they could serve for five years but in 2006, they were allowed to serve for a maximum of 14 years as SSC officers.</li>
<li>In the duration of 14 years of service, they were unable to get to the rank of a Colonel. Hence, women were indirectly kept away from the commanding role.</li>
<li>After this judgment, women can now be inducted into permanent commissions, therefore, they are now eligible to take the Commanding position in these branches- Signals, Engineers, Army Aviation, Army Air Defence, Electronics and Mechanical Engineers, Army Service Corps, Army Ordnance Corps, and Intelligence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Issues with the Government's Decision</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>No Consultation with Women Officers:</strong> The government took the decision without consulting the women officers in the Army.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Data:</strong> No data or survey has been presented by the government which can substantiate their arguments that male troops will not accept women officers.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Choose:</strong> The government should let the women decide whether she wants to enrol in the commanding role, then it is the matter of the training and the conditioning that can be achieved.</li>
<li><strong>Against the Constitution:</strong> According to the Supreme Court, absolute exclusion of women from command appointments in the Indian Army is against Article 14 and unjustified.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why it is Needed?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Women Empowerment:</strong> Earlier women were not allowed in the Permanent Commission, which had created a glass ceiling. That ceiling has now been shattered with a Supreme Court ruling allowing permanent commission for women.</li>
<li><strong>Equality of Opportunity:</strong> Without giving the command role to women, we can not analyze that they are not competent. It is a denial of an opportunity.</li>
<li><strong>Changes in Nature of War:</strong> With changes in technologies, the nature of conventional war has also changed. Consequently, issues related to Prisoners of Wars has decreased a lot. The doors must be kept open for the women, and if they are suitable on the basis of objective criteria, they should be enrolled.</li>
<li><strong>Stronger Armed Force:</strong> The verdict will ensure that regardless of gender, the potential of the best of India&rsquo;s youth will be utilized in its Armed Forces.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data:</strong> Collection of data on the ground to analyze the sentiments of male troops regarding women's role in commanding position.</li>
<li>While the Commanding position in the combat role is controversial, women should be given a commanding role in the ten streams where they have been working since 1992 and have been provided with the permanent commission.</li>
<li><strong>Similar Training:</strong> Along with the commanding role, women should also be provided with the same level of training which male officers get. A woman should be equally equipped to handle the extraneous psychological and physical process which a male officer goes through.</li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure:</strong> Induction of more women in command force will require updating infrastructure especially in the case of Navy and Army. In naval ship space is limited and currently, Indian Naval Ships are designed to accommodate male personnel only.</li>
</ul>
<p>The decision will encourage more women to think of a career in the military. This may begin a process of correcting the gender imbalance in India&rsquo;s forces. The judgment needs to be complemented by a change in mindsets internally as well as at the societal level, as male officers continue to see women as best suited for adjunct roles and not as equals.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-army-women-in-commanding-role'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Biofuel from Microorganisms',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Researchers at the <strong>International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)</strong> are developing a method to improve the growth rate and <strong>sugar content</strong> of a <strong>marine cyanobacterium</strong> called <strong>Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biofuel</strong></a> production is dependent on the availability of low-cost and sustainable supply of sugars and a nitrogen source. The <strong>sugars typically come from plants.</strong></li>
<li>However, <strong>some bacteria,</strong> such as the cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae), too can perform photosynthesis and <strong>produce sugar</strong> by fixing the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.</li>
<li>The yield of sugars from cyanobacteria could potentially be much higher than that of land-based crops unlike plant-based sugars.</li>
<li>Cyanobacterial biomass provides a nitrogen source in the form of proteins.</li>
<li>Use of marine cyanobacteria has been preffered as freshwater is increasingly getting scarce.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cyanobacteria</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae, are <strong>microscopic organisms found naturally in all types of water.</strong></li>
<li>These <strong>single-celled organisms</strong> live in fresh, brackish (combined salt and freshwater), and marine water.</li>
<li>These organisms use sunlight to <strong>make their own food.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>warm, nutrient-rich</strong> (high in phosphorus and nitrogen) environments, cyanobacteria can multiply quickly.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Biofuels</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Biofuels are the <strong>fuels that can be produced from organic matter,</strong> or biomass, such as corn or sugar, vegetable oils or waste feedstocks.<strong> Example:</strong> Bioethanol, Biodiesel</li>
<li>As biofuels emit less carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) than conventional fuels (eg:- Petrol) they can be blended with existing fuels as an effective way of reducing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in the transport sector.</li>
<li>The use of biofuels have grown over the past decade, driven largely by the introduction of new energy policies in Europe, the USA and Brazil that call for more renewable, lower-carbon fuels for transport. Today <strong>biofuels represent around 3% of road transport fuels in use around the world.</strong></li>
<li>In<strong> India,</strong> the National Policy on Biofuels, released by the Government of India in 2018, envisages production of biofuel from Used Cooking Oil (UCO). Also, the Policy has the objective of reaching 20% ethanol-blending and 5% biodiesel-blending by the year 2030.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582876170_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582876170_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a unique <strong>intergovernmental organisation</strong> initially established as a special project of the <strong>United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNIDO is the specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes industrial development for poverty reduction, inclusive globalization and environmental sustainability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Fully<strong> autonomous since 1994,</strong> it runs 46 state-of-the-art laboratories, in Trieste, Italy (also Headquarters of the Centre), New Delhi, India and Cape Town, South Africa and forms an interactive network with over 65 Member States.</li>
<li>It plays a <strong>key role in Biotechnology worldwide</strong> for excellence in Research, Training and Technology Transfer to industry to contribute in concrete terms to the achievement of sustainable global development and operates within the United Nations System.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604584" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>source : PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/biofuel-from-microorganisms'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'National Science Day 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>National Science Day (NSD) is celebrated every year on 28<sup>th</sup> February to commemorate the discovery of the<strong> &lsquo;Raman Effect&rsquo;.</strong> The first NSD was celebrated on 28<sup>th</sup> February, 1987.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Basic Objective:</strong> To propagate the message of the <strong>importance of science and its application among the people.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Theme:</strong> On this occasion, theme-based science communication activities are carried out all over the country. The theme of NSD 2020: <strong>&lsquo;Women In Science&rsquo;</strong></li>
<li><strong>Nodal Agency to Support Celebration: National Council for Science &amp; Technology Communication (NCSTC)</strong> of Ministry of Science and Technology.</li>
<li><strong>Awards:</strong> On the occasion of the NSD-2020, 5 women scientists received awards under two categories &ndash; <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/serb-women-excellence-award-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SERB Women excellence awards</strong></a> and National Award for Young Woman Showing Excellence through Application of Technology for Societal Benefits.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Women in Science</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Women represent only about<strong> a fifth of senior authors in all published research.</strong></li>
<li>A study, published in the journal PLOS One in 2018, assessed 293,557 research articles from 54 journals and found that only 29.8% of all research authors were women.</li>
<li>Another study by the UK&rsquo;s Intellectual Property Office (IPO) noted that women inventors account for just under <strong>13% of patent applications globally.</strong></li>
<li>In India, out of the 560 awardees of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-1st-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize</strong> </a>for Science and Technology, <strong>only 18 recipients have been women.</strong> The prize is one of the highest multidisciplinary science awards in India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Raman Effect</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Raman Effect is a phenomenon in spectroscopy <strong>discovered by the eminent physicist Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</strong> in 1928.</li>
<li>In 1930, he got a Nobel <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prizes-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prize</strong></a> for this remarkable discovery and this was the <strong>first Nobel Prize for India in the field of Science.</strong></li>
<li>The Raman Effect is a <strong>change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules.</strong> When a beam of light traverses a dust-free, transparent sample of a chemical compound, a small fraction of the light emerges in directions other than that of the incident (incoming) beam. Most of this scattered light is of unchanged wavelength. A small part, however, has wavelengths different from that of the incident light; its presence is a result of the Raman Effect.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199589" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-science-day-2020'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Counting Birds Together',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/counting-birds-together/article30915796.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Counting birds together&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 25/02/2020. It talks about the status of birds in India as highlighted by the State of India&rsquo;s Birds report.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-india-s-bird-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">State of India&rsquo;s Birds 2020</a><strong> (SoIB) report</strong> was released at the global conference (held at Gandhinagar, Gujarat) of the Convention on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cms-com-13" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals</a>. The report held that more bird species have declined in population than the species that have shown population stability. During the last two decades, over half the species assessed have declined.</p>
<p>SoIB has <strong>distinctive features</strong> that define a new approach. The report <strong>taps into citizen science for good data building its repository on the local knowledge understanding of citizens</strong>. This serves as a foundation for further collaborative work.</p>
<p>Besides collaboration, another key value that the report seeks to acknowledge is the importance of making, not just its outputs, but also the entire process open. The report&rsquo;s data and analysis are in the public domain, inviting critique and further refinement. Better public and scientific understanding of biodiversity can grow only from wider and open access not only to data but also from opening the entire process of scientific inquiry to wider peer and public scrutiny and challenge.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Highlights of the Report</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>More than 50% of birds are in clear decline since 2000,</strong> and over the last five years, 79% of birds have registered declining numbers.</li>
<li><strong>More bird species deserve immediate conservation attention</strong> than previously thought.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To the list of 67 globally threatened Indian bird species previously identified by the IUCN (as critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable), the report adds 34 more species.</li>
<li><strong>The number of species of high conservation concern in India is now 101.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Most declining groups include coastal birds, birds of prey (like eagles, kites, vultures and others) and habitat specialists.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the Western Ghats the abundance index of 12 endemic species there has dropped by 75% since 2000. The fortunes of the Nilgiri Pipit, Nilgiri Thrush and several Sholakilis are tied to the survival of the high shola forest-grasslands.</li>
<li>The population of migratory birds coming to India like Hodgson&rsquo;s bush chat (Mongolia), Bar-headed geese (Tibet), Greater Flamingos (Central Asia), has also declined.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance of Birds</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birds occupy many levels of trophic webs,</strong> from mid-level consumers to top predators.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As with other native organisms, birds <strong>help maintain sustainable population levels of their prey and predator species</strong> and, after death, provide food for scavengers and decomposers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many birds are<strong> important in plant reproduction</strong> through their services as pollinators or seed dispersers.</li>
<li>Birds also provide <strong>critical resources for their many host-specific parasites,</strong> including lice that eat only feathers, flies adapted for living on birds, and mites that hitchhike on birds from plant to plant and even between countries.</li>
<li>Some birds are considered <strong>keystone species</strong> as their presence in (or disappearance from) an ecosystem affects other species indirectly.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, woodpeckers create cavities that are then used by many other species.</li>
<li>After the extinction of the dodo, it was discovered that a tree whose fruits had been a primary food item of the dodo was unable to reproduce without its seeds passing through the dodos&rsquo; digestive tracts, which process scarified the seed coat and enabled germination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Culturally, birds have been integral to humans since prehistory. Birds have been used by humans in matters of <strong>faith, food and fashion</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for the Decline in the Bird Population</h3>
<p>Birds are under increasing pressure from human activity, struggling to survive as habitat loss, pesticides, hunting and trapping for the pet trade push them closer to the edge. For example:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>House Sparrow:</strong> Rapidly changing cities, modern infrastructure does not account for space for the <strong>sparrow</strong> to nest. Also a sharp rise in pollution levels, microwave towers has resulted in the rapid decline of the population of the house sparrow.</li>
<li><strong>Vultures:</strong> The major <strong>cause</strong> of mortality of <strong>vultures</strong> was found to be the veterinary non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug <strong>'Diclofenac'</strong>, given to cattle in pain and inflammation.</li>
<li><strong>Hornbill:</strong> Illegal trade, poaching has led to a sharp fall in numbers of hornbill.</li>
<li>Similar is the case for Great Indian Bustard, Coursers and floricans.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Finding birds poses a challenge to ornithologists, as birds exist in a wide variety of habitats like forests, wetlands, farmlands, cities, mountains and even open oceans. Also, hundreds of species migrate into and out at different times of the year.</li>
<li>Thus, policy and conservation must now look at innovative ways to conserve these varied habitats. <strong>India is a party to the Convention for Biological Diversity,</strong> the United Nations-led convention for conserving wildlife.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The convention calls for Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECM). These are tools that don&rsquo;t always find themselves in land records like national parks but comprise informally conserved places.</li>
