Search

Search list matched with tags “class”

Gangetic Dolphin Annual Census

Recently, the annual Ganges river Dolphin census was undertaken by the World Wide Fund for Nature- India in collaboration with the Uttar Pradesh...

11 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Poverty Estimation in India

For...

10 Oct 2019 Paper 3
The Minimum Wage Solution

This article is based on The minimum wage solution which was published in The Hindu on 10/10/2019. It talks about the relationship between the...

10 Oct 2019 News Editorials
Global Competitiveness Index 4.0: WEF

The World Economic Forum (WEF) has released the 2019 edition of the Global Competitiveness Report which features the Global Competitiveness Index 4.0...

10 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Poverty Estimation in India

According to recent reports, more than a quarter of the population living in rural areas of India is below the poverty line. Out of the total...

10 Oct 2019 Paper 3
Malware Smominru

Malware Smominru, whose incidence was first reported in 2017, continues to infect computers in a big way. It is affecting nearly 4,700 computers...

10 Oct 2019 News Analysis
LCROSS: NASA

A decade after National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sent a Lunar CRater Observations and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) to the...

10 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Programme- DHRUV

Recently, the Union Human Resource Development Minister has launched the Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Programme named...

10 Oct 2019 News Analysis
WHO India Country Cooperation Strategy 2019–2023

Union Minister for Health & Family Welfare has launched ‘the World Health Organisation (WHO) India Country Cooperation Strategy...

10 Oct 2019 News Analysis
GEMINI Device

The Union Minister of Earth Sciences has recently launched the Gagan Enabled Mariner’s Instrument for Navigation and Information (GEMINI)...

10 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Green Wall of India

The Centre is mulling an ambitious plan to create a 1,400km long and 5km wide green belt from Gujarat to the Delhi-Haryana border. The plan is...

10 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Slum Dwellers

Download...

09 Oct 2019 GS Paper II
Aspirational Districts

Download...

09 Oct 2019 GS Paper II
India-Bangladesh Relationship

This article is based on Be Neighbourly which was published in The Indian Express on 8/10/2019, Good going and A triangular affair which were...

09 Oct 2019 News Editorials
Hindu-Kush-Himalayan Region

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) will collaborate with meteorological agencies in China and Pakistan, among others, to provide climate...

09 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Meghalayan Minor Tribes Exclusion

Recently, the Government of Meghalaya has decided to exclude ‘unrepresented tribes’ from the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the...

09 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Saturn: Planet with Most Moons

Recently the discovery of 20 new moons of Saturn has made Saturn the planet with the highest number of moons (82) against 79 moons of Jupiter. The...

09 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Information Fusion Centre- Sharing Maritime Data

The Information Fusion Centre for the Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) that was set up last year (in 2018) has started functioning as an...

09 Oct 2019 News Analysis
UNHRC’s UPR

The government is forming a task force to prepare a National Action Plan on Human Rights (NAPHR) as mandated under the UN Human Rights...

09 Oct 2019 News Analysis
National Nutrition Survey

The first-ever comprehensive National Nutrition Survey has been conducted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the United Nations...

09 Oct 2019 News Analysis

Warning (2): count(): Parameter must be an array or an object that implements Countable [ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100]

