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Clouded Leopards and Their Habitats

Recently a study conducted in nine countries (Bhutan, Nepal, India, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar) suggested that...

26 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Gravitational Lensing

USA's space agency NASA is planning to launch James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in 2021, which will use a natural phenomenon called...

26 Aug 2019 News Analysis
India-France Relations

“The article is based on Old new friends that was published in The Indian Express on 24th August. It talks about the strengthening...

24 Aug 2019 News Editorials
Decriminalisation of CSR Violation

Finance Minister has announced that corporate social responsibility (CSR) violations would not be treated as criminal offences and would instead be a...

24 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Auto Trigger Mechanism in RCEP

Recently, India has stated it will push for several crucial issues for acceptance at negotiating round of the RCEP countries that have started in...

24 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Composite Water Management Index 2.0

NITI Aayog in association with Ministry of JAL Shakti and Ministry of Rural Development released Composite Water Management Index 2.0. Background...

24 Aug 2019 News Analysis
India France

India’s Prime Minister on his two-day visit to France is supposed to participate in G-7 meeting scheduled to be held in France as a...

24 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Development Finance Institution to Fund Infrastructure

The government has proposed to set up a development financial institution (DFI) to solve the infrastructure financing needs of the country. The...

24 Aug 2019 News Analysis
World Youth Conference For Kindness

The first-ever World Youth Conference for Kindness was organised by the UNESCO’s Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and...

24 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Cyber Crime: Data Deprivation and Data Localisation

The article is based on “Data deprivation makes cybercrime difficult to tackle” that was published on 22nd August in Livemint. It talks...

23 Aug 2019 News Editorials
NDB to Tap Indian Offshore Market

Recently, the New Development Bank (NDB) in its efforts to raise capital has announced to tap into the Indian rupee offshore market. NDB which...

23 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Amazon Rainforest

According to the data from Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (INPE), the Amazon Forests in Brazil has experienced 74,155 fires since...

23 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Ocean Energy as Renewable Energy

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has declared Ocean Energy as renewable energy. It has clarified to all the stakeholders that energy...

23 Aug 2019 News Analysis
San-Sadhan Hackathon: Divyang Accessible Toilets

The government has invited applications for its latest initiative under the Swachh Bharat Mission, called the ‘San-Sadhan’...

23 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Big data to Mitigate the Impact of Disasters

According to the report by the UN‘s Asia-Pacific social agency, technological innovations like big data can better predict disasters in the...

23 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Nuclear Doctrine of India

Why in News? Amidst heightened tensions between India and Pakistan, Defence Minister of India has recently said that the 'no first use nuclear...

23 Aug 2019 Paper 3
Boosting Economic Growth in a Protectionist World

The article is based on “Boosting growth in a protectionist world” that was published in The Hindu BusinessLine on 22nd August. It...

22 Aug 2019 News Editorials
Illegal Tiger Trade

Recently a new report titled ‘Skin and Bones Unresolved: An Analysis of Tiger Seizures from 2000-2018’ compiled by TRAFFIC, in...

22 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Indian Space Debris

According to the latest assessment of space debris by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), out of the 101 pieces of debris (big...

22 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Super 50

Maharashtra’s Tribal Development Department in association with the Pace Educational Trust has launched an academic programme for young tribal...

22 Aug 2019 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Clouded Leopards and Their Habitats',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently a study conducted in <strong>nine</strong> countries (Bhutan, Nepal, <strong>India,</strong> Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar) suggested that <strong>only 9.44%</strong> of the studied region was <strong>&lsquo;highly&rsquo;</strong> suitable for <strong>clouded leopards</strong> (Neofelis nebulosa).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, the <strong>Dampa tiger reserve in Mizoram</strong> was chosen as the study site.</li>
<li>Dampa had <strong>one of the highest population densities of clouded leopards,</strong> among the sites surveyed.</li>
<li><strong>Clouded leopard:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/377image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/377image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="214" height="254" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Named after cloud shaped pattern on its skin.</li>
<li>It is listed as <strong>Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>State animal of Meghalaya.</strong></li>
<li>It has been added to India&rsquo;s <strong>Recovery Programme for Critically Endangered Species</strong> to aid more research and strengthen conservation efforts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Clouded Leopard prefers <strong>grassland, shrubs, subtropical and dense tropical forest up to a height of 7,000 feet</strong> occurring from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into China.</li>
<li>In India, it occurs in Sikkim, northern West Bengal, Meghalaya subtropical forests, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur, Assam, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
<li>Clouded leopard&rsquo;s presence is positively related to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dense forest cover</li>
<li>High rainfall</li>
<li>Hard terrain</li>
<li>Low human presence</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factors affecting Clouded leopards distribution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Deforestation</li>
<li>Changing rainfall patterns</li>
<li>Human-animal conflict</li>
<li>Development projects</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Thus, steps should be taken to make land-use and development policy to facilitate coexistence of people alongside <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/preservation-of-sundarban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>clouded leopards</strong></a> as umbrellas for wider nature.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Dampa Tiger Reserve</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is located in <strong>Mizoram.</strong></li>
<li>It received the status of a tiger reserve under <strong>Project Tiger.</strong></li>
<li>Recently in the news, as the tigers were estimated to be zero as part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>latest all India tiger estimation exercise.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitat (IDWH)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>centrally sponsored scheme</strong> launched to provide<strong> technical and financial assistance to States/UTs</strong> for protection of wildlife habitat.</li>
<li>The activities covered under the scheme include<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Staff development and capacity building,</li>
<li>Wildlife research and evaluation</li>
<li>Anti-poaching activities</li>
<li>Wildlife veterinary care</li>
<li>Addressing man-animal conflict</li>
<li>Promoting eco-tourism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financial assistance</strong> is also provided to States for the <strong>relocation of communities from within protected areas to other areas.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme includes three components:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Support to Protected Areas (National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves &amp; Community Reserves)</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All Protected Areas (PAs) in different states are eligible for assistance, except those areas which receive assistance under Project Tiger.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection of Wildlife outside Protected Areas Many wildlife habitats fall outside the network of protected areas.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this component, funds are granted against Biodiversity Plans prepared by Chief Wildlife Wardens of the respective States. Priority is given to regions contiguous to the Protected Areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recovery Program for critically endangered habitats and species</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>16 species</strong> have been identified for recovery under this component. These are snow leopard, bastard, dolphin, hangul, Nilgiri Tahr, marine turtles, dugongs, edible nest swiftlet, Asian wild buffalo, Nicobar Megapode, vultures, Malabar Civet, Indian rhino, Asiatic lions, Swamp deer, Jerdon&rsquo;s Courser and Brown antlered deer. <strong>A scientific Recovery Plan</strong> has to be prepared by the <strong>Chief Wildlife Warden in each state.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/understanding-clouded-leopards-and-their-habitats/article29245150.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/clouded-leopards-and-their-habitats'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Gravitational Lensing',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>USA's space agency NASA is planning to launch <strong>James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in 2021</strong>, which will use a natural phenomenon called <strong>&ldquo;gravitational lensing&rdquo;</strong> to carry out astronomical observations.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>JWST will study every phase in the <strong>history of our Universe,</strong> ranging from the first luminous glows after the Big Bang, to the <strong>formation of solar systems</strong> capable of supporting life on planets like Earth, to the evolution of our own Solar System, etc.</li>
<li>For achieving this objective NASA has launched a program called <strong>Targeting Extremely Magnified Panchromatic Lensed Arcs and Their Extended Star Formation, or TEMPLATES.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/474image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/474image2.jpg" width="537" height="355" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<h3>Gravitational Lensing</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The phenomenon of <strong>gravitational lensing</strong> occurs when a <strong>huge amount of matter, such as a massive galaxy, cluster of galaxies</strong> or <strong>a black hole,</strong> creates a gravitational field that distorts and magnifies the light from objects behind it.</li>
<li>Gravitational lensing is based on <strong>Einstein's theory of general relativity (Mass bend light).</strong></li>
<li>Normal lenses such as the ones in a magnifying glass work by bending light rays that pass through them in a process known as refraction, in order to focus the light somewhere else.</li>
<li>Similarly, the gravitational field of a massive object causes light rays passing close to that object to be bent and refocused somewhere else.</li>
<li>The more massive the object, the stronger its gravitational field and hence the greater the bending of light rays - just like using denser materials to make optical lenses results in a greater amount of refraction.</li>
<li>In effect, <strong>gravitational lenses act like natural cosmic telescopes.</strong></li>
<li>The effect allows researchers <strong>to study the details of early galaxies too far away</strong> to be seen otherwise with even the most powerful space telescopes.</li>
<li>However, gravitational lensing is very rare as it requires a distant star, black hole and the observer on earth to be well-aligned.</li>
<li>Also, it can help astronomers to know about <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/evidence-of-supernova-remnants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>black holes, dark matter</strong>,</a> etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-gravitational-lensing-5936335/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gravitational-lensing'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'India-France Relations',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>&ldquo;The article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-france-relations-kashmir-china-us-narendra-modi-emmanuel-macron-5932024/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Old new friends</strong></a> that was published in The Indian Express on 24<sup>th</sup> August. It talks about the strengthening India-France bilateral relations in an uncertain world order.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
<h3>Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister of India, Mr Narendra Modi, visited France for an official visit at the invitation of the President of the French Republic, Mr Emmanuel Macron, for a bilateral summit on 22<sup>nd</sup> and 23<sup>rd</sup> August 2019 in Paris and to participate in the G7 Summit, on 25<sup>th</sup> and 26<sup>th</sup> August 2019, in Biarritz, under the French presidency of the G7.</li>
<li>In his departure statement, the Prime Minister said his visit to France reflects the strong strategic partnership which the two countries deeply value and share. India and France have excellent bilateral ties, which are reinforced by a shared vision to cooperate for further enhancing peace and prosperity for the two countries and the world at large. The strong strategic and economic partnership is complemented by a shared perspective on major global concerns such as terrorism, climate change, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As early as the 1980s, France wished to give greater scope to its relations with India. France bet on India&rsquo;s strategic, diplomatic and economic emergence, and steadfastly <strong>supported India&rsquo;s requests</strong> in several strategic matters: a permanent seat at the United Nations Security Council, better participation in the decisions taken at international fora (such as the expanded G8 and G20), access to civil nuclear cooperation.</li>
<li>Defence cooperation with France began in the 1950s when India acquired the Ouragan aircraft and continued with the Myst&egrave;res, Jaguar (Anglo-French), Mirage 2000.</li>
<li>Both countries started joint naval exercises <strong>&lsquo;Varuna&rsquo;</strong> in 1983.</li>
<li>France is the first country with which we initiated a <strong>Strategic Dialogue</strong> after our 1998 nuclear tests when France refused to impose bilateral sanctions on us and displayed a far greater understanding of India&rsquo;s security compulsions compared to other countries.</li>
<li>France helped India set up the Sriharikota launch site and assisted in engine development and hosting of payloads.</li>
<li>After the Cold War, France decided that its preferred partner in the Indian Ocean Region would be India. The relationship progressed through many landmark agreements like <strong>Strategic Partnership agreement 1998 and Civil Nuclear agreement 2008.</strong></li>
<li>It was the first <strong>P-5 country</strong> to support India&rsquo;s claim for a permanent seat in an expanded and reformed UN Security Council.</li>
<li>France supports India&rsquo;s membership of Multilateral Export Control regimes- NSG and MTCR. Its support was vital in India&rsquo;s admission to MTCR in 2016.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Area of Cooperation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Enhancing bilateral cooperation in <strong>strategic sectors:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>France has always been an important partner in the development of advanced technologies.</li>
<li>This is set to advance further with the consolidation of <strong>civil nuclear cooperation</strong> and enhancing <strong>space cooperation.</strong></li>
<li>The summit this week saw the placing of artificial intelligence and the unfolding digital revolution at the top of the bilateral agenda.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The new commitment to go beyond the buyer-seller relationship in the field of weapons procurement.</li>
<li>Synergies between India&rsquo;s large defence market and the French strengths in armament production</li>
<li>The signing of Agreement regarding the Provision of Reciprocal Logistics Support</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political cooperation</strong> began with French support for India in limiting international sanctions on Delhi after its 1998 nuclear tests. Today, France has emerged as India&rsquo;s most reliable partner on issues relating to terrorism and Kashmir.</li>
<li><strong>Regional Cooperation:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To intensify <strong>maritime and naval cooperation</strong> in the Indian Ocean and more broadly the Indo-Pacific.</li>
<li>There is a sweeping and ambitious ocean agenda awaiting the two countries &mdash; from maritime governance to oceanographic research and from interoperability between their armed forces to capacity building in the littoral.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bilateral trade and Economic relations</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The India-France Administrative Economic and Trade Committee (AETC) provides an appropriate framework to assess and find ways to further promote bilateral trade and investment as well as to speed up the resolution of market access issues to the benefit of economic operators</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global agendas-</strong> Climate change, biodiversity, renewable energy, terrorism, cybersecurity and digital technology, etc:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There have been joint efforts to limit climate change and develop the Solar Alliance</li>
<li>Both countries have agreed on a road map on cybersecurity and digital technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>France, which had sought strategic autonomy within the framework of its alliance with the US, and India, which has valued independent foreign policy, are <strong>natural partners</strong> in building the new coalitions for an uncertain era.</li>
<li>France also <strong>opens the pathway for deeper engagement with Europe</strong> on global issues, especially after uncertainty in the region due to BREXIT.</li>
<li>The new partnerships with France, Germany and other like-minded countries like Japan would hopefully turn out to be far more consequential for India&rsquo;s influence on the global stage.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 509px; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffdde;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></span><br /><br />&ldquo;Discuss the significance of strengthening India&rsquo;s relations with France and how it helps India to establish itself as a global leader.&rdquo;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-france-relations'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Decriminalisation of CSR Violation',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Finance Minister has announced that corporate social responsibility (CSR) violations <strong>would not be treated as criminal offences and would instead be a civil liability.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The imprisonment of up to 3 years for officials of companies that fail to comply with the specified corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditure has been <strong>rolled back.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/injeti-srinivas-committee-report-on-csr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Injeti Srinivas panel</strong></a> had been set up to study CSR expenditure.</li>
<li><strong>Implications of decriminalisation of CSR Violations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will allow the corporations to think and employ their CSR funds in an effective way.</li>
<li>Freedom to decide and choose the field of CSR related work for corporations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/companies-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Parliament passed amendments to the Companies Act, 2013</strong></a> which includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unspent CSR funds by companies should be transferred into an escrow account called <strong>Unspent Corporate Social Responsibility Account.</strong></li>
<li>The transferred funds needs to be utilised within <strong>three years of transfer.</strong></li>
<li>Any unspent annual CSR funds must be transferred to one of the funds under <strong>Schedule 7 of the Companies Act</strong> like Prime Minister&rsquo;s Relief Fund within six months of the financial-year end.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the <strong>Companies Act, 2013,</strong> certain classes of profitable entities are required to spend at least<strong> two per cent</strong> of their <strong>three-year annual average net profit</strong> towards Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in a particular financial year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/indian-inc-welcomes-move-to-decriminalise-csr-violations/article29236238.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/decriminalisation-of-csr-violation'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Auto Trigger Mechanism in RCEP',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, India has stated it will push for several crucial issues for acceptance at negotiating round of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-and-rcep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RCEP countries</strong></a> that have started in Jakarta.</p>
<h3>Key demands of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To protect the domestic industry, India proposes the<strong> &lsquo;auto-trigger&rsquo; mechanism</strong> to check import surges.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to it, in case <strong>there is a flood of imports&nbsp;</strong>(once duties are eliminated or reduced for RCEP members), after reaching a certain <strong>threshold,</strong> the auto-trigger of <strong>safeguard duties</strong> on imports should be initiated.</li>
<li>Through this India can accord some <strong>protection to its local industry.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is opposed to the proposed <strong>Investor-State Dispute Settlement&nbsp;</strong>(ISDS) body, as it does not want its domestic laws to be challenged outside India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, RCEP countries are in favour of ISDS, because of certain issues faced by companies in India like:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Operational permits of international investors in telecom companies were cancelled by the Supreme Court in the wake of the <strong>2G scam.</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is pushing for stringent norms for <strong>&lsquo;Rules of origin&rsquo;</strong> to prevent goods being routed through nations with lower duties<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is apprehensive that after signing of RCEP, the Indian market will be flooded with the cheap import of the third country which is not a member of RCEP but has signed FTA with other RCEP member.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rules of origin</strong> are the criteria needed to determine the national source of a product. Their importance is derived from the fact that duties and restrictions in several cases depend upon the source of imports.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Apart from this India wants <strong>greater market access in the services sector.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/rcep-india-wants-auto-trigger-mechanism-to-curb-import-surges/article29241238.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: THBL</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/auto-trigger-mechanism-in-rcep'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Composite Water Management Index 2.0',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>NITI Aayog</strong> in association with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-shakti-mantralaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of JAL Shakti</strong></a> <strong>and Ministry of Rural Development </strong>released<strong> Composite Water Management Index 2.0.</strong></p>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/291image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/291image2.jpg" width="240" height="273" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<h3>Background to CWMI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is experiencing a very significant water challenge, approximately 820 million people of India - living in twelve river basins across the country have per capita water availability close to or lower than 1000m3 &ndash; the official threshold for water scarcity as per the <strong>Falkenmark Index.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/396image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/396image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="445" height="84" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>About Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>NITI Aayog</strong> first launched and conceptualized the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/solution-to-indias-water-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Composite Water Management Index in 2018</strong></a> as a tool to instil a sense of <strong>cooperative and competitive federalism</strong> among the states.</li>
<li>It provided <strong>actionable guidance</strong> to States on where they were doing well absolutely and relatively and what they needed to focus on to secure their water</li>
<li>The index comprises 9 themes.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/527image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/527image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="521" height="222" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>CWMI 2.0</strong> ranks various states for the <strong>reference year 2017-18</strong> as against the <strong>base year 2016-17.</strong></li>
<li>Gujarat (continues to hold on to its <strong>rank one</strong> in the reference year (2017-18), followed by Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>In <strong>North-Eastern and the Himalayan States, Himachal Pradesh</strong> has been awarded rank 1 in 2017-18 followed by <strong>Uttarakhand, Tripura and Assam.</strong></li>
<li>For the<strong> first</strong> time, Union Territories have submitted their data and <strong>Puducherry</strong> has been declared the top performer.</li>
<li><strong>80% of the states</strong>&nbsp;have shown improvement in their water management scores over the last three years.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/325image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/325image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="559" height="306" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Falkenmark Indicator or Water Stress Index</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is one of the most commonly used measures of water scarcity.</li>
<li>It defines water scarcity in terms of the total water resources that are available to the population of a region; measuring scarcity as the amount of renewable freshwater that is available for each person each year.</li>
<li>If the amount of renewable water per person per year in a country is<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>below 1,700 m<sup>3</sup>,</strong> the country is said to be experiencing <strong>water stress.</strong></li>
<li><strong>below 1,000 m<sup>3</sup>,</strong> it is said to be experiencing <strong>water scarcity.</strong></li>
<li><strong>below 500 m<sup>3</sup>,</strong> it is experiencing <strong>absolute water scarcity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1582772" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/composite-water-management-index-2-0'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'India France',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>India&rsquo;s Prime Minister on his two-day visit to France is&nbsp;supposed to participate in G-7 meeting&nbsp;scheduled to be held in France as a non-member country on the invitation of France for the first time. He had&nbsp;a discussion on a spectrum of issues with France President. Both countries have condemned cross-border terrorism in all its forms and manifestations. They have called for halting cross-border movements of terror outfits based in Pakistan and engaged in anti-India activities, particularly in Jammu and Kashmir.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The followings are key takeaways of recently concluded visit:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Terror:</strong> France backed the PM&rsquo;s proposal to hold a global conference on terrorism. The two leaders asked UN countries to support organising new <strong>&ldquo;No Money for Terror&rdquo;</strong> International Conference on Fighting Terrorist Financing in Melbourne.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Two countries agreed to enhance their operational cooperation and launch fresh efforts to fight radicalisation, especially Online <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/how-does-india-deal-with-radicalisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Radicalisation.</strong></a></li>
<li>The two leaders reaffirmed their support for the implementation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/christchurch-call" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Christchurch Call to Action</strong></a> to eliminate terrorist and violent extremist online content adopted in Paris last May.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence:</strong> Both countries showed satisfaction towards the progress in implementation of agreements signed and reaffirmed their commitment to further strengthen cooperation in defence industry field in the spirit of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/indigenisation-of-defence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Make in India&rdquo;</strong> </a>and for the mutual benefit of both countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The first of the 36 <strong>Rafale aircraft</strong> is likely to be delivered in the third week of September.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nuclear:</strong> Both countries expressed satisfaction with the progress in negotiations between NPCIL and EDF since the conclusion of the <strong>Industrial Way Forward Agreement</strong> between the two parties in 2018 for construction of <strong>six nuclear power reactors</strong> in Jaitapur, Maharashtra.</li>
<li><strong>Space:</strong> Both have decided to deepen space cooperation to meet new challenges together, whether it concerns <strong>planetary exploration or human spaceflight.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They took the decision to train <strong>medical support personnel</strong> for Indian astronauts, who will be part of India&rsquo;s manned space mission by 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cyber:</strong> Both countries adopted a cybersecurity and digital technology roadmap aimed at expanding Indo-French bilateral cooperation, particularly in the strategic sectors of high-performance computing and Artificial Intelligence, with the target of bringing start-up ecosystems closer to each other.</li>
<li><strong>Maritime:</strong> Based on a shared commitment to <strong>maintaining the freedom of navigation,</strong> particularly in the Indo-Pacific zone.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>France and India reviewed the swift implementation of the conclusions of the Joint Strategic Vision of India-France Cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region, adopted during the last visit of France president.</li>
<li>For the implementation of the <strong>White Shipping agreement,</strong> India and France agreed on the appointment of a French liaison officer at the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Fusion Centre</strong></a> &ndash; Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) in Gurgaon.</li>
<li>They signed an Implementing Arrangement for the establishment of a framework for the realisation of <strong>joint maritime domain awareness mission.</strong> This is to keep an eye on Chinese assertive moves in the Indian Ocean region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic engagement:</strong> The two sides decided to have an appropriate framework to find ways to further promote bilateral trade and investment</li>
<li><strong>Issue of Afghanistan:</strong> The two sides decided to cooperate actively for international peace and security. They supported an inclusive peace and reconciliation process in Afghanistan which is <strong>Afghan-led, Afghan-owned and Afghan-controlled,</strong> leading to a lasting political solution based on preservation of the gains, including the constitutional order, human rights, particularly women&rsquo;s rights, and liberties gained over the past 18 years. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They called for the timely holding of Presidential elections; cessation of terrorist violence; and an end to terrorist safe havens for enduring and sustainable peace, security and stability in Afghanistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>White Shipping Agreement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The white shipping information refers to an exchange of relevant advance information on the identity and movement of commercial non-military merchant vessels.</li>
<li>Ships would be classified into white (commercial ships), grey (military vessels), and black (illegal vessels).</li>
<li>The seas of the entire world are interlinked and vessels can sail routinely around the globe in pursuit of cargo. Thus a vessel that is in Indian waters today maybe sailing towards a distant destination and similarly several vessels set sail from ports around the globe could be bound for India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This information is likely to be available with the country from whose port it sails. The information is equally relevant for the destination country and those it passes en route. Thus the mutual exchange of such information, called white shipping information, is extremely useful for all concerned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has signed white shipping agreements with several countries including The United States and Singapore and is seeking similar agreements with more countries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-france-condemn-terror-back-afghan-peace-process-narendra-modi-emmanuel-macron-5932284/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-france'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Development Finance Institution to Fund Infrastructure',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The government has proposed to set up a <strong>development financial institution (DFI)</strong> to solve the <strong>infrastructure financing needs</strong> of the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The establishment of such an institution is considered as a positive step as <strong>banks do not have the long-term funds to finance such projects.</strong></li>
<li>Banks cannot afford to lend for such projects because that would shrink their lending capacity as the funds get locked up in such projects for that time period.</li>
<li><strong>Why India needs DFIs to Fund Infrastructure?</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To boost <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/why-indian-economy-is-slowing-down" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>economic growth</strong></a> which would increase capital flows and energise capital markets.</li>
<li>To improve long term finances.</li>
<li>To provide credit enhancement for infrastructure and housing projects</li>
<li>As India does not have a development bank, DFI would fulfil the need for us to have an institutional mechanism.</li>
<li>Debt flow towards <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/3-year-action-agenda-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>infrastructure</strong></a> projects would be improved.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-s-monetary-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RBI</strong></a> had also specified in 2017 that specialised banks could cater to the wholesale and long-term financing needs of the growing economy and possibly fill the gap in long-term financing.</li>
</ul>
<p>Thus, it would be wise to revive the concept of DFI if the government wishes to keep societal, cultural, regional, rural and environmental concerns intact.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>What is Development Finance Institution?</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are specialized institutions set up primarily to provide development/ Project finance especially in developing countries.</li>
<li>These DFIs are usually majority-owned by national governments.</li>
<li>The source of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bimal-jalan-panel-on-economic-capital-framework" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>capital of these banks</strong></a> is national or international development funds.</li>
<li>This ensures their creditworthiness and their ability to provide project finance in a very competitive rate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>How is it different from commercial banks?</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It strikes a balance between commercial operational norms as followed by commercial banks on the one hand, and developmental responsibilities on the other.</li>
<li>DFIs are not just plain lenders like commercial banks but they act as companions in the development of significant sectors of the economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Evolution of DFIs in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The first DFI was the Industrial Financial Corporation of India (IFC) that was launched in 1948.</li>
<li>IDBI, UTI, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NABARD</strong></a>, EXIM Bank, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SIDBI</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NHB</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IIFCL</strong></a> etc are the other major DFIs.</li>
<li>Later several of them were converted into banks as industry like ICICI Bank, IDBI Bank etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Classification of development Financial Institutions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sector specific financial institutions:</strong>&nbsp;These financial Institutions&nbsp; focusses on a particular sector to provide project finance. Ex: NHB is solely related to Housing projects, EXIM bank is oriented towards import export operations.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/working-group-on-core-investment-companies" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Investment Institutions</strong></a>:&nbsp;These are specialized in providing services designed to facilitate business operations, such as capital expenditure financing and equity offerings, including initial public offerings (IPOs).Ex: LIC, GIC and UTI</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/development-financial-institution-to-fund-infrastructure/article29236499.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/development-finance-institution-to-fund-infrastructure'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'World Youth Conference For Kindness',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>first</strong>-ever <strong>World Youth Conference for Kindness</strong> was organised by the <strong>UNESCO&rsquo;s Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development (MGIEP)</strong> and <strong>Ministry of Human Resource (MHRD)</strong> at New Delhi.</p>
<h3>About Conference</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The theme of the conference was <strong>&lsquo;Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam: Gandhi for the Contemporary World: Celebrating the 150<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.&rsquo;</strong></li>
<li>The main purpose of the conference was to impart critical competencies (i.e. empathy, compassion, mindfulness and critical inquiry) in global youth to inspire, empower and enable them to transform themselves and build long-lasting peace in their communities.</li>
<li>The conference comprises of following:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>intensive <strong>youth-led capacity building workshops</strong> to enhance the capacities of youth on social and emotional learning skills and competencies such as empathy, mindfulness, compassion, kindness and critical inquiry through the prism of identity and global issues.</li>
<li>a platform to <strong>celebrate inspiring acts of kindness</strong> that are effecting change in the world and action programming for youth agency.</li>
<li>a generative space consisting of experts panels and TAG<sup>e</sup> plenary for youth and experts to share and critically engage with the concept of peace through kindness and nonviolence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development (MGIEP)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>first</strong> <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO</strong></a> institute of its kind in the <strong>Asia-Pacific region</strong> situated in New Delhi.</li>
<li>It is UNESCO&rsquo;s <strong>category 1 Research Institute</strong> that focuses on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4.7 towards education for building peaceful and sustainable societies across the world.</li>
<li>It has developed a social and emotional learning (SEL) curriculum called Libre, which was designed to build four competencies &ndash; critical inquiry, mindfulness, empathy and compassion.</li>
<li>The flagship publication of MGIEP i.e <strong>&ldquo;Blue Dot&rdquo;</strong> focuses on social and emotional learning.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/first-ever-world-youth-conference-for-kindness-held/article29238159.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: The Hindu</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-youth-conference-for-kindness'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Cyber Crime: Data Deprivation and Data Localisation',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>The article is based on &ldquo;Data deprivation makes cybercrime difficult to tackle&rdquo; that was published on 22<sup>nd</sup> August in Livemint. It talks about the challenges in tackling Cyber crimes due to Data deprivation and the need of Data Localisation.</p>
</div>
<h3>Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In recent times, there have been many instances of the hard-earned money of Indians being taken out of bank accounts and charges loaded onto credit cards through online frauds.</li>
<li>These cyber crimes shake people&rsquo;s faith in digital systems. The scepticism vis-a-vis online transactions also hurts the potential of emerging companies, tomorrow&rsquo;s successes which could help take India to the $5 trillion economy that the country aspires to.</li>
<li>While many cases aren&rsquo;t even reported, in cases that are, the investigations make little or no progress due to <strong>lack of access to data</strong> because of data possessing entities try to take cover under privacy principles or laws of the countries they are based in.</li>
<li>Since most search engines and social media platforms have no &ldquo;permanent establishment" in India, law enforcement agencies have hit a wall on data access for the purpose of solving cyber crimes.This has often raised calls for complete <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/Data-Localisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>data localization</strong></a>, which could have been avoided had a collaborative mechanism for data access, based on agreed criteria, been put in place.</li>
<li>Revelations of social media giant Facebook, sharing user data with Cambridge Analytica, which is alleged to have influenced voting outcomes, have led to a global clamour by governments for data localisation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Data Localisation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Data localisation is the <strong>act of storing data</strong> on any device <strong>physically present within the borders of a country.</strong></li>
<li>Data localisation laws refer to regulations that dictate how data on a nation&rsquo;s citizens is collected, processed and stored inside the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for Data Localisation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main intent behind data localisation is <strong>to protect the personal and financial information</strong> of the country&rsquo;s citizens and residents from foreign surveillance and <strong>give local governments and regulators the jurisdiction to call for the data when required.</strong></li>
<li>Data localisation is <strong>essential to national security.</strong> Storing of data locally is expected to help law-enforcement agencies to access information that is needed for the detection of a crime or to gather evidence.</li>
<li>Where data is not localised, the agencies need to rely on <strong>mutual legal assistance treaties (MLATs)</strong> to obtain access, delaying investigations.</li>
<li>On-shoring global data could also create domestic jobs and skills in data</li>
<li>storage and analytics, as the Srikrishna report had pointed out.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Data Localisation and India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/justice-bn-srikrishna-committee-submits-data-protection-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Srikrishna Commission</strong></a> recommended that data be stored in the country either directly or through mirror servers to serve law enforcement needs.</li>
<li><strong>The Reserve Bank of India</strong> imposed a hard data localisation mandate on payment systems providers to store payment systems data only in India.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-e-commerce-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>draft e-commerce policy</strong></a> also has clauses on cross-border data transfer. For example, it suggests that if a global entity&rsquo;s India subsidiary transfers Indian users&rsquo; data to its parent, the same cannot be transferred to a third party, even with the user&rsquo;s consent.</li>
<li><strong>Draft Personal Data Protection Bill, 2018</strong> has specific requirements on cross-border data storage.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bill states that every fiduciary shall keep a &lsquo;serving copy&rsquo; of all personal data in a server or data centre located in India.</li>
<li>The central government may notify certain categories of personal data as exempt from this requirement on grounds of necessity or strategic interests of the State.</li>
<li>The central government may also notify certain categories of personal data as &lsquo;critical personal data&rsquo;, which may be processed only in servers located in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/g-20-summit-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20 summit 2019</strong></a>, India boycotted the <strong>Osaka Track on the digital economy.</strong> The Osaka Track pushed hard for the creation of laws which would allow data flows between countries and the removal of data localisation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Global Practices Regarding Data Protection</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Canada and Australia</strong> protect their health data very carefully.</li>
<li><strong>Vietnam</strong> mandates one copy of data to be stored locally and for any company that collects user data to have a local office citing national interests</li>
<li><strong>China</strong> mandates strict data localisation in servers within its borders.</li>
<li><strong>The EU</strong> had enacted the <strong>General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)</strong> which establishes the right to privacy as one of the fundamental rights. It requires explicit consent from consumers for usage of their data.</li>
<li><strong>The U.S.</strong> has no single data protection law at the Federal level. It does, however, have individual laws such as HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996) for health care, another for payments, and the like.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns Regarding Data Localisation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Oppositions from Global Internet Giants:</strong> Facebook&rsquo;s Mark Zuckerberg recently expressed apprehension about nations wanting to store data locally. According to him, it gave rise to possibilities where authoritarian governments would have access to data for possible misuse.</li>
<li><strong>Opposition from US:&nbsp;</strong>The US Electronic Communications Privacy Act bars US-based service providers from disclosing electronic communications to law enforcement agencies of any country unless US legal requirements are met.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The U.S. criticised India&rsquo;s proposed norms on data localisation as &lsquo;most discriminatory&rsquo; and &lsquo;trade-distortive&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>EU concerns:</strong> termed data localisation as unnecessary and potentially harmful as they would create unnecessary costs, difficulties and uncertainties that could hamper business and investments.</li>
<li>The bilateral mechanism of the India-US Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty is a bit outdated and does not seem to work. The US Cloud (Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data) Act, however, enables law enforcement authorities in India to request electronic content directly from US service providers under an executive agreement with the US government.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data localisation is critical for law enforcement.</strong> Access to data by Indian law agencies, in case of a breach or threat, cannot be dependent on the whims and fancies, nor on lengthy legal processes of another nation that hosts data generated in India.</li>
<li>India needs to work out a way to crack cyber frauds and crimes. For this, the country urgently <strong>needs a legally-backed framework for a collaborative trigger mechanism</strong> that would bind all parties and enable law enforcers to act quickly and safeguard Indian citizens and businesses from a fast-growing menace.</li>
<li>All the players involved, including banks, telecom companies, financial service providers, technology platforms, social media platforms, e-commerce companies and the government, <strong>need to play a responsible role</strong> in ensuring innocent citizens do not undergo the trauma of suffering losses.</li>
<li>The customer also has a responsibility to <strong>maintain basic cyber hygiene,</strong> which includes following practices and taking precautions to keep one&rsquo;s sensitive information organized, safe and secure.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #6a00ff; background-color: #efffe6;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></span><br /><br />&ldquo;Discuss how data deprivation is a challenge to tackle cyber crimes. Also comment whether data localisation will help in solving cyber crimes in India.&rdquo;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/cyber-crime-data-deprivation-and-data-localisation'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'NDB to Tap Indian Offshore Market',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the <strong>New Development Bank (NDB)</strong> in its efforts to raise capital has announced to tap into the Indian rupee offshore market.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NDB which recently has received its<strong> first &lsquo;AAA&rsquo; rating,</strong> is looking into the Indian rupee offshore market to raise resources after the Masala bonds market slowed down.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There has been a slowdown in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kerala-the-first-indian-state-to-issue-masala-bond" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Masala bond</strong></a> market due to the global slowdown and India's economic issues like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-proposes-liquidity-norms-for-nbfcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IL&amp;FS crisis.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a significant move as this will strengthen <strong>gradual internationalization of the Indian Rupee.</strong></li>
<li>However, the offshore rupee market has its own issues.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The exchange rate in the two markets i.e. home and offshore, could be different leading to arbitrage opportunities and inefficiencies.</li>
<li>In fact, the price in one market could drive the price in another market.</li>
<li>This reduces the efficacy of central bank&rsquo;s monetary policy.</li>
<li>That's why the government had recently formed a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/task-force-on-offshore-rupee-markets" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Task Force on Offshore Rupee Markets</strong></a> under former Deputy Governor of the RBI, Usha Thorat.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The task force recommended expanding onshore currency markets, in a calibrated manner.</li>
<li>This will enable foreign investors to hedge their currency risk and could incentivise greater participation in rupee-denominated bonds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Note:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>AAA is the safest of investment ratings, as there&rsquo;s almost zero probability of defaulting on the loan.</li>
<li>It is significant that NDB got a higher rating than the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/brics-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BRICS countries.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Also, no other bank owned by emerging markets has a AAA rating.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/forex/brics-bank-looks-to-tap-into-indian-rupee-offshore-market/article29224243.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:THBL</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ndb-to-tap-indian-offshore-market'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Amazon Rainforest',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to the data from Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (INPE), <strong>the Amazon Forests in Brazil has experienced 74,155 fires since January 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is an <strong>85% increase from the last year (2018)</strong> and significantly higher than that in the year 2016, when there were severe drought conditions in the region associated with a strong <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/el-nino-forecast-for-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>El Nino</strong></a> event.</li>
<li>Moreover, there is <strong>nothing abnormal about the climate this year</strong> or the rainfall in the Amazon region, which is just a little below average.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Amazon Rainforests<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/672image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/672image1.jpg" width="339" height="373" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are <strong>large tropical rainforest</strong> occupying the drainage basin of the Amazon River and its tributaries in northern South America and covering an area of 6,000,000 square km.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Tropical forests are closed-canopy forests</strong> growing within 28 degrees north or south of the equator.</li>
<li>They are very <strong>wet places,</strong> receiving more than 200 cm rainfall per year, either seasonally or throughout the year.</li>
<li>Temperatures are uniformly high - between 20&deg;C and 35&deg;C.</li>
<li>Such forests are found in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico and on many of the Pacific Islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Comprising about 40% of Brazil&rsquo;s total area, it is bounded by the Guiana Highlands to the north, the Andes Mountains to the west, the Brazilian central plateau to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Reason Behind the Fires</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Natural Cause:</strong> The dry season creates favourable conditions for the use and spread of fire.</li>
<li><strong>Man-made causes:</strong> Since the 1960s, the Amazon has witnessed large-scale deforestation because of cattle-ranching, logging, power projects, mining and farming. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Amazon has large reserves of gold and other minerals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Immediate Cause:</strong> Environmentalists have blamed farmers setting the forest alight to clear land for pasture.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The President of Brazil has repeatedly said that he believes that Brazil should open the Amazon up to business interests, to allow mining, agricultural and logging companies to exploit its natural resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Amazon rainforest is a <strong>repository of rich biodiversity and produces approximately 20% of oxygen</strong> in the Earth&rsquo;s atmosphere.</li>
<li>It is home to many indigenous communities, their life depends on the forests.</li>
<li><strong>Additional Carbon Emissions:</strong> Carbon intake by the Amazon basin matches the emissions released by nations in the basin. The burning of forests, therefore, implies additional carbon emissions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further deforestation could lead to Amazon&rsquo;s transformation from the world&rsquo;s largest rainforest to a savanna, which would reverse the region&rsquo;s ecology.</li>
<li><strong>Savanna</strong> is a vegetation type that grows under hot, seasonally dry climatic conditions and is characterized by an open tree canopy (i.e., scattered trees) above a continuous tall grass understory (the vegetation layer between the forest canopy and the ground).</li>
<li>The largest areas of savanna are found in Africa, South America, Australia, India, Myanmar (Burma)&ndash;Thailand region in Asia, and Madagascar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Water Cycle:</strong> Amazon rainforest has the ability to produce at least half of the rain it receives. The rain produced by the Amazon travels through the region and even reaches the Andes mountain range.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong> </a>and the international community <strong>need to take serious measures</strong> to save the forests.</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/amazon-burning-brazil-president-tells-rest-of-world-not-to-interfere/article29229622.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amazon-rainforest'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Ocean Energy as Renewable Energy',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy</strong> has declared Ocean Energy as renewable energy.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has clarified to all the stakeholders that energy produced using various forms of ocean energy such as tidal, wave, ocean thermal energy conversion among others shall be considered as renewable energy and shall be eligible for meeting the non-solar <strong>Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO).</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Renewable Purchase Obligation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is a mechanism by which the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions are obliged to purchase a certain percentage of power from renewable energy sources.</li>
<li>RPO is being implemented throughout the country to create demand for renewable energy.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Potential</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to MNRE, the total identified potential of tidal energy is about 12,455 MW, with potential locations identified at <strong>Khambhat &amp; Kutch regions (Gujrat)</strong> and large backwaters, where barrage technology could be used.</li>
<li>The total theoretical potential of wave energy in India along the country&rsquo;s coast is estimated to be about 40,000 MW.</li>
<li><strong>Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)</strong> has a theoretical potential of 180,000 MW in India subject to suitable technological evolution.</li>
<li>The sector has the potential to grow, fuelling economic growth, reduction of carbon footprint and creating jobs not only along the coasts but also inland along its supply chains.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ocean Energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Oceans cover 70% of the earth&rsquo;s surface and represent an enormous amount of energy in the form of wave, tidal, marine current and thermal gradient. India has a long coastline with the estuaries and gulfs.</li>
<li>Ocean energy is used in the form of Tidal, Wave, Current Energy and Ocean Thermal Energy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Tidal Energy:</strong> The tidal cycle occurs every 12 hours due to the gravitational force of the moon. The difference in water height from low tide and high tide is stored in the form of potential energy. Similar to traditional hydropower generated from dams, tidal water can be captured in a barrage across an estuary during high tide and forced through a hydro-turbine during low tide. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The capital cost for tidal energy power plants is very high due to the high construction cost and high power purchase tariff.</li>
<li>To capture sufficient power from the tidal energy potential, the height of high tide must be at least five meters (16 feet) greater than low tide.</li>
<li>The Gulf of Cambay and the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat on the west coast have few ideal locations in the country where potential exists.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wave Energy:</strong> Wave energy is generated by the movement of a device either floating on the surface of the ocean or anchored to the ocean floor.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Wave conversion devices that float on the surface have joints hinged together that bend with the waves. This kinetic energy pumps fluid through turbines and creates electricity.</li>
<li>Stationary wave energy conversion devices use pressure fluctuations produced in long tubes from the waves swelling up and down.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Energy:</strong> Marine current is ocean water moving in one direction. Few examples being the Gulf Stream, North Atlantic Drift, etc. Tides also create currents that flow in two directions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kinetic energy can be captured from the Gulf Stream and other tidal currents with submerged turbines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) :</strong> Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion uses ocean temperature differences from the surface to depths lower than 1,000 meters, to extract energy. A temperature difference of only 20&deg;C can yield usable energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/govt-declares-ocean-energy-as-green-power/article29223299.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: THBL</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ocean-energy-as-renewable-energy'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'San-Sadhan Hackathon: Divyang Accessible Toilets',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The government has invited applications for its latest initiative under the <strong>Swachh Bharat Mission,</strong> called the <strong>&lsquo;San-Sadhan&rsquo; Hackathon,</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The initiative aims to ease lives of <strong>Divyangjan</strong> by making toilets smarter, more accessible, and easier to use.</li>
<li><strong>It is being jointly Organized by :</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-shakti-mantralaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Jal Shakti</strong></a></li>
<li>Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Aim-&amp;-mygov-launches-innovate-india-platform" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Innovation Mission,</strong></a> <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NITI Aayog</a></strong></li>
<li>Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation</li>
<li>91springboard.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Objective of San-Sadhan Hackathon are:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Affordable, compact, flexible to use &amp; design and scalability to suit variable area requirements.</li>
<li>Demands of different disabilities, geographies, age groups, genders and cultures have to be kept in mind.</li>
<li>Specifically, issues of wheelchair users, amputees, visually impaired and conditionally disabled (person with fracture, pregnant women, lactating mothers, elderlies etc.) need to be addressed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The solution could be developed for any one of the following categories:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rural Individual Use Toilet</li>
<li>Rural Community Use Toilet</li>
<li>Urban Individual Use Toilet</li>
<li>Urban Community Use Toilet</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per the <strong>2011 census, 2.68 crore people</strong> in the country fall under the category of &lsquo;Divyangs&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-applauds-swachh-bharats-rural-component" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA)</strong></a> or Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched on<strong> October 2, the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi in 2014.</strong></li>
<li>It aims to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India&rsquo;s cities, towns, and rural areas and achieve an <strong>open-defecation free India by October 2, 2019, the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.</strong></li>
<li>Also aims to build 90 million rural toilets in the country.</li>
<li>Further, the mission will also help India meet the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal-6 (SDG 6)</strong></a>, as established by the UN in 2015.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other Initiatives Related to Divyangjan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the second <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/disability-summit-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>"Disability Summit, 2019"</strong></a> took place in<strong> Buenos Aires, Argentina</strong> with the hope of achieving real change for people with disabilities.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/disability-summit-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD)</strong></a> is a comprehensive human rights convention and international development tool and is at the heart of the disability rights movement.</li>
<li>India had enacted&nbsp;<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-on-implementation-of-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016</a>.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/disability-summit-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The international day of persons with disabilities</strong></a> is observed every year on 3<sup>rd</sup> December.</li>
<li>Recently the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment organised Regional Conference on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/regional-conference-on-deendayal-disabled-rehabilitation-scheme-ddrs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Deendayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme (DDRS)&rdquo;</strong></a> in Mumbai.</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission of India (ECI)</strong> </a>had launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accessible-elections" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Accessible Elections initiative</strong></a> in Lok Sabha Election-2019 to make the election process <strong>more participative and inclusive.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment entered into Guinness Book of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-2nd-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Records for implanting &lsquo;Modern Artificial Limbs (Legs)&rsquo;</strong></a> on 260 Divyangjans within eight hours.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192768" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/san-sadhan-hackathon-divyang-accessible-toilets'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Big data to Mitigate the Impact of Disasters',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to the report by the <strong>UN&lsquo;s Asia-Pacific social agency,</strong> technological innovations like <strong>big data</strong> can better predict <strong>disasters</strong> in the Asia-Pacific region and help to reduce its impact.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report stated that, since 1970, natural disasters in the Asia-Pacific region have killed <strong>two million people i.e. 59% of the global death toll.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Rising global temperatures and climate change</strong> have increased the frequency and intensity of floods, cyclones and droughts in the region.</li>
<li>Further, disasters also cause <strong>more damage in Asia and the Pacific,</strong> measured as a percentage of GDP, than the rest of the world, and this gap has been widening.</li>
<li>In this context, technologies intervention caused by big data can help <strong>identify and locate those most at risk, to warn people ahead of a disaster,</strong> and <strong>deliver targeted relief afterwards.</strong></li>
<li>This data can come from a <strong>range of sources,</strong> including satellite imagery, drone videos, simulations, crowdsourcing, social media and global positioning systems.</li>
<li><strong>Application of Big Data in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Disaster Risk Reduction</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are four main phases of disaster management i.e. <strong>prevention, preparedness, response and recovery.</strong></li>
<li>A Big Data-driven sensor network can help mitigate disaster in the following ways:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Flood and cyclone forecasting now rely on computer simulations, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/artificial-intelligence-and-deepfakes-misuse-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>machine learning</strong></a> can help predict the location and severity of floods.</li>
<li>Sensor webs and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Internet of Things</strong></a> can enable efficient earthquake early-warning systems.</li>
<li>Remote sensing via satellites and drones provide quick assessments of damage and people affected so that disaster response can be prioritized.</li>
<li>Public data like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supreme-court-upholds-aadhaars-constitutional-validity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s digital ID system (Aadhar)</strong></a> can help deliver targeted benefits to millions of small and marginal farmers affected by drought.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Big data applications have led to substantial reductions in mortalities and economic losses due to typhoons in the north and east Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Big Data</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Big Data, broadly characterize data sets so large they cannot be stored and analysed by the traditional data storage and processing methods.</li>
<li>It has three characteristics, referred to as the <strong>three V&rsquo;s &ndash; Volume, Velocity and Variety,</strong> that distinguish Big Data from other forms of data.</li>
<li>The emergence of Big Data has primarily been, due to the decrease in the cost of sensory and mass digitization of systems and processes around the globe.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/from-drones-to-social-media-big-data-helps-mitigate-impact-of-complex-disasters-in-asia/article29224500.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: THBL</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/big-data-to-mitigate-the-impact-of-disasters'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Nuclear Doctrine of India',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Amidst heightened tensions between India and Pakistan, Defence Minister of India has recently said that the <strong>'no first use nuclear policy' of India may change in the future.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>What is a Nuclear Doctrine?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A nuclear doctrine states <strong>how a nuclear weapon state would employ its nuclear weapons both during peace and war.</strong></li>
<li>The doctrine helps to <strong>establish deterrence vis-&agrave;-vis adversary.</strong></li>
<li>Through the nuclear doctrine a state can <strong>communicate its intention and resolve to the enemy.</strong></li>
<li>The doctrine also guides the state&rsquo;s response during war.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Historical Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nuclear programme of India was initiated in the late 1940s under the guidance of <strong>Homi J. Bhabha.</strong></li>
<li>Nehru was against nuclear weapons so he pleaded with the superpowers for <strong>comprehensive nuclear disarmament.</strong> However, the nuclear arsenal kept rising.</li>
<li>When Communist China conducted the nuclear tests in October 1964, the five nuclear powers (US, USSR, UK, France, and China) also the five Permanent Members of the UN Security Council had tried to impose the <strong>Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty</strong> (NPT) of 1968 on the rest of the world.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Signed in 1968, the treaty <strong>entered into force in 1970,</strong> now has 190 member states. It requires countries to <strong>give up any present or future plans to build nuclear weapons</strong> in return for access to peaceful uses of nuclear energy.</li>
<li>Three main objectives of the treaty are <strong>non-proliferation, disarmament,</strong> and the <strong>right to peacefully use nuclear technology.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India is one of the only five countries that either did not sign the NPT or signed but withdrew,</strong> thus becoming part of a list that includes Pakistan, Israel, North Korea, and South Sudan.</li>
<li>India always considered the NPT as <strong>discriminatory</strong> and had refused to sign it.</li>
<li>India has opposed the international treaties aimed at non-proliferation since they were selectively applicable to the non-nuclear powers and legitimised the monopoly of the five nuclear weapons powers.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>first nuclear explosion undertaken by India in May 1974.</strong></li>
<li>India argued that it was committed to the policy of using nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.</li>
<li>India opposed the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995 and also refused to sign the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/india-s-prospects-as-a-nuclear-power" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).</strong></a></li>
<li>India conducted a <strong>series of nuclear tests in May 1998,</strong> demonstrating its capacity to use nuclear energy for military purposes.</li>
<li>Pakistan soon followed, thereby increasing the vulnerability of the region to a nuclear exchange.</li>
<li>The international community was extremely critical of the nuclear tests in the subcontinent and sanctions were imposed on both India and Pakistan, which were subsequently waived.</li>
<li>After the 1998 nuclear test India also enunciated a doctrine of <strong>'No First Use&rsquo; (NFU) of nuclear weapons.</strong></li>
<li>The doctrine was <strong>formally adopted in January, 2003,</strong> and says that nuclear weapons will only be used in retaliation against a nuclear attack on Indian territory or on Indian forces anywhere.</li>
<li>Since the adoption of nuclear doctrine, <strong>India has said consistently that its nuclear weapons were based on staggering and punitive retaliation,</strong> in case the deterrence has failed.</li>
<li>Pakistan, by contrast, has openly threatened India with the use of nuclear weapons on multiple occasions beginning from the time the two nations were not even acknowledged nuclear powers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages of NFU</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NFU policy <strong>facilitates restrained nuclear weapons programme</strong> without tactical weapons and a complicated command and control system.</li>
<li>The doctrine <strong>minimises the probability of nuclear use</strong> by avoiding the deployment of weapons on hair-trigger alert and keeping an arms-race in check.</li>
<li>The doctrine also <strong>reduces the chances of unnecessary chaos</strong> as the onus of taking the decision to escalate a nuclear use lies on the adversary.</li>
<li>Strict adherence to the doctrine can <strong>strengthen India&rsquo;s efforts to gain membership in Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG) and United Nations Security Council (UNSC).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Arguments Against NFU</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The idea of no-first-use (NFU) of nuclear weapons has been rejected by some nuclear weapons states and accepted only at the declaratory level by most, if not by all of the others.</li>
<li>Nuclear weapons are often seen as an <strong>antidote to conventional inferiority as the inferior</strong> party will seek to deter conventional attack by threatening a nuclear response.</li>
<li>The first-use nuclear doctrine introduces an element of nuclear risk to any war contemplated by the superior state as it is hard for the potential attacker to confidently calculate that it can achieve victory at an acceptable cost when there is a possibility of nuclear escalation.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cuban Missile Crisis and MAD Doctrine</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cuban Missile Crisis was one of the most intense confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States during the entire course of the Cold War.</li>
<li>The Cold War nearly became hot on October 16, 1962, when the White House became aware of the Soviet missiles present in Cuba.</li>
<li>The Cuban Missile Crisis is widely regarded as the <strong>boiling point of the nuclear arms race,</strong> when fears of thermonuclear war between the Soviet Union and the United States seemed not only plausible, but even possible.</li>
<li>The Cuban Missile Crisis was the ultimate byproduct of MAD, or <strong>mutual assured destruction,</strong> a strategic military doctrine in which the use of nuclear weapons on a full scale would theoretically result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender.</li>
<li>This strategy ultimately sends both parties into an endless loop of increased military budgets.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul>
<li>In India the NFU policy has been called into question on the grounds that it allows Pakistan to take the initiative while <strong>restricting India&rsquo;s options militarily and puts India in a disadvantageous position.</strong></li>
<li>Pakistan&rsquo;s low nuclear thresholds and its policy of using its <strong>nuclear umbrella to foment sub-conventional conflict in India</strong> is the principal reason behind the debate around India&rsquo;s &lsquo;no first use&rsquo; policy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implications of Abandoning NFU for India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Withdrawing the NFU policy and making a declaration to that effect <strong>can affect India&rsquo;s status as a responsible nuclear power.</strong></li>
<li>Such a step will <strong>abrogate India&rsquo;s commitment to the universal goal of nuclear disarmament</strong> and <strong>upset the regional balance</strong> in the sub-continent.</li>
<li>Further, abrogating the doctrine would signal a first use posture by India, thus reducing the space for conventional warfare below the nuclear threshold. This could also severely corrode India&rsquo;s ability to limit Pakistan&rsquo;s offensive tactics and policies at the conventional level.</li>
<li>Moreover, China&rsquo;s expansionist policies cannot be deterred by revising the doctrine, the decision to abandon the doctrine <strong>can send a deliberate signal of provocation to China.</strong></li>
<li>Nuclear preemption is a <strong>costly policy</strong> as it requires massive investment not only in weapons and delivery systems but also intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) infrastructure.</li>
<li>India <strong>would require a far bigger inventory</strong> of nuclear weapons particularly as eliminating adversaries&rsquo; nuclear capabilities would require targeting of its nuclear assets involving multiple warheads.</li>
<li>India is yet to induct the <strong>Multiple Reentry Vehicle (MRV) technology</strong> in its missiles, which is fundamental to eliminating hardened nuclear targets.</li>
<li>First use doctrine will also require to devolves control of nuclear weapons from the scientific enclave to the military for their eventual use.</li>
<li>Moreover, the after effects of the nuclear fallout, depending on the magnitude of nuclear explosions, <strong>could pose existential threats to humanity itself.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As security is a <strong>dynamic concept</strong> and all doctrines needs periodic reviews. Same is the case with India.</li>
<li>If Indian policymakers feel a need to <strong>review the nation&rsquo;s nuclear doctrine,</strong> they should be cognizant of the costs involved in doing so.</li>
<li>A sound policy debate can only ensue if the costs and benefits of a purported policy shift are discussed and debated widely.</li>
<li>Also, India must gradually revise its posture of <strong>&lsquo;active deterrence&rsquo; to &lsquo;dissuasive deterrence&rsquo;</strong> by building up its infrastructure along the border and improving the surveillance and warning capabilities among other things.</li>
<li>Like India, China too has an NFU policy so it provides an opportunity to work jointly towards a global no first use nuclear order.</li>
</ul>',
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		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Boosting Economic Growth in a Protectionist World',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>The article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/boosting-growth-in-a-protectionist-world/article29214266.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Boosting growth in a protectionist world&rdquo;</strong></a> that was published in The Hindu BusinessLine on 22<sup>nd</sup> August. It talks about the challenges of achieving a higher growth rate in a protectionist world order.</p>
</div>
<h3>Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In recent times, governments across the world are focussed more on protectionist economic policies as a measure to boost their domestic economy.</li>
<li>Protectionism, the theory or practice of shielding a country's domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports, gained ground mainly after the 2008 Global Financial Crisis.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/trade-war-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>US-China trade war</strong></a> is an evidence of the growing phenomenon of protectionist trade and economic policies.</li>
<li>The US, under Trump presidency, has already withdrawn itself from Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and also looking cynically on other multilateral engagements.</li>
<li>In the meantime, India has set an <strong>ambitious goal of becoming a USD 5 trillion economy by 2024-25.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Economic Survey 2018-19</strong> calls for a sustained 8% growth rate for India to become a USD 5 trillion economy by 2024-25.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges of Economic Growth in a Protectionist World</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India requires a <strong>high growth of exports</strong> to boost its economy, which is a huge challenge in the prevalent situation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s merchandise exports have been hovering around $300 billion for the last five to six years and have not been able to boost economic growth.</li>
<li>India is losing its competitive edge in traditional industries like textiles, to countries like Bangladesh and Vietnam.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s service exports, spearheaded by information technology, however, rose from $137 billion in 2011-12 to $205 billion in 2018-19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Uncertainty regarding US unilateral actions:</strong> India is among the group of countries that has been subjected to tariffs of 25% on steel and 10% on aluminum imports by the US. While this may not make a big dent to India&rsquo;s exports of these products as India accounts for only 2% of the US&rsquo; steel and aluminum imports and the US accounts for less than 5% of India&rsquo;s exports of these products, the US&rsquo; unilateral steps are a matter of concern. There is a risk that such protectionism might be extended to products which matter for India.</li>
<li><strong>Dumping:</strong> US tariffs may lead to excess supply of steel and aluminum products in the world market and dumping in large consumer markets like India, increasing competition for domestic manufacturers.</li>
<li>An environment of restrictive global trade has an <strong>adverse impact on profit growth of Indian companies.</strong> Higher import tariffs can have a negative impact on earnings, by increasing the cost of inputs.</li>
<li><strong>Increased Fiscal Commitment :</strong> Decline in trade openness has seen India responding with protectionism coupled with inward-looking policies, including increasing role of government in driving demand, supporting farm &amp; rural sectors, job creation, housing for all and prioritising MSME lending for public sector banks (PSBs). This trend is expected to continue. Hence, it will also imply higher fiscal commitment.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How to boost economic growth?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Improving Ease of Doing Business:</strong> India has improved a lot in World Bank&rsquo;s Doing Business Report (DBR) in the last four years. It has improved 65 positions in the last four years from 142 in 2015 to 77 in 2019.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it is still ranked very low on two major parameters- <strong>Starting a Business</strong> and<strong> Enforcing Contracts-</strong> that are vital for attracting FDI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Electronic Manufacturing:</strong> India cannot become a significant, modern economic power unless it develops a <strong>vibrant electronics industry,</strong> with an indigenous capability for research and development and a substantial manufacturing capability to produce crucial items like semiconductors and computer chips.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Of the country&rsquo;s total demand for electronics, between 50-60% of the products and 70-80% of the components are imported.</li>
<li>Expenses on electronics imports could surpass those on oil imports by 2020.</li>
<li>The industry has the potential to provide millions of jobs, directly and indirectly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) :</strong> India needs to effectively utilise FTAs, especially with East Asian nations (ASEAN), Japan, South Korea to its advantage to boost investments, exports and technology transfers to and from these nations.</li>
<li>Joining <strong>Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)</strong> is an option. But, the Chinese dominance in this partnership is a concern for India which needs to be carefully studied given the growing regional security and geo-politics concerns.</li>
<li><strong>Boosting Private investment:</strong> Economic Survey 2018-19 termed Private Investment as the Key Driver of Growth, Jobs, Exports and Demand.</li>
<li><strong>Deriving opportunity out of the Trade war</strong> scenario between the US and China.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ongoing trade war between the US and China will help India tap export opportunities in both the countries in areas such as garments, agriculture, automobiles and machinery.</li>
<li>China is also more willing than ever before to provide better market access to India on a wide range of agriculture and processed food products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Resolving trade issues with the US at the earliest to eliminate investors doubts in Indian trade regime.</li>
<li>Drawing a fine balance between the interests of domestic industry and giving trade concessions to multinationals to attract foreign investment in the form of FDI.</li>
<li>With enthusiasm for post Cold War style &ldquo;globalisation&rdquo; declining in Europe and the US, India now faces serious choices it has to make, given the security and diplomatic challenges it faces, from an increasingly assertive China.</li>
<li>India needs to show leadership role in bringing the world order towards a liberal trade regime where prosperity in trade brings benefit to the the people equitably and sustainably.</li>
<li>The goal of $5 trillion economy by 2025 needs a comprehensive multidimensional and multi-sectoral efforts to achieve a more than 8% growth rate annually that requires to meet the goal.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #0845ff; background-color: #defffb;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></span><br /><br />&ldquo;Discuss how India can achieve its ambitious goal of becoming a $5 trillion economy by 2025 in the backdrop of growing protectionism globally.&rdquo;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Illegal Tiger Trade',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently a new report titled<strong> &lsquo;Skin and Bones Unresolved: An Analysis of Tiger Seizures from 2000-2018&rsquo;</strong> compiled by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/traffic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TRAFFIC</strong></a>, in partnership with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-1st-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Wildlife Fund (WWF)</strong></a> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for Conservation of Nature</strong></a> has quantified the illegal global trade in tigers and tiger parts over a 19-year period between 2000 and 2018.</li>
<li>It was the fourth in a series on tiger trade by TRAFFIC, a wildlife trade monitoring network headquartered in the United Kingdom.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Findings of Report</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/552image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/552image4.jpg" width="578" height="287" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is the country with the highest number of seizure incidents (463, or 40% of all seizures) as well as tigers seized (625).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The TRAFFIC report uses the 2016 WWF estimate of 2,226 tigers in India. It is <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>home to more than 56% of the global wild tiger population.</strong></a></li>
<li>India has the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>world&rsquo;s largest tiger population</strong></a> &mdash; 2,967 in the Tiger Census released in July, 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is the country with the highest number of seizure incidents (463, or 40% of all seizures) as well as tigers seized (625). In terms of various body parts seized, India had the highest share among countries for tiger skins (38%), bones (28%) and claws and teeth (42%).</li>
<li>The top three countries with the highest number of seizure incidents were India (463 or 40.5% of total seizures) and China (126 or 11.0%), closely followed by Indonesia (119 or 10.5%).</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tiger-trade-report-counts-2359-shows-where-5924998/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Indian Space Debris',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to the latest <strong>assessment of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-rightful-place-in-space" target="_blank" rel="noopener">space debris</a> by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</a>,</strong> out of the 101 pieces of <strong>debris</strong> (big enough to be tracked) <strong>created by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-shakti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">India&rsquo;s Anti-Satellite System(A-SAT) test,</a></strong> 49 continued to remain in orbit.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is possible that more pieces, smaller ones, created from the test, are floating around but were not being tracked.</li>
<li>It has been estimated that nearly <strong>400 pieces were created from India&rsquo;s test.</strong></li>
<li>After the test, India had said that, since the test was carried out in the lower atmosphere, it did not expect to add any significant amount of space debris.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Whatever debris is generated will decay and fall back on to the earth within weeks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The report is the <strong>first credible estimation in public domain of the amount of debris created by India&rsquo;s anti-satellite test</strong> (conducted on 27<sup>th</sup> March, 2019) and what remains of it four months down the line.</li>
<li><strong>India had 97 functional, and non-functional but intact satellites in space as</strong> on 30<sup>th</sup> June 2019 , and 157 pieces of trackable space debris, including fragments of rockets that become junk after delivering their payloads in their specified orbits. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is a very small proportion of the total of 19,404 large objects in space sent by all countries, of which 14,432 are debris and junk parts of used rockets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Anti-Satellite Test</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India had shot down its 740-kg Microsat-R satellite on 27<sup>th</sup> March, 2019 in a demonstration of its capability to destroy a space-based infrastructure of an enemy country.</li>
<li>That anti-satellite test made India, <strong>only the fourth country in the world,</strong> to have demonstrated such capability.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/nasa-report-debris-created-by-indias-anti-satellite-test-still-in-space-5925275/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Super 50',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>Maharashtra&rsquo;s Tribal Development Department</strong> in association with the <strong>Pace Educational Trust</strong> has launched an academic programme for young tribal students aspiring to be doctors and engineers.</p>
<h3>About the Scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The initiative is inspired by the work of <strong>Patna&rsquo;s Anand Kumar</strong> who runs an initiative called <strong>&lsquo;Super 30&rsquo;</strong> for underprivileged students to sit for Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) entrance exam.</li>
<li>The <strong>Super 50</strong> programme will mentor<strong> 50</strong> most meritorious <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tribal</strong> </a>students from the <strong>State</strong> and prepare them for engineering and medical exams.</li>
<li><strong>Tribal</strong> students from the state who have passed their <strong>class 10<sup>th</sup> </strong>exam are eligible to enroll for the entrance test.</li>
<li>It will be a <strong>two-year residential programme,</strong> where the students will be provided hostel and mess facilities, a tablet, NCERT books and career counselling.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kashmir Super 50</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Project Kashmir Super 50, a joint initiative by <strong>Indian Army, Center for Social Responsibility and Leadership (CSRL)</strong> and <strong>PETRONET LNG Limited (PLL)</strong> was launched in March 2013 to transform the<strong> educational status of children from economically weaker sections in the Kashmir region.</strong></li>
<li>It is an 11-month program in which 50 students are selected every year and they are provided with complete free residential coaching for IIT-JEE, JKCET and other premier Engineering Institutes.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/super-50-an-initiative-for-tribal-students-to-fulfil-dreams/article29215270.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: The Hindu</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Clouded Leopards and Their Habitats',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently a study conducted in <strong>nine</strong> countries (Bhutan, Nepal, <strong>India,</strong> Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar) suggested that <strong>only 9.44%</strong> of the studied region was <strong>&lsquo;highly&rsquo;</strong> suitable for <strong>clouded leopards</strong> (Neofelis nebulosa).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, the <strong>Dampa tiger reserve in Mizoram</strong> was chosen as the study site.</li>
<li>Dampa had <strong>one of the highest population densities of clouded leopards,</strong> among the sites surveyed.</li>
<li><strong>Clouded leopard:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/377image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/377image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="214" height="254" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Named after cloud shaped pattern on its skin.</li>
<li>It is listed as <strong>Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>State animal of Meghalaya.</strong></li>
<li>It has been added to India&rsquo;s <strong>Recovery Programme for Critically Endangered Species</strong> to aid more research and strengthen conservation efforts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Clouded Leopard prefers <strong>grassland, shrubs, subtropical and dense tropical forest up to a height of 7,000 feet</strong> occurring from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into China.</li>
<li>In India, it occurs in Sikkim, northern West Bengal, Meghalaya subtropical forests, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur, Assam, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
<li>Clouded leopard&rsquo;s presence is positively related to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dense forest cover</li>
<li>High rainfall</li>
<li>Hard terrain</li>
<li>Low human presence</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factors affecting Clouded leopards distribution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Deforestation</li>
<li>Changing rainfall patterns</li>
<li>Human-animal conflict</li>
<li>Development projects</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Thus, steps should be taken to make land-use and development policy to facilitate coexistence of people alongside <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/preservation-of-sundarban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>clouded leopards</strong></a> as umbrellas for wider nature.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Dampa Tiger Reserve</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is located in <strong>Mizoram.</strong></li>
<li>It received the status of a tiger reserve under <strong>Project Tiger.</strong></li>
<li>Recently in the news, as the tigers were estimated to be zero as part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>latest all India tiger estimation exercise.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitat (IDWH)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>centrally sponsored scheme</strong> launched to provide<strong> technical and financial assistance to States/UTs</strong> for protection of wildlife habitat.</li>
<li>The activities covered under the scheme include<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Staff development and capacity building,</li>
<li>Wildlife research and evaluation</li>
<li>Anti-poaching activities</li>
<li>Wildlife veterinary care</li>
<li>Addressing man-animal conflict</li>
<li>Promoting eco-tourism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financial assistance</strong> is also provided to States for the <strong>relocation of communities from within protected areas to other areas.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme includes three components:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Support to Protected Areas (National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves &amp; Community Reserves)</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All Protected Areas (PAs) in different states are eligible for assistance, except those areas which receive assistance under Project Tiger.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection of Wildlife outside Protected Areas Many wildlife habitats fall outside the network of protected areas.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this component, funds are granted against Biodiversity Plans prepared by Chief Wildlife Wardens of the respective States. Priority is given to regions contiguous to the Protected Areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recovery Program for critically endangered habitats and species</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>16 species</strong> have been identified for recovery under this component. These are snow leopard, bastard, dolphin, hangul, Nilgiri Tahr, marine turtles, dugongs, edible nest swiftlet, Asian wild buffalo, Nicobar Megapode, vultures, Malabar Civet, Indian rhino, Asiatic lions, Swamp deer, Jerdon&rsquo;s Courser and Brown antlered deer. <strong>A scientific Recovery Plan</strong> has to be prepared by the <strong>Chief Wildlife Warden in each state.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/understanding-clouded-leopards-and-their-habitats/article29245150.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/clouded-leopards-and-their-habitats'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Gravitational Lensing',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>USA's space agency NASA is planning to launch <strong>James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in 2021</strong>, which will use a natural phenomenon called <strong>&ldquo;gravitational lensing&rdquo;</strong> to carry out astronomical observations.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>JWST will study every phase in the <strong>history of our Universe,</strong> ranging from the first luminous glows after the Big Bang, to the <strong>formation of solar systems</strong> capable of supporting life on planets like Earth, to the evolution of our own Solar System, etc.</li>
<li>For achieving this objective NASA has launched a program called <strong>Targeting Extremely Magnified Panchromatic Lensed Arcs and Their Extended Star Formation, or TEMPLATES.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/474image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/474image2.jpg" width="537" height="355" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<h3>Gravitational Lensing</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The phenomenon of <strong>gravitational lensing</strong> occurs when a <strong>huge amount of matter, such as a massive galaxy, cluster of galaxies</strong> or <strong>a black hole,</strong> creates a gravitational field that distorts and magnifies the light from objects behind it.</li>
<li>Gravitational lensing is based on <strong>Einstein's theory of general relativity (Mass bend light).</strong></li>
<li>Normal lenses such as the ones in a magnifying glass work by bending light rays that pass through them in a process known as refraction, in order to focus the light somewhere else.</li>
<li>Similarly, the gravitational field of a massive object causes light rays passing close to that object to be bent and refocused somewhere else.</li>
<li>The more massive the object, the stronger its gravitational field and hence the greater the bending of light rays - just like using denser materials to make optical lenses results in a greater amount of refraction.</li>
<li>In effect, <strong>gravitational lenses act like natural cosmic telescopes.</strong></li>
<li>The effect allows researchers <strong>to study the details of early galaxies too far away</strong> to be seen otherwise with even the most powerful space telescopes.</li>
<li>However, gravitational lensing is very rare as it requires a distant star, black hole and the observer on earth to be well-aligned.</li>
<li>Also, it can help astronomers to know about <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/evidence-of-supernova-remnants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>black holes, dark matter</strong>,</a> etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-gravitational-lensing-5936335/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gravitational-lensing'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'India-France Relations',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>&ldquo;The article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-france-relations-kashmir-china-us-narendra-modi-emmanuel-macron-5932024/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Old new friends</strong></a> that was published in The Indian Express on 24<sup>th</sup> August. It talks about the strengthening India-France bilateral relations in an uncertain world order.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
<h3>Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister of India, Mr Narendra Modi, visited France for an official visit at the invitation of the President of the French Republic, Mr Emmanuel Macron, for a bilateral summit on 22<sup>nd</sup> and 23<sup>rd</sup> August 2019 in Paris and to participate in the G7 Summit, on 25<sup>th</sup> and 26<sup>th</sup> August 2019, in Biarritz, under the French presidency of the G7.</li>
<li>In his departure statement, the Prime Minister said his visit to France reflects the strong strategic partnership which the two countries deeply value and share. India and France have excellent bilateral ties, which are reinforced by a shared vision to cooperate for further enhancing peace and prosperity for the two countries and the world at large. The strong strategic and economic partnership is complemented by a shared perspective on major global concerns such as terrorism, climate change, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As early as the 1980s, France wished to give greater scope to its relations with India. France bet on India&rsquo;s strategic, diplomatic and economic emergence, and steadfastly <strong>supported India&rsquo;s requests</strong> in several strategic matters: a permanent seat at the United Nations Security Council, better participation in the decisions taken at international fora (such as the expanded G8 and G20), access to civil nuclear cooperation.</li>
<li>Defence cooperation with France began in the 1950s when India acquired the Ouragan aircraft and continued with the Myst&egrave;res, Jaguar (Anglo-French), Mirage 2000.</li>
<li>Both countries started joint naval exercises <strong>&lsquo;Varuna&rsquo;</strong> in 1983.</li>
<li>France is the first country with which we initiated a <strong>Strategic Dialogue</strong> after our 1998 nuclear tests when France refused to impose bilateral sanctions on us and displayed a far greater understanding of India&rsquo;s security compulsions compared to other countries.</li>
<li>France helped India set up the Sriharikota launch site and assisted in engine development and hosting of payloads.</li>
<li>After the Cold War, France decided that its preferred partner in the Indian Ocean Region would be India. The relationship progressed through many landmark agreements like <strong>Strategic Partnership agreement 1998 and Civil Nuclear agreement 2008.</strong></li>
<li>It was the first <strong>P-5 country</strong> to support India&rsquo;s claim for a permanent seat in an expanded and reformed UN Security Council.</li>
<li>France supports India&rsquo;s membership of Multilateral Export Control regimes- NSG and MTCR. Its support was vital in India&rsquo;s admission to MTCR in 2016.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Area of Cooperation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Enhancing bilateral cooperation in <strong>strategic sectors:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>France has always been an important partner in the development of advanced technologies.</li>
<li>This is set to advance further with the consolidation of <strong>civil nuclear cooperation</strong> and enhancing <strong>space cooperation.</strong></li>
<li>The summit this week saw the placing of artificial intelligence and the unfolding digital revolution at the top of the bilateral agenda.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The new commitment to go beyond the buyer-seller relationship in the field of weapons procurement.</li>
<li>Synergies between India&rsquo;s large defence market and the French strengths in armament production</li>
<li>The signing of Agreement regarding the Provision of Reciprocal Logistics Support</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political cooperation</strong> began with French support for India in limiting international sanctions on Delhi after its 1998 nuclear tests. Today, France has emerged as India&rsquo;s most reliable partner on issues relating to terrorism and Kashmir.</li>
<li><strong>Regional Cooperation:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To intensify <strong>maritime and naval cooperation</strong> in the Indian Ocean and more broadly the Indo-Pacific.</li>
<li>There is a sweeping and ambitious ocean agenda awaiting the two countries &mdash; from maritime governance to oceanographic research and from interoperability between their armed forces to capacity building in the littoral.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bilateral trade and Economic relations</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The India-France Administrative Economic and Trade Committee (AETC) provides an appropriate framework to assess and find ways to further promote bilateral trade and investment as well as to speed up the resolution of market access issues to the benefit of economic operators</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global agendas-</strong> Climate change, biodiversity, renewable energy, terrorism, cybersecurity and digital technology, etc:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There have been joint efforts to limit climate change and develop the Solar Alliance</li>
<li>Both countries have agreed on a road map on cybersecurity and digital technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>France, which had sought strategic autonomy within the framework of its alliance with the US, and India, which has valued independent foreign policy, are <strong>natural partners</strong> in building the new coalitions for an uncertain era.</li>
<li>France also <strong>opens the pathway for deeper engagement with Europe</strong> on global issues, especially after uncertainty in the region due to BREXIT.</li>
<li>The new partnerships with France, Germany and other like-minded countries like Japan would hopefully turn out to be far more consequential for India&rsquo;s influence on the global stage.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 509px; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffdde;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></span><br /><br />&ldquo;Discuss the significance of strengthening India&rsquo;s relations with France and how it helps India to establish itself as a global leader.&rdquo;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-france-relations'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Decriminalisation of CSR Violation',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Finance Minister has announced that corporate social responsibility (CSR) violations <strong>would not be treated as criminal offences and would instead be a civil liability.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The imprisonment of up to 3 years for officials of companies that fail to comply with the specified corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditure has been <strong>rolled back.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/injeti-srinivas-committee-report-on-csr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Injeti Srinivas panel</strong></a> had been set up to study CSR expenditure.</li>
<li><strong>Implications of decriminalisation of CSR Violations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will allow the corporations to think and employ their CSR funds in an effective way.</li>
<li>Freedom to decide and choose the field of CSR related work for corporations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/companies-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Parliament passed amendments to the Companies Act, 2013</strong></a> which includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unspent CSR funds by companies should be transferred into an escrow account called <strong>Unspent Corporate Social Responsibility Account.</strong></li>
<li>The transferred funds needs to be utilised within <strong>three years of transfer.</strong></li>
<li>Any unspent annual CSR funds must be transferred to one of the funds under <strong>Schedule 7 of the Companies Act</strong> like Prime Minister&rsquo;s Relief Fund within six months of the financial-year end.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the <strong>Companies Act, 2013,</strong> certain classes of profitable entities are required to spend at least<strong> two per cent</strong> of their <strong>three-year annual average net profit</strong> towards Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in a particular financial year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/indian-inc-welcomes-move-to-decriminalise-csr-violations/article29236238.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/decriminalisation-of-csr-violation'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Auto Trigger Mechanism in RCEP',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, India has stated it will push for several crucial issues for acceptance at negotiating round of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-and-rcep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RCEP countries</strong></a> that have started in Jakarta.</p>
<h3>Key demands of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To protect the domestic industry, India proposes the<strong> &lsquo;auto-trigger&rsquo; mechanism</strong> to check import surges.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to it, in case <strong>there is a flood of imports&nbsp;</strong>(once duties are eliminated or reduced for RCEP members), after reaching a certain <strong>threshold,</strong> the auto-trigger of <strong>safeguard duties</strong> on imports should be initiated.</li>
<li>Through this India can accord some <strong>protection to its local industry.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is opposed to the proposed <strong>Investor-State Dispute Settlement&nbsp;</strong>(ISDS) body, as it does not want its domestic laws to be challenged outside India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, RCEP countries are in favour of ISDS, because of certain issues faced by companies in India like:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Operational permits of international investors in telecom companies were cancelled by the Supreme Court in the wake of the <strong>2G scam.</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is pushing for stringent norms for <strong>&lsquo;Rules of origin&rsquo;</strong> to prevent goods being routed through nations with lower duties<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is apprehensive that after signing of RCEP, the Indian market will be flooded with the cheap import of the third country which is not a member of RCEP but has signed FTA with other RCEP member.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rules of origin</strong> are the criteria needed to determine the national source of a product. Their importance is derived from the fact that duties and restrictions in several cases depend upon the source of imports.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Apart from this India wants <strong>greater market access in the services sector.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/rcep-india-wants-auto-trigger-mechanism-to-curb-import-surges/article29241238.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: THBL</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/auto-trigger-mechanism-in-rcep'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Composite Water Management Index 2.0',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>NITI Aayog</strong> in association with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-shakti-mantralaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of JAL Shakti</strong></a> <strong>and Ministry of Rural Development </strong>released<strong> Composite Water Management Index 2.0.</strong></p>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/291image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/291image2.jpg" width="240" height="273" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<h3>Background to CWMI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is experiencing a very significant water challenge, approximately 820 million people of India - living in twelve river basins across the country have per capita water availability close to or lower than 1000m3 &ndash; the official threshold for water scarcity as per the <strong>Falkenmark Index.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/396image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/396image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="445" height="84" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>About Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>NITI Aayog</strong> first launched and conceptualized the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/solution-to-indias-water-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Composite Water Management Index in 2018</strong></a> as a tool to instil a sense of <strong>cooperative and competitive federalism</strong> among the states.</li>
<li>It provided <strong>actionable guidance</strong> to States on where they were doing well absolutely and relatively and what they needed to focus on to secure their water</li>
<li>The index comprises 9 themes.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/527image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/527image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="521" height="222" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>CWMI 2.0</strong> ranks various states for the <strong>reference year 2017-18</strong> as against the <strong>base year 2016-17.</strong></li>
<li>Gujarat (continues to hold on to its <strong>rank one</strong> in the reference year (2017-18), followed by Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>In <strong>North-Eastern and the Himalayan States, Himachal Pradesh</strong> has been awarded rank 1 in 2017-18 followed by <strong>Uttarakhand, Tripura and Assam.</strong></li>
<li>For the<strong> first</strong> time, Union Territories have submitted their data and <strong>Puducherry</strong> has been declared the top performer.</li>
<li><strong>80% of the states</strong>&nbsp;have shown improvement in their water management scores over the last three years.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/325image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/325image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="559" height="306" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Falkenmark Indicator or Water Stress Index</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is one of the most commonly used measures of water scarcity.</li>
<li>It defines water scarcity in terms of the total water resources that are available to the population of a region; measuring scarcity as the amount of renewable freshwater that is available for each person each year.</li>
<li>If the amount of renewable water per person per year in a country is<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>below 1,700 m<sup>3</sup>,</strong> the country is said to be experiencing <strong>water stress.</strong></li>
<li><strong>below 1,000 m<sup>3</sup>,</strong> it is said to be experiencing <strong>water scarcity.</strong></li>
<li><strong>below 500 m<sup>3</sup>,</strong> it is experiencing <strong>absolute water scarcity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1582772" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/composite-water-management-index-2-0'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'India France',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>India&rsquo;s Prime Minister on his two-day visit to France is&nbsp;supposed to participate in G-7 meeting&nbsp;scheduled to be held in France as a non-member country on the invitation of France for the first time. He had&nbsp;a discussion on a spectrum of issues with France President. Both countries have condemned cross-border terrorism in all its forms and manifestations. They have called for halting cross-border movements of terror outfits based in Pakistan and engaged in anti-India activities, particularly in Jammu and Kashmir.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The followings are key takeaways of recently concluded visit:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Terror:</strong> France backed the PM&rsquo;s proposal to hold a global conference on terrorism. The two leaders asked UN countries to support organising new <strong>&ldquo;No Money for Terror&rdquo;</strong> International Conference on Fighting Terrorist Financing in Melbourne.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Two countries agreed to enhance their operational cooperation and launch fresh efforts to fight radicalisation, especially Online <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/how-does-india-deal-with-radicalisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Radicalisation.</strong></a></li>
<li>The two leaders reaffirmed their support for the implementation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/christchurch-call" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Christchurch Call to Action</strong></a> to eliminate terrorist and violent extremist online content adopted in Paris last May.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence:</strong> Both countries showed satisfaction towards the progress in implementation of agreements signed and reaffirmed their commitment to further strengthen cooperation in defence industry field in the spirit of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/indigenisation-of-defence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Make in India&rdquo;</strong> </a>and for the mutual benefit of both countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The first of the 36 <strong>Rafale aircraft</strong> is likely to be delivered in the third week of September.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nuclear:</strong> Both countries expressed satisfaction with the progress in negotiations between NPCIL and EDF since the conclusion of the <strong>Industrial Way Forward Agreement</strong> between the two parties in 2018 for construction of <strong>six nuclear power reactors</strong> in Jaitapur, Maharashtra.</li>
<li><strong>Space:</strong> Both have decided to deepen space cooperation to meet new challenges together, whether it concerns <strong>planetary exploration or human spaceflight.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They took the decision to train <strong>medical support personnel</strong> for Indian astronauts, who will be part of India&rsquo;s manned space mission by 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cyber:</strong> Both countries adopted a cybersecurity and digital technology roadmap aimed at expanding Indo-French bilateral cooperation, particularly in the strategic sectors of high-performance computing and Artificial Intelligence, with the target of bringing start-up ecosystems closer to each other.</li>
<li><strong>Maritime:</strong> Based on a shared commitment to <strong>maintaining the freedom of navigation,</strong> particularly in the Indo-Pacific zone.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>France and India reviewed the swift implementation of the conclusions of the Joint Strategic Vision of India-France Cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region, adopted during the last visit of France president.</li>
<li>For the implementation of the <strong>White Shipping agreement,</strong> India and France agreed on the appointment of a French liaison officer at the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Fusion Centre</strong></a> &ndash; Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) in Gurgaon.</li>
<li>They signed an Implementing Arrangement for the establishment of a framework for the realisation of <strong>joint maritime domain awareness mission.</strong> This is to keep an eye on Chinese assertive moves in the Indian Ocean region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic engagement:</strong> The two sides decided to have an appropriate framework to find ways to further promote bilateral trade and investment</li>
<li><strong>Issue of Afghanistan:</strong> The two sides decided to cooperate actively for international peace and security. They supported an inclusive peace and reconciliation process in Afghanistan which is <strong>Afghan-led, Afghan-owned and Afghan-controlled,</strong> leading to a lasting political solution based on preservation of the gains, including the constitutional order, human rights, particularly women&rsquo;s rights, and liberties gained over the past 18 years. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They called for the timely holding of Presidential elections; cessation of terrorist violence; and an end to terrorist safe havens for enduring and sustainable peace, security and stability in Afghanistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>White Shipping Agreement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The white shipping information refers to an exchange of relevant advance information on the identity and movement of commercial non-military merchant vessels.</li>
<li>Ships would be classified into white (commercial ships), grey (military vessels), and black (illegal vessels).</li>
<li>The seas of the entire world are interlinked and vessels can sail routinely around the globe in pursuit of cargo. Thus a vessel that is in Indian waters today maybe sailing towards a distant destination and similarly several vessels set sail from ports around the globe could be bound for India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This information is likely to be available with the country from whose port it sails. The information is equally relevant for the destination country and those it passes en route. Thus the mutual exchange of such information, called white shipping information, is extremely useful for all concerned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has signed white shipping agreements with several countries including The United States and Singapore and is seeking similar agreements with more countries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-france-condemn-terror-back-afghan-peace-process-narendra-modi-emmanuel-macron-5932284/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-france'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Development Finance Institution to Fund Infrastructure',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The government has proposed to set up a <strong>development financial institution (DFI)</strong> to solve the <strong>infrastructure financing needs</strong> of the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The establishment of such an institution is considered as a positive step as <strong>banks do not have the long-term funds to finance such projects.</strong></li>
<li>Banks cannot afford to lend for such projects because that would shrink their lending capacity as the funds get locked up in such projects for that time period.</li>
<li><strong>Why India needs DFIs to Fund Infrastructure?</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To boost <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/why-indian-economy-is-slowing-down" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>economic growth</strong></a> which would increase capital flows and energise capital markets.</li>
<li>To improve long term finances.</li>
<li>To provide credit enhancement for infrastructure and housing projects</li>
<li>As India does not have a development bank, DFI would fulfil the need for us to have an institutional mechanism.</li>
<li>Debt flow towards <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/3-year-action-agenda-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>infrastructure</strong></a> projects would be improved.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-s-monetary-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RBI</strong></a> had also specified in 2017 that specialised banks could cater to the wholesale and long-term financing needs of the growing economy and possibly fill the gap in long-term financing.</li>
</ul>
<p>Thus, it would be wise to revive the concept of DFI if the government wishes to keep societal, cultural, regional, rural and environmental concerns intact.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>What is Development Finance Institution?</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are specialized institutions set up primarily to provide development/ Project finance especially in developing countries.</li>
<li>These DFIs are usually majority-owned by national governments.</li>
<li>The source of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bimal-jalan-panel-on-economic-capital-framework" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>capital of these banks</strong></a> is national or international development funds.</li>
<li>This ensures their creditworthiness and their ability to provide project finance in a very competitive rate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>How is it different from commercial banks?</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It strikes a balance between commercial operational norms as followed by commercial banks on the one hand, and developmental responsibilities on the other.</li>
<li>DFIs are not just plain lenders like commercial banks but they act as companions in the development of significant sectors of the economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Evolution of DFIs in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The first DFI was the Industrial Financial Corporation of India (IFC) that was launched in 1948.</li>
<li>IDBI, UTI, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NABARD</strong></a>, EXIM Bank, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SIDBI</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NHB</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IIFCL</strong></a> etc are the other major DFIs.</li>
<li>Later several of them were converted into banks as industry like ICICI Bank, IDBI Bank etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Classification of development Financial Institutions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sector specific financial institutions:</strong>&nbsp;These financial Institutions&nbsp; focusses on a particular sector to provide project finance. Ex: NHB is solely related to Housing projects, EXIM bank is oriented towards import export operations.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/working-group-on-core-investment-companies" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Investment Institutions</strong></a>:&nbsp;These are specialized in providing services designed to facilitate business operations, such as capital expenditure financing and equity offerings, including initial public offerings (IPOs).Ex: LIC, GIC and UTI</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/development-financial-institution-to-fund-infrastructure/article29236499.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/development-finance-institution-to-fund-infrastructure'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'World Youth Conference For Kindness',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>first</strong>-ever <strong>World Youth Conference for Kindness</strong> was organised by the <strong>UNESCO&rsquo;s Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development (MGIEP)</strong> and <strong>Ministry of Human Resource (MHRD)</strong> at New Delhi.</p>
<h3>About Conference</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The theme of the conference was <strong>&lsquo;Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam: Gandhi for the Contemporary World: Celebrating the 150<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.&rsquo;</strong></li>
<li>The main purpose of the conference was to impart critical competencies (i.e. empathy, compassion, mindfulness and critical inquiry) in global youth to inspire, empower and enable them to transform themselves and build long-lasting peace in their communities.</li>
<li>The conference comprises of following:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>intensive <strong>youth-led capacity building workshops</strong> to enhance the capacities of youth on social and emotional learning skills and competencies such as empathy, mindfulness, compassion, kindness and critical inquiry through the prism of identity and global issues.</li>
<li>a platform to <strong>celebrate inspiring acts of kindness</strong> that are effecting change in the world and action programming for youth agency.</li>
<li>a generative space consisting of experts panels and TAG<sup>e</sup> plenary for youth and experts to share and critically engage with the concept of peace through kindness and nonviolence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development (MGIEP)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>first</strong> <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO</strong></a> institute of its kind in the <strong>Asia-Pacific region</strong> situated in New Delhi.</li>
<li>It is UNESCO&rsquo;s <strong>category 1 Research Institute</strong> that focuses on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4.7 towards education for building peaceful and sustainable societies across the world.</li>
<li>It has developed a social and emotional learning (SEL) curriculum called Libre, which was designed to build four competencies &ndash; critical inquiry, mindfulness, empathy and compassion.</li>
<li>The flagship publication of MGIEP i.e <strong>&ldquo;Blue Dot&rdquo;</strong> focuses on social and emotional learning.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/first-ever-world-youth-conference-for-kindness-held/article29238159.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: The Hindu</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-youth-conference-for-kindness'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Cyber Crime: Data Deprivation and Data Localisation',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>The article is based on &ldquo;Data deprivation makes cybercrime difficult to tackle&rdquo; that was published on 22<sup>nd</sup> August in Livemint. It talks about the challenges in tackling Cyber crimes due to Data deprivation and the need of Data Localisation.</p>
</div>
<h3>Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In recent times, there have been many instances of the hard-earned money of Indians being taken out of bank accounts and charges loaded onto credit cards through online frauds.</li>
<li>These cyber crimes shake people&rsquo;s faith in digital systems. The scepticism vis-a-vis online transactions also hurts the potential of emerging companies, tomorrow&rsquo;s successes which could help take India to the $5 trillion economy that the country aspires to.</li>
<li>While many cases aren&rsquo;t even reported, in cases that are, the investigations make little or no progress due to <strong>lack of access to data</strong> because of data possessing entities try to take cover under privacy principles or laws of the countries they are based in.</li>
<li>Since most search engines and social media platforms have no &ldquo;permanent establishment" in India, law enforcement agencies have hit a wall on data access for the purpose of solving cyber crimes.This has often raised calls for complete <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/Data-Localisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>data localization</strong></a>, which could have been avoided had a collaborative mechanism for data access, based on agreed criteria, been put in place.</li>
<li>Revelations of social media giant Facebook, sharing user data with Cambridge Analytica, which is alleged to have influenced voting outcomes, have led to a global clamour by governments for data localisation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Data Localisation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Data localisation is the <strong>act of storing data</strong> on any device <strong>physically present within the borders of a country.</strong></li>
<li>Data localisation laws refer to regulations that dictate how data on a nation&rsquo;s citizens is collected, processed and stored inside the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for Data Localisation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main intent behind data localisation is <strong>to protect the personal and financial information</strong> of the country&rsquo;s citizens and residents from foreign surveillance and <strong>give local governments and regulators the jurisdiction to call for the data when required.</strong></li>
<li>Data localisation is <strong>essential to national security.</strong> Storing of data locally is expected to help law-enforcement agencies to access information that is needed for the detection of a crime or to gather evidence.</li>
<li>Where data is not localised, the agencies need to rely on <strong>mutual legal assistance treaties (MLATs)</strong> to obtain access, delaying investigations.</li>
<li>On-shoring global data could also create domestic jobs and skills in data</li>
<li>storage and analytics, as the Srikrishna report had pointed out.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Data Localisation and India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/justice-bn-srikrishna-committee-submits-data-protection-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Srikrishna Commission</strong></a> recommended that data be stored in the country either directly or through mirror servers to serve law enforcement needs.</li>
<li><strong>The Reserve Bank of India</strong> imposed a hard data localisation mandate on payment systems providers to store payment systems data only in India.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-e-commerce-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>draft e-commerce policy</strong></a> also has clauses on cross-border data transfer. For example, it suggests that if a global entity&rsquo;s India subsidiary transfers Indian users&rsquo; data to its parent, the same cannot be transferred to a third party, even with the user&rsquo;s consent.</li>
<li><strong>Draft Personal Data Protection Bill, 2018</strong> has specific requirements on cross-border data storage.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bill states that every fiduciary shall keep a &lsquo;serving copy&rsquo; of all personal data in a server or data centre located in India.</li>
<li>The central government may notify certain categories of personal data as exempt from this requirement on grounds of necessity or strategic interests of the State.</li>
<li>The central government may also notify certain categories of personal data as &lsquo;critical personal data&rsquo;, which may be processed only in servers located in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/g-20-summit-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20 summit 2019</strong></a>, India boycotted the <strong>Osaka Track on the digital economy.</strong> The Osaka Track pushed hard for the creation of laws which would allow data flows between countries and the removal of data localisation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Global Practices Regarding Data Protection</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Canada and Australia</strong> protect their health data very carefully.</li>
<li><strong>Vietnam</strong> mandates one copy of data to be stored locally and for any company that collects user data to have a local office citing national interests</li>
<li><strong>China</strong> mandates strict data localisation in servers within its borders.</li>
<li><strong>The EU</strong> had enacted the <strong>General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)</strong> which establishes the right to privacy as one of the fundamental rights. It requires explicit consent from consumers for usage of their data.</li>
<li><strong>The U.S.</strong> has no single data protection law at the Federal level. It does, however, have individual laws such as HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996) for health care, another for payments, and the like.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns Regarding Data Localisation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Oppositions from Global Internet Giants:</strong> Facebook&rsquo;s Mark Zuckerberg recently expressed apprehension about nations wanting to store data locally. According to him, it gave rise to possibilities where authoritarian governments would have access to data for possible misuse.</li>
<li><strong>Opposition from US:&nbsp;</strong>The US Electronic Communications Privacy Act bars US-based service providers from disclosing electronic communications to law enforcement agencies of any country unless US legal requirements are met.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The U.S. criticised India&rsquo;s proposed norms on data localisation as &lsquo;most discriminatory&rsquo; and &lsquo;trade-distortive&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>EU concerns:</strong> termed data localisation as unnecessary and potentially harmful as they would create unnecessary costs, difficulties and uncertainties that could hamper business and investments.</li>
<li>The bilateral mechanism of the India-US Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty is a bit outdated and does not seem to work. The US Cloud (Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data) Act, however, enables law enforcement authorities in India to request electronic content directly from US service providers under an executive agreement with the US government.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data localisation is critical for law enforcement.</strong> Access to data by Indian law agencies, in case of a breach or threat, cannot be dependent on the whims and fancies, nor on lengthy legal processes of another nation that hosts data generated in India.</li>
<li>India needs to work out a way to crack cyber frauds and crimes. For this, the country urgently <strong>needs a legally-backed framework for a collaborative trigger mechanism</strong> that would bind all parties and enable law enforcers to act quickly and safeguard Indian citizens and businesses from a fast-growing menace.</li>
<li>All the players involved, including banks, telecom companies, financial service providers, technology platforms, social media platforms, e-commerce companies and the government, <strong>need to play a responsible role</strong> in ensuring innocent citizens do not undergo the trauma of suffering losses.</li>
<li>The customer also has a responsibility to <strong>maintain basic cyber hygiene,</strong> which includes following practices and taking precautions to keep one&rsquo;s sensitive information organized, safe and secure.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #6a00ff; background-color: #efffe6;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></span><br /><br />&ldquo;Discuss how data deprivation is a challenge to tackle cyber crimes. Also comment whether data localisation will help in solving cyber crimes in India.&rdquo;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/cyber-crime-data-deprivation-and-data-localisation'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'NDB to Tap Indian Offshore Market',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the <strong>New Development Bank (NDB)</strong> in its efforts to raise capital has announced to tap into the Indian rupee offshore market.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NDB which recently has received its<strong> first &lsquo;AAA&rsquo; rating,</strong> is looking into the Indian rupee offshore market to raise resources after the Masala bonds market slowed down.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There has been a slowdown in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kerala-the-first-indian-state-to-issue-masala-bond" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Masala bond</strong></a> market due to the global slowdown and India's economic issues like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-proposes-liquidity-norms-for-nbfcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IL&amp;FS crisis.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a significant move as this will strengthen <strong>gradual internationalization of the Indian Rupee.</strong></li>
<li>However, the offshore rupee market has its own issues.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The exchange rate in the two markets i.e. home and offshore, could be different leading to arbitrage opportunities and inefficiencies.</li>
<li>In fact, the price in one market could drive the price in another market.</li>
<li>This reduces the efficacy of central bank&rsquo;s monetary policy.</li>
<li>That's why the government had recently formed a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/task-force-on-offshore-rupee-markets" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Task Force on Offshore Rupee Markets</strong></a> under former Deputy Governor of the RBI, Usha Thorat.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The task force recommended expanding onshore currency markets, in a calibrated manner.</li>
<li>This will enable foreign investors to hedge their currency risk and could incentivise greater participation in rupee-denominated bonds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Note:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>AAA is the safest of investment ratings, as there&rsquo;s almost zero probability of defaulting on the loan.</li>
<li>It is significant that NDB got a higher rating than the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/brics-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BRICS countries.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Also, no other bank owned by emerging markets has a AAA rating.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/forex/brics-bank-looks-to-tap-into-indian-rupee-offshore-market/article29224243.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:THBL</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ndb-to-tap-indian-offshore-market'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Amazon Rainforest',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to the data from Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (INPE), <strong>the Amazon Forests in Brazil has experienced 74,155 fires since January 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is an <strong>85% increase from the last year (2018)</strong> and significantly higher than that in the year 2016, when there were severe drought conditions in the region associated with a strong <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/el-nino-forecast-for-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>El Nino</strong></a> event.</li>
<li>Moreover, there is <strong>nothing abnormal about the climate this year</strong> or the rainfall in the Amazon region, which is just a little below average.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Amazon Rainforests<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/672image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/672image1.jpg" width="339" height="373" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are <strong>large tropical rainforest</strong> occupying the drainage basin of the Amazon River and its tributaries in northern South America and covering an area of 6,000,000 square km.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Tropical forests are closed-canopy forests</strong> growing within 28 degrees north or south of the equator.</li>
<li>They are very <strong>wet places,</strong> receiving more than 200 cm rainfall per year, either seasonally or throughout the year.</li>
<li>Temperatures are uniformly high - between 20&deg;C and 35&deg;C.</li>
<li>Such forests are found in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico and on many of the Pacific Islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Comprising about 40% of Brazil&rsquo;s total area, it is bounded by the Guiana Highlands to the north, the Andes Mountains to the west, the Brazilian central plateau to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Reason Behind the Fires</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Natural Cause:</strong> The dry season creates favourable conditions for the use and spread of fire.</li>
<li><strong>Man-made causes:</strong> Since the 1960s, the Amazon has witnessed large-scale deforestation because of cattle-ranching, logging, power projects, mining and farming. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Amazon has large reserves of gold and other minerals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Immediate Cause:</strong> Environmentalists have blamed farmers setting the forest alight to clear land for pasture.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The President of Brazil has repeatedly said that he believes that Brazil should open the Amazon up to business interests, to allow mining, agricultural and logging companies to exploit its natural resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Amazon rainforest is a <strong>repository of rich biodiversity and produces approximately 20% of oxygen</strong> in the Earth&rsquo;s atmosphere.</li>
<li>It is home to many indigenous communities, their life depends on the forests.</li>
<li><strong>Additional Carbon Emissions:</strong> Carbon intake by the Amazon basin matches the emissions released by nations in the basin. The burning of forests, therefore, implies additional carbon emissions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further deforestation could lead to Amazon&rsquo;s transformation from the world&rsquo;s largest rainforest to a savanna, which would reverse the region&rsquo;s ecology.</li>
<li><strong>Savanna</strong> is a vegetation type that grows under hot, seasonally dry climatic conditions and is characterized by an open tree canopy (i.e., scattered trees) above a continuous tall grass understory (the vegetation layer between the forest canopy and the ground).</li>
<li>The largest areas of savanna are found in Africa, South America, Australia, India, Myanmar (Burma)&ndash;Thailand region in Asia, and Madagascar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Water Cycle:</strong> Amazon rainforest has the ability to produce at least half of the rain it receives. The rain produced by the Amazon travels through the region and even reaches the Andes mountain range.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong> </a>and the international community <strong>need to take serious measures</strong> to save the forests.</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/amazon-burning-brazil-president-tells-rest-of-world-not-to-interfere/article29229622.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amazon-rainforest'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Ocean Energy as Renewable Energy',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy</strong> has declared Ocean Energy as renewable energy.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has clarified to all the stakeholders that energy produced using various forms of ocean energy such as tidal, wave, ocean thermal energy conversion among others shall be considered as renewable energy and shall be eligible for meeting the non-solar <strong>Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO).</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Renewable Purchase Obligation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is a mechanism by which the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions are obliged to purchase a certain percentage of power from renewable energy sources.</li>
<li>RPO is being implemented throughout the country to create demand for renewable energy.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Potential</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to MNRE, the total identified potential of tidal energy is about 12,455 MW, with potential locations identified at <strong>Khambhat &amp; Kutch regions (Gujrat)</strong> and large backwaters, where barrage technology could be used.</li>
<li>The total theoretical potential of wave energy in India along the country&rsquo;s coast is estimated to be about 40,000 MW.</li>
<li><strong>Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)</strong> has a theoretical potential of 180,000 MW in India subject to suitable technological evolution.</li>
<li>The sector has the potential to grow, fuelling economic growth, reduction of carbon footprint and creating jobs not only along the coasts but also inland along its supply chains.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ocean Energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Oceans cover 70% of the earth&rsquo;s surface and represent an enormous amount of energy in the form of wave, tidal, marine current and thermal gradient. India has a long coastline with the estuaries and gulfs.</li>
<li>Ocean energy is used in the form of Tidal, Wave, Current Energy and Ocean Thermal Energy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Tidal Energy:</strong> The tidal cycle occurs every 12 hours due to the gravitational force of the moon. The difference in water height from low tide and high tide is stored in the form of potential energy. Similar to traditional hydropower generated from dams, tidal water can be captured in a barrage across an estuary during high tide and forced through a hydro-turbine during low tide. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The capital cost for tidal energy power plants is very high due to the high construction cost and high power purchase tariff.</li>
<li>To capture sufficient power from the tidal energy potential, the height of high tide must be at least five meters (16 feet) greater than low tide.</li>
<li>The Gulf of Cambay and the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat on the west coast have few ideal locations in the country where potential exists.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wave Energy:</strong> Wave energy is generated by the movement of a device either floating on the surface of the ocean or anchored to the ocean floor.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Wave conversion devices that float on the surface have joints hinged together that bend with the waves. This kinetic energy pumps fluid through turbines and creates electricity.</li>
<li>Stationary wave energy conversion devices use pressure fluctuations produced in long tubes from the waves swelling up and down.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Energy:</strong> Marine current is ocean water moving in one direction. Few examples being the Gulf Stream, North Atlantic Drift, etc. Tides also create currents that flow in two directions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kinetic energy can be captured from the Gulf Stream and other tidal currents with submerged turbines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) :</strong> Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion uses ocean temperature differences from the surface to depths lower than 1,000 meters, to extract energy. A temperature difference of only 20&deg;C can yield usable energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/govt-declares-ocean-energy-as-green-power/article29223299.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: THBL</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ocean-energy-as-renewable-energy'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'San-Sadhan Hackathon: Divyang Accessible Toilets',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The government has invited applications for its latest initiative under the <strong>Swachh Bharat Mission,</strong> called the <strong>&lsquo;San-Sadhan&rsquo; Hackathon,</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The initiative aims to ease lives of <strong>Divyangjan</strong> by making toilets smarter, more accessible, and easier to use.</li>
<li><strong>It is being jointly Organized by :</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-shakti-mantralaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Jal Shakti</strong></a></li>
<li>Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Aim-&amp;-mygov-launches-innovate-india-platform" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Innovation Mission,</strong></a> <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NITI Aayog</a></strong></li>
<li>Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation</li>
<li>91springboard.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Objective of San-Sadhan Hackathon are:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Affordable, compact, flexible to use &amp; design and scalability to suit variable area requirements.</li>
<li>Demands of different disabilities, geographies, age groups, genders and cultures have to be kept in mind.</li>
<li>Specifically, issues of wheelchair users, amputees, visually impaired and conditionally disabled (person with fracture, pregnant women, lactating mothers, elderlies etc.) need to be addressed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The solution could be developed for any one of the following categories:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rural Individual Use Toilet</li>
<li>Rural Community Use Toilet</li>
<li>Urban Individual Use Toilet</li>
<li>Urban Community Use Toilet</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per the <strong>2011 census, 2.68 crore people</strong> in the country fall under the category of &lsquo;Divyangs&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-applauds-swachh-bharats-rural-component" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA)</strong></a> or Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched on<strong> October 2, the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi in 2014.</strong></li>
<li>It aims to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India&rsquo;s cities, towns, and rural areas and achieve an <strong>open-defecation free India by October 2, 2019, the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.</strong></li>
<li>Also aims to build 90 million rural toilets in the country.</li>
<li>Further, the mission will also help India meet the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal-6 (SDG 6)</strong></a>, as established by the UN in 2015.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other Initiatives Related to Divyangjan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the second <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/disability-summit-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>"Disability Summit, 2019"</strong></a> took place in<strong> Buenos Aires, Argentina</strong> with the hope of achieving real change for people with disabilities.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/disability-summit-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD)</strong></a> is a comprehensive human rights convention and international development tool and is at the heart of the disability rights movement.</li>
<li>India had enacted&nbsp;<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-on-implementation-of-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016</a>.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/disability-summit-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The international day of persons with disabilities</strong></a> is observed every year on 3<sup>rd</sup> December.</li>
<li>Recently the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment organised Regional Conference on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/regional-conference-on-deendayal-disabled-rehabilitation-scheme-ddrs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Deendayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme (DDRS)&rdquo;</strong></a> in Mumbai.</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission of India (ECI)</strong> </a>had launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accessible-elections" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Accessible Elections initiative</strong></a> in Lok Sabha Election-2019 to make the election process <strong>more participative and inclusive.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment entered into Guinness Book of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-2nd-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Records for implanting &lsquo;Modern Artificial Limbs (Legs)&rsquo;</strong></a> on 260 Divyangjans within eight hours.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192768" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/san-sadhan-hackathon-divyang-accessible-toilets'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Big data to Mitigate the Impact of Disasters',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to the report by the <strong>UN&lsquo;s Asia-Pacific social agency,</strong> technological innovations like <strong>big data</strong> can better predict <strong>disasters</strong> in the Asia-Pacific region and help to reduce its impact.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report stated that, since 1970, natural disasters in the Asia-Pacific region have killed <strong>two million people i.e. 59% of the global death toll.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Rising global temperatures and climate change</strong> have increased the frequency and intensity of floods, cyclones and droughts in the region.</li>
<li>Further, disasters also cause <strong>more damage in Asia and the Pacific,</strong> measured as a percentage of GDP, than the rest of the world, and this gap has been widening.</li>
<li>In this context, technologies intervention caused by big data can help <strong>identify and locate those most at risk, to warn people ahead of a disaster,</strong> and <strong>deliver targeted relief afterwards.</strong></li>
<li>This data can come from a <strong>range of sources,</strong> including satellite imagery, drone videos, simulations, crowdsourcing, social media and global positioning systems.</li>
<li><strong>Application of Big Data in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Disaster Risk Reduction</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are four main phases of disaster management i.e. <strong>prevention, preparedness, response and recovery.</strong></li>
<li>A Big Data-driven sensor network can help mitigate disaster in the following ways:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Flood and cyclone forecasting now rely on computer simulations, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/artificial-intelligence-and-deepfakes-misuse-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>machine learning</strong></a> can help predict the location and severity of floods.</li>
<li>Sensor webs and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Internet of Things</strong></a> can enable efficient earthquake early-warning systems.</li>
<li>Remote sensing via satellites and drones provide quick assessments of damage and people affected so that disaster response can be prioritized.</li>
<li>Public data like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supreme-court-upholds-aadhaars-constitutional-validity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s digital ID system (Aadhar)</strong></a> can help deliver targeted benefits to millions of small and marginal farmers affected by drought.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Big data applications have led to substantial reductions in mortalities and economic losses due to typhoons in the north and east Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Big Data</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Big Data, broadly characterize data sets so large they cannot be stored and analysed by the traditional data storage and processing methods.</li>
<li>It has three characteristics, referred to as the <strong>three V&rsquo;s &ndash; Volume, Velocity and Variety,</strong> that distinguish Big Data from other forms of data.</li>
<li>The emergence of Big Data has primarily been, due to the decrease in the cost of sensory and mass digitization of systems and processes around the globe.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/from-drones-to-social-media-big-data-helps-mitigate-impact-of-complex-disasters-in-asia/article29224500.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: THBL</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/big-data-to-mitigate-the-impact-of-disasters'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Nuclear Doctrine of India',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Amidst heightened tensions between India and Pakistan, Defence Minister of India has recently said that the <strong>'no first use nuclear policy' of India may change in the future.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>What is a Nuclear Doctrine?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A nuclear doctrine states <strong>how a nuclear weapon state would employ its nuclear weapons both during peace and war.</strong></li>
<li>The doctrine helps to <strong>establish deterrence vis-&agrave;-vis adversary.</strong></li>
<li>Through the nuclear doctrine a state can <strong>communicate its intention and resolve to the enemy.</strong></li>
<li>The doctrine also guides the state&rsquo;s response during war.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Historical Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nuclear programme of India was initiated in the late 1940s under the guidance of <strong>Homi J. Bhabha.</strong></li>
<li>Nehru was against nuclear weapons so he pleaded with the superpowers for <strong>comprehensive nuclear disarmament.</strong> However, the nuclear arsenal kept rising.</li>
<li>When Communist China conducted the nuclear tests in October 1964, the five nuclear powers (US, USSR, UK, France, and China) also the five Permanent Members of the UN Security Council had tried to impose the <strong>Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty</strong> (NPT) of 1968 on the rest of the world.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Signed in 1968, the treaty <strong>entered into force in 1970,</strong> now has 190 member states. It requires countries to <strong>give up any present or future plans to build nuclear weapons</strong> in return for access to peaceful uses of nuclear energy.</li>
<li>Three main objectives of the treaty are <strong>non-proliferation, disarmament,</strong> and the <strong>right to peacefully use nuclear technology.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India is one of the only five countries that either did not sign the NPT or signed but withdrew,</strong> thus becoming part of a list that includes Pakistan, Israel, North Korea, and South Sudan.</li>
<li>India always considered the NPT as <strong>discriminatory</strong> and had refused to sign it.</li>
<li>India has opposed the international treaties aimed at non-proliferation since they were selectively applicable to the non-nuclear powers and legitimised the monopoly of the five nuclear weapons powers.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>first nuclear explosion undertaken by India in May 1974.</strong></li>
<li>India argued that it was committed to the policy of using nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.</li>
<li>India opposed the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995 and also refused to sign the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/india-s-prospects-as-a-nuclear-power" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).</strong></a></li>
<li>India conducted a <strong>series of nuclear tests in May 1998,</strong> demonstrating its capacity to use nuclear energy for military purposes.</li>
<li>Pakistan soon followed, thereby increasing the vulnerability of the region to a nuclear exchange.</li>
<li>The international community was extremely critical of the nuclear tests in the subcontinent and sanctions were imposed on both India and Pakistan, which were subsequently waived.</li>
<li>After the 1998 nuclear test India also enunciated a doctrine of <strong>'No First Use&rsquo; (NFU) of nuclear weapons.</strong></li>
<li>The doctrine was <strong>formally adopted in January, 2003,</strong> and says that nuclear weapons will only be used in retaliation against a nuclear attack on Indian territory or on Indian forces anywhere.</li>
<li>Since the adoption of nuclear doctrine, <strong>India has said consistently that its nuclear weapons were based on staggering and punitive retaliation,</strong> in case the deterrence has failed.</li>
<li>Pakistan, by contrast, has openly threatened India with the use of nuclear weapons on multiple occasions beginning from the time the two nations were not even acknowledged nuclear powers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages of NFU</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NFU policy <strong>facilitates restrained nuclear weapons programme</strong> without tactical weapons and a complicated command and control system.</li>
<li>The doctrine <strong>minimises the probability of nuclear use</strong> by avoiding the deployment of weapons on hair-trigger alert and keeping an arms-race in check.</li>
<li>The doctrine also <strong>reduces the chances of unnecessary chaos</strong> as the onus of taking the decision to escalate a nuclear use lies on the adversary.</li>
<li>Strict adherence to the doctrine can <strong>strengthen India&rsquo;s efforts to gain membership in Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG) and United Nations Security Council (UNSC).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Arguments Against NFU</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The idea of no-first-use (NFU) of nuclear weapons has been rejected by some nuclear weapons states and accepted only at the declaratory level by most, if not by all of the others.</li>
<li>Nuclear weapons are often seen as an <strong>antidote to conventional inferiority as the inferior</strong> party will seek to deter conventional attack by threatening a nuclear response.</li>
<li>The first-use nuclear doctrine introduces an element of nuclear risk to any war contemplated by the superior state as it is hard for the potential attacker to confidently calculate that it can achieve victory at an acceptable cost when there is a possibility of nuclear escalation.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cuban Missile Crisis and MAD Doctrine</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cuban Missile Crisis was one of the most intense confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States during the entire course of the Cold War.</li>
<li>The Cold War nearly became hot on October 16, 1962, when the White House became aware of the Soviet missiles present in Cuba.</li>
<li>The Cuban Missile Crisis is widely regarded as the <strong>boiling point of the nuclear arms race,</strong> when fears of thermonuclear war between the Soviet Union and the United States seemed not only plausible, but even possible.</li>
<li>The Cuban Missile Crisis was the ultimate byproduct of MAD, or <strong>mutual assured destruction,</strong> a strategic military doctrine in which the use of nuclear weapons on a full scale would theoretically result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender.</li>
<li>This strategy ultimately sends both parties into an endless loop of increased military budgets.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul>
<li>In India the NFU policy has been called into question on the grounds that it allows Pakistan to take the initiative while <strong>restricting India&rsquo;s options militarily and puts India in a disadvantageous position.</strong></li>
<li>Pakistan&rsquo;s low nuclear thresholds and its policy of using its <strong>nuclear umbrella to foment sub-conventional conflict in India</strong> is the principal reason behind the debate around India&rsquo;s &lsquo;no first use&rsquo; policy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implications of Abandoning NFU for India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Withdrawing the NFU policy and making a declaration to that effect <strong>can affect India&rsquo;s status as a responsible nuclear power.</strong></li>
<li>Such a step will <strong>abrogate India&rsquo;s commitment to the universal goal of nuclear disarmament</strong> and <strong>upset the regional balance</strong> in the sub-continent.</li>
<li>Further, abrogating the doctrine would signal a first use posture by India, thus reducing the space for conventional warfare below the nuclear threshold. This could also severely corrode India&rsquo;s ability to limit Pakistan&rsquo;s offensive tactics and policies at the conventional level.</li>
<li>Moreover, China&rsquo;s expansionist policies cannot be deterred by revising the doctrine, the decision to abandon the doctrine <strong>can send a deliberate signal of provocation to China.</strong></li>
<li>Nuclear preemption is a <strong>costly policy</strong> as it requires massive investment not only in weapons and delivery systems but also intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) infrastructure.</li>
<li>India <strong>would require a far bigger inventory</strong> of nuclear weapons particularly as eliminating adversaries&rsquo; nuclear capabilities would require targeting of its nuclear assets involving multiple warheads.</li>
<li>India is yet to induct the <strong>Multiple Reentry Vehicle (MRV) technology</strong> in its missiles, which is fundamental to eliminating hardened nuclear targets.</li>
<li>First use doctrine will also require to devolves control of nuclear weapons from the scientific enclave to the military for their eventual use.</li>
<li>Moreover, the after effects of the nuclear fallout, depending on the magnitude of nuclear explosions, <strong>could pose existential threats to humanity itself.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As security is a <strong>dynamic concept</strong> and all doctrines needs periodic reviews. Same is the case with India.</li>
<li>If Indian policymakers feel a need to <strong>review the nation&rsquo;s nuclear doctrine,</strong> they should be cognizant of the costs involved in doing so.</li>
<li>A sound policy debate can only ensue if the costs and benefits of a purported policy shift are discussed and debated widely.</li>
<li>Also, India must gradually revise its posture of <strong>&lsquo;active deterrence&rsquo; to &lsquo;dissuasive deterrence&rsquo;</strong> by building up its infrastructure along the border and improving the surveillance and warning capabilities among other things.</li>
<li>Like India, China too has an NFU policy so it provides an opportunity to work jointly towards a global no first use nuclear order.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/nuclear-doctrine-of-india'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Boosting Economic Growth in a Protectionist World',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>The article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/boosting-growth-in-a-protectionist-world/article29214266.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Boosting growth in a protectionist world&rdquo;</strong></a> that was published in The Hindu BusinessLine on 22<sup>nd</sup> August. It talks about the challenges of achieving a higher growth rate in a protectionist world order.</p>
</div>
<h3>Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In recent times, governments across the world are focussed more on protectionist economic policies as a measure to boost their domestic economy.</li>
<li>Protectionism, the theory or practice of shielding a country's domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports, gained ground mainly after the 2008 Global Financial Crisis.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/trade-war-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>US-China trade war</strong></a> is an evidence of the growing phenomenon of protectionist trade and economic policies.</li>
<li>The US, under Trump presidency, has already withdrawn itself from Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and also looking cynically on other multilateral engagements.</li>
<li>In the meantime, India has set an <strong>ambitious goal of becoming a USD 5 trillion economy by 2024-25.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Economic Survey 2018-19</strong> calls for a sustained 8% growth rate for India to become a USD 5 trillion economy by 2024-25.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges of Economic Growth in a Protectionist World</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India requires a <strong>high growth of exports</strong> to boost its economy, which is a huge challenge in the prevalent situation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s merchandise exports have been hovering around $300 billion for the last five to six years and have not been able to boost economic growth.</li>
<li>India is losing its competitive edge in traditional industries like textiles, to countries like Bangladesh and Vietnam.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s service exports, spearheaded by information technology, however, rose from $137 billion in 2011-12 to $205 billion in 2018-19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Uncertainty regarding US unilateral actions:</strong> India is among the group of countries that has been subjected to tariffs of 25% on steel and 10% on aluminum imports by the US. While this may not make a big dent to India&rsquo;s exports of these products as India accounts for only 2% of the US&rsquo; steel and aluminum imports and the US accounts for less than 5% of India&rsquo;s exports of these products, the US&rsquo; unilateral steps are a matter of concern. There is a risk that such protectionism might be extended to products which matter for India.</li>
<li><strong>Dumping:</strong> US tariffs may lead to excess supply of steel and aluminum products in the world market and dumping in large consumer markets like India, increasing competition for domestic manufacturers.</li>
<li>An environment of restrictive global trade has an <strong>adverse impact on profit growth of Indian companies.</strong> Higher import tariffs can have a negative impact on earnings, by increasing the cost of inputs.</li>
<li><strong>Increased Fiscal Commitment :</strong> Decline in trade openness has seen India responding with protectionism coupled with inward-looking policies, including increasing role of government in driving demand, supporting farm &amp; rural sectors, job creation, housing for all and prioritising MSME lending for public sector banks (PSBs). This trend is expected to continue. Hence, it will also imply higher fiscal commitment.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How to boost economic growth?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Improving Ease of Doing Business:</strong> India has improved a lot in World Bank&rsquo;s Doing Business Report (DBR) in the last four years. It has improved 65 positions in the last four years from 142 in 2015 to 77 in 2019.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it is still ranked very low on two major parameters- <strong>Starting a Business</strong> and<strong> Enforcing Contracts-</strong> that are vital for attracting FDI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Electronic Manufacturing:</strong> India cannot become a significant, modern economic power unless it develops a <strong>vibrant electronics industry,</strong> with an indigenous capability for research and development and a substantial manufacturing capability to produce crucial items like semiconductors and computer chips.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Of the country&rsquo;s total demand for electronics, between 50-60% of the products and 70-80% of the components are imported.</li>
<li>Expenses on electronics imports could surpass those on oil imports by 2020.</li>
<li>The industry has the potential to provide millions of jobs, directly and indirectly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) :</strong> India needs to effectively utilise FTAs, especially with East Asian nations (ASEAN), Japan, South Korea to its advantage to boost investments, exports and technology transfers to and from these nations.</li>
<li>Joining <strong>Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)</strong> is an option. But, the Chinese dominance in this partnership is a concern for India which needs to be carefully studied given the growing regional security and geo-politics concerns.</li>
<li><strong>Boosting Private investment:</strong> Economic Survey 2018-19 termed Private Investment as the Key Driver of Growth, Jobs, Exports and Demand.</li>
<li><strong>Deriving opportunity out of the Trade war</strong> scenario between the US and China.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ongoing trade war between the US and China will help India tap export opportunities in both the countries in areas such as garments, agriculture, automobiles and machinery.</li>
<li>China is also more willing than ever before to provide better market access to India on a wide range of agriculture and processed food products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Resolving trade issues with the US at the earliest to eliminate investors doubts in Indian trade regime.</li>
<li>Drawing a fine balance between the interests of domestic industry and giving trade concessions to multinationals to attract foreign investment in the form of FDI.</li>
<li>With enthusiasm for post Cold War style &ldquo;globalisation&rdquo; declining in Europe and the US, India now faces serious choices it has to make, given the security and diplomatic challenges it faces, from an increasingly assertive China.</li>
<li>India needs to show leadership role in bringing the world order towards a liberal trade regime where prosperity in trade brings benefit to the the people equitably and sustainably.</li>
<li>The goal of $5 trillion economy by 2025 needs a comprehensive multidimensional and multi-sectoral efforts to achieve a more than 8% growth rate annually that requires to meet the goal.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #0845ff; background-color: #defffb;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></span><br /><br />&ldquo;Discuss how India can achieve its ambitious goal of becoming a $5 trillion economy by 2025 in the backdrop of growing protectionism globally.&rdquo;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/boosting-economic-growth-in-a-protectionist-world'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Illegal Tiger Trade',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently a new report titled<strong> &lsquo;Skin and Bones Unresolved: An Analysis of Tiger Seizures from 2000-2018&rsquo;</strong> compiled by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/traffic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TRAFFIC</strong></a>, in partnership with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-1st-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Wildlife Fund (WWF)</strong></a> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for Conservation of Nature</strong></a> has quantified the illegal global trade in tigers and tiger parts over a 19-year period between 2000 and 2018.</li>
<li>It was the fourth in a series on tiger trade by TRAFFIC, a wildlife trade monitoring network headquartered in the United Kingdom.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Findings of Report</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/552image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/552image4.jpg" width="578" height="287" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is the country with the highest number of seizure incidents (463, or 40% of all seizures) as well as tigers seized (625).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The TRAFFIC report uses the 2016 WWF estimate of 2,226 tigers in India. It is <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>home to more than 56% of the global wild tiger population.</strong></a></li>
<li>India has the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>world&rsquo;s largest tiger population</strong></a> &mdash; 2,967 in the Tiger Census released in July, 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is the country with the highest number of seizure incidents (463, or 40% of all seizures) as well as tigers seized (625). In terms of various body parts seized, India had the highest share among countries for tiger skins (38%), bones (28%) and claws and teeth (42%).</li>
<li>The top three countries with the highest number of seizure incidents were India (463 or 40.5% of total seizures) and China (126 or 11.0%), closely followed by Indonesia (119 or 10.5%).</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tiger-trade-report-counts-2359-shows-where-5924998/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/illegal-tiger-trade'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Indian Space Debris',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to the latest <strong>assessment of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-rightful-place-in-space" target="_blank" rel="noopener">space debris</a> by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</a>,</strong> out of the 101 pieces of <strong>debris</strong> (big enough to be tracked) <strong>created by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-shakti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">India&rsquo;s Anti-Satellite System(A-SAT) test,</a></strong> 49 continued to remain in orbit.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is possible that more pieces, smaller ones, created from the test, are floating around but were not being tracked.</li>
<li>It has been estimated that nearly <strong>400 pieces were created from India&rsquo;s test.</strong></li>
<li>After the test, India had said that, since the test was carried out in the lower atmosphere, it did not expect to add any significant amount of space debris.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Whatever debris is generated will decay and fall back on to the earth within weeks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The report is the <strong>first credible estimation in public domain of the amount of debris created by India&rsquo;s anti-satellite test</strong> (conducted on 27<sup>th</sup> March, 2019) and what remains of it four months down the line.</li>
<li><strong>India had 97 functional, and non-functional but intact satellites in space as</strong> on 30<sup>th</sup> June 2019 , and 157 pieces of trackable space debris, including fragments of rockets that become junk after delivering their payloads in their specified orbits. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is a very small proportion of the total of 19,404 large objects in space sent by all countries, of which 14,432 are debris and junk parts of used rockets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Anti-Satellite Test</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India had shot down its 740-kg Microsat-R satellite on 27<sup>th</sup> March, 2019 in a demonstration of its capability to destroy a space-based infrastructure of an enemy country.</li>
<li>That anti-satellite test made India, <strong>only the fourth country in the world,</strong> to have demonstrated such capability.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/nasa-report-debris-created-by-indias-anti-satellite-test-still-in-space-5925275/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-space-debris'
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Super 50',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>Maharashtra&rsquo;s Tribal Development Department</strong> in association with the <strong>Pace Educational Trust</strong> has launched an academic programme for young tribal students aspiring to be doctors and engineers.</p>
<h3>About the Scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The initiative is inspired by the work of <strong>Patna&rsquo;s Anand Kumar</strong> who runs an initiative called <strong>&lsquo;Super 30&rsquo;</strong> for underprivileged students to sit for Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) entrance exam.</li>
<li>The <strong>Super 50</strong> programme will mentor<strong> 50</strong> most meritorious <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tribal</strong> </a>students from the <strong>State</strong> and prepare them for engineering and medical exams.</li>
<li><strong>Tribal</strong> students from the state who have passed their <strong>class 10<sup>th</sup> </strong>exam are eligible to enroll for the entrance test.</li>
<li>It will be a <strong>two-year residential programme,</strong> where the students will be provided hostel and mess facilities, a tablet, NCERT books and career counselling.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kashmir Super 50</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Project Kashmir Super 50, a joint initiative by <strong>Indian Army, Center for Social Responsibility and Leadership (CSRL)</strong> and <strong>PETRONET LNG Limited (PLL)</strong> was launched in March 2013 to transform the<strong> educational status of children from economically weaker sections in the Kashmir region.</strong></li>
<li>It is an 11-month program in which 50 students are selected every year and they are provided with complete free residential coaching for IIT-JEE, JKCET and other premier Engineering Institutes.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/super-50-an-initiative-for-tribal-students-to-fulfil-dreams/article29215270.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: The Hindu</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/super-50'
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