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Mhadei River

Why in News Goa and Karnataka have had long disputes over water sharing issues of the Mhadei river. Mahadayi or Mhadei, the west-flowing river,...

18 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Jayakwadi Dam

Why in News Recently, several instruments like seismometer, piezometer, slope meter stopped functioning properly at the Jayakwadi dam. The...

18 Nov 2019 News Analysis
National Agrochemicals Congress

The first-ever National Agrochemicals Congress was held at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi from 13th - 16th November...

18 Nov 2019 News Analysis
250th Session of Rajya Sabha

Why in News The Rajya Sabha secretariat has released the first-ever analysis of its legislative work, “Rajya Sabha: The Journey since...

18 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Sangam Age

For...

18 Nov 2019 Paper 1
Willingdon Island

Willingdon Island is a seaport located in the city of Kochi, Kerala. It is the largest man-made/artificial island of India and is surrounded by...

18 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Persecution of Uighurs

Why in News According to leaked Chinese government documents, there was a clampdown on Uighurs and other Muslims in the country’s western...

18 Nov 2019 News Analysis
SAANS Campaign

Why in News The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has launched a campaign in Gujarat named Social Awareness and Action to Neutralise Pneumonia...

18 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Supreme Court on Religious Practices

This article is based on “Fraught course”, “Explained: The three cases SC wants clubbed with Sabarimala review”,...

16 Nov 2019 News Editorials
Essar Insolvency Case

Why in News The Supreme Court has recently given its judgement in the Essar Insolvency case. The Judgement has paved the way for ArcelorMittal and...

16 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Cold War

Recently, 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall (which was brought down on 9/11/1989) was celebrated which had marked a pivotal event in...

16 Nov 2019 Paper 1
OPEC +

Why in News According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC+) plus might face sharp...

16 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Contempt of Court

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court of India has held former Ranbaxy promoters guilty of contempt for violating its order. The expression...

16 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Child Abuse Prevention and Investigation Unit

Why in News The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has set up an Online Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation (OCSAE) Prevention/Investigation Unit...

16 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Chief Justice of India under the Ambit of the RTI Act

This article is based on “Open, all the same: On CJI office and RTI Act” which was published in The Hindu on 15/11/2019. It talks about...

15 Nov 2019 News Editorials
Brahmaputra Pushkaram Festival

The Assam government is celebrating Brahmaputra Pushkaram- a 12-day mega river festival from November 5 to November 16 this year. Earlier, the...

15 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Index of Industrial Production (IIP)

Why in News The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) for the month of September 2019 has contracted by 4.3 % as compared to the month of September...

15 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve

Why in News According to the fourth cycle of the All India Tiger Estimation (AITE), there has been an increase in the number of tigers in Andhra...

15 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Geochemical Baseline Atlas

Why in News Recently, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) has released the first ‘Geochemical Baseline Atlas of India’...

15 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Olive Ridley Turtles

Why in News The Odisha government would compensate 8,000 fishermen families who would bear losses due to the fishing ban imposed for the protection...