Code Context


<?php if(count($updates)>0){?>
  <div class="updates">

$viewFile = '/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp'
$dataForView = [
	'progress' => [],
	'bookmarks' => [],
	'notes' => [],
	'mynote' => [],
	'topdata' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'searchdata' => [],
	'searchlist' => [
		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Gangetic Dolphin Annual Census',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the <strong>annual Ganges river Dolphin census</strong> was undertaken by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shark-awareness-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Wide Fund for Nature- India</strong></a> in collaboration with the <strong>Uttar Pradesh Forest Department</strong> along about 250 km. long riverine stretch of Upper Ganga river basin between <strong>Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> and <strong>Narora Ramsar site.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This year the<strong> tandem boat survey method</strong> replaced the previous years&rsquo; <strong>direct counting method</strong> in order to provide a more accurate count of the endangered species.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the &lsquo;tandem boat survey&rsquo; method, the officials use two inflated boats which move in tandem to count the dolphins. After collating the data, statistical tools are employed to arrive at the final count.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2015 census their count was 22, and since then the number has been stable in the last few years. This year, there is an expected rise in their number.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ganga River Dolphin (Platanista Gangetica)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gangetic-dolphins-found-in-mahananda-river" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ganges river dolphin</strong></a> is found in parts of the Ganges-Meghna-Brahmaputra and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.</li>
<li>The Gangetic river dolphin is India's <strong>national aquatic animal</strong> and is popularly known as <strong>&lsquo;Susu&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It is among the <strong>four freshwater dolphins</strong> in the world- the other three are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>&lsquo;Baiji&rsquo;</strong> now likely extinct from the <strong>Yangtze</strong> River in China,</li>
<li>The <strong>&lsquo;Bhulan&rsquo;</strong> of the <strong>Indus</strong> in Pakistan, and</li>
<li>The <strong>&lsquo;Boto&rsquo;</strong> of the <strong>Amazon</strong> River in Latin America.</li>
<li>These four species live only in rivers and lakes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Its presence indicates the health of the riverine ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Threats</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pollution:</strong> It faces a number of threats such as dumping of single-use plastics in water bodies, industrial pollution, fishing.</li>
<li><strong>Restrictive Flow of Water:</strong> The increase in the number of barrages and dams is also affecting their growth as such structures impede the flow of water.</li>
<li><strong>Poaching:</strong> Dolphins are also poached for their flesh, fat, and oil, which is used as a prey to catch fish, as an ointment and as a supposed aphrodisiac.</li>
<li><strong>Shipping &amp; Dredging:</strong> It is also called a <strong>blind dolphin</strong> because it doesn&rsquo;t have an eye lens and uses <strong>echolocation</strong> to navigate and hunt. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Like bats, they produce high-frequency sounds which helps them to detect objects when the sound waves bounce off them.</li>
<li>Due to their dependence on echolocation, the Gangetic dolphins also suffer from the noise pollution created by large ship propellers, and by dredging.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Protection Status</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN</strong> </a>Status: Endangered</li>
<li>It is listed on <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a> Appendix-I.</li>
<li>It is classified under Schedule 1, <strong>Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong> providing absolute protection as offences under these are prescribed the highest penalties.</li>
<li><strong>Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS) in Bihar&rsquo;s Bhagalpur</strong> district is India&rsquo;s only sanctuary for its national aquatic animal.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/annual-ganges-river-dolphin-census-begins/article29651342.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gangetic-dolphin-annual-census'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Poverty Estimation in India',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570797452_Poverty%20Estimation in India (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570797452_Poverty Estimation in India (Mind Map).png" width="435" height="2327" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/poverty-estimation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/poverty-estimation-in-india-mind-map'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'The Minimum Wage Solution',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-minimum-wage-solution/article29629570.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The minimum wage solution</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 10/10/2019. It talks about the relationship between the increase in NREGA wages and the decrease in corporate tax rate.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the government made two announcements at two ends of the spectrum to <strong>mitigate the economic crisis.</strong> One concerns a<strong> new indexation of NREGA wages meant to increase rural incomes</strong> and the second is a <strong>reduction in corporate tax rate.</strong></p>
<h3>Minimum wages in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Wage rates under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-group-of-chief-ministers-on-coordination-between-mgnrega-and-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MGNREGA</strong></a>, 2005 are <strong>notified and revised annually</strong> based on the<strong> Consumer Price Index-Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL)</strong> by the <strong>Central Government</strong> in accordance with the <strong>provisions of Section 6(1)</strong> of the scheme.</li>
<li>The revised wage rates are made <strong>applicable from 1<sup>st</sup> April of every year.</strong></li>
<li>The CPI-(AL) is published by <strong>Labour Bureau, Shimla.</strong></li>
<li>Minimum wages are <strong>legal mandate</strong> that are arrived at by <strong>calculating the minimal nutritional requirement and basic needs</strong> of an individual.</li>
<li>The <strong>current daily NREGA wages</strong> are just a <strong>quarter of the minimum daily living wage of ₹692</strong> as <strong>outlined in the 7<sup>th</sup> Pay Commission.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Important Reports and Judgments</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Fair Wages Committee</strong> of the <strong>Ministry of Labour (1949)</strong> noted in a progressive report that a <strong>&ldquo;living wage&rdquo; should also include education, healthcare and insurance</strong> besides the bare essentials.</li>
<li>In <strong>Sanjit Roy v. State of Rajasthan (1983),</strong> the Supreme Court held that paying less than minimum wages is akin to <strong>&ldquo;forced labour&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>Workmen v. Management of Raptakos Brett (1991),</strong> it said that <strong>more provisions must be added</strong> to arrive at a moral &ldquo;living wage&rdquo; to ensure basic dignity of life.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>New Indexation of NREGA Wages</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Prices of commodities increase each year due to inflation</strong> so it is important to increase the daily wages of workers in the villages.</li>
<li>For that, it is important to keep in mind the <strong>previous year&rsquo;s national daily average NREGA wages (₹179 in 2019)</strong> and <strong>a good index to benchmark and revise</strong> the wages.</li>
<li>Indices are <strong>(weighted) averages of the prices of a basket of goods consumed</strong> and the index <strong>must be based on the main items of consumption</strong> for rural households.</li>
<li>NREGA <strong>daily wages are to be indexed with</strong> an updated inflation index called the <strong>Consumer Price Index-Rural (CPI-R)</strong> instead of the older <strong>Consumer Price Index-Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL).</strong></li>
<li>Calculation of <strong>CPI-AL involves more food items in the consumption basket</strong> while the calculation of <strong>CPI-R involves more non-food items such as healthcare and education</strong> so it reflects the rural consumption basket better than the CPI-AL.</li>
<li>The new indexation will have a <strong>notable impact on increase in income of rural households only if the base NREGA wages are high.</strong></li>
<li>It is also <strong>recommended to use annual average</strong> instead of the existing practice of using December month index only.</li>
<li>A substantial increase in NREGA wages and subsequent indexation with CPI-R would be meaningful for the workers and the economy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reduction in Corporate Tax Rates</h3>
<p>Government has brought in <strong>the Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2019</strong> to make certain amendments in <strong>the Income-tax Act, 1961</strong> and<strong> the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Basic <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panel-on-direct-tax-code" target="_blank" rel="noopener">corporate tax rate</a></strong> has been <strong>slashed to 22% from 30% while for new manufacturing companies</strong> it has been <strong>cut down to 15% from 25%.</strong></li>
<li>In order to promote growth and investment, a new provision has been inserted in the Income-tax Act which allows any domestic company an option to pay income-tax at the rate of 22% subject to the condition that they will not avail any exemption/incentive. The <strong>effective tax rate</strong> for these companies shall be <strong>25.17% inclusive of surcharge &amp; cess.</strong></li>
<li>According to a <strong>2015 IMF report,</strong> &ldquo;If the income share of the top 20% (the rich) increases, then GDP growth actually declines over the medium term&rdquo;, while &ldquo;an increase in the income share of the bottom 20% (the poor) is associated with higher GDP growth&rdquo;. <strong>Current corporate tax cut</strong> can<strong> widen economic inequality.</strong></li>
<li>According to <strong>estimates by Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited (CRISIL),</strong> due to the recent tax cut, <strong>1,000 companies</strong> would have annual savings of around <strong>₹37,000 crore</strong> and<strong> last annual NREGA budget of ₹60,000 crore</strong> can be mentioned here for the comparison.</li>
<li>The <strong>estimated gains</strong> of more than <strong>1,000 companies</strong> would be <strong>equivalent to the annual earnings of around 7.2 crore NREGA labourers.</strong></li>
<li>The worst part is that the <strong>budget allocation for NREGA gets exhausted by October</strong> of each financial year, leading to delays in payment of wages.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While <strong>corporate tax cuts and lower interest rates</strong> would give corporations some <strong>liquidity,</strong> it is <strong>unlikely that rural demand will increase.</strong> On the contrary, <strong>without a substantial increase in NREGA wages,</strong> the <strong>wages would barely match inflation</strong> levels leading to wage stagnation in real terms.</li>
<li>In circumstances of <strong>unsustainable wages,</strong> the poor would be forced to become part of the <strong>migrant labour force and industries would benefit</strong> by absorbing them at throwaway daily wages leaving no alternatives.</li>
<li>It is <strong>economically prudent to substantially increase the budget for public programmes such as NREGA.</strong> This would <strong>lead to higher disposable income for the poor</strong> which in turn would have positive multiplier effects in the economy.</li>
<li>The government needs to pay <strong>more attention to the poor in economic, ethical, and legal ways.</strong></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #ecffe8;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Higher disposable income for the poor can have positive multiplier effects in the economy. Discuss.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-minimum-wage-solution'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Global Competitiveness Index 4.0: WEF',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wef-india-economic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Economic Forum (WEF)</strong></a> has released the 2019 edition of the Global Competitiveness Report which features the Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 (GCI 4.0).<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570706132_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570706132_image5.jpg" style="float: right;" width="220" height="434" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The World Economic Forum introduced the <strong>new Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 in 2018.</strong> GCI 4.0 provides a detailed map of the factors and attributes that drive productivity, growth and human development in the era of the <strong>Fourth Industrial Revolution.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>GCI 4.0</strong> covers <strong>141 economies,</strong> which account for <strong>99% of the world&rsquo;s GDP.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The GCI 4.0 of 2019 reveal that, on average, most economies continue to be <strong>far from the competitiveness &ldquo;frontier&rdquo;</strong>&mdash;the aggregate ideal across all factors of competitiveness. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A country&rsquo;s performance on the overall GCI is reported as a <strong>&lsquo;progress score&rsquo; on a 0-to-100 scale,</strong> where <strong>100 represents the &lsquo;frontier&rsquo;,</strong> an ideal state where an issue ceases to be a constraint to productivity growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This edition of the report focuses on building shared prosperity (addressing inequality) and managing the transition to a sustainable economy (addressing environmental issues) along with competitiveness and growth.</li>
<li>The report is based on <strong>12 set of factors (pillars) that determine productivity.</strong> These are: Institutions; Infrastructure; ICT adoption; Macroeconomic stability; Health; Skills; Product market; Labour market; Financial system; Market size; Business dynamism; and Innovation capability.</li>
<li>The index has been <strong>an annual edition since 1979.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has moved down <strong>10 places to the rank of 68<sup>th</sup></strong> compared to the <strong>58<sup>th</sup> rank of 2018</strong> primarily because of <strong>faster improvements of several countries</strong> previously ranked lower.</li>
<li><strong>Positives for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India ranks high on <strong>macroeconomic stability (90, 43<sup>rd</sup>)</strong> and <strong>market size (93.7, 3<sup>rd</sup>),</strong></li>
<li>India performs well when it comes to <strong>innovation (50.9, 35<sup>th</sup>),</strong> well ahead of most emerging economies and on par with several advanced economies.</li>
<li>Its <strong>financial sector (69.5, 40<sup>th</sup>)</strong> is relatively deep and stable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India ranks beyond 100<sup>th</sup> on five pillars and features in the top 50 of just four pillars.</li>
<li>Major shortcomings in some of the basic enablers of competitiveness, <strong>like ICT adoption is limited (31.1, 120<sup>th</sup>)</strong> but has improved sharply (+8 since the 2017 edition).</li>
<li><strong>Health conditions</strong> remain poor, as reflected in low healthy life expectancy (59.4 years, 109<sup>th</sup>), which is one of the shortest outside Africa and significantly below the South Asian average.</li>
<li><strong>Weak banking system</strong> (60.4, 89<sup>th</sup>).</li>
<li>India must <strong>also grow its skills base</strong> (50.5, 107<sup>th</sup>).</li>
<li><strong>Product market efficiency</strong> (50.4, 101<sup>st</sup>) is undermined by a <strong>lack of trade openness</strong> (43.9, 131<sup>st</sup>).</li>
<li>The labour market is characterized by a <strong>lack of worker rights&rsquo; protections</strong>, insufficiently developed active labour market policies and critically low participation of women (ratio of female workers to male workers of 0.26, 128<sup>th</sup>)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In South Asia, <strong>Sri Lanka is the most improved country in the region at 84<sup>th</sup>,</strong> Bangladesh (105<sup>th</sup>), Nepal (108<sup>th</sup>) and Pakistan (110<sup>th</sup>).</li>
