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Thiruvalluvar

Why in News? Recently, ancient saint Thiruvalluvar has been in the news because of a political issue in Tamil Nadu. Key Points Thiruvalluvar,...

09 Nov 2019 News Analysis
National Highway-766

Why in News Recently, the Kerala Legislative Assembly has passed a resolution demanding the Union government to lift the travel restrictions on...

09 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Overseas Citizenship of India

Why in News Kartarpur Corridor is accessible to the Persons of Indian origin holding the Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) card. Overseas...

09 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Dhrupad

Why in news? Padma Shri awardee and renowned Dhrupad vocalist Ramakant Gundecha passed away in Bhopal. Key Points The word Dhrupad is derived...

09 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Fordow Nuclear Facility

Why in news? Recently, Iran resumed uranium enrichment at its underground Fordow plant located near Tehran. Key Points Fordow Fuel Enrichment...

09 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Declining Maternal Mortality Ratio in India

Why in News India’s MMR has declined from 130 per 1 lakh live births in 2014-2016 to 122 per 1 lakh live births in 2015-2017 as per the...

09 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Case Study - 24: National Security and Honey Trapping

You are a senior officer at an intelligence agency working for the internal security of the nation. You find out that a junior officer has been a...

09 Nov 2019 Ethics Case Studies
Case Study - 23: Personal relations vs Ethical values

Pawan is pursuing MBA and shares a room with you in the private hostel. He desperately needs a job after completing his course because of educational...

09 Nov 2019 Ethics Case Studies
The Big Picture - Strengthening Parliamentary Institutions

Recently, Indian Vice President pushed for the Women’s Reservation Bill, parliamentary reforms, a code of conduct for lawmakers and greater...

08 Nov 2019 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
How Markets Can Serve Climate

This article is based on ‘How markets can serve climate’ which was published in The Indian Express on 08/11/2019. It talks about the...

08 Nov 2019 News Editorials
Exercise Samudra Shakti

Why in News Recently, India and Indonesia have carried out the bilateral maritime exercise “Samudra Shakti” in the Bay of Bengal. The...

08 Nov 2019 News Analysis
New Subtype of HIV Discovered

Why in News Recently, the researchers have discovered a new subtype of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) called HIV-1 Group M, subtype L. It is...

08 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Cyclone Bulbul

Why in News The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has issued an orange alert in Indian states of West Bengal and Odisha over Cyclone Bulbul in...

08 Nov 2019 News Analysis
India Justice Report, 2019

Why in News Recently, the India Justice Report (2019) prepared by the Tata Trusts in collaboration with the Centre for Social Justice, Common Cause,...

08 Nov 2019 News Analysis
BIMSTEC Ports Conclave

Why in News The first-ever BIMSTEC Conclave of Ports is being held at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh on 7th and 8th November 2019. Key...

08 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Kalapani Territory

Why in News In the recently released political map of India, after the bifurcation of the state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) into the Union...

08 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Vaccine Hesitancy

This article is based on “An unwanted booster dose for vaccine hesitancy” that was published in The Hindu on 07/11/2019. It talks about...

07 Nov 2019 News Editorials
India and Brazil Signed Amended DTAC

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the signing of the Protocol amending the Convention between India and Brazil for the Double...

07 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Core Investment Companies

Why in News A working group formed by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has recommended measures to strengthen Core Investment Companies (CIC). The...

07 Nov 2019 News Analysis
NEERI-IndAIR

Why in News The Council of Scientific Industrial Research-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI) recently launched the...