<li>For a country as diverse and complex as India, OECMs should form a bulwark for conservation. Sacred groves, private land, community areas and institutional campuses can all form OECMs.</li>
<li>There is a need for a renewed appreciation for native habitats like open scrub and thorn forest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>India is the largest landmass before the Indian Ocean and holds 90% of stopover sites for birds that migrate in this region. Once-thriving endemic or migrant bird populations have been decimated over the past quarter-century in India. Since bird diversity is necessary for cultural and ecological reasons. Therefore, proactive measures should be taken to address the dwindling population of birds.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #e0f6ff; border-color: #0374a1;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em><br /><br />Bird diversity is necessary for cultural and ecological reasons. Analyse the statement in light of the recently released State of India&rsquo;s Birds 2020 (SoIB) report.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/counting-birds-together'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Hindustani Music',
			'catname' => 'Paper 1',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hindustani Music is one of the two distinct schools of Indian Classical Music practiced mainly in North India. The other school of Indian Classical Music is <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/carnatic-music" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Carnatic music</strong></a> which is practiced mainly in Southern India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Origin of Hindustani Music</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While the historical roots of both the music types belong to the <strong>Bharata&rsquo;s Natyasastra,</strong> they diverged in the 14<sup>th</sup> century. The Hindustani branch of music focuses more on the musical structure and the <strong>possibilities of improvisation in it.</strong> The Hindustani branch adopted a scale of <strong>Shudha Swara Saptaka or the &lsquo;Octave of Natural notes&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The Hindustani music <strong>has elements of ancient Hindu tradition, Vedic philosophy and Persian tradition</strong> as well. It has been influenced by various elements such as Arab, Persian and Afghan elements which have added a new dimension to Hindustani music.</li>
<li>In ancient times, it has been passed from one to another through the <strong>Guru-Shishya Parampara.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Musical instruments used in Hindustani are Tabla, Sarangi, Sitar, Santoor, Flute and violin.</strong></li>
<li>It is based on the Raga system. The Raga is a melodic scale comprising of basic seven notes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hindustani Music is vocal-centric. The major vocal forms associated with Hindustani classical music are the khayal, Ghazal, dhrupad, dhammar, Tarana and thumri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Most of the Hindustani musicians trace their descent to Tansen.</li>
<li>There are<strong> ten main styles of singing in Hindustani music</strong> like the Dhrupad, Khayal, Tappa, Chaturanga, Tarana, Sargam, Thumri and Ragasagar, Hori and Dhamar.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Styles of Hindustani Music</h3>
<p><strong>Dhrupad</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One of the oldest and grandest forms of Hindustani classical music. Finds mention even in Natyashastra (200 BC&ndash;200 AD).</li>
<li>Reached its zenith in the court of emperor Akbar. He employed and patronised musical masters like Baba Gopal Das, Swami Haridas and Tansen, who was considered to be one of the Navaratna or nine gems of the Mughal court.</li>
<li>A poetic form incorporated into an extended presentation style marked by precise &amp; orderly elaboration of a raga.</li>
<li>The exposition preceding the composed verses is called alap and is usually the longest portion of the performance.</li>
<li>Dhrupad became a major form of singing in the medieval period but fell in a state of decline in the 18<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>Dhrupad singing can be further divided into four forms on the basis of vanis or banis:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Dagari Gharana:</strong> The Dagar family sings in the Dagar Vani. This style puts great emphasis on alap.</li>
<li><strong>Darbhanga Gharana</strong>: They sing the Khandar Vani and Gauhar Vani. They emphasise on the raga alap as well as composed songs over an improvised alap.</li>
<li><strong>Bettiah Gharana:</strong> They perform the Nauhar and Khandar vani styles with some unique techniques that only those trained within the families know.</li>
<li><strong>Talwandi Gharana:</strong> They sing the Khandar vani but as the family is based in Pakistan it has become difficult to keep that within the system of Indian music.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Khayal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Word &lsquo;Khayal&rsquo; is derived from Persian and means &ldquo;idea or imagination&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Origin of this style was attributed to Amir Khusrau.</li>
<li>Is popular amongst the artists as this provides greater scope for improvisation.</li>
<li>Based on the repertoire of short songs ranging from two to eight lines. Is also referred to as a &lsquo;Bandish&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Khayal is also composed in a particular raga and tala and has a brief text.</li>
<li>Texts mainly include Praise of kings, Description of seasons, Pranks of Lord Krishna, Divine love &amp; Sorrow of separation</li>
<li><strong>Major gharanas in khayal:</strong> Gwalior, Kirana, Patiala, Agra, and Bhendibazaar Gharana</li>
<li>Gwalior Gharana is the oldest and is also considered the mother of all other gharanas.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tarana Style</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this style the rhythm plays a very crucial role. The structure consists of melody.</li>
<li>It uses many words that are sung at a fast tempo.</li>
<li>It focuses on producing rhythmic matters and hence, the singers need specialised training and skills in rhythmic manipulation.</li>
<li>Currently, the Worlds Fastest Tarana Singer is Pandit Rattan Mohan Sharma of the Mewati Gharana.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Thumri</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Originated in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, mainly in Lucknow &amp; Benares, around 18th century.</li>
<li>A romantic &amp; erotic style of singing; also called &ldquo;the lyric of Indian classical music&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Compositions are mostly on love, separation and devotion.</li>
<li><strong>Distinct feature:</strong> Erotic subject matter portrayed picturesquely from the various episodes of the lives of Lord Krishna &amp; Radha.</li>
<li>Lyrics are typically in Brij Bhasha and are usually romantic &amp; religious.</li>
<li>A Thumri is usually performed as the last item of a Khayal concert.</li>
<li><strong>Three main gharanas of thumri &mdash;</strong> Benaras, Lucknow and Patiala.</li>
<li>Begum Akhtar is one of the most popular singers of thumri style.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tappa</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this style the rhythm plays a very important role as the compositions are based on fast, subtle and knotty constructions.</li>
<li>Developed in the late 18<sup>th</sup> Century AD <strong>from the folk songs of camel riders of North-West India.</strong></li>
<li>Great use of very quick turn of phrases.</li>
<li><strong>Some of the expounders of this style:</strong> Mian Sodi, Pandit Laxman Rao of Gwalior and Shanno Khurana.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ghazal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A poetic expression of both the pain of loss or separation and the beauty of love in spite of that pain.</li>
<li>Originated in Iran in the 10<sup>th</sup> century AD.</li>
<li>A Ghazal never exceeds the 12 ashaar or couplets.</li>
<li>Spread in South Asia in the 12<sup>th</sup> century due to the influence of Sufi mystics and the courts of the new Islamic Sultanate. Reached its zenith in the Mughal period.</li>
<li><strong>Amir Khusrau</strong> was one of the first expounders of the art of making Ghazal.</li>
<li><strong>Some of the famous persons associated with Ghazals:</strong> Muhammad Iqbal, Mirza Ghalib, Rumi (13<sup>th</sup> century), Hafez (14<sup>th</sup> century), Kazi Nazrul Islam, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Hindustani Music Gharanas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A Gharana is a system of social organisation linking musicians or dancers by lineage or apprenticeship, and by adherence to a particular musical style.</li>
<li>Function in guru-shishya parampara, i.e. disciples learning under a particular guru, transmitting his musical knowledge and style.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #ff0505; border-color: #ff0000; width: 100px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Gharana</strong></span></td>
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #ff0505; border-color: #ff0000; width: 100px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Place</strong></span></td>
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #ff0505; border-color: #ff0000; width: 100px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Founder</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Gwalior</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Gwalior</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Nanthan Khan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Agra</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Agra</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Hajisujan Khan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Rangeela</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Agra</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Faiyyaz Khan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Jaipur Atrauli</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Jaipur</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Alladiya Khan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Kirana</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Awadh</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Abdul Wahid Khan</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Hindustani vs. Carnatic Style</h3>
<p><strong>Similarities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although there are stylistic differences, the basic elements of swara, raga and tala as the foundation of both Carnatic and Hindustani are same.</li>
<li>Hindustani music originated in the Vedic period, while Carnatic music originated during the Bhakti movement. Thus, both have a deep association with religion.</li>
<li>Carnatic is one of two main sub-genres of India classical music that evolved from ancient Hindu traditions, the other sub-genre being Hindustani music, which emerged as a distinct form due to Persian and Islamic influences in North India.</li>
<li>Both the music evolved with Sanskrit language scripts in itself and through Vedic traditions.</li>
<li>The central notions in both these systems are that of a melodic mode or raga, sung to a rhythmic cycle or tala.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Differences</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Origin of Hindustani music is earlier than Carnatic music. It synthesizes with Vedic chants, Islamic traditions and Persian Musiqu-e-Assil style. Carnatic is comparatively pure and was developed in the 15<sup>th</sup> 16<sup>th</sup> century during the Bhakti movement and also got a boost in the 19<sup>th</sup> -20<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>The main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music and most compositions are to be sung, involving gayaki style. In Hindustani music vocal- centric group is required. Many instruments are designed to accompany the singer.</li>
<li>The major vocal forms of Hindustani music are Dhrupad, khayal, Tarana, Thumri, Dadra and Gazals. While Carnatic music embraces several varieties of improvisation consist of Alpana, Niraval, kalpanaswaram and Ragam Thana pallavi.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/hindustani-music-1'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'International Conference on Standardisation of AYUSH Terminologies',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Two day International Conference on Standardisation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-indian-system-of-medicine-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AYUSH</strong></a> Terminologies <strong>(ICoSDiTAUS-2020)</strong> was held in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It adopted the <strong>&lsquo;New Delhi Declaration</strong> on Collection and Classification of Traditional Medicine (TM) Diagnostic Data&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>AYUSH</strong> is an abbreviation of <strong>Ayurveda, Yoga &amp; Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ICoSDiTAUS-2020 is the <strong>biggest</strong> ever <strong>international event dedicated to standardisation of Diagnosis and Terminologies of Traditional Medicine</strong> in terms of the broad level of participation covering virtually<strong> all the continents.</strong></li>
<li><strong>16 countries</strong> which came together for the cause of Traditional Medicine at this conference are Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Serbia, Curacao, Cuba, Myanmar, Equatorial Guinea, Qatar, Ghana, Bhutan, Uzbekistan, India, Switzerland, Iran, Jamaica and Japan.</li>
<li><strong>Issues Discussed</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Challenges in counting and classification of TM.</li>
<li>Potential of strategic use of data and evidence to advance TM systems into public health.</li>
<li>Adapting <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization&rsquo;s (WHO)</strong></a> <strong>International Classification of Diseases (ICD)</strong> to TM Systems and their implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Classification of Diseases</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ICD provides<strong> a method of classifying diseases, injuries, and causes of death.</strong></li>
<li>The World Health Organization (WHO) has published the ICDs to standardize the methods of recording and tracking instances of diagnosed disease all over the world, making it possible to conduct research on diseases, their causes, and their treatments.</li>
<li>The ICD is currently in its 10<sup>th</sup> revision <strong>(ICD-10).</strong> However, the WHO also publishes annual minor updates and triennial major updates.</li>
<li>The <strong>11<sup>th</sup> revision</strong> of the ICD <strong>(ICD-11)</strong> was accepted by WHO's World Health Assembly (WHA) on 25 May 2019 and will come into <strong>effect on 1 January 2022.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This new version is <strong>fully electronic, allows more details to be recorded and is significantly easier to use and to implement,</strong> which will lead to fewer mistakes and lower costs, and make it more accessible, particularly for low-resource settings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>More than 100 countries use the system to report mortality data, a primary indicator of health status.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199587" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-conference-on-standardisation-of-ayush-terminologies'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Henneguya Salminicola',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scientists have discovered an animal <strong>Henneguya Salminicola</strong> which <strong>does not need oxygen</strong> to produce the energy needed for its survival.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582797436_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582797436_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>It is a <strong>tiny, less than 10-celled parasite</strong> which <strong>lives in the muscles of salmon fish.</strong></li>
<li>It does not not have a <strong>mitochondrial genome.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mitochondria is the <strong>&ldquo;powerhouse&rdquo;</strong> of the cell, which captures oxygen to make energy.</li>
<li>Its absence indicates that the parasite does not breathe oxygen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a<strong> relative of jellyfish and corals</strong> and as it evolved, it gave up breathing and consuming oxygen or <strong>became anaerobic</strong> to produce energy.</li>
<li>However, it is <strong>not yet clear how the parasite generates energy.</strong> It may be drawing it from the surrounding fish cells or it may have a different type of respiration such as oxygen-free breathing, which typically characterises <strong>anaerobic non-animal organisms</strong> like <strong>fungi, amoebas or ciliate lineages.</strong></li>
