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CRZ Rules Eased for 'Blue Flag' Beaches

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Environment and Forest has relaxed Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) rules. CRZ rules restrict construction...

15 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Taal Volcano

Why in News A volcano called Taal on the island of Luzon, 50 km from Manila, Philippines erupted on 12th January, 2020. Compound Volcano: Taal is...

15 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Need For Decoupling

This article is based on “Two big ideas towards green growth: The only viable path to development left to us” which was published on...

14 Jan 2020 News Editorials
Urbanisation Trends: EIU

Why in News Recently, the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) survey released a ranking of the fastest-growing urban areas across the world which...

14 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Diego-The Giant Tortoise

Why in News Recently, Diego (Chelonoidis hoodensis, or the giant tortoise species) has retired from the captive breeding programme in the...

14 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Bhil Tribe

Why in News Recent controversial references to the Bhil tribe by Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission (MPPSC) has received severe...

14 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Organic Turmeric to Weed Out Marijuana in Malkangiri

Why in News Recently, the Malkangiri district administration, Odisha has initiated a project to divert the region’s tribals from illegal...

14 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Raisina Dialogue

Why in News The 5th edition of Raisina Dialogue is being held in New Delhi. The 1st edition was held in 2016. The title of the Raisina Dialogue...

14 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Manual Scavenging in India

Why in News The Central Monitoring Committee to review the implementation of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their...

14 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD)

Why in News The government has launched a central accident database management system that will help in analysing causes of road crashes and in...

14 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Monasteries at Moghalmari

Why in News Recently, a study of inscriptions on clay tablets excavated from Moghalmari have confirmed the presence of two...

14 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Liberalisation of Coal Mining

This article is based on Coal comfort, Mining deep: on Cabinet easing mining laws. It talks about the implications of Mineral Laws...

13 Jan 2020 News Editorials
Ghodahada Reservoir

Why in News? The population of Mugger Crocodile is on the rise in Odisha’s Ghodahada reservoir. Key Points As per the annual crocodile...

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Bengal Fox

Why in News Forest Department officials in Salem, Tamill Nadu are gearing up to prevent an unusual jallikattu, one that uses foxes (Bengal Fox)...

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis
National Youth Day 2020

Why in News National Youth Day (NYD) is observed on Swami Vivekananda's birth anniversary on January 12 every year. Key Points To honour Swami...

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis
INTACH Efforts to Protect Buddhist Site

Why in News The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), heritage lovers and officials have almost stopped the stone-pelting...

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Wetland Bird Census at Kaziranga National Park

Why in News The second wetland bird count was conducted in the Kaziranga National Park from 9th- 10th January 2020. The first wetland bird survey...

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Kolkata Port Trust

On the occasion of 150th anniversary celebration of Kolkata Port Trust, it has been renamed after Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. The Port has two...

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Second Tallest Statue of Gautam Buddha

The world's second tallest statue of Gautam Buddha is proposed to be built in Dev Ni Mori, Sabarkantha district, Gujarat. The proposed statue...

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Under-5 Girls Face High Mortality in India: UNICEF

Why in News Recently, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) released the ‘Levels and Trends in Child Mortality’ report....