07 Nov 2019 News Analysis

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Thiruvalluvar',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>Recently, ancient saint Thiruvalluvar has been in the news because of a political issue in Tamil Nadu.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Thiruvalluvar, also called Valluvar, was a Tamil poet-saint.</li>
<li>The period when he lived is debated, as is his religious identity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He is believed to have lived between 3rd-4th century or 8th-9th century.</li>
<li>He is thought to be linked to Jainism. However, Hindus have also claimed that Thiruvalluvar belonged to hinduism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Dravidian groups also count him as a saint, as he dismissed the caste system.</li>
<li>He had contributed the <strong>Tirukkural or &lsquo;Kural&rsquo;</strong> to the <strong>Sangam literature</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Tirukkural is comprised of 133 sections of 10 couplets each is divided into three books: Aram (virtue), Porul (government and society), and Kamam (love).</strong></li>
<li>The Tirukkural has been compared to the great books of the world&rsquo;s major religions.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sangam Literature</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The word &lsquo;Sangam&rsquo; is the Tamil form of the Sanskrit word <strong>Sangha</strong> which means a group of persons or an association.</li>
<li>The Tamil Sangam was an <strong>academy of poets</strong> who flourished in three different periods and in different places under the patronage of the <strong>Pandyan kings</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>Sangam literature</strong> which was largely consolidated from the <strong>third Sangam</strong>, throws information on conditions of life of people around the beginning of the Christian era.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It deals with the <strong>secular matter</strong> relating to the public and social activities like government, war charity, trade, worship, agriculture, etc.</li>
<li>Sangam literature consists of the earliest Tamil works (such as the <strong>Tolkappiyam</strong>), the ten poems <strong>(Pattupattu)</strong>, the eight anthologies <strong>(Ettutogai)</strong> and the eighteen minor works <strong>(Padinenkilkanakku)</strong>&nbsp;and the three epics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-thiruvalluvar-matters-in-tamil-nadu-and-the-debate-over-his-history-6110707/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'National Highway-766',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Kerala Legislative Assembly has passed a resolution demanding the Union government to lift the travel restrictions on National Highway-766 (NH-766).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The night travel on the forest stretch of NH-766 , passing through the Bandipur National Park is banned since 2009 to <strong>protect wildlife in the area</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>NH-766</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573289111_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573289111_image3.jpg" width="353" height="369" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It connects Karnataka and Kerala that passes through the Bandipur Tiger Reserve in Karnataka.</li>
<li>It was declared a <strong>national highway in 1989</strong>, then named NH 212, and later renamed NH 766.</li>
<li>It serves as a&nbsp;<strong>survival route</strong>&nbsp;for the people of Wayanad as the place&nbsp;<strong>lacks rail and water connectivity</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bandipur National Park</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is part of interconnected forests that include Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu), Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala) and Nagarhole National Park (Karnataka).</li>
<li>It has the <strong>second-highest tiger population in India </strong>after<strong> Pench Tiger Reserve</strong>(<strong>Madhya Pradesh).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh</strong> has the<strong> highest</strong> number of tigers <strong>followed by Karnataka</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/lift-travel-curbs-on-nh-766-says-kerala/article29925880.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-highway-766'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Overseas Citizenship of India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Kartarpur Corridor is accessible to the Persons of Indian origin holding the Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) card.</p>
<h3>Overseas Citizenship of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> defines an OCI as a person who:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Was a citizen of India on or after 26<sup>th</sup> January 1950; or</li>
<li>Was eligible to become a citizen of India on 26th January 1950; or</li>
<li>Is a child or grandchild of such a person, among other eligibility criteria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to <strong>Section 7A of the OCI card rules</strong>, an applicant is not eligible for the OCI card if he, his parents or grandparents have ever been a citizen of Pakistan or Bangladesh.</li>
<li>The category was <strong>introduced by the government in 2005</strong>. The Government of India via Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2015 merged the Person of Indian Origin (PIO) category with OCI category in 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits to OCI Cardholders</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OCI cardholders can <strong>enter India multiple times</strong>, get a multipurpose lifelong visa to visit India, and are exempt from registering with Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO).</li>
<li>If an individual is registered as an OCI for a period of five years, he/she is <strong>eligible to apply for Indian citizenship</strong>.</li>
<li>At all Indian international airports, OCI cardholders are provided with <strong>special immigration counters</strong>.</li>
<li>OCI cardholders can open special bank accounts in India, buy the non-farm property and exercise ownership rights and can also apply for a Permanent Account Number (PAN) card.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limitations</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OCI cardholders <strong>do not get voting rights, cannot hold a government job</strong> and purchase agricultural or farmland.</li>
<li>They cannot travel to restricted areas without government permission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Constitution deals with citizenship from <strong>Articles 5 to 11 under Part II</strong>. However, it contains neither any permanent nor any elaborate provisions in this regard.</li>
<li>It only <strong>identifies the persons who became citizens of India</strong> on 26<sup>th</sup> January 1950 (i.e. when the Constitution commenced).</li>
<li>It empowers the Parliament to enact a law to provide for <strong>matters relating to citizenship</strong>. Accordingly, the Parliament has enacted the <strong>Citizenship Act, 1955</strong>, which has been recently amended in 2015.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Person of Indian Origin</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A Person of Indian Origin (PIO) means a <strong>foreign citizen</strong> (except a national of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, Iran, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Nepal)<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Who at any time held an Indian passport or</li>
<li>Who or either of their parents/ grandparents/ great grandparents were born and permanently resident in India as defined in Government of India Act, 1935 and other territories that became part of India thereafter or</li>
<li>Who is a spouse of a citizen of India or a PIO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>PIO category was <strong>merged with OCI category in 2015</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-this-word-means-overseas-citizen-of-india-6110730/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Dhrupad',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in news?</h3>
<p><strong>Padma Shri awardee</strong> and renowned <strong>Dhrupad vocalist Ramakant Gundecha</strong> passed away in Bhopal.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The word Dhrupad is derived from <strong>Dhruva</strong>, the steadfast <strong>evening star</strong> that moves through the galaxy, and Pada meaning poetry.</li>
<li>Traditionally, the dhrupad style of singing was performed with a <strong>tanpura </strong>and<strong> pakhawaj</strong>.</li>
<li>The lyrics sung in Dhrupad are in a medieval form of <strong>Hindi</strong> and typically <strong>heroic in theme</strong>, or <strong>praise of a particular deity</strong>.</li>
<li>It is a form of <strong>devotional music</strong> that traces its origin to the ancient text of <strong>Samveda</strong>.</li>
<li>One significant characteristic of Dhrupad is the emphasis on <strong>maintaining the purity</strong> of the Raga.</li>
<li>Hindustani classical music is primarily vocal-centric. The primary vocal forms associated with Hindustani music are the <strong>Khayal, Ghazal, Dhrupad, Dhammar, Tarana </strong>and<strong> Thumri</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/younger-of-gundecha-brothers-he-aimed-at-reviving-dhrupad-6110766/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dhrupad'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Fordow Nuclear Facility',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573287139_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573287139_image2.jpg" width="541" height="304" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Why in news?</h3>
<p>Recently, Iran resumed uranium enrichment at its underground Fordow plant located near Tehran.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant (FFEP)</strong> is Iran's second pilot enrichment plant (the first is the Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant at <strong>Natanz</strong>). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The site was originally a tunnel facility associated with Iran's paramilitary organization, <strong>the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC)</strong> and is located buried in a mountain near the city of <strong>Qom</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The recent move of Iran is a step away from the agreement it signed in 2015 with a group of world powers to limit its nuclear activity in exchange for sanctions relief.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2015, Iran, with the P5+1 group of world powers - the <strong>US, UK, France, China, Russia&nbsp;</strong>and<strong> Germany</strong> agreed on a long-term deal on its nuclear programme.</li>
<li>The deal was named as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/us-reimposes-sanctions-on-iran" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)</a>, also known as <strong>Iran Nuclear Deal</strong>.</li>
<li>Under the JCPOA, Iran agreed to limit its nuclear activities by stopping uranium enrichment and allowing the international agencies to inspect its nuclear facilities in return for the lifting of economic sanctions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In May 2018, the <strong>US pulled out of Iran Nuclear Deal</strong> and it <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/us-reimposes-sanctions-on-iran" target="_blank" rel="noopener">imposed sanctions on Iran and nations</a> doing the significant amount of trade with Iran.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/iran-resumes-uranium-enrichment-at-fordow-plant/article29912336.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fordow-nuclear-facility'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Declining Maternal Mortality Ratio in India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India&rsquo;s MMR has declined from <strong>130 per 1 lakh live births in 2014-2016</strong> to <strong>122 per 1 lakh live births in 2015-2017</strong> as per the recently released <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/population-explosion-and-fertility-rates" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sample Registration System (SRS)</a></strong> <strong>2015-2017 bulletin for MMR</strong>. A <strong>decline</strong> of <strong>8 points (6.2%)</strong> has been observed.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This indicates that a loss of 2000 maternal deaths per year has been prevented.</li>
<li>The bulletin categorizes the country into <strong>three</strong> groups: <strong>Empowered Action Group (EAG), Southern States and other states.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Maternal Mortality Ratio</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MMR is the annual number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.</li>
<li>Maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy.</li>
<li>It is a key performance indicator for efforts to improve the health and safety of mothers before, during, and after childbirth.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573286780_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573286780_image1.jpg" width="739" height="341" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Statewise Progress:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kerala</strong> secures the <strong>first</strong> position in MMR reduction (from 46 to 42), followed by <strong>Maharashtra&nbsp;</strong>(from 61 to 55) and <strong>Tamil Nadu&nbsp;</strong>(from 66 to 63).</li>
<li><strong>Karnataka</strong> has shown the <strong>highest percentage decline in MMR</strong>.</li>
<li>The decline has been most significant in <strong>EAG States</strong> from 188 to 175. Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan, UP, Uttarakhand and Assam fall under EAG States group.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The independent MMR</strong> data of Jharkhand (76), Chhattisgarh (141) and Uttarakhand (89) has been released for the <strong>first time</strong> in the SRS 2015-2017 bulletin.</li>
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh</strong> have shown an <strong>increase</strong> by 15 points each in MMR.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>So far,&nbsp;<strong>11 states</strong> have <strong>achieved</strong> the <strong>National Health Policy target of MMR</strong> well ahead of 2020. The National Health Policy aims to reduce Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) to 1/1000 live births.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Declining MMR</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Focus on quality and coverage of health services through <strong>public health initiatives</strong> have contributed majorly to the decline. Some of these initiatives are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/laqshya-labour-room-quality-improvement-initiative">LaQshya</a>,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Poshan Abhiyan</a>,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Janani Suraksha Yojana</a>,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan</a>,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana</a>,</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The implementation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aspirational District Programme</strong></a> and inter-sectoral action has helped to reach the most <strong>marginalized and vulnerable population</strong>.</li>
<li>Recently launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-council-of-health-and-family-welfare-conference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan Initiative (SUMAN)</strong></a> especially focuses on <strong>zero preventable maternal and newborn deaths</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p>The continuous progress in reducing the MMR will help the country to achieve the <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SDG</a> 3</strong> target of&nbsp;<strong>MMR below 70 by 2030</strong>.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maternal-death-rate-declining-report/article29925365.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/declining-maternal-mortality-ratio-in-india'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Case Study - 24: National Security and Honey Trapping',
			'catname' => 'Ethics Case Studies',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>You are a senior officer at an intelligence agency working for the internal security of the nation. You find out that a junior officer has been a victim of honey trapping through social media. In all of this, his phone was hacked and confidential files were leaked.&nbsp;</strong></p>
<p><strong>The entire department has come together and wants you to take strict action against that officer for his behavior. That junior officer is highly skilled and a valuable asset for the organisation. He is also very close to you as you have mentored him throughout and he also respects you a lot. Moreover, any action against him might attract media attention and bring a bad repute to the organisation at large.</strong></p>
<p><strong>(A) What are the ethical issues involved and the options available to you in such a situation?&nbsp;</strong></p>
<p><strong>(B) Also, suggest a course of action you would like to follow.</strong></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Solution</strong></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #3971e3; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Facts of the case</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #3971e3; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Stakeholders involved</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 155px;">
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #e3fcff; vertical-align: top; height: 155px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Junior officer honey trapped.</li>
<li>Confidential information leaked.</li>
<li>Department wants strict action.</li>
<li>Officer is highly skilled and valuable asset.</li>
<li>Close personal relations with him.</li>
<li>Media attention might bring bad repute to the organization.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #e3fcff; vertical-align: top; height: 155px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Junior officer</li>
<li>Intelligence organization</li>
<li>Self (senior officer)</li>
<li>Media</li>
<li>Civil society organizations</li>
<li>Government</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573212237_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573212237_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="513" height="327" /></a></p>
<h3>Ethical issues involved</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Human emotions:</strong> Officers, despite being trained to adhere to confidentiality norms, are tricked by spies for gaining sensitive information. This shows the vulnerability of human emotions which can be a risk to national security.</li>
<li><strong>Breach of trust:</strong> Such incidents erode people&rsquo;s trust on intelligence agencies for upholding national security.</li>
<li><strong>Empathy towards colleagues:</strong> Close personal relations with the junior officer and his meritocracy might hinder taking strict action against him.</li>
<li><strong>Media scrutiny:</strong> Risk of defamation of officers before proper investigation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Options available</h3>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.96829%; text-align: center; background-color: #3971e3; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Options</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: center; background-color: #3971e3; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Merits</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: center; background-color: #3971e3; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Demerits</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 111px;">
<td style="width: 3.96829%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px; background-color: #f2e8fa;">
<p>1.</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 29.3651%; height: 111px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f2e8fa;">
<p><strong>Taking strict action against the junior officer.</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 111px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f2e8fa;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Adhering to professional duty.</li>
<li>Upholding national security as supreme.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 111px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f2e8fa;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Loss of valuable asset to the organization.</li>
<li>May bring bad repute to the organization.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 133px;">
<td style="width: 3.96829%; vertical-align: top; height: 133px; background-color: #f2e8fa;">
<p>2.</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 29.3651%; height: 133px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f2e8fa;">
<p><strong>Giving warning without any strict punishment.</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 133px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f2e8fa;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Upholding the morale of the officer.</li>
<li>Opportunity to expose other incidences of honey trapping.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 133px; background-color: #f2e8fa; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Setting wrong precedent for the future.</li>
<li>Risk of further information leakage.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Option (1) seems to be the suitable choice as national security and professional ethics precede personal relations and empathy with the junior officer.</p>
<h3>Course of action</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Following Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) and forming an investigation team for fact finding. Estimating the impact of the information leak should be the utmost priority.</li>
<li>Temporarily suspending the junior officer and taking into custody all his digital media access.</li>
<li>Reporting to higher authorities so that suitable action can be initiated at an appropriate level. Taking help from cyber security expert team to identify any other similar cases.</li>
<li>Addressing media so as to handle the case with integrity and professional ethics considering the sensitivity of the issue.</li>
<li>Taking long term measures like organizing training camps regarding honey trapping and cyber security for officers posted at high risk areas.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per Hindu mythology, Shri Krishna advised Arjuna that one should not escape his <em><strong>&lsquo;dharma&rsquo;.</strong></em> Arjuna&rsquo;s duty is to be a warrior and to do what is right and just, even if it means fighting with his own brothers.</li>
<li>Similarly, the duty of the senior officer is to take the right decision even if it means punishing the most talented mentee. National security and people&rsquo;s trust in the organization should be the foremost priority of any officer.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/ethics/case-studies/case-study-24-national-security-and-honey-trapping'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Case Study - 23: Personal relations vs Ethical values',