<li>The discovery bears enormous <strong>significance for evolutionary research.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aerobic respiration</strong> was thought to be prevalent in animals but now it is confirmed that animals can survive with anaerobic respiration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-henneguya-salminicola-6289506/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/henneguya-salminicola'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'UKIERI- UGC Higher Education Leadership Development Programme',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Human Resource Development <strong>(MHRD)</strong> has <strong>launched</strong> &lsquo;Higher Education Leadership Development Programme for Administrators&rsquo; in New Delhi.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The programme is a <strong>joint initiative</strong> of <strong>University Grants Commission (UGC) and the British Council</strong> under the auspices of UK India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI).</li>
<li><strong>Objective: To train the senior and middle level academic administrators</strong> to enable them to bring about<strong> systemic changes</strong> with renewed approaches, capacity, tools and skill in Universities in India.</li>
<li>The programme is a step towards institutional development in line with Governments&rsquo; commitment<strong> to improve the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-higher-education-quality-mandate" target="_blank" rel="noopener">quality of education</a> being imparted in Universities.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UK-India Education and Research Initiative</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UK-India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI) was started in April, 2006 with the aim of enhancing educational linkages between India and the UK.</li>
<li>UKIERI has been recognized as a key <strong>multi stakeholder programme</strong> that has <strong>strengthened the research, leadership, education and now skill sector relations</strong> between the two countries.</li>
<li><strong>UKIERI Phase 3 (2016-2021)</strong> aims to promote <strong>institutional and individual excellence in educational practices, research, and employability.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>University Grants Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It came into existence on 28<sup>th</sup> December, <strong>1953</strong> and became a <strong>statutory</strong> body by an <strong>Act of Parliament in 1956,</strong> for the <strong>coordination, determination and maintenance of standards</strong> of teaching, examination and research in university education.</li>
<li>The head office of the UGC is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199573" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ukieri-ugc-higher-education-leadership-development-programme'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'National Technical Textiles Mission',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-nutrient-based-subsidy-rates" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs</strong></a> <strong>(CCEA)</strong> has approved the setting up of a <strong>National Technical Textiles Mission</strong> at a total outlay of ₹1,480 crores.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to position the country as a <strong>global leader in technical textiles</strong> and <strong>increase the use</strong> of technical textiles<strong> in the domestic market.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Mission will aim at taking <strong>domestic market size to $40 billion to $50 billion by 2024.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>Mission Directorate</strong> will be operational in the <strong>Ministry of Textiles.</strong></li>
<li>It will be implemented for <strong>four years starting from 2020-2021</strong> and will have<strong> four components-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>First component:</strong> It will focus on<strong> research, development and innovation</strong> with an outlay of ₹1,000 crores.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> research</strong> will be at both<strong> fibre level and application-based</strong> in geo, agro, medical, sports and mobile textiles and development of bio-degradable technical textiles.</li>
<li>Research activities will also focus on the <strong>development of indigenous machinery and process equipment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Second component:</strong> It will be for the <strong>promotion and development of the market</strong> for technical textiles.</li>
<li><strong>Third component:</strong> It will focus on<strong> export promotion</strong> so that technical textile exports from the country reach from the ₹14,000 crores to ₹20,000 crores by 2021-2022 and <strong>ensure 10% average growth every year</strong> till the Mission ends.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An <strong>export promotion</strong> council for technical textiles will be set up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fourth component:</strong> It will focus on <strong>education, training and skill development.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Mission will <strong>promote technical education at higher engineering</strong> and technology levels related to technical textiles and its application areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data on the Indian Technical Textiles Segment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is estimated at $16 billion which is approximately 6% of the $250 billion global technical textiles market.</li>
<li>The penetration level of technical textiles in India varies between 5% and 10% against the level of 30% to 70% in developed countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Technical Textiles</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Technical textiles are <strong>functional fabrics</strong> that have applications across various industries including automobiles, civil engineering and construction, agriculture, healthcare, industrial safety, personal protection etc.</li>
<li>Based on usage, there are <strong>12 technical textile segments</strong>; Agrotech, Meditech, Buildtech, Mobiltech, Clothtech, Oekotech, Geotech, Packtech, Hometech, Protech, Indutech and Sportech.</li>
<li><strong>For example</strong>, &lsquo;mobiltech&rsquo; refers to products in vehicles such as seat belts and airbags, airplane seats; geotech, which is incidentally the fastest growing sub-segment, used to hold back soil, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/cabinet-gives-clearance-fortechnical-textiles-mission/article30925160.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'RaIDer-X: Explosive Detection Device ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>An <strong>explosive detection device, RaIDer-X,</strong> was unveiled at the National Workshop on Explosive Detection (NWED-2020) in Pune (Maharashtra).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Workshop was organized by the <strong>High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL), Pune.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RaIDer-X has the capability to detect 20 explosives within a distance of about 2 metres. Bulk explosive in concealed condition can also be detected by the device.</li>
<li>The data library can be built in the system to expand its capability to detect a number of explosives in pure form as well as with the contaminants.</li>
<li>The device has <strong>various applications</strong> including narcotics, for local police, for customs and other detection agencies who need to detect various elements which may be explosive or non-explosive in nature.</li>
<li>RaIDer-X has been <strong>co-developed by HEMRL, Pune and the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Pune</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>HEMRL Pune is a<strong> premier laboratory of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO.)</a></strong></li>
<li>It is involved in basic and applied research in the area of <strong>high energy materials.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>High energy materials</strong> are compounds which store chemical energy. Such materials, on stimulation by mechanical, thermal or electrical devices, undergo rapid decomposition giving out heat, light, sound and large volumes of gases.</li>
<li>The amount of energy released varies with the properties of the material such as composition, structure, density, heat of formation and decomposition, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Examples:</strong> Propellants used in rockets, pyrotechnics used in festivities, explosives used for military purposes, blasting chemicals used in construction activities, etc., are high energy materials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604799" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source-PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'New Bodo Accord',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/searching-for-a-solution-the-hindu-editorial-on-bodo-accord/article30777398.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Searching for a solution: On Bodo accord</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/govt-signs-accord-with-ndfb-absu-to-resolve-bodo-issue/article30665589.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Govt signs accord with NDFB</strong></a>, <a href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30800941.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The third Bodo accord: A new deal</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/bodoland-at-a-crossroads/article2988588.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bodoland at a crossroads</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/still-no-finality-the-third-time-round/article30925387.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Still no finality, the third time round</strong></a>, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-takeaways-from-bodo-accord-6240082/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Takeaways from Bodo Accord.</strong></a> It talks about the recently concluded Third Bodo Accord.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), the Assam government and the Bodo groups signed a tripartite agreement to redraw, rename and changing power-sharing agreement in the Bodoland Territorial Area District (BTAD) in Assam.</p>
<p>This agreement has been termed as <strong>Third Bodo Accord.</strong> According to the Union government, the signing of the agreement will end the <strong>50-year-old Bodo crisis.</strong> This agreement is a series of concerted efforts to fulfil the aspirations of the Bodo people relating to their cultural identity, language, education and economic development and political aspiration.</p>
<h3>What is the Bodoland Dispute?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bodos are the single largest community among the notified Scheduled Tribes</strong> in Assam. They constitute about 5-6% of Assam&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>The first organised demand for a <strong>Bodo state came in 1967-68</strong> under the banner of the political party called Plains Tribals Council of Assam.</li>
<li>In 1985, when the <strong>Assam Movement culminated in the Assam Accord,</strong> many Bodos saw it as essentially focusing on the interests of the Assamese-speaking community.</li>
<li>As a result of this, several Bodo groups led by the <strong>All Bodo Students Union</strong> (ABSU) and <strong>National Democratic Front of Bodoland</strong> have been demanding separate land for the ethnic community, a movement that has claimed nearly 4,000 lives.</li>
<li>After the years of violent clashes, the <strong>first Bodo Accord was signed with the ABSU in 1993,</strong> leading to the creation of a Bodoland Autonomous Council with limited political powers.</li>
<li>Under the <strong>second Bodo Accord,</strong> it is agreed to create a self-governing body for the Bodo Areas in the State of Assam. In pursuance of this, the <strong>Bodoland Territorial Council</strong> (BTC) was created in 2003 with some more financial and other powers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bodoland Territorial Council is an <strong>autonomous region in the state of Assam</strong> in India.</li>
<li>It is made up of four districts (Kokrajhar, Chirang, Baksa and Udalguri) on the north bank of the Brahmaputra river, by the foothills of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
<li>The area under the jurisdiction of BTC, formed under the 2003 Accord, was called the <strong>Bodo Territorial Autonomous District (BTAD).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>BTC is an area governed under the 6th schedule. However, BTC is an exception to the constitutional provision under the 6th schedule.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As it can constitute up to 46 members out of which 40 are elected.</li>
<li>Of these 40 seats, 35 are reserved for the Scheduled Tribes and non-tribal communities, five are unreserved and the rest six are nominated by the governor from underrepresented communities of the Bodoland Territorial Areas District (BTAD).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus, the creation of the BTC can be seen as a new experiment of territorial autonomy under the Sixth Schedule.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Autonomous districts and regional councils</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Along with ADCs, the Sixth Schedule also provides for separate Regional Councils for each area constituted as an autonomous region. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In all, there are 10 areas in the Northeast that are registered as autonomous districts &ndash; three in Assam, Meghalaya and Mizoram and one in Tripura.</li>
<li>These regions are named as district council of (name of district) and regional council of (name of region).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Each autonomous district and regional council consists of not more than 30 members, of which four are nominated by the governor and the rest via elections. All of them remain in power for a term of five years.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sixth Schedule</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sixth Schedule consists of provisions for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram, according to Article 244 of the Indian Constitution.</li>
<li>Passed by the Constituent Assembly in 1949, it seeks to safeguard the rights of the tribal population through the formation of Autonomous District Councils (ADC). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ADCs are bodies representing a district to which the Constitution has given varying degrees of autonomy within the state legislature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The governors of these states are empowered to reorganise boundaries of the tribal areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In simpler terms, she or he can choose to include or exclude any area, increase or decrease the boundaries and unite two or more autonomous districts into one.</li>
<li>They can also alter or change the names of autonomous regions without separate legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need For New Accord</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Bodo Accord signed in 2003,</strong> constitutionally mandated legislative power to the BTC. However, denial of assent by the Governor to laws passed by the BTC was one of the key reasons for the ABSU rejecting the 2003 accord and reviving the statehood demand.</li>
<li>Also, there is a demand for inclusion of villages with ST majority and contiguous to the BTAD, and exclusion of villages which are contiguous to non-Sixth Schedule areas and have majority non-ST population.</li>
</ul>
<h3>New Accord</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the new accord, BTAD will be renamed as <strong>Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR).</strong></li>
<li>The agreement promises more legislative, executive and administrative autonomy under the <strong>Sixth Schedule to Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) and expansion of the BTC territory in lieu of statehood.</strong></li>
<li>It provides for <strong>alteration of the area of BTAD</strong> and provisions for Bodos outside BTAD.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For this, a commission appointed by the state government will examine and recommend if villages contiguous to BTAD and with a majority tribal population can be included into the BTR while those now in BTAD and with a majority non-tribal population can opt-out of the BTR.</li>
<li>Subsequent to this alteration, the total number of Assembly seats will go up to 60, from the existing 40.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Government of Assam will notify <strong>Bodo language in Devanagari script as the associate official language in the state.</strong></li>
<li>The memorandum of the settlement says that the criminal cases registered against members of the NDFB factions for &ldquo;non-heinous&rdquo; crimes shall be withdrawn by the Assam government and in cases of heinous crimes it will be reviewed.</li>
<li>A <strong>Special Development Package of Rs. 1500 Crore</strong> would be given by the Centre to undertake specific projects for the development of Bodo areas.</li>
<li>The Assam government will set up a <strong>Bodo-Kachari Autonomous Council,</strong> which will be a satellite council for the focussed development of Bodo villages outside the BTR on the lines of the existing six councils for plains tribes.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new Bodo Accord has led to the <strong>intensification of the movement for Kamatapur State</strong> by organisations of the Koch-Rajbongshi community.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The territory of the demanded Kamatapur State overlaps with the present BTAD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ripple Effect:</strong> The augmented area and powers of the BTC, under the new accord, may trigger fresh aspirations in the nine autonomous councils in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram to graduate to the new model.</li>
<li><strong>Ethnic Fault-line:</strong> Clamour for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status by the Koch-Rajbongshi, Adivasis and several other non-ST communities has also grown.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Likely expansion of the ST list in Assam has the potential to keep the Bodos out of power in the BTC and may push Bodo organisations to revive their homeland demand. As the reservation of seats of BTC is for the STs and not exclusively for the Bodos.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The New Bodo Accord may have maintained the territorial integrity of Assam. However, the demand for <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/statehood-demand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>separate statehood</strong></a> may emerge in other parts of the northeast as the region is endowed with ethno-cultural diversity.</li>
<li>In order to deal with such complexities, the provision of setting up regional autonomous councils under the Sixth Schedule can be explored to create the space for communities which sought to preserve their cultural identity, language, education and economic development.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #d4f5cb;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Peace will continue to be fragile in Assam&rsquo;s Bodo heartland until an all-inclusive power-sharing and governance model is evolved under the provisions of the Sixth Schedule. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Mission Purvodaya: Accelerated Development of Steel Sector',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A workshop on <strong>&ldquo;Enabling Procedures for Increase of Steel Usage for the Growth of Economy&rdquo;</strong> was organised by the <strong>Ministry of Steel</strong> in partnership with the <strong>Government of Japan </strong>and<strong> Confederation of Indian Industries (CII).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Eastern belt has the potential to add more than 75% of the country&rsquo;s incremental steel capacity. In India&rsquo;s march towards a<strong> $5 trillion economy,</strong> the eastern states can play a major role where the steel sector can become the catalyst.</li>
<li>It is expected that out of the 300 MT capacity by 2030-31, over 200 MT can come from this region alone, driven by <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centre-for-the-fourth-industrial-revolution" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industry 4.0</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, Japan and India have also launched the India Japan Steel Dialogue to ensure sustainable growth of the steel sector. Iron ore exports from India, particularly Odisha, helped Japan in becoming a leading economic power.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mission Purvodaya</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched in 2020 for the accelerated development of eastern India through the establishment of an integrated steel hub in Kolkata, West Bengal.</li>
<li>The focus will be on eastern states of India (Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal) and northern part of Andhra Pradesh which collectively hold<strong> ~80% of the country&rsquo;s iron ore, ~100% of coking coal</strong> and significant portion of<strong> chromite, bauxite and dolomite</strong> reserves.</li>
<li>The Integrated Steel Hub would focus on 3 key elements:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Capacity addition through easing the setup of Greenfield steel plants.</li>
<li>Development of steel clusters near integrated steel plants as well as demand centres.</li>
<li>Transformation of logistics and utilities infrastructure which would change the socio-economic landscape in the East.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The objective of this hub would be to enable swift capacity addition and improve overall competitiveness of steel producers both in terms of cost and quality.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Iron &amp; Steel Industry</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Steel is an <strong>alloy of iron and carbon in which the carbon content ranges up to 2%.</strong> Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some quantities of manganese are also required to harden the steel.</li>
<li>The iron and steel industry is the <strong>basic industry</strong> since all the other industries &mdash; heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery. Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.</li>
<li>India is currently the <strong>2<sup>nd</sup> largest producer of crude steel</strong> in the world.</li>
<li><strong>Production and consumption of steel</strong> is often regarded as the <strong>index of a country&rsquo;s development.</strong> Per capita finished steel consumption in 2018 was 224.5 kg for the world and 590.1 kg for China . The same for India was 74.1 kg in 2018.</li>
<li>The Government has launched the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/iron-and-steel-industry-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Steel Policy 2017</strong></a> that aims to increase the <strong>per capita steel consumption to 160 kgs by 2030-31.</strong></li>
<li>Odisha is the highest steel producing state in the country. The ores of Odisha are rich in haematites.</li>
<li>Growth of steel industry would lead to: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Employment opportunities across the entire value chain.</li>
<li>Socio-economic growth of Eastern India.</li>
<li>Reduced disparity between the East and other regions of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Iron Ores</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hematite and magnetite are the most important iron ores in India.</li>
<li><strong>Hematite</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hematite refers to a ferric oxide containing no crystal water, and its chemical formula is <strong>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (iron oxide).</strong></li>
<li>The pure hematite theoretical iron content is 70%.</li>
<li>Its appearance is from red to light gray, sometimes black, and the stripes are dark red. Commonly known as &ldquo;red mine.&rdquo;</li>
<li>Hematite is abundant in nature, but pure hematite is less, often co-existing with magnetite and limonite.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Magnetite</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main iron-bearing mineral of magnetite is tri iron tetroxide, and its chemical formula is <strong>Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.</strong></li>
<li>The theoretical iron content is around 72%.</li>
<li>The appearance color is usually carbon black or slightly light blue black, metallic luster, streaks (color appearing on the board when the surface is uneven on the white porcelain plate) black. Commonly known as the green mine.</li>
<li>The most prominent feature of this ore is its <strong>magnetic nature.</strong></li>
<li>Magnetite is generally very hard, dense in structure and poor in reducing performance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604664" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Project Monitoring Group',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Project Monitoring Group (PMG) is an<strong> institutional mechanism</strong> for the <strong>expedited resolution of issues and regulatory bottlenecks</strong> in projects with <strong>investments upward Rs. 500 Crores</strong> in India.</li>
<li>Currently, PMG is situated at <strong>Invest India,</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dipp-renamed-as-dpiit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)</strong></a>, <strong>Ministry of Commerce.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was set up as a special cell in the Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India in 2013 and was subsequently brought under the administrative control of the Prime Minister&rsquo;s Office (PMO) in 2015.</li>
<li>The relocation was enabled in order to create a <strong>one-stop facilitation destination for investors at all stages</strong> of the investment process, including issue resolution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The PMG seeks to enlist the unresolved project issues in respect of<strong> all mid and large-sized Public, Private and &lsquo;Public-Private Partnership&rsquo; (PPP) Projects.</strong></li>
<li>DPIIT is mandated as the <strong>nodal body for the review of public and private projects</strong> facing challenges and facilitates their resolution <strong>through PMG.</strong></li>
<li>The issues taken up by PMG are <strong>both at Union and State-Level.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Invest India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Invest India is the <strong>official</strong> Investment Promotion and Facilitation Agency of India and acts as the <strong>first point of reference for investors</strong> in India.</li>
<li>It is set up as a<strong> non-profit</strong> venture under the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604671" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-monitoring-group'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC)</strong></a> has released the <strong>2019 report of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report features <strong>India among top manufacturers of illicit and licit drugs</strong> that are smuggled to other countries and into the hands of addicts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Global Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increased Smuggling of Pharmaceutical Drugs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Drug traffickers tend to<strong> smuggle pharmaceutical drugs rather than illicit drugs</strong> (e.g. hashish,heroin,etc.) because of the <strong>more lenient penalties</strong> imposed for smuggling of <strong>controlled pharmaceutical drugs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phenobarbital Drug:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is one of the <strong>most internationally traded controlled <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/steps-to-curb-abuse-of-synthetic-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">psychotropic substances</a>,</strong> with more than 161 countries reporting imports of the substance in 2018.</li>
<li>It included on the <strong>WHO Model List of Essential Medicines</strong> for treating <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-epilepsy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>epilepsy</strong></a> (a neurological disorder).</li>
<li><strong>China is the lead manufacturing country</strong> of phenobarbital in <strong>2018,</strong> followed by India and Hungary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limited Usage of Pre-Export Notification:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has also been noted that countries like China, South Korea and the United States have received drugs <strong>without pre-notification</strong> through the PEN <strong>Online system.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>PEN Online System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Pre-Export Notification (PEN) Online is developed by <strong>UNODC/International Narcotics Control Board (INCB).</strong></li>
<li>It is used by the Member States exporting precursor chemicals<strong> to alert the national competent authorities in the importing country</strong> with the details of the export transaction.</li>
<li>It enables the<strong> easy on-line exchange of information</strong> between the Member States on shipments<strong> (export and import) of the chemicals</strong> required for the manufacture of illegal addictive drugs.</li>
<li>The system also facilitates <strong>electronic reply</strong> to acknowledge receipt and notify the exporting country of clearance to export.<strong> An electronic copy is sent to INCB by default.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>National Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Diversion of Pharmaceutical Drugs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has also noted an <strong>increased diversion of controlled pharmaceutical precursors,</strong> in particular <strong>ephedrine and pseudoephedrine,</strong> from licit to illicit channels has continued in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Precursors are chemicals which are used <strong>to manufacture narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.</strong></li>
<li>Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine have been notified as <strong>&lsquo;controlled substance&rsquo;</strong> in India.</li>
<li>The<strong> Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985</strong> empowers the Central Government to declare any substance as<strong> &lsquo;controlled substance&rsquo;</strong> after considering its possible use in the production or manufacture of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tramadol Drug:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Globally most of the tramadol seized between 2013 and 2017 was reported to have <strong>originated in India.</strong> e.g.India was the source of <strong>87% of the tramadol seized in Ghana in 2017.</strong></li>
<li>Tramadol, sold under the brand name<strong> Ultram</strong> among others, is an opioid pain medication used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain.</li>
<li>The drug is under the control of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was established in <strong>1997.</strong></li>
<li>UNODC publishes the<strong> World Drug Report.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Narcotics Control Board</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) is the<strong> independent and quasi-judicial</strong> monitoring body for the implementation of the United Nations international drug control conventions.</li>
<li>It was established in <strong>1968</strong> in accordance with the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961.</li>
<li>Its <strong>secretariat</strong> is located in<strong> Vienna, Austria.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/india-among-top-suppliers-of-pharma-drugs-used-in-trafficking-un-report/article30932029.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HBL</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-of-the-international-narcotics-control-board-for-2019'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>32 projects have been sanctioned under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-food-processing-industry" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana</strong></a><strong> (PMKSY)</strong> of the <strong>Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The projects are spread across <strong>almost 17 States,</strong> leveraging an <strong>investment worth ₹406 crores.</strong></li>
<li>These projects envisage the <strong>creation of direct and indirect employment,</strong> especially in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-processing-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food processing</strong></a> plays an important role in <strong>connecting Indian farmers to domestic and international consumers and markets.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>introduction of modern processing techniques</strong> for food results in <strong>improved shelf-life</strong> of the agricultural produce and <strong>ensures steady revenue</strong> to farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>processed food market</strong> is expected to grow to $543 billion by 2020 from $322 billion in 2016, at a <strong>Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)</strong> of <strong>14.6%.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Compound Annual Growth Rate</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CAGR is the mean annual growth rate of an investment over a specified period of time longer than one year.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>2016,</strong> MoFPI introduced an umbrella <strong>Scheme for&nbsp;Agro-Marine Processing and Development of Agro-Processing Clusters</strong> or <strong>SAMPADA,</strong> which was proposed to be implemented with an allocation of ₹6,000 crores for the period of 2016-20.</li>
<li>In <strong>2017,</strong> SAMPADA was <strong>renamed</strong> as the <strong>Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY).</strong></li>
<li>It is a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Central Sector Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To<strong> supplement agriculture.</strong></li>
<li>To create <strong>processing and preservation capacities.</strong></li>
<li>To<strong> modernise and expand</strong> existing food processing units with a view to <strong>increasing the level of processing.</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>add value</strong> leading to the <strong>reduction of wastage.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seven component schemes under PMKSY:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mega Food Parks.</li>
<li>Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure.</li>
<li>Infrastructure for Agro-Processing Clusters.</li>
<li>Creation of Backward and Forward Linkages.</li>
<li>Creation/Expansion of Food Processing &amp; Preservation Capacities.</li>
<li>Food Safety and Quality Assurance Infrastructure.</li>