13 Jan 2020 News Analysis

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'CRZ Rules Eased for 'Blue Flag' Beaches',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Environment and Forest</strong> has<strong> relaxed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coastal-regulation-zone-crz-notification-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) rules</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CRZ rules restrict construction near beaches. Relaxation in the rules will allow States to construct infrastructure and enable the beaches to receive <strong>&lsquo;Blue Flag&rsquo; certification.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry selected <strong>13 beaches</strong> in India for the Blue Flag certificate in 2019.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>CRZ laws do not allow the construction of infrastructure on beaches and islands.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the Blue Flag certification requires beaches to create infrastructures like portable toilet blocks, greywater treatment plants, a solar power plant, seating facilities, CCTV surveillance, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government notified that construction activities and facilities shall be permitted in the CRZs, including Islands, for the purpose of Blue Flag Certification in beaches.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, these activities are <strong>subject to maintaining a minimum distance of 10 meters from the High Tide Line (HTL).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>High Tide Line:</strong> HTL means the line on the land up to which the highest water line reaches during the <strong>spring tide.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Low Tide Line:</strong> Similarly, it means the line on the land up to which the lowest water line reaches during the <strong>spring tide.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Spring tides:</strong> The position of both the sun and the moon in relation to the earth has direct bearing on tide height. When the<strong> sun, the moon and the earth are in a straight line,</strong> the <strong>height of the tide will be higher.</strong> These are called spring tides and they occur twice a month, one on full moon period and another during new moon period.</p>
</div>
<h3>Blue Flag Certification</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>international recognition</strong> conferred on beaches that meet certain criteria of cleanliness and environmental propriety.</li>
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/blue-flag-certification" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Blue Flag&rsquo;</strong></a> <strong>beach</strong> is an<strong> &lsquo;eco-tourism model&rsquo;</strong> and marks out beaches as providing tourists and beachgoers clean and hygienic bathing water, facilities/amenities, a safe and healthy environment and sustainable development of the area.</li>
<li>The<strong> Blue Flag Programme</strong> was started in <strong>France</strong> in <strong>1985</strong> and has been implemented in<strong> Europe since 1987</strong> and in areas <strong>outside Europe since 2001</strong> when South Africa joined.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Blue Flag Programme is run by the <strong>Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE)</strong> which is an international, non-governmental, non-profit organisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The certification is accorded by the <strong>Denmark-based Foundation for Environment Education, with 33 stringent criteria under four major heads for the beaches,</strong> that are-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Environmental Education and Information</li>
<li>Bathing Water Quality</li>
<li>Environment Management and Conservation</li>
<li>Safety and Services</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Spain</strong> tops the list with <strong>566 such beaches; Greece and France</strong> follow with<strong> 515 and 395</strong> Blue Flag beaches, respectively.</li>
<li><strong>Japan and South Korea</strong> are the only countries in the <strong>south and southeastern Asia</strong> to have Blue Flag beaches.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-eases-crz-rules-for-blue-flag-beaches/article30568967.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crz-rules-eased-for-blue-flag-beaches'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Taal Volcano',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A volcano called Taal on the island of Luzon, 50 km from Manila, Philippines erupted on 12<sup>th</sup> January, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Compound Volcano:</strong> Taal is classified as a &ldquo;complex&rdquo; volcano by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1579075168_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1579075168_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A complex volcano, also called a compound volcano, is defined as one that doesn't have just one main vent or cone but several eruption points. Another such example is Mount Vesuvius on the west coast of Italy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unpredictable:</strong> Taal has erupted more than 30 times in the last few centuries, the most recent was in 1977.</li>
<li>It needs to be noted that the Philippines is situated at the boundaries of two tectonic plates &mdash; the Philippines Sea Plate and the Eurasian plate &mdash; thus susceptible to earthquakes and volcanism.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-eruption-of-a-tiny-complex-volcano-is-causing-concern-6216667/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/taal-volcano'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Need For Decoupling',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/two-big-ideas-towards-green-growth-the-only-viable-path-to-development-left-to-us/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Two big ideas towards green growth: The only viable path to development left to us&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published on 14/01/2020 in The Times of India. It talks about maintaining economic development while reducing resource use and associated environmental impacts.</p>
</div>
<p>Natural resources form the backbone of any economic development. India, as one of the fastest-growing economies, has increased its material consumption to six times, from 1.18 billion tonnes (BT) in 1970 to 7 BT in 2015 and it is expected to reach 15 BT by 2030.</p>
<p>This material consumption is to further increase in order to provide for economic growth, increasing population, rapid urbanization and growing aspirations of people.</p>
<p>However, this economic growth has been coupled with the inherent cost of the natural environment. As we are hitting the limits of every possible material resource, it is clear that the linear model of &lsquo;produce, consume and discard&rsquo; needs rejuvenation.</p>
<p>Thus, there is a <strong>need for decoupling</strong> i.e., maintaining economic development while reducing resource use and associated environmental impacts.</p>
<h3>Ways to Achieve this Decoupling</h3>
<p><strong>Resource Efficiency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Enhancing resource efficiency and promoting the use of secondary raw materials has emerged as a strategy for ensuring potential trade-off between growth and resource constraints.</li>
<li>According to <strong>The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI),</strong> if the <strong>6R principles of a circular economy,</strong> ie reduce, reuse, recycle, redesign, remanufacture, refurbish are applied, it can bring down steel and aluminium scrap imports to zero.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Not only will this cut down India&rsquo;s import bill, but it will also lead to new enterprises carrying out new activities, and will also generate additional employment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In this context, the government has drafted a <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-national-resource-efficiency-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>national resource efficiency policy, 2019.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Waste Management</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Every effort has to be made to ensure as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-better-way-of-waste-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>little waste is generated</strong></a> as possible.</li>
<li>The process of production and consumption must be innovated to convert waste into a variety of useful products. <strong>This is called upcycling.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example: In Delhi, construction waste and road dust are converted into interlocking tiles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, it will result in a huge reduction in millions of tonnes of slag and solid waste generation and CO2 emissions.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Renewable Energy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has targeted installing of 175 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy by 2022.</li>
<li>Non-fossil fuel electricity (produced from hydro, wind, solar and nuclear sources) is likely to account for 45% of the electricity mix in India by 2030.</li>
<li>Today, businesses are investing in renewable energy because it is economically attractive; <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>solar electricity</strong></a> at about Rs 2.50/ kWh is the cheapest electricity available in India.</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>Associated Challenges</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has a low recycling rate, 20-25% compared to 50% in developed countries.</li>
<li>Though solar energy is the cheapest, the challenge is to bring down the price of energy storage.</li>
<li>Also, Photovoltaic (PV) panel used in solar energy produces a lot of e-waste.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Easy financing instruments need to be explored by banking and non-banking financial institutions for promoting investment in formal recycling setups. A <strong>cluster-based approach</strong> could be considered by bringing different players.</li>
<li><strong>Upcycling plants</strong> are currently not cost-effective, therefore there is a need for new business models for their success. And many such new ideas need to be supported in every sphere of the economy.</li>
<li>The waste generated from solar PV should be treated as <strong>e-waste</strong> to provide a legal mechanism for solar PV waste management.</li>
<li>To enhance reuse of construction and demolition waste, it will require developing codes and standards for quality of secondary raw materials produced from reprocessing of wastes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, public procurement of materials for civil construction from recycled materials can be formulated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Achieving this decoupling will help to achieve, global commitment to sustainable development by 2030.</li>
</ul>
<p>Since the 1950s the global consumption of natural resources has skyrocketed, both in magnitude and in the range of resources used. Closely coupled with emissions of greenhouse gases, land consumption, pollution of environmental media, and degradation of ecosystems, as well as with economic development, increasing resource use is a key issue to be addressed in order to keep the planet Earth in a safe and just operating space.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5f2d5;">
<p><span style="color: #003366;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Treating waste as a resource and the design of a circular economy have been identified as key approaches for resource efficiency. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/need-for-decoupling'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Urbanisation Trends: EIU',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1579006752_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1579006752_image6.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)</strong> survey released a ranking of the fastest-growing urban areas across the world which features three cities from Kerala among the top 10.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>From the period of 2015-2020, Malappuram had 44.1% change, Kozhikode had 34.5% change and Kollam had 31.1% change).</strong> These are the only places from India to feature in the top 10 rankings.</li>
<li><strong>Thrissur, Kerala</strong> is at 13<sup>th</sup> position with 30.2% jump between 2015 and 2020. <strong>Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu</strong> is at 30<sup>th</sup> rank. <strong>Thiruvananthapuram</strong> is at 33<sup>rd</sup> position.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data:</strong> The list is based on data from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> <strong>Population Division.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Time Period:</strong> The Economist has listed the rate at which the populations of the UAs are expected to increase between 2015 and 2020 and it provides a measure of the pace of urbanisation.</li>
<li><strong>Unusual Findings:</strong> The rankings seem unusual because the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/population-explosion-and-fertility-rates" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>total fertility rate</strong></a> <strong>(TFR,</strong> the number of children a woman is likely to have in the childbearing age of 15-49) in Kerala is 1.8 as per <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> data from 2016, below the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indias-falling-fertility-rate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>replacement rate</strong></a> of 2.1.</li>
</ul>
<h3>With Reference to Kerala</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Transformation of Villages to Town:</strong> Kerala has <strong>low fertility rate</strong> which means the increase in the population of Malappuram and other cities is not because women are having more children but because more villages are being transformed into towns and city borders are expanding.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When a village becomes a census town, its population is included in the urban population of the district.</li>
<li>Cities of Kerala are seeing rapid urbanisation and the main reason is the inclusion of new areas in the UA&rsquo;s limits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects of Migration:</strong> Kerala sees both <strong>emigration</strong> (migration from the state to other places) and <strong>immigration</strong> (the migration of workers to the state)<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The remittances that emigrants send allow the residents of villages to move away from agriculture, which changes the status of a village to census town.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Shift from Agriculture:</strong> In Kerala, <strong>urbanisation is driven by a move away from agriculture,</strong> which leads to a change in a village&rsquo;s Census classification status.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1579006782_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1579006782_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Factors for Population Growth</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>When the birth rate exceeds the death rate (natural growth).</li>
<li>When workers migrate to the city in search of jobs.</li>
<li>When more areas get included within the boundaries of the city.</li>
<li>When existing rural areas are reclassified as urban.</li>
<li>According to the <strong>Census definition,</strong> an urban area is either a census town (CT) or a statutory town (ST).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Statutory Town:</strong> Any place with a municipal corporation, municipal council, or cantonment board.</li>
<li><strong>Census Town:</strong> It can be a place with &ldquo;urban characteristics&rdquo;, a population of more than 5,000, population density more than 400 people per sq km, and with more than 75% of the population not engaged in agriculture for their livelihood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the UN,<strong> &ldquo;urban agglomerations&rdquo;</strong> (UA) are defined as continuous urban spread consisting of a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths or two or more physically contiguous towns together.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For example,</strong> the <strong>National Capital Territory of Delhi</strong> is a UA that includes the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) and New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) areas as well as 107 census towns (erstwhile surrounding villages where more than 75% of the population is now engaged in non-agricultural pursuits).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Economist Intelligence Unit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the research and analysis division of The Economist Group and the world leader in global business intelligence. It was created in 1946.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Urbanisation leads to the <strong>growth of cities and infrastructure</strong> which gives more opportunities to youth. People leave behind caste and class divisions (to some extent) that dominate life in the villages and move upwards in society.</li>
<li>However, <strong>unplanned urbanisation can be exclusionary</strong> making it difficult for migrants to live there given the high cost. Unregulated housing, lack of reliable public transport, and longer commutes within these towns put a strain on the meagre resources of migrants</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-malappuram-topped-the-list-of-worlds-fastest-growing-cities-6215006/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/urbanisation-trends-eiu'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Diego-The Giant Tortoise',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<h3></h3>
<p>Recently, Diego (Chelonoidis hoodensis, or the giant tortoise species) has retired from the <strong>captive breeding programme</strong> in the <strong>Galapagos National Park, Ecuador.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He will be returned to <strong>Espa&ntilde;ola Island,</strong> from where he was taken around 80 years ago.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578993818_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578993818_image3.jpg" width="300" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Diego is 100 years old and joined the <strong>breeding programme in 1976.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The tortoise population has since gone up from 15 to 2,000.</li>
<li>He is responsible for about <strong>40% of the offspring produced.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Another male tortoise<strong> &lsquo;E5&rsquo;</strong> has generated about 60% offspring.</li>
<li>Diego has a long leathery neck, dull-yellow face and beady eyes. Fully stretched out, he extends to about five feet and weighs about 176 pounds.</li>
<li>The <strong>long neck is critical for his species&rsquo; survival,</strong> helping the tortoises crane their necks to feed on cacti.</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tortoises on the Gal&aacute;pagos Islands served as an excellent source of food for seafarers in the 1800s so a large number were picked up from the islands.</li>
<li>Feral goats on the islands posed another danger, competing for food, destroying the tortoises&rsquo; habitat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IUCN Red List</a> Status: Critically Endangered</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578993856_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578993856_image4.png" width="400" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gal&aacute;pagos National Park</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was created in <strong>1959</strong> and it was the <strong>first national park of Ecuador.</strong></li>
<li>The Gal&aacute;pagos Islands were designated as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong></a> in <strong>1978.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-is-diego-the-tortoise-whose-sex-drive-saved-his-species-6214926/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/diego-the-giant-tortoise'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Bhil Tribe',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recent controversial references to the Bhil tribe by Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission (MPPSC) has received severe criticism.</p>
<h3>Key Points <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578989894_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578989894_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="200" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bhil are <strong>one of the largest tribal groups,</strong> living in Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan.</li>
<li>The name is derived from the word &lsquo;billu&rsquo;, which means bow.</li>
<li>The Bhil are known to be <strong>excellent archers</strong> coupled with <strong>deep knowledge about their local geography.</strong></li>
<li>Traditionally, experts in guerrilla warfare, most of them today are farmers and agricultural labourers. They are also skilled sculptors.</li>
<li>Bhil <strong>women</strong> wear <strong>traditional saris</strong> while <strong>men</strong> are dressed in <strong>long frock and pyjamas.</strong> The <strong>woman</strong> put on <strong>heavy ornaments made of silver, brass</strong> along with rosaries of beads and silver coins and earing.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/mp-psc-paper-calls-bhils-alcoholic-and-criminal-minded/articleshow/73219173.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TOI</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhil-tribe'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Organic Turmeric to Weed Out Marijuana in Malkangiri',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Malkangiri district</strong> administration, <strong>Odisha</strong> has initiated a project to divert the region&rsquo;s tribals from <strong>illegal <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cannabis-debate" target="_blank" rel="noopener">marijuana</a> cultivation</strong> by promoting organic turmeric as a profitable cash crop.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Organic turmeric will weed out the marijuana cultivation in remote areas of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/balimela-reservoir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swabhiman Anchal</strong></a> in Malkangiri.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons for Illegal Marijuana Cultivation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lack of communication.</li>
<li>Poverty.</li>
<li>Financed by the Drug mafias from outside, allegedly.</li>
<li>Source of easy money.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This move comes after a <strong>survey,</strong> conducted in <strong>2019</strong> by the Malkangiri district administration.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It revealed that almost all tribal families grow turmeric for their consumption but not for commercial purposes.</li>
<li>The district has a <strong>suitable climate and geographical conditions</strong> so organic turmeric can become the tool of economic development for poor tribals as well as cash crop alternative of marijuana.</li>
<li>It is estimated that each acre of organic turmeric can provide ₹70,000 to 80,000 income to the farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The project has been implemented by the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/horticulture-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Horticulture</strong> </a>and <strong>Agriculture</strong> Departments. Interested farmers have been registered for <strong>scientific training.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Marijuana or Hemp</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is part of the <strong>cannabis super-family,</strong> is illegal for commercial cultivation though it grows as a weed in several parts of the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Uttarakhand, Jammu and Uttar Pradesh have <strong>allowed restricted cultivation</strong> of the plant for medical research.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has two components <strong>CBD (cannabidiol) </strong>and<strong> THC (tetrahydrocannabinol).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CBD does not cause intoxication or euphoria and has been successfully proven to provide <strong>relief to chronic pain</strong> without causing psychoactive side effects.</li>
<li>It is <strong>THC which is the primary psychoactive components</strong> of Marijuana.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Narcotic Drugs and Psychoactive Substances Act, 1985</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>bans the commercial cultivation of cannabis.</strong></li>
<li>The bar <strong>does not apply to an edible preparation called bhang,</strong> which is allowed in some States.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>United Nations Single Convention on Narcotics Drugs, 1961</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>international treaty to prohibit production and supply of specific</strong> (nominally narcotic) <strong>drugs</strong> and of drugs with similar effects except under licence for specific purposes, such as medical treatment and research.</li>
<li>The convention refers to drug addiction as <strong>&ldquo;a serious evil for the individual [that] is fraught with social and economic danger to mankind&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/organic-turmeric-to-weed-out-marijuana-in-malkangiri/article30562573.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/organic-turmeric-to-weed-out-marijuana-in-malkangiri'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Raisina Dialogue',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The 5<sup>th</sup> edition of Raisina Dialogue is being held in New Delhi. The 1<sup>st</sup> edition was held in 2016.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The title of the Raisina Dialogue this year (2020) is <strong>&ldquo;Navigating the Alpha Century&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conference will host 700 participants from more than 100 countries and at least 40% of the speakers will be women.</li>
<li>The Dialogue has been <strong>India&rsquo;s contribution</strong> to <strong>global efforts</strong> to discover solutions, identify opportunities and provide stability to a century that has witnessed an eventful two decades.</li>
<li>A session will be held on the Indo-Pacific, including military or naval commanders from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quad-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Quadrilateral or Quad (Australia, India, Japan, and the United States)&rdquo;</strong></a>. It will also have a <strong>French Defence official on the panel</strong> this year.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Raisina Dialogue</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>multilateral conference</strong> committed to addressing the most challenging issues facing the global community. Every year, global leaders in policy, business, media and civil society are <strong>hosted in New Delhi</strong> to discuss cooperation on a wide range of pertinent international policy matters.</li>
<li>The Dialogue is structured as a <strong>multi-stakeholder, cross-sectoral discussion,</strong> involving heads of state, cabinet ministers and local government officials, as well as major private sector executives, members of the media and academics.</li>
<li>The conference is hosted by the <strong>Observer Research Foundation</strong> in collaboration with the <strong>Ministry of External Affairs</strong>, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Observer Research Foundation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>independent think tank</strong> based in<strong> New Delhi</strong> with three centres in Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.</li>
<li>It seeks to lead and aid policy thinking towards building a strong and prosperous India in a fair and equitable world and helps discover and inform India&rsquo;s choices. It carries Indian voices and ideas to forums shaping global debates.</li>
<li>It provides <strong>non-partisan, independent, well-researched analyses and inputs</strong> to diverse decision-makers in governments, business communities, and academia and civil society around the world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/raisina-dialogue-to-kick-off-with-panel-of-former-world-leaders-on-january-14-pm-modi-to-attend/article30561118.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/raisina-dialogue'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Manual Scavenging in India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central Monitoring Committee to review the implementation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manual-scavenging-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013</strong></a> has mentioned that many states are lagging behind in the rehabilitation of manual scavengers.</li>
<li>Though most of the sewer death compensation had been paid but <strong>states like Gujarat, Maharashtra </strong>is<strong> yet to pay compensation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578987249_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578987249_image1.jpg" width="390" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Numerical Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since 1993, a total of 926 deaths related to the manual scavenging is reported in the country, out of which 172 families are yet to receive compensation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State-wise Analysis:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Engaged Workers:</strong> According to the <strong>National Commission of Safai Karamcharis (NCSK),</strong> a total of 53,598 people, of which <strong>29,923</strong> were in <strong>Uttar Pradesh alone,</strong> had been identified as <strong>engaged in manual scavenging</strong> after surveys in 2013 and 2018.</li>
<li><strong>Deaths: Tamil Nadu</strong> reported the <strong>highest number of deaths</strong> but has paid compensation in all but seven of the 234 cases.</li>
<li><strong>Compensation: Gujarat</strong> has the<strong> highest</strong> number of cases where the compensation <strong>amount was not paid followed by Maharashtra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps taken for Elimination:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, one-time cash assistance, capital subsidy and skill development training are provided to the identified manual scavengers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Prohibition of Employment of Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Prohibition:</strong> The act prohibits the employment of manual scavengers, manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks without protective equipment, and the construction of insanitary latrines.</li>
<li><strong>Rehabilitation:</strong> It seeks to rehabilitate manual scavengers and provide for their alternative employment.</li>
<li><strong>Implementing Authority:</strong> Each local authority, cantonment board and railway authority is responsible for surveying insanitary latrines within its jurisdiction. They shall also construct a number of sanitary community latrines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The District Magistrate and the local authority shall be the implementing authorities. Offences under the Act shall be cognizable and non-bailable and may be tried summarily.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Persistence of Manual Scavenging</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Despite the most stringent penal provisions in the law against manual scavenging, it continues in parts of India largely <strong>due to governmental indifference and social prejudice.</strong></li>
<li>The continued presence of insanitary latrines, of which there are about 2.6 million that require cleaning by hand, according to Safai Karmachari Andolan.</li>
<li>Many communities still regard the presence of a sanitary toilet inside the house as physical pollution.</li>
<li>The entrenched belief in the <strong>caste system</strong> that assumes people belonging to a particular caste group will readily perform the stigmatised task of emptying latrines.</li>
<li>The state governments are not keen to demolish and rebuild old facilities lacking sanitation, or conduct a full census of both the latrines and the people engaged in clearing such waste.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commission of Safai Karamcharis</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK) was constituted on 12<sup>th</sup> August 1994 as a statutory body by an Act of Parliament viz. &lsquo;National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act, 1993&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The act &ldquo;The National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act, 1993&rdquo; lapsed in February 2004.</li>
<li>The Commission is acting as a <strong>non-statutory body of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment</strong> whose tenure is extended from time to time through Government Resolutions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-gujarat-lag-behind-in-compensation-for-sewer-deaths/article30559790.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manual-scavenging-in-india-1'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The government has launched a <strong>central accident database management system</strong> that will help in analysing causes of road crashes and in devising safety interventions to reduce such accidents in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The system, known as the <strong>Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD),</strong> has been <strong>developed by the Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT-M)</strong> and will be <strong>implemented by the National Informatics Centre.</strong></li>
<li>The project costs ₹258 crore and is being <strong>supported by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank.</a></strong></li>
<li>The system will be first piloted in the six States with highest fatalities from road crashes &mdash; Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.</li>
<li>IRAD is comprehensive web-based Information Technology (IT) solution and will enable various agencies such as the police, Public Works Department (PWDs),etc. to enter details on a road accident from different perspectives such as investigation, road engineering, vehicle condition etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Road Accidents in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the World Road Statistics,<strong> India recorded the highest number of road accident deaths across 199 countries in 2018</strong> followed by China and the US.</li>
<li>According to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-accidents-in-india-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>government data</strong></a>, more than 1.5 lakh people lost their lives in road crashes in the country in 2018.</li>
<li>Of the total people killed in road crashes in 2018, 48% were between 18 years and 35 years old, and more than 60% of such fatalities were due to overspeeding.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Working of IRAD</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IRAD mobile application will enable police personnel to enter details about a road accident, along with photos and videos, following which a unique ID will be created for the incident.</li>
<li>Subsequently, an engineer from the Public Works Department or the local body will receive an alert on his mobile device. He or she will then visit the accident site, examine it, and feed the required details, such as the road design.</li>
<li>Data thus collected will be analysed by a team at IIT-M, which will then suggest if corrective measures in road design need to be taken.</li>
<li>Road users will also be able to upload data on road accidents on a separate mobile application, which is expected to go live from 1st April 2020.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Informatics Centre</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NIC of the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology</strong> provides network backbone and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-Governance</strong></a> support to the Central Government, State Governments and UT Administrations.</li>
<li>It was established in<strong> 1976</strong> and is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-accidents-in-india-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-road-accident-database-irad'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Monasteries at Moghalmari',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a study of inscriptions on clay tablets excavated from <strong>Moghalmari</strong> have confirmed the presence of two monasteries.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Moghalmari is a <strong>Buddhist monastic</strong> site of the early medieval period in West Bengal&rsquo;s Paschim Medinipur district.</li>
<li><strong>Chinese traveller Xuanzang</strong> (more widely identified as <strong>Huen Tsang</strong>), who visited India in the 7<sup>th</sup> century CE, referred to the existence of &lsquo;ten monasteries&rsquo; within the limits of Tamralipta (modern day Tamluk in adjoining Purba Medinipur district). However, he did not refer to any specific name or location.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Presence of <strong>two monasteries- Mugalayikaviharika</strong> and <strong>Yaj&ntilde;apindikamahavihara</strong> at Moghalmari.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Six tiny fragments of inscribed seals found contain a set of letters accompanied by the deer-dharmachakra symbols.</li>
<li>The inscriptions are in Sanskrit and the script is a transitional phase between later north <strong>Indian Brahmi</strong> and early <strong>Siddhamatrika.</strong></li>
<li>The first name on the seals - Yaj&ntilde;apindikamahavihara, implies etymologically &lsquo;a place of sacrificial offering&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The second name on the seals, Mugalayikaviharika, bears a phonetic resemblance to the modern name of the site, Moghalmari.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The monasteries at Moghalmari date from the 6th century CE and were functional until the 12<sup>th</sup> century CE. The presence of two monasteries <strong>dating to the same period within a single compound is unique in eastern India.</strong></li>
<li>Inscriptions supports the point that <strong>Buddhist monasteries have a definite hierarchy &mdash;</strong> Mahavihara, Vihara and Viharika.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Brahmi and Siddhamatrika</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The oldest deciphered inscriptions belong to the late 4<sup>th</sup> century BCE and are in Brahmi and Kharoshthi.</li>
<li>These include those of Maurya emperor Ashoka, which are in a number of different languages and scripts, but mostly in the Prakrit language and Brahmi script.</li>
<li>The different stages of Brahmi script are often labelled on the basis if dynasties, e.g. Ashokan Brahmi, Kushana Brahmi and Gupta Brahmi.</li>
<li>In the late 6<sup>th</sup> century, Gupta Brahmi evolved into a script known as Siddhamatrika or Kutlia.</li>
<li>The modern north Indian scripts such as Devanagari gradually emerged out of Siddhamatrika.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/inscriptions-confirm-presence-of-two-medieval-monasteries-at-moghalmari/article30562580.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monasteries-at-moghalmari'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Liberalisation of Coal Mining',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/modi-cabinet-meeting-decision-coal-block-allocation-6208796/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coal comfort</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/mining-deep/article30526562.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mining deep: on Cabinet easing mining laws.</strong></a> It talks about the implications of Min&shy;eral Laws (Amend&shy;ment) Or&shy;di&shy;nance 2020 on Coal Mining Sector in India.</p>
</div>
<p>India is one of the largest coal producers in the world with an output of 729 million tonnes in 2018-19. However, despite sluggish economic growth, the import shipments have surged. This has led to further deterioration of the balance of trade.</p>
<p>In this context, the Union Cab&shy;i&shy;net ap&shy;proved the pro&shy;mul&shy;ga&shy;tion of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/investment-in-coal-mining" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Min&shy;eral Laws (Amend&shy;ment) Or&shy;di&shy;nance 2020.</strong></a></p>
<p>The ordinance per&shy;mits<strong> com&shy;mer&shy;cial coal min&shy;ing</strong> for lo&shy;cal and global firms with&shy;out im&shy;pos&shy;ing any end-user re&shy;stric&shy;tions, also it ex&shy;tend&shy;s the va&shy;lid&shy;ity of clear&shy;ances for min&shy;ing leases ex&shy;pir&shy;ing in 2020. This amendment could re&shy;sult in a <strong>paradigm shift in the coal mining sector.</strong></p>
<h3>Importance of Coal Mining</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The min&shy;ing in&shy;dus&shy;try serves as the base for the power sec&shy;tor, with around 72% of In&shy;dia&rsquo;s cur&shy;rent power be&shy;ing gen&shy;er&shy;ated through coal.</li>
<li>Fur&shy;ther, coal forms the ba&shy;sic build&shy;ing blocks of man&shy;u&shy;fac&shy;tured prod&shy;ucts and many agri-in&shy;puts. Thus, from a na&shy;tional in&shy;ter&shy;est stand&shy;point, the coal in&shy;dus&shy;try is key to en&shy;sur&shy;ing the coun&shy;try&rsquo;s en&shy;ergy and raw ma&shy;te&shy;rial se&shy;cu&shy;rity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Positive Impact of the Decision</h3>
<p>The removal of these restrictions is in line with the objective of facilitating commercial coal mining in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ordinance amends the existing provision that allowed only companies engaged in iron and steel, power, coal washing sectors and others to bid for coal mines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Now all end-user restrictions have been removed, easing the entry of companies not engaged in any coal-use industry in coal mining.</li>
<li>End-user restrictions mean that even if the private player has mined the coal, there were many restrictions on final sale of that coal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, existing private owners will now be able to sell their surplus coal in the market.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Earlier, private players were restricted to use coal (mined by them) for their captive use in powerplants only.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will also encourage private players to participate in the auctions that are to be held to reallocate the captive coal blocks that were cancelled by the Supreme Court in 2014.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>So far, only 29 of the 204 blocks that were cancelled have been auctioned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Open&shy;ing up the sec&shy;tor is also likely to spur in&shy;ter&shy;est in coal min&shy;ing and, there&shy;fore, boost in&shy;vest&shy;ment from In&shy;dian and for&shy;eign ma&shy;jors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The country may also benefit from the infusion of sophisticated mining technology, especially for underground mines, if multinationals decide to invest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Large investment in mining will create jobs and set off demand in critical sectors such as mining equipment and heavy commercial vehicles.</li>
<li>The relaxation in regulations, along with previous initiatives such as allowing 100% foreign direct investment through the automatic route in commercial coal production, can aid in boosting coal production in the country and help reduce imports.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Government Interventions To Boost Mining</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Amend&shy;ment to the <strong>Mines and Min&shy;er&shy;als (De&shy;vel&shy;op&shy;ment and Reg&shy;u&shy;la&shy;tion) Act (MMDRA) 1957,</strong> which ex&shy;tends the va&shy;lid&shy;ity pe&shy;riod of the en&shy;vi&shy;ron&shy;ment and for&shy;est clear&shy;ances for two years for min&shy;ing leases ex&shy;pir&shy;ing in 2020. The seam&shy;less trans&shy;fer of clear&shy;ances will help min&shy;imise any dis&shy;rup&shy;tion in op&shy;er&shy;a&shy;tions.</li>
<li><strong>Na&shy;tional Min&shy;eral Pol&shy;icy (NMP) was ap&shy;proved in 2019,</strong> to ensure trans&shy;parency in the al&shy;lot&shy;ment of min&shy;ing blocks.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NMP 2019 em&shy;pha&shy;sises&shy; on themes such as sus&shy;tain&shy;able min&shy;ing, boost&shy;ing ex&shy;plo&shy;ration, en&shy;cour&shy;ag&shy;ing the use of state-of-the-art tech&shy;nol&shy;ogy and skill de&shy;vel&shy;op&shy;ment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In Septem&shy;ber 2019, <strong>100% FDI</strong> un&shy;der the au&shy;to&shy;matic ap&shy;proval route was allowed for the sale of coal and coal min&shy;ing ac&shy;tiv&shy;i&shy;ties in&shy;clud&shy;ing as&shy;so&shy;ci&shy;ated pro&shy;cess&shy;ing in&shy;fra&shy;struc&shy;ture.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<p>There is no guarantee that these amendments would encourage large multinational miners to invest in the coal sector in India. This may be because:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is <strong>no clarity on pricing.</strong> Without a remunerative price, few would be willing to invest billions of dollars in the latest mining techniques.</li>
<li>Further, miners have to currently pay huge amounts upfront to get a mine after winning an auction. Due to this, often there are no bidders for the auction.</li>
<li>The other problem is that coal has a<strong> &lsquo;dirty fuel&rsquo;</strong> tag and few global lenders are willing to put their money into the sector.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the last few years, ex&shy;plo&shy;ration by pri&shy;vate play&shy;ers has come to a near stand&shy;still. In&shy;ter&shy;ven&shy;tions such as in&shy;tro&shy;duc&shy;ing a seam&shy;less tran&shy;si&shy;tion from ex&shy;plo&shy;ration to min&shy;ing li&shy;cence, per&shy;mit&shy;ting the sale of li&shy;cence at any stage, and al&shy;low&shy;ing pri&shy;vate com&shy;pa&shy;nies to proac&shy;tively ap&shy;proach government of India for ex&shy;plo&shy;ration ar&shy;eas will help over&shy;turn this trend.</li>
<li>Stream&shy;lin&shy;ing the auc&shy;tion process will also lead to greater ef&shy;fi&shy;ciency and more ef&shy;fec&shy;tive out&shy;comes.</li>
<li>Min&shy;ing com&shy;pa&shy;nies in In&shy;dia are sub&shy;ject to much higher fi&shy;nan&shy;cial levies than other countries, ( due to high roy&shy;alty rates, mul&shy;ti&shy;plic&shy;ity of levies and dou&shy;ble tax&shy;a&shy;tion). Therefore, roy&shy;alty rates should be re&shy;duced in line with in&shy;ter&shy;na&shy;tional bench&shy;marks.</li>
<li>The government must en&shy;sure that all pol&shy;icy in&shy;ter&shy;ven&shy;tions take cog&shy;ni&shy;sance of emerging global trends in min&shy;ing, such as smart mines, deep-sea min&shy;ing and the chang&shy;ing com&shy;po&shy;si&shy;tion of the min&shy;ing work&shy;force.</li>
</ul>
<p>The min&shy;ing sec&shy;tor in In&shy;dia is highly un&shy;der&shy;de&shy;vel&shy;oped rel&shy;a&shy;tive to its enor&shy;mous po&shy;ten&shy;tial. It has the do&shy;mes&shy;tic ca&shy;pac&shy;ity to ab&shy;sorb sig&shy;nif&shy;i&shy;cantly higher min&shy;eral pro&shy;duc&shy;tion. The government must ex&shy;pe&shy;di&shy;tiously im&shy;ple&shy;ment a re&shy;form agenda in the sec&shy;tor to re&shy;alise the industry's full po&shy;ten&shy;tial.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #fc0505; background-color: #fff5cf;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Liberalising coal min&shy;ing in India could re&shy;sult in a paradigm shift in the coal mining sector. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/liberalisation-of-coal-mining'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Ghodahada Reservoir',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>The population of Mugger Crocodile is on the rise in Odisha&rsquo;s Ghodahada reservoir.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the annual crocodile census conducted in the Ghodahada reservoir, the number of mature <strong>mugger crocodiles</strong> in Ghodahada reservoir and its adjoining area has increased.</li>
<li>The reservoir is located close to the <strong>Lakhari Valley Sanctuary</strong> and is a<strong> part of the Eastern Ghats.</strong></li>
<li>The reservoir is fed by <strong>Ghodahada river</strong> which is a<strong> tributary</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rushikulya.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Mugger Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is one of the<strong> three crocodile species</strong> found in Odisha, the others being <strong>gharial</strong> in <strong>Satkosia</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Saltwater crocodile</strong></a> in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhitarkanika</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The mugger is an <strong>egg-laying</strong> and <strong>hole-nesting species.</strong></li>
<li>It is mainly restricted to the Indian subcontinent where it may be found in a number of <strong>freshwater habitat</strong> types including rivers, lakes and marshes.</li>
<li>However, it can even be found in coastal <strong>saltwater lagoons </strong>and <strong>estuaries.</strong></li>
<li>It is already <strong>extinct</strong> in Bhutan and Myanmar.</li>
<li><strong>Principal threats:</strong> Habitat destruction, fragmentation, and transformation, fishing activities and use of crocodile parts for medicinal purposes.</li>
<li>IUCN status: <strong>Vulnerable</strong></li>
<li>It is protected under <strong>Schedule I</strong> of the<strong> Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Schedule I</strong> and <strong>part II</strong> of <strong>Schedule II</strong> of the <strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong> provide the highest degrees of protection to listed species.</li>
<li>It is also listed under <strong>CITES Appendix I.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lakhari Valley Sanctuary</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established in the year 1985. It is marked by the <strong>tropical climate</strong> and receives a huge amount of rainfall every year due to its proximity to the Bay of Bengal.</li>
<li>The sanctuary is full of rich <strong>tropical forest,</strong> valleys, hills, water sources etc.</li>
<li>It is one of the elephant populated sanctuaries in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/crocodile-population-on-the-rise-in-odishas-ghodahada-reservoir/article30552838.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ghodahada-reservoir'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Bengal Fox',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Forest Department officials in Salem, Tamill Nadu are gearing up to prevent an <strong>unusual <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jallikattu-event-held-in-tamil-nadu" target="_blank" rel="noopener">jallikattu</a>,</strong> one that uses <strong>foxes (Bengal Fox)</strong> instead of bulls at the Kaanum Pongal, the fourth and final day of the harvest festival.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Foxes or Vanga Nari in Tamil are used in the festival because villagers believe it will bring bountiful rain and good fortune.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The foxes are muzzled and their hind legs tied with rope. After special rituals, they are chased through the streets, like bulls in the more conventional jallikattu. After the event, the animals are released into the forest.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite a ban, the event has been organised for decades now.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bengal Fox<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578907448_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578907448_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is also known as the <strong>Indian fox,</strong> is a species of Asian foxes <strong>endemic to the Indian subcontinent.</strong></li>
<li>This is a medium-sized fox with an elongated muzzle with black hair in small patches on the upper part of the muzzle. Its large, bushy, black-tipped tail is its most prominent feature, accounting for as much as 60% of the length of its body.</li>
<li>These are protected under <strong>Part 1 of Schedule II of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act</a>, 1972,</strong> and hunting or capturing them is prohibited.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>- <strong>Least Concerned.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pongal-spells-peril-for-salems-foxes/article30552014.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bengal-fox'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'National Youth Day 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>National Youth Day (NYD)</strong> is observed on <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/to-the-point-paper-4-indian-thinker-swami-vivekanand-1863-1902" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swami Vivekananda's</strong></a> <strong>birth anniversary</strong> on <strong>January 12</strong> every year.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To honour Swami Vivekananda's contributions to the country, the government in the year <strong>1984, declared his birthday as National Youth Day.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>main objective</strong> of NYD is to promote rational thinking among the youth. Youth is expected to rise to the values, principles and beliefs that Vivekananda lived by.</li>
<li><strong>National Youth Festival (NYF) 2020:</strong> On this occasion, the <strong>Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports</strong> and Uttar Pradesh government <strong>also</strong> jointly organized <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> NYF 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Government has been organizing National Youth Festival (NYF) since <strong>1995.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of NYF is to provide an arena where youth can interact and exchange their social and cultural uniqueness. This blend of diverse socio-cultural milieu proves belief in<strong> &lsquo;Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> of the NYF 2020 is <strong>&lsquo;FIT YOUTH FIT INDIA&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He was born as Narendranath Datta on January 12, <strong>1863.</strong></li>
<li>Introduced the world to the Indian philosophies of <strong>Vedanta and Yoga.</strong></li>
<li>He was the chief disciple of the 19<sup>th</sup>-century mystic <strong>Ramakrishna Paramhansa.</strong></li>
<li>Laid the greatest <strong>emphasis on education</strong> for the regeneration of our motherland. He advocated a man-making <strong>character-building education.</strong></li>
<li>Established the <strong>Ramakrishna Mission </strong>in<strong> 1897.</strong> It is an organization which works in the area of <strong>value-based education,</strong> culture, health, women's empowerment,<strong> youth and tribal welfare</strong> and <strong>relief and rehabilitation.</strong></li>
<li>He died at <strong>Belur Math</strong> in 1902. Belur Math, located in <strong>West Bengal,</strong> is the headquarters of Ramakrishna Math &amp; Ramakrishna Mission.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ramakrishna Paramhansa</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He was born as<strong> Gadadhar Chattopadhyay</strong> in 1836 in <strong>West Bengal.</strong></li>
<li>He was one of the leading Hindu spiritual leaders in the 19<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>He believed that the <strong>realization of the existence of God is the supreme goal</strong> of all living beings.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1599039" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-youth-day-2020'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'INTACH Efforts to Protect Buddhist Site',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH),</strong> heritage lovers and officials have almost stopped the stone-pelting ritual at<strong> Bojjannakonda,</strong> a famous Buddhist site at <strong>Sankaram, near Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the <strong>Kanuma day during Sankranti,</strong> the villagers used to pelt stones at a belly-shaped object, believing it to be a part of a demon.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kanuma Day</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an important day during the <strong>Pongal and Sankranti festivals,</strong> which are both <strong>ancient harvest festivals</strong> that take place in mid-January, celebrating the movement of the sun reversing, marking the start of the end of winter.</li>
<li>In Andhra Pradesh, the Kanuma festival is celebrated on the<strong> third day of the four-day Sankranti</strong> festival.</li>
<li>It is an important festival of Telugu people and is<strong> dedicated to cattle</strong> and other animals that are an important part of the rural economy in Andhra Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578904626_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578904626_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main stupa is carved out of rock and then covered with bricks, with a number of images of the Buddha sculpted on the rock face all over the hill.</li>
<li><strong>Bojjannakonda</strong> and <strong>Lingalametta</strong> are the<strong> twin Buddhist monasteries</strong> dating back to the 3rd century BC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At Lingalametta, there are hundreds of rock-cut monolithic stupas in rows.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These sites have seen <strong>three forms of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buddhism</a>-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Theravada period:</strong> when Lord Buddha was considered a teacher.</li>
<li><strong>Mahayana:</strong> where Buddhism was more devotional.</li>
<li><strong>Vajrayana:</strong> where Buddhist tradition was more practised as Tantra and esoteric form.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The name <strong>Sankaram</strong> is derived from the term,<strong> &lsquo;Sangharama&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is famous for votive stupas, rock-cut caves, brick-built structural edifices, early historic pottery and Satavahana coins that date back to the 1<sup>st</sup> century AD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Visakhapatnam is famous for <strong>Buddhist sites at Thotlakonda, Appikonda, and Bavikonda too.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>non-profit charitable organisation</strong> registered under <strong>the Societies' Registration Act, 1860.</strong></li>
<li>It was founded in <strong>1984 in New Delhi</strong> with the vision to spearhead heritage awareness and conservation in India.</li>
<li>It has pioneered the conservation and preservation of not just our natural and built heritage but intangible heritage as well.</li>
<li>In<strong> 2007,</strong> the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> awarded INTACH a special consultative status with the <strong>United Nations Economic and Social Council.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/intach-efforts-to-protect-buddhist-site-bear-fruit/article30552294.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intach-efforts-to-protect-buddhist-site'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Wetland Bird Census at Kaziranga National Park',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The second wetland bird count was conducted in the Kaziranga National Park from 9<sup>th</sup>- 10<sup>th</sup> January 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The first wetland bird survey was conducted in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578903884_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578903884_image2.png" width="630" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Number of Birds</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A total of 19,225 birds belonging to 96 species under 80 families was reported which is significantly higher than that of 2018.</li>
<li>Having 96 species of wetland birds is one of the highest for wildlife reserves in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range wise Distribution</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The survey covered four ranges of the park &mdash; Agoratoli, Bagori, Kohora and Burapahar.</li>
<li>More than half the birds (9,924) and 85 of the 96 species were recorded in Agoratoli Range. This was because Sohola, the largest of Kaziranga's 92 perennial wetlands, is in this range.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kaziranga National Park</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It is located in <strong>the State of Assam</strong> and covers 42,996 ha. It is the single largest undisturbed and representative area in the Brahmaputra Valley floodplain.</li>
<li><strong>Legal Status</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was declared as a <strong>National Park in 1974.</strong></li>
<li>It has been declared a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> tiger reserve</strong></a> <strong>since 2007.</strong> It has a total tiger reserve area of 1,030 sq km with a core area of 430 sq. km.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Status</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was declared a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong></a> in 1985.</li>
<li>It is recognized as an <strong>Important Bird Area</strong> by BirdLife International.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Species Found</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>home of the world's most <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-24th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">one-horned rhinos</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Much of the focus of conservation efforts in Kaziranga are focused on the 'big four' species&mdash; rhino, elephant, Royal Bengal tiger and Asiatic water buffalo.</li>
<li>The 2018 census had yielded 2,413 rhinos and approximately 1,100 elephants.</li>
<li>As per the figures of tiger census conducted in 2014, Kaziranga had an estimated 103 tigers, the <strong>third highest population</strong> in India after <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rhinos-to-be-re-introduced-in-uttarakhand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jim Corbett National Park</strong></a> (215) in Uttarakhand and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fire-in-bandipur-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bandipur National Park</strong></a> (120) in Karnataka.</li>
<li>Kaziranga is also home to 9 of the 14 species of primates found in the Indian subcontinent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rivers and Highways</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>National Highway 37</strong> passes through the park area.</li>
<li>The park also has more than 250 seasonal water bodies, besides the <strong>Diphlu River</strong> running through it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kaziranga-records-96-species-of-wetland-birds/article30551854.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wetland-bird-census-at-kaziranga-national-park'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Kolkata Port Trust',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the occasion of <strong>150<sup>th</sup> anniversary celebration of Kolkata Port Trust,</strong> it has been renamed after <strong>Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Port has two distinct dock systems - <strong>Kolkata Docks at Kolkata</strong> and a deep water dock at <strong>Haldia Dock Complex,</strong> Haldia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History of Kolkata Port Trust</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the oldest operating port in India, and was constructed by the British East India Company.</li>
<li>The Port which was once considered the most important port in the country still remains the premier port which has been rightly called the <strong>gateway to Eastern India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is the guiding factor to trade and commerce of vast hinterland comprising the entire Eastern India including <strong>Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh</strong> and the <strong>two land-locked Himalayan Kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan.</strong></li>
<li>After independence, the port's importance decreased because of factors including the <strong>Partition of India (1947),</strong> reduction in size of the port hinterland, and <strong>economic stagnation in eastern India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Governance:</strong> It is an <strong>autonomous body</strong> under the ministry of shipping, Government of India administered through <strong>Major Port Trusts Act, 1963.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> Kolkata Port is the <strong>only riverine Major Port in India,</strong> situated 232 kms up-stream from the Sandheads. Its navigational channel is <strong>one of the longest</strong> in the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Major Ports</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has <strong>13 major ports</strong> viz. Kolkata Port, Paradip Port, New Mangalore Port, Cochin Port, Jawaharlal Nehru Port, Mumbai Port, Kandla Port, Visakhapatnam Port, Chennai Port, Tuticorin port, Ennore Port, Mormugao Port and Port Blair Port.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1599184" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Second Tallest Statue of Gautam Buddha',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>world's second tallest statue of Gautam Buddha</strong> is proposed to be built in <strong>Dev Ni Mori, Sabarkantha district, Gujarat.</strong></li>
<li>The proposed statue (108m) would be second in the world after the <strong>Spring Temple in China (153 meters).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Relevance of Dev Ni Mori</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dev Ni Mori was excavated by the state archaeology department in 1953.</li>
<li>The remains of a Buddhist monastery belonging to <strong>3<sup>rd</sup>-4<sup>th</sup> century AD</strong> have been unearthed from <strong>Devni Mori.</strong></li>
<li>The most important discovery from the site however was a <strong>1,700 year old casket</strong> which has<strong> bodily relics of Buddha.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The inscription clearly mentions that the casket contains bodily relics of Buddha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The presence of a stupa and monastery has reconfirmed a strong presence of Buddhists in <strong>Vadnagar</strong> during the early centuries of Christian era.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The recent excavations have brought to light a Buddhist Monastery belonging to the 2<sup>nd</sup>-7<sup>th</sup> century AD, within the <strong>fortified area of Vadnagar, Gujarat.</strong></li>
<li>The monastery had two votive stupas and an open central courtyard around which initially nine cells were constructed. The arrangement of cells around the central courtyard creates a swastika-like pattern.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statue-of-unity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Statue of Unity</strong></a> is the world's tallest statue at 182 metres (597 ft) located in <strong>Narmada Valley Kevadiya, Narmada district, Gujarat.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/no-progress-on-worlds-second-tallest-buddha-statue-project-in-gujarat/articleshow/73217586.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ToI</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Under-5 Girls Face High Mortality in India: UNICEF',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)</b></a>&nbsp;released the <strong>&lsquo;Levels and Trends in Child Mortality&rsquo; report.</strong> According to it, unlike global trends, India&rsquo;s under-5 mortality of girls exceeded that of boys in 2018.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On average, boys are expected to have a higher probability of dying before reaching age-5 than girls.</li>
<li>The global report states that fewer countries showed gender disparities in child mortality in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Countries primarily located in <strong>Southern Asia and Western Asia</strong> have a significantly higher risk of girls dying before age 5.</li>
<li>According to the report, half of all under-5 deaths in 2018 occurred in <strong>five</strong> countries: <strong>India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Ethiopia.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Nigeria alone account for about a third.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Despite the tremendous progress in child survival made over the past two decades, one child or young adolescent died every five seconds in 2018.</li>
<li>The burden of child mortality is determined both by the <strong>mortality rate</strong> (the proportion of children who die) and by the <strong>estimated population</strong> of any given State (total number of annual births).</li>
<li>Current trends predict that close to 10 million 5 to 14 year olds and 52 million children under 5 years of age, will die between 2019 and 2030. Almost half of these under-5 deaths will be newborns.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The majority of child mortality cases in India are attributable to <strong>deaths during the neonatal period.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>major causes of neonatal mortality</strong> are preterm birth, intrapartum related events and neonatal infection.</li>
<li>In the <strong>post-neonatal period,</strong> the major direct causes of death are <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pneumonia-and-diarrhoea-progress-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>diarrhoea</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saans-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pneumonia.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s neonatal mortality rate</strong> is<strong> 23 per 1,000 live births.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to India&rsquo;s <strong>2017</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/population-explosion-and-fertility-rates" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sample Registration System</strong></a> <strong>(SRS),</strong> the States with the highest burden of neonatal mortality are <strong>Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh,</strong> <strong>with 32, 33 and 30 neonatal deaths</strong> per 1,000 live births, respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Jharkhand, Bihar and Uttarakhand</strong> showed the <strong>largest gender gaps</strong> in under-5 mortality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh</strong> is the state with the <strong>highest number of estimated newborn deaths</strong> in India, both because of the <strong>high neonatal mortality rate</strong> and because of the <strong>large number of births</strong> that occur every year in the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578901781_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578901781_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="615" height="359" /></a></p>
<h3>Steps to be Taken</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is urgently required to further accelerate progress in preventing child deaths by <strong>adopting proactive measures.</strong></li>
<li>Deaths of newborns can be prevented by reaching<strong> high coverage of quality antenatal care, skilled care at birth, postnatal care for mother and baby, and care of small and sick newborns.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-under-5-mortality-of-girls-exceeds-that-of-boys-unlike-global-trend-says-report/article30550394.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'CRZ Rules Eased for 'Blue Flag' Beaches',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Environment and Forest</strong> has<strong> relaxed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coastal-regulation-zone-crz-notification-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) rules</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CRZ rules restrict construction near beaches. Relaxation in the rules will allow States to construct infrastructure and enable the beaches to receive <strong>&lsquo;Blue Flag&rsquo; certification.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry selected <strong>13 beaches</strong> in India for the Blue Flag certificate in 2019.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>CRZ laws do not allow the construction of infrastructure on beaches and islands.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the Blue Flag certification requires beaches to create infrastructures like portable toilet blocks, greywater treatment plants, a solar power plant, seating facilities, CCTV surveillance, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government notified that construction activities and facilities shall be permitted in the CRZs, including Islands, for the purpose of Blue Flag Certification in beaches.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, these activities are <strong>subject to maintaining a minimum distance of 10 meters from the High Tide Line (HTL).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>High Tide Line:</strong> HTL means the line on the land up to which the highest water line reaches during the <strong>spring tide.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Low Tide Line:</strong> Similarly, it means the line on the land up to which the lowest water line reaches during the <strong>spring tide.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Spring tides:</strong> The position of both the sun and the moon in relation to the earth has direct bearing on tide height. When the<strong> sun, the moon and the earth are in a straight line,</strong> the <strong>height of the tide will be higher.</strong> These are called spring tides and they occur twice a month, one on full moon period and another during new moon period.</p>
</div>
<h3>Blue Flag Certification</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>international recognition</strong> conferred on beaches that meet certain criteria of cleanliness and environmental propriety.</li>
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/blue-flag-certification" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Blue Flag&rsquo;</strong></a> <strong>beach</strong> is an<strong> &lsquo;eco-tourism model&rsquo;</strong> and marks out beaches as providing tourists and beachgoers clean and hygienic bathing water, facilities/amenities, a safe and healthy environment and sustainable development of the area.</li>
<li>The<strong> Blue Flag Programme</strong> was started in <strong>France</strong> in <strong>1985</strong> and has been implemented in<strong> Europe since 1987</strong> and in areas <strong>outside Europe since 2001</strong> when South Africa joined.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Blue Flag Programme is run by the <strong>Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE)</strong> which is an international, non-governmental, non-profit organisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The certification is accorded by the <strong>Denmark-based Foundation for Environment Education, with 33 stringent criteria under four major heads for the beaches,</strong> that are-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Environmental Education and Information</li>
<li>Bathing Water Quality</li>
<li>Environment Management and Conservation</li>
<li>Safety and Services</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Spain</strong> tops the list with <strong>566 such beaches; Greece and France</strong> follow with<strong> 515 and 395</strong> Blue Flag beaches, respectively.</li>
<li><strong>Japan and South Korea</strong> are the only countries in the <strong>south and southeastern Asia</strong> to have Blue Flag beaches.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-eases-crz-rules-for-blue-flag-beaches/article30568967.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crz-rules-eased-for-blue-flag-beaches'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Taal Volcano',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A volcano called Taal on the island of Luzon, 50 km from Manila, Philippines erupted on 12<sup>th</sup> January, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Compound Volcano:</strong> Taal is classified as a &ldquo;complex&rdquo; volcano by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1579075168_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1579075168_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A complex volcano, also called a compound volcano, is defined as one that doesn't have just one main vent or cone but several eruption points. Another such example is Mount Vesuvius on the west coast of Italy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unpredictable:</strong> Taal has erupted more than 30 times in the last few centuries, the most recent was in 1977.</li>
<li>It needs to be noted that the Philippines is situated at the boundaries of two tectonic plates &mdash; the Philippines Sea Plate and the Eurasian plate &mdash; thus susceptible to earthquakes and volcanism.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-eruption-of-a-tiny-complex-volcano-is-causing-concern-6216667/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Need For Decoupling',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/two-big-ideas-towards-green-growth-the-only-viable-path-to-development-left-to-us/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Two big ideas towards green growth: The only viable path to development left to us&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published on 14/01/2020 in The Times of India. It talks about maintaining economic development while reducing resource use and associated environmental impacts.</p>
</div>
<p>Natural resources form the backbone of any economic development. India, as one of the fastest-growing economies, has increased its material consumption to six times, from 1.18 billion tonnes (BT) in 1970 to 7 BT in 2015 and it is expected to reach 15 BT by 2030.</p>
<p>This material consumption is to further increase in order to provide for economic growth, increasing population, rapid urbanization and growing aspirations of people.</p>
<p>However, this economic growth has been coupled with the inherent cost of the natural environment. As we are hitting the limits of every possible material resource, it is clear that the linear model of &lsquo;produce, consume and discard&rsquo; needs rejuvenation.</p>
<p>Thus, there is a <strong>need for decoupling</strong> i.e., maintaining economic development while reducing resource use and associated environmental impacts.</p>
<h3>Ways to Achieve this Decoupling</h3>
<p><strong>Resource Efficiency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Enhancing resource efficiency and promoting the use of secondary raw materials has emerged as a strategy for ensuring potential trade-off between growth and resource constraints.</li>
<li>According to <strong>The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI),</strong> if the <strong>6R principles of a circular economy,</strong> ie reduce, reuse, recycle, redesign, remanufacture, refurbish are applied, it can bring down steel and aluminium scrap imports to zero.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Not only will this cut down India&rsquo;s import bill, but it will also lead to new enterprises carrying out new activities, and will also generate additional employment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In this context, the government has drafted a <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-national-resource-efficiency-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>national resource efficiency policy, 2019.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Waste Management</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Every effort has to be made to ensure as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-better-way-of-waste-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>little waste is generated</strong></a> as possible.</li>
<li>The process of production and consumption must be innovated to convert waste into a variety of useful products. <strong>This is called upcycling.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example: In Delhi, construction waste and road dust are converted into interlocking tiles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, it will result in a huge reduction in millions of tonnes of slag and solid waste generation and CO2 emissions.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Renewable Energy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has targeted installing of 175 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy by 2022.</li>
<li>Non-fossil fuel electricity (produced from hydro, wind, solar and nuclear sources) is likely to account for 45% of the electricity mix in India by 2030.</li>
<li>Today, businesses are investing in renewable energy because it is economically attractive; <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>solar electricity</strong></a> at about Rs 2.50/ kWh is the cheapest electricity available in India.</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>Associated Challenges</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has a low recycling rate, 20-25% compared to 50% in developed countries.</li>
<li>Though solar energy is the cheapest, the challenge is to bring down the price of energy storage.</li>
<li>Also, Photovoltaic (PV) panel used in solar energy produces a lot of e-waste.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Easy financing instruments need to be explored by banking and non-banking financial institutions for promoting investment in formal recycling setups. A <strong>cluster-based approach</strong> could be considered by bringing different players.</li>
<li><strong>Upcycling plants</strong> are currently not cost-effective, therefore there is a need for new business models for their success. And many such new ideas need to be supported in every sphere of the economy.</li>
<li>The waste generated from solar PV should be treated as <strong>e-waste</strong> to provide a legal mechanism for solar PV waste management.</li>
<li>To enhance reuse of construction and demolition waste, it will require developing codes and standards for quality of secondary raw materials produced from reprocessing of wastes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, public procurement of materials for civil construction from recycled materials can be formulated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Achieving this decoupling will help to achieve, global commitment to sustainable development by 2030.</li>
</ul>
<p>Since the 1950s the global consumption of natural resources has skyrocketed, both in magnitude and in the range of resources used. Closely coupled with emissions of greenhouse gases, land consumption, pollution of environmental media, and degradation of ecosystems, as well as with economic development, increasing resource use is a key issue to be addressed in order to keep the planet Earth in a safe and just operating space.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5f2d5;">
<p><span style="color: #003366;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Treating waste as a resource and the design of a circular economy have been identified as key approaches for resource efficiency. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/need-for-decoupling'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Urbanisation Trends: EIU',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1579006752_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1579006752_image6.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)</strong> survey released a ranking of the fastest-growing urban areas across the world which features three cities from Kerala among the top 10.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>From the period of 2015-2020, Malappuram had 44.1% change, Kozhikode had 34.5% change and Kollam had 31.1% change).</strong> These are the only places from India to feature in the top 10 rankings.</li>
<li><strong>Thrissur, Kerala</strong> is at 13<sup>th</sup> position with 30.2% jump between 2015 and 2020. <strong>Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu</strong> is at 30<sup>th</sup> rank. <strong>Thiruvananthapuram</strong> is at 33<sup>rd</sup> position.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data:</strong> The list is based on data from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> <strong>Population Division.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Time Period:</strong> The Economist has listed the rate at which the populations of the UAs are expected to increase between 2015 and 2020 and it provides a measure of the pace of urbanisation.</li>
<li><strong>Unusual Findings:</strong> The rankings seem unusual because the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/population-explosion-and-fertility-rates" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>total fertility rate</strong></a> <strong>(TFR,</strong> the number of children a woman is likely to have in the childbearing age of 15-49) in Kerala is 1.8 as per <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> data from 2016, below the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indias-falling-fertility-rate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>replacement rate</strong></a> of 2.1.</li>
</ul>
<h3>With Reference to Kerala</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Transformation of Villages to Town:</strong> Kerala has <strong>low fertility rate</strong> which means the increase in the population of Malappuram and other cities is not because women are having more children but because more villages are being transformed into towns and city borders are expanding.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When a village becomes a census town, its population is included in the urban population of the district.</li>
<li>Cities of Kerala are seeing rapid urbanisation and the main reason is the inclusion of new areas in the UA&rsquo;s limits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects of Migration:</strong> Kerala sees both <strong>emigration</strong> (migration from the state to other places) and <strong>immigration</strong> (the migration of workers to the state)<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The remittances that emigrants send allow the residents of villages to move away from agriculture, which changes the status of a village to census town.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Shift from Agriculture:</strong> In Kerala, <strong>urbanisation is driven by a move away from agriculture,</strong> which leads to a change in a village&rsquo;s Census classification status.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1579006782_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1579006782_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Factors for Population Growth</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>When the birth rate exceeds the death rate (natural growth).</li>
<li>When workers migrate to the city in search of jobs.</li>
<li>When more areas get included within the boundaries of the city.</li>
<li>When existing rural areas are reclassified as urban.</li>
<li>According to the <strong>Census definition,</strong> an urban area is either a census town (CT) or a statutory town (ST).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Statutory Town:</strong> Any place with a municipal corporation, municipal council, or cantonment board.</li>
<li><strong>Census Town:</strong> It can be a place with &ldquo;urban characteristics&rdquo;, a population of more than 5,000, population density more than 400 people per sq km, and with more than 75% of the population not engaged in agriculture for their livelihood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the UN,<strong> &ldquo;urban agglomerations&rdquo;</strong> (UA) are defined as continuous urban spread consisting of a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths or two or more physically contiguous towns together.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For example,</strong> the <strong>National Capital Territory of Delhi</strong> is a UA that includes the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) and New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) areas as well as 107 census towns (erstwhile surrounding villages where more than 75% of the population is now engaged in non-agricultural pursuits).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Economist Intelligence Unit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the research and analysis division of The Economist Group and the world leader in global business intelligence. It was created in 1946.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Urbanisation leads to the <strong>growth of cities and infrastructure</strong> which gives more opportunities to youth. People leave behind caste and class divisions (to some extent) that dominate life in the villages and move upwards in society.</li>
<li>However, <strong>unplanned urbanisation can be exclusionary</strong> making it difficult for migrants to live there given the high cost. Unregulated housing, lack of reliable public transport, and longer commutes within these towns put a strain on the meagre resources of migrants</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-malappuram-topped-the-list-of-worlds-fastest-growing-cities-6215006/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/urbanisation-trends-eiu'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Diego-The Giant Tortoise',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<h3></h3>
<p>Recently, Diego (Chelonoidis hoodensis, or the giant tortoise species) has retired from the <strong>captive breeding programme</strong> in the <strong>Galapagos National Park, Ecuador.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He will be returned to <strong>Espa&ntilde;ola Island,</strong> from where he was taken around 80 years ago.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578993818_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578993818_image3.jpg" width="300" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Diego is 100 years old and joined the <strong>breeding programme in 1976.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The tortoise population has since gone up from 15 to 2,000.</li>
<li>He is responsible for about <strong>40% of the offspring produced.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Another male tortoise<strong> &lsquo;E5&rsquo;</strong> has generated about 60% offspring.</li>
<li>Diego has a long leathery neck, dull-yellow face and beady eyes. Fully stretched out, he extends to about five feet and weighs about 176 pounds.</li>
<li>The <strong>long neck is critical for his species&rsquo; survival,</strong> helping the tortoises crane their necks to feed on cacti.</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tortoises on the Gal&aacute;pagos Islands served as an excellent source of food for seafarers in the 1800s so a large number were picked up from the islands.</li>
<li>Feral goats on the islands posed another danger, competing for food, destroying the tortoises&rsquo; habitat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IUCN Red List</a> Status: Critically Endangered</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578993856_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578993856_image4.png" width="400" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gal&aacute;pagos National Park</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was created in <strong>1959</strong> and it was the <strong>first national park of Ecuador.</strong></li>
<li>The Gal&aacute;pagos Islands were designated as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong></a> in <strong>1978.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-is-diego-the-tortoise-whose-sex-drive-saved-his-species-6214926/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/diego-the-giant-tortoise'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Bhil Tribe',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recent controversial references to the Bhil tribe by Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission (MPPSC) has received severe criticism.</p>
<h3>Key Points <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578989894_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578989894_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="200" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bhil are <strong>one of the largest tribal groups,</strong> living in Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan.</li>
<li>The name is derived from the word &lsquo;billu&rsquo;, which means bow.</li>
<li>The Bhil are known to be <strong>excellent archers</strong> coupled with <strong>deep knowledge about their local geography.</strong></li>
<li>Traditionally, experts in guerrilla warfare, most of them today are farmers and agricultural labourers. They are also skilled sculptors.</li>
<li>Bhil <strong>women</strong> wear <strong>traditional saris</strong> while <strong>men</strong> are dressed in <strong>long frock and pyjamas.</strong> The <strong>woman</strong> put on <strong>heavy ornaments made of silver, brass</strong> along with rosaries of beads and silver coins and earing.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/mp-psc-paper-calls-bhils-alcoholic-and-criminal-minded/articleshow/73219173.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TOI</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhil-tribe'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Organic Turmeric to Weed Out Marijuana in Malkangiri',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Malkangiri district</strong> administration, <strong>Odisha</strong> has initiated a project to divert the region&rsquo;s tribals from <strong>illegal <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cannabis-debate" target="_blank" rel="noopener">marijuana</a> cultivation</strong> by promoting organic turmeric as a profitable cash crop.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Organic turmeric will weed out the marijuana cultivation in remote areas of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/balimela-reservoir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swabhiman Anchal</strong></a> in Malkangiri.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons for Illegal Marijuana Cultivation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lack of communication.</li>
<li>Poverty.</li>
<li>Financed by the Drug mafias from outside, allegedly.</li>
<li>Source of easy money.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This move comes after a <strong>survey,</strong> conducted in <strong>2019</strong> by the Malkangiri district administration.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It revealed that almost all tribal families grow turmeric for their consumption but not for commercial purposes.</li>
<li>The district has a <strong>suitable climate and geographical conditions</strong> so organic turmeric can become the tool of economic development for poor tribals as well as cash crop alternative of marijuana.</li>
<li>It is estimated that each acre of organic turmeric can provide ₹70,000 to 80,000 income to the farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The project has been implemented by the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/horticulture-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Horticulture</strong> </a>and <strong>Agriculture</strong> Departments. Interested farmers have been registered for <strong>scientific training.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Marijuana or Hemp</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is part of the <strong>cannabis super-family,</strong> is illegal for commercial cultivation though it grows as a weed in several parts of the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Uttarakhand, Jammu and Uttar Pradesh have <strong>allowed restricted cultivation</strong> of the plant for medical research.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has two components <strong>CBD (cannabidiol) </strong>and<strong> THC (tetrahydrocannabinol).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CBD does not cause intoxication or euphoria and has been successfully proven to provide <strong>relief to chronic pain</strong> without causing psychoactive side effects.</li>
<li>It is <strong>THC which is the primary psychoactive components</strong> of Marijuana.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Narcotic Drugs and Psychoactive Substances Act, 1985</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>bans the commercial cultivation of cannabis.</strong></li>
<li>The bar <strong>does not apply to an edible preparation called bhang,</strong> which is allowed in some States.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>United Nations Single Convention on Narcotics Drugs, 1961</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>international treaty to prohibit production and supply of specific</strong> (nominally narcotic) <strong>drugs</strong> and of drugs with similar effects except under licence for specific purposes, such as medical treatment and research.</li>
<li>The convention refers to drug addiction as <strong>&ldquo;a serious evil for the individual [that] is fraught with social and economic danger to mankind&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/organic-turmeric-to-weed-out-marijuana-in-malkangiri/article30562573.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/organic-turmeric-to-weed-out-marijuana-in-malkangiri'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Raisina Dialogue',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The 5<sup>th</sup> edition of Raisina Dialogue is being held in New Delhi. The 1<sup>st</sup> edition was held in 2016.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The title of the Raisina Dialogue this year (2020) is <strong>&ldquo;Navigating the Alpha Century&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conference will host 700 participants from more than 100 countries and at least 40% of the speakers will be women.</li>
<li>The Dialogue has been <strong>India&rsquo;s contribution</strong> to <strong>global efforts</strong> to discover solutions, identify opportunities and provide stability to a century that has witnessed an eventful two decades.</li>
<li>A session will be held on the Indo-Pacific, including military or naval commanders from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quad-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Quadrilateral or Quad (Australia, India, Japan, and the United States)&rdquo;</strong></a>. It will also have a <strong>French Defence official on the panel</strong> this year.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Raisina Dialogue</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>multilateral conference</strong> committed to addressing the most challenging issues facing the global community. Every year, global leaders in policy, business, media and civil society are <strong>hosted in New Delhi</strong> to discuss cooperation on a wide range of pertinent international policy matters.</li>
<li>The Dialogue is structured as a <strong>multi-stakeholder, cross-sectoral discussion,</strong> involving heads of state, cabinet ministers and local government officials, as well as major private sector executives, members of the media and academics.</li>
<li>The conference is hosted by the <strong>Observer Research Foundation</strong> in collaboration with the <strong>Ministry of External Affairs</strong>, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Observer Research Foundation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>independent think tank</strong> based in<strong> New Delhi</strong> with three centres in Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.</li>
<li>It seeks to lead and aid policy thinking towards building a strong and prosperous India in a fair and equitable world and helps discover and inform India&rsquo;s choices. It carries Indian voices and ideas to forums shaping global debates.</li>
<li>It provides <strong>non-partisan, independent, well-researched analyses and inputs</strong> to diverse decision-makers in governments, business communities, and academia and civil society around the world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/raisina-dialogue-to-kick-off-with-panel-of-former-world-leaders-on-january-14-pm-modi-to-attend/article30561118.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/raisina-dialogue'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Manual Scavenging in India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central Monitoring Committee to review the implementation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manual-scavenging-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013</strong></a> has mentioned that many states are lagging behind in the rehabilitation of manual scavengers.</li>
<li>Though most of the sewer death compensation had been paid but <strong>states like Gujarat, Maharashtra </strong>is<strong> yet to pay compensation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578987249_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578987249_image1.jpg" width="390" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Numerical Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since 1993, a total of 926 deaths related to the manual scavenging is reported in the country, out of which 172 families are yet to receive compensation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State-wise Analysis:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Engaged Workers:</strong> According to the <strong>National Commission of Safai Karamcharis (NCSK),</strong> a total of 53,598 people, of which <strong>29,923</strong> were in <strong>Uttar Pradesh alone,</strong> had been identified as <strong>engaged in manual scavenging</strong> after surveys in 2013 and 2018.</li>
<li><strong>Deaths: Tamil Nadu</strong> reported the <strong>highest number of deaths</strong> but has paid compensation in all but seven of the 234 cases.</li>
<li><strong>Compensation: Gujarat</strong> has the<strong> highest</strong> number of cases where the compensation <strong>amount was not paid followed by Maharashtra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps taken for Elimination:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, one-time cash assistance, capital subsidy and skill development training are provided to the identified manual scavengers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Prohibition of Employment of Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Prohibition:</strong> The act prohibits the employment of manual scavengers, manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks without protective equipment, and the construction of insanitary latrines.</li>
<li><strong>Rehabilitation:</strong> It seeks to rehabilitate manual scavengers and provide for their alternative employment.</li>
<li><strong>Implementing Authority:</strong> Each local authority, cantonment board and railway authority is responsible for surveying insanitary latrines within its jurisdiction. They shall also construct a number of sanitary community latrines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The District Magistrate and the local authority shall be the implementing authorities. Offences under the Act shall be cognizable and non-bailable and may be tried summarily.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Persistence of Manual Scavenging</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Despite the most stringent penal provisions in the law against manual scavenging, it continues in parts of India largely <strong>due to governmental indifference and social prejudice.</strong></li>
<li>The continued presence of insanitary latrines, of which there are about 2.6 million that require cleaning by hand, according to Safai Karmachari Andolan.</li>
<li>Many communities still regard the presence of a sanitary toilet inside the house as physical pollution.</li>
<li>The entrenched belief in the <strong>caste system</strong> that assumes people belonging to a particular caste group will readily perform the stigmatised task of emptying latrines.</li>
<li>The state governments are not keen to demolish and rebuild old facilities lacking sanitation, or conduct a full census of both the latrines and the people engaged in clearing such waste.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commission of Safai Karamcharis</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK) was constituted on 12<sup>th</sup> August 1994 as a statutory body by an Act of Parliament viz. &lsquo;National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act, 1993&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The act &ldquo;The National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act, 1993&rdquo; lapsed in February 2004.</li>
<li>The Commission is acting as a <strong>non-statutory body of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment</strong> whose tenure is extended from time to time through Government Resolutions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-gujarat-lag-behind-in-compensation-for-sewer-deaths/article30559790.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manual-scavenging-in-india-1'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The government has launched a <strong>central accident database management system</strong> that will help in analysing causes of road crashes and in devising safety interventions to reduce such accidents in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The system, known as the <strong>Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD),</strong> has been <strong>developed by the Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT-M)</strong> and will be <strong>implemented by the National Informatics Centre.</strong></li>
<li>The project costs ₹258 crore and is being <strong>supported by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank.</a></strong></li>
<li>The system will be first piloted in the six States with highest fatalities from road crashes &mdash; Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.</li>
<li>IRAD is comprehensive web-based Information Technology (IT) solution and will enable various agencies such as the police, Public Works Department (PWDs),etc. to enter details on a road accident from different perspectives such as investigation, road engineering, vehicle condition etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Road Accidents in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the World Road Statistics,<strong> India recorded the highest number of road accident deaths across 199 countries in 2018</strong> followed by China and the US.</li>
<li>According to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-accidents-in-india-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>government data</strong></a>, more than 1.5 lakh people lost their lives in road crashes in the country in 2018.</li>
<li>Of the total people killed in road crashes in 2018, 48% were between 18 years and 35 years old, and more than 60% of such fatalities were due to overspeeding.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Working of IRAD</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IRAD mobile application will enable police personnel to enter details about a road accident, along with photos and videos, following which a unique ID will be created for the incident.</li>
<li>Subsequently, an engineer from the Public Works Department or the local body will receive an alert on his mobile device. He or she will then visit the accident site, examine it, and feed the required details, such as the road design.</li>
<li>Data thus collected will be analysed by a team at IIT-M, which will then suggest if corrective measures in road design need to be taken.</li>
<li>Road users will also be able to upload data on road accidents on a separate mobile application, which is expected to go live from 1st April 2020.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Informatics Centre</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NIC of the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology</strong> provides network backbone and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-Governance</strong></a> support to the Central Government, State Governments and UT Administrations.</li>
<li>It was established in<strong> 1976</strong> and is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-accidents-in-india-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-road-accident-database-irad'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Monasteries at Moghalmari',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a study of inscriptions on clay tablets excavated from <strong>Moghalmari</strong> have confirmed the presence of two monasteries.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Moghalmari is a <strong>Buddhist monastic</strong> site of the early medieval period in West Bengal&rsquo;s Paschim Medinipur district.</li>
<li><strong>Chinese traveller Xuanzang</strong> (more widely identified as <strong>Huen Tsang</strong>), who visited India in the 7<sup>th</sup> century CE, referred to the existence of &lsquo;ten monasteries&rsquo; within the limits of Tamralipta (modern day Tamluk in adjoining Purba Medinipur district). However, he did not refer to any specific name or location.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Presence of <strong>two monasteries- Mugalayikaviharika</strong> and <strong>Yaj&ntilde;apindikamahavihara</strong> at Moghalmari.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Six tiny fragments of inscribed seals found contain a set of letters accompanied by the deer-dharmachakra symbols.</li>
<li>The inscriptions are in Sanskrit and the script is a transitional phase between later north <strong>Indian Brahmi</strong> and early <strong>Siddhamatrika.</strong></li>
<li>The first name on the seals - Yaj&ntilde;apindikamahavihara, implies etymologically &lsquo;a place of sacrificial offering&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The second name on the seals, Mugalayikaviharika, bears a phonetic resemblance to the modern name of the site, Moghalmari.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The monasteries at Moghalmari date from the 6th century CE and were functional until the 12<sup>th</sup> century CE. The presence of two monasteries <strong>dating to the same period within a single compound is unique in eastern India.</strong></li>
<li>Inscriptions supports the point that <strong>Buddhist monasteries have a definite hierarchy &mdash;</strong> Mahavihara, Vihara and Viharika.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Brahmi and Siddhamatrika</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The oldest deciphered inscriptions belong to the late 4<sup>th</sup> century BCE and are in Brahmi and Kharoshthi.</li>
<li>These include those of Maurya emperor Ashoka, which are in a number of different languages and scripts, but mostly in the Prakrit language and Brahmi script.</li>
<li>The different stages of Brahmi script are often labelled on the basis if dynasties, e.g. Ashokan Brahmi, Kushana Brahmi and Gupta Brahmi.</li>
<li>In the late 6<sup>th</sup> century, Gupta Brahmi evolved into a script known as Siddhamatrika or Kutlia.</li>
<li>The modern north Indian scripts such as Devanagari gradually emerged out of Siddhamatrika.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/inscriptions-confirm-presence-of-two-medieval-monasteries-at-moghalmari/article30562580.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monasteries-at-moghalmari'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Liberalisation of Coal Mining',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/modi-cabinet-meeting-decision-coal-block-allocation-6208796/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coal comfort</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/mining-deep/article30526562.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mining deep: on Cabinet easing mining laws.</strong></a> It talks about the implications of Min&shy;eral Laws (Amend&shy;ment) Or&shy;di&shy;nance 2020 on Coal Mining Sector in India.</p>
</div>
<p>India is one of the largest coal producers in the world with an output of 729 million tonnes in 2018-19. However, despite sluggish economic growth, the import shipments have surged. This has led to further deterioration of the balance of trade.</p>
<p>In this context, the Union Cab&shy;i&shy;net ap&shy;proved the pro&shy;mul&shy;ga&shy;tion of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/investment-in-coal-mining" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Min&shy;eral Laws (Amend&shy;ment) Or&shy;di&shy;nance 2020.</strong></a></p>
<p>The ordinance per&shy;mits<strong> com&shy;mer&shy;cial coal min&shy;ing</strong> for lo&shy;cal and global firms with&shy;out im&shy;pos&shy;ing any end-user re&shy;stric&shy;tions, also it ex&shy;tend&shy;s the va&shy;lid&shy;ity of clear&shy;ances for min&shy;ing leases ex&shy;pir&shy;ing in 2020. This amendment could re&shy;sult in a <strong>paradigm shift in the coal mining sector.</strong></p>
<h3>Importance of Coal Mining</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The min&shy;ing in&shy;dus&shy;try serves as the base for the power sec&shy;tor, with around 72% of In&shy;dia&rsquo;s cur&shy;rent power be&shy;ing gen&shy;er&shy;ated through coal.</li>
<li>Fur&shy;ther, coal forms the ba&shy;sic build&shy;ing blocks of man&shy;u&shy;fac&shy;tured prod&shy;ucts and many agri-in&shy;puts. Thus, from a na&shy;tional in&shy;ter&shy;est stand&shy;point, the coal in&shy;dus&shy;try is key to en&shy;sur&shy;ing the coun&shy;try&rsquo;s en&shy;ergy and raw ma&shy;te&shy;rial se&shy;cu&shy;rity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Positive Impact of the Decision</h3>
<p>The removal of these restrictions is in line with the objective of facilitating commercial coal mining in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ordinance amends the existing provision that allowed only companies engaged in iron and steel, power, coal washing sectors and others to bid for coal mines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Now all end-user restrictions have been removed, easing the entry of companies not engaged in any coal-use industry in coal mining.</li>
<li>End-user restrictions mean that even if the private player has mined the coal, there were many restrictions on final sale of that coal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, existing private owners will now be able to sell their surplus coal in the market.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Earlier, private players were restricted to use coal (mined by them) for their captive use in powerplants only.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will also encourage private players to participate in the auctions that are to be held to reallocate the captive coal blocks that were cancelled by the Supreme Court in 2014.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>So far, only 29 of the 204 blocks that were cancelled have been auctioned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Open&shy;ing up the sec&shy;tor is also likely to spur in&shy;ter&shy;est in coal min&shy;ing and, there&shy;fore, boost in&shy;vest&shy;ment from In&shy;dian and for&shy;eign ma&shy;jors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The country may also benefit from the infusion of sophisticated mining technology, especially for underground mines, if multinationals decide to invest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Large investment in mining will create jobs and set off demand in critical sectors such as mining equipment and heavy commercial vehicles.</li>
<li>The relaxation in regulations, along with previous initiatives such as allowing 100% foreign direct investment through the automatic route in commercial coal production, can aid in boosting coal production in the country and help reduce imports.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Government Interventions To Boost Mining</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Amend&shy;ment to the <strong>Mines and Min&shy;er&shy;als (De&shy;vel&shy;op&shy;ment and Reg&shy;u&shy;la&shy;tion) Act (MMDRA) 1957,</strong> which ex&shy;tends the va&shy;lid&shy;ity pe&shy;riod of the en&shy;vi&shy;ron&shy;ment and for&shy;est clear&shy;ances for two years for min&shy;ing leases ex&shy;pir&shy;ing in 2020. The seam&shy;less trans&shy;fer of clear&shy;ances will help min&shy;imise any dis&shy;rup&shy;tion in op&shy;er&shy;a&shy;tions.</li>
<li><strong>Na&shy;tional Min&shy;eral Pol&shy;icy (NMP) was ap&shy;proved in 2019,</strong> to ensure trans&shy;parency in the al&shy;lot&shy;ment of min&shy;ing blocks.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NMP 2019 em&shy;pha&shy;sises&shy; on themes such as sus&shy;tain&shy;able min&shy;ing, boost&shy;ing ex&shy;plo&shy;ration, en&shy;cour&shy;ag&shy;ing the use of state-of-the-art tech&shy;nol&shy;ogy and skill de&shy;vel&shy;op&shy;ment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In Septem&shy;ber 2019, <strong>100% FDI</strong> un&shy;der the au&shy;to&shy;matic ap&shy;proval route was allowed for the sale of coal and coal min&shy;ing ac&shy;tiv&shy;i&shy;ties in&shy;clud&shy;ing as&shy;so&shy;ci&shy;ated pro&shy;cess&shy;ing in&shy;fra&shy;struc&shy;ture.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<p>There is no guarantee that these amendments would encourage large multinational miners to invest in the coal sector in India. This may be because:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is <strong>no clarity on pricing.</strong> Without a remunerative price, few would be willing to invest billions of dollars in the latest mining techniques.</li>
<li>Further, miners have to currently pay huge amounts upfront to get a mine after winning an auction. Due to this, often there are no bidders for the auction.</li>
<li>The other problem is that coal has a<strong> &lsquo;dirty fuel&rsquo;</strong> tag and few global lenders are willing to put their money into the sector.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the last few years, ex&shy;plo&shy;ration by pri&shy;vate play&shy;ers has come to a near stand&shy;still. In&shy;ter&shy;ven&shy;tions such as in&shy;tro&shy;duc&shy;ing a seam&shy;less tran&shy;si&shy;tion from ex&shy;plo&shy;ration to min&shy;ing li&shy;cence, per&shy;mit&shy;ting the sale of li&shy;cence at any stage, and al&shy;low&shy;ing pri&shy;vate com&shy;pa&shy;nies to proac&shy;tively ap&shy;proach government of India for ex&shy;plo&shy;ration ar&shy;eas will help over&shy;turn this trend.</li>
<li>Stream&shy;lin&shy;ing the auc&shy;tion process will also lead to greater ef&shy;fi&shy;ciency and more ef&shy;fec&shy;tive out&shy;comes.</li>
<li>Min&shy;ing com&shy;pa&shy;nies in In&shy;dia are sub&shy;ject to much higher fi&shy;nan&shy;cial levies than other countries, ( due to high roy&shy;alty rates, mul&shy;ti&shy;plic&shy;ity of levies and dou&shy;ble tax&shy;a&shy;tion). Therefore, roy&shy;alty rates should be re&shy;duced in line with in&shy;ter&shy;na&shy;tional bench&shy;marks.</li>
<li>The government must en&shy;sure that all pol&shy;icy in&shy;ter&shy;ven&shy;tions take cog&shy;ni&shy;sance of emerging global trends in min&shy;ing, such as smart mines, deep-sea min&shy;ing and the chang&shy;ing com&shy;po&shy;si&shy;tion of the min&shy;ing work&shy;force.</li>
</ul>
<p>The min&shy;ing sec&shy;tor in In&shy;dia is highly un&shy;der&shy;de&shy;vel&shy;oped rel&shy;a&shy;tive to its enor&shy;mous po&shy;ten&shy;tial. It has the do&shy;mes&shy;tic ca&shy;pac&shy;ity to ab&shy;sorb sig&shy;nif&shy;i&shy;cantly higher min&shy;eral pro&shy;duc&shy;tion. The government must ex&shy;pe&shy;di&shy;tiously im&shy;ple&shy;ment a re&shy;form agenda in the sec&shy;tor to re&shy;alise the industry's full po&shy;ten&shy;tial.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #fc0505; background-color: #fff5cf;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Liberalising coal min&shy;ing in India could re&shy;sult in a paradigm shift in the coal mining sector. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/liberalisation-of-coal-mining'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Ghodahada Reservoir',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>The population of Mugger Crocodile is on the rise in Odisha&rsquo;s Ghodahada reservoir.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the annual crocodile census conducted in the Ghodahada reservoir, the number of mature <strong>mugger crocodiles</strong> in Ghodahada reservoir and its adjoining area has increased.</li>
<li>The reservoir is located close to the <strong>Lakhari Valley Sanctuary</strong> and is a<strong> part of the Eastern Ghats.</strong></li>
<li>The reservoir is fed by <strong>Ghodahada river</strong> which is a<strong> tributary</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rushikulya.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Mugger Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is one of the<strong> three crocodile species</strong> found in Odisha, the others being <strong>gharial</strong> in <strong>Satkosia</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Saltwater crocodile</strong></a> in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhitarkanika</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The mugger is an <strong>egg-laying</strong> and <strong>hole-nesting species.</strong></li>
<li>It is mainly restricted to the Indian subcontinent where it may be found in a number of <strong>freshwater habitat</strong> types including rivers, lakes and marshes.</li>
<li>However, it can even be found in coastal <strong>saltwater lagoons </strong>and <strong>estuaries.</strong></li>
<li>It is already <strong>extinct</strong> in Bhutan and Myanmar.</li>
<li><strong>Principal threats:</strong> Habitat destruction, fragmentation, and transformation, fishing activities and use of crocodile parts for medicinal purposes.</li>
<li>IUCN status: <strong>Vulnerable</strong></li>
<li>It is protected under <strong>Schedule I</strong> of the<strong> Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Schedule I</strong> and <strong>part II</strong> of <strong>Schedule II</strong> of the <strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong> provide the highest degrees of protection to listed species.</li>
<li>It is also listed under <strong>CITES Appendix I.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lakhari Valley Sanctuary</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established in the year 1985. It is marked by the <strong>tropical climate</strong> and receives a huge amount of rainfall every year due to its proximity to the Bay of Bengal.</li>
<li>The sanctuary is full of rich <strong>tropical forest,</strong> valleys, hills, water sources etc.</li>
<li>It is one of the elephant populated sanctuaries in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/crocodile-population-on-the-rise-in-odishas-ghodahada-reservoir/article30552838.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ghodahada-reservoir'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Bengal Fox',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Forest Department officials in Salem, Tamill Nadu are gearing up to prevent an <strong>unusual <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jallikattu-event-held-in-tamil-nadu" target="_blank" rel="noopener">jallikattu</a>,</strong> one that uses <strong>foxes (Bengal Fox)</strong> instead of bulls at the Kaanum Pongal, the fourth and final day of the harvest festival.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Foxes or Vanga Nari in Tamil are used in the festival because villagers believe it will bring bountiful rain and good fortune.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The foxes are muzzled and their hind legs tied with rope. After special rituals, they are chased through the streets, like bulls in the more conventional jallikattu. After the event, the animals are released into the forest.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite a ban, the event has been organised for decades now.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bengal Fox<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578907448_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578907448_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is also known as the <strong>Indian fox,</strong> is a species of Asian foxes <strong>endemic to the Indian subcontinent.</strong></li>
<li>This is a medium-sized fox with an elongated muzzle with black hair in small patches on the upper part of the muzzle. Its large, bushy, black-tipped tail is its most prominent feature, accounting for as much as 60% of the length of its body.</li>
<li>These are protected under <strong>Part 1 of Schedule II of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act</a>, 1972,</strong> and hunting or capturing them is prohibited.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>- <strong>Least Concerned.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pongal-spells-peril-for-salems-foxes/article30552014.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bengal-fox'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'National Youth Day 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>National Youth Day (NYD)</strong> is observed on <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/to-the-point-paper-4-indian-thinker-swami-vivekanand-1863-1902" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swami Vivekananda's</strong></a> <strong>birth anniversary</strong> on <strong>January 12</strong> every year.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To honour Swami Vivekananda's contributions to the country, the government in the year <strong>1984, declared his birthday as National Youth Day.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>main objective</strong> of NYD is to promote rational thinking among the youth. Youth is expected to rise to the values, principles and beliefs that Vivekananda lived by.</li>
<li><strong>National Youth Festival (NYF) 2020:</strong> On this occasion, the <strong>Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports</strong> and Uttar Pradesh government <strong>also</strong> jointly organized <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> NYF 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Government has been organizing National Youth Festival (NYF) since <strong>1995.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of NYF is to provide an arena where youth can interact and exchange their social and cultural uniqueness. This blend of diverse socio-cultural milieu proves belief in<strong> &lsquo;Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> of the NYF 2020 is <strong>&lsquo;FIT YOUTH FIT INDIA&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He was born as Narendranath Datta on January 12, <strong>1863.</strong></li>
<li>Introduced the world to the Indian philosophies of <strong>Vedanta and Yoga.</strong></li>
<li>He was the chief disciple of the 19<sup>th</sup>-century mystic <strong>Ramakrishna Paramhansa.</strong></li>
<li>Laid the greatest <strong>emphasis on education</strong> for the regeneration of our motherland. He advocated a man-making <strong>character-building education.</strong></li>
<li>Established the <strong>Ramakrishna Mission </strong>in<strong> 1897.</strong> It is an organization which works in the area of <strong>value-based education,</strong> culture, health, women's empowerment,<strong> youth and tribal welfare</strong> and <strong>relief and rehabilitation.</strong></li>
<li>He died at <strong>Belur Math</strong> in 1902. Belur Math, located in <strong>West Bengal,</strong> is the headquarters of Ramakrishna Math &amp; Ramakrishna Mission.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ramakrishna Paramhansa</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He was born as<strong> Gadadhar Chattopadhyay</strong> in 1836 in <strong>West Bengal.</strong></li>
<li>He was one of the leading Hindu spiritual leaders in the 19<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>He believed that the <strong>realization of the existence of God is the supreme goal</strong> of all living beings.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1599039" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-youth-day-2020'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'INTACH Efforts to Protect Buddhist Site',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH),</strong> heritage lovers and officials have almost stopped the stone-pelting ritual at<strong> Bojjannakonda,</strong> a famous Buddhist site at <strong>Sankaram, near Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the <strong>Kanuma day during Sankranti,</strong> the villagers used to pelt stones at a belly-shaped object, believing it to be a part of a demon.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kanuma Day</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an important day during the <strong>Pongal and Sankranti festivals,</strong> which are both <strong>ancient harvest festivals</strong> that take place in mid-January, celebrating the movement of the sun reversing, marking the start of the end of winter.</li>
<li>In Andhra Pradesh, the Kanuma festival is celebrated on the<strong> third day of the four-day Sankranti</strong> festival.</li>
<li>It is an important festival of Telugu people and is<strong> dedicated to cattle</strong> and other animals that are an important part of the rural economy in Andhra Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578904626_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578904626_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main stupa is carved out of rock and then covered with bricks, with a number of images of the Buddha sculpted on the rock face all over the hill.</li>
<li><strong>Bojjannakonda</strong> and <strong>Lingalametta</strong> are the<strong> twin Buddhist monasteries</strong> dating back to the 3rd century BC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At Lingalametta, there are hundreds of rock-cut monolithic stupas in rows.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These sites have seen <strong>three forms of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buddhism</a>-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Theravada period:</strong> when Lord Buddha was considered a teacher.</li>
<li><strong>Mahayana:</strong> where Buddhism was more devotional.</li>
<li><strong>Vajrayana:</strong> where Buddhist tradition was more practised as Tantra and esoteric form.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The name <strong>Sankaram</strong> is derived from the term,<strong> &lsquo;Sangharama&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is famous for votive stupas, rock-cut caves, brick-built structural edifices, early historic pottery and Satavahana coins that date back to the 1<sup>st</sup> century AD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Visakhapatnam is famous for <strong>Buddhist sites at Thotlakonda, Appikonda, and Bavikonda too.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>non-profit charitable organisation</strong> registered under <strong>the Societies' Registration Act, 1860.</strong></li>
<li>It was founded in <strong>1984 in New Delhi</strong> with the vision to spearhead heritage awareness and conservation in India.</li>
<li>It has pioneered the conservation and preservation of not just our natural and built heritage but intangible heritage as well.</li>
<li>In<strong> 2007,</strong> the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> awarded INTACH a special consultative status with the <strong>United Nations Economic and Social Council.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/intach-efforts-to-protect-buddhist-site-bear-fruit/article30552294.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Wetland Bird Census at Kaziranga National Park',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The second wetland bird count was conducted in the Kaziranga National Park from 9<sup>th</sup>- 10<sup>th</sup> January 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The first wetland bird survey was conducted in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578903884_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578903884_image2.png" width="630" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Number of Birds</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A total of 19,225 birds belonging to 96 species under 80 families was reported which is significantly higher than that of 2018.</li>
<li>Having 96 species of wetland birds is one of the highest for wildlife reserves in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range wise Distribution</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The survey covered four ranges of the park &mdash; Agoratoli, Bagori, Kohora and Burapahar.</li>
<li>More than half the birds (9,924) and 85 of the 96 species were recorded in Agoratoli Range. This was because Sohola, the largest of Kaziranga's 92 perennial wetlands, is in this range.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kaziranga National Park</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It is located in <strong>the State of Assam</strong> and covers 42,996 ha. It is the single largest undisturbed and representative area in the Brahmaputra Valley floodplain.</li>
<li><strong>Legal Status</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was declared as a <strong>National Park in 1974.</strong></li>
<li>It has been declared a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> tiger reserve</strong></a> <strong>since 2007.</strong> It has a total tiger reserve area of 1,030 sq km with a core area of 430 sq. km.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Status</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was declared a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong></a> in 1985.</li>
<li>It is recognized as an <strong>Important Bird Area</strong> by BirdLife International.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Species Found</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>home of the world's most <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-24th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">one-horned rhinos</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Much of the focus of conservation efforts in Kaziranga are focused on the 'big four' species&mdash; rhino, elephant, Royal Bengal tiger and Asiatic water buffalo.</li>
<li>The 2018 census had yielded 2,413 rhinos and approximately 1,100 elephants.</li>
<li>As per the figures of tiger census conducted in 2014, Kaziranga had an estimated 103 tigers, the <strong>third highest population</strong> in India after <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rhinos-to-be-re-introduced-in-uttarakhand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jim Corbett National Park</strong></a> (215) in Uttarakhand and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fire-in-bandipur-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bandipur National Park</strong></a> (120) in Karnataka.</li>
<li>Kaziranga is also home to 9 of the 14 species of primates found in the Indian subcontinent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rivers and Highways</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>National Highway 37</strong> passes through the park area.</li>
<li>The park also has more than 250 seasonal water bodies, besides the <strong>Diphlu River</strong> running through it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kaziranga-records-96-species-of-wetland-birds/article30551854.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wetland-bird-census-at-kaziranga-national-park'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Kolkata Port Trust',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the occasion of <strong>150<sup>th</sup> anniversary celebration of Kolkata Port Trust,</strong> it has been renamed after <strong>Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Port has two distinct dock systems - <strong>Kolkata Docks at Kolkata</strong> and a deep water dock at <strong>Haldia Dock Complex,</strong> Haldia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History of Kolkata Port Trust</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the oldest operating port in India, and was constructed by the British East India Company.</li>
<li>The Port which was once considered the most important port in the country still remains the premier port which has been rightly called the <strong>gateway to Eastern India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is the guiding factor to trade and commerce of vast hinterland comprising the entire Eastern India including <strong>Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh</strong> and the <strong>two land-locked Himalayan Kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan.</strong></li>
<li>After independence, the port's importance decreased because of factors including the <strong>Partition of India (1947),</strong> reduction in size of the port hinterland, and <strong>economic stagnation in eastern India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Governance:</strong> It is an <strong>autonomous body</strong> under the ministry of shipping, Government of India administered through <strong>Major Port Trusts Act, 1963.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> Kolkata Port is the <strong>only riverine Major Port in India,</strong> situated 232 kms up-stream from the Sandheads. Its navigational channel is <strong>one of the longest</strong> in the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Major Ports</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has <strong>13 major ports</strong> viz. Kolkata Port, Paradip Port, New Mangalore Port, Cochin Port, Jawaharlal Nehru Port, Mumbai Port, Kandla Port, Visakhapatnam Port, Chennai Port, Tuticorin port, Ennore Port, Mormugao Port and Port Blair Port.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1599184" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Second Tallest Statue of Gautam Buddha',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>world's second tallest statue of Gautam Buddha</strong> is proposed to be built in <strong>Dev Ni Mori, Sabarkantha district, Gujarat.</strong></li>
<li>The proposed statue (108m) would be second in the world after the <strong>Spring Temple in China (153 meters).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Relevance of Dev Ni Mori</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dev Ni Mori was excavated by the state archaeology department in 1953.</li>
<li>The remains of a Buddhist monastery belonging to <strong>3<sup>rd</sup>-4<sup>th</sup> century AD</strong> have been unearthed from <strong>Devni Mori.</strong></li>
<li>The most important discovery from the site however was a <strong>1,700 year old casket</strong> which has<strong> bodily relics of Buddha.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The inscription clearly mentions that the casket contains bodily relics of Buddha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The presence of a stupa and monastery has reconfirmed a strong presence of Buddhists in <strong>Vadnagar</strong> during the early centuries of Christian era.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The recent excavations have brought to light a Buddhist Monastery belonging to the 2<sup>nd</sup>-7<sup>th</sup> century AD, within the <strong>fortified area of Vadnagar, Gujarat.</strong></li>
<li>The monastery had two votive stupas and an open central courtyard around which initially nine cells were constructed. The arrangement of cells around the central courtyard creates a swastika-like pattern.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statue-of-unity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Statue of Unity</strong></a> is the world's tallest statue at 182 metres (597 ft) located in <strong>Narmada Valley Kevadiya, Narmada district, Gujarat.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/no-progress-on-worlds-second-tallest-buddha-statue-project-in-gujarat/articleshow/73217586.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ToI</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-tallest-statue-of-gautam-buddha'
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Under-5 Girls Face High Mortality in India: UNICEF',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)</b></a>&nbsp;released the <strong>&lsquo;Levels and Trends in Child Mortality&rsquo; report.</strong> According to it, unlike global trends, India&rsquo;s under-5 mortality of girls exceeded that of boys in 2018.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On average, boys are expected to have a higher probability of dying before reaching age-5 than girls.</li>
<li>The global report states that fewer countries showed gender disparities in child mortality in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Countries primarily located in <strong>Southern Asia and Western Asia</strong> have a significantly higher risk of girls dying before age 5.</li>
<li>According to the report, half of all under-5 deaths in 2018 occurred in <strong>five</strong> countries: <strong>India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Ethiopia.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Nigeria alone account for about a third.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Despite the tremendous progress in child survival made over the past two decades, one child or young adolescent died every five seconds in 2018.</li>
<li>The burden of child mortality is determined both by the <strong>mortality rate</strong> (the proportion of children who die) and by the <strong>estimated population</strong> of any given State (total number of annual births).</li>
<li>Current trends predict that close to 10 million 5 to 14 year olds and 52 million children under 5 years of age, will die between 2019 and 2030. Almost half of these under-5 deaths will be newborns.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The majority of child mortality cases in India are attributable to <strong>deaths during the neonatal period.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>major causes of neonatal mortality</strong> are preterm birth, intrapartum related events and neonatal infection.</li>
<li>In the <strong>post-neonatal period,</strong> the major direct causes of death are <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pneumonia-and-diarrhoea-progress-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>diarrhoea</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saans-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pneumonia.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s neonatal mortality rate</strong> is<strong> 23 per 1,000 live births.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to India&rsquo;s <strong>2017</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/population-explosion-and-fertility-rates" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sample Registration System</strong></a> <strong>(SRS),</strong> the States with the highest burden of neonatal mortality are <strong>Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh,</strong> <strong>with 32, 33 and 30 neonatal deaths</strong> per 1,000 live births, respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Jharkhand, Bihar and Uttarakhand</strong> showed the <strong>largest gender gaps</strong> in under-5 mortality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh</strong> is the state with the <strong>highest number of estimated newborn deaths</strong> in India, both because of the <strong>high neonatal mortality rate</strong> and because of the <strong>large number of births</strong> that occur every year in the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578901781_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578901781_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="615" height="359" /></a></p>
<h3>Steps to be Taken</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is urgently required to further accelerate progress in preventing child deaths by <strong>adopting proactive measures.</strong></li>
<li>Deaths of newborns can be prevented by reaching<strong> high coverage of quality antenatal care, skilled care at birth, postnatal care for mother and baby, and care of small and sick newborns.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-under-5-mortality-of-girls-exceeds-that-of-boys-unlike-global-trend-says-report/article30550394.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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