			'catname' => 'Ethics Case Studies',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>Pawan is pursuing MBA and shares a room with you in the private hostel. He desperately needs a job after completing his course because of educational loan and weak economic background. In his last two semesters, he couldn&rsquo;t secure good grades due to serious illness. In current semester he has to secure good marks at any cost to satisfy minimum criteria for placements.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Few days before the final semester exam, he comes to you and asks for money. He is stressed and nervous. He tells you about his plan to purchase semester papers to clear the exam and convinces you for the same by giving reference to his bad health, family status and his education loan.</strong></p>
<p><strong>In such circumstances, would it be right to lend money to him?</strong></p>
<p><strong>(a) Identify the moral dilemma faced by you.</strong></p>
<p><strong>(b) Analyse your role and duties as a friend, also suggest your course of action.</strong></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Solution</strong></p>
<p>The given case tests the ability of a person to stick to the <strong>right means</strong> even in difficult circumstances in life. One needs to balance his role as a true friend by making Pawan realize his mistake and simultaneously helping him in other ways.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong>Facts of the case</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pawan&rsquo;s weak economic background, bad health and family responsibilities.</li>
<li>Good grades needed to satisfy minimum criteria for placements</li>
<li>Asked for money to purchase semester papers.</li>
<li>Stress and nervousness due to fear of failure.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong>Stakeholders involved</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pawan</li>
<li>His family</li>
<li>College staff (faculty, placement committee, etc)</li>
<li>Self (Pawan&rsquo;s roommate)</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong>Values involved</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Integrity</li>
<li>Honesty</li>
<li>Fear</li>
<li>Courage</li>
<li>Fortitude</li>
<li>Empathy</li>
<li>Moral righteousness</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><em><strong>a) Moral dilemmas faced:</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Means v/s Ends:</strong> Taking incorrect means of giving Pawan the money to buy the semester papers to attain the ends of getting good grades which would allow him to sit for placements.</li>
<li><strong>Social obligation v/s moral righteousness:</strong> Supporting one&rsquo;s friend in need or adhering to one&rsquo;s conscience by not giving him money.</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>b) Roles and duties as a friend:</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A true friend is one who <strong>shows the right path.</strong> He is one who not only tells &lsquo;what is&rsquo; rather &lsquo;what ought to be&rsquo;. Hence, he is a true friend, philosopher and guide for lifetime.</li>
<li>He shows the <strong>emotional support, empathy, trust, and mutual cooperation</strong> in the hardest of times.</li>
<li><strong>He encourages and motivates</strong> others and imbibes <strong>confidence</strong> in them so that the hidden talent and capabilities can be revived.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 31px; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"></td>
<td style="width: 177px; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Course of action</strong></td>
<td style="width: 345px; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Merit</strong></td>
<td style="width: 335px; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Demerit</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 140px;">
<td style="width: 31px; height: 75px; vertical-align: top;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 177px; height: 75px; vertical-align: top;">Knowing and understanding Pawan&rsquo;s condition</td>
<td style="width: 345px; height: 75px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will help him chance to explain his situation.</li>
<li>He may even realize his own mistakes.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 335px; height: 75px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will give him opportunity to lie and mould facts.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 165px;">
<td style="width: 31px; height: 24px; vertical-align: top;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 177px; height: 24px; vertical-align: top;">Denying him money to purchase papers and motivating him to study hard.</td>
<td style="width: 345px; height: 24px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>His fear of failure can be removed.</li>
<li>Upholding his moral conscience will make him more productive at work.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 335px; height: 24px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He may flunk in exam and may not get a job.</li>
<li>He may not be able to repay his bank loans.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 31px; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 177px; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">Helping him in studies by making available required notes, books, etc.</td>
<td style="width: 345px; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It may imbibe confidence in him that he can pass without cheating.</li>
<li>Relieving him nervousness and pressure.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 335px; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He may not cope up with the pressure.</li>
<li>He may become habitual of other&rsquo;s help and ease of access to resources.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 74px;">
<td style="width: 31px; vertical-align: top; height: 74px;">4.</td>
<td style="width: 177px; vertical-align: top; height: 74px;">Taking help from faculty, placement committee, etc.</td>
<td style="width: 345px; vertical-align: top; height: 74px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Teachers may provide him extra classes considering his situation.</li>
<li>Placement committee may relax the minimum criterion for all students, once majority of candidates are placed.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 335px; vertical-align: top; height: 74px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Setting wrong precedent for future.</li>
<li>College staff may show empathy with him.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As suggested by Gandhiji, we always have control over the means but not over the end. As quoted in his book &lsquo;Hind Swaraj&rsquo;, <em>&ldquo;one should not expect rose flowers by sowing the seeds of Babool.&rdquo;</em> Hence, Pawan should adhere to the correct means by not cheating for the sake of passing the exam.</li>
<li>Also, one can only expect short term gains by following incorrect means. But in the long run, it is always one&rsquo;s righteousness, ideal conduct, and truth which lead to a successful life.</li>
<li>Hence, Pawan should be made to realize that excellence is a way of life and in his long career ahead, it will always be his &lsquo;ethical conduct&rsquo; which would allow him to steer the path towards success.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/ethics/case-studies/case-study-23-personal-relations-vs-ethical-values'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'The Big Picture - Strengthening Parliamentary Institutions',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6791q8XGj_c" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>Recently, <strong>Indian Vice President</strong> pushed for the <strong>Women&rsquo;s Reservation Bill, parliamentary reforms, a code of conduct for lawmakers </strong>and<strong> greater powers to the presiding officer to deal with disruptive legislators.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Vice President, who delivered the <strong>first Arun Jaitley memorial lecture at Delhi University, </strong>also<strong> pitched for a minimum sitting for both Houses in a year and a longer tenure to parliament&rsquo;s standing committees.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Strengthening Parliamentary Institutions</h3>
<p><strong>Ensuring Member Strength</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Members of Parliament should be <strong>present and attend</strong> the sessions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The issue of<strong> lack of Quorum ( 10% of the strength of the Parliament)</strong> should also be addressed. The presence of the members and the time of parliament&rsquo;s settings need to be increased to at least 120-130 days a year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Parliament should be allowed to<strong> function without any disturbances</strong> and everyone should do the assigned functions and duties.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Qualitative Debates and Discussions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>debates and discussions should be value-adding and qualitative. Parliamentary initiatives for value addition</strong> in the members-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Training programs.</li>
<li>Sending them to visit other nations which work on Parliamentary systems and Commonwealth Nations.</li>
<li>Apart from this, MPs need to have time to prepare before the parliamentary sessions. Although there are fixed time slots for this, it is not taken seriously.</li>
<li>Parliament lacks enough support staff to assist the members for performing their duties and responsibilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Election of Candidates</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Political parties should look at the merits of the candidates instead of their winnability.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>quality of debate</strong> depends on the <strong>members nominated by the political parties</strong> for elections and then the elected members.</li>
<li>Winnability is the final determining factor in the election process but the <strong>background, merit and the credibility of the contester should be given the utmost priority.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>MPs should be incentivised to actively take part</strong> in the proceedings of the parliament and <strong>the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/whip-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">whip system</a></strong> should be done away with for trivial issues giving more space to the different perspectives of the MPs. It should be used only for very important issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Women&rsquo;s Reservation Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At present, <strong>women&rsquo;s representation in Parliament is 13% only.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Geeta Mukherjee Committee&rsquo;s</strong> report which was presented in <strong>1996</strong> talked about it and in <strong>2010, the Bill was passed</strong> in the <strong>Rajya Sabha</strong> but <strong>Lok Sabha did not pass it.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Political parties should come together on a consensual basis and commit</strong> themselves to this issue.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Greater Powers to the Presiding Officer</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>Rajya Sabha, a motion has to be moved</strong> by the agreed members to suspend a member from the proceedings of the house.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Speaker of the Lok Sabha</strong> has the power to <strong>ask or suspend a member</strong> from the proceedings of the house immediately and that change was introduced in <strong>13<sup>th</sup> Lok Sabha (1999-2004) with G.M.C. Balayogi as the Speaker.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Longer tenure for the parliamentary committees</strong> is also suggested to ensure the<strong> capacity building of the members</strong> so that they can hold the government accountable in parliamentary deliberations.</li>
<li><strong>Ensuring MPs&rsquo; awareness of the issues and effective participation in the parliamentary proceedings.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Improving the Law-Making Process</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Some kind of<strong> pre and post-assessment</strong> has to be done to involve all stakeholders adopting a holistic approach.</li>
<li>There is always a <strong>scope for improvement</strong> in lawmaking to <strong>rule out the possibility of decisions which are</strong> not actually needed.</li>
<li><strong>Strong subject-based legislative aids and experts</strong> are needed to strengthen the law-making process. It will give parliamentarians an <strong>extra added advantage</strong> and the <strong>laws will be more useful and targeted.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>parliamentary whip itself needs to be looked differently,</strong> allowing members dissent from within. It will <strong>allow the incorporation of multiple ideas to the law-making process</strong> and will enrich it.</li>
<li>Parliament has to play equal roles at the <strong>pre-legislative part of the law-making process and the post-legislative impact assessment or post-legislative scrutiny.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Legislative Impact Assessment</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A detailed framework for pre and post Legislative Impact Assessment was needed.</li>
<li>Every legislative proposal must incorporate a detailed account of the social, economic, environmental and administrative impact of any law or legislation for wider awareness and subsequent legal assessment.</li>
<li>A new Legislation Committee of Parliament to oversee and coordinate legislative planning should be constituted.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Role of Parliamentary Committees</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Parliament has<strong> time constraints</strong> whereas<strong> parliamentary committees have no such time constraints</strong> as they work throughout the year.</li>
<li>Parliament needs to<strong> utilise the time and resources of these committees.</strong></li>
<li>Parliament which is an <strong>accountability institution</strong> of the government needs resources and <strong>top-notch research</strong> not only for the members but for the committee also.</li>
<li>Committees need<strong> subject-specific resources and research so expert panels should be provided</strong> to them.</li>
<li>It should be ensured that the <strong>entire lifecycle of the legislature is scrutinised.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Political parties</strong> also have to play an <strong>active role in guiding the legislators.</strong> It should <strong>bear the responsibility of informing the legislative agenda far before the session</strong> begins to give ample time to the members to participate.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Role of Political Parties in Ensuring Code of Conduct in the Legislature</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government can <strong>draft</strong> a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/model-code-of-conduct-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> code of conduct</strong></a> <strong>for the members</strong> of Parliament and circulate it among the political parties. It should be then <strong>finalised on a consensus-based mechanism.</strong></li>
<li>Current code of conduct should be <strong>formally established and strict actions must be taken on violations.</strong></li>
<li>Being the representatives of the public, <strong>MPs should abide by their expectations</strong> which are formulated into the code of conduct.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Although parliamentarians signed documents on code of conduct on the occasion of <strong>50 years of Independence (1997)</strong>, they did not work for long.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The issue is <strong>not just about the procedure and practice</strong> but <strong>also about politics</strong> which is equally important and needs to be responsible.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ideas have to be institutionalised</strong> and put into actions.</li>
<li><strong>Parliament&rsquo;s sitting mechanism could be changed to a longer one</strong> instead of three sessions to save it from wasting time in the starting and ending processes.</li>
<li>Once the <strong>problem</strong> is found out, it is <strong>easy to identify and list the solution</strong> which should be done as soon as possible.</li>
<li>Strengthening the backbone of parliament, parliamentary secretariat, research and individual MPs&rsquo; capacities will help in overall strong structure and governance.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-strengthening-parliamentary-institutions'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'How Markets Can Serve Climate',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/how-markets-can-serve-climate-conference-madrid-paris-agreement-6108636/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;How markets can serve climate&rsquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 08/11/2019. It talks about the ways in which the markets can contribute in solving climate change problem through the Clean Development Mechanism.</p>
</div>
<p>The <strong>United Nations Climate Change Conference, 2019</strong>&nbsp;which will be held in <strong>Madrid, Spain</strong> in <strong>December, </strong>has the challenge of deciding how markets can be deployed to deal with climate change. Also known as <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cop24" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Conference of the Parties</strong></a> <strong>(COP),</strong> it is the <strong>25<sup>th</sup> UN Climate Change Conference (COP25).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Clean Development Mechanism (CDM),</span>&nbsp;a product of the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Kyoto Protocol,</span>&nbsp;is one such market instrument that can help the industry as well as climate. Along with&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">China and Brazil, India is a leader in CDM.&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>The situation may change in 2021 when market mechanisms mandated under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/co2-level-hit-record-high" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a> come into operation.</li>
<li>CDM has <strong>provided financial support</strong> to a lot of energy efficiency and renewable energy projects in India, which have been set up in the last two decades.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Clean Development Mechanism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It allows emission-reduction projects in developing countries to earn Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2.</li>
<li>The CDM is the main source of income for the UNFCCC Adaptation Fund. The Adaptation Fund is financed by a 2% levy on CERs issued by the CDM.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adaptation Fund (AF) was established under the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 and has committed US$ 532 million to climate adaptation and resilience activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under CDM,&nbsp;<strong>CER units are&nbsp;</strong><strong>issued</strong> by the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNFCCC </a></strong>which is the&nbsp;global administrator of Kyoto mechanisms.<strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Kyoto Protocol</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 and entered into force in 2005.</li>
<li>The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP-7 in Marrakesh, in 2001, and are referred to as the Marrakesh Accords.</li>
<li>Its first commitment period started in the year 2008 and ended in 2012.</li>
<li>Kyoto Protocol Phase-1 (2005-12) gave the target of cutting down emissions by 5%.</li>
<li>Phase- 2 (2013-20) gave the target of reducing emissions by at least 18% by the industrialized countries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Opposition from developed countries:</strong> Most developed countries are strongly opposed to permitting the carryover of CDM projects and their credits into the Paris Pact&rsquo;s mechanisms. It has been argued that:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CDM has failed to demonstrate environmental benefits in addition to the normal exchange of carbon credits or providing technological benefits.</li>
<li>CDM's transition to new mechanisms will have adverse impacts on carbon prices and investor sentiments in future markets.</li>
<li>Double-counting of could compromise global ambition on reducing Green House Gas emissions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Double-Counting</strong></p>
<p>In the context of climate change mitigation, double counting is widely used to describe situations where a single greenhouse gas emission reduction or removal is used more than once to demonstrate compliance with mitigation targets. Double counting becomes prominent where multiple mitigation mechanisms overlap over sources or sinks and when emission reductions are transferred among entities subject to mitigation targets and accounted towards them.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>demand in the European Union,</strong> which has been the <strong>largest market for CDM credits,</strong> has <strong>declined sharply</strong> over the last decade because of regulatory barriers.&nbsp;</li>
<li>The<strong> credits lying unsold</strong> with the CDM projects <strong>could lose their economic worth. </strong></li>
<li>Also, the CDM projects will have to go through the <strong>process of validation and registration again</strong> with the new mechanism. This will involve <strong>additional financial and administrative costs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India might lose substantially</strong> if the doors on the <strong>existing CDM projects and credits are closed in 2020.&nbsp;</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The number of <strong>CDM projects registered in India</strong> is <strong>1,376 (out of total 7,979 globally)</strong> and <strong>89%</strong> of these projects are active.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The question of the <strong>impact of CDM on global environmental integrity</strong> is very important.&nbsp;Environmental integrity is an objective of the market mechanisms under the Paris Agreement.&nbsp;It is influenced by four main factors-
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Robust accounting</li>
<li>Quality of units, as issued by the underlying mechanism</li>
<li>Ambition and scope of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/co2-level-hit-record-high" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nationally Determined Contribution</strong></a> target</li>
<li>Incentives or disincentives for future mitigation action</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>pragmatic assessment of possible gains and losses</strong> from competing approaches to CDM transition into new mechanisms is the need of the hour.</li>
<li>The <strong>full-scale transition of CDM credits</strong> will <strong>not flood the market and lead to deterioration in the carbon prices</strong> in future markets instead <strong>more than 60%</strong> of the credits may be <strong>used fully even before 2022.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>demand from airline operators</strong> to meet commitments under the <strong>Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA which addresses the increase in total CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from international aviation above 2020 levels) </strong>is<strong> very high.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>CDM project proponents should be <strong>free to choose available cost-effective technologies</strong> as long as the objective of emission reductions is achieved.</li>
<li>CDM projects should not be judged only on the <strong>criterion of technology</strong> but the <strong>investments and ability to overcome market barriers</strong> should also be considered.</li>
<li>India should <strong>strategise to ensure </strong>that it <strong>does not get shut out of the CORSIA market</strong> even as <strong>ICAO enlarges the source of supplies from other countries.</strong></li>
<li>Countries which are having stakes in CDM should <strong>try to negotiate with ICAO for long-term use of credits originating.</strong></li>
<li>In project/programme-based mechanisms, countries should make <strong>arrangements to prevent double-counting of emission reduction units in their national accounts.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>It is time that India <strong>rethinks the relationship between the project/programme-based emission reduction units and the national pool of emission reductions</strong> so as to establish a firm basis for access to future carbon markets. CDM has been a <strong>useful source of finance to industry and India may build a viable domestic carbon market in future</strong> on the foundations of industry interest as well as environmental protection.&nbsp;<strong>Policies and principles should not be applied uniformly</strong> to developed and developing countries if sustainable development is desired.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0303; background-color: #fff6c7;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />How can the market play an important role in solving the climate change crisis? Explain.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/how-markets-can-serve-climate'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Exercise Samudra Shakti',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3 style="text-align: left;">Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573204720_Indonesia-map.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573204720_Indonesia-map.png" width="322" height="228" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Recently, India and Indonesia</strong> have carried out the bilateral maritime exercise <strong>&ldquo;Samudra Shakti&rdquo;</strong> in the Bay of Bengal.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="text-align: left;">The joint exercises focussed on surface warfare exercises, air defence exercises, weapon firing drills, helicopter operations, and boarding operations.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><strong>Garuda Shakti</strong> is the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-maitree" target="_blank" rel="noopener">joint military exercise</a></strong> between India and Indonesia.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1590856" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-samudra-shakti'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'New Subtype of HIV Discovered',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the researchers have discovered a <strong>new subtype of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus</strong> (HIV) called <strong>HIV-1 Group M, subtype L.</strong> It is the<strong> first time a subtype of HIV</strong> has been found in almost two decades.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are<strong> two types of HIV:</strong> HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is considered the predominant type, representing the vast majority of infections worldwide, while HIV-2 is far less common and primarily concentrated in the west and central African regions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Researchers used a tailored method of the next-generation <strong>genome sequencing</strong> technology to identify the new subtype. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-sequencing-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genome sequencing</strong></a> is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome. It figures out the <strong>order of DNA nucleotides, or bases, in a genome,</strong> i.e, the order of Adenine, Cytosine, Guanines, and Thymine that make up an organism's DNA.</li>
<li>The technology is helping scientists to stay one step ahead of mutating viruses and avoid a new pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Group M viruses</strong> are responsible for the <strong>global pandemic-</strong> which can be traced back to the Democratic Republic of Congo in Sub-Saharan Africa.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Human Immunodeficiency Virus- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>HIV is a type of <strong>retrovirus.</strong> The combination of drugs used to treat it is called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hiv-aids-outreach" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Antiretroviral Therapy (ART).</strong></a></li>
<li>HIV attacks <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-fund-for-aids-tb-and-malaria" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CD4-a type of White Blood Cell (T-cells)</strong></a> in the body&rsquo;s immune system.</li>
<li>It is transmitted from person to person <strong>through bodily fluids,</strong> including <strong>blood, semen, vaginal secretions, anal fluids, and breast milk.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/hiv-new-hope" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Statistics in India:</strong></a> The total number of people living with HIV was estimated at 21.40 lakh in 2017. India witnessed over 87,000 new cases in 2017 and saw a decline of 85% compared to 1995.</li>
<li><strong>World AIDS Day</strong> is observed on <strong>1<sup>st</sup> December.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/first-time-in-two-decades-new-hiv-subtype-found-by-genetic-sequencing-6108825/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-subtype-of-hiv-discovered'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Cyclone Bulbul',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-warming-trends" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong></a> has issued an <strong>orange alert</strong> in Indian states of <strong>West Bengal and Odisha</strong> over <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-idai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyclone</strong></a> <strong>Bulbul in the Bay of Bengal.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>depression</strong> over the <strong>east-central and southeast Bay of Bengal and North Andaman Sea</strong> has turned into a <strong>severe cyclonic storm.</strong></li>
<li>The landfall of the cyclone is expected between <strong>Sagar Islands (West Bengal)</strong> and <strong>Khepupara (Bangladesh).</strong></li>
<li>The cyclone <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-daye" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>has been named</strong></a> by <strong>Pakistan.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573201839_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573201839_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="524" height="136" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cyclone-bulbul-may-trigger-heavy-rain-odisha-government-gears-up/article29911486.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-bulbul'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'India Justice Report, 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>India Justice Report (2019)</strong> prepared by the <strong>Tata Trusts in collaboration with the Centre for Social Justice, Common Cause, and the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative</strong> has been released.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the <strong>first-ever ranking of Indian states </strong>on<strong> justice delivery.</strong></li>
<li>The report has divided states on the basis of the population into two parts:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The large-medium states (Population 1 crore and above)</li>
<li>The small states and Union Territories (Population less than 1 crore)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573200958_Image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573200958_Image3.jpg" width="664" height="321" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Maharashtra</strong> has <strong>topped</strong> the list among <strong>large-medium States</strong> followed by Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, and Haryana.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this category, <strong>Jharkhand, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh</strong> are at the <strong>bottom.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Goa</strong> leads the list of <strong>smaller states</strong> followed by Sikkim and Himachal Pradesh.</li>
<li>The report has been prepared based on <strong>publicly available data of different government entities</strong> on the <strong>four</strong> pillars of<strong> justice delivery &mdash; police, judiciary, prisons, and legal aid.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Each pillar is analyzed through the prism of <strong>budgets, human resources, personnel workload, diversity, infrastructure, and five-year trends.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues with Indian Justice System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vacancies</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On average, the <strong>police</strong> have a vacancy of<strong> 23% (2017),</strong> and the <strong>judiciary</strong> between <strong>20%-40%</strong> across the high courts and lower judiciary.<strong> Gujarat</strong> is the only state to <strong>reduce</strong> vacancies across all <strong>four pillars.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Representation</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>No State/ UT</strong> is able to meet all its <strong>diversity quotas</strong> (ST, SC, and OBC). <strong>Karnataka comes closest to achieve diversity quotas</strong> (missed its SC reservation target by 4%).</li>
<li><strong>Women</strong> are <strong>poorly represented across the Justice system.</strong> They account for 7% of the Police, 10 % of Prison staff and about 26.5 % of all judges in the High Court and subordinate courts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Budgets</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Justice system is affected by<strong> low budget allocations.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>per capita expenditure</strong> on <strong>legal aid</strong> is just <strong>75 paise.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Punjab</strong> is the <strong>only large state</strong> whose police, prison and judiciary expenditures have <strong>increased</strong> at a pace higher than the increase in overall state expenditure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Judicial Pendency</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nationally, at the subordinate court level, <strong>on average</strong> a<strong> case remains pending</strong> for<strong> five years or more.</strong></li>
<li>Only <strong>six states</strong> i.e. Gujarat, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Tripura, Odisha, Lakshadweep, Tamil Nadu, and Manipur <strong>managed to clear as many court cases as were filed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prisons</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Prisons are over-occupied at 114%, where 68% are undertrials awaiting investigation, inquiry or trial.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Judiciary and the government needs to put collaborative effort to plug the gaps in the management of the police, prisons, forensics and the filling up of vacancies.</li>
<li>The efficient Indian Justice System will ensure the implementation of Article 14 (Equality before law), Article 22(1)(Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases) , Article 39(A) (Free legal aid for poor) and Article 21 (Right to protection of life and personal liberty) of the Indian Constitution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will also ensure <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SDG</strong></a> <strong>16</strong> which recognizes the need to &lsquo;provide access to justice for all and to build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provision</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 39A</strong> of the Constitution of India provides that State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disability.</li>
<li><strong>Articles 14 and Article 22(1)</strong> also make it obligatory for the State to ensure equality before the law and a legal system that promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity to all.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-tops-in-justice-delivery/article29912494.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-justice-report-2019'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'BIMSTEC Ports Conclave',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> first-ever BIMSTEC Conclave of Ports</strong> is being held at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh on 7<sup>th</sup> and 8<sup>th</sup> November 2019.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conclave aims at providing a platform to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enhance connectivity</strong> through port-led initiatives,</li>
<li><strong>Strengthen maritime interaction</strong> and ties between the countries,</li>
<li>Explore the possibility of <strong>increasing economic cooperation</strong> by furthering <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-export-policy-unveiled" target="_blank" rel="noopener">EXIM trade</a> and coastal shipping,</strong></li>
<li>Discuss various <strong>investment opportunities and best practices</strong> adopted for enhanced productivity and safety at ports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Three Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) have also been signed between <strong>Ranong Port</strong> (Port Authority of Thailand) and the <strong>Port Trusts of Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, and Kolkata</strong> during the Conclave.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These MoUs form a significant part of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/east-asia-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s Act East Policy.</strong> </a></li>
<li>It will also enhance <strong>economic partnership</strong> by cutting down the sea travel time between India and Thailand from 10- 15 days to 7 days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bay of Bengal Initiatives for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/drishti-specials-important-international-bimstec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BIMSTEC</strong></a> is a<strong> sub-regional organization</strong> that came into being in <strong>1997</strong> through the <strong>Bangkok Declaration.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573200640_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573200640_image2.png" width="212" height="248" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><strong>BIMSTEC</strong> is a 7-member grouping that links five countries from South Asia namely, <strong>Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and Nepal,</strong> and two from South East Asia- <strong>Myanmar, and Thailand.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/india-bimstec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India attaches great importance to BIMSTEC.</strong></a> The Prime Minister of India invited <strong>BIMSTEC</strong> members for his second swearing-in ceremony on 30<sup>th</sup> May 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><strong>Four</strong> BIMSTEC Summits have been held so far- Nepal (in 2018), Myanmar(2014), India (2008) Thailand (2004).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=194347" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: PIB</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bimstec-ports-conclave'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Kalapani Territory',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In the recently released political map of India, after the bifurcation of the state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K) into the Union Territories of J&amp;K and Ladakh, the <strong>Kalapani territory</strong> became the bone of contention between India and Nepal.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the latest political map of India, India reiterated its claims on the region that Nepal considers its own territory in Darchula district. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to India, the historic Kalapani region forms part of the state of <strong>Uttarakhand.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong> Kalapani is a valley that is administered by India as a part of the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand. It is situated on the Kailash Mansarovar route.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Kali River</strong> in the Kalapani region demarcates the border between India and Nepal.</li>
<li>The <strong>Treaty of Sugauli</strong> signed by the <strong>Kingdom of Nepal and British India</strong> (after <strong>Anglo-Nepalese War</strong>) in <strong>1816</strong> located the Kali River as Nepal's western boundary with India. The discrepancy in locating the source of the river led to boundary disputes between India and Nepal, with each country producing maps supporting their own claims.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573196880_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573196880_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="640" height="404" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the recent map issued by the Indian government, the Pakistan-occupied Kashmir forms the part of the newly-created Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, while Gilgit-Baltistan is located in the Union Territory of Ladakh.</li>
<li><strong>Susta area</strong> is one of the disputed territories between <strong>India (Uttar Pradesh) and Nepal</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Susta is located on the bank of the <strong>Gandak river</strong> (called Narayani river in Nepal).</li>
<li>The <strong>change of course by the Gandak river</strong> is the main reason for disputes in the Susta area.</li>
<li>The area is <strong>very fertile for agriculture</strong> because of the <strong>alluvial soil</strong> brought by the river.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kali River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is also known as <strong>Sharda river or Kali Ganga</strong> in Uttarakhand.</li>
<li>It joins <strong>Ghagra river in Uttar Pradesh,</strong> which is a<strong> tributary</strong> of <strong>Ganga.</strong></li>
<li><strong>River Projects: Tanakpur</strong> hydro-electric project, <strong>Chameliya</strong> hydro-electric project, <strong>Sharda Barrage.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/our-map-is-accurate-india-on-kalapani-dispute-with-nepal/article29909793.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kalapani-territory'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Vaccine Hesitancy',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/an-unwanted-booster-dose-for-vaccine-hesitancy/article29902812.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;An unwanted booster dose for vaccine hesitancy&rdquo;</strong></a> that was published in The Hindu on 07/11/2019. It talks about the issue of Vaccine Hesitancy.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the World Health Organization (WHO)</strong></a> in a report held that Vaccine hesitancy is among the<strong> top 10 threats to global health in 2019.</strong></p>
<p>WHO defines Vaccine hesitancy as a <strong>delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccination services.</strong> Vaccine hesitancy has been reported in more than 90% of countries in the world.</p>
<h3>Instances of Vaccine Hesitancy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Globally nearly 4,24,000 children have confirmed measles in 2019, as against a figure of 1,73,000 in the whole of 2018.</li>
<li>In India, poor communities of Uttar Pradesh was reported to have taken <strong>five times low uptake of oral polio vaccine</strong> in the early 2000s.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Reasons for Vaccine Hesitancy</h3>
<p>The main issue with Vaccine hesitancy is <strong>misinformation.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Religious propaganda</strong> that the vaccine may contain microbes, chemicals and animal-derived products which is forbidden by religious laws.</li>
<li><strong>Social media</strong> is used in <strong>stirring fear</strong> in people by falsely blaming vaccines for unrelated diseases is the bedrock of the Vaccine hesitancy all across the globe.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, recently some sections in India are refraining from the polio vaccine. This is due to the misconception that the polio vaccine caused illness, infertility and was ineffective.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vaccine-derived diseases: Oral Polio Vaccines (OPV)</strong> contains weakened but live poliovirus. This virus from the vaccine is excreted by immunized children which can move from one person to another.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This allows the virus to stick around and mutate to a more virulent form, raising the threat of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-initiates-probe-into-type-2-polio-virus-contamination" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inconvenience in accessing vaccines</strong> is also the leading cause of Vaccine hesitancy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits of Vaccine</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to WHO, vaccination <strong>prevents between two-three million deaths each year,</strong> a figure that will rise by <strong>another 1.5 million if vaccine coverage improves.</strong></li>
<li>Vaccination <strong>protects children from serious illness</strong> and complications of vaccine-preventable diseases which can include amputation of an arm or leg, paralysis of limbs, hearing loss, convulsions, brain damage, and death.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A study in 2017 that looked at flu seasons between 2010 and 2014 found that vaccination reduced flu-associated deaths by 65% among healthy children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The vaccine can also <strong>prevent hospitalization</strong> (thereby it can check out of pocket expenditure), reduce the severity of illness and prevent severe, life-threatening complications in children.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p><strong>Practical tips for addressing Vaccine hesitancy in primary care include</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vaccination as the default approach:</strong> Some countries have implemented specific sanctions for Vaccine hesitant families.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>France has made vaccination with 11 vaccines mandatory for children&mdash;unvaccinated children cannot be enrolled at nurseries or schools.</li>
<li>In Australia, parents of children who are not vaccinated are denied the universal Family Allowance welfare payments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Building trust:</strong> Vaccine manufacturer can provide honest information about side effects and reassurance on a robust vaccine safety system.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They can also provide vaccination-related FAQ's, answering questions on benefits, safety, and immunologic aspects of vaccines and links to a number of online resources for physicians and parents.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital Algorithms:</strong> Google, Facebook and other such platforms can be requested to make sure that users only get to see the credible, science-based information about the vaccines.</li>
<li>The <strong>influential person or celebrities</strong> should come forward to dispel the myths leading to Vaccine hesitancy.</li>
</ul>
<p>Vaccine hesitancy is threatening the historical achievements made in reducing the burden of infectious diseases, which have plagued humanity for centuries. A collaborative effort between paediatricians, family doctors, parents, public health officials, governments, the technology sector, and civil society will allow myths and misinformation around vaccination to be dispelled.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 497px; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f4ffd9;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Explains the term Vaccine hesitancy. Also, analyse the reasons for Vaccine hesitancy in India.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'India and Brazil Signed Amended DTAC',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the signing of the Protocol amending the Convention between India and Brazil for the <strong>Double Taxation Avoidance Convention (DTAC).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The amendments aim to implement the recommendations contained in the<strong> G20 OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project (BEPS).</strong></li>
<li>It will also help to streamline the existing DTAC with international standards which will help to provide <strong>tax certainty to investors and businesses</strong> of both countries.</li>
<li>The amending protocol will<strong> augment the flow of investment</strong> through the <strong>lowering of tax rates and fees for technical services.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Double Tax Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-signed-amended-dtaa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DTAA</strong></a> is a <strong>tax treaty</strong> signed between <strong>two or more countries.</strong></li>
<li>Its key objective is that <strong>tax-payers in these countries can avoid being taxed twice for the same income.</strong></li>
<li>It applies in cases where a taxpayer resides in one country and earns income in another.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The relief is provided by exempting income earned abroad from tax in the resident country or providing credit to the extent taxes have already been paid abroad.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It can either be comprehensive to cover all sources of income or be limited to certain areas such as taxing of income from shipping, air transport, inheritance, etc.</li>
<li>DTAAs are intended to make a country an attractive investment destination by providing relief on dual taxation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BEPS is a term used to describe tax planning strategies that exploit mismatches and gaps that exist between the tax rules of different jurisdictions.</li>
<li>It minimizes the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gst-council-and-corporate-tax" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>corporation tax</strong></a> that is payable overall, by either making tax profits &lsquo;disappear&rsquo; or shift profits to low tax jurisdictions where it is little or no genuine activity.</li>
<li>BEPS takes advantage of different tax rules operating in different jurisdictions.</li>
<li>BEPS is of major significance for developing countries due to their heavy reliance on corporate income tax, particularly from multinational enterprises (MNEs).</li>
<li>The BEPS initiative is an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>OECD</strong></a> initiative, approved by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20</strong></a>, to identify ways of providing more standardized tax rules globally.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2013, OECD and G20 countries adopted a <strong>15-point Action Plan</strong> to address <strong>BEPS.</strong></li>
<li>The OECD/G20 BEPS Project aims to create a single set of consensus-based international tax rules to address BEPS, and hence to protect tax bases.</li>
<li>In 2016, the OECD and G20 established an <strong>Inclusive Framework on BEPS.</strong> Over 100 countries and jurisdictions have joined the Inclusive Framework.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Difference Between Convention, Agreement, and Protocol</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Agreement:</strong> It is a negotiated and usually<strong> legally enforceable</strong> understanding between two or more legally competent parties.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A binding contract can (and often does) result from an agreement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Convention:</strong> It is a <strong>formal agreement</strong> between States. These are normally open for participation of a large number of States.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The generic term &lsquo;convention&rsquo; is thus synonymous with the generic term &lsquo;treaty&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protocol:</strong> A protocol is an agreement that <strong>negotiators</strong> formulate and sign <strong>as the basis for a final convention or treaty.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1590688" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Core Investment Companies',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A working group formed by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> has recommended measures to strengthen Core Investment Companies (CIC). The group is headed by the former Corporate Affairs Secretary -<strong> Tapan Ray.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Core Investment Companies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Core Investment Companies (CICs) are a <strong>specialized</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/shadow-banking-and-the-crisis-in-the-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs).</strong></a></li>
<li>A Core Investment Company registered with the RBI has an <strong>asset size of above Rs 100 crore.</strong></li>
<li>Their <strong>main business</strong> is <strong>acquisition of shares and securities</strong> with certain conditions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For e.g. these <strong>should not hold less than 90% of its net assets</strong> in the form of investment in equity shares, preference shares, bonds, debentures, debt or loans in <strong>group companies.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Group companies</strong> are an arrangement involving two or more entities related to each other through any of the following relationships, viz.,subsidiary, joint venture, associate, promoter-promotee for listed companies, a related party, common brand name, and investment in equity shares of 20% and above.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Registration:</strong> The current threshold of Rs 100 crore asset size and access to public funds for registration as CIC should be retained.</li>
<li><strong>Related to Group Companies:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Every group having a CIC should have a <strong>Group Risk Management Committee.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>number of layers</strong> of CICs in a group should be restricted to two. As such, any CIC within a group shall not make investments through more than a total of two layers of CICs, including itself.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The word &ldquo;layer&rdquo;, means subsidiary or subsidiaries of the holding company.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Better Governance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CICs need to induct independent directors, conduct internal audits and prepare consolidated financial statements.</li>
<li>There is a need for ring fencing boards of CICs by excluding employees/executive directors of group firms from its board.</li>
<li>CICs should constitute board-level committees &mdash; Audit Committee, Nomination and Remuneration Committee and Group Risk Management Committee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Step - down CICs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A Step-down CIC means the subsidiary company of a company which is a subsidiary of another company.</li>
<li>Step-down CICs may not be permitted to invest in any other CIC, while allowing them to invest freely in other group companies.</li>
<li>Capital contribution by a CIC in a step-down CIC, over and above 10% of its owned funds, should be deducted from its adjusted net worth, as applicable to other NBFCs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/core-investment-firms-rbi-panel-calls-for-tighter-governance-norms-6107011/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'NEERI-IndAIR',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific Industrial Research</strong></a>-<strong>National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI)</strong> recently launched the country&rsquo;s <strong>first interactive online repository</strong> named as <strong>IndAIR (Indian Air quality Studies Interactive Repository).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> aim</strong> of the project is <strong>to make air quality research available to everyone.</strong> It presents these studies in an easily <strong>accessible web format</strong> for the media, researchers, and academics.</li>
<li>It is the first comprehensive effort to enlist existing Indian research and analysis on air pollution, its causes and effects.</li>
<li>IndAIR has archived scanned documents from pre-Internet times (1950-1999), research articles, reports and case studies, and over 2,000 statutes to provide the history of air pollution research and legislation in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It includes all major legislations in the country dating back to 1905.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NEERI received support from institutions such as the National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), BARC and National Archives of India (NAI). Institutions such as TERI, MoEFCC, and CPCB also partnered with NEERI for the project.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573116092_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573116092_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="633" height="234" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research- National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>CSIR-NEERI</strong> is a research institute created and funded by the Government of India. It functions under the <strong>Ministry of Science &amp; Technology.</strong></li>
<li>It was established in Nagpur in 1958 with focus on water supply, sewage disposal,communicable diseases and to some extent on industrial pollution and occupational diseases found common in post-independent India.</li>
<li>CSIR has 38 national laboratories working in various areas of science and technology. CSIR-NEERI is one of those laboratories.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/online-repository-set-up-to-compile-research-on-air-quality-in-country-6107297/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Thiruvalluvar',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>Recently, ancient saint Thiruvalluvar has been in the news because of a political issue in Tamil Nadu.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Thiruvalluvar, also called Valluvar, was a Tamil poet-saint.</li>
<li>The period when he lived is debated, as is his religious identity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He is believed to have lived between 3rd-4th century or 8th-9th century.</li>
<li>He is thought to be linked to Jainism. However, Hindus have also claimed that Thiruvalluvar belonged to hinduism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Dravidian groups also count him as a saint, as he dismissed the caste system.</li>
<li>He had contributed the <strong>Tirukkural or &lsquo;Kural&rsquo;</strong> to the <strong>Sangam literature</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Tirukkural is comprised of 133 sections of 10 couplets each is divided into three books: Aram (virtue), Porul (government and society), and Kamam (love).</strong></li>
<li>The Tirukkural has been compared to the great books of the world&rsquo;s major religions.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sangam Literature</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The word &lsquo;Sangam&rsquo; is the Tamil form of the Sanskrit word <strong>Sangha</strong> which means a group of persons or an association.</li>
<li>The Tamil Sangam was an <strong>academy of poets</strong> who flourished in three different periods and in different places under the patronage of the <strong>Pandyan kings</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>Sangam literature</strong> which was largely consolidated from the <strong>third Sangam</strong>, throws information on conditions of life of people around the beginning of the Christian era.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It deals with the <strong>secular matter</strong> relating to the public and social activities like government, war charity, trade, worship, agriculture, etc.</li>
<li>Sangam literature consists of the earliest Tamil works (such as the <strong>Tolkappiyam</strong>), the ten poems <strong>(Pattupattu)</strong>, the eight anthologies <strong>(Ettutogai)</strong> and the eighteen minor works <strong>(Padinenkilkanakku)</strong>&nbsp;and the three epics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-thiruvalluvar-matters-in-tamil-nadu-and-the-debate-over-his-history-6110707/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></p>',
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		'title' => 'National Highway-766',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Kerala Legislative Assembly has passed a resolution demanding the Union government to lift the travel restrictions on National Highway-766 (NH-766).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The night travel on the forest stretch of NH-766 , passing through the Bandipur National Park is banned since 2009 to <strong>protect wildlife in the area</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>NH-766</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573289111_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573289111_image3.jpg" width="353" height="369" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It connects Karnataka and Kerala that passes through the Bandipur Tiger Reserve in Karnataka.</li>
<li>It was declared a <strong>national highway in 1989</strong>, then named NH 212, and later renamed NH 766.</li>
<li>It serves as a&nbsp;<strong>survival route</strong>&nbsp;for the people of Wayanad as the place&nbsp;<strong>lacks rail and water connectivity</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bandipur National Park</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is part of interconnected forests that include Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu), Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala) and Nagarhole National Park (Karnataka).</li>
<li>It has the <strong>second-highest tiger population in India </strong>after<strong> Pench Tiger Reserve</strong>(<strong>Madhya Pradesh).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh</strong> has the<strong> highest</strong> number of tigers <strong>followed by Karnataka</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/lift-travel-curbs-on-nh-766-says-kerala/article29925880.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Overseas Citizenship of India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Kartarpur Corridor is accessible to the Persons of Indian origin holding the Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) card.</p>
<h3>Overseas Citizenship of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> defines an OCI as a person who:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Was a citizen of India on or after 26<sup>th</sup> January 1950; or</li>
<li>Was eligible to become a citizen of India on 26th January 1950; or</li>
<li>Is a child or grandchild of such a person, among other eligibility criteria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to <strong>Section 7A of the OCI card rules</strong>, an applicant is not eligible for the OCI card if he, his parents or grandparents have ever been a citizen of Pakistan or Bangladesh.</li>
<li>The category was <strong>introduced by the government in 2005</strong>. The Government of India via Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2015 merged the Person of Indian Origin (PIO) category with OCI category in 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits to OCI Cardholders</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OCI cardholders can <strong>enter India multiple times</strong>, get a multipurpose lifelong visa to visit India, and are exempt from registering with Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO).</li>
<li>If an individual is registered as an OCI for a period of five years, he/she is <strong>eligible to apply for Indian citizenship</strong>.</li>
<li>At all Indian international airports, OCI cardholders are provided with <strong>special immigration counters</strong>.</li>
<li>OCI cardholders can open special bank accounts in India, buy the non-farm property and exercise ownership rights and can also apply for a Permanent Account Number (PAN) card.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limitations</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OCI cardholders <strong>do not get voting rights, cannot hold a government job</strong> and purchase agricultural or farmland.</li>
<li>They cannot travel to restricted areas without government permission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Constitution deals with citizenship from <strong>Articles 5 to 11 under Part II</strong>. However, it contains neither any permanent nor any elaborate provisions in this regard.</li>
<li>It only <strong>identifies the persons who became citizens of India</strong> on 26<sup>th</sup> January 1950 (i.e. when the Constitution commenced).</li>
<li>It empowers the Parliament to enact a law to provide for <strong>matters relating to citizenship</strong>. Accordingly, the Parliament has enacted the <strong>Citizenship Act, 1955</strong>, which has been recently amended in 2015.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Person of Indian Origin</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A Person of Indian Origin (PIO) means a <strong>foreign citizen</strong> (except a national of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, Iran, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Nepal)<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Who at any time held an Indian passport or</li>
<li>Who or either of their parents/ grandparents/ great grandparents were born and permanently resident in India as defined in Government of India Act, 1935 and other territories that became part of India thereafter or</li>
<li>Who is a spouse of a citizen of India or a PIO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>PIO category was <strong>merged with OCI category in 2015</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-this-word-means-overseas-citizen-of-india-6110730/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/overseas-citizenship-of-india'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Dhrupad',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in news?</h3>
<p><strong>Padma Shri awardee</strong> and renowned <strong>Dhrupad vocalist Ramakant Gundecha</strong> passed away in Bhopal.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The word Dhrupad is derived from <strong>Dhruva</strong>, the steadfast <strong>evening star</strong> that moves through the galaxy, and Pada meaning poetry.</li>
<li>Traditionally, the dhrupad style of singing was performed with a <strong>tanpura </strong>and<strong> pakhawaj</strong>.</li>
<li>The lyrics sung in Dhrupad are in a medieval form of <strong>Hindi</strong> and typically <strong>heroic in theme</strong>, or <strong>praise of a particular deity</strong>.</li>
<li>It is a form of <strong>devotional music</strong> that traces its origin to the ancient text of <strong>Samveda</strong>.</li>
<li>One significant characteristic of Dhrupad is the emphasis on <strong>maintaining the purity</strong> of the Raga.</li>
<li>Hindustani classical music is primarily vocal-centric. The primary vocal forms associated with Hindustani music are the <strong>Khayal, Ghazal, Dhrupad, Dhammar, Tarana </strong>and<strong> Thumri</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/younger-of-gundecha-brothers-he-aimed-at-reviving-dhrupad-6110766/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dhrupad'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Fordow Nuclear Facility',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573287139_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573287139_image2.jpg" width="541" height="304" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Why in news?</h3>
<p>Recently, Iran resumed uranium enrichment at its underground Fordow plant located near Tehran.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant (FFEP)</strong> is Iran's second pilot enrichment plant (the first is the Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant at <strong>Natanz</strong>). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The site was originally a tunnel facility associated with Iran's paramilitary organization, <strong>the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC)</strong> and is located buried in a mountain near the city of <strong>Qom</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The recent move of Iran is a step away from the agreement it signed in 2015 with a group of world powers to limit its nuclear activity in exchange for sanctions relief.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2015, Iran, with the P5+1 group of world powers - the <strong>US, UK, France, China, Russia&nbsp;</strong>and<strong> Germany</strong> agreed on a long-term deal on its nuclear programme.</li>
<li>The deal was named as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/us-reimposes-sanctions-on-iran" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)</a>, also known as <strong>Iran Nuclear Deal</strong>.</li>
<li>Under the JCPOA, Iran agreed to limit its nuclear activities by stopping uranium enrichment and allowing the international agencies to inspect its nuclear facilities in return for the lifting of economic sanctions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In May 2018, the <strong>US pulled out of Iran Nuclear Deal</strong> and it <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/us-reimposes-sanctions-on-iran" target="_blank" rel="noopener">imposed sanctions on Iran and nations</a> doing the significant amount of trade with Iran.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/iran-resumes-uranium-enrichment-at-fordow-plant/article29912336.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fordow-nuclear-facility'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Declining Maternal Mortality Ratio in India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India&rsquo;s MMR has declined from <strong>130 per 1 lakh live births in 2014-2016</strong> to <strong>122 per 1 lakh live births in 2015-2017</strong> as per the recently released <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/population-explosion-and-fertility-rates" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sample Registration System (SRS)</a></strong> <strong>2015-2017 bulletin for MMR</strong>. A <strong>decline</strong> of <strong>8 points (6.2%)</strong> has been observed.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This indicates that a loss of 2000 maternal deaths per year has been prevented.</li>
<li>The bulletin categorizes the country into <strong>three</strong> groups: <strong>Empowered Action Group (EAG), Southern States and other states.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Maternal Mortality Ratio</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MMR is the annual number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.</li>
<li>Maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy.</li>
<li>It is a key performance indicator for efforts to improve the health and safety of mothers before, during, and after childbirth.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573286780_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573286780_image1.jpg" width="739" height="341" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Statewise Progress:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kerala</strong> secures the <strong>first</strong> position in MMR reduction (from 46 to 42), followed by <strong>Maharashtra&nbsp;</strong>(from 61 to 55) and <strong>Tamil Nadu&nbsp;</strong>(from 66 to 63).</li>
<li><strong>Karnataka</strong> has shown the <strong>highest percentage decline in MMR</strong>.</li>
<li>The decline has been most significant in <strong>EAG States</strong> from 188 to 175. Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan, UP, Uttarakhand and Assam fall under EAG States group.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The independent MMR</strong> data of Jharkhand (76), Chhattisgarh (141) and Uttarakhand (89) has been released for the <strong>first time</strong> in the SRS 2015-2017 bulletin.</li>
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh</strong> have shown an <strong>increase</strong> by 15 points each in MMR.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>So far,&nbsp;<strong>11 states</strong> have <strong>achieved</strong> the <strong>National Health Policy target of MMR</strong> well ahead of 2020. The National Health Policy aims to reduce Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) to 1/1000 live births.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Declining MMR</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Focus on quality and coverage of health services through <strong>public health initiatives</strong> have contributed majorly to the decline. Some of these initiatives are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/laqshya-labour-room-quality-improvement-initiative">LaQshya</a>,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Poshan Abhiyan</a>,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Janani Suraksha Yojana</a>,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan</a>,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana</a>,</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The implementation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aspirational District Programme</strong></a> and inter-sectoral action has helped to reach the most <strong>marginalized and vulnerable population</strong>.</li>
<li>Recently launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-council-of-health-and-family-welfare-conference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan Initiative (SUMAN)</strong></a> especially focuses on <strong>zero preventable maternal and newborn deaths</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p>The continuous progress in reducing the MMR will help the country to achieve the <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SDG</a> 3</strong> target of&nbsp;<strong>MMR below 70 by 2030</strong>.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maternal-death-rate-declining-report/article29925365.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/declining-maternal-mortality-ratio-in-india'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Case Study - 24: National Security and Honey Trapping',
		'catname' => 'Ethics Case Studies',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>You are a senior officer at an intelligence agency working for the internal security of the nation. You find out that a junior officer has been a victim of honey trapping through social media. In all of this, his phone was hacked and confidential files were leaked.&nbsp;</strong></p>
<p><strong>The entire department has come together and wants you to take strict action against that officer for his behavior. That junior officer is highly skilled and a valuable asset for the organisation. He is also very close to you as you have mentored him throughout and he also respects you a lot. Moreover, any action against him might attract media attention and bring a bad repute to the organisation at large.</strong></p>
<p><strong>(A) What are the ethical issues involved and the options available to you in such a situation?&nbsp;</strong></p>
<p><strong>(B) Also, suggest a course of action you would like to follow.</strong></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Solution</strong></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #3971e3; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Facts of the case</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #3971e3; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Stakeholders involved</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 155px;">
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #e3fcff; vertical-align: top; height: 155px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Junior officer honey trapped.</li>
<li>Confidential information leaked.</li>
<li>Department wants strict action.</li>
<li>Officer is highly skilled and valuable asset.</li>
<li>Close personal relations with him.</li>
<li>Media attention might bring bad repute to the organization.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; background-color: #e3fcff; vertical-align: top; height: 155px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Junior officer</li>
<li>Intelligence organization</li>
<li>Self (senior officer)</li>
<li>Media</li>
<li>Civil society organizations</li>
<li>Government</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573212237_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573212237_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="513" height="327" /></a></p>
<h3>Ethical issues involved</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Human emotions:</strong> Officers, despite being trained to adhere to confidentiality norms, are tricked by spies for gaining sensitive information. This shows the vulnerability of human emotions which can be a risk to national security.</li>
<li><strong>Breach of trust:</strong> Such incidents erode people&rsquo;s trust on intelligence agencies for upholding national security.</li>
<li><strong>Empathy towards colleagues:</strong> Close personal relations with the junior officer and his meritocracy might hinder taking strict action against him.</li>
<li><strong>Media scrutiny:</strong> Risk of defamation of officers before proper investigation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Options available</h3>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.96829%; text-align: center; background-color: #3971e3; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Options</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: center; background-color: #3971e3; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Merits</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: center; background-color: #3971e3; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Demerits</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 111px;">
<td style="width: 3.96829%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px; background-color: #f2e8fa;">
<p>1.</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 29.3651%; height: 111px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f2e8fa;">
<p><strong>Taking strict action against the junior officer.</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 111px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f2e8fa;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Adhering to professional duty.</li>
<li>Upholding national security as supreme.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 111px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f2e8fa;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Loss of valuable asset to the organization.</li>
<li>May bring bad repute to the organization.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 133px;">
<td style="width: 3.96829%; vertical-align: top; height: 133px; background-color: #f2e8fa;">
<p>2.</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 29.3651%; height: 133px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f2e8fa;">
<p><strong>Giving warning without any strict punishment.</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 133px; vertical-align: top; background-color: #f2e8fa;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Upholding the morale of the officer.</li>
<li>Opportunity to expose other incidences of honey trapping.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 133px; background-color: #f2e8fa; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Setting wrong precedent for the future.</li>
<li>Risk of further information leakage.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Option (1) seems to be the suitable choice as national security and professional ethics precede personal relations and empathy with the junior officer.</p>
<h3>Course of action</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Following Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) and forming an investigation team for fact finding. Estimating the impact of the information leak should be the utmost priority.</li>
<li>Temporarily suspending the junior officer and taking into custody all his digital media access.</li>
<li>Reporting to higher authorities so that suitable action can be initiated at an appropriate level. Taking help from cyber security expert team to identify any other similar cases.</li>
<li>Addressing media so as to handle the case with integrity and professional ethics considering the sensitivity of the issue.</li>
<li>Taking long term measures like organizing training camps regarding honey trapping and cyber security for officers posted at high risk areas.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per Hindu mythology, Shri Krishna advised Arjuna that one should not escape his <em><strong>&lsquo;dharma&rsquo;.</strong></em> Arjuna&rsquo;s duty is to be a warrior and to do what is right and just, even if it means fighting with his own brothers.</li>
<li>Similarly, the duty of the senior officer is to take the right decision even if it means punishing the most talented mentee. National security and people&rsquo;s trust in the organization should be the foremost priority of any officer.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/ethics/case-studies/case-study-24-national-security-and-honey-trapping'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Case Study - 23: Personal relations vs Ethical values',
		'catname' => 'Ethics Case Studies',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>Pawan is pursuing MBA and shares a room with you in the private hostel. He desperately needs a job after completing his course because of educational loan and weak economic background. In his last two semesters, he couldn&rsquo;t secure good grades due to serious illness. In current semester he has to secure good marks at any cost to satisfy minimum criteria for placements.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Few days before the final semester exam, he comes to you and asks for money. He is stressed and nervous. He tells you about his plan to purchase semester papers to clear the exam and convinces you for the same by giving reference to his bad health, family status and his education loan.</strong></p>
<p><strong>In such circumstances, would it be right to lend money to him?</strong></p>
<p><strong>(a) Identify the moral dilemma faced by you.</strong></p>
<p><strong>(b) Analyse your role and duties as a friend, also suggest your course of action.</strong></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Solution</strong></p>
<p>The given case tests the ability of a person to stick to the <strong>right means</strong> even in difficult circumstances in life. One needs to balance his role as a true friend by making Pawan realize his mistake and simultaneously helping him in other ways.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong>Facts of the case</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pawan&rsquo;s weak economic background, bad health and family responsibilities.</li>
<li>Good grades needed to satisfy minimum criteria for placements</li>
<li>Asked for money to purchase semester papers.</li>
<li>Stress and nervousness due to fear of failure.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong>Stakeholders involved</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pawan</li>
<li>His family</li>
<li>College staff (faculty, placement committee, etc)</li>
<li>Self (Pawan&rsquo;s roommate)</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong>Values involved</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Integrity</li>
<li>Honesty</li>
<li>Fear</li>
<li>Courage</li>
<li>Fortitude</li>
<li>Empathy</li>
<li>Moral righteousness</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><em><strong>a) Moral dilemmas faced:</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Means v/s Ends:</strong> Taking incorrect means of giving Pawan the money to buy the semester papers to attain the ends of getting good grades which would allow him to sit for placements.</li>
<li><strong>Social obligation v/s moral righteousness:</strong> Supporting one&rsquo;s friend in need or adhering to one&rsquo;s conscience by not giving him money.</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>b) Roles and duties as a friend:</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A true friend is one who <strong>shows the right path.</strong> He is one who not only tells &lsquo;what is&rsquo; rather &lsquo;what ought to be&rsquo;. Hence, he is a true friend, philosopher and guide for lifetime.</li>
<li>He shows the <strong>emotional support, empathy, trust, and mutual cooperation</strong> in the hardest of times.</li>
<li><strong>He encourages and motivates</strong> others and imbibes <strong>confidence</strong> in them so that the hidden talent and capabilities can be revived.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 31px; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"></td>
<td style="width: 177px; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Course of action</strong></td>
<td style="width: 345px; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Merit</strong></td>
<td style="width: 335px; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Demerit</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 140px;">
<td style="width: 31px; height: 75px; vertical-align: top;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 177px; height: 75px; vertical-align: top;">Knowing and understanding Pawan&rsquo;s condition</td>
<td style="width: 345px; height: 75px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will help him chance to explain his situation.</li>
<li>He may even realize his own mistakes.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 335px; height: 75px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will give him opportunity to lie and mould facts.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 165px;">
<td style="width: 31px; height: 24px; vertical-align: top;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 177px; height: 24px; vertical-align: top;">Denying him money to purchase papers and motivating him to study hard.</td>
<td style="width: 345px; height: 24px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>His fear of failure can be removed.</li>
<li>Upholding his moral conscience will make him more productive at work.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 335px; height: 24px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He may flunk in exam and may not get a job.</li>
<li>He may not be able to repay his bank loans.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 31px; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 177px; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">Helping him in studies by making available required notes, books, etc.</td>
<td style="width: 345px; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It may imbibe confidence in him that he can pass without cheating.</li>
<li>Relieving him nervousness and pressure.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 335px; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He may not cope up with the pressure.</li>
<li>He may become habitual of other&rsquo;s help and ease of access to resources.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 74px;">
<td style="width: 31px; vertical-align: top; height: 74px;">4.</td>
<td style="width: 177px; vertical-align: top; height: 74px;">Taking help from faculty, placement committee, etc.</td>
<td style="width: 345px; vertical-align: top; height: 74px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Teachers may provide him extra classes considering his situation.</li>
<li>Placement committee may relax the minimum criterion for all students, once majority of candidates are placed.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 335px; vertical-align: top; height: 74px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Setting wrong precedent for future.</li>
<li>College staff may show empathy with him.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As suggested by Gandhiji, we always have control over the means but not over the end. As quoted in his book &lsquo;Hind Swaraj&rsquo;, <em>&ldquo;one should not expect rose flowers by sowing the seeds of Babool.&rdquo;</em> Hence, Pawan should adhere to the correct means by not cheating for the sake of passing the exam.</li>
<li>Also, one can only expect short term gains by following incorrect means. But in the long run, it is always one&rsquo;s righteousness, ideal conduct, and truth which lead to a successful life.</li>
<li>Hence, Pawan should be made to realize that excellence is a way of life and in his long career ahead, it will always be his &lsquo;ethical conduct&rsquo; which would allow him to steer the path towards success.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/ethics/case-studies/case-study-23-personal-relations-vs-ethical-values'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'The Big Picture - Strengthening Parliamentary Institutions',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6791q8XGj_c" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>Recently, <strong>Indian Vice President</strong> pushed for the <strong>Women&rsquo;s Reservation Bill, parliamentary reforms, a code of conduct for lawmakers </strong>and<strong> greater powers to the presiding officer to deal with disruptive legislators.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Vice President, who delivered the <strong>first Arun Jaitley memorial lecture at Delhi University, </strong>also<strong> pitched for a minimum sitting for both Houses in a year and a longer tenure to parliament&rsquo;s standing committees.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Strengthening Parliamentary Institutions</h3>
<p><strong>Ensuring Member Strength</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Members of Parliament should be <strong>present and attend</strong> the sessions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The issue of<strong> lack of Quorum ( 10% of the strength of the Parliament)</strong> should also be addressed. The presence of the members and the time of parliament&rsquo;s settings need to be increased to at least 120-130 days a year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Parliament should be allowed to<strong> function without any disturbances</strong> and everyone should do the assigned functions and duties.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Qualitative Debates and Discussions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>debates and discussions should be value-adding and qualitative. Parliamentary initiatives for value addition</strong> in the members-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Training programs.</li>
<li>Sending them to visit other nations which work on Parliamentary systems and Commonwealth Nations.</li>
<li>Apart from this, MPs need to have time to prepare before the parliamentary sessions. Although there are fixed time slots for this, it is not taken seriously.</li>
<li>Parliament lacks enough support staff to assist the members for performing their duties and responsibilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Election of Candidates</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Political parties should look at the merits of the candidates instead of their winnability.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>quality of debate</strong> depends on the <strong>members nominated by the political parties</strong> for elections and then the elected members.</li>
<li>Winnability is the final determining factor in the election process but the <strong>background, merit and the credibility of the contester should be given the utmost priority.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>MPs should be incentivised to actively take part</strong> in the proceedings of the parliament and <strong>the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/whip-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">whip system</a></strong> should be done away with for trivial issues giving more space to the different perspectives of the MPs. It should be used only for very important issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Women&rsquo;s Reservation Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At present, <strong>women&rsquo;s representation in Parliament is 13% only.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Geeta Mukherjee Committee&rsquo;s</strong> report which was presented in <strong>1996</strong> talked about it and in <strong>2010, the Bill was passed</strong> in the <strong>Rajya Sabha</strong> but <strong>Lok Sabha did not pass it.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Political parties should come together on a consensual basis and commit</strong> themselves to this issue.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Greater Powers to the Presiding Officer</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>Rajya Sabha, a motion has to be moved</strong> by the agreed members to suspend a member from the proceedings of the house.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Speaker of the Lok Sabha</strong> has the power to <strong>ask or suspend a member</strong> from the proceedings of the house immediately and that change was introduced in <strong>13<sup>th</sup> Lok Sabha (1999-2004) with G.M.C. Balayogi as the Speaker.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Longer tenure for the parliamentary committees</strong> is also suggested to ensure the<strong> capacity building of the members</strong> so that they can hold the government accountable in parliamentary deliberations.</li>
<li><strong>Ensuring MPs&rsquo; awareness of the issues and effective participation in the parliamentary proceedings.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Improving the Law-Making Process</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Some kind of<strong> pre and post-assessment</strong> has to be done to involve all stakeholders adopting a holistic approach.</li>
<li>There is always a <strong>scope for improvement</strong> in lawmaking to <strong>rule out the possibility of decisions which are</strong> not actually needed.</li>
<li><strong>Strong subject-based legislative aids and experts</strong> are needed to strengthen the law-making process. It will give parliamentarians an <strong>extra added advantage</strong> and the <strong>laws will be more useful and targeted.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>parliamentary whip itself needs to be looked differently,</strong> allowing members dissent from within. It will <strong>allow the incorporation of multiple ideas to the law-making process</strong> and will enrich it.</li>
<li>Parliament has to play equal roles at the <strong>pre-legislative part of the law-making process and the post-legislative impact assessment or post-legislative scrutiny.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Legislative Impact Assessment</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A detailed framework for pre and post Legislative Impact Assessment was needed.</li>
<li>Every legislative proposal must incorporate a detailed account of the social, economic, environmental and administrative impact of any law or legislation for wider awareness and subsequent legal assessment.</li>
<li>A new Legislation Committee of Parliament to oversee and coordinate legislative planning should be constituted.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Role of Parliamentary Committees</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Parliament has<strong> time constraints</strong> whereas<strong> parliamentary committees have no such time constraints</strong> as they work throughout the year.</li>
<li>Parliament needs to<strong> utilise the time and resources of these committees.</strong></li>
<li>Parliament which is an <strong>accountability institution</strong> of the government needs resources and <strong>top-notch research</strong> not only for the members but for the committee also.</li>
<li>Committees need<strong> subject-specific resources and research so expert panels should be provided</strong> to them.</li>
<li>It should be ensured that the <strong>entire lifecycle of the legislature is scrutinised.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Political parties</strong> also have to play an <strong>active role in guiding the legislators.</strong> It should <strong>bear the responsibility of informing the legislative agenda far before the session</strong> begins to give ample time to the members to participate.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Role of Political Parties in Ensuring Code of Conduct in the Legislature</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government can <strong>draft</strong> a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/model-code-of-conduct-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> code of conduct</strong></a> <strong>for the members</strong> of Parliament and circulate it among the political parties. It should be then <strong>finalised on a consensus-based mechanism.</strong></li>
<li>Current code of conduct should be <strong>formally established and strict actions must be taken on violations.</strong></li>
<li>Being the representatives of the public, <strong>MPs should abide by their expectations</strong> which are formulated into the code of conduct.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Although parliamentarians signed documents on code of conduct on the occasion of <strong>50 years of Independence (1997)</strong>, they did not work for long.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The issue is <strong>not just about the procedure and practice</strong> but <strong>also about politics</strong> which is equally important and needs to be responsible.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ideas have to be institutionalised</strong> and put into actions.</li>
<li><strong>Parliament&rsquo;s sitting mechanism could be changed to a longer one</strong> instead of three sessions to save it from wasting time in the starting and ending processes.</li>
<li>Once the <strong>problem</strong> is found out, it is <strong>easy to identify and list the solution</strong> which should be done as soon as possible.</li>
<li>Strengthening the backbone of parliament, parliamentary secretariat, research and individual MPs&rsquo; capacities will help in overall strong structure and governance.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-strengthening-parliamentary-institutions'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'How Markets Can Serve Climate',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/how-markets-can-serve-climate-conference-madrid-paris-agreement-6108636/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;How markets can serve climate&rsquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 08/11/2019. It talks about the ways in which the markets can contribute in solving climate change problem through the Clean Development Mechanism.</p>
</div>
<p>The <strong>United Nations Climate Change Conference, 2019</strong>&nbsp;which will be held in <strong>Madrid, Spain</strong> in <strong>December, </strong>has the challenge of deciding how markets can be deployed to deal with climate change. Also known as <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cop24" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Conference of the Parties</strong></a> <strong>(COP),</strong> it is the <strong>25<sup>th</sup> UN Climate Change Conference (COP25).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Clean Development Mechanism (CDM),</span>&nbsp;a product of the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Kyoto Protocol,</span>&nbsp;is one such market instrument that can help the industry as well as climate. Along with&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">China and Brazil, India is a leader in CDM.&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>The situation may change in 2021 when market mechanisms mandated under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/co2-level-hit-record-high" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a> come into operation.</li>
<li>CDM has <strong>provided financial support</strong> to a lot of energy efficiency and renewable energy projects in India, which have been set up in the last two decades.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Clean Development Mechanism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It allows emission-reduction projects in developing countries to earn Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2.</li>
<li>The CDM is the main source of income for the UNFCCC Adaptation Fund. The Adaptation Fund is financed by a 2% levy on CERs issued by the CDM.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adaptation Fund (AF) was established under the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 and has committed US$ 532 million to climate adaptation and resilience activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under CDM,&nbsp;<strong>CER units are&nbsp;</strong><strong>issued</strong> by the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNFCCC </a></strong>which is the&nbsp;global administrator of Kyoto mechanisms.<strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Kyoto Protocol</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 and entered into force in 2005.</li>
<li>The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP-7 in Marrakesh, in 2001, and are referred to as the Marrakesh Accords.</li>
<li>Its first commitment period started in the year 2008 and ended in 2012.</li>
<li>Kyoto Protocol Phase-1 (2005-12) gave the target of cutting down emissions by 5%.</li>
<li>Phase- 2 (2013-20) gave the target of reducing emissions by at least 18% by the industrialized countries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Opposition from developed countries:</strong> Most developed countries are strongly opposed to permitting the carryover of CDM projects and their credits into the Paris Pact&rsquo;s mechanisms. It has been argued that:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CDM has failed to demonstrate environmental benefits in addition to the normal exchange of carbon credits or providing technological benefits.</li>
<li>CDM's transition to new mechanisms will have adverse impacts on carbon prices and investor sentiments in future markets.</li>
<li>Double-counting of could compromise global ambition on reducing Green House Gas emissions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Double-Counting</strong></p>
<p>In the context of climate change mitigation, double counting is widely used to describe situations where a single greenhouse gas emission reduction or removal is used more than once to demonstrate compliance with mitigation targets. Double counting becomes prominent where multiple mitigation mechanisms overlap over sources or sinks and when emission reductions are transferred among entities subject to mitigation targets and accounted towards them.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>demand in the European Union,</strong> which has been the <strong>largest market for CDM credits,</strong> has <strong>declined sharply</strong> over the last decade because of regulatory barriers.&nbsp;</li>
<li>The<strong> credits lying unsold</strong> with the CDM projects <strong>could lose their economic worth. </strong></li>
<li>Also, the CDM projects will have to go through the <strong>process of validation and registration again</strong> with the new mechanism. This will involve <strong>additional financial and administrative costs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India might lose substantially</strong> if the doors on the <strong>existing CDM projects and credits are closed in 2020.&nbsp;</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The number of <strong>CDM projects registered in India</strong> is <strong>1,376 (out of total 7,979 globally)</strong> and <strong>89%</strong> of these projects are active.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The question of the <strong>impact of CDM on global environmental integrity</strong> is very important.&nbsp;Environmental integrity is an objective of the market mechanisms under the Paris Agreement.&nbsp;It is influenced by four main factors-
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Robust accounting</li>
<li>Quality of units, as issued by the underlying mechanism</li>
<li>Ambition and scope of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/co2-level-hit-record-high" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nationally Determined Contribution</strong></a> target</li>
<li>Incentives or disincentives for future mitigation action</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>pragmatic assessment of possible gains and losses</strong> from competing approaches to CDM transition into new mechanisms is the need of the hour.</li>
<li>The <strong>full-scale transition of CDM credits</strong> will <strong>not flood the market and lead to deterioration in the carbon prices</strong> in future markets instead <strong>more than 60%</strong> of the credits may be <strong>used fully even before 2022.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>demand from airline operators</strong> to meet commitments under the <strong>Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA which addresses the increase in total CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from international aviation above 2020 levels) </strong>is<strong> very high.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>CDM project proponents should be <strong>free to choose available cost-effective technologies</strong> as long as the objective of emission reductions is achieved.</li>
<li>CDM projects should not be judged only on the <strong>criterion of technology</strong> but the <strong>investments and ability to overcome market barriers</strong> should also be considered.</li>
<li>India should <strong>strategise to ensure </strong>that it <strong>does not get shut out of the CORSIA market</strong> even as <strong>ICAO enlarges the source of supplies from other countries.</strong></li>
<li>Countries which are having stakes in CDM should <strong>try to negotiate with ICAO for long-term use of credits originating.</strong></li>
<li>In project/programme-based mechanisms, countries should make <strong>arrangements to prevent double-counting of emission reduction units in their national accounts.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>It is time that India <strong>rethinks the relationship between the project/programme-based emission reduction units and the national pool of emission reductions</strong> so as to establish a firm basis for access to future carbon markets. CDM has been a <strong>useful source of finance to industry and India may build a viable domestic carbon market in future</strong> on the foundations of industry interest as well as environmental protection.&nbsp;<strong>Policies and principles should not be applied uniformly</strong> to developed and developing countries if sustainable development is desired.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0303; background-color: #fff6c7;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />How can the market play an important role in solving the climate change crisis? Explain.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/how-markets-can-serve-climate'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Exercise Samudra Shakti',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3 style="text-align: left;">Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573204720_Indonesia-map.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573204720_Indonesia-map.png" width="322" height="228" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Recently, India and Indonesia</strong> have carried out the bilateral maritime exercise <strong>&ldquo;Samudra Shakti&rdquo;</strong> in the Bay of Bengal.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="text-align: left;">The joint exercises focussed on surface warfare exercises, air defence exercises, weapon firing drills, helicopter operations, and boarding operations.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><strong>Garuda Shakti</strong> is the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-maitree" target="_blank" rel="noopener">joint military exercise</a></strong> between India and Indonesia.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1590856" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-samudra-shakti'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'New Subtype of HIV Discovered',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the researchers have discovered a <strong>new subtype of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus</strong> (HIV) called <strong>HIV-1 Group M, subtype L.</strong> It is the<strong> first time a subtype of HIV</strong> has been found in almost two decades.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are<strong> two types of HIV:</strong> HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is considered the predominant type, representing the vast majority of infections worldwide, while HIV-2 is far less common and primarily concentrated in the west and central African regions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Researchers used a tailored method of the next-generation <strong>genome sequencing</strong> technology to identify the new subtype. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-sequencing-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genome sequencing</strong></a> is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome. It figures out the <strong>order of DNA nucleotides, or bases, in a genome,</strong> i.e, the order of Adenine, Cytosine, Guanines, and Thymine that make up an organism's DNA.</li>
<li>The technology is helping scientists to stay one step ahead of mutating viruses and avoid a new pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Group M viruses</strong> are responsible for the <strong>global pandemic-</strong> which can be traced back to the Democratic Republic of Congo in Sub-Saharan Africa.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Human Immunodeficiency Virus- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>HIV is a type of <strong>retrovirus.</strong> The combination of drugs used to treat it is called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hiv-aids-outreach" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Antiretroviral Therapy (ART).</strong></a></li>
<li>HIV attacks <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-fund-for-aids-tb-and-malaria" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CD4-a type of White Blood Cell (T-cells)</strong></a> in the body&rsquo;s immune system.</li>
<li>It is transmitted from person to person <strong>through bodily fluids,</strong> including <strong>blood, semen, vaginal secretions, anal fluids, and breast milk.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/hiv-new-hope" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Statistics in India:</strong></a> The total number of people living with HIV was estimated at 21.40 lakh in 2017. India witnessed over 87,000 new cases in 2017 and saw a decline of 85% compared to 1995.</li>
<li><strong>World AIDS Day</strong> is observed on <strong>1<sup>st</sup> December.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/first-time-in-two-decades-new-hiv-subtype-found-by-genetic-sequencing-6108825/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-subtype-of-hiv-discovered'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Cyclone Bulbul',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-warming-trends" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong></a> has issued an <strong>orange alert</strong> in Indian states of <strong>West Bengal and Odisha</strong> over <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-idai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyclone</strong></a> <strong>Bulbul in the Bay of Bengal.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>depression</strong> over the <strong>east-central and southeast Bay of Bengal and North Andaman Sea</strong> has turned into a <strong>severe cyclonic storm.</strong></li>
<li>The landfall of the cyclone is expected between <strong>Sagar Islands (West Bengal)</strong> and <strong>Khepupara (Bangladesh).</strong></li>
<li>The cyclone <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-daye" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>has been named</strong></a> by <strong>Pakistan.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573201839_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573201839_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="524" height="136" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cyclone-bulbul-may-trigger-heavy-rain-odisha-government-gears-up/article29911486.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-bulbul'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'India Justice Report, 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>India Justice Report (2019)</strong> prepared by the <strong>Tata Trusts in collaboration with the Centre for Social Justice, Common Cause, and the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative</strong> has been released.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the <strong>first-ever ranking of Indian states </strong>on<strong> justice delivery.</strong></li>
<li>The report has divided states on the basis of the population into two parts:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The large-medium states (Population 1 crore and above)</li>
<li>The small states and Union Territories (Population less than 1 crore)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573200958_Image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573200958_Image3.jpg" width="664" height="321" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Maharashtra</strong> has <strong>topped</strong> the list among <strong>large-medium States</strong> followed by Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, and Haryana.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this category, <strong>Jharkhand, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh</strong> are at the <strong>bottom.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Goa</strong> leads the list of <strong>smaller states</strong> followed by Sikkim and Himachal Pradesh.</li>
<li>The report has been prepared based on <strong>publicly available data of different government entities</strong> on the <strong>four</strong> pillars of<strong> justice delivery &mdash; police, judiciary, prisons, and legal aid.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Each pillar is analyzed through the prism of <strong>budgets, human resources, personnel workload, diversity, infrastructure, and five-year trends.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues with Indian Justice System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vacancies</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On average, the <strong>police</strong> have a vacancy of<strong> 23% (2017),</strong> and the <strong>judiciary</strong> between <strong>20%-40%</strong> across the high courts and lower judiciary.<strong> Gujarat</strong> is the only state to <strong>reduce</strong> vacancies across all <strong>four pillars.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Representation</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>No State/ UT</strong> is able to meet all its <strong>diversity quotas</strong> (ST, SC, and OBC). <strong>Karnataka comes closest to achieve diversity quotas</strong> (missed its SC reservation target by 4%).</li>
<li><strong>Women</strong> are <strong>poorly represented across the Justice system.</strong> They account for 7% of the Police, 10 % of Prison staff and about 26.5 % of all judges in the High Court and subordinate courts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Budgets</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Justice system is affected by<strong> low budget allocations.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>per capita expenditure</strong> on <strong>legal aid</strong> is just <strong>75 paise.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Punjab</strong> is the <strong>only large state</strong> whose police, prison and judiciary expenditures have <strong>increased</strong> at a pace higher than the increase in overall state expenditure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Judicial Pendency</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nationally, at the subordinate court level, <strong>on average</strong> a<strong> case remains pending</strong> for<strong> five years or more.</strong></li>
<li>Only <strong>six states</strong> i.e. Gujarat, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Tripura, Odisha, Lakshadweep, Tamil Nadu, and Manipur <strong>managed to clear as many court cases as were filed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prisons</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Prisons are over-occupied at 114%, where 68% are undertrials awaiting investigation, inquiry or trial.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Judiciary and the government needs to put collaborative effort to plug the gaps in the management of the police, prisons, forensics and the filling up of vacancies.</li>
<li>The efficient Indian Justice System will ensure the implementation of Article 14 (Equality before law), Article 22(1)(Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases) , Article 39(A) (Free legal aid for poor) and Article 21 (Right to protection of life and personal liberty) of the Indian Constitution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will also ensure <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SDG</strong></a> <strong>16</strong> which recognizes the need to &lsquo;provide access to justice for all and to build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provision</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 39A</strong> of the Constitution of India provides that State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disability.</li>
<li><strong>Articles 14 and Article 22(1)</strong> also make it obligatory for the State to ensure equality before the law and a legal system that promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity to all.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-tops-in-justice-delivery/article29912494.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-justice-report-2019'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'BIMSTEC Ports Conclave',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> first-ever BIMSTEC Conclave of Ports</strong> is being held at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh on 7<sup>th</sup> and 8<sup>th</sup> November 2019.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conclave aims at providing a platform to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enhance connectivity</strong> through port-led initiatives,</li>
<li><strong>Strengthen maritime interaction</strong> and ties between the countries,</li>
<li>Explore the possibility of <strong>increasing economic cooperation</strong> by furthering <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-export-policy-unveiled" target="_blank" rel="noopener">EXIM trade</a> and coastal shipping,</strong></li>
<li>Discuss various <strong>investment opportunities and best practices</strong> adopted for enhanced productivity and safety at ports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Three Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) have also been signed between <strong>Ranong Port</strong> (Port Authority of Thailand) and the <strong>Port Trusts of Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, and Kolkata</strong> during the Conclave.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These MoUs form a significant part of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/east-asia-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s Act East Policy.</strong> </a></li>
<li>It will also enhance <strong>economic partnership</strong> by cutting down the sea travel time between India and Thailand from 10- 15 days to 7 days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bay of Bengal Initiatives for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/drishti-specials-important-international-bimstec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BIMSTEC</strong></a> is a<strong> sub-regional organization</strong> that came into being in <strong>1997</strong> through the <strong>Bangkok Declaration.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573200640_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573200640_image2.png" width="212" height="248" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><strong>BIMSTEC</strong> is a 7-member grouping that links five countries from South Asia namely, <strong>Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and Nepal,</strong> and two from South East Asia- <strong>Myanmar, and Thailand.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/india-bimstec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India attaches great importance to BIMSTEC.</strong></a> The Prime Minister of India invited <strong>BIMSTEC</strong> members for his second swearing-in ceremony on 30<sup>th</sup> May 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><strong>Four</strong> BIMSTEC Summits have been held so far- Nepal (in 2018), Myanmar(2014), India (2008) Thailand (2004).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=194347" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: PIB</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bimstec-ports-conclave'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Kalapani Territory',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In the recently released political map of India, after the bifurcation of the state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K) into the Union Territories of J&amp;K and Ladakh, the <strong>Kalapani territory</strong> became the bone of contention between India and Nepal.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the latest political map of India, India reiterated its claims on the region that Nepal considers its own territory in Darchula district. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to India, the historic Kalapani region forms part of the state of <strong>Uttarakhand.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong> Kalapani is a valley that is administered by India as a part of the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand. It is situated on the Kailash Mansarovar route.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Kali River</strong> in the Kalapani region demarcates the border between India and Nepal.</li>
<li>The <strong>Treaty of Sugauli</strong> signed by the <strong>Kingdom of Nepal and British India</strong> (after <strong>Anglo-Nepalese War</strong>) in <strong>1816</strong> located the Kali River as Nepal's western boundary with India. The discrepancy in locating the source of the river led to boundary disputes between India and Nepal, with each country producing maps supporting their own claims.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573196880_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573196880_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="640" height="404" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the recent map issued by the Indian government, the Pakistan-occupied Kashmir forms the part of the newly-created Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, while Gilgit-Baltistan is located in the Union Territory of Ladakh.</li>
<li><strong>Susta area</strong> is one of the disputed territories between <strong>India (Uttar Pradesh) and Nepal</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Susta is located on the bank of the <strong>Gandak river</strong> (called Narayani river in Nepal).</li>
<li>The <strong>change of course by the Gandak river</strong> is the main reason for disputes in the Susta area.</li>
<li>The area is <strong>very fertile for agriculture</strong> because of the <strong>alluvial soil</strong> brought by the river.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kali River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is also known as <strong>Sharda river or Kali Ganga</strong> in Uttarakhand.</li>
<li>It joins <strong>Ghagra river in Uttar Pradesh,</strong> which is a<strong> tributary</strong> of <strong>Ganga.</strong></li>
<li><strong>River Projects: Tanakpur</strong> hydro-electric project, <strong>Chameliya</strong> hydro-electric project, <strong>Sharda Barrage.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/our-map-is-accurate-india-on-kalapani-dispute-with-nepal/article29909793.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kalapani-territory'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Vaccine Hesitancy',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/an-unwanted-booster-dose-for-vaccine-hesitancy/article29902812.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;An unwanted booster dose for vaccine hesitancy&rdquo;</strong></a> that was published in The Hindu on 07/11/2019. It talks about the issue of Vaccine Hesitancy.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the World Health Organization (WHO)</strong></a> in a report held that Vaccine hesitancy is among the<strong> top 10 threats to global health in 2019.</strong></p>
<p>WHO defines Vaccine hesitancy as a <strong>delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccination services.</strong> Vaccine hesitancy has been reported in more than 90% of countries in the world.</p>
<h3>Instances of Vaccine Hesitancy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Globally nearly 4,24,000 children have confirmed measles in 2019, as against a figure of 1,73,000 in the whole of 2018.</li>
<li>In India, poor communities of Uttar Pradesh was reported to have taken <strong>five times low uptake of oral polio vaccine</strong> in the early 2000s.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Reasons for Vaccine Hesitancy</h3>
<p>The main issue with Vaccine hesitancy is <strong>misinformation.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Religious propaganda</strong> that the vaccine may contain microbes, chemicals and animal-derived products which is forbidden by religious laws.</li>
<li><strong>Social media</strong> is used in <strong>stirring fear</strong> in people by falsely blaming vaccines for unrelated diseases is the bedrock of the Vaccine hesitancy all across the globe.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, recently some sections in India are refraining from the polio vaccine. This is due to the misconception that the polio vaccine caused illness, infertility and was ineffective.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vaccine-derived diseases: Oral Polio Vaccines (OPV)</strong> contains weakened but live poliovirus. This virus from the vaccine is excreted by immunized children which can move from one person to another.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This allows the virus to stick around and mutate to a more virulent form, raising the threat of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-initiates-probe-into-type-2-polio-virus-contamination" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inconvenience in accessing vaccines</strong> is also the leading cause of Vaccine hesitancy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits of Vaccine</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to WHO, vaccination <strong>prevents between two-three million deaths each year,</strong> a figure that will rise by <strong>another 1.5 million if vaccine coverage improves.</strong></li>
<li>Vaccination <strong>protects children from serious illness</strong> and complications of vaccine-preventable diseases which can include amputation of an arm or leg, paralysis of limbs, hearing loss, convulsions, brain damage, and death.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A study in 2017 that looked at flu seasons between 2010 and 2014 found that vaccination reduced flu-associated deaths by 65% among healthy children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The vaccine can also <strong>prevent hospitalization</strong> (thereby it can check out of pocket expenditure), reduce the severity of illness and prevent severe, life-threatening complications in children.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p><strong>Practical tips for addressing Vaccine hesitancy in primary care include</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vaccination as the default approach:</strong> Some countries have implemented specific sanctions for Vaccine hesitant families.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>France has made vaccination with 11 vaccines mandatory for children&mdash;unvaccinated children cannot be enrolled at nurseries or schools.</li>
<li>In Australia, parents of children who are not vaccinated are denied the universal Family Allowance welfare payments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Building trust:</strong> Vaccine manufacturer can provide honest information about side effects and reassurance on a robust vaccine safety system.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They can also provide vaccination-related FAQ's, answering questions on benefits, safety, and immunologic aspects of vaccines and links to a number of online resources for physicians and parents.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital Algorithms:</strong> Google, Facebook and other such platforms can be requested to make sure that users only get to see the credible, science-based information about the vaccines.</li>
<li>The <strong>influential person or celebrities</strong> should come forward to dispel the myths leading to Vaccine hesitancy.</li>
</ul>
<p>Vaccine hesitancy is threatening the historical achievements made in reducing the burden of infectious diseases, which have plagued humanity for centuries. A collaborative effort between paediatricians, family doctors, parents, public health officials, governments, the technology sector, and civil society will allow myths and misinformation around vaccination to be dispelled.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 497px; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f4ffd9;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Explains the term Vaccine hesitancy. Also, analyse the reasons for Vaccine hesitancy in India.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/vaccine-hesitancy'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'India and Brazil Signed Amended DTAC',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the signing of the Protocol amending the Convention between India and Brazil for the <strong>Double Taxation Avoidance Convention (DTAC).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The amendments aim to implement the recommendations contained in the<strong> G20 OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project (BEPS).</strong></li>
<li>It will also help to streamline the existing DTAC with international standards which will help to provide <strong>tax certainty to investors and businesses</strong> of both countries.</li>
<li>The amending protocol will<strong> augment the flow of investment</strong> through the <strong>lowering of tax rates and fees for technical services.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Double Tax Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-signed-amended-dtaa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DTAA</strong></a> is a <strong>tax treaty</strong> signed between <strong>two or more countries.</strong></li>
<li>Its key objective is that <strong>tax-payers in these countries can avoid being taxed twice for the same income.</strong></li>
<li>It applies in cases where a taxpayer resides in one country and earns income in another.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The relief is provided by exempting income earned abroad from tax in the resident country or providing credit to the extent taxes have already been paid abroad.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It can either be comprehensive to cover all sources of income or be limited to certain areas such as taxing of income from shipping, air transport, inheritance, etc.</li>
<li>DTAAs are intended to make a country an attractive investment destination by providing relief on dual taxation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BEPS is a term used to describe tax planning strategies that exploit mismatches and gaps that exist between the tax rules of different jurisdictions.</li>
<li>It minimizes the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gst-council-and-corporate-tax" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>corporation tax</strong></a> that is payable overall, by either making tax profits &lsquo;disappear&rsquo; or shift profits to low tax jurisdictions where it is little or no genuine activity.</li>
<li>BEPS takes advantage of different tax rules operating in different jurisdictions.</li>
<li>BEPS is of major significance for developing countries due to their heavy reliance on corporate income tax, particularly from multinational enterprises (MNEs).</li>
<li>The BEPS initiative is an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>OECD</strong></a> initiative, approved by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20</strong></a>, to identify ways of providing more standardized tax rules globally.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2013, OECD and G20 countries adopted a <strong>15-point Action Plan</strong> to address <strong>BEPS.</strong></li>
<li>The OECD/G20 BEPS Project aims to create a single set of consensus-based international tax rules to address BEPS, and hence to protect tax bases.</li>
<li>In 2016, the OECD and G20 established an <strong>Inclusive Framework on BEPS.</strong> Over 100 countries and jurisdictions have joined the Inclusive Framework.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Difference Between Convention, Agreement, and Protocol</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Agreement:</strong> It is a negotiated and usually<strong> legally enforceable</strong> understanding between two or more legally competent parties.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A binding contract can (and often does) result from an agreement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Convention:</strong> It is a <strong>formal agreement</strong> between States. These are normally open for participation of a large number of States.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The generic term &lsquo;convention&rsquo; is thus synonymous with the generic term &lsquo;treaty&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protocol:</strong> A protocol is an agreement that <strong>negotiators</strong> formulate and sign <strong>as the basis for a final convention or treaty.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1590688" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-and-brazil-signed-amended-dtac'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Core Investment Companies',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A working group formed by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> has recommended measures to strengthen Core Investment Companies (CIC). The group is headed by the former Corporate Affairs Secretary -<strong> Tapan Ray.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Core Investment Companies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Core Investment Companies (CICs) are a <strong>specialized</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/shadow-banking-and-the-crisis-in-the-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs).</strong></a></li>
<li>A Core Investment Company registered with the RBI has an <strong>asset size of above Rs 100 crore.</strong></li>
<li>Their <strong>main business</strong> is <strong>acquisition of shares and securities</strong> with certain conditions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For e.g. these <strong>should not hold less than 90% of its net assets</strong> in the form of investment in equity shares, preference shares, bonds, debentures, debt or loans in <strong>group companies.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Group companies</strong> are an arrangement involving two or more entities related to each other through any of the following relationships, viz.,subsidiary, joint venture, associate, promoter-promotee for listed companies, a related party, common brand name, and investment in equity shares of 20% and above.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Registration:</strong> The current threshold of Rs 100 crore asset size and access to public funds for registration as CIC should be retained.</li>
<li><strong>Related to Group Companies:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Every group having a CIC should have a <strong>Group Risk Management Committee.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>number of layers</strong> of CICs in a group should be restricted to two. As such, any CIC within a group shall not make investments through more than a total of two layers of CICs, including itself.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The word &ldquo;layer&rdquo;, means subsidiary or subsidiaries of the holding company.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Better Governance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CICs need to induct independent directors, conduct internal audits and prepare consolidated financial statements.</li>
<li>There is a need for ring fencing boards of CICs by excluding employees/executive directors of group firms from its board.</li>
<li>CICs should constitute board-level committees &mdash; Audit Committee, Nomination and Remuneration Committee and Group Risk Management Committee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Step - down CICs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A Step-down CIC means the subsidiary company of a company which is a subsidiary of another company.</li>
<li>Step-down CICs may not be permitted to invest in any other CIC, while allowing them to invest freely in other group companies.</li>
<li>Capital contribution by a CIC in a step-down CIC, over and above 10% of its owned funds, should be deducted from its adjusted net worth, as applicable to other NBFCs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/core-investment-firms-rbi-panel-calls-for-tighter-governance-norms-6107011/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/core-investment-companies-1'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'NEERI-IndAIR',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific Industrial Research</strong></a>-<strong>National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI)</strong> recently launched the country&rsquo;s <strong>first interactive online repository</strong> named as <strong>IndAIR (Indian Air quality Studies Interactive Repository).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> aim</strong> of the project is <strong>to make air quality research available to everyone.</strong> It presents these studies in an easily <strong>accessible web format</strong> for the media, researchers, and academics.</li>
<li>It is the first comprehensive effort to enlist existing Indian research and analysis on air pollution, its causes and effects.</li>
<li>IndAIR has archived scanned documents from pre-Internet times (1950-1999), research articles, reports and case studies, and over 2,000 statutes to provide the history of air pollution research and legislation in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It includes all major legislations in the country dating back to 1905.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NEERI received support from institutions such as the National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), BARC and National Archives of India (NAI). Institutions such as TERI, MoEFCC, and CPCB also partnered with NEERI for the project.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573116092_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1573116092_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="633" height="234" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research- National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>CSIR-NEERI</strong> is a research institute created and funded by the Government of India. It functions under the <strong>Ministry of Science &amp; Technology.</strong></li>
<li>It was established in Nagpur in 1958 with focus on water supply, sewage disposal,communicable diseases and to some extent on industrial pollution and occupational diseases found common in post-independent India.</li>
<li>CSIR has 38 national laboratories working in various areas of science and technology. CSIR-NEERI is one of those laboratories.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/online-repository-set-up-to-compile-research-on-air-quality-in-country-6107297/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/neeri-indair'
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