<li>Human Resources and Institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under PMKSY, <strong>capital subsidy</strong> in the form of <strong>grants-in-aid ranging from 35% to 75%</strong> of the eligible project cost <strong>subject to a maximum specified limit</strong> is provided to investors under the various schemes for <strong>undertaking infrastructure, logistic projects and setting up of food processing units</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604549" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kisan-sampada-yojana'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'OPV ‘Yard 45006 VAJRA’',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>sixth Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) &lsquo;Yard</strong> <strong>45006 VAJRA&rsquo;</strong> to enhance coastal security was launched.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The OPV launched is the<strong> sixth in the series of seven OPV projects</strong> being built by M/s Larsen and Toubro (L&amp;T) Shipbuilding under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-flawed-defence-procurement-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Make in India&rsquo;</strong></a> policy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OPVs are long-range surface ships capable of coastal and offshore patrolling, policing maritime zones, control &amp; surveillance, anti-smuggling &amp; anti-piracy operations with limited wartime roles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The ship would be utilized for day and night patrol/surveillance along with anti-terrorist/ anti-smuggling operations in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)</strong></a> as well as Coastal Security.</li>
<li>It will strengthen the efforts of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/recaap-isc-capacity-building-workshop" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Coast Guard</strong></a> for securing over 7500 km vast coastline, an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of over 20 lakh sq kms and more than one lakh merchant ships transiting per year through Indian waters for global trade.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582958847_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582958847_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Coast Guard</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Coast Guard was formally inaugurated on 19<sup>th</sup> August, 1978. It operates under the <strong>Ministry of Defence.</strong></li>
<li>The organization is headed by the Director General Indian Coast Guard (DGICG) exercising his overall command and superintendence from the Coast Guard Headquarters (CGHQ) located at <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>It has jurisdiction over the territorial waters of India including contiguous zone and exclusive economic zone.</li>
<li>It is responsible for marine environment protection in maritime zones of India and is coordinating authority for response to oil spills in Indian waters.</li>
<li>It has a wide range of task capabilities for both surface and air operations. It is <strong>one of the largest coast guards in the world.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604509" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/opv-yard-45006-vajra'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'India-US Relations',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/signs-and-substance-the-hindu-editorial-on-outcome-of-donald-trump-visit/article30925379.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Signs and substance: On outcome of Trump visit&rdquo;</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/forging-a-new-india-us-modus-vivendi/article30883223.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Forging a new India-U.S. modus vivendi</strong></a>, &ldquo;<strong><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-us-trade-free-trade-agreement-donald-trump-visit-6276553/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Why trade with the US matters to India</a></strong>&rdquo; &ldquo;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-us-trade-donald-trump-visit-modi-6276480/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Trading with America</strong></a>&rdquo;. It talks about the current state of the relationship between India and the US.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/usa-presidents-visit-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>US President, Donald Trump visited India.</strong></a> While only three of the nine US Presidents during 1947-2000 visited India, every President in the last two decades has visited India at least once.</p>
<p>Many <strong>reasons</strong> could be ascribed to the higher frequency of visits &mdash;<strong> a shift in global geopolitics in the post-Cold War era, India&rsquo;s economic ascent, the rise of an assertive China, and India's place on the global high table.</strong> Relations between India and the US have transformed from being <strong>Estranged democracies (during the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cold-war" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cold war</a>) to Strategic partners (in the Post-cold war era).</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Estranged democracies:</strong> US and India, though being the oldest democracy and largest democracy respectively, remained detached during the cold war.</li>
<li><strong>Strategic partners:</strong> US and India, in the post-cold war era (after 1991) turned into strategic allies.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>During the cold war, India got tilted towards the Soviet Union after If the 1971 Friendship Treaty, which was a response to the continuing U.S. tilt towards Pakistan and the beginnings of convergence between US and China. At present, India and US convergence is due to potentially hegemonic China in the Indo-Pacific region.</p>
<p>In this context, the visit of the US president further cements the <strong>strategic convergence</strong> between India and the US.</p>
<h3>Key Takeaways From the Visit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The agreement signed for defence purchases worth $3-billion, including <strong>American helicopters (MH-60 Romeo helicopters),</strong> has led to both sides signalling more cooperation in defence, military exercises and technology sharing.</li>
<li>MoU signed for <strong>Petronet to invest in American gas company Tellurian.</strong></li>
<li>A commercial agreement for <strong>Westinghouse to build six nuclear reactors in Andhra Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li>Along with these two leaders shared strong language in references aimed at <strong>China&rsquo;s hegemony in the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/south-china-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener">South China Sea</a></strong> as well as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/belt-and-road-initiative-perspectives-from-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiative.</strong></a></li>
<li>However, there was <strong>no agreement</strong> on the trade deal.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Divergence In India-US relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Trade Deal:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-us-trade" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Trade has been a major bone of contention between India and the US.</strong></a> India has been referred by the US, as <strong>&ldquo;tariff king&rdquo;</strong> that imposes<strong> &ldquo;tremendously high&rdquo;</strong> import duties. Donald Trump formulated <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/28-06-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>America First policy</strong></a>, on the economic dimension, it means reducing the U.S. 's trade deficits with major trading partners, including India. In pursuance of this:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In June 2019, the Trump administration decided to terminate India&rsquo;s benefits under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/generalized-system-of-preference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) scheme,</strong> </a>which provides preferential, duty-free access for over $6 billion worth of products exported from this country to the US.</li>
<li>Removal from the GSP list amidst rising trade tensions prompted India to finally impose retaliatory tariffs on several American imports.<strong> This made the US approach the WTO against India.</strong></li>
<li>The office of the<strong> US Trade Representative (USTR)</strong> has underlined India&rsquo;s measures to restrict companies from sending personal data of its citizens outside the country as a &ldquo;key&rdquo; barrier to digital trade.</li>
<li>Also, the US has long demanded greater access to American agriculture and dairy products. For India, protecting its domestic agriculture and dairy interests was a <strong>major reason to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-exits-rcep" target="_blank" rel="noopener">walk out of the RCEP agreement.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>US-Pakistan Equation:</strong> US has softened its position on Pakistan in the last seven months, due to the role Pakistan can play in the <strong>Afghan deal</strong> (between the US and the Taliban), likely to be signed on February 29, 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In return, Pakistan wants the US to engage with India on the Kashmir issue <strong>(internationalising the Kashmir issue).</strong> Whereas India maintains the view that Kashmir is a bilateral issue between India and Pakistan and no third party can be engaged in it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Internal Issues in India:</strong> India-US strong strategic partnership is also based on an idea of <strong>&ldquo;shared values&rdquo;</strong> of democracy, rule of law, religious freedom and protection of minorities. However, the revocation of Article 370, the new citizenship law and the NRC is testing this &ldquo;shared values&rdquo; principle.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Though the US president maintained that these matters are internal to India, criticism from the US Congress and some parts of US civil society is pushing the US administration to tell India to bring Kashmir to normalcy and not go ahead with the new citizenship law followed by the NRC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Convergence in Indo-US relations</h3>
<p>In the post-cold war era, India's relationship with the US on defence and strategic issues has strengthened. This can be reflected in the following:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A foundational military agreement that allows for the sharing of encrypted communications and equipment <strong>(COMCASA- Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement).</strong></li>
<li>A change in U.S. export control laws that places India in a privileged category of NATO and non-NATO U.S. allies.</li>
<li>The signing of an Industrial Security Annex that will allow for greater collaboration among the two countries&rsquo; private defence industries.</li>
<li>A new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indo-us-2-2-dialogue" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;2+2&rsquo; foreign and defence ministers dialogue.</strong></a></li>
<li>The bilateral Strategic Energy Partnership was launched in April 2018 under which India has started importing crude and LNG from the US. Now, the US is India&rsquo;s sixth-largest source of crude oil imports and hydrocarbons.</li>
<li>Inauguration of the first India-US tri-service military exercise and expansion of existing military exercises.</li>
<li>Inclusion of India and South Asia in the US Maritime Security Initiative.</li>
<li>These intense engagement has helped achieve robust support from the US against terrorism. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This was evident after the Pulwama attack, leading to the designation of Jaish-e-Mohammad chief Masood Azhar as a global terrorist under UN Security Council Resolution 1267.</li>
<li>Also, placing Pakistan on the grey-list of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fatf-s-grey-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Financial Action Task Force.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The US under its Pivot to Asia policy views India as an ideal balancer to check the aggressive rise of China. Therefore, the US has formulated the concept of Indo-Pacific to counter China in the South China Sea and the Indian ocean.</li>
<li>The US has designated India as an integral part of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/new-indo-pacific-strategy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-pacific</strong></a> narrative by the conception of <strong>Quad.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Despite the historic nuclear deal (2008), civilian nuclear cooperation has not taken off, but the agreement with Westinghouse to build six nuclear reactors will finally bring US nuclear energy on Indian soil.</li>
<li>In order to counter China in the maritime domain, India needs to fully engage with the US and other partners in the Indo-pacific region, in order to preserve the freedom of navigation and the rules-based order.</li>
<li>In international politics, there are no permanent friends and no permanent enemies, only permanent interests in such a scenario India must continue to pursue its foreign policy of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-embrace-of-strategic-hedging" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>strategic hedging.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p>India-US relation remains critical for the shaping of world order in the 21st century. In order to realise the full potential of relations, the two governments must now strive to complete the unfinished agreements and set the course for a <strong>Comprehensive Strategic Global Partnership.</strong></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #dcf5e8;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>In the 21st century, India-US relations have found many reasons for strategic convergence. However, there is also a pressing need to weed out the divergences. Analyse.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-us-relations-1'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'INCOIS launches Products',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)</strong> has launched a trio of products to better cater to its diverse users. The Products are</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Small Vessel Advisory and Forecast Services System,</li>
<li>Swell Surge Forecast System and</li>
<li>Algal Bloom Information Service</li>
</ul>
<h3>Small Vessel Advisory and Forecast Services System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an innovative impact-based advisory and forecast service system for small vessels operating in Indian coastal waters.</li>
<li>It warns users about potential zones where <strong>vessel overturning</strong> can take place.</li>
<li>The warning system is based on the<strong> &lsquo;Boat Safety Index&rsquo; (BSI)</strong> derived from wave model forecast outputs such as significant wave height, wave steepness, directional spread and the rapid development of wind at sea which is boat-specific.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Swell Surge Forecast System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swell surge forecast system is an innovative system designed for the prediction of Kallakkadal/Swell Surge that occurs along the Indian coast, particularly the west coast.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kallakadal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Kallakadal/Swell surge are <strong>flash-flood events</strong> that take place without any noticeable advance change in local winds or any other apparent signature in the coastal environment.</li>
<li>Kallakkadal is a colloquial term used by Kerala fishermen to refer to the freaky flooding episodes and in 2012 <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO</strong></a> formally accepted this term for scientific use. They are caused by <strong>meteorological conditions</strong> in the <strong>Southern Ocean,</strong> south of 30&deg;S.</li>
<li>During Kallakkadal events, the sea surges into the land and inundates vast areas.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Algal Bloom Information Service</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ABIS provides timely information on harmful algal blooms, which are detrimental to coastal fisheries, water quality and also tend to induce respiratory problems within the coastal population from time to time.</li>
<li>The <strong>target users-</strong> fishermen, marine fishery resource managers, researchers, ecologists and environmentalists.</li>
<li>INCOIS-ABIS will provide <strong>near-real time information</strong> on <strong>spatio-temporal occurrence</strong> and <strong>spread of phytoplankton blooms</strong> over the <strong>North Indian Ocean.</strong></li>
<li>Four regions have been identified as bloom hotspots-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>North Eastern Arabian Sea</li>
<li>coastal waters off Kerala</li>
<li>Gulf of Mannar</li>
<li>coastal waters of Gopalpur.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Algal bloom</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An algal bloom or marine bloom or water bloom is a rapid increase in the population of algae in an aquatic system. They may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments.</li>
<li>Harmful Algal Blooms, or HABs, occur when colonies of algae grow out of control and produce toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals and birds.</li>
<li>Harmful Algal Blooms can:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Produce extremely dangerous toxins that can sicken or kill people and animals.</li>
<li>Create dead zones in the water.</li>
<li>Raise treatment costs for drinking water.</li>
<li>Hurt industries that depend on clean water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INCOIS is an <strong>autonomous organization</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).</strong></li>
<li>It is located in <strong>Hyderabad &amp;</strong> was established in <strong>1999.</strong> It is a unit of the<strong> Earth System Science Organization (ESSO),&nbsp;</strong>New Delhi. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ESSO operates as an executive arm of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) for its policies and programmes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is mandated to provide the best possible ocean information and advisory services to society, industry, government agencies and the scientific community through sustained ocean observations and constant improvement through systematic and focused research.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604587" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/incois-launches-products'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'India and Myanmar Ink Various Pacts',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>India and Myanmar</strong> signed <strong>10 agreements with a focus on socio-economic development of Myanmar,</strong> during Myanmar President U Win Myint&rsquo;s visit to India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Myanmar stands at the confluence of India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/what-is-indias-neighbourhood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Neighbourhood First</strong></a> and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-act-east-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Act East Policy</strong> </a>and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/india-myanmar-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India-Myanmar partnership</strong></a> is at the heart of India&rsquo;s vision to create a connected and cooperative neighbourhood.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582887232_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582887232_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Connectivity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two countries will start a coordinated bus service between <strong>Manipur&rsquo;s Imphal </strong>and<strong> Myanmar&rsquo;s Mandalay</strong> from April 2020.</li>
<li>India will assist Myanmar in the construction of <strong>Integrated Check Point at Tamu, Myanmar, bordering Manipur.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The two countries signed the<strong> Land Border Crossing Agreement in 2018,</strong> which allowed bona fide travellers with valid documents to cross the border at two<strong> international points of entry/exit- Moreh-Tamu </strong>and <strong>Zokhawathar-Rih.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rakhine-state-development-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rakhine State Development Programme:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More projects will be added to this programme.</li>
<li>India signed a development programme for Rakhine State in Myanmar in late 2017 which was designed to assist the Myanmar government in Rakhine State to build housing infrastructure for displaced Rohingyas.</li>
<li>India had committed <strong>$25 million grant assistance to Myanmar</strong> and phase-I involved completion of 250 prefabricated houses in Rakhine State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India will also<strong> support the establishment of Myanmar&rsquo;s diplomatic academy, </strong>and<strong> extend the National Knowledge Network</strong> to Myanmar.</li>
<li>Both countries have decided to extend the <strong>Quick Impact Project schemes to Myanmar.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this, India will take up capacity development work in the form of small projects which yield quick beneficial results for the local people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both sides agreed to work together to promote principles of openness, inclusiveness, transparency, respect for international law and<a href="/burning-issues-of-the-month/association-of-southeast-asian-nations-asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Association of Southeast Asian Nations</strong></a> <strong>(ASEAN)</strong> centrality in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-Pacific.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation under other sectors:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India will offer<strong> medical radiation equipment Bhabhatron II</strong> for the treatment of cancer patients and <strong>strengthen cooperation in the health sector.</strong></li>
<li>Both countries agreed to have<strong> government-to-government cooperation in petroleum,</strong> including in refinery, stockpiling, blending and retail.</li>
<li>In governance, India will help Myanmar with the<strong> project of e-ID cards,</strong> which is modelled after the Aadhaar project.</li>
<li>The two sides showed commitment to continue negotiations on pending treaties like <strong>Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT)</strong> and <strong>Extradition Treaty.</strong></li>
<li>An MoU has also been signed on<strong> &lsquo;Cooperation for Prevention of Trafficking in Persons; Rescue, Recovery, Repatriation and Re-Integration of Victims of Trafficking&rsquo;</strong> between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are agreements between governments allowing for the exchange of evidence and information in criminal and related matters between the signing countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Extradition Treaty</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is an agreement or arrangement made by India with a Foreign State, relating to the Extradition of fugitive criminals.</li>
<li>Extradition treaties are traditionally <strong>bilateral in character.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-myanmar-ink-pact-on-bus-service-developing-rakhine-6290294/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-and-myanmar-ink-various-pacts'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => '2020 CD3: Mini-moon',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In Arizona (USA), the astronomers of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</strong></a> <strong>(NASA)-funded Catalina Sky Survey (CSS)</strong> have observed a small object orbiting Earth. It is actually an <strong>asteroid</strong> with a <strong>diameter of about 1.9-3.5 m.</strong></li>
<li>It has been named <strong>2020 CD3.</strong> It is also called <strong>&ldquo;mini-moon&rdquo;</strong> or the planet&rsquo;s <strong>&ldquo;second moon&rdquo;.</strong> It is orbiting at a distance farther from Earth.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlike earth&rsquo;s permanent Moon, the mini-moon is<strong> temporary.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When an asteroid&rsquo;s orbit crosses Earth&rsquo;s orbit, it can sometimes be captured into the latter orbit. Such an asteroid is called a <strong>Temporarily Captured Object (TCO).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>orbit of such objects is unstable.</strong></li>
<li>They have to contend with the gravitational influence of the existing permanent natural satellite (Moon in earth&rsquo;s case) as well as that of the Sun.</li>
<li>Once caught in a planet&rsquo;s orbit, such objects usually remain for a few years before they break free and go into an independent orbit around the Sun.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the researchers, 2020 CD3 was captured into Earth&rsquo;s orbit over three years ago. CSS previously discovered <strong>2006 RH120,</strong> which orbited Earth for some time in 2006 and escaped its orbit in 2007.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Catalina Sky Survey</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>NASA funded project</strong> to <strong>discover and track near-Earth objects (NEOs).</strong> It is based in <strong>Arizona</strong> in the United States of America.</li>
<li>NEOs are <strong>asteroids or comets</strong> with sizes ranging from metres to tens of kilometres that orbit the Sun and whose orbits come close to that of Earth&rsquo;s.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/express-explained-what-is-mini-moon-6290115/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2020-cd3-mini-moon'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'The Big Picture - Army: Women in Commanding Role',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cnpJzG2qvPY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>Recently, in a landmark judgment, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> has upheld a Delhi High Court order of 2010 that seeks to grant permanent commission to women officers at par with their male counterparts. Along with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/gender-parity-in-indian-army" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>granting a role to women in combat arms</strong></a>, the judgment essentially highlights the denial of equal opportunity in their existing roles for promotion to higher commands. With immediate effect, in addition to permanent commissions in ten arms and services of the Indian Army, women officers will also be eligible for &lsquo;command positions&rsquo; in their respective units, as applicable to their male counterparts.</p>
<h3>Government&rsquo;s Perspective</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Societal Issues:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Centre had told the SC that composition of male officers, predominantly drawn from a rural background, with prevailing societal norms, troops are not yet mentally schooled to accept women officers in command of units.</li>
<li>Society has low acceptance for the women officer who had been caught as a prisoner of war by an enemy country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Physiological Challenges:</strong> The Centre has informed the apex court that motherhood, child care, psychological limitations are vital factors, which have a bearing on the employment of women officers in the Army. It is a challenge for women to meet these hazards of service owing to prolonged absence during pregnancy, motherhood and domestic obligations towards their children and families especially when both husband and wife happen to be service officers.</li>
<li><strong>Family Issues:</strong> The Centre also said that the armed forces require sacrifices and commitment beyond the call of duty by the entire family of service personnel involving separation and frequent transfers, affecting the education of children and career prospects of the spouse.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Combat Role:</strong> Combat roles are those that involve engaging and fighting the enemy either in person or by using specialized equipment.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are more than 3,500 women in the military, but front-line combat roles were off-limits to them until 2015 when they were inducted into the fighter stream in <strong>Indian Air Force (IAF). Navy</strong> has women as pilots and observers onboard its maritime reconnaissance aircraft, which is a combat role. However, warships, tanks and combat positions in the<strong> infantry</strong> are still no-go zones for women.</li>
<li>The SC judgment was also silent on women&rsquo;s role in combat roles and held that the engagement of women in the Combat Arms is a policy matter of Government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Commanding Position:</strong> A position held by an officer to head a battalion or substantive command delegated to carry out independent tasks. It is generally done by an officer at the rank of Colonel in the Army.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The army, air force and navy began inducting women as Short Service Commission (SSC) officers in 1992. This was the first time women were allowed to join the military outside the medical stream. Initially, they could serve for five years but in 2006, they were allowed to serve for a maximum of 14 years as SSC officers.</li>
<li>In the duration of 14 years of service, they were unable to get to the rank of a Colonel. Hence, women were indirectly kept away from the commanding role.</li>
<li>After this judgment, women can now be inducted into permanent commissions, therefore, they are now eligible to take the Commanding position in these branches- Signals, Engineers, Army Aviation, Army Air Defence, Electronics and Mechanical Engineers, Army Service Corps, Army Ordnance Corps, and Intelligence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Issues with the Government's Decision</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>No Consultation with Women Officers:</strong> The government took the decision without consulting the women officers in the Army.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Data:</strong> No data or survey has been presented by the government which can substantiate their arguments that male troops will not accept women officers.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Choose:</strong> The government should let the women decide whether she wants to enrol in the commanding role, then it is the matter of the training and the conditioning that can be achieved.</li>
<li><strong>Against the Constitution:</strong> According to the Supreme Court, absolute exclusion of women from command appointments in the Indian Army is against Article 14 and unjustified.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why it is Needed?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Women Empowerment:</strong> Earlier women were not allowed in the Permanent Commission, which had created a glass ceiling. That ceiling has now been shattered with a Supreme Court ruling allowing permanent commission for women.</li>
<li><strong>Equality of Opportunity:</strong> Without giving the command role to women, we can not analyze that they are not competent. It is a denial of an opportunity.</li>
<li><strong>Changes in Nature of War:</strong> With changes in technologies, the nature of conventional war has also changed. Consequently, issues related to Prisoners of Wars has decreased a lot. The doors must be kept open for the women, and if they are suitable on the basis of objective criteria, they should be enrolled.</li>
<li><strong>Stronger Armed Force:</strong> The verdict will ensure that regardless of gender, the potential of the best of India&rsquo;s youth will be utilized in its Armed Forces.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data:</strong> Collection of data on the ground to analyze the sentiments of male troops regarding women's role in commanding position.</li>
<li>While the Commanding position in the combat role is controversial, women should be given a commanding role in the ten streams where they have been working since 1992 and have been provided with the permanent commission.</li>
<li><strong>Similar Training:</strong> Along with the commanding role, women should also be provided with the same level of training which male officers get. A woman should be equally equipped to handle the extraneous psychological and physical process which a male officer goes through.</li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure:</strong> Induction of more women in command force will require updating infrastructure especially in the case of Navy and Army. In naval ship space is limited and currently, Indian Naval Ships are designed to accommodate male personnel only.</li>
</ul>
<p>The decision will encourage more women to think of a career in the military. This may begin a process of correcting the gender imbalance in India&rsquo;s forces. The judgment needs to be complemented by a change in mindsets internally as well as at the societal level, as male officers continue to see women as best suited for adjunct roles and not as equals.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-army-women-in-commanding-role'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Biofuel from Microorganisms',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Researchers at the <strong>International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)</strong> are developing a method to improve the growth rate and <strong>sugar content</strong> of a <strong>marine cyanobacterium</strong> called <strong>Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biofuel</strong></a> production is dependent on the availability of low-cost and sustainable supply of sugars and a nitrogen source. The <strong>sugars typically come from plants.</strong></li>
<li>However, <strong>some bacteria,</strong> such as the cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae), too can perform photosynthesis and <strong>produce sugar</strong> by fixing the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.</li>
<li>The yield of sugars from cyanobacteria could potentially be much higher than that of land-based crops unlike plant-based sugars.</li>
<li>Cyanobacterial biomass provides a nitrogen source in the form of proteins.</li>
<li>Use of marine cyanobacteria has been preffered as freshwater is increasingly getting scarce.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cyanobacteria</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae, are <strong>microscopic organisms found naturally in all types of water.</strong></li>
<li>These <strong>single-celled organisms</strong> live in fresh, brackish (combined salt and freshwater), and marine water.</li>
<li>These organisms use sunlight to <strong>make their own food.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>warm, nutrient-rich</strong> (high in phosphorus and nitrogen) environments, cyanobacteria can multiply quickly.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Biofuels</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Biofuels are the <strong>fuels that can be produced from organic matter,</strong> or biomass, such as corn or sugar, vegetable oils or waste feedstocks.<strong> Example:</strong> Bioethanol, Biodiesel</li>
<li>As biofuels emit less carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) than conventional fuels (eg:- Petrol) they can be blended with existing fuels as an effective way of reducing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in the transport sector.</li>
<li>The use of biofuels have grown over the past decade, driven largely by the introduction of new energy policies in Europe, the USA and Brazil that call for more renewable, lower-carbon fuels for transport. Today <strong>biofuels represent around 3% of road transport fuels in use around the world.</strong></li>
<li>In<strong> India,</strong> the National Policy on Biofuels, released by the Government of India in 2018, envisages production of biofuel from Used Cooking Oil (UCO). Also, the Policy has the objective of reaching 20% ethanol-blending and 5% biodiesel-blending by the year 2030.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582876170_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582876170_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a unique <strong>intergovernmental organisation</strong> initially established as a special project of the <strong>United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNIDO is the specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes industrial development for poverty reduction, inclusive globalization and environmental sustainability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Fully<strong> autonomous since 1994,</strong> it runs 46 state-of-the-art laboratories, in Trieste, Italy (also Headquarters of the Centre), New Delhi, India and Cape Town, South Africa and forms an interactive network with over 65 Member States.</li>
<li>It plays a <strong>key role in Biotechnology worldwide</strong> for excellence in Research, Training and Technology Transfer to industry to contribute in concrete terms to the achievement of sustainable global development and operates within the United Nations System.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604584" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>source : PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/biofuel-from-microorganisms'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'National Science Day 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>National Science Day (NSD) is celebrated every year on 28<sup>th</sup> February to commemorate the discovery of the<strong> &lsquo;Raman Effect&rsquo;.</strong> The first NSD was celebrated on 28<sup>th</sup> February, 1987.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Basic Objective:</strong> To propagate the message of the <strong>importance of science and its application among the people.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Theme:</strong> On this occasion, theme-based science communication activities are carried out all over the country. The theme of NSD 2020: <strong>&lsquo;Women In Science&rsquo;</strong></li>
<li><strong>Nodal Agency to Support Celebration: National Council for Science &amp; Technology Communication (NCSTC)</strong> of Ministry of Science and Technology.</li>
<li><strong>Awards:</strong> On the occasion of the NSD-2020, 5 women scientists received awards under two categories &ndash; <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/serb-women-excellence-award-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SERB Women excellence awards</strong></a> and National Award for Young Woman Showing Excellence through Application of Technology for Societal Benefits.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Women in Science</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Women represent only about<strong> a fifth of senior authors in all published research.</strong></li>
<li>A study, published in the journal PLOS One in 2018, assessed 293,557 research articles from 54 journals and found that only 29.8% of all research authors were women.</li>
<li>Another study by the UK&rsquo;s Intellectual Property Office (IPO) noted that women inventors account for just under <strong>13% of patent applications globally.</strong></li>
<li>In India, out of the 560 awardees of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-1st-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize</strong> </a>for Science and Technology, <strong>only 18 recipients have been women.</strong> The prize is one of the highest multidisciplinary science awards in India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Raman Effect</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Raman Effect is a phenomenon in spectroscopy <strong>discovered by the eminent physicist Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</strong> in 1928.</li>
<li>In 1930, he got a Nobel <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prizes-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prize</strong></a> for this remarkable discovery and this was the <strong>first Nobel Prize for India in the field of Science.</strong></li>
<li>The Raman Effect is a <strong>change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules.</strong> When a beam of light traverses a dust-free, transparent sample of a chemical compound, a small fraction of the light emerges in directions other than that of the incident (incoming) beam. Most of this scattered light is of unchanged wavelength. A small part, however, has wavelengths different from that of the incident light; its presence is a result of the Raman Effect.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199589" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-science-day-2020'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Counting Birds Together',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/counting-birds-together/article30915796.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Counting birds together&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 25/02/2020. It talks about the status of birds in India as highlighted by the State of India&rsquo;s Birds report.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-india-s-bird-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">State of India&rsquo;s Birds 2020</a><strong> (SoIB) report</strong> was released at the global conference (held at Gandhinagar, Gujarat) of the Convention on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cms-com-13" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals</a>. The report held that more bird species have declined in population than the species that have shown population stability. During the last two decades, over half the species assessed have declined.</p>
<p>SoIB has <strong>distinctive features</strong> that define a new approach. The report <strong>taps into citizen science for good data building its repository on the local knowledge understanding of citizens</strong>. This serves as a foundation for further collaborative work.</p>
<p>Besides collaboration, another key value that the report seeks to acknowledge is the importance of making, not just its outputs, but also the entire process open. The report&rsquo;s data and analysis are in the public domain, inviting critique and further refinement. Better public and scientific understanding of biodiversity can grow only from wider and open access not only to data but also from opening the entire process of scientific inquiry to wider peer and public scrutiny and challenge.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Highlights of the Report</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>More than 50% of birds are in clear decline since 2000,</strong> and over the last five years, 79% of birds have registered declining numbers.</li>
<li><strong>More bird species deserve immediate conservation attention</strong> than previously thought.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To the list of 67 globally threatened Indian bird species previously identified by the IUCN (as critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable), the report adds 34 more species.</li>
<li><strong>The number of species of high conservation concern in India is now 101.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Most declining groups include coastal birds, birds of prey (like eagles, kites, vultures and others) and habitat specialists.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the Western Ghats the abundance index of 12 endemic species there has dropped by 75% since 2000. The fortunes of the Nilgiri Pipit, Nilgiri Thrush and several Sholakilis are tied to the survival of the high shola forest-grasslands.</li>
<li>The population of migratory birds coming to India like Hodgson&rsquo;s bush chat (Mongolia), Bar-headed geese (Tibet), Greater Flamingos (Central Asia), has also declined.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance of Birds</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birds occupy many levels of trophic webs,</strong> from mid-level consumers to top predators.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As with other native organisms, birds <strong>help maintain sustainable population levels of their prey and predator species</strong> and, after death, provide food for scavengers and decomposers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many birds are<strong> important in plant reproduction</strong> through their services as pollinators or seed dispersers.</li>
<li>Birds also provide <strong>critical resources for their many host-specific parasites,</strong> including lice that eat only feathers, flies adapted for living on birds, and mites that hitchhike on birds from plant to plant and even between countries.</li>
<li>Some birds are considered <strong>keystone species</strong> as their presence in (or disappearance from) an ecosystem affects other species indirectly.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, woodpeckers create cavities that are then used by many other species.</li>
<li>After the extinction of the dodo, it was discovered that a tree whose fruits had been a primary food item of the dodo was unable to reproduce without its seeds passing through the dodos&rsquo; digestive tracts, which process scarified the seed coat and enabled germination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Culturally, birds have been integral to humans since prehistory. Birds have been used by humans in matters of <strong>faith, food and fashion</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for the Decline in the Bird Population</h3>
<p>Birds are under increasing pressure from human activity, struggling to survive as habitat loss, pesticides, hunting and trapping for the pet trade push them closer to the edge. For example:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>House Sparrow:</strong> Rapidly changing cities, modern infrastructure does not account for space for the <strong>sparrow</strong> to nest. Also a sharp rise in pollution levels, microwave towers has resulted in the rapid decline of the population of the house sparrow.</li>
<li><strong>Vultures:</strong> The major <strong>cause</strong> of mortality of <strong>vultures</strong> was found to be the veterinary non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug <strong>'Diclofenac'</strong>, given to cattle in pain and inflammation.</li>
<li><strong>Hornbill:</strong> Illegal trade, poaching has led to a sharp fall in numbers of hornbill.</li>
<li>Similar is the case for Great Indian Bustard, Coursers and floricans.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Finding birds poses a challenge to ornithologists, as birds exist in a wide variety of habitats like forests, wetlands, farmlands, cities, mountains and even open oceans. Also, hundreds of species migrate into and out at different times of the year.</li>
<li>Thus, policy and conservation must now look at innovative ways to conserve these varied habitats. <strong>India is a party to the Convention for Biological Diversity,</strong> the United Nations-led convention for conserving wildlife.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The convention calls for Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECM). These are tools that don&rsquo;t always find themselves in land records like national parks but comprise informally conserved places.</li>
<li>For a country as diverse and complex as India, OECMs should form a bulwark for conservation. Sacred groves, private land, community areas and institutional campuses can all form OECMs.</li>
<li>There is a need for a renewed appreciation for native habitats like open scrub and thorn forest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>India is the largest landmass before the Indian Ocean and holds 90% of stopover sites for birds that migrate in this region. Once-thriving endemic or migrant bird populations have been decimated over the past quarter-century in India. Since bird diversity is necessary for cultural and ecological reasons. Therefore, proactive measures should be taken to address the dwindling population of birds.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #e0f6ff; border-color: #0374a1;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em><br /><br />Bird diversity is necessary for cultural and ecological reasons. Analyse the statement in light of the recently released State of India&rsquo;s Birds 2020 (SoIB) report.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/counting-birds-together'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Hindustani Music',
		'catname' => 'Paper 1',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hindustani Music is one of the two distinct schools of Indian Classical Music practiced mainly in North India. The other school of Indian Classical Music is <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/carnatic-music" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Carnatic music</strong></a> which is practiced mainly in Southern India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Origin of Hindustani Music</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While the historical roots of both the music types belong to the <strong>Bharata&rsquo;s Natyasastra,</strong> they diverged in the 14<sup>th</sup> century. The Hindustani branch of music focuses more on the musical structure and the <strong>possibilities of improvisation in it.</strong> The Hindustani branch adopted a scale of <strong>Shudha Swara Saptaka or the &lsquo;Octave of Natural notes&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The Hindustani music <strong>has elements of ancient Hindu tradition, Vedic philosophy and Persian tradition</strong> as well. It has been influenced by various elements such as Arab, Persian and Afghan elements which have added a new dimension to Hindustani music.</li>
<li>In ancient times, it has been passed from one to another through the <strong>Guru-Shishya Parampara.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Musical instruments used in Hindustani are Tabla, Sarangi, Sitar, Santoor, Flute and violin.</strong></li>
<li>It is based on the Raga system. The Raga is a melodic scale comprising of basic seven notes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hindustani Music is vocal-centric. The major vocal forms associated with Hindustani classical music are the khayal, Ghazal, dhrupad, dhammar, Tarana and thumri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Most of the Hindustani musicians trace their descent to Tansen.</li>
<li>There are<strong> ten main styles of singing in Hindustani music</strong> like the Dhrupad, Khayal, Tappa, Chaturanga, Tarana, Sargam, Thumri and Ragasagar, Hori and Dhamar.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Styles of Hindustani Music</h3>
<p><strong>Dhrupad</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One of the oldest and grandest forms of Hindustani classical music. Finds mention even in Natyashastra (200 BC&ndash;200 AD).</li>
<li>Reached its zenith in the court of emperor Akbar. He employed and patronised musical masters like Baba Gopal Das, Swami Haridas and Tansen, who was considered to be one of the Navaratna or nine gems of the Mughal court.</li>
<li>A poetic form incorporated into an extended presentation style marked by precise &amp; orderly elaboration of a raga.</li>
<li>The exposition preceding the composed verses is called alap and is usually the longest portion of the performance.</li>
<li>Dhrupad became a major form of singing in the medieval period but fell in a state of decline in the 18<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>Dhrupad singing can be further divided into four forms on the basis of vanis or banis:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Dagari Gharana:</strong> The Dagar family sings in the Dagar Vani. This style puts great emphasis on alap.</li>
<li><strong>Darbhanga Gharana</strong>: They sing the Khandar Vani and Gauhar Vani. They emphasise on the raga alap as well as composed songs over an improvised alap.</li>
<li><strong>Bettiah Gharana:</strong> They perform the Nauhar and Khandar vani styles with some unique techniques that only those trained within the families know.</li>
<li><strong>Talwandi Gharana:</strong> They sing the Khandar vani but as the family is based in Pakistan it has become difficult to keep that within the system of Indian music.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Khayal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Word &lsquo;Khayal&rsquo; is derived from Persian and means &ldquo;idea or imagination&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Origin of this style was attributed to Amir Khusrau.</li>
<li>Is popular amongst the artists as this provides greater scope for improvisation.</li>
<li>Based on the repertoire of short songs ranging from two to eight lines. Is also referred to as a &lsquo;Bandish&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Khayal is also composed in a particular raga and tala and has a brief text.</li>
<li>Texts mainly include Praise of kings, Description of seasons, Pranks of Lord Krishna, Divine love &amp; Sorrow of separation</li>
<li><strong>Major gharanas in khayal:</strong> Gwalior, Kirana, Patiala, Agra, and Bhendibazaar Gharana</li>
<li>Gwalior Gharana is the oldest and is also considered the mother of all other gharanas.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tarana Style</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this style the rhythm plays a very crucial role. The structure consists of melody.</li>
<li>It uses many words that are sung at a fast tempo.</li>
<li>It focuses on producing rhythmic matters and hence, the singers need specialised training and skills in rhythmic manipulation.</li>
<li>Currently, the Worlds Fastest Tarana Singer is Pandit Rattan Mohan Sharma of the Mewati Gharana.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Thumri</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Originated in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, mainly in Lucknow &amp; Benares, around 18th century.</li>
<li>A romantic &amp; erotic style of singing; also called &ldquo;the lyric of Indian classical music&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Compositions are mostly on love, separation and devotion.</li>
<li><strong>Distinct feature:</strong> Erotic subject matter portrayed picturesquely from the various episodes of the lives of Lord Krishna &amp; Radha.</li>
<li>Lyrics are typically in Brij Bhasha and are usually romantic &amp; religious.</li>
<li>A Thumri is usually performed as the last item of a Khayal concert.</li>
<li><strong>Three main gharanas of thumri &mdash;</strong> Benaras, Lucknow and Patiala.</li>
<li>Begum Akhtar is one of the most popular singers of thumri style.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tappa</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this style the rhythm plays a very important role as the compositions are based on fast, subtle and knotty constructions.</li>
<li>Developed in the late 18<sup>th</sup> Century AD <strong>from the folk songs of camel riders of North-West India.</strong></li>
<li>Great use of very quick turn of phrases.</li>
<li><strong>Some of the expounders of this style:</strong> Mian Sodi, Pandit Laxman Rao of Gwalior and Shanno Khurana.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ghazal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A poetic expression of both the pain of loss or separation and the beauty of love in spite of that pain.</li>
<li>Originated in Iran in the 10<sup>th</sup> century AD.</li>
<li>A Ghazal never exceeds the 12 ashaar or couplets.</li>
<li>Spread in South Asia in the 12<sup>th</sup> century due to the influence of Sufi mystics and the courts of the new Islamic Sultanate. Reached its zenith in the Mughal period.</li>
<li><strong>Amir Khusrau</strong> was one of the first expounders of the art of making Ghazal.</li>
<li><strong>Some of the famous persons associated with Ghazals:</strong> Muhammad Iqbal, Mirza Ghalib, Rumi (13<sup>th</sup> century), Hafez (14<sup>th</sup> century), Kazi Nazrul Islam, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Hindustani Music Gharanas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A Gharana is a system of social organisation linking musicians or dancers by lineage or apprenticeship, and by adherence to a particular musical style.</li>
<li>Function in guru-shishya parampara, i.e. disciples learning under a particular guru, transmitting his musical knowledge and style.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #ff0505; border-color: #ff0000; width: 100px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Gharana</strong></span></td>
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #ff0505; border-color: #ff0000; width: 100px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Place</strong></span></td>
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #ff0505; border-color: #ff0000; width: 100px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Founder</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Gwalior</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Gwalior</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Nanthan Khan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Agra</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Agra</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Hajisujan Khan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Rangeela</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Agra</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Faiyyaz Khan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Jaipur Atrauli</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Jaipur</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Alladiya Khan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Kirana</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Awadh</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Abdul Wahid Khan</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Hindustani vs. Carnatic Style</h3>
<p><strong>Similarities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although there are stylistic differences, the basic elements of swara, raga and tala as the foundation of both Carnatic and Hindustani are same.</li>
<li>Hindustani music originated in the Vedic period, while Carnatic music originated during the Bhakti movement. Thus, both have a deep association with religion.</li>
<li>Carnatic is one of two main sub-genres of India classical music that evolved from ancient Hindu traditions, the other sub-genre being Hindustani music, which emerged as a distinct form due to Persian and Islamic influences in North India.</li>
<li>Both the music evolved with Sanskrit language scripts in itself and through Vedic traditions.</li>
<li>The central notions in both these systems are that of a melodic mode or raga, sung to a rhythmic cycle or tala.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Differences</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Origin of Hindustani music is earlier than Carnatic music. It synthesizes with Vedic chants, Islamic traditions and Persian Musiqu-e-Assil style. Carnatic is comparatively pure and was developed in the 15<sup>th</sup> 16<sup>th</sup> century during the Bhakti movement and also got a boost in the 19<sup>th</sup> -20<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>The main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music and most compositions are to be sung, involving gayaki style. In Hindustani music vocal- centric group is required. Many instruments are designed to accompany the singer.</li>
<li>The major vocal forms of Hindustani music are Dhrupad, khayal, Tarana, Thumri, Dadra and Gazals. While Carnatic music embraces several varieties of improvisation consist of Alpana, Niraval, kalpanaswaram and Ragam Thana pallavi.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/hindustani-music-1'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'International Conference on Standardisation of AYUSH Terminologies',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Two day International Conference on Standardisation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-indian-system-of-medicine-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AYUSH</strong></a> Terminologies <strong>(ICoSDiTAUS-2020)</strong> was held in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It adopted the <strong>&lsquo;New Delhi Declaration</strong> on Collection and Classification of Traditional Medicine (TM) Diagnostic Data&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>AYUSH</strong> is an abbreviation of <strong>Ayurveda, Yoga &amp; Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ICoSDiTAUS-2020 is the <strong>biggest</strong> ever <strong>international event dedicated to standardisation of Diagnosis and Terminologies of Traditional Medicine</strong> in terms of the broad level of participation covering virtually<strong> all the continents.</strong></li>
<li><strong>16 countries</strong> which came together for the cause of Traditional Medicine at this conference are Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Serbia, Curacao, Cuba, Myanmar, Equatorial Guinea, Qatar, Ghana, Bhutan, Uzbekistan, India, Switzerland, Iran, Jamaica and Japan.</li>
<li><strong>Issues Discussed</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Challenges in counting and classification of TM.</li>
<li>Potential of strategic use of data and evidence to advance TM systems into public health.</li>
<li>Adapting <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization&rsquo;s (WHO)</strong></a> <strong>International Classification of Diseases (ICD)</strong> to TM Systems and their implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Classification of Diseases</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ICD provides<strong> a method of classifying diseases, injuries, and causes of death.</strong></li>
<li>The World Health Organization (WHO) has published the ICDs to standardize the methods of recording and tracking instances of diagnosed disease all over the world, making it possible to conduct research on diseases, their causes, and their treatments.</li>
<li>The ICD is currently in its 10<sup>th</sup> revision <strong>(ICD-10).</strong> However, the WHO also publishes annual minor updates and triennial major updates.</li>
<li>The <strong>11<sup>th</sup> revision</strong> of the ICD <strong>(ICD-11)</strong> was accepted by WHO's World Health Assembly (WHA) on 25 May 2019 and will come into <strong>effect on 1 January 2022.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This new version is <strong>fully electronic, allows more details to be recorded and is significantly easier to use and to implement,</strong> which will lead to fewer mistakes and lower costs, and make it more accessible, particularly for low-resource settings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>More than 100 countries use the system to report mortality data, a primary indicator of health status.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199587" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-conference-on-standardisation-of-ayush-terminologies'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Henneguya Salminicola',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scientists have discovered an animal <strong>Henneguya Salminicola</strong> which <strong>does not need oxygen</strong> to produce the energy needed for its survival.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582797436_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582797436_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>It is a <strong>tiny, less than 10-celled parasite</strong> which <strong>lives in the muscles of salmon fish.</strong></li>
<li>It does not not have a <strong>mitochondrial genome.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mitochondria is the <strong>&ldquo;powerhouse&rdquo;</strong> of the cell, which captures oxygen to make energy.</li>
<li>Its absence indicates that the parasite does not breathe oxygen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a<strong> relative of jellyfish and corals</strong> and as it evolved, it gave up breathing and consuming oxygen or <strong>became anaerobic</strong> to produce energy.</li>
<li>However, it is <strong>not yet clear how the parasite generates energy.</strong> It may be drawing it from the surrounding fish cells or it may have a different type of respiration such as oxygen-free breathing, which typically characterises <strong>anaerobic non-animal organisms</strong> like <strong>fungi, amoebas or ciliate lineages.</strong></li>
<li>The discovery bears enormous <strong>significance for evolutionary research.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aerobic respiration</strong> was thought to be prevalent in animals but now it is confirmed that animals can survive with anaerobic respiration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-henneguya-salminicola-6289506/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/henneguya-salminicola'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'UKIERI- UGC Higher Education Leadership Development Programme',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Human Resource Development <strong>(MHRD)</strong> has <strong>launched</strong> &lsquo;Higher Education Leadership Development Programme for Administrators&rsquo; in New Delhi.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The programme is a <strong>joint initiative</strong> of <strong>University Grants Commission (UGC) and the British Council</strong> under the auspices of UK India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI).</li>
<li><strong>Objective: To train the senior and middle level academic administrators</strong> to enable them to bring about<strong> systemic changes</strong> with renewed approaches, capacity, tools and skill in Universities in India.</li>
<li>The programme is a step towards institutional development in line with Governments&rsquo; commitment<strong> to improve the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-higher-education-quality-mandate" target="_blank" rel="noopener">quality of education</a> being imparted in Universities.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UK-India Education and Research Initiative</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UK-India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI) was started in April, 2006 with the aim of enhancing educational linkages between India and the UK.</li>
<li>UKIERI has been recognized as a key <strong>multi stakeholder programme</strong> that has <strong>strengthened the research, leadership, education and now skill sector relations</strong> between the two countries.</li>
<li><strong>UKIERI Phase 3 (2016-2021)</strong> aims to promote <strong>institutional and individual excellence in educational practices, research, and employability.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>University Grants Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It came into existence on 28<sup>th</sup> December, <strong>1953</strong> and became a <strong>statutory</strong> body by an <strong>Act of Parliament in 1956,</strong> for the <strong>coordination, determination and maintenance of standards</strong> of teaching, examination and research in university education.</li>
<li>The head office of the UGC is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199573" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ukieri-ugc-higher-education-leadership-development-programme'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'National Technical Textiles Mission',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-nutrient-based-subsidy-rates" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs</strong></a> <strong>(CCEA)</strong> has approved the setting up of a <strong>National Technical Textiles Mission</strong> at a total outlay of ₹1,480 crores.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to position the country as a <strong>global leader in technical textiles</strong> and <strong>increase the use</strong> of technical textiles<strong> in the domestic market.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Mission will aim at taking <strong>domestic market size to $40 billion to $50 billion by 2024.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>Mission Directorate</strong> will be operational in the <strong>Ministry of Textiles.</strong></li>
<li>It will be implemented for <strong>four years starting from 2020-2021</strong> and will have<strong> four components-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>First component:</strong> It will focus on<strong> research, development and innovation</strong> with an outlay of ₹1,000 crores.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> research</strong> will be at both<strong> fibre level and application-based</strong> in geo, agro, medical, sports and mobile textiles and development of bio-degradable technical textiles.</li>
<li>Research activities will also focus on the <strong>development of indigenous machinery and process equipment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Second component:</strong> It will be for the <strong>promotion and development of the market</strong> for technical textiles.</li>
<li><strong>Third component:</strong> It will focus on<strong> export promotion</strong> so that technical textile exports from the country reach from the ₹14,000 crores to ₹20,000 crores by 2021-2022 and <strong>ensure 10% average growth every year</strong> till the Mission ends.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An <strong>export promotion</strong> council for technical textiles will be set up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fourth component:</strong> It will focus on <strong>education, training and skill development.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Mission will <strong>promote technical education at higher engineering</strong> and technology levels related to technical textiles and its application areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data on the Indian Technical Textiles Segment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is estimated at $16 billion which is approximately 6% of the $250 billion global technical textiles market.</li>
<li>The penetration level of technical textiles in India varies between 5% and 10% against the level of 30% to 70% in developed countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Technical Textiles</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Technical textiles are <strong>functional fabrics</strong> that have applications across various industries including automobiles, civil engineering and construction, agriculture, healthcare, industrial safety, personal protection etc.</li>
<li>Based on usage, there are <strong>12 technical textile segments</strong>; Agrotech, Meditech, Buildtech, Mobiltech, Clothtech, Oekotech, Geotech, Packtech, Hometech, Protech, Indutech and Sportech.</li>
<li><strong>For example</strong>, &lsquo;mobiltech&rsquo; refers to products in vehicles such as seat belts and airbags, airplane seats; geotech, which is incidentally the fastest growing sub-segment, used to hold back soil, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/cabinet-gives-clearance-fortechnical-textiles-mission/article30925160.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technical-textiles-mission'
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