15 Nov 2019 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Mhadei River',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574065952_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574065952_image4.png" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<p><strong>Goa and Karnataka</strong> have had long disputes over <strong>water sharing issues of the Mhadei river</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mahadayi or Mhadei, the <strong>west-flowing river, originates in Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary (Western Ghats)</strong>, Belagavi district of <strong>Karnataka</strong>.</li>
<li>It is essentially a <strong>rain-fed river</strong> also called <strong>Mandovi </strong>in Goa.</li>
<li>It is joined by a number of streams to form the Mandovi which is one of two major rivers (the other one is Zuari river) that flows through Goa.</li>
<li>The river travels 35 km in Karnataka; 82 km in Goa before joining the Arabian Sea.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kalasa-Banduri Nala Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>undertaken by the Government of Karnataka</strong> to improve drinking water supply to the three districts of Belagavi, Dharwad, and Gadag.</li>
<li>It involves building across <strong>Kalasa and Banduri, two tributaries of the Mahadayi river</strong> to divert water to the Malaprabha river.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Malaprabha river</strong> supplies the drinking water to Dharwad, Belgaum, and Gadag districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Kalasa-Banduri project was planned in <strong>1989</strong>; <strong>Goa</strong> raised an <strong>objection</strong> to it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal</strong> was set up in <strong>2010</strong>. <strong>Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra</strong> are parties to the tribunal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-another-election-another-churn-why-the-mhadeis-waters-are-muddy-again-6124575/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mhadei-river'
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Jayakwadi Dam',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, several instruments like seismometer, piezometer, slope meter stopped functioning properly at the Jayakwadi dam. The seismometer was installed at the Jayakwadi dam after the devastating earthquake in Latur district, Maharashtra in 1993.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Jayakwadi Dam is located on the <strong>Godavari river</strong> in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra.&nbsp;<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574069286_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574069286_image3.png" width="396" height="274" style="float: right;" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The dam aims to address the dual problems of <strong>flooding</strong> along the banks during monsoon months, and that of <strong>drought</strong> during the rest of the year, particularly in the Marathwada region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>seismometer</strong> is an instrument used to <strong>measure and record seismic waves</strong>. Seismic waves study helps geologists to map the interior of the Earth, and measure and locate earthquakes and other ground motions like volcanic eruptions, explosions, etc. precisely.</li>
<li>A <strong>piezometer</strong> is an instrument used for <strong>measuring the pressure of a liquid or gas</strong> or things related to pressure (such as the compressibility of liquid). It measures the strain of a liquid or fuel. They are often placed in boreholes to monitor the pressure or depth of groundwater.</li>
<li>A <strong>slope meter</strong> is used to measure the angles of slope, elevation or despair of an object.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/seismometer-other-key-devices-at-jayakwadi-dam-go-out-of-order/article30004236.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jayakwadi-dam'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'National Agrochemicals Congress',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The first-ever <strong>National Agrochemicals Congress</strong> was held at the <strong>Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi</strong> from 13<sup>th</sup> - 16<sup>th</sup> November 2019. It <strong>will be conducted every three years</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> of the Congress <strong>is &lsquo; Country's Status on Various Fronts of Agrochemicals&rsquo;</strong>.</li>
<li>Agrochemicals imply chemicals used in agriculture, such as a pesticide or fertilizer.</li>
<li>The Congress was conducted in view of <strong>the role chemical pesticides still continue to play</strong> in pest management as more and more target-specific and environment-friendly products are being introduced.</li>
<li>It was conducted by the <strong>Society of Pesticide Science India,</strong> headquartered at Division of Agricultural Chemicals,IARI , New Delhi.</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Labelling of pesticide indicating the mode of action,</li>
<li>To rethink on restrictive banning of pesticides in view of risk-based considerations,</li>
<li>Policy regarding data protection of imported technical pesticides and</li>
<li>Policy for the introduction of safe nano-formulations and empowerment of farmers through training and extension.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Agricultural Research Institute</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IARI is the leading institution for agricultural research, education and extension in the country.</li>
<li>It comes <strong>under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)</strong>, an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Council is the apex body for coordinating, guiding and managing research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences in the entire country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1591846" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: PIB</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-agrochemicals-congress'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => '250th Session of Rajya Sabha',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Rajya Sabha secretariat</strong> has released the <strong>first-ever analysis</strong> of its legislative work, <strong>&ldquo;Rajya Sabha: The Journey since 1952&rdquo;</strong> on the occasion of the <strong>250<sup>th</sup> session of Rajya Sabha</strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Rajya Sabha has <strong>passed 3,817 Bills</strong> till the end of its 249th session (Monsoon Session, 2019).</li>
<li>The recent monsoon session of Rajya Sabha(2019) has been reported as <strong>the most productive session (103%)</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Productivity signifies the number of hours the House actually functioned compared to the number of hours officially earmarked for it to work.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>representation of women in Rajya Sabha increased</strong> from 15 (6.94%) in 1952 to 31 (12.76%) in 2014 but decreased to 26 (10.83%) in 2019.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574064781_Infograph.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574064781_Infograph.png" width="504" height="675" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Some Unique Events Related to Rajya Sabha</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Casting vote by Chairman:</strong> The <strong>first and the only time</strong> when a Presiding Officer of Rajya Sabha cast his vote was for the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Ordinance, 1991.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Chairman <strong>cannot vote in the first instance</strong>; he can only exercise a casting vote in the case of a tie.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-s-rule-in-maharashtra" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>President Rule</strong></a> <strong>approved only by Rajya Sabha:</strong> It has happened only twice for extension of President Rule in Tamil Nadu (1977) and in Haryana (1991 ) when Lok Sabha was dissolved.</li>
<li><strong>Bills passed at the joint sittings of both the Houses of Parliament:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The joint sitting has passed only three bills, namely</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Dowry Prohibition Bill, 1959 passed at a joint sitting in 1961.</li>
<li>The Banking Service Commission (Repeal) Bill,1978 passed at a joint sitting in 2018.</li>
<li>The Prevention of Terrorism Bill, 2002 passed at a joint sitting in 2002.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Joint sitting is <strong>extraordinary machinery</strong> provided by the Constitution to <strong>resolve</strong> <strong>a deadlock</strong> between the two Houses over the passage of a bill.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rajya Sabha</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>maximum strength</strong> of the Rajya Sabha is <strong>fixed at 250</strong>, out of which, 238 are to be the representatives of the states and union territories (elected indirectly) and <strong>12 are nominated by the president</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The representatives of states are <strong>elected by the elected members of state legislative assemblies</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>representatives of each union territory</strong> are indirectly elected by members of an electoral college specially constituted for the purpose</li>
<li>The seats are allotted to the states in the Rajya Sabha on the <strong>basis of the population</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Rajya Sabha <strong>(first constituted in 1952)</strong> is a <strong>permanent body</strong> and not <strong>subject to dissolution</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, <strong>one-third of its members retire every second year</strong>.</li>
<li>The retiring members are eligible for re-election and renomination any number of times.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Constitution has <strong>not fixed the term of office</strong> of members of the Rajya Sabha and left it to the Parliament.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Accordingly, the <strong>Parliament</strong> in the <strong>Representation of the People Act (1951)</strong> provided that the term of office of a member of the Rajya Sabha shall be <strong>six years</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Powers</strong> of Rajya Sabha include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can authorize the Parliament to make a <strong>law on a subject enumerated in the State List (Article 249)</strong>.</li>
<li>It can authorize the Parliament to <strong>create new All-India Services</strong> common to both the Centre and states <strong>(Article 312)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1591877" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: PIB</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/250th-session-of-rajya-sabha'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Sangam Age',
			'catname' => 'Paper 1',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574409421_Sangam%20Age (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574409421_Sangam Age (Mind Map).png" width="415" height="1618" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/sangam-age-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper1/sangam-age-2'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Willingdon Island',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Willingdon Island is a seaport located in the city of Kochi, Kerala.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>largest man-made/artificial island</strong> of India and is surrounded by backwaters (a part of a river in which there is little or no current).</li>
<li>It was carved out of <strong>Vembanad Lake</strong> and is connected via road and rail. The island is connected to the mainland by the <strong>Venduruthy Bridge</strong>.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>major commercial centre</strong> and is home to the <strong>Kochi Naval Base</strong> of the Indian Navy, the <strong>Central Institute of Fisheries Technology </strong>and the <strong>Port of Kochi</strong>.</li>
<li>It was named after the <strong>Viceroy Lord Willingdon and was created artificially in 1936</strong> during his rule to improve the trade relations of British India with the rest of the world.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lord Willingdon</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He served as 22<sup>nd</sup> Viceroy and Governor-General of India from 1931 to 1936.</li>
<li>Important events of this period include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Second (1931) and Third (1932) Round Table Conferences</li>
<li>Relaunching of Civil Disobedience Movement</li>
<li>Communal Award by Ramsay MacDonald (1932)</li>
<li>Poona Pact (1932)</li>
<li>Government of India Act 1935</li>
<li>Separation of Burma from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/willingdon-island'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Persecution of Uighurs',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to leaked Chinese government documents, there was a clampdown on Uighurs and other Muslims in the country&rsquo;s western <strong>Xinjiang region</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the United Nations experts and activists, at least 1 million <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unsc-on-persecution-of-minorities" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Uighurs and members of other largely Muslim minority groups</a> have been detained in camps in Xinjiang in a crackdown.</li>
<li>The documents reveal that the Chinese leadership&rsquo;s fears were heightened by terrorist attacks in other countries and the U.S. drawdown of troops from Afghanistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Uighur is a predominantly <strong>Turkic-speaking ethnic group</strong>.</li>
<li>They are primarily confined in <strong>China&rsquo;s northwestern region of Xinjiang</strong> and is one of the largest <strong>Muslim group</strong> in that region.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574069201_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574069201_image2.png" width="447" height="251" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/leaked-chinese-government-documents-show-details-of-xinjiang-clampdown-says-news-report/article29997947.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/persecution-of-uighurs'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'SAANS Campaign',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has launched a campaign in Gujarat named <strong>Social Awareness and Action to Neutralise Pneumonia Successfully (SAANS)</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The aim is <strong>to reduce child mortality due to pneumonia,</strong> which contributes to around 15% of deaths of children under the age of five annually.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Features</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To mobilise people to protect children from pneumonia, and train health personnel and other stakeholders to provide prioritised treatment to control the disease.</li>
<li>A child suffering from pneumonia will be treated with a <strong>pre-referral dose of antibiotic amoxicillin</strong> by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)</a> workers.</li>
<li><strong>Pulse Oximeter</strong> (device to monitor oxygen saturation) will be used at the Health and Wellness Centre for identification of low oxygen levels in the blood of child and if required, the child can be treated by the use of oxygen cylinders.</li>
<li>A <strong>mass awareness campaign</strong> will be launched about the <strong>effective solutions for pneumonia prevention</strong> like breastfeeding, age-appropriate complementary feeding and immunization etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pneumonia</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pneumonia is an <strong>infection that inflames the air sacs (alveoli) in one or both lungs</strong>. The air sacs may fill up with fluid or pus, causing symptoms such as a cough, fever, chills and trouble breathing.</li>
<li><strong>Agents:</strong> Many germs can cause pneumonia. The most common are bacteria and viruses in the air that humans breathe.</li>
<li>It is <strong>preventable through vaccination</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Vulnerable Population:</strong> Infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with weak immune systems.</li>
<li><strong>The prevalence rate among Infants in India:</strong> Under-five mortality rate in the country is 37 per 1000 live births, of which 5.3 deaths are caused due to pneumonia.</li>
<li><strong>Step Taken by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government aims to achieve a <strong>target</strong> of <strong>reducing pneumonia deaths</strong> among children to <strong>less than three per 1,000 live births by 2025</strong>.</li>
<li>In 2014, India launched <strong>&lsquo;Integrated Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (IAPPD)&rsquo;&nbsp;</strong>to undertake collaborative efforts towards prevention of diarrhoea and Pneumonia related under-five deaths.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/saans-aims-to-reduce-child-mortality/article29997376.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saans-campaign'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Supreme Court on Religious Practices',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/fraught-course-sabarimala-verdict-supreme-court-6122011/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Fraught course&rdquo;</strong></a>, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-three-cases-sc-wants-clubbed-with-sabarimala-review-women-entry-temple-religious-places-cji-ranjan-gogoi-6121578/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Explained: The three cases SC wants clubbed with Sabarimala review</strong></a>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-supreme-courts-sabarimala-order-and-the-essentiality-test-in-religious-practice-6119369/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sabarimala order: What is the &lsquo;essentiality&rsquo; test in religious practice?</strong></a>&rdquo;, which were published in The Indian Express on 16/11/2019. It talks about Indian judiciary&rsquo;s intervention in religious matters, mainly concerning women and their rights.</p>
</div>
<p>The <strong>Supreme Court&rsquo;s five-judge constitution bench</strong> has decided to <strong>refer the Sabarimala temple case,</strong> clubbed with other 3 pending cases broadly related to the rights of women in the sphere of religion, to a <strong>larger 7-judge Bench.</strong> This leads the apex court into potentially dangerous and conflicting territories.</p>
<p>The new bench has been tasked with finding the balance between the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/regulating-right-to-freedom-of-religion" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Freedom of Religion</strong></a> and <strong>other constitutionally-guaranteed rights,</strong> especially the <strong>Right to Equality (Article 14:</strong> The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India), defining <strong>&ldquo;essential religious practice&rdquo;</strong> and<strong> &ldquo;constitutional morality&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Context</h3>
<p><strong>Entry of women into the Sabarimala temple</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On 28<sup>th</sup> September <strong>2018, SC lifted the ban</strong> that prevented women and girls between the age of 10 and 50 (mainly menstruating women) from <strong>entering the famous Ayyappa shrine</strong> in Kerala by a majority verdict of 4:1.</li>
<li>It held that the centuries-old Hindu religious practice was <strong>illegal and unconstitutional (Article 14 and 25).</strong></li>
<li>Temple custodians argue that women of menstrual age are prohibited from offering prayers as the deity there, Ayyappa, is a celibate.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Muslim women&rsquo;s entry into mosques</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In April <strong>2019,</strong> the SC was moved to seek directions <strong>for allowing Muslim women to enter mosques through the main door,</strong> and to have the &ldquo;Islamic right to visual and auditory access to the <strong>&lsquo;musalla&rsquo;</strong> (main prayer area)&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The petition said that &ldquo;this <strong>act of prohibition is void and unconstitutional</strong> as such practices are not only repugnant to the basic dignity of a woman as an individual but also violative of the fundamental rights guaranteed under <strong>Articles 14, 15, 21 and 25</strong> of the Constitution&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The matter was last heard on November 5, 2019, by a Bench comprising CJI-designate Justice S A Bobde and Justices S Abdul Nazeer and Krishna Murari.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Female genital mutilation among Dawoodi Bohras</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On September 24, <strong>2018,</strong> a Bench of SC referred the matter in <strong>&lsquo;Sunita Tiwari vs Union of India and Ors&rsquo;</strong> to a larger Bench of the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>The petition, filed under <strong>Article 32</strong> of the Constitution, had questioned the constitutionality of the practice of <strong>Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)</strong> or<strong> &lsquo;khatna&rsquo;,</strong> or <strong>Female Circumcision (FC)</strong> or <strong>&lsquo;khafd&rsquo;,</strong> which the petitioner said was carried out on every girl child in the Dawoodi Bohra community.</li>
<li>The petition relied on the <strong>UN Convention on the Rights of the Child</strong> and the <strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</strong> and urged that the practice is violative of <strong>Article 21 (right to life and personal liberty).</strong></li>
<li>The Bench submitted that the matter should be referred to a larger Bench, which the SC accepted.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Entry of Parsi women married to non-Parsis in the Agyari</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Special Leave Petition</strong> in<strong> &lsquo;Goolrukh Gupta vs Burjur Pardiwala&rsquo;</strong> arose out of a judgment passed by the Gujarat High Court in <strong>2012.</strong></li>
<li>The petitioner, Goolrukh Contractor Gupta, moved the High Court in 2010 after her friend who too, like her, was a Parsi married to a Hindu, was <strong>denied entry to the Tower of Silence</strong> during her mother&rsquo;s last rites some years before.</li>
<li>In the court, Goolrukh Gupta&rsquo;s counsel, argued that the question was, &ldquo;in the case of marriage between a Hindu and Parsi, does it result in automatic conversion of religion?&rdquo; The matter hence <strong>raised issues of gender justice.</strong></li>
<li>In<strong> December 2017,</strong> a <strong>Constitution Bench observed</strong> that &ldquo;DNA does not evaporate&rdquo; after marrying outside one&rsquo;s religion&rdquo;, and that <strong>by marrying outside her religion, a woman does not &ldquo;surrender her affection to her father&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Doctrine of Essentiality</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The doctrine of &ldquo;essentiality&rdquo; was invented by a seven-judge Bench of the Supreme Court in the <strong>&lsquo;Shirur Mutt&rsquo; case in 1954.</strong> The court held that the term &ldquo;religion&rdquo; will cover all rituals and practices &ldquo;integral&rdquo; to a religion, and took upon itself the responsibility of determining the essential and non-essential practices of a religion.</li>
<li>Essential religious practice test is a contentious doctrine evolved by the court to protect only such religious practices which were essential and integral to the religion.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Constitutional Morality</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Constitutional morality provides a principled understanding for unfolding the work of governance. It specifies norms for institutions to survive and an expectation of behaviour that will meet not just the text but the soul of the Constitution. It also makes the governing institutions and representatives accountable.</li>
<li>Constitutional morality has been used to emancipatory effect in past cases by the apex court. One of the examples is <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-section-377-judgement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>decriminalising homosexuality.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Review parameters usually permit a narrow reconsideration in case of an error in the verdict or discovery of new evidence but <strong>passing on to larger bench could open up new questions,</strong> instead of settling the old ones.</li>
<li>There are concerns within the court itself about <strong>clubbing these four issues</strong> together because this will lead to a situation where not everyone is equally content and a uniform verdict <strong>can give rise to religious conflicts.</strong></li>
<li>The inability to solve issues like this and passing on to the larger benches <strong>narrows down the scope for justice</strong> and for courts as well.</li>
<li>In setting itself the task of<strong> defining this constitutional morality,</strong> the court will now have to go into the question of its limits and boundaries, of its possible clash with religious beliefs and faith.</li>
<li>The <strong>essentiality test impinges on the autonomy and freedom of religion</strong> which was meant to guarantee freedom to practice one&rsquo;s beliefs based on the concept of &ldquo;inward association&rdquo; of man with God.</li>
<li>The Court is <strong>creating problems for itself</strong> as well as <strong>circumscribing individual freedoms and treading into the clergy&rsquo;s domain.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Each of these issues must be considered on their own ground with <strong>different redressal mechanisms.</strong> On essential religious practice, SC should go case by case rather than aim for a grand unified theory.</li>
<li>The court has been inconsistent in applying the essential religious practice doctrine and maybe it should be left like that only to avoid further tensions.</li>
<li>Court&rsquo;s push for expanding its remit and for hard clarity on complex questions will prove difficult and maybe counterproductive so it <strong>should not dwell deeper into the religious matter after a certain point.</strong></li>
<li>The court upheld ideas of freedom and equality and the constitutional promise of a pluralistic and inclusive society while redressing an injustice which should be <strong>upheld as a beacon of hope for a just and equal society.</strong></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f8ffd6;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Objectives of gender justice go beyond the boundaries of the courts. Comment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/supreme-court-on-religious-practices'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Essar Insolvency Case',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court has recently given its judgement in the <strong>Essar Insolvency case.</strong> The Judgement has paved the way for ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel to take over debt-laden Essar Steel.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573904953_Image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573904953_Image2.jpg" width="397" height="371" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In March 2019, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-4th-march-2019-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)</strong></a> approved global steel-giant ArcelorMittal&rsquo;s bid for Essar Steel.</li>
<li>The <strong>Committee of Creditors (CoC)</strong> approved the resolution plan offered by the ArcelorMittal. Under the resolution plan, ArcelorMittal offered an advance cash payment of about ₹42,000 crore to the financial creditors and capital infusion of ₹8,000 in the next few years. However, the offer did not have much for operational creditors to Essar Steel.</li>
<li>In 2019, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-company-law-appellate-tribunal-nclat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT)</strong></a> cleared the CoC&rsquo;s plan but <strong>changed the financial distribution plan</strong> by <strong>ordering an equal recovery plan</strong> for all creditors, including financial and operational creditors.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights of the Judgement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Wisdom of CoC:</strong> It is the commercial wisdom of the requisite majority (66%) of the CoC under the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)</strong></a> to negotiate and accept a resolution plan, which may involve <strong>differential payment</strong> to different classes of creditors.</li>
<li><strong>Principle of Equality:</strong> The Court held that the equality principle cannot be stretched to treating unequals equally. This will destroy the very objective of the IBC to resolve stressed assets. <strong>Equitable treatment is to be accorded to each creditor depending upon the class to which it belongs:</strong> secured or unsecured, financial or operational.</li>
<li><strong>Restriction on Tribunals:</strong> Tribunals have no<strong> &ldquo;residual equity jurisdiction&rdquo;</strong> to interfere in the merits of a business decision taken by the CoC. This implies that the NCLT and NCLAT <strong>cannot interfere</strong> with the commercial decisions taken by the CoC.</li>
<li><strong>Financial vs Operational Creditors:</strong> The Court upheld the <strong>primacy of financial creditors</strong> over operational creditors in the distribution of funds received under the corporate insolvency scheme. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Court explained that financial creditors are capital-providers for companies, i.e. help companies to purchase assets and run business operations.</li>
<li>Operational creditors, in a way, are beneficiaries of amounts lent by financial creditors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relaxation of Resolution Deadline:</strong> The Supreme Court has <strong>done away with the 330-day mandatory deadline</strong> for the resolution of insolvency and bankruptcy cases after which liquidation is invoked. The bench allowed a bit of flexibility by allowing exceptions where the resolution plan is on the verge of being finalised.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The 330-day mark is <strong>violation of Article 14</strong> (right to equal treatment ) of the Constitution <strong>and Article 19(1)(g)</strong> ( Right to carry any business) of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Likely Impact of the Judgement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Impact on Banks:</strong> Banks will recover Rs. 42,000 crore against admitted debts of Rs. 49,473 crore- a recovery of about 85% compared to the average recovery of 53% in other resolution cases. This would help banks in boosting their capital adequacy.</li>
<li><strong>Speedy Resolution:</strong> The verdict is likely to reduce legal wrangling between financial and operational creditors and accelerate resolution process.</li>
<li><strong>Foreign Investment:</strong> It will attract investors who were getting wary of the nation&rsquo;s bankruptcy process.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is trying to attract foreign capital to its bad loan cleanup, as it battles the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/solving-the-npa-crisis-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>worst nonperforming loan ratio</strong> </a>among the world&rsquo;s major economies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Upheld the Spirit of IBC:</strong> The removal of mandatory 330-day deadline will facilitate resolution, the ultimate objective of the IBC.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Insolvency Resolution Process in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Eligibility:</strong> Under IBC, companies (both private and public limited company) and Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP) can be considered as defaulting corporate debtors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>corporate debtor</strong> is any <strong>corporate</strong> organization which owes a debt to any person.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Default Amount:</strong> The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code can be triggered if there is a <strong>minimum default of Rs 1 lakh.</strong> This process can be triggered by way of filing an application before the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT).</li>
<li><strong>Resolution Initiation:</strong> The process can be initiated by two classes of creditors which would include financial creditors and operational creditors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Creditors:</strong> A Creditor means any person to whom a debt is owed and includes a financial creditor, an operational creditor, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Financial Creditors:</strong> The financial creditor in simple terms is the institution that provided money to the corporate entity in the form of loans, bonds etc. E.g. banks.</li>
<li><strong>Operational Creditors</strong>: An operational creditor is the entity who has a claim for providing any of the four categories to the defaulted corporate- goods, services, employment and Government dues (central govt, state or local bodies).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Appointment of Interim Resolution Professional:</strong> As soon as the matter is admitted by the NCLT, the NCLT proceeds with the appointment of an Interim Resolution Professional (IRP) who takes over the management of the defaulting debtor.</li>
<li><strong>Committee of Creditors (CoC):</strong> A committee consisting only of the financial creditors i.e. the CoC is formed by the IRP. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only operational creditors having aggregate dues of at least 10% of the total debt are invited into the meeting of CoC <strong>(Operational creditors are not a member of CoC).</strong> The operational creditors don&rsquo;t have any voting power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP):</strong> It includes necessary steps to revive the company such as raising fresh funds for operation, looking for new buyer to sell the company as going concern, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CoC takes a decision regarding the future of the outstanding debt owed to it. The resolution plan can be implemented only if it has been approved by 66% of the creditors in the CoC</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Liquidation Proceedings:</strong> In the event a resolution plan is not submitted or not approved by the committee of creditors (COC), the CIRP process is deemed to have failed. In such a situation the liquidation proceedings commences subject to the order of the tribunal.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/sc-clears-path-for-arcelormittal-to-acquire-bankrupt-essar-steel/article29988246.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/essar-insolvency-case'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Cold War',
			'catname' => 'Paper 1',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, 30<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall (which was brought down on 9/11/1989) was celebrated which had marked a pivotal event in the Cold War Era.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573901317_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573901317_image1.jpg" width="592" height="418" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>What is Cold War?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cold War was a period (1945-1991) of geopolitical tension between <strong>the Soviet Union</strong> and its satellite states (the Eastern European countries), and the <strong>United States</strong> with its allies (the Western European countries) after World War II.</li>
<li>Post World War II, the world got divided into two power blocs dominated by two superpowers viz. the Soviet Union and the US.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two superpowers were primarily engaged in an ideological war between the capitalist USA and the communist Soviet Union.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The term "Cold" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Note:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cold War was between Allied countries (UK, France etc. who were led by the US) and Soviet Union.</li>
<li>Soviet Union<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Soviet Union, officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).</li>
<li>It is the world&rsquo;s first Communist state that was established in 1922.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons of Cold War</h3>
<p>Durning the World War Allied countries (US, UK and France) and Soviet Union fought together against the Axis powers (Nazi Germany, Japan, Austria). However, this wartime alliance could not workout after World War II, due to multiple factors.</p>
<h3>Potsdam conference</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Potsdam conference was held at Berlin in 1945 among US, UK and Soviet Union to discuss :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Immediate administration of defeated Germany.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Demarcation of boundary of Poland.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Occupation of Austria.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Role of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Soviet Union wanted some portion of Poland (bordering Soviet Union) to be maintained as a buffer zone. However, the USA and UK didn't agree to this demand.</li>
<li>Also, the USA did not inform the Soviet Union about the exact nature of the atomic bomb, dropped on Japan. This created suspicion in Soviet Union about the intentions of western countries, embittering of the alliance.</li>
<li>This created suspicion in the Soviet leadership.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Truman's Doctrine</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Truman Doctrine was announced on March 12, 1947,by US President Harry S. Truman.</li>
<li>The Truman Doctrine was a US policy to stop the Soviet Union&rsquo;s communist and imperialist endeavors, through various ways like providing economic aid to other countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, US appropriated financial aid to support the economies and militaries of Greece and Turkey.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Historians believe that the announcement of this doctrine marked the official declaration of the Cold War.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Iron Curtain</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Iron Curtain is the political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern and central European allies from open contact with the West and other noncommunist areas.</li>
<li>On the east side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the Soviet Union, while on the west side were the countries that were allies of the US, UK or nominally neutral.</li>
</ul>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573901382_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="592" height="346" caption="false" /></p>
<h3>Important Events of the Cold War</h3>
<p><strong>Berlin Blockade 1948</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As the tension between <strong>Soviet Union</strong> and <strong>Allied countries</strong> grew, <strong>Soviet Union</strong> applied Berlin Blockade in 1948.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Berlin Blockade was an attempt by the Soviet Union to limit the ability of Allied countries to travel to their sectors of Berlin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, on August 13, 1961, the Communist government of the German Democratic Republic began to build a barbed wire and concrete wall <strong>(Berlin Wall)</strong> between East and West Berlin.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>It primarily served the objective of stemming mass emigration from East Berlin to West Berlin.</strong></li>
<li>Except under special circumstances, travelers from East and West Berlin were rarely allowed across the border.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This Berlin Wall served as a symbol of the Cold War (US and Soviet Union), until its fall in 1989.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>History of the Berlin wall</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Allied countries (US, UK, France) and Soviet Union together defeated Nazi Germany in World War II in 1945, after which Yalta and Potsdam conferences (1945) were held between Soviet Union and Allied countries to decide the fate of Germany&rsquo;s territories.</li>
<li>At the conference, Germany was to be divided into zones under Russian, American, British and French influence.</li>
<li><strong>The eastern part of the country went to the Soviet Union, while the western part went to the United States, Great Britain and France.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Berlin, as the capital, was to be likewise split.</strong> However, Berlin happened to be in the middle of the Russian zone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The three Allied zones got merged and became the <strong>Federal Republic of Germany</strong> (FRG) or <strong>West Germany</strong> while the former Soviet occupation zone became the <strong>German Democratic Republic</strong> (GDR) or<strong> East Germany.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The division of Berlin was the main bone of contention between USSR and Allied countries, as West Berlin became an island within Communist East Germany.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573901457_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573901457_image3.jpg" width="442" height="352" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Berlin Wall fell on 9/11/1989, marking a symbolic end to the cold war.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>The Marshall Plan vs The Cominform</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Marshall Plan</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1947, American Secretary of State George Marshall, unveiled European Recovery Programme (ERP), which offered economic and financial help wherever it was needed.</li>
<li>One of the aims of the ERP was to promote the economic recovery of Europe. However, this was an economic extension of the Truman Doctrine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Cominform</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Soviet Union denounced the whole idea of Marshall Plan as 'dollar imperialism.</li>
<li>Therefore, the Cominform (the Communist Information Bureau) - was launched in 1947, as the Soviet response to the Marshall Plan.</li>
<li>It was an organization to draw together mainly Eastern Europe countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>NATO vs Warsaw Pact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Berlin blockade showed the West's military unreadiness and frightened them into making definite preparations.</li>
<li>Therefore, in 1948, mainly the countries of western Europe signed the Brussels Defence Treaty, promising military collaboration in case of war.</li>
<li>Later on Brussels Defence Treaty was joined by the USA, Canada, Portugal, Denmark, Iceland, Italy and Norway. This led to the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in April 1949.</li>
<li>NATO countries agreed to regard an attack on any one of them as an attack on all of them, and placing their defence forces under a joint command.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Warsaw Pact</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Warsaw Pact ( 1955) was signed between Russia and her satellite states shortly after West Germany was admitted to NATO.</li>
<li>The Pact was a mutual defense agreement, which the Western countries perceived as a reaction against West Germany's membership of NATO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Space Race</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Space exploration served as another dramatic arena for Cold War competition.</li>
<li>In 1957, Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, the world&rsquo;s first artificial satellite and the first man-made object to be placed into the Earth&rsquo;s orbit.</li>
<li>In 1958, the U.S. launched its own satellite called Explorer I.</li>
<li>However, this space race was won by the US, when it successfully landed, the first man (Neil Armstrong) on the surface of the moon in 1969.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arms Race</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The containment strategy of US provided the rationale for an unprecedented arms buildup in the United States, reciprocated by Soviet Union.</li>
<li>Development of nuclear weapons took place on a massive scale and the world entered into the age of nuclear age.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Cuban Missiles Crisis, 1962</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cuba got involved in the Cold War when US broke off its diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961, and Soviet Union increased their economic aid to Cuba.</li>
<li>In 1961, the USA planned Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, intending to overthrow the head of Cuban state (Fidel Castro), who was backed by the Soviet Union . However, the operation failed.</li>
<li>Fidel Castro then appealed to the Soviet Union for military help, to which Soviet Union decided to set up a nuclear missile launchers in Cuba aimed at the USA.</li>
<li>Cuban Missile Crisis, brought two superpowers on the brink of a nuclear war. However, the crisis was averted diplomatically.</li>
</ul>
<h3>End of the Cold War</h3>
<p>In 1991, Soviet Union collapsed due to multiple factors which marked the end of the Cold War, as one of the superpowers was weakened.</p>
<h3>Reasons of the collapse of the Soviet Union</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Military reasons</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The space race and the arms race drained a considerable proportion of Soviet Union's resources for military needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Policies of Mikhail Gorbachev</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In order to kick start moribund Soviet economy, Gorbachev instituted the policies of <strong>glasnost (&ldquo;openness&rdquo;)</strong> and <strong>perestroika (&ldquo;restructuring&rdquo;).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Glasnost was intended for liberalization of the political landscape.</li>
<li>Perestroika intended to introduce quasi free market policies in place of government-run industries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It allowed more independent actions from various ministries and introduced many market-like reforms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rather than sparking a renaissance in Communist thought, these steps opened the floodgates to criticism of the entire Soviet apparatus.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The state lost control of both the media and the public sphere, and democratic reform movements gained steam throughout the Soviet Union.</li>
<li>Also, there was growing disenchantment in the public due to falling economy, poverty, unemployment, etc. This made the people of the Soviet Union attracted to western ideology and way of life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Afghanistan War</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Soviet-Afghan (1979&ndash;89) was another key factor in the breakup of the Soviet Union, as it drained the economic and military resources of Soviet Union.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The end of the Cold War marked the victory of the US and the bipolar world order turned into a unipolar.</p>
<p>However, over the last decade, the position of the US as the world's most powerful state has appeared increasingly unstable. The US invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, non-traditional security threats, global economic instability, the apparent spread of religious fundamentalism, together with the rise of emerging economic powers (like Japan, Australia, India, China etc.) have made the world look more multipolar and has led many to predict the <strong>decline of the west and the rise of the rest.</strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/cold-war'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'OPEC +',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the<strong> Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC+) plus</strong> might face sharp demand fall due to a recent surge in crude oil production from the countries like USA, Norway, and Guyana.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>non-OPEC countries which export crude oil</strong> are termed as <strong>OPEC plus countries.</strong></li>
<li>OPEC plus countries include Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Russia, South Sudan and Sudan.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)<br /><br /></h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573892127_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617718521_world-opec-members-countries-map.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a <strong>permanent, intergovernmental organization,</strong> created at the <strong>Baghdad Conference</strong> in <strong>1960,</strong> by Iran, <strong>Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela.</strong></li>
<li>It aims <strong>to manage the supply of oil in an effort to set the price of oil in the world market,</strong> in order to avoid fluctuations that might affect the economies of both producing and purchasing countries.</li>
<li>It is headquartered<strong> in Vienna, Austria.</strong></li>
<li>OPEC <strong>membership</strong> is <strong>open to any country</strong> that is a<strong> substantial exporter of oil</strong> and which shares the <strong>ideals of the organization.</strong></li>
<li>Gabon terminated its membership in January 1995. However, it rejoined the Organization in July 2016.</li>
<li>As of 2019, OPEC has a total of 14 Member Countries viz. Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates(UAE), Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Congo, Angola, Ecuador and Venezuela are members of OPEC.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Energy Agency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an <strong>autonomous</strong> organisation which works to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy.</li>
<li>It was established in the wake of <strong>1973 (set up in 1974) oil crisis</strong> after the OPEC cartel had shocked the world with a steep increase in oil prices.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in<strong> Paris,</strong> France</li>
<li>The IEA has <strong>four main areas of focus,</strong> i.e. 4Es:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Energy security,</li>
<li>Economic development,</li>
<li>Environmental awareness and</li>
<li>Engagement worldwide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> became an<strong> associate member</strong> of the International Energy Agency in <strong>2017.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Mexico</strong> officially became the International Energy Agency&rsquo;s <strong>30<sup>th</sup> member country</strong> in February <strong>2018,</strong> and its first member in Latin America.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/news/opec-faces-major-challenge-in-2020-from-competitors-surging-output-iea/articleshow/72070558.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:ET</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/opec'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Contempt of Court',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Supreme Court of India has held former Ranbaxy promoters guilty of contempt for violating its order.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The expression &lsquo;contempt of court&rsquo; has <strong>not been defined by the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li>As per the <strong>Contempt of Courts Act 1971, contempt refers</strong> to the offence of showing disrespect to the dignity or authority of a court.</li>
<li>The act divides contempt into <strong>civil and criminal contempt.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Civil contempt:</strong> It is willful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other processes of a court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to the court.</li>
<li><strong>Criminal contempt:</strong> It is any publication which may result in:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Scandalising the court by lowering its authority.</li>
<li>Interference in the due course of a judicial proceeding.</li>
<li>An obstruction in the administration of justice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, <strong>innocent publication</strong> and distribution of some matter, <strong>fair and reasonable criticism</strong> of judicial acts and comment on the administrative side of the judiciary <strong>do not amount to contempt of court.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Contempt of Court Act,1971</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The act defines the power of courts to punish for their contempt and regulates their procedure.</li>
<li>It was <strong>amended</strong> in <strong>2006</strong> to include the <strong>defence of truth</strong> under <strong>Section 13</strong> of the original legislation. Implying that the <strong>court must permit justification by truth as a valid defence</strong> if it is satisfied that it is in the public interest.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Punishments for Contempt of Court</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>supreme court and high courts</strong> have the power to <strong>punish for contempt of court,</strong> either with simple imprisonment for a term up to six months or with fine up to 2,000 or with both.</li>
<li>In <strong>1991,</strong> the <strong>Supreme Court has ruled</strong> that <strong>it has the power to punish for contempt not only of itself but also of high courts, subordinate courts and tribunals functioning in the entire country.</strong></li>
<li>On the other hand, High Courts have been given special powers to punish contempt of subordinate courts, as per <strong>Section 10 of The Contempt of Courts Act of 1971.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for Contempt Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The purpose of contempt jurisdiction is to <strong>uphold the majesty and dignity of the judiciary.</strong></li>
<li>Contempt powers help judges to do their duties of deciding cases <strong>without fear, favour, affection or ill will.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Constitutional Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 129:</strong> Grants Supreme Court the power to punish for contempt of itself.</li>
<li><strong>Article 142(2):</strong> Enables the Supreme Court to investigate and punish any person for its contempt.</li>
<li><strong>Article 215:</strong> Grants every High Court the power to punish for contempt of itself.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues with Contempt Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 19(1)(a)</strong> of the Constitution gives the <strong>right to freedom of speech and expression to all citizens,</strong> while<strong> &ldquo;contempt provisions&rdquo; curb people&rsquo;s freedom</strong> to speak against the court&rsquo;s functioning.</li>
<li>The law is <strong>very subjective</strong> which might be used by the judiciary <strong>arbitrarily to suppress their criticism</strong> by the public.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/sc-holds-former-ranbaxy-promoters-malvinder-shivinder-singh-guilty-of-contempt-of-court/article29980528.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contempt-of-court'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Child Abuse Prevention and Investigation Unit',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-bureau-of-investigation-cbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</strong></a> has set up an<strong> Online Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation (OCSAE) Prevention/Investigation Unit</strong> at its headquarter in New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The unit will function under the CBI&rsquo;s Special Crime Zone.</li>
<li>The unit's <strong>territorial jurisdiction would be throughout the country.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Functions of the Unit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will probe offences covered under various provisions of the <strong>Indian Penal Code (IPC),</strong> the <strong>Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act</strong> and the <strong>Information Technology (IT) Act,</strong> apart from other relevant laws.</li>
<li>It will collect and disseminate information on <strong>online child sexual abuse and exploitation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The incidence of online child sexual abuse and exploitation generally transcends international borders.</li>
<li>Numerous references related to dissemination of Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) have been received from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/interpol-notices" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Interpol</strong> </a>and other national/international organisations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Central Bureau of Investigation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CBI is the <strong>premier investigating police agency</strong> in India.</li>
<li>It functions under the superintendence of the <strong>Ministry of Personnel, Pension &amp; Public Grievances.</strong></li>
<li>However for investigations of offences under the <strong>Prevention of Corruption Act,</strong> its superintendence vests with the<strong> Central Vigilance Commission.</strong></li>
<li>It is the<strong> nodal agency in India</strong> which coordinates investigation <strong>on behalf of Interpol member countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-unit-for-online-child-abuse-cases/article29986457.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-abuse-prevention-and-investigation-unit'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Chief Justice of India under the Ambit of the RTI Act',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/open-all-the-same-on-cji-office-and-rti-act/article29975187.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Open, all the same: On CJI office and RTI Act&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 15/11/2019. It talks about the implications of recent Supreme Court judgement on bringing Chief Justice of India under the ambit of the Right to Information Act.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court of India (SC) ruled that the office of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) would come under the ambit of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Information Act, 2005</strong></a> (RTI Act), as CJI is a<strong> public authority</strong> under the RTI Act.</p>
<p>The declaration of assets by ministers and legislators provide the citizenry with more relevant information about their representatives. However, before this judgement, the judges of the Supreme Court had refused to share information on their personal assets.</p>
<div class="border-bg" p=""><strong>Definition of Public Authority</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Under Section 2(f) of the RTI Act,</strong> information means &ldquo;any material in any form, including records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions, advice, press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks, contracts, reports, papers, samples, models, data material held in any electronic form and information relating to any private body which can be accessed by a <strong>public authority</strong> under any other law for the time being in force&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>"Public authority"</strong> means any authority or body or institution of self-government established or constituted by or under the Constitution; by any other law made by Parliament/State Legislature and by a notification issued or order made by the appropriate Government.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance of the Verdict</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Through the judgement, the SC upheld the<strong> Delhi High Court judgment (2010)</strong> which ruled that the CJI and the other justices of SC are liable to disclose information as in the case of other public authorities under the purview of the RTI Act.</li>
<li>The outcome is that the office of the CJI will now entertain RTI applications.</li>
<li>It opens the doors for transparency in the judiciary. Higher judiciary in India has been criticized for its opaqueness under the doctrine of the independence of the judiciary.</li>
<li>The verdict underlines the balance Supreme Court needs between transparency and protecting its independence.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While ruling that the office of the CJI is a public authority, the Supreme Court held that RTI cannot be used as a tool of surveillance and that judicial independence has to be kept in mind while dealing with transparency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It can give a boost to Good Governance, as now judiciary, executive, legislature, all come under the ambit of RTI Act.</li>
<li>The key takeaway from the judgment is that disclosure of details of serving judges personal assets is now not a violation of their right to privacy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lack of clarity:</strong> The SC argued that the right to know under the RTI Act was not absolute and this had to be balanced with the right of privacy of judges. <strong>However, the public interest is nowhere defined.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, RTI requests have to be decided after very careful consideration of a whole range of issues, balancing disclosure with privacy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dilution of RTI Act:</strong> The potency of the RTI Act is under the scanner after <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rti-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>recent amendments done in the RTI Act.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Amendment empowers the Central government to decide tenure, salary, allowances and other terms of service of Information Commissioners.</li>
<li>The Commission which is vested by law with status, independence and authority, will now function as a department of the Central government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Administrative burden:</strong> The RTI Act, 2005 did not create a new bureaucracy for implementing the law. It tasked and mandated officials in every office for dealing with RTI requests.<strong> However, this adds to the administrative burden of the bureaucracy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need for more transparency:</strong> After bringing SC judges under the ambit of RTI, the next logical step would be to remove opaqueness about appointments of the judges, made through the collegium system in the SC.</li>
<li><strong>A screening committee of RTI Act</strong>: In order to reduce the administrative burden of bureaucracy (pertaining to RTI requests), a screening committee <strong>(comprised of civil society members)</strong> can be formed, which can weed out <strong>frivolous RTI requests.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Strengthen RTI:</strong> RTI Act can be strengthened with <strong>a strong Whistleblower Protection Act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Expand ambit of RTI:</strong> The SC judgment paves the way for greater transparency. Therefore it is now the turn of other institutions such as registered political parties to be be brought under the RTI Act.</li>
</ul>
<p>The RTI Act is a strong weapon that enhances accountability, citizen activism and, consequently, participative democracy. In this context, the judgement can give a fillip to people&rsquo;s quest for transparency and accountability.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffed9;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />The recent judgement of the Supreme Court that brings the office of Chief Justice of India under the ambit of the Right to Information Act will give a fillip to people&rsquo;s quest for transparency and accountability. Comment</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/chief-justice-of-india-under-the-ambit-of-the-rti-act'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Brahmaputra Pushkaram Festival',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Assam government is celebrating <strong>Brahmaputra Pushkaram-</strong> a <strong>12-day</strong> mega <strong>river festival</strong> from November 5 to November 16 this year. Earlier, the Brahmaputra Pushkaram festival was held in 2007.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2018, the Pushkaram festival was celebrated on the banks of the <strong>Tamiraparani</strong> in Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will be the <strong>second biggest river festival</strong> ever to be celebrated <strong>in the state of Assam</strong> after <strong>Namami Brahmaputra.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pushkaram</strong> festival is a festival of rivers that pertains to the <strong>12 important rivers in India.</strong> It occurs once in 12 years for each river.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Namami Brahmaputra</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Namami Brahmaputra</strong> is a<strong>&nbsp;festival</strong> that celebrates the beauty of the Brahmaputra river.</li>
<li>It is organized by Assam Government. The first edition was celebrated in 2017.</li>
<li>It is a five-day programme that showcases Assam&rsquo;s art, heritage, and culture. The event was held in <strong>21 districts</strong> across the state touched by the Brahmaputra.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/a-festival-on-the-brahmaputra-promenade/article29971989.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brahmaputra-pushkaram-festival'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Index of Industrial Production (IIP)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Index of Industrial Production (IIP)</strong> for the month of September 2019 has <strong>contracted by 4.3</strong> % as <strong>compared to</strong> the month of September 2018.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the first time after <strong>November 2012</strong> that all <strong>three broad-based sectors (Mining, Manufacturing, and Electricity)</strong> have contracted and the<strong> lowest monthly growth</strong> in the <strong>2011-12 base year series.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Recent IIP Contraction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lower agricultural growth impacting rural demand adversely:</strong> India is witnessing <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/agricultural-distress-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>agricultural distress</strong></a> because of multiple factors like lack of easy credit, the declining average size of farm holdings, poor policy, and planning, etc.</li>
<li><strong>A slowdown in the Indian industrial sector:</strong> Indian<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/economic-slowdown-and-its-fix" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> industrial sector is facing slowdown</strong></a> driven by disruptive technologies, changes in consumer behaviour, changing global industrial scenario, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Structural growth slowdown in the Indian Economy:</strong> India is facing a long-term, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/economic-slowdown-cyclical-or-structural" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>deep-rooted economic slowdown</strong></a> which would require the government to undertake some structural policies like economic reforms of 1991.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Index of Industrial Production</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is an index that shows the <strong>growth rates in different industry groups of the economy in a fixed period of time.</strong></li>
<li>It is compiled and published <strong>monthly</strong> by the <strong>Central Statistical Organization (CSO),</strong> Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</li>
<li>IIP is a <strong>composite indicator</strong> that measures the growth rate of industry groups classified under:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Broad sectors,</strong> namely, Mining, Manufacturing, and Electricity.</li>
<li><strong>Use-based sectors,</strong> namely Basic Goods, Capital Goods, and Intermediate Goods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Base Year</strong> for IIP is <strong>2011-2012.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/core-sector-output-falls-by-5-2-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>eight core industries</strong> </a>of India represent about <strong>40% of the weight of items</strong> that are included in the <strong>IIP.</strong></li>
<li>Significance of IIP :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IIP is the <strong>only measure</strong> on the <strong>physical volume of production.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>used</strong> by <strong>government agencies</strong> including the Ministry of Finance, the Reserve Bank of India, etc, for <strong>policy-making purposes.</strong></li>
<li>IIP remains extremely relevant for the <strong>calculation of the quarterly and advance GDP estimates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/industrial-production-contracts-43-in-sept/article29945956.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/index-of-industrial-production-iip'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fourth cycle of the All India Tiger Estimation</strong></a> (AITE), there has been an increase in the number of tigers in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The number of tigers in the <strong>Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve</strong> (NSTR) in Andhra Pradesh has gone up, reversing the steady decline in their number over a period.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Tiger Conservation Foundation (TCF)</strong> has drawn up an action plan to double its efforts to facilitate the proliferation of the big cats in the largest tiger reserve in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NSTR is the<strong> largest tiger reserve</strong> in India.</li>
<li><strong>Historical Background:</strong> It was notified in the year of 1978 and came under the protection of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Tiger</strong></a> in 1983. In 1992, it was retitled as<strong> Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Geographical Aspects:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Tiger reserve is spread over 5 districts in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The area consists mostly of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uranium-mining-in-nallamala-forest" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nallamala Hills.</strong> </a></li>
<li>The multipurpose reservoirs- <strong>Srisailam and Nagarjunasagar</strong> are located in the reserve.</li>
<li>The <strong>Krishna river</strong> cuts the basin of this reserve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ecological Diversity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong> It is home to a vast variety of wild animals. In addition to the Bengal Tiger, which is the apex predator, many other species like leopard, rusty-spotted cat, pangolin, Mugger Crocodiles, Indian Rock Python, and innumerable varieties of birds are found here.</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong>&nbsp;Variety of forests ranging from southern tropical dry mixed deciduous forest till southern thorn forest. A wide variety of shrubs and bamboo thickets also grow in this area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573811996_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573811996_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="469" height="477" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Project Tiger</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Project Tiger is a <strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong> of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change launched in 1973 to provide central assistance to the tiger States for tiger conservation in designated tiger reserves in India. The project is administered by the <strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tiger-conservation-gets-a-boost-in-ap/article29935836.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Geochemical Baseline Atlas',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI)</strong> has released the<strong> first &lsquo;Geochemical Baseline Atlas of India&rsquo; for environmental management.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The atlas aims to document the <strong>concentration and distribution of the chemical elements</strong> in the soils of India.</li>
<li>It consists of <strong>44 maps of metals, oxides, and elements</strong> present in <strong>top and bottom</strong> soils<strong> across India.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both human activities and natural processes are continuously modifying the chemical composition of our environment. Hence, it will help to <strong>assess the chemical compositional changes on the Earth&rsquo;s surface.</strong></li>
<li>It will help the country <strong>to assess the presence of toxic chemicals</strong> in soil and how it varies from place to place. It also helps in identifying how soil pollution is contributing to groundwater contamination</li>
<li>Further, the map will also support in choosing the <strong>right soil that&rsquo;s rich</strong> in certain micronutrient elements required for each plant growth.</li>
<li>The geochemical data presented in these maps will be a part of the <strong>global map to be prepared by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGC).</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>About CSIR-NGRI:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) is a geoscientific research organization established in <strong>1961</strong> under the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a<strong> non-governmental scientific organization</strong> founded in 1961 which promotes and encourages the study of geological problems, and facilitates international and interdisciplinary cooperation in the earth sciences.</li>
<li>The Union consists of <strong>121 members nations.</strong> India is the member.</li>
<li>At present IUGS gives considers issues related to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Geoscience education,</li>
<li>Geoscience information,</li>
<li>Environmental management and hazards</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/geochemical-baseline-atlas-of-india-released/article29933574.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/geochemical-baseline-atlas'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Olive Ridley Turtles',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Odisha government would compensate 8,000 fishermen families who would bear losses due to the <strong>fishing ban</strong> imposed for the protection of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-hatching" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Olive Ridley sea turtles.</strong> </a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ban is an annual fishing ban that would be in force from November, 2019 to May 31, 2020. During this period, lakhs of turtles would arrive at the Odisha coast for mass nesting.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Olive Ridley Turtles</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Olive ridley turtles are the <strong>smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles</strong> found in the world, inhabiting warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.</li>
<li>They are best known for their unique <strong>mass nesting called Arribada.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An arribada is a mass-nesting event when thousands of turtles come ashore at the same time to lay eggs on the same.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The enormous number of Olive ridleys <strong>nest in Odisha (namely at three river mouths: Dhamara, Devi and Rushikulya) in India.</strong></li>
<li>The species is listed as <strong>Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List,</strong> Appendix 1 in CITES, and Schedule 1 in Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.</li>
<li>Olive-ridleys<strong> face serious threats</strong> across their migratory route, habitat and nesting beaches due to human activities such as unfriendly turtle fishing practices, development and exploitation of nesting beaches for ports, etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Dhamara River Mouth</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Brahmani river (second largest river in Odisha) enters into the Bay of Bengal along with a combined mouth with the Mahanadi (the largest river in Odisha)&nbsp; known as the Dhamara.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Devi River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Devi river is one of the principal distributaries of Mahanadhi.</li>
<li>It flows through Jagatsinghpur district and Puri district across Odisha state in India and joins the Bay of Bengal.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rushikulya River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It originates from Rushikulya hills of the Eastern Ghats in Phulbani district.</li>
<li>It is 165 kms. long with 8900 sq.kms of catchment areas.</li>
<li>It covers entire catchment area in the districts of Kandhamal and Ganjam district of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-to-compensate-8000-fishermen-families-for-fishing-ban-for-olive-ridley-protection/article29979456.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Mhadei River',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574065952_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574065952_image4.png" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<p><strong>Goa and Karnataka</strong> have had long disputes over <strong>water sharing issues of the Mhadei river</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mahadayi or Mhadei, the <strong>west-flowing river, originates in Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary (Western Ghats)</strong>, Belagavi district of <strong>Karnataka</strong>.</li>
<li>It is essentially a <strong>rain-fed river</strong> also called <strong>Mandovi </strong>in Goa.</li>
<li>It is joined by a number of streams to form the Mandovi which is one of two major rivers (the other one is Zuari river) that flows through Goa.</li>
<li>The river travels 35 km in Karnataka; 82 km in Goa before joining the Arabian Sea.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kalasa-Banduri Nala Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>undertaken by the Government of Karnataka</strong> to improve drinking water supply to the three districts of Belagavi, Dharwad, and Gadag.</li>
<li>It involves building across <strong>Kalasa and Banduri, two tributaries of the Mahadayi river</strong> to divert water to the Malaprabha river.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Malaprabha river</strong> supplies the drinking water to Dharwad, Belgaum, and Gadag districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Kalasa-Banduri project was planned in <strong>1989</strong>; <strong>Goa</strong> raised an <strong>objection</strong> to it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal</strong> was set up in <strong>2010</strong>. <strong>Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra</strong> are parties to the tribunal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-another-election-another-churn-why-the-mhadeis-waters-are-muddy-again-6124575/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mhadei-river'
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Jayakwadi Dam',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, several instruments like seismometer, piezometer, slope meter stopped functioning properly at the Jayakwadi dam. The seismometer was installed at the Jayakwadi dam after the devastating earthquake in Latur district, Maharashtra in 1993.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Jayakwadi Dam is located on the <strong>Godavari river</strong> in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra.&nbsp;<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574069286_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574069286_image3.png" width="396" height="274" style="float: right;" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The dam aims to address the dual problems of <strong>flooding</strong> along the banks during monsoon months, and that of <strong>drought</strong> during the rest of the year, particularly in the Marathwada region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>seismometer</strong> is an instrument used to <strong>measure and record seismic waves</strong>. Seismic waves study helps geologists to map the interior of the Earth, and measure and locate earthquakes and other ground motions like volcanic eruptions, explosions, etc. precisely.</li>
<li>A <strong>piezometer</strong> is an instrument used for <strong>measuring the pressure of a liquid or gas</strong> or things related to pressure (such as the compressibility of liquid). It measures the strain of a liquid or fuel. They are often placed in boreholes to monitor the pressure or depth of groundwater.</li>
<li>A <strong>slope meter</strong> is used to measure the angles of slope, elevation or despair of an object.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/seismometer-other-key-devices-at-jayakwadi-dam-go-out-of-order/article30004236.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jayakwadi-dam'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'National Agrochemicals Congress',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The first-ever <strong>National Agrochemicals Congress</strong> was held at the <strong>Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi</strong> from 13<sup>th</sup> - 16<sup>th</sup> November 2019. It <strong>will be conducted every three years</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> of the Congress <strong>is &lsquo; Country's Status on Various Fronts of Agrochemicals&rsquo;</strong>.</li>
<li>Agrochemicals imply chemicals used in agriculture, such as a pesticide or fertilizer.</li>
<li>The Congress was conducted in view of <strong>the role chemical pesticides still continue to play</strong> in pest management as more and more target-specific and environment-friendly products are being introduced.</li>
<li>It was conducted by the <strong>Society of Pesticide Science India,</strong> headquartered at Division of Agricultural Chemicals,IARI , New Delhi.</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Labelling of pesticide indicating the mode of action,</li>
<li>To rethink on restrictive banning of pesticides in view of risk-based considerations,</li>
<li>Policy regarding data protection of imported technical pesticides and</li>
<li>Policy for the introduction of safe nano-formulations and empowerment of farmers through training and extension.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Agricultural Research Institute</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IARI is the leading institution for agricultural research, education and extension in the country.</li>
<li>It comes <strong>under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)</strong>, an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Council is the apex body for coordinating, guiding and managing research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences in the entire country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1591846" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: PIB</a></p>',
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	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => '250th Session of Rajya Sabha',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Rajya Sabha secretariat</strong> has released the <strong>first-ever analysis</strong> of its legislative work, <strong>&ldquo;Rajya Sabha: The Journey since 1952&rdquo;</strong> on the occasion of the <strong>250<sup>th</sup> session of Rajya Sabha</strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Rajya Sabha has <strong>passed 3,817 Bills</strong> till the end of its 249th session (Monsoon Session, 2019).</li>
<li>The recent monsoon session of Rajya Sabha(2019) has been reported as <strong>the most productive session (103%)</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Productivity signifies the number of hours the House actually functioned compared to the number of hours officially earmarked for it to work.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>representation of women in Rajya Sabha increased</strong> from 15 (6.94%) in 1952 to 31 (12.76%) in 2014 but decreased to 26 (10.83%) in 2019.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574064781_Infograph.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574064781_Infograph.png" width="504" height="675" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Some Unique Events Related to Rajya Sabha</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Casting vote by Chairman:</strong> The <strong>first and the only time</strong> when a Presiding Officer of Rajya Sabha cast his vote was for the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Ordinance, 1991.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Chairman <strong>cannot vote in the first instance</strong>; he can only exercise a casting vote in the case of a tie.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-s-rule-in-maharashtra" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>President Rule</strong></a> <strong>approved only by Rajya Sabha:</strong> It has happened only twice for extension of President Rule in Tamil Nadu (1977) and in Haryana (1991 ) when Lok Sabha was dissolved.</li>
<li><strong>Bills passed at the joint sittings of both the Houses of Parliament:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The joint sitting has passed only three bills, namely</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Dowry Prohibition Bill, 1959 passed at a joint sitting in 1961.</li>
<li>The Banking Service Commission (Repeal) Bill,1978 passed at a joint sitting in 2018.</li>
<li>The Prevention of Terrorism Bill, 2002 passed at a joint sitting in 2002.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Joint sitting is <strong>extraordinary machinery</strong> provided by the Constitution to <strong>resolve</strong> <strong>a deadlock</strong> between the two Houses over the passage of a bill.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rajya Sabha</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>maximum strength</strong> of the Rajya Sabha is <strong>fixed at 250</strong>, out of which, 238 are to be the representatives of the states and union territories (elected indirectly) and <strong>12 are nominated by the president</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The representatives of states are <strong>elected by the elected members of state legislative assemblies</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>representatives of each union territory</strong> are indirectly elected by members of an electoral college specially constituted for the purpose</li>
<li>The seats are allotted to the states in the Rajya Sabha on the <strong>basis of the population</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Rajya Sabha <strong>(first constituted in 1952)</strong> is a <strong>permanent body</strong> and not <strong>subject to dissolution</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, <strong>one-third of its members retire every second year</strong>.</li>
<li>The retiring members are eligible for re-election and renomination any number of times.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Constitution has <strong>not fixed the term of office</strong> of members of the Rajya Sabha and left it to the Parliament.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Accordingly, the <strong>Parliament</strong> in the <strong>Representation of the People Act (1951)</strong> provided that the term of office of a member of the Rajya Sabha shall be <strong>six years</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Powers</strong> of Rajya Sabha include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can authorize the Parliament to make a <strong>law on a subject enumerated in the State List (Article 249)</strong>.</li>
<li>It can authorize the Parliament to <strong>create new All-India Services</strong> common to both the Centre and states <strong>(Article 312)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1591877" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: PIB</a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Sangam Age',
		'catname' => 'Paper 1',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574409421_Sangam%20Age (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574409421_Sangam Age (Mind Map).png" width="415" height="1618" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/sangam-age-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper1/sangam-age-2'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Willingdon Island',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Willingdon Island is a seaport located in the city of Kochi, Kerala.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>largest man-made/artificial island</strong> of India and is surrounded by backwaters (a part of a river in which there is little or no current).</li>
<li>It was carved out of <strong>Vembanad Lake</strong> and is connected via road and rail. The island is connected to the mainland by the <strong>Venduruthy Bridge</strong>.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>major commercial centre</strong> and is home to the <strong>Kochi Naval Base</strong> of the Indian Navy, the <strong>Central Institute of Fisheries Technology </strong>and the <strong>Port of Kochi</strong>.</li>
<li>It was named after the <strong>Viceroy Lord Willingdon and was created artificially in 1936</strong> during his rule to improve the trade relations of British India with the rest of the world.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lord Willingdon</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He served as 22<sup>nd</sup> Viceroy and Governor-General of India from 1931 to 1936.</li>
<li>Important events of this period include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Second (1931) and Third (1932) Round Table Conferences</li>
<li>Relaunching of Civil Disobedience Movement</li>
<li>Communal Award by Ramsay MacDonald (1932)</li>
<li>Poona Pact (1932)</li>
<li>Government of India Act 1935</li>
<li>Separation of Burma from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/willingdon-island'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Persecution of Uighurs',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to leaked Chinese government documents, there was a clampdown on Uighurs and other Muslims in the country&rsquo;s western <strong>Xinjiang region</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the United Nations experts and activists, at least 1 million <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unsc-on-persecution-of-minorities" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Uighurs and members of other largely Muslim minority groups</a> have been detained in camps in Xinjiang in a crackdown.</li>
<li>The documents reveal that the Chinese leadership&rsquo;s fears were heightened by terrorist attacks in other countries and the U.S. drawdown of troops from Afghanistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Uighur is a predominantly <strong>Turkic-speaking ethnic group</strong>.</li>
<li>They are primarily confined in <strong>China&rsquo;s northwestern region of Xinjiang</strong> and is one of the largest <strong>Muslim group</strong> in that region.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574069201_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574069201_image2.png" width="447" height="251" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/leaked-chinese-government-documents-show-details-of-xinjiang-clampdown-says-news-report/article29997947.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/persecution-of-uighurs'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'SAANS Campaign',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has launched a campaign in Gujarat named <strong>Social Awareness and Action to Neutralise Pneumonia Successfully (SAANS)</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The aim is <strong>to reduce child mortality due to pneumonia,</strong> which contributes to around 15% of deaths of children under the age of five annually.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Features</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To mobilise people to protect children from pneumonia, and train health personnel and other stakeholders to provide prioritised treatment to control the disease.</li>
<li>A child suffering from pneumonia will be treated with a <strong>pre-referral dose of antibiotic amoxicillin</strong> by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)</a> workers.</li>
<li><strong>Pulse Oximeter</strong> (device to monitor oxygen saturation) will be used at the Health and Wellness Centre for identification of low oxygen levels in the blood of child and if required, the child can be treated by the use of oxygen cylinders.</li>
<li>A <strong>mass awareness campaign</strong> will be launched about the <strong>effective solutions for pneumonia prevention</strong> like breastfeeding, age-appropriate complementary feeding and immunization etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pneumonia</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pneumonia is an <strong>infection that inflames the air sacs (alveoli) in one or both lungs</strong>. The air sacs may fill up with fluid or pus, causing symptoms such as a cough, fever, chills and trouble breathing.</li>
<li><strong>Agents:</strong> Many germs can cause pneumonia. The most common are bacteria and viruses in the air that humans breathe.</li>
<li>It is <strong>preventable through vaccination</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Vulnerable Population:</strong> Infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with weak immune systems.</li>
<li><strong>The prevalence rate among Infants in India:</strong> Under-five mortality rate in the country is 37 per 1000 live births, of which 5.3 deaths are caused due to pneumonia.</li>
<li><strong>Step Taken by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government aims to achieve a <strong>target</strong> of <strong>reducing pneumonia deaths</strong> among children to <strong>less than three per 1,000 live births by 2025</strong>.</li>
<li>In 2014, India launched <strong>&lsquo;Integrated Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (IAPPD)&rsquo;&nbsp;</strong>to undertake collaborative efforts towards prevention of diarrhoea and Pneumonia related under-five deaths.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/saans-aims-to-reduce-child-mortality/article29997376.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saans-campaign'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Supreme Court on Religious Practices',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/fraught-course-sabarimala-verdict-supreme-court-6122011/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Fraught course&rdquo;</strong></a>, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-three-cases-sc-wants-clubbed-with-sabarimala-review-women-entry-temple-religious-places-cji-ranjan-gogoi-6121578/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Explained: The three cases SC wants clubbed with Sabarimala review</strong></a>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-supreme-courts-sabarimala-order-and-the-essentiality-test-in-religious-practice-6119369/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sabarimala order: What is the &lsquo;essentiality&rsquo; test in religious practice?</strong></a>&rdquo;, which were published in The Indian Express on 16/11/2019. It talks about Indian judiciary&rsquo;s intervention in religious matters, mainly concerning women and their rights.</p>
</div>
<p>The <strong>Supreme Court&rsquo;s five-judge constitution bench</strong> has decided to <strong>refer the Sabarimala temple case,</strong> clubbed with other 3 pending cases broadly related to the rights of women in the sphere of religion, to a <strong>larger 7-judge Bench.</strong> This leads the apex court into potentially dangerous and conflicting territories.</p>
<p>The new bench has been tasked with finding the balance between the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/regulating-right-to-freedom-of-religion" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Freedom of Religion</strong></a> and <strong>other constitutionally-guaranteed rights,</strong> especially the <strong>Right to Equality (Article 14:</strong> The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India), defining <strong>&ldquo;essential religious practice&rdquo;</strong> and<strong> &ldquo;constitutional morality&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Context</h3>
<p><strong>Entry of women into the Sabarimala temple</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On 28<sup>th</sup> September <strong>2018, SC lifted the ban</strong> that prevented women and girls between the age of 10 and 50 (mainly menstruating women) from <strong>entering the famous Ayyappa shrine</strong> in Kerala by a majority verdict of 4:1.</li>
<li>It held that the centuries-old Hindu religious practice was <strong>illegal and unconstitutional (Article 14 and 25).</strong></li>
<li>Temple custodians argue that women of menstrual age are prohibited from offering prayers as the deity there, Ayyappa, is a celibate.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Muslim women&rsquo;s entry into mosques</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In April <strong>2019,</strong> the SC was moved to seek directions <strong>for allowing Muslim women to enter mosques through the main door,</strong> and to have the &ldquo;Islamic right to visual and auditory access to the <strong>&lsquo;musalla&rsquo;</strong> (main prayer area)&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The petition said that &ldquo;this <strong>act of prohibition is void and unconstitutional</strong> as such practices are not only repugnant to the basic dignity of a woman as an individual but also violative of the fundamental rights guaranteed under <strong>Articles 14, 15, 21 and 25</strong> of the Constitution&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The matter was last heard on November 5, 2019, by a Bench comprising CJI-designate Justice S A Bobde and Justices S Abdul Nazeer and Krishna Murari.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Female genital mutilation among Dawoodi Bohras</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On September 24, <strong>2018,</strong> a Bench of SC referred the matter in <strong>&lsquo;Sunita Tiwari vs Union of India and Ors&rsquo;</strong> to a larger Bench of the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>The petition, filed under <strong>Article 32</strong> of the Constitution, had questioned the constitutionality of the practice of <strong>Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)</strong> or<strong> &lsquo;khatna&rsquo;,</strong> or <strong>Female Circumcision (FC)</strong> or <strong>&lsquo;khafd&rsquo;,</strong> which the petitioner said was carried out on every girl child in the Dawoodi Bohra community.</li>
<li>The petition relied on the <strong>UN Convention on the Rights of the Child</strong> and the <strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</strong> and urged that the practice is violative of <strong>Article 21 (right to life and personal liberty).</strong></li>
<li>The Bench submitted that the matter should be referred to a larger Bench, which the SC accepted.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Entry of Parsi women married to non-Parsis in the Agyari</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Special Leave Petition</strong> in<strong> &lsquo;Goolrukh Gupta vs Burjur Pardiwala&rsquo;</strong> arose out of a judgment passed by the Gujarat High Court in <strong>2012.</strong></li>
<li>The petitioner, Goolrukh Contractor Gupta, moved the High Court in 2010 after her friend who too, like her, was a Parsi married to a Hindu, was <strong>denied entry to the Tower of Silence</strong> during her mother&rsquo;s last rites some years before.</li>
<li>In the court, Goolrukh Gupta&rsquo;s counsel, argued that the question was, &ldquo;in the case of marriage between a Hindu and Parsi, does it result in automatic conversion of religion?&rdquo; The matter hence <strong>raised issues of gender justice.</strong></li>
<li>In<strong> December 2017,</strong> a <strong>Constitution Bench observed</strong> that &ldquo;DNA does not evaporate&rdquo; after marrying outside one&rsquo;s religion&rdquo;, and that <strong>by marrying outside her religion, a woman does not &ldquo;surrender her affection to her father&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Doctrine of Essentiality</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The doctrine of &ldquo;essentiality&rdquo; was invented by a seven-judge Bench of the Supreme Court in the <strong>&lsquo;Shirur Mutt&rsquo; case in 1954.</strong> The court held that the term &ldquo;religion&rdquo; will cover all rituals and practices &ldquo;integral&rdquo; to a religion, and took upon itself the responsibility of determining the essential and non-essential practices of a religion.</li>
<li>Essential religious practice test is a contentious doctrine evolved by the court to protect only such religious practices which were essential and integral to the religion.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Constitutional Morality</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Constitutional morality provides a principled understanding for unfolding the work of governance. It specifies norms for institutions to survive and an expectation of behaviour that will meet not just the text but the soul of the Constitution. It also makes the governing institutions and representatives accountable.</li>
<li>Constitutional morality has been used to emancipatory effect in past cases by the apex court. One of the examples is <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-section-377-judgement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>decriminalising homosexuality.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Review parameters usually permit a narrow reconsideration in case of an error in the verdict or discovery of new evidence but <strong>passing on to larger bench could open up new questions,</strong> instead of settling the old ones.</li>
<li>There are concerns within the court itself about <strong>clubbing these four issues</strong> together because this will lead to a situation where not everyone is equally content and a uniform verdict <strong>can give rise to religious conflicts.</strong></li>
<li>The inability to solve issues like this and passing on to the larger benches <strong>narrows down the scope for justice</strong> and for courts as well.</li>
<li>In setting itself the task of<strong> defining this constitutional morality,</strong> the court will now have to go into the question of its limits and boundaries, of its possible clash with religious beliefs and faith.</li>
<li>The <strong>essentiality test impinges on the autonomy and freedom of religion</strong> which was meant to guarantee freedom to practice one&rsquo;s beliefs based on the concept of &ldquo;inward association&rdquo; of man with God.</li>
<li>The Court is <strong>creating problems for itself</strong> as well as <strong>circumscribing individual freedoms and treading into the clergy&rsquo;s domain.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Each of these issues must be considered on their own ground with <strong>different redressal mechanisms.</strong> On essential religious practice, SC should go case by case rather than aim for a grand unified theory.</li>
<li>The court has been inconsistent in applying the essential religious practice doctrine and maybe it should be left like that only to avoid further tensions.</li>
<li>Court&rsquo;s push for expanding its remit and for hard clarity on complex questions will prove difficult and maybe counterproductive so it <strong>should not dwell deeper into the religious matter after a certain point.</strong></li>
<li>The court upheld ideas of freedom and equality and the constitutional promise of a pluralistic and inclusive society while redressing an injustice which should be <strong>upheld as a beacon of hope for a just and equal society.</strong></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f8ffd6;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Objectives of gender justice go beyond the boundaries of the courts. Comment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/supreme-court-on-religious-practices'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Essar Insolvency Case',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court has recently given its judgement in the <strong>Essar Insolvency case.</strong> The Judgement has paved the way for ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel to take over debt-laden Essar Steel.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573904953_Image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573904953_Image2.jpg" width="397" height="371" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In March 2019, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-4th-march-2019-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)</strong></a> approved global steel-giant ArcelorMittal&rsquo;s bid for Essar Steel.</li>
<li>The <strong>Committee of Creditors (CoC)</strong> approved the resolution plan offered by the ArcelorMittal. Under the resolution plan, ArcelorMittal offered an advance cash payment of about ₹42,000 crore to the financial creditors and capital infusion of ₹8,000 in the next few years. However, the offer did not have much for operational creditors to Essar Steel.</li>
<li>In 2019, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-company-law-appellate-tribunal-nclat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT)</strong></a> cleared the CoC&rsquo;s plan but <strong>changed the financial distribution plan</strong> by <strong>ordering an equal recovery plan</strong> for all creditors, including financial and operational creditors.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights of the Judgement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Wisdom of CoC:</strong> It is the commercial wisdom of the requisite majority (66%) of the CoC under the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)</strong></a> to negotiate and accept a resolution plan, which may involve <strong>differential payment</strong> to different classes of creditors.</li>
<li><strong>Principle of Equality:</strong> The Court held that the equality principle cannot be stretched to treating unequals equally. This will destroy the very objective of the IBC to resolve stressed assets. <strong>Equitable treatment is to be accorded to each creditor depending upon the class to which it belongs:</strong> secured or unsecured, financial or operational.</li>
<li><strong>Restriction on Tribunals:</strong> Tribunals have no<strong> &ldquo;residual equity jurisdiction&rdquo;</strong> to interfere in the merits of a business decision taken by the CoC. This implies that the NCLT and NCLAT <strong>cannot interfere</strong> with the commercial decisions taken by the CoC.</li>
<li><strong>Financial vs Operational Creditors:</strong> The Court upheld the <strong>primacy of financial creditors</strong> over operational creditors in the distribution of funds received under the corporate insolvency scheme. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Court explained that financial creditors are capital-providers for companies, i.e. help companies to purchase assets and run business operations.</li>
<li>Operational creditors, in a way, are beneficiaries of amounts lent by financial creditors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relaxation of Resolution Deadline:</strong> The Supreme Court has <strong>done away with the 330-day mandatory deadline</strong> for the resolution of insolvency and bankruptcy cases after which liquidation is invoked. The bench allowed a bit of flexibility by allowing exceptions where the resolution plan is on the verge of being finalised.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The 330-day mark is <strong>violation of Article 14</strong> (right to equal treatment ) of the Constitution <strong>and Article 19(1)(g)</strong> ( Right to carry any business) of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Likely Impact of the Judgement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Impact on Banks:</strong> Banks will recover Rs. 42,000 crore against admitted debts of Rs. 49,473 crore- a recovery of about 85% compared to the average recovery of 53% in other resolution cases. This would help banks in boosting their capital adequacy.</li>
<li><strong>Speedy Resolution:</strong> The verdict is likely to reduce legal wrangling between financial and operational creditors and accelerate resolution process.</li>
<li><strong>Foreign Investment:</strong> It will attract investors who were getting wary of the nation&rsquo;s bankruptcy process.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is trying to attract foreign capital to its bad loan cleanup, as it battles the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/solving-the-npa-crisis-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>worst nonperforming loan ratio</strong> </a>among the world&rsquo;s major economies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Upheld the Spirit of IBC:</strong> The removal of mandatory 330-day deadline will facilitate resolution, the ultimate objective of the IBC.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Insolvency Resolution Process in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Eligibility:</strong> Under IBC, companies (both private and public limited company) and Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP) can be considered as defaulting corporate debtors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>corporate debtor</strong> is any <strong>corporate</strong> organization which owes a debt to any person.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Default Amount:</strong> The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code can be triggered if there is a <strong>minimum default of Rs 1 lakh.</strong> This process can be triggered by way of filing an application before the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT).</li>
<li><strong>Resolution Initiation:</strong> The process can be initiated by two classes of creditors which would include financial creditors and operational creditors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Creditors:</strong> A Creditor means any person to whom a debt is owed and includes a financial creditor, an operational creditor, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Financial Creditors:</strong> The financial creditor in simple terms is the institution that provided money to the corporate entity in the form of loans, bonds etc. E.g. banks.</li>
<li><strong>Operational Creditors</strong>: An operational creditor is the entity who has a claim for providing any of the four categories to the defaulted corporate- goods, services, employment and Government dues (central govt, state or local bodies).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Appointment of Interim Resolution Professional:</strong> As soon as the matter is admitted by the NCLT, the NCLT proceeds with the appointment of an Interim Resolution Professional (IRP) who takes over the management of the defaulting debtor.</li>
<li><strong>Committee of Creditors (CoC):</strong> A committee consisting only of the financial creditors i.e. the CoC is formed by the IRP. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only operational creditors having aggregate dues of at least 10% of the total debt are invited into the meeting of CoC <strong>(Operational creditors are not a member of CoC).</strong> The operational creditors don&rsquo;t have any voting power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP):</strong> It includes necessary steps to revive the company such as raising fresh funds for operation, looking for new buyer to sell the company as going concern, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CoC takes a decision regarding the future of the outstanding debt owed to it. The resolution plan can be implemented only if it has been approved by 66% of the creditors in the CoC</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Liquidation Proceedings:</strong> In the event a resolution plan is not submitted or not approved by the committee of creditors (COC), the CIRP process is deemed to have failed. In such a situation the liquidation proceedings commences subject to the order of the tribunal.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/sc-clears-path-for-arcelormittal-to-acquire-bankrupt-essar-steel/article29988246.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/essar-insolvency-case'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Cold War',
		'catname' => 'Paper 1',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, 30<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall (which was brought down on 9/11/1989) was celebrated which had marked a pivotal event in the Cold War Era.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573901317_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573901317_image1.jpg" width="592" height="418" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>What is Cold War?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cold War was a period (1945-1991) of geopolitical tension between <strong>the Soviet Union</strong> and its satellite states (the Eastern European countries), and the <strong>United States</strong> with its allies (the Western European countries) after World War II.</li>
<li>Post World War II, the world got divided into two power blocs dominated by two superpowers viz. the Soviet Union and the US.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two superpowers were primarily engaged in an ideological war between the capitalist USA and the communist Soviet Union.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The term "Cold" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Note:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cold War was between Allied countries (UK, France etc. who were led by the US) and Soviet Union.</li>
<li>Soviet Union<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Soviet Union, officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).</li>
<li>It is the world&rsquo;s first Communist state that was established in 1922.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons of Cold War</h3>
<p>Durning the World War Allied countries (US, UK and France) and Soviet Union fought together against the Axis powers (Nazi Germany, Japan, Austria). However, this wartime alliance could not workout after World War II, due to multiple factors.</p>
<h3>Potsdam conference</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Potsdam conference was held at Berlin in 1945 among US, UK and Soviet Union to discuss :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Immediate administration of defeated Germany.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Demarcation of boundary of Poland.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Occupation of Austria.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Role of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Soviet Union wanted some portion of Poland (bordering Soviet Union) to be maintained as a buffer zone. However, the USA and UK didn't agree to this demand.</li>
<li>Also, the USA did not inform the Soviet Union about the exact nature of the atomic bomb, dropped on Japan. This created suspicion in Soviet Union about the intentions of western countries, embittering of the alliance.</li>
<li>This created suspicion in the Soviet leadership.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Truman's Doctrine</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Truman Doctrine was announced on March 12, 1947,by US President Harry S. Truman.</li>
<li>The Truman Doctrine was a US policy to stop the Soviet Union&rsquo;s communist and imperialist endeavors, through various ways like providing economic aid to other countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, US appropriated financial aid to support the economies and militaries of Greece and Turkey.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Historians believe that the announcement of this doctrine marked the official declaration of the Cold War.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Iron Curtain</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Iron Curtain is the political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern and central European allies from open contact with the West and other noncommunist areas.</li>
<li>On the east side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the Soviet Union, while on the west side were the countries that were allies of the US, UK or nominally neutral.</li>
</ul>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573901382_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="592" height="346" caption="false" /></p>
<h3>Important Events of the Cold War</h3>
<p><strong>Berlin Blockade 1948</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As the tension between <strong>Soviet Union</strong> and <strong>Allied countries</strong> grew, <strong>Soviet Union</strong> applied Berlin Blockade in 1948.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Berlin Blockade was an attempt by the Soviet Union to limit the ability of Allied countries to travel to their sectors of Berlin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, on August 13, 1961, the Communist government of the German Democratic Republic began to build a barbed wire and concrete wall <strong>(Berlin Wall)</strong> between East and West Berlin.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>It primarily served the objective of stemming mass emigration from East Berlin to West Berlin.</strong></li>
<li>Except under special circumstances, travelers from East and West Berlin were rarely allowed across the border.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This Berlin Wall served as a symbol of the Cold War (US and Soviet Union), until its fall in 1989.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>History of the Berlin wall</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Allied countries (US, UK, France) and Soviet Union together defeated Nazi Germany in World War II in 1945, after which Yalta and Potsdam conferences (1945) were held between Soviet Union and Allied countries to decide the fate of Germany&rsquo;s territories.</li>
<li>At the conference, Germany was to be divided into zones under Russian, American, British and French influence.</li>
<li><strong>The eastern part of the country went to the Soviet Union, while the western part went to the United States, Great Britain and France.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Berlin, as the capital, was to be likewise split.</strong> However, Berlin happened to be in the middle of the Russian zone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The three Allied zones got merged and became the <strong>Federal Republic of Germany</strong> (FRG) or <strong>West Germany</strong> while the former Soviet occupation zone became the <strong>German Democratic Republic</strong> (GDR) or<strong> East Germany.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The division of Berlin was the main bone of contention between USSR and Allied countries, as West Berlin became an island within Communist East Germany.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573901457_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573901457_image3.jpg" width="442" height="352" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Berlin Wall fell on 9/11/1989, marking a symbolic end to the cold war.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>The Marshall Plan vs The Cominform</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Marshall Plan</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1947, American Secretary of State George Marshall, unveiled European Recovery Programme (ERP), which offered economic and financial help wherever it was needed.</li>
<li>One of the aims of the ERP was to promote the economic recovery of Europe. However, this was an economic extension of the Truman Doctrine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Cominform</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Soviet Union denounced the whole idea of Marshall Plan as 'dollar imperialism.</li>
<li>Therefore, the Cominform (the Communist Information Bureau) - was launched in 1947, as the Soviet response to the Marshall Plan.</li>
<li>It was an organization to draw together mainly Eastern Europe countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>NATO vs Warsaw Pact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Berlin blockade showed the West's military unreadiness and frightened them into making definite preparations.</li>
<li>Therefore, in 1948, mainly the countries of western Europe signed the Brussels Defence Treaty, promising military collaboration in case of war.</li>
<li>Later on Brussels Defence Treaty was joined by the USA, Canada, Portugal, Denmark, Iceland, Italy and Norway. This led to the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in April 1949.</li>
<li>NATO countries agreed to regard an attack on any one of them as an attack on all of them, and placing their defence forces under a joint command.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Warsaw Pact</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Warsaw Pact ( 1955) was signed between Russia and her satellite states shortly after West Germany was admitted to NATO.</li>
<li>The Pact was a mutual defense agreement, which the Western countries perceived as a reaction against West Germany's membership of NATO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Space Race</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Space exploration served as another dramatic arena for Cold War competition.</li>
<li>In 1957, Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, the world&rsquo;s first artificial satellite and the first man-made object to be placed into the Earth&rsquo;s orbit.</li>
<li>In 1958, the U.S. launched its own satellite called Explorer I.</li>
<li>However, this space race was won by the US, when it successfully landed, the first man (Neil Armstrong) on the surface of the moon in 1969.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arms Race</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The containment strategy of US provided the rationale for an unprecedented arms buildup in the United States, reciprocated by Soviet Union.</li>
<li>Development of nuclear weapons took place on a massive scale and the world entered into the age of nuclear age.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Cuban Missiles Crisis, 1962</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cuba got involved in the Cold War when US broke off its diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961, and Soviet Union increased their economic aid to Cuba.</li>
<li>In 1961, the USA planned Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, intending to overthrow the head of Cuban state (Fidel Castro), who was backed by the Soviet Union . However, the operation failed.</li>
<li>Fidel Castro then appealed to the Soviet Union for military help, to which Soviet Union decided to set up a nuclear missile launchers in Cuba aimed at the USA.</li>
<li>Cuban Missile Crisis, brought two superpowers on the brink of a nuclear war. However, the crisis was averted diplomatically.</li>
</ul>
<h3>End of the Cold War</h3>
<p>In 1991, Soviet Union collapsed due to multiple factors which marked the end of the Cold War, as one of the superpowers was weakened.</p>
<h3>Reasons of the collapse of the Soviet Union</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Military reasons</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The space race and the arms race drained a considerable proportion of Soviet Union's resources for military needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Policies of Mikhail Gorbachev</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In order to kick start moribund Soviet economy, Gorbachev instituted the policies of <strong>glasnost (&ldquo;openness&rdquo;)</strong> and <strong>perestroika (&ldquo;restructuring&rdquo;).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Glasnost was intended for liberalization of the political landscape.</li>
<li>Perestroika intended to introduce quasi free market policies in place of government-run industries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It allowed more independent actions from various ministries and introduced many market-like reforms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rather than sparking a renaissance in Communist thought, these steps opened the floodgates to criticism of the entire Soviet apparatus.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The state lost control of both the media and the public sphere, and democratic reform movements gained steam throughout the Soviet Union.</li>
<li>Also, there was growing disenchantment in the public due to falling economy, poverty, unemployment, etc. This made the people of the Soviet Union attracted to western ideology and way of life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Afghanistan War</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Soviet-Afghan (1979&ndash;89) was another key factor in the breakup of the Soviet Union, as it drained the economic and military resources of Soviet Union.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The end of the Cold War marked the victory of the US and the bipolar world order turned into a unipolar.</p>
<p>However, over the last decade, the position of the US as the world's most powerful state has appeared increasingly unstable. The US invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, non-traditional security threats, global economic instability, the apparent spread of religious fundamentalism, together with the rise of emerging economic powers (like Japan, Australia, India, China etc.) have made the world look more multipolar and has led many to predict the <strong>decline of the west and the rise of the rest.</strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/cold-war'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'OPEC +',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the<strong> Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC+) plus</strong> might face sharp demand fall due to a recent surge in crude oil production from the countries like USA, Norway, and Guyana.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>non-OPEC countries which export crude oil</strong> are termed as <strong>OPEC plus countries.</strong></li>
<li>OPEC plus countries include Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Russia, South Sudan and Sudan.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)<br /><br /></h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573892127_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617718521_world-opec-members-countries-map.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a <strong>permanent, intergovernmental organization,</strong> created at the <strong>Baghdad Conference</strong> in <strong>1960,</strong> by Iran, <strong>Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela.</strong></li>
<li>It aims <strong>to manage the supply of oil in an effort to set the price of oil in the world market,</strong> in order to avoid fluctuations that might affect the economies of both producing and purchasing countries.</li>
<li>It is headquartered<strong> in Vienna, Austria.</strong></li>
<li>OPEC <strong>membership</strong> is <strong>open to any country</strong> that is a<strong> substantial exporter of oil</strong> and which shares the <strong>ideals of the organization.</strong></li>
<li>Gabon terminated its membership in January 1995. However, it rejoined the Organization in July 2016.</li>
<li>As of 2019, OPEC has a total of 14 Member Countries viz. Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates(UAE), Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Congo, Angola, Ecuador and Venezuela are members of OPEC.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Energy Agency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an <strong>autonomous</strong> organisation which works to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy.</li>
<li>It was established in the wake of <strong>1973 (set up in 1974) oil crisis</strong> after the OPEC cartel had shocked the world with a steep increase in oil prices.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in<strong> Paris,</strong> France</li>
<li>The IEA has <strong>four main areas of focus,</strong> i.e. 4Es:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Energy security,</li>
<li>Economic development,</li>
<li>Environmental awareness and</li>
<li>Engagement worldwide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> became an<strong> associate member</strong> of the International Energy Agency in <strong>2017.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Mexico</strong> officially became the International Energy Agency&rsquo;s <strong>30<sup>th</sup> member country</strong> in February <strong>2018,</strong> and its first member in Latin America.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/news/opec-faces-major-challenge-in-2020-from-competitors-surging-output-iea/articleshow/72070558.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:ET</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/opec'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Contempt of Court',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Supreme Court of India has held former Ranbaxy promoters guilty of contempt for violating its order.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The expression &lsquo;contempt of court&rsquo; has <strong>not been defined by the Constitution.</strong></li>
<li>As per the <strong>Contempt of Courts Act 1971, contempt refers</strong> to the offence of showing disrespect to the dignity or authority of a court.</li>
<li>The act divides contempt into <strong>civil and criminal contempt.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Civil contempt:</strong> It is willful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other processes of a court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to the court.</li>
<li><strong>Criminal contempt:</strong> It is any publication which may result in:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Scandalising the court by lowering its authority.</li>
<li>Interference in the due course of a judicial proceeding.</li>
<li>An obstruction in the administration of justice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, <strong>innocent publication</strong> and distribution of some matter, <strong>fair and reasonable criticism</strong> of judicial acts and comment on the administrative side of the judiciary <strong>do not amount to contempt of court.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Contempt of Court Act,1971</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The act defines the power of courts to punish for their contempt and regulates their procedure.</li>
<li>It was <strong>amended</strong> in <strong>2006</strong> to include the <strong>defence of truth</strong> under <strong>Section 13</strong> of the original legislation. Implying that the <strong>court must permit justification by truth as a valid defence</strong> if it is satisfied that it is in the public interest.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Punishments for Contempt of Court</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>supreme court and high courts</strong> have the power to <strong>punish for contempt of court,</strong> either with simple imprisonment for a term up to six months or with fine up to 2,000 or with both.</li>
<li>In <strong>1991,</strong> the <strong>Supreme Court has ruled</strong> that <strong>it has the power to punish for contempt not only of itself but also of high courts, subordinate courts and tribunals functioning in the entire country.</strong></li>
<li>On the other hand, High Courts have been given special powers to punish contempt of subordinate courts, as per <strong>Section 10 of The Contempt of Courts Act of 1971.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for Contempt Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The purpose of contempt jurisdiction is to <strong>uphold the majesty and dignity of the judiciary.</strong></li>
<li>Contempt powers help judges to do their duties of deciding cases <strong>without fear, favour, affection or ill will.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Constitutional Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 129:</strong> Grants Supreme Court the power to punish for contempt of itself.</li>
<li><strong>Article 142(2):</strong> Enables the Supreme Court to investigate and punish any person for its contempt.</li>
<li><strong>Article 215:</strong> Grants every High Court the power to punish for contempt of itself.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues with Contempt Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 19(1)(a)</strong> of the Constitution gives the <strong>right to freedom of speech and expression to all citizens,</strong> while<strong> &ldquo;contempt provisions&rdquo; curb people&rsquo;s freedom</strong> to speak against the court&rsquo;s functioning.</li>
<li>The law is <strong>very subjective</strong> which might be used by the judiciary <strong>arbitrarily to suppress their criticism</strong> by the public.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/sc-holds-former-ranbaxy-promoters-malvinder-shivinder-singh-guilty-of-contempt-of-court/article29980528.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contempt-of-court'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Child Abuse Prevention and Investigation Unit',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-bureau-of-investigation-cbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</strong></a> has set up an<strong> Online Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation (OCSAE) Prevention/Investigation Unit</strong> at its headquarter in New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The unit will function under the CBI&rsquo;s Special Crime Zone.</li>
<li>The unit's <strong>territorial jurisdiction would be throughout the country.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Functions of the Unit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will probe offences covered under various provisions of the <strong>Indian Penal Code (IPC),</strong> the <strong>Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act</strong> and the <strong>Information Technology (IT) Act,</strong> apart from other relevant laws.</li>
<li>It will collect and disseminate information on <strong>online child sexual abuse and exploitation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The incidence of online child sexual abuse and exploitation generally transcends international borders.</li>
<li>Numerous references related to dissemination of Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) have been received from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/interpol-notices" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Interpol</strong> </a>and other national/international organisations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Central Bureau of Investigation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CBI is the <strong>premier investigating police agency</strong> in India.</li>
<li>It functions under the superintendence of the <strong>Ministry of Personnel, Pension &amp; Public Grievances.</strong></li>
<li>However for investigations of offences under the <strong>Prevention of Corruption Act,</strong> its superintendence vests with the<strong> Central Vigilance Commission.</strong></li>
<li>It is the<strong> nodal agency in India</strong> which coordinates investigation <strong>on behalf of Interpol member countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-unit-for-online-child-abuse-cases/article29986457.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-abuse-prevention-and-investigation-unit'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Chief Justice of India under the Ambit of the RTI Act',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/open-all-the-same-on-cji-office-and-rti-act/article29975187.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Open, all the same: On CJI office and RTI Act&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 15/11/2019. It talks about the implications of recent Supreme Court judgement on bringing Chief Justice of India under the ambit of the Right to Information Act.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court of India (SC) ruled that the office of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) would come under the ambit of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Information Act, 2005</strong></a> (RTI Act), as CJI is a<strong> public authority</strong> under the RTI Act.</p>
<p>The declaration of assets by ministers and legislators provide the citizenry with more relevant information about their representatives. However, before this judgement, the judges of the Supreme Court had refused to share information on their personal assets.</p>
<div class="border-bg" p=""><strong>Definition of Public Authority</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Under Section 2(f) of the RTI Act,</strong> information means &ldquo;any material in any form, including records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions, advice, press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks, contracts, reports, papers, samples, models, data material held in any electronic form and information relating to any private body which can be accessed by a <strong>public authority</strong> under any other law for the time being in force&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>"Public authority"</strong> means any authority or body or institution of self-government established or constituted by or under the Constitution; by any other law made by Parliament/State Legislature and by a notification issued or order made by the appropriate Government.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance of the Verdict</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Through the judgement, the SC upheld the<strong> Delhi High Court judgment (2010)</strong> which ruled that the CJI and the other justices of SC are liable to disclose information as in the case of other public authorities under the purview of the RTI Act.</li>
<li>The outcome is that the office of the CJI will now entertain RTI applications.</li>
<li>It opens the doors for transparency in the judiciary. Higher judiciary in India has been criticized for its opaqueness under the doctrine of the independence of the judiciary.</li>
<li>The verdict underlines the balance Supreme Court needs between transparency and protecting its independence.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While ruling that the office of the CJI is a public authority, the Supreme Court held that RTI cannot be used as a tool of surveillance and that judicial independence has to be kept in mind while dealing with transparency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It can give a boost to Good Governance, as now judiciary, executive, legislature, all come under the ambit of RTI Act.</li>
<li>The key takeaway from the judgment is that disclosure of details of serving judges personal assets is now not a violation of their right to privacy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lack of clarity:</strong> The SC argued that the right to know under the RTI Act was not absolute and this had to be balanced with the right of privacy of judges. <strong>However, the public interest is nowhere defined.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, RTI requests have to be decided after very careful consideration of a whole range of issues, balancing disclosure with privacy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dilution of RTI Act:</strong> The potency of the RTI Act is under the scanner after <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rti-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>recent amendments done in the RTI Act.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Amendment empowers the Central government to decide tenure, salary, allowances and other terms of service of Information Commissioners.</li>
<li>The Commission which is vested by law with status, independence and authority, will now function as a department of the Central government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Administrative burden:</strong> The RTI Act, 2005 did not create a new bureaucracy for implementing the law. It tasked and mandated officials in every office for dealing with RTI requests.<strong> However, this adds to the administrative burden of the bureaucracy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need for more transparency:</strong> After bringing SC judges under the ambit of RTI, the next logical step would be to remove opaqueness about appointments of the judges, made through the collegium system in the SC.</li>
<li><strong>A screening committee of RTI Act</strong>: In order to reduce the administrative burden of bureaucracy (pertaining to RTI requests), a screening committee <strong>(comprised of civil society members)</strong> can be formed, which can weed out <strong>frivolous RTI requests.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Strengthen RTI:</strong> RTI Act can be strengthened with <strong>a strong Whistleblower Protection Act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Expand ambit of RTI:</strong> The SC judgment paves the way for greater transparency. Therefore it is now the turn of other institutions such as registered political parties to be be brought under the RTI Act.</li>
</ul>
<p>The RTI Act is a strong weapon that enhances accountability, citizen activism and, consequently, participative democracy. In this context, the judgement can give a fillip to people&rsquo;s quest for transparency and accountability.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffed9;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />The recent judgement of the Supreme Court that brings the office of Chief Justice of India under the ambit of the Right to Information Act will give a fillip to people&rsquo;s quest for transparency and accountability. Comment</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/chief-justice-of-india-under-the-ambit-of-the-rti-act'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Brahmaputra Pushkaram Festival',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Assam government is celebrating <strong>Brahmaputra Pushkaram-</strong> a <strong>12-day</strong> mega <strong>river festival</strong> from November 5 to November 16 this year. Earlier, the Brahmaputra Pushkaram festival was held in 2007.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2018, the Pushkaram festival was celebrated on the banks of the <strong>Tamiraparani</strong> in Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will be the <strong>second biggest river festival</strong> ever to be celebrated <strong>in the state of Assam</strong> after <strong>Namami Brahmaputra.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pushkaram</strong> festival is a festival of rivers that pertains to the <strong>12 important rivers in India.</strong> It occurs once in 12 years for each river.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Namami Brahmaputra</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Namami Brahmaputra</strong> is a<strong>&nbsp;festival</strong> that celebrates the beauty of the Brahmaputra river.</li>
<li>It is organized by Assam Government. The first edition was celebrated in 2017.</li>
<li>It is a five-day programme that showcases Assam&rsquo;s art, heritage, and culture. The event was held in <strong>21 districts</strong> across the state touched by the Brahmaputra.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/a-festival-on-the-brahmaputra-promenade/article29971989.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brahmaputra-pushkaram-festival'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Index of Industrial Production (IIP)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Index of Industrial Production (IIP)</strong> for the month of September 2019 has <strong>contracted by 4.3</strong> % as <strong>compared to</strong> the month of September 2018.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the first time after <strong>November 2012</strong> that all <strong>three broad-based sectors (Mining, Manufacturing, and Electricity)</strong> have contracted and the<strong> lowest monthly growth</strong> in the <strong>2011-12 base year series.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Recent IIP Contraction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lower agricultural growth impacting rural demand adversely:</strong> India is witnessing <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/agricultural-distress-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>agricultural distress</strong></a> because of multiple factors like lack of easy credit, the declining average size of farm holdings, poor policy, and planning, etc.</li>
<li><strong>A slowdown in the Indian industrial sector:</strong> Indian<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/economic-slowdown-and-its-fix" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> industrial sector is facing slowdown</strong></a> driven by disruptive technologies, changes in consumer behaviour, changing global industrial scenario, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Structural growth slowdown in the Indian Economy:</strong> India is facing a long-term, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/economic-slowdown-cyclical-or-structural" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>deep-rooted economic slowdown</strong></a> which would require the government to undertake some structural policies like economic reforms of 1991.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Index of Industrial Production</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is an index that shows the <strong>growth rates in different industry groups of the economy in a fixed period of time.</strong></li>
<li>It is compiled and published <strong>monthly</strong> by the <strong>Central Statistical Organization (CSO),</strong> Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</li>
<li>IIP is a <strong>composite indicator</strong> that measures the growth rate of industry groups classified under:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Broad sectors,</strong> namely, Mining, Manufacturing, and Electricity.</li>
<li><strong>Use-based sectors,</strong> namely Basic Goods, Capital Goods, and Intermediate Goods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Base Year</strong> for IIP is <strong>2011-2012.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/core-sector-output-falls-by-5-2-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>eight core industries</strong> </a>of India represent about <strong>40% of the weight of items</strong> that are included in the <strong>IIP.</strong></li>
<li>Significance of IIP :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IIP is the <strong>only measure</strong> on the <strong>physical volume of production.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>used</strong> by <strong>government agencies</strong> including the Ministry of Finance, the Reserve Bank of India, etc, for <strong>policy-making purposes.</strong></li>
<li>IIP remains extremely relevant for the <strong>calculation of the quarterly and advance GDP estimates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/industrial-production-contracts-43-in-sept/article29945956.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fourth cycle of the All India Tiger Estimation</strong></a> (AITE), there has been an increase in the number of tigers in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The number of tigers in the <strong>Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve</strong> (NSTR) in Andhra Pradesh has gone up, reversing the steady decline in their number over a period.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Tiger Conservation Foundation (TCF)</strong> has drawn up an action plan to double its efforts to facilitate the proliferation of the big cats in the largest tiger reserve in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NSTR is the<strong> largest tiger reserve</strong> in India.</li>
<li><strong>Historical Background:</strong> It was notified in the year of 1978 and came under the protection of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Tiger</strong></a> in 1983. In 1992, it was retitled as<strong> Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Geographical Aspects:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Tiger reserve is spread over 5 districts in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The area consists mostly of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uranium-mining-in-nallamala-forest" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nallamala Hills.</strong> </a></li>
<li>The multipurpose reservoirs- <strong>Srisailam and Nagarjunasagar</strong> are located in the reserve.</li>
<li>The <strong>Krishna river</strong> cuts the basin of this reserve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ecological Diversity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong> It is home to a vast variety of wild animals. In addition to the Bengal Tiger, which is the apex predator, many other species like leopard, rusty-spotted cat, pangolin, Mugger Crocodiles, Indian Rock Python, and innumerable varieties of birds are found here.</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong>&nbsp;Variety of forests ranging from southern tropical dry mixed deciduous forest till southern thorn forest. A wide variety of shrubs and bamboo thickets also grow in this area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573811996_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573811996_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="469" height="477" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Project Tiger</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Project Tiger is a <strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong> of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change launched in 1973 to provide central assistance to the tiger States for tiger conservation in designated tiger reserves in India. The project is administered by the <strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tiger-conservation-gets-a-boost-in-ap/article29935836.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Geochemical Baseline Atlas',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI)</strong> has released the<strong> first &lsquo;Geochemical Baseline Atlas of India&rsquo; for environmental management.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The atlas aims to document the <strong>concentration and distribution of the chemical elements</strong> in the soils of India.</li>
<li>It consists of <strong>44 maps of metals, oxides, and elements</strong> present in <strong>top and bottom</strong> soils<strong> across India.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both human activities and natural processes are continuously modifying the chemical composition of our environment. Hence, it will help to <strong>assess the chemical compositional changes on the Earth&rsquo;s surface.</strong></li>
<li>It will help the country <strong>to assess the presence of toxic chemicals</strong> in soil and how it varies from place to place. It also helps in identifying how soil pollution is contributing to groundwater contamination</li>
<li>Further, the map will also support in choosing the <strong>right soil that&rsquo;s rich</strong> in certain micronutrient elements required for each plant growth.</li>
<li>The geochemical data presented in these maps will be a part of the <strong>global map to be prepared by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGC).</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>About CSIR-NGRI:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) is a geoscientific research organization established in <strong>1961</strong> under the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a<strong> non-governmental scientific organization</strong> founded in 1961 which promotes and encourages the study of geological problems, and facilitates international and interdisciplinary cooperation in the earth sciences.</li>
<li>The Union consists of <strong>121 members nations.</strong> India is the member.</li>
<li>At present IUGS gives considers issues related to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Geoscience education,</li>
<li>Geoscience information,</li>
<li>Environmental management and hazards</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/geochemical-baseline-atlas-of-india-released/article29933574.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/geochemical-baseline-atlas'
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Olive Ridley Turtles',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Odisha government would compensate 8,000 fishermen families who would bear losses due to the <strong>fishing ban</strong> imposed for the protection of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-hatching" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Olive Ridley sea turtles.</strong> </a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ban is an annual fishing ban that would be in force from November, 2019 to May 31, 2020. During this period, lakhs of turtles would arrive at the Odisha coast for mass nesting.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Olive Ridley Turtles</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Olive ridley turtles are the <strong>smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles</strong> found in the world, inhabiting warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.</li>
<li>They are best known for their unique <strong>mass nesting called Arribada.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An arribada is a mass-nesting event when thousands of turtles come ashore at the same time to lay eggs on the same.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The enormous number of Olive ridleys <strong>nest in Odisha (namely at three river mouths: Dhamara, Devi and Rushikulya) in India.</strong></li>
<li>The species is listed as <strong>Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List,</strong> Appendix 1 in CITES, and Schedule 1 in Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.</li>
<li>Olive-ridleys<strong> face serious threats</strong> across their migratory route, habitat and nesting beaches due to human activities such as unfriendly turtle fishing practices, development and exploitation of nesting beaches for ports, etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Dhamara River Mouth</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Brahmani river (second largest river in Odisha) enters into the Bay of Bengal along with a combined mouth with the Mahanadi (the largest river in Odisha)&nbsp; known as the Dhamara.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Devi River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Devi river is one of the principal distributaries of Mahanadhi.</li>
<li>It flows through Jagatsinghpur district and Puri district across Odisha state in India and joins the Bay of Bengal.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rushikulya River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It originates from Rushikulya hills of the Eastern Ghats in Phulbani district.</li>
<li>It is 165 kms. long with 8900 sq.kms of catchment areas.</li>
<li>It covers entire catchment area in the districts of Kandhamal and Ganjam district of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-to-compensate-8000-fishermen-families-for-fishing-ban-for-olive-ridley-protection/article29979456.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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