<li><strong>China (28<sup>th</sup>)</strong> is the<strong> best performer</strong> among the<strong> BRICS</strong> countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Russian Federation</strong> ranks <strong>43<sup>rd</sup>, South Africa</strong> is <strong>60<sup>th</sup>, India</strong> is <strong>68<sup>th</sup> and Brazil</strong> is ranked <strong>71<sup>st</sup>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Singapore</strong> has become the <strong>world's most competitive economy in 2019,</strong> pushing the <strong>US to second</strong> place.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR)</strong> is ranked <strong>3<sup>rd</sup>, the Netherlands</strong> is <strong>4<sup>th</sup> </strong>and<strong> Switzerland</strong> is ranked <strong>5<sup>th</sup></strong> in the index.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vietnam (67<sup>th</sup>)</strong> registered the highest improvement across the globe.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/india-slips-10-places-on-global-competitiveness-index-singapore-on-top/articleshow/71498559.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ET</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-competitiveness-index-4-0-wef'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Poverty Estimation in India',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<p>According to recent reports, more than a quarter of the population living in rural areas of India is below the poverty line. Out of the total population living in the rural parts of India,<strong> 25.7%</strong> is living below the poverty line whereas in the urban areas, the situation is a bit better with <strong>13.7%</strong> of the population living below the poverty line.</p>
<h3>Poverty Estimation</h3>
<p>A common method used to estimate <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-eradicating-poverty" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>poverty</strong></a> in India is based on the <strong>income or consumption</strong> levels and if the income or consumption falls below a given minimum level, then the household is said to be <strong>Below the Poverty Line (BPL).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Poverty Line Calculation:</strong> Poverty estimation in India is now carried out by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog&rsquo;s</strong></a> task force through the calculation of poverty line based on the data captured by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restructuring-of-indian-statistical-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Sample Survey Office</strong></a> under the <strong>Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>NITI Aayog</strong> as a policy think tank has replaced Planning Commission, which was earlier responsible for calculating the poverty line in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consumption Versus Income Level:</strong> Poverty line estimation in India is based on the <strong>consumption expenditure</strong> and not on the income levels because of the following reasons:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Variation in Income:</strong> Income of <strong>self-employed</strong> people, daily wage laborers etc. is highly variable both temporally and spatially, while consumption pattern are comparatively much <strong>stable.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Additional Income:</strong> Even in the case of regular wage earners, there are additional <strong>side incomes</strong> in many cases, which is <strong>difficult to take into account.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Data Collection:</strong> In case of consumption based poverty line, sample based surveys use a <strong>reference period</strong> (say 30 days) in which households are asked about their consumption of last 30 days and is taken as the <strong>representative of general consumption.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Whereas tracing the general pattern of income is not possible.</li>
<li><strong>Reference Period:</strong> It is the duration/period during which the survey is conducted by NSSO workers in which they ask certain questions to households.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Key Terms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Poverty:</strong> According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank,</strong></a> Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity.</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Line:</strong> The conventional approach to measuring poverty is to specify a minimum expenditure (or income) required to purchase a basket of goods and services necessary to satisfy basic human needs and this minimum expenditure is called the poverty line.</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Line Basket:</strong> The basket of goods and services necessary to satisfy basic human needs is the Poverty Line Basket (PLB).</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Ratio:</strong> The proportion of the population below the poverty line is called the poverty ratio or <strong>headcount ratio (HCR).</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need for Poverty Estimation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Impact of Welfare Schemes:</strong> Poverty estimates are not just important for academic purposes but are also crucial to<strong> track</strong> the impact and success of various government policies, especially <strong>social welfare schemes</strong> that are intended to eliminate poverty.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>BPL Census</strong> is conducted by the <strong>Ministry of Rural Development</strong> (along with the partnership of state), in order to <strong>identify the poor households.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Elimination Plan:</strong> The Poverty estimates in the form of poverty line are used to formulate poor centric poverty elimination plans.</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Requirement:</strong> Poverty estimation paves the way for poverty elimination, that in turn prepares the ground for a<strong> just and equitable society.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Measurement of Poverty Line</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Absolute Measurement of Poverty</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Absolute Poverty:</strong> According to <strong>United Nations World Summit for Economic Development,</strong> absolute poverty is a condition characterized by <strong>severe deprivation</strong> of <strong>basic human needs</strong>, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It depends not only on income but also on access to social services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Threshold:</strong> The poverty threshold in absolute measurement of poverty is set using the <strong>monetary value</strong> of the basket of <strong>essential products (required for basic needs)</strong> and every household whose income is less than this value will be classified as poor.</li>
<li><strong>Limited Scope:</strong> Absolute measurements of poverty, used by the World Bank and developing countries like <strong>India,</strong> rely on a poverty line which remains constant across geographies and over time.</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> Absolute measurement of poverty <strong>overlooks deprivation</strong> within countries or the <strong>higher cost of living</strong> in developed countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relative Measurement of Poverty</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Relative Poverty:</strong> It is present when a household income is lower than the <strong>median income</strong> in a particular country and is used mainly by the <strong>developed countries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Those who fall into the category of relative poverty are not necessarily deprived of all basic needs, but may not experience the same standard of living as the majority of society or in other words, they are <strong>relatively deprived.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Threshold:</strong> In this method certain percentage of <strong>economically bottom population</strong> is always considered below the poverty line.</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> This approach, though, ignores the importance of the absolute standard of living and assumes that relative income is all that matters for welfare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Data Collection Methods</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Uniform Resource Period (URP):</strong> Up until <strong>1993-94,</strong> the poverty line was based on URP data, which involved asking people about their consumption expenditure across a <strong>30-day recall period</strong> that is the information was based on the recall of consumption expenditure in the previous 30 days.</li>
<li><strong>Mixed Reference Period (MRP):</strong> From <strong>1999-2000 onwards,</strong> the NSSO switched to an MRP method which measures consumption of <strong>five low-frequency items</strong> (clothing, footwear, durables, education and institutional health expenditure) over the previous year, and all other items over the previous 30 days. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>That is to say, for the five items, survey respondents are asked about consumption in the previous one year. For the remaining items, they are asked about consumption in the previous 30 days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Pre-Independence Poverty Estimation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Dadabhai Naoroji</strong> through his book,<strong> &ldquo;Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India&rdquo;</strong> made the <strong>earliest</strong> estimation of poverty line (₹16 to ₹35 per capita per year).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The poverty line proposed by him was based on the<strong> cost of a subsistence or minimum basic diet</strong> (rice or flour, dal, mutton, vegetables, ghee, vegetable oil, and salt).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Planning Committee&rsquo;s (1938)</strong> poverty line (ranging from ₹15 to ₹20 per capita per month) was also based on a <strong>minimum standard of living</strong> perspective in which <strong>nutritional requirements</strong> were implicit.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1938, the National Planning Committee was set up by <strong>Subhash Chandra Bose</strong> under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru for the purpose of drawing up an economic plan with the fundamental aim to ensure an adequate standard of living for the masses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Bombay Plan (1944)</strong> proponents had suggested a poverty line of ₹75 per capita per year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Bombay Plan</strong> was a set of a proposal of a small group of influential business leaders in Bombay for the development of the post-independence economy of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Post-Independence Poverty Estimation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Planning Commission Expert Group (1962),</strong> working group constituted by the Planning Commission formulated the <strong>separate poverty lines for rural and urban areas</strong> (₹20 and ₹25 per capita per year respectively).<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570703843_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570703843_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="400" height="317" /></a></li>
<li><strong>VM Dandekar and N Rath (1971),</strong> made the <strong>first systematic assessment of poverty</strong> in India, based on National Sample Survey (NSS) data.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlike previous scholars who had considered subsistence living or basic minimum needs criteria as the measure of poverty line, <strong>VM Dandekar and N Rath</strong> were of the view that poverty line must be derived from the <strong>expenditure</strong> that was adequate to provide 2250 calories per day in both rural and urban areas.</li>
<li><strong>Expenditure based Poverty line estimation,</strong> generated a debate on minimum calorie consumption norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Alagh Committee (1979):</strong> Task force constituted by the Planning Commission under the chairmanship of YK Alagh, constructed a poverty line for rural and urban areas on the basis of <strong>nutritional requirements and related consumption expenditure.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Poverty estimates for subsequent years were to be calculated by <strong>adjusting the price level for inflation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lakdawala Committee (1993):</strong> Task Force chaired by DT Lakdawala, based on the assumption that the basket of goods and services used to calculate <strong>Consumer Price Index-Industrial Workers</strong> (CPI-IW) and <strong>Consumer Price Index- Agricultural Labourers</strong> (CPI-AL) reflect the consumption patterns of the poor, made the following <strong>suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Consumption expenditure</strong> should be calculated based on <strong>calorie consumption</strong> as earlier.</li>
<li><strong>State specific poverty lines</strong> should be constructed and these should be updated using the CPI-IW in urban areas and CPI-AL in rural areas.</li>
<li><strong>Discontinuation of scaling</strong> of poverty estimates based on National Accounts Statistics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tendulkar Committee (2009)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Expert group constituted by the Planning Commission and, chaired by Suresh Tendulkar, was constituted to <strong>review</strong> methodology for poverty estimation and to address the following <strong>shortcomings of the previous methods:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Obsolete Consumption Pattern:</strong> Consumption patterns were linked to the 1973-74 poverty line baskets (PLBs) of goods and services, whereas there were significant <strong>changes in the consumption patterns</strong> of the poor since that time, which were not reflected in the poverty estimates.</li>
<li><strong>Inflation Adjustment:</strong> There were issues with the <strong>adjustment of prices for inflation,</strong> both spatially (across regions) and temporally (across time).</li>
<li><strong>Health and Education Expenditure:</strong> Earlier poverty lines assumed that health and education would be provided by the state and formulated poverty lines accordingly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Shift from Calorie Consumption based Poverty Estimation:</strong> It based its calculations on the consumption of the items like cereal, pulses, milk, edible oil, non-vegetarian items, vegetables, fresh fruits, dry fruits, sugar, salt &amp; spices, other food, intoxicants, fuel, clothing, footwear, education, medical (non-institutional and institutional), entertainment, personal &amp; toilet goods.</li>
<li><strong>Uniform Poverty line Basket:</strong> Unlike Alagh committee (which relied on separate PLB for rural and urban areas), Tendulkar Committee computed new poverty lines for <strong>rural and urban areas of each state</strong> based on the uniform poverty line basket and found that all India poverty line (2004-05) was:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>₹446.68 per capita per month in rural areas</li>
<li>₹578.80 per capita per month in urban areas</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Private Expenditure:</strong> Incorporation of private expenditure on <strong>health and education</strong> while estimating poverty.</li>
<li><strong>Price Adjustment Procedure:</strong> The Committee also recommended a new method of updating poverty lines, <strong>adjusting for changes in prices and patterns of consumption</strong> (to correct spatial and temporal issues with price adjustment), using the consumption basket of people close to the poverty line.</li>
<li><strong>Mixed Reference Period:</strong> The Committee recommended using Mixed Reference Period based estimates, as opposed to Uniform Reference Period based estimates that were used in earlier methods for estimating poverty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tendulkar committee computed poverty lines for <strong>2004-05</strong> at a level that was equivalent, in<strong> Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)</strong> terms to <strong>Rs 33 per day.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Purchasing Power Parity:</strong> The PPP model refers to a method used to work out the money that would be needed to purchase the same goods and services in two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rangarajan Committee</h3>
<p>The committee was set up in the backdrop of national outrage over the Planning Commission&rsquo;s suggested poverty line of ₹22 a day for rural areas.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objectives</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To review <strong>international poverty estimation methods</strong> and indicate whether based on these, a particular method for empirical poverty estimation can be developed in India.</li>
<li>To recommend how these estimates of poverty can be <strong>linked to eligibility and entitlements</strong> under the various schemes of the Government of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Methodology Used:</strong> The Rangarajan committee estimation is based on an independent large survey of households by <strong>Center for Monitoring Indian Economy</strong> (CMIE).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has also used different methodology wherein a household is considered poor if it is unable to save.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Normative and Behavioural level:</strong> Poverty line should be based on:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Normative level of adequate nutrition: <strong>Ideal and desirable level of nutrition.</strong></li>
<li>Behavioral determination of <strong>non-food expenses:</strong> What people use or consume as per <strong>general behavior.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nutritional Requirement:</strong> For normative levels of adequate nutrition &ndash; average requirements of calories, proteins and fats based on Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) norms, differentiated by age, gender and activity for all-India rural and urban regions is considered:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Calories:</strong> 2090 kcal in urban areas and 2155 Kcal in rural areas.</li>
<li><strong>Protein:</strong> For rural areas 48 gm and for urban areas 50 gm.</li>
<li><strong>Fat:</strong> For urban areas 28 gm and for rural areas 26 gm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Threshold:</strong> Persons spending <strong>below ₹47</strong> a day in cities and<strong> ₹32 in villages</strong> be considered poor.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Based on this methodology, Rangarajan committee estimated that the number of poor were <strong>19% higher in rural areas</strong> and 41% more in urban areas than what was estimated using Tendulkar committee formula.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Modified Mixed reference period:</strong> Instead of Mixed reference Period (MRP) it recommended Modified Mixed Reference Period (MMRP) in which reference periods for different items were taken as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>365-days</strong> for clothing, footwear, education, institutional medical care, and durable goods.</li>
<li><strong>7-days</strong> for edible oil, egg, fish and meat, vegetables, fruits, spices, beverages, refreshments, processed food, pan, tobacco and intoxicants</li>
<li><strong>30-days</strong> for the remaining food items, fuel and light, miscellaneous goods and services including non-institutional medical; rents and taxes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> Rangarajan committee missed the opportunity to go beyond the expenditure-based poverty rates and examine the possibility of a wider multi-dimensional view of deprivation.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570703978_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570703978_image1.jpg" width="600" height="274" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Poverty Line</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The World Bank</strong> defines a person as extremely poor if she is living on less than <strong>1.90 international dollars a day,</strong> which are adjusted for inflation as well as price differences between countries.</li>
<li><strong>Asian Development Bank</strong> too has its own poverty line which is currently at <strong>$ 1.51</strong> per person per day.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Components of PLB:</strong> Determining components of Poverty Line Basket (PLB) is one of the challenges of poverty line estimation because of the <strong>price differentials</strong> (of constituents of basket) which vary from state to state and period to period.</li>
<li><strong>Demographic and Economic Dynamics:</strong> Further, <strong>consumption patterns, nutritional needs</strong> and <strong>prices</strong> of <strong>components</strong> keep on changing as per dynamics of macro economy and demography.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of consensus</strong> among the states over the acceptance of Tendulkar and Rangrajan committee report.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some states such as Odisha and West Bengal supported the Tendulkar Poverty Line while others such as Delhi, Jharkhand, Mizoram etc. supported Rangarajan report.</li>
<li>The current official measures of poverty are based on the Tendulkar poverty line, fixed at daily expenditure of ₹27.2 in rural areas and ₹33.3 in urban areas is criticised by many for being too low.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Redefining Poverty lines:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/redefining-poverty" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Poverty lines have to be recalibrated</strong></a> depending on changes in income, consumption patterns and prices, as India is now a <strong>middle-income country,</strong> with an estimated per capita income of around $9,000 in purchasing power parity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to economists poverty line of $3.20 translates into ₹ 75 a day, or a 68% higher than the Tendulkar poverty line.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Viable Poverty line:</strong> It makes sense to set the poverty line at a level that allows households to get two square meals a day and other <strong>basic necessities</strong> of life.</li>
<li><strong>Hybrid of Absolute and Relative Measurement of Poverty:</strong> The hybrid approach which would measure poverty from the perspective of a common <strong>global standard of living</strong> and<strong> relative poverty within countries.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The poverty line in case of hybrid model would be equivalent to the income required to achieve a certain welfare status, which includes basic nutrition and social inclusion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political Economic Equilibrium:</strong> Indian political, policy and administrative systems have to adjust to the new realities of the transition to a middle- income country, in which poverty does not mean living at the edge of hunger but, rather, <strong>lack of income</strong> to take advantage of the opportunities thrown up by a growing economy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The focus of government spending should be on the <strong>provision of public goods rather than subsidies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/poverty-estimation-in-india-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/poverty-estimation-in-india'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Malware Smominru',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>Malware Smominru,</strong> whose incidence was first reported in 2017, continues to infect computers in a big way.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is affecting nearly 4,700 computers every day, with over 90,000 computers affected globally in August 2019.</li>
<li>The botnet <strong>relies on more than 20 dedicated servers, mostly located in the US,</strong> though some are hosted in Malaysia and Bulgaria.</li>
<li>In its post-infection phase, it <strong>steals victim credentials, installs a Trojan module</strong> and a <strong>cryptominer</strong> and propagates inside the network.</li>
<li>The malware seems to have the ability to come back to hit the old victims if they fail to tackle the problem completely. About one-fourth of the affected machines were infected again after Smominru was removed from them.</li>
<li>The victims range from universities to healthcare providers suggesting that hackers are not too particular about their targets.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, about 85% of infections have occurred on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 systems.</li>
<li>The objective seems to silently use infected computers for mining cryptocurrency at the victim&rsquo;s expense.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China, Taiwan, Russia, Brazil and the US have seen the most attacks.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Malware:</strong> Short for malicious software, it refers to any kind of software that is designed to cause damage to a single computer, server, or computer network. Ransomware, Spy ware, Worms, viruses, and Trojans are all varieties of malware.</li>
<li><strong>Botnet:</strong> The word Botnet is formed from the words <strong>&lsquo;robot&rsquo; and &lsquo;network&rsquo;.</strong> It is a <strong>network of infected computers that can be controlled remotely,</strong> forcing them to send spam, spread viruses, or stage Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks without the consent of the computer's&rsquo; owners.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/malware-smominru-still-active-infects-4700-pcs-a-day/article29616269.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HBL</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/malware-smominru'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'LCROSS: NASA',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>A decade after <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</strong></a> sent a <strong>Lunar CRater Observations and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570695429_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570695429_image3.jpg" width="231" height="231" style="float: right;" caption="false" />&nbsp;</a></strong>to the<strong> moon's south pole,</strong> the space agency is about to start the same project again.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>LCROSS</strong> was launched with the <strong>Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)</strong> in <strong>2009.</strong></li>
<li>It aimed to determine<strong> if water-ice exists in a permanently shadowed crater at the Moon's south pole.</strong></li>
<li>LCROSS and LRO found <strong>evidence of the lunar soil</strong> in shadowy craters.</li>
<li>It also revealed that the Moon is <strong>chemically active and has a water cycle.</strong></li>
<li>LCROSS also confirmed the water was in the form of mostly pure ice crystals in some places.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/ten-years-after-suicide-mission-nasa-thirsts-for-lunar-water/articleshow/71505941.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ET</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lcross-nasa'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Programme- DHRUV ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Union Human Resource Development Minister has launched the Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Programme named <strong>&lsquo;DHRUV&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of the Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Programme is to encourage talented students to realize their full potential and henceforth, contribute to society.</li>
<li>The programme is named DHRUV after the <strong>Pole Star</strong> with the same name. Every student selected under this programme will be called as &lsquo;Dhruv Tara&rsquo;. The students will thus both shine through their achievements and light a path for others to follow.</li>
<li>The programme will cover two areas namely, <strong>Science and Performing Arts.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Overall 60 students will be selected (30 from each area) from across the country.</li>
<li>The students will be broadly from classes 9 to 12 from all schools including government and private.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=193699" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-innovative-learning-programme-dhruv'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'WHO India Country Cooperation Strategy 2019–2023',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Union Minister for Health &amp; Family Welfare has launched <strong>&lsquo;the World Health Organisation (WHO) India Country Cooperation Strategy 2019&ndash;2023: A Time of Transition&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS)</strong> is a <strong>medium-term</strong> vision for WHO&rsquo;s cooperation with a given Member State.</li>
<li>The CCS provides a <strong>strategic roadmap</strong> for the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO</strong></a> to work with India towards <strong>achieving its health sector goals.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>four areas</strong> for <strong>strategic cooperation of WHO with India</strong> include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Universal Health Coverage (UHC).</li>
<li>Health and wellness by addressing the determinants of health.</li>
<li>Protection against health emergencies.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s global leadership in health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The India CCS<strong> fully aligns itself</strong> with <strong>WHO 'triple billion' targets,</strong> <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-regional-committee-for-south-east-asia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO South-East Asia Region&rsquo;s eight Flagship Priorities.</strong></a></li>
<li>It urges to address <strong>emerging health scenario</strong> of the country like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>non-communicable diseases,</strong></a> <strong>antimicrobial resistance, and air pollution, etc.</strong></li>
<li>The India CCS also connects with India&rsquo;s<strong> National Health Policy 2017,</strong> and other initiatives like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat,</strong></a> National Viral Hepatitis programme,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-for-eliminating-industrially-produced-trans-fats-by-2023" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Eat Right India movement,</strong></a> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fit-india-movement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fit India movement</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Poshan Abhiyaan</strong></a> that have collectively engaged with the people and enhanced the awareness about crucial health areas.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>WHO 'Triple Billion' targets</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a strategic plan for the next <strong>five years.</strong></li>
<li><strong>It aims for</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One billion more people to be benefitted from <strong>Universal Health Coverage (UHC)</strong></li>
<li>One billion more people to be <strong>protected from health emergencies</strong></li>
<li>One billion more people to be covered for <strong>better health and well-being.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Health Policy, 2017</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to achieve universal access to good quality health care services without anyone having to face financial hardship as a consequence.</li>
<li>It intends to gradually increase public health expenditure to 2.5% of the GDP.</li>
<li>It proposes free drugs, free diagnostics, and free emergency and essential healthcare services in public hospitals.</li>
<li>The policy advocates allocating two-thirds of resources to primary care.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1587543" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-india-country-cooperation-strategy-2019-2023'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'GEMINI Device',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Union Minister of Earth Sciences has recently launched the <strong>Gagan Enabled Mariner&rsquo;s Instrument for Navigation and Information (GEMINI)</strong> device.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The device is developed for effective dissemination of emergency information and communication on <strong>Ocean States Forecast</strong> and mapping of <strong>Potential Fishing Zones</strong> (PFZ) to fishermen. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ocean States Forecast</strong> provides the accurate state of the ocean that includes the forecasts related to winds, waves, ocean currents, water temperature, etc.</li>
<li>PFZ provide information about the probable locations of fish aggregation in the seas to the fishermen, while</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>GEMINI is a <strong>portable receiver</strong> that is linked to ISRO-satellites. With this device, the fishermen outside the signal range of their phone companies (i.e. 10-12 km) can also access warnings and alerts, as the device can send signals up to 300 nautical miles.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will facilitate satellite-based communication that will be highly useful while dealing with cyclones, high waves, and tsunamis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)</strong> in collaboration with the <strong>Airports Authority of India (AAI)</strong> utilized the <strong>GAGAN (GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation)</strong> satellite while developing the GEMINI device. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GAGAN was developed by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)</strong></a> <strong>and the Airports Authority of India.</strong> It is India's first satellite-based global positioning system that relies on ISRO&rsquo;s <strong>GSAT satellites.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The drawback of this device is that it only allows <strong>one-way communication,</strong> i.e, it can&rsquo;t be used by fishermen to make calls.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, it is <strong>relatively expensive</strong> for the average fisherman (priced at ₹9,000 per device). The attempts are being made to subsidize it by as much as 90%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INCOIS is an <strong>autonomous organization</strong> under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).</li>
<li>It is located in <strong>Hyderabad</strong> &amp; was established in <strong>1999</strong> under the MoES and is a unit of the Earth System Science Organization (ESSO).</li>
<li>It is mandated to provide the best possible ocean information and advisory services to society, industry, government agencies and the scientific community through sustained ocean observations and constant improvement through systematic and focused research.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=193703" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gemini-device'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Green Wall of India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Centre is mulling an ambitious plan to create a 1,400km long and 5km wide <strong>green belt from Gujarat to the Delhi-Haryana border.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The plan is <strong>inspired by Africa&rsquo;s &lsquo;Great Green Wall&rsquo; project,</strong> running from Senegal (West) to Djibouti (East), which came into effect in 2007.</li>
<li>The overarching <strong>objective</strong> of India&rsquo;s Green Wall will be to <strong>address the rising rates of land degradation and the eastward expansion of the Thar desert.</strong></li>
<li>The green belt being planned from <strong>Porbandar to Panipat</strong> will help in restoring degraded land through <strong>afforestation along the Aravali hill range.</strong> It will also act as a barrier for dust coming from the deserts in western India and Pakistan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Aravali</strong> has been identified as <strong>one of the key degraded zones</strong> to be taken up for greening <strong>under</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-degradation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s target to restore 26 million hectares (mha) of its land.</strong></a></li>
<li>A 2016 report from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</strong></a> had also indicated that Delhi, Gujarat and Rajasthan had already degraded over 50% of their land.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570692913_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570692913_image2.jpg" width="391" height="226" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Great Green Wall of Africa</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to <strong>restore Africa&rsquo;s degraded landscapes</strong> and transform millions of lives in one of the world&rsquo;s poorest regions, the <strong>Sahel.</strong></li>
<li>The African initiative is <strong>still only 15% complete.</strong></li>
<li>Once fully completed, the <strong>Wall will be the largest living structure on the planet &ndash;</strong> an <strong>8,000 km</strong> natural wonder of the world stretching across the entire width of the continent.</li>
<li>African countries during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-convention-to-combat-desertification-cop-14" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNCCCD COP14</strong></a> sought global support in terms of finance to make the Wall a reality in the continent&rsquo;s Sahel region by 2030.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sahel is a semiarid region</strong> of western and north-central Africa extending from Senegal eastward to Sudan.</li>
<li>It forms a transitional zone between the arid Sahara (desert) to the north and the belt of humid savannas to the south.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570692878_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570692878_image1.jpg" width="697" height="475" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<h3>Aravali Mountain Range</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Aravallis, is the <strong>oldest fold mountains on Earth.</strong> Geological studies show its age as three billion years.</li>
<li>It spans over <strong>800km from Gujarat to Delhi (through Rajasthan and Haryana).</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>highest peak</strong> in the Aravalli Range is <strong>Guru Peak on Mount Abu.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Influences Climate:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Aravallis have an impact upon the climate of northwest India and beyond.</li>
<li>During monsoons, the mountain range gently guides the monsoon clouds eastwards towards Shimla and Nainital, thus <strong>helping nurture the sub-Himalayan rivers and feeding the north Indian plains.</strong></li>
<li>In the winter months, it <strong>protects</strong> the fertile alluvial river valleys (the para-Indus and Gangetic) <strong>from the assault of cold westerly winds from Central Asia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Aravalli range, which separates western India&rsquo;s Thar desert from the relatively green plains to its east, has <strong>lost so much green cover</strong> that it is losing its ability to act as a natural barrier against the heat and dust that blows in from the west. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Thar desert&rsquo;s expansion could threaten the &ldquo;granary of India"&mdash;</strong>the fertile belts of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and the Malwa region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unauthorized mining</strong> for minerals and building materials has vanished some hills in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Thar Desert</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Thar Desert also called the <strong>Great Indian desert</strong> lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills.</li>
<li>It is an undulating sandy plain covered with <strong>sand dunes (mainly Barchans).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Barchans are crescent-shaped sand dune always facing the wind. It is formed when a lot of sand is present in the desert. A steady wind from one direction is also needed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The region receives very low <strong>rainfall below 150 mm per year.</strong></li>
<li>It has an arid climate with low vegetation cover.</li>
<li><strong>Luni</strong> is the only large river in this region.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-plans-1400km-long-great-green-wall-of-india/articleshow/71496260.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ToI</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/green-wall-of-india'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Slum Dwellers',
			'catname' => 'GS Paper II',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="/images/uploads/1571394455_Slum%20Dwellers.pdf" target="_blank" class="downloadbtn" rel="noopener">Download PDF</a><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 700px; border: none; left: 0; top: 0;" src="//docs.google.com/viewer?url=https://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571394455_Slum%20Dwellers.pdf&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en" title="Embedded Document"></iframe></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/infographics/info-paper2/slum-dwellers'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Aspirational Districts',
			'catname' => 'GS Paper II',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="/pdf/aspirational-districts.pdf" target="_blank" class="downloadbtn" rel="noopener">Download PDF</a><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 700px; border: none; left: 0; top: 0;" src="//docs.google.com/viewer?url=https://www.drishtiias.com/pdf/aspirational-districts.pdf&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en" title="Embedded Document"></iframe></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/infographics/info-paper2/aspirational-districts-2'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'India-Bangladesh Relationship',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-bangladesh-relations-shiekh-hasina-narendra-modi-6058161/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Be Neighbourly</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 8/10/2019, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/sheikh-hasina-modi-meeting-delhi-dhaka-6056781/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good going</strong></a> and <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/narendra-modi-sheikh-hasina-xi-jinping-india-china-bangladesh-6059631/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>A triangular affair</strong></a> which were published in The Indian Express on 9/10/2019 and <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/best-friends-for-now/article29611768.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Best friends for now: On New Delhi Dhaka ties</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 7/10/2019. It talks about India-<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-bangladesh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bangladesh relationship</strong></a>.</p>
</div>
<p><strong>Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina&rsquo;s</strong> four day<strong> official visit to India</strong> from<strong> October 3 to 6,</strong> highlights India&rsquo;s deepening <strong>bilateral relationship and growing interdependence</strong> with <strong>Bangladesh.</strong> She addressed the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wef-india-economic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Economic Summit of the World Economic Forum.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Historical Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India</strong> enabled Bangladesh&rsquo;s liberation in <strong>December 1971</strong> when it <strong>militarily assisted the erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)</strong> to acquire freedom from its oppressive western wing which unleashed a massive genocide of its own citizens of Bangla ethnicity. More than 10 million persecuted citizens of East Pakistan fled to India.</li>
<li>In the 1971 war, the <strong>US and China,</strong> which had begun their own rapprochement, <strong>supported Pakistan,</strong> and were <strong>opposed to Indian assistance to the East Pakistan.</strong></li>
<li>With tacit support from Moscow, India achieved a spectacular military victory and liberated Dhaka, handing over power to <strong>Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</strong> who symbolised political leadership.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights of the Visit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Agreements on <strong>expanding connectivity and transit, easing travel across the border, strengthening trade and investment ties, boosting development cooperation, putting the fledgling defence cooperation on a firmer basis and promoting regional cooperation</strong> were taken up.</li>
<li>Commitments to <strong>upgrade port facilities, implement India&rsquo;s under-utilised Lines of Credit, a coastal surveillance system, and fulfilment of the regional trilateral energy sharing arrangement with Bhutan</strong> were made.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s foreign relations with Bangladesh are very good in general and the best, when viewed in comparison with other neighbours.</li>
<li>Sheikh Hasina articulated points critical for the future welfare of South Asia and <strong>suggested to move beyond the majority-minority mindset and other issues</strong> hindering the growth of bilateral relations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Line of Credit:</strong> It is a &lsquo;soft loan&rsquo; provided on concessional interest rates to developing countries, which has to be repaid by the borrowing governments. The projects under LOCs are spread over different sectors like agriculture, infrastructure, telecom, railway, transmission/power, renewable energy, etc.</p>
</div>
<h3>Areas of Concern</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Failed <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">river water sharing agreements</a></strong> between India and Bangladesh despite many efforts. Chief among them is the <strong>Teesta agreement</strong> which was inked in 2011 but has not moved forward because of tensions between the Central and West Bengal governments.</li>
<li>Pending upgradation of the <strong>Ganga-Padma barrage project,</strong> the <strong>draft framework of interim sharing agreements</strong> for six rivers- <strong>Manu, Muhuri, Khowai, Gumti, Dharla &amp; Dudhkumar</strong> and the draft framework of interim sharing agreement of the Feni river.</li>
<li><strong>Growing concerns</strong> in Bangladesh over the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Register of Citizens (NRC)</strong></a> in Assam and about its conflicting explanations by the Indian government. The problem in Assam is part of the tragic legacy of the Indian subcontinent&rsquo;s partition in 1947 and the movement of people across the new frontiers in the east since then.</li>
<li><strong>Anti-market orientation in Delhi&rsquo;s economic policy</strong> poses serious problems even if India&rsquo;s national strategy calls for regional integration. It shows the insensitivity of Indian economic policy makers towards the logic of interdependence and the headache generated in Bangladesh by Delhi&rsquo;s economic decisions. For example, beef is a staple food in Bangladesh yet India does not export it which in turn increases the illegal animal trafficking at the border areas.</li>
<li>Continuous delay in implementation of <strong>Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal Initiative (BBIN).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hate mongering and incidents of lynching of Muslims</strong> in India affect public perceptions in Bangladesh.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal Initiative</strong></p>
<p>It is an initiative to kick-start a smaller &lsquo;Eastern&rsquo; sub-regional grouping with the potential to act as a link between South and Southeast Asia. Reasons for India's willingness are threefold:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To strengthen trade relations with the Eastern (Bangladesh) and North Eastern (Bhutan and Nepal) neighbouring countries.</li>
<li>To improve the sub-regional connectivity in order to realise regional connectivity goals with Southeast Asia.</li>
<li>To develop the North Eastern Region of India through cross-border cooperation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tasks of <strong>river water management must be taken seriously</strong> between two countries which share <strong>54 transboundary rivers,</strong> and which is <strong>key to prosperity,</strong> and often a source of tensions and humanitarian disasters.</li>
<li>As India rises and integrates with Bangladesh which is now one of the world&rsquo;s fastest growing economies, Delhi must get its economic bureaucrats to<strong> integrate the regional dimension into their national policy</strong> thinking.</li>
<li>The leaders of both nations must <strong>try to develop a long-term joint strategy</strong> that will facilitate <strong>national identification</strong> and <strong>generate a system of work-permits</strong> for legitimate movement of labour.</li>
<li><strong>The Land and Maritime Boundary Agreements,</strong> should be approached by different means so that they can be of <strong>mutual benefit.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Chinese Perspective</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sheikh Hasina referred to the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/05-10-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Second Informal Summit between India-China</strong></a> and highlighted how the strategic ties between India and China have evolved and how <strong>Bangladesh-India-China triangle</strong> is often obscured by the high visibility accorded to Pakistan in the uneasy relationship between the two Asian giants.</li>
<li><strong>Post Bangladesh liberation, China&rsquo;s strategic and security concerns over India&rsquo;s growing involvement</strong> in the geopolitics of the region <strong>led to its investment in Pakistan,</strong> which <strong>emboldened Rawalpindi</strong> (Pakistan army headquarter) to embark upon a <strong>proxy war against India</strong> (with terrorism as a tool) which began in 1990 and continues till now.</li>
<li>Hence, <strong>India&rsquo;s abiding regional strategic objective should be to ensure that Bangladesh does not morph into another Pakistan,</strong> either by way of being compelled into choosing Beijing over Delhi or nurturing radical Islamic ideologies domestically.</li>
<li>Currently, Bangladesh is an active partner of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/belt-and-road-initiative-perspectives-from-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)</strong></a> that Delhi has not signed up to. In the <strong>security sector, Bangladesh is also a major recipient</strong> of Chinese military inventory, including submarines.</li>
<li>India needs to recognise <strong>evolving regional strategic calculus enabled by China&rsquo;s economic-trade-fiscal policies</strong> and <strong>shape its own ties</strong> with Dhaka which also has robust ties with Beijing and if this triangular relationship is managed with integrity and little diplomacy, it can unleash the positive potential of the player countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Bangladesh must manage their <strong>geo-political realities through friendship and collaborations.</strong> They should <strong>appreciate and balance regional political realities</strong> for the interest of the people and <strong>should not trade off long-term interests for short-term gains.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pluralism has been the strength of the Indian subcontinent</strong> so that should be kept in mind to be able to celebrate South Asia&rsquo;s diversities in religion, ethnicity and language.</li>
<li>India and Bangladesh share a <strong>great relationship, areas of concern remain</strong> which need to be looked into holistically and ratified as soon as possible so that<strong> &ldquo;best of the best&rdquo; of ties</strong> between the two neighbours can be sustained forever.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ff0000; border-style: dotted; background-color: #fdffe6;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Highlight the areas of concern in India-Bangladesh relationship and suggest measures to improve them.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-bangladesh-relationship'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Hindu-Kush-Himalayan Region',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong> will <strong>collaborate with</strong> meteorological agencies in <strong>China and Pakistan, among others,</strong> to provide<strong> climate forecast services</strong> to countries in the <strong>Hindu-Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>World Meteorological Organisation (WMO)</strong> has proposed for establishment of regional climate centres in Islamabad, Delhi and Beijing. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These centres are expected to provide forecasting services and climate analyses.</li>
<li>They would also provide data sharing services, training and capacity-building, research and development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Hindu-Kush-Himalayan (HKH) Region<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570611005_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570611005_image4.jpg" width="405" height="312" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The HKH region <strong>spans</strong> Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.</li>
<li>It traverses about 5 million square kilometres and hosts a large and culturally diverse population.</li>
<li>It is considered the <strong>Third Pole</strong> (after the North and South Poles), and has significant implications for climate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It contains vast cryospheric zones and is also the world&rsquo;s largest store of snow and ice outside the polar region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A recent report by the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-report-on-climate-change-ipcc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></strong> has highlighted the t<strong>hreat to the HKH region from global warming.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Floods would become more frequent and severe in the mountainous and downstream areas of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins, because of an increase in extreme precipitation events.</li>
<li>Also, the severity of floods is expected to more than double towards the end of the century.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>principal agency under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES),</strong> Government of India responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology.</li>
<li>It is <strong>headquartered in Delhi</strong> and operates hundreds of observation stations across India and Antarctica.</li>
<li>It is also one of the <strong>six Regional Specialised Meteorological Centres of the World Meteorological Organization.</strong></li>
<li>It also has the responsibility for forecasting, naming and distribution of warnings for tropical cyclones in the Northern Indian Ocean region, including the Malacca Straits, the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>World Meteorological Organization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is an <strong>intergovernmental organization</strong> with a membership of 193 Member States and Territories.</li>
<li>Established by the ratification of the WMO Convention on 23 March 1950, WMO became the <strong>specialized agency of the United Nations for meteorology</strong> (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in <strong>Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/india-to-work-with-china-pakistan-to-gauge-impact-of-climate-change/article29620759.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hindu-kush-himalayan-region'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Meghalayan Minor Tribes Exclusion',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Government of Meghalaya has decided to exclude <strong>&lsquo;unrepresented tribes&rsquo;</strong> from the provisions of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ladakh-under-sixth-schedule" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sixth Schedule</strong></a> of the Constitution.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The five minor tribes namely, <strong>Bodo-Kachari, Hajong, Koch, Mann, and Rabha</strong> are clubbed together as <strong>&lsquo;unrepresented tribes&rsquo;</strong> for nomination in Meghalaya&rsquo;s autonomous tribal councils.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These minor tribes are<strong> indigenous to Meghalaya</strong> and have been living in the state much before its creation in 1972.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These tribal councils are in the names of <strong>Garo, Jaintia, and Khasi</strong> district councils, that form the State&rsquo;s three major autonomous councils (predominantly the <strong>matrilineal communities).</strong></li>
<li>On September 26, 2019, a sub-committee constituted by the State government had decided to recommend to the <strong>Standing Committee of Parliament</strong> for the removal of the word &lsquo;unrepresented tribes&rsquo; from the Sixth Schedule. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This move has excluded 5 minor tribes in the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Sixth Schedule makes special provisions for the welfare and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes and the tribal areas residing in the parts or the whole of the four northeastern states namely, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The proposed amendment will deprive some of these Scheduled Tribes of their <strong>constitutional rights to be represented</strong> in the autonomous district councils as of now, it will not be possible for them to get elected on the basis of adult suffrage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hajong Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Hajong are tribal people native to the Indian subcontinent mostly in the northeast <strong>Indian states and Bangladesh.</strong> The majority of them are settled in India.</li>
<li>Hajongs are predominantly the <strong>rice farmers</strong> and perform <strong>endogamy.</strong></li>
<li>The Hajongs are <strong>Hindus</strong> and observe Hindu rites and customs.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rabha Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They are indigenous Mongoloid community of Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Myanmar, and Bangladesh, and the Indian states of Assam, Meghalaya and West Bengal.</li>
<li>The language/dialect spoken by the <strong>Rabha</strong> people is mostly Rabha as well as Assamese.</li>
<li>In Meghalaya, Rabhas are mostly found in Garo Hills districts.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Koch Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They are a Tibeto-Burman ethnolinguistic group of Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal, and Bangladesh.</li>
<li>Their language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group.</li>
<li>According to the census of 1881, Koch belong to a group of Bodo-Kachari people.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bodo-Kachari</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a generic term applied to a number of ethnic groups that are predominantly living in the Northeast Indian state of Assam.</li>
<li>They generally speak Assamese and other Tibeto-Burman languages and have a shared ancestry.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/stop-exclusion-from-sixth-schedule-meghalaya-tribes/article29623291.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/meghalayan-minor-tribes-exclusion'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Saturn: Planet with Most Moons',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently the discovery of<strong> 20 new moons</strong> of <strong>Saturn</strong> has made <strong>Saturn the planet with the highest number of moons (82)</strong> against 79 moons of Jupiter.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The discovered moons of planet Saturn may have once comprised a larger moon that was broken apart in the distant past.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570610228_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570610228_image3.jpg" width="350" height="169" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The newly discovered moons are able to continue orbiting Saturn after their parent moons broke apart indicates that these collisions occurred after the planet-formation process was mostly complete.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These moons are the remnants of the objects that helped for planet formations thus studying the remnants might reveal the origin of the planet.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, studying the orbits of these moons can reveal their origins, as well as information about the conditions surrounding Saturn at the time of its formation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The research related new moons of the planet Saturn have been released by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asteroid-named-after-pandit-jasraj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the International Astronomical Union&rsquo;s Minor Planet Centre.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/saturn-beats-jupiter-as-planet-with-most-moons/article29617167.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saturn-planet-with-most-moons'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Information Fusion Centre- Sharing Maritime Data',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Fusion Centre for the Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR)</strong></a> that was set up last year (in 2018) has started functioning as an <strong>information-sharing hub</strong> of maritime data.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The centre will set up a line of action for incident responses to maritime security situations through a collaborative approach.</li>
<li>The centre is administering a <strong>website</strong> to undertake the collection and dissemination of information on a daily basis and host the <strong>Monthly Maritime Security Update</strong> (MMSU) highlighting analysis on incidents, warnings, and advisories issued in the IOR.</li>
<li>It is actively interacting with the maritime community and has already built linkages with <strong>18 countries and 15 multinational/maritime security centres.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All countries which have signed <strong>white shipping</strong> (commercial shipping information about the movement of cargo ships) <strong>information exchange agreements</strong> with India are IFC partners.</li>
<li>Several <strong>Indian Ocean littoral states</strong> that have joined the coastal radar chain network include Maldives, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, and Seychelles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570609979_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570609979_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="466" height="447" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-starts-sharing-maritime-data/article29611936.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-sharing-maritime-data'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'UNHRC’s UPR',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The government is forming a task force to prepare a <strong>National Action Plan on Human Rights (NAPHR)</strong> as <strong>mandated</strong> under the UN Human Rights Council&rsquo;s <strong>(UNHRC) Universal Periodic Review (UPR).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The task force will involve the<strong> Union Home Ministry and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-human-rights-commission-nhrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)</a></strong> and have representatives from ministries such as social justice and health.</li>
<li><strong>UPR</strong> is a <strong>state-driven process under UNHRC&rsquo;s</strong> auspices and provides <strong>opportunities to member states to declare what actions they have taken to improve human rights</strong> and to fulfil their obligations.</li>
<li><strong>A review cycle lasts four-and-half years,</strong> during which records of member states are reviewed.</li>
<li>Earlier in 2017, India <strong>accepted 152 out of 250 recommendations</strong> on human rights. These <strong>pertain to sustainable development goals</strong> related to eliminating poverty, access to safe drinking water, sanitation and improving protection for women and children.</li>
<li>However, India &ldquo;noted&rdquo; and <strong>refused to accept</strong> some recommendations, including those related to the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/afspa-in-nagaland-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Armed Forces Special Powers Act</strong> </a>and the <strong>Foreign Contribution Regulation Act.</strong></li>
<li>Also, earlier, <strong>the UN had already recommended that India should have NAPHR</strong> covering issues such as the rights to health, education, food security, and housing; aspects related to custodial justice; and measures against the trafficking of women and children.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NAPHR, once implemented, will help mitigate the criticism India faces at international level when it comes to its human rights record as well as strengthen the social justice system.</li>
<li>It will also lead to <strong>stronger administration of justice, strengthening of human rights institutions,</strong> and <strong>linking of rights with development.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UN Human Rights Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>inter-governmental body</strong> within the United Nations system <strong>responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe</strong> and for addressing situations of human rights violations and make recommendations on them.</li>
<li>It was created by the United Nations General Assembly on <strong>15<sup>th</sup> March 2006 and replaced the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.</strong></li>
<li>It meets at the UN Office at <strong>Geneva.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/task-force-to-improve-india-s-rights-record/story-YsnYnBZvhWLbYrt8btCWpM.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unhrc-s-upr'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'National Nutrition Survey',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The first-ever comprehensive National Nutrition Survey has been conducted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF)</strong></a> to measure the level of malnutrition in India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-nutrition-survey" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey</strong></a> is the<strong> largest</strong> micronutrient survey implemented <strong>globally</strong> to assess nutrient deficiency among children for the <strong>first time in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570609160_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570609160_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="615" height="305" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Breastfeeding:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>83% of children between 12 and 15 months continued to be breastfed in the country.</li>
<li><strong>A higher proportion of children (12-15 months) residing in rural areas are breastfed (85%) compared to children in urban areas (76%).</strong></li>
<li>Breastfeeding is<strong> inversely proportional</strong> to <strong>household wealth.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>rural children receive meals more frequently</strong> (44%) as compared to 37% of urban children.</li>
<li><strong>Higher proportion of children residing in urban</strong> areas (26.9%) are <strong>fed an adequately diverse diet</strong> as compared to those in rural areas (19%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Iron Deficiency:</strong><br />
<ul>
<li>Children and adolescents <strong>residing in urban areas</strong> have a <strong>higher</strong> (40.6%)<strong> prevalence of iron deficiency</strong> compared to their rural counterparts (29%) due to a better performance of the government&rsquo;s health programmes in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vitamin D Deficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Higher deficiency of Vitamin D in urban areas (19%) is observed compared to rural areas (12%). This is despite 74% of children living in cities consume dairy products as compared to 58% in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Zinc deficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>rural children lag</strong> in the intake of zinc which causes diarrhea, growth retardation, loss of appetite and impaired immune function.</li>
<li>Among children aged <strong>1-4 years, zinc deficiency is more common in rural areas</strong> (20%) compared to urban areas (16%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Obesity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>14.5% of children in the age group of 5 to 9 years in urban areas have higher <strong>Subscapular Skinfold Thickness (SSFT)</strong> than 5.3% in rural areas.</li>
<li>Whereas 10.4% of adolescents surveyed in urban areas in the age group of 10-19 had higher SSFT than 4.3% in rural areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Subscapular Skinfold Thickness (SSFT)</strong> measurement is a reliable, cheap, simple, noninvasive method of body fat estimation at all ages including the neonatal period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stunting:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Overall 35 % of Indian children aged 0-4 years were stunted.</li>
<li>Rural areas witnesses a higher prevalence of <strong>stunting</strong> (37% ) versus 27% in urban areas.</li>
<li>Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh have a high (37-42 % ) stunting prevalence.</li>
<li>The lowest prevalence of stunting (16-21 %) was found in Goa and Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Severe Acute Malnutrition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>34.7% in rural areas for children in 5-9 years versus 23.7% in urban areas.</li>
<li>32.4%in rural areas for adolescents in 10-19 years versus 27.4% in urban areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Considering the overall scenario the<strong> rural parts of the country</strong> face a higher percentage of children suffering from stunting, underweight and wasting compared to urban parts of the country.</li>
<li>The survey also reveals that <strong>Indian children are facing the double burden of malnutrition </strong>and<strong> rising risk of non-communicable diseases</strong> including diabetes, high cholesterol, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rural-children-breastfed-more-survey/article29621019.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-nutrition-survey-1'
		]
	],
	'updates' => object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

		'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
		'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
		'params' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'defaultTypes' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'decorators' => (int) 0,
		'executed' => false,
		'hydrate' => true,
		'buffered' => true,
		'formatters' => (int) 0,
		'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
		'contain' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'matching' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'extraOptions' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}
	
	},
	'page' => (int) 152,
	'search' => 'class',
	'totalPages' => (float) 277,
	'title' => 'Search'
]
$progress = []
$bookmarks = []
$notes = []
$mynote = []
$topdata = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/estore/test-series-en/upsc-mains-english/sociology-optional-mains-online-en',
		'title' => 'Sociology Mains Test Series 2020 - Join Now',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/estore/test-series-en/upsc-prelims-english/prelims-test-series-2021-online',
		'title' => 'Prelims Test Series 2021 (Online) - Join Now',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://bit.ly/drishtibooks',
		'title' => 'Get Drishti Publications books & magazines on Amazon - click here!',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://bit.ly/joindrishti',
		'title' => 'Click here for Online Inquiry form to join Drishti IAS programmes',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	}
]
$searchdata = []
$searchlist = [
	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Gangetic Dolphin Annual Census',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the <strong>annual Ganges river Dolphin census</strong> was undertaken by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shark-awareness-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Wide Fund for Nature- India</strong></a> in collaboration with the <strong>Uttar Pradesh Forest Department</strong> along about 250 km. long riverine stretch of Upper Ganga river basin between <strong>Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> and <strong>Narora Ramsar site.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This year the<strong> tandem boat survey method</strong> replaced the previous years&rsquo; <strong>direct counting method</strong> in order to provide a more accurate count of the endangered species.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the &lsquo;tandem boat survey&rsquo; method, the officials use two inflated boats which move in tandem to count the dolphins. After collating the data, statistical tools are employed to arrive at the final count.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2015 census their count was 22, and since then the number has been stable in the last few years. This year, there is an expected rise in their number.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ganga River Dolphin (Platanista Gangetica)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gangetic-dolphins-found-in-mahananda-river" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ganges river dolphin</strong></a> is found in parts of the Ganges-Meghna-Brahmaputra and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.</li>
<li>The Gangetic river dolphin is India's <strong>national aquatic animal</strong> and is popularly known as <strong>&lsquo;Susu&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It is among the <strong>four freshwater dolphins</strong> in the world- the other three are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>&lsquo;Baiji&rsquo;</strong> now likely extinct from the <strong>Yangtze</strong> River in China,</li>
<li>The <strong>&lsquo;Bhulan&rsquo;</strong> of the <strong>Indus</strong> in Pakistan, and</li>
<li>The <strong>&lsquo;Boto&rsquo;</strong> of the <strong>Amazon</strong> River in Latin America.</li>
<li>These four species live only in rivers and lakes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Its presence indicates the health of the riverine ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Threats</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pollution:</strong> It faces a number of threats such as dumping of single-use plastics in water bodies, industrial pollution, fishing.</li>
<li><strong>Restrictive Flow of Water:</strong> The increase in the number of barrages and dams is also affecting their growth as such structures impede the flow of water.</li>
<li><strong>Poaching:</strong> Dolphins are also poached for their flesh, fat, and oil, which is used as a prey to catch fish, as an ointment and as a supposed aphrodisiac.</li>
<li><strong>Shipping &amp; Dredging:</strong> It is also called a <strong>blind dolphin</strong> because it doesn&rsquo;t have an eye lens and uses <strong>echolocation</strong> to navigate and hunt. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Like bats, they produce high-frequency sounds which helps them to detect objects when the sound waves bounce off them.</li>
<li>Due to their dependence on echolocation, the Gangetic dolphins also suffer from the noise pollution created by large ship propellers, and by dredging.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Protection Status</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN</strong> </a>Status: Endangered</li>
<li>It is listed on <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a> Appendix-I.</li>
<li>It is classified under Schedule 1, <strong>Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong> providing absolute protection as offences under these are prescribed the highest penalties.</li>
<li><strong>Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS) in Bihar&rsquo;s Bhagalpur</strong> district is India&rsquo;s only sanctuary for its national aquatic animal.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/annual-ganges-river-dolphin-census-begins/article29651342.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gangetic-dolphin-annual-census'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Poverty Estimation in India',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570797452_Poverty%20Estimation in India (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570797452_Poverty Estimation in India (Mind Map).png" width="435" height="2327" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/poverty-estimation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/poverty-estimation-in-india-mind-map'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'The Minimum Wage Solution',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-minimum-wage-solution/article29629570.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The minimum wage solution</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 10/10/2019. It talks about the relationship between the increase in NREGA wages and the decrease in corporate tax rate.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the government made two announcements at two ends of the spectrum to <strong>mitigate the economic crisis.</strong> One concerns a<strong> new indexation of NREGA wages meant to increase rural incomes</strong> and the second is a <strong>reduction in corporate tax rate.</strong></p>
<h3>Minimum wages in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Wage rates under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-group-of-chief-ministers-on-coordination-between-mgnrega-and-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MGNREGA</strong></a>, 2005 are <strong>notified and revised annually</strong> based on the<strong> Consumer Price Index-Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL)</strong> by the <strong>Central Government</strong> in accordance with the <strong>provisions of Section 6(1)</strong> of the scheme.</li>
<li>The revised wage rates are made <strong>applicable from 1<sup>st</sup> April of every year.</strong></li>
<li>The CPI-(AL) is published by <strong>Labour Bureau, Shimla.</strong></li>
<li>Minimum wages are <strong>legal mandate</strong> that are arrived at by <strong>calculating the minimal nutritional requirement and basic needs</strong> of an individual.</li>
<li>The <strong>current daily NREGA wages</strong> are just a <strong>quarter of the minimum daily living wage of ₹692</strong> as <strong>outlined in the 7<sup>th</sup> Pay Commission.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Important Reports and Judgments</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Fair Wages Committee</strong> of the <strong>Ministry of Labour (1949)</strong> noted in a progressive report that a <strong>&ldquo;living wage&rdquo; should also include education, healthcare and insurance</strong> besides the bare essentials.</li>
<li>In <strong>Sanjit Roy v. State of Rajasthan (1983),</strong> the Supreme Court held that paying less than minimum wages is akin to <strong>&ldquo;forced labour&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>Workmen v. Management of Raptakos Brett (1991),</strong> it said that <strong>more provisions must be added</strong> to arrive at a moral &ldquo;living wage&rdquo; to ensure basic dignity of life.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>New Indexation of NREGA Wages</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Prices of commodities increase each year due to inflation</strong> so it is important to increase the daily wages of workers in the villages.</li>
<li>For that, it is important to keep in mind the <strong>previous year&rsquo;s national daily average NREGA wages (₹179 in 2019)</strong> and <strong>a good index to benchmark and revise</strong> the wages.</li>
<li>Indices are <strong>(weighted) averages of the prices of a basket of goods consumed</strong> and the index <strong>must be based on the main items of consumption</strong> for rural households.</li>
<li>NREGA <strong>daily wages are to be indexed with</strong> an updated inflation index called the <strong>Consumer Price Index-Rural (CPI-R)</strong> instead of the older <strong>Consumer Price Index-Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL).</strong></li>
<li>Calculation of <strong>CPI-AL involves more food items in the consumption basket</strong> while the calculation of <strong>CPI-R involves more non-food items such as healthcare and education</strong> so it reflects the rural consumption basket better than the CPI-AL.</li>
<li>The new indexation will have a <strong>notable impact on increase in income of rural households only if the base NREGA wages are high.</strong></li>
<li>It is also <strong>recommended to use annual average</strong> instead of the existing practice of using December month index only.</li>
<li>A substantial increase in NREGA wages and subsequent indexation with CPI-R would be meaningful for the workers and the economy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reduction in Corporate Tax Rates</h3>
<p>Government has brought in <strong>the Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2019</strong> to make certain amendments in <strong>the Income-tax Act, 1961</strong> and<strong> the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Basic <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panel-on-direct-tax-code" target="_blank" rel="noopener">corporate tax rate</a></strong> has been <strong>slashed to 22% from 30% while for new manufacturing companies</strong> it has been <strong>cut down to 15% from 25%.</strong></li>
<li>In order to promote growth and investment, a new provision has been inserted in the Income-tax Act which allows any domestic company an option to pay income-tax at the rate of 22% subject to the condition that they will not avail any exemption/incentive. The <strong>effective tax rate</strong> for these companies shall be <strong>25.17% inclusive of surcharge &amp; cess.</strong></li>
<li>According to a <strong>2015 IMF report,</strong> &ldquo;If the income share of the top 20% (the rich) increases, then GDP growth actually declines over the medium term&rdquo;, while &ldquo;an increase in the income share of the bottom 20% (the poor) is associated with higher GDP growth&rdquo;. <strong>Current corporate tax cut</strong> can<strong> widen economic inequality.</strong></li>
<li>According to <strong>estimates by Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited (CRISIL),</strong> due to the recent tax cut, <strong>1,000 companies</strong> would have annual savings of around <strong>₹37,000 crore</strong> and<strong> last annual NREGA budget of ₹60,000 crore</strong> can be mentioned here for the comparison.</li>
<li>The <strong>estimated gains</strong> of more than <strong>1,000 companies</strong> would be <strong>equivalent to the annual earnings of around 7.2 crore NREGA labourers.</strong></li>
<li>The worst part is that the <strong>budget allocation for NREGA gets exhausted by October</strong> of each financial year, leading to delays in payment of wages.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While <strong>corporate tax cuts and lower interest rates</strong> would give corporations some <strong>liquidity,</strong> it is <strong>unlikely that rural demand will increase.</strong> On the contrary, <strong>without a substantial increase in NREGA wages,</strong> the <strong>wages would barely match inflation</strong> levels leading to wage stagnation in real terms.</li>
<li>In circumstances of <strong>unsustainable wages,</strong> the poor would be forced to become part of the <strong>migrant labour force and industries would benefit</strong> by absorbing them at throwaway daily wages leaving no alternatives.</li>
<li>It is <strong>economically prudent to substantially increase the budget for public programmes such as NREGA.</strong> This would <strong>lead to higher disposable income for the poor</strong> which in turn would have positive multiplier effects in the economy.</li>
<li>The government needs to pay <strong>more attention to the poor in economic, ethical, and legal ways.</strong></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #ecffe8;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Higher disposable income for the poor can have positive multiplier effects in the economy. Discuss.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-minimum-wage-solution'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Global Competitiveness Index 4.0: WEF',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wef-india-economic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Economic Forum (WEF)</strong></a> has released the 2019 edition of the Global Competitiveness Report which features the Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 (GCI 4.0).<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570706132_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570706132_image5.jpg" style="float: right;" width="220" height="434" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The World Economic Forum introduced the <strong>new Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 in 2018.</strong> GCI 4.0 provides a detailed map of the factors and attributes that drive productivity, growth and human development in the era of the <strong>Fourth Industrial Revolution.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>GCI 4.0</strong> covers <strong>141 economies,</strong> which account for <strong>99% of the world&rsquo;s GDP.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The GCI 4.0 of 2019 reveal that, on average, most economies continue to be <strong>far from the competitiveness &ldquo;frontier&rdquo;</strong>&mdash;the aggregate ideal across all factors of competitiveness. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A country&rsquo;s performance on the overall GCI is reported as a <strong>&lsquo;progress score&rsquo; on a 0-to-100 scale,</strong> where <strong>100 represents the &lsquo;frontier&rsquo;,</strong> an ideal state where an issue ceases to be a constraint to productivity growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This edition of the report focuses on building shared prosperity (addressing inequality) and managing the transition to a sustainable economy (addressing environmental issues) along with competitiveness and growth.</li>
<li>The report is based on <strong>12 set of factors (pillars) that determine productivity.</strong> These are: Institutions; Infrastructure; ICT adoption; Macroeconomic stability; Health; Skills; Product market; Labour market; Financial system; Market size; Business dynamism; and Innovation capability.</li>
<li>The index has been <strong>an annual edition since 1979.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has moved down <strong>10 places to the rank of 68<sup>th</sup></strong> compared to the <strong>58<sup>th</sup> rank of 2018</strong> primarily because of <strong>faster improvements of several countries</strong> previously ranked lower.</li>
<li><strong>Positives for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India ranks high on <strong>macroeconomic stability (90, 43<sup>rd</sup>)</strong> and <strong>market size (93.7, 3<sup>rd</sup>),</strong></li>
<li>India performs well when it comes to <strong>innovation (50.9, 35<sup>th</sup>),</strong> well ahead of most emerging economies and on par with several advanced economies.</li>
<li>Its <strong>financial sector (69.5, 40<sup>th</sup>)</strong> is relatively deep and stable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India ranks beyond 100<sup>th</sup> on five pillars and features in the top 50 of just four pillars.</li>
<li>Major shortcomings in some of the basic enablers of competitiveness, <strong>like ICT adoption is limited (31.1, 120<sup>th</sup>)</strong> but has improved sharply (+8 since the 2017 edition).</li>
<li><strong>Health conditions</strong> remain poor, as reflected in low healthy life expectancy (59.4 years, 109<sup>th</sup>), which is one of the shortest outside Africa and significantly below the South Asian average.</li>
<li><strong>Weak banking system</strong> (60.4, 89<sup>th</sup>).</li>
<li>India must <strong>also grow its skills base</strong> (50.5, 107<sup>th</sup>).</li>
<li><strong>Product market efficiency</strong> (50.4, 101<sup>st</sup>) is undermined by a <strong>lack of trade openness</strong> (43.9, 131<sup>st</sup>).</li>
<li>The labour market is characterized by a <strong>lack of worker rights&rsquo; protections</strong>, insufficiently developed active labour market policies and critically low participation of women (ratio of female workers to male workers of 0.26, 128<sup>th</sup>)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In South Asia, <strong>Sri Lanka is the most improved country in the region at 84<sup>th</sup>,</strong> Bangladesh (105<sup>th</sup>), Nepal (108<sup>th</sup>) and Pakistan (110<sup>th</sup>).</li>
<li><strong>China (28<sup>th</sup>)</strong> is the<strong> best performer</strong> among the<strong> BRICS</strong> countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Russian Federation</strong> ranks <strong>43<sup>rd</sup>, South Africa</strong> is <strong>60<sup>th</sup>, India</strong> is <strong>68<sup>th</sup> and Brazil</strong> is ranked <strong>71<sup>st</sup>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Singapore</strong> has become the <strong>world's most competitive economy in 2019,</strong> pushing the <strong>US to second</strong> place.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR)</strong> is ranked <strong>3<sup>rd</sup>, the Netherlands</strong> is <strong>4<sup>th</sup> </strong>and<strong> Switzerland</strong> is ranked <strong>5<sup>th</sup></strong> in the index.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vietnam (67<sup>th</sup>)</strong> registered the highest improvement across the globe.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/india-slips-10-places-on-global-competitiveness-index-singapore-on-top/articleshow/71498559.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ET</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-competitiveness-index-4-0-wef'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Poverty Estimation in India',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<p>According to recent reports, more than a quarter of the population living in rural areas of India is below the poverty line. Out of the total population living in the rural parts of India,<strong> 25.7%</strong> is living below the poverty line whereas in the urban areas, the situation is a bit better with <strong>13.7%</strong> of the population living below the poverty line.</p>
<h3>Poverty Estimation</h3>
<p>A common method used to estimate <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-eradicating-poverty" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>poverty</strong></a> in India is based on the <strong>income or consumption</strong> levels and if the income or consumption falls below a given minimum level, then the household is said to be <strong>Below the Poverty Line (BPL).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Poverty Line Calculation:</strong> Poverty estimation in India is now carried out by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog&rsquo;s</strong></a> task force through the calculation of poverty line based on the data captured by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restructuring-of-indian-statistical-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Sample Survey Office</strong></a> under the <strong>Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>NITI Aayog</strong> as a policy think tank has replaced Planning Commission, which was earlier responsible for calculating the poverty line in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consumption Versus Income Level:</strong> Poverty line estimation in India is based on the <strong>consumption expenditure</strong> and not on the income levels because of the following reasons:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Variation in Income:</strong> Income of <strong>self-employed</strong> people, daily wage laborers etc. is highly variable both temporally and spatially, while consumption pattern are comparatively much <strong>stable.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Additional Income:</strong> Even in the case of regular wage earners, there are additional <strong>side incomes</strong> in many cases, which is <strong>difficult to take into account.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Data Collection:</strong> In case of consumption based poverty line, sample based surveys use a <strong>reference period</strong> (say 30 days) in which households are asked about their consumption of last 30 days and is taken as the <strong>representative of general consumption.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Whereas tracing the general pattern of income is not possible.</li>
<li><strong>Reference Period:</strong> It is the duration/period during which the survey is conducted by NSSO workers in which they ask certain questions to households.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Key Terms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Poverty:</strong> According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank,</strong></a> Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity.</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Line:</strong> The conventional approach to measuring poverty is to specify a minimum expenditure (or income) required to purchase a basket of goods and services necessary to satisfy basic human needs and this minimum expenditure is called the poverty line.</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Line Basket:</strong> The basket of goods and services necessary to satisfy basic human needs is the Poverty Line Basket (PLB).</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Ratio:</strong> The proportion of the population below the poverty line is called the poverty ratio or <strong>headcount ratio (HCR).</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need for Poverty Estimation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Impact of Welfare Schemes:</strong> Poverty estimates are not just important for academic purposes but are also crucial to<strong> track</strong> the impact and success of various government policies, especially <strong>social welfare schemes</strong> that are intended to eliminate poverty.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>BPL Census</strong> is conducted by the <strong>Ministry of Rural Development</strong> (along with the partnership of state), in order to <strong>identify the poor households.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Elimination Plan:</strong> The Poverty estimates in the form of poverty line are used to formulate poor centric poverty elimination plans.</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Requirement:</strong> Poverty estimation paves the way for poverty elimination, that in turn prepares the ground for a<strong> just and equitable society.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Measurement of Poverty Line</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Absolute Measurement of Poverty</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Absolute Poverty:</strong> According to <strong>United Nations World Summit for Economic Development,</strong> absolute poverty is a condition characterized by <strong>severe deprivation</strong> of <strong>basic human needs</strong>, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It depends not only on income but also on access to social services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Threshold:</strong> The poverty threshold in absolute measurement of poverty is set using the <strong>monetary value</strong> of the basket of <strong>essential products (required for basic needs)</strong> and every household whose income is less than this value will be classified as poor.</li>
<li><strong>Limited Scope:</strong> Absolute measurements of poverty, used by the World Bank and developing countries like <strong>India,</strong> rely on a poverty line which remains constant across geographies and over time.</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> Absolute measurement of poverty <strong>overlooks deprivation</strong> within countries or the <strong>higher cost of living</strong> in developed countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relative Measurement of Poverty</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Relative Poverty:</strong> It is present when a household income is lower than the <strong>median income</strong> in a particular country and is used mainly by the <strong>developed countries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Those who fall into the category of relative poverty are not necessarily deprived of all basic needs, but may not experience the same standard of living as the majority of society or in other words, they are <strong>relatively deprived.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Threshold:</strong> In this method certain percentage of <strong>economically bottom population</strong> is always considered below the poverty line.</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> This approach, though, ignores the importance of the absolute standard of living and assumes that relative income is all that matters for welfare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Data Collection Methods</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Uniform Resource Period (URP):</strong> Up until <strong>1993-94,</strong> the poverty line was based on URP data, which involved asking people about their consumption expenditure across a <strong>30-day recall period</strong> that is the information was based on the recall of consumption expenditure in the previous 30 days.</li>
<li><strong>Mixed Reference Period (MRP):</strong> From <strong>1999-2000 onwards,</strong> the NSSO switched to an MRP method which measures consumption of <strong>five low-frequency items</strong> (clothing, footwear, durables, education and institutional health expenditure) over the previous year, and all other items over the previous 30 days. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>That is to say, for the five items, survey respondents are asked about consumption in the previous one year. For the remaining items, they are asked about consumption in the previous 30 days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Pre-Independence Poverty Estimation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Dadabhai Naoroji</strong> through his book,<strong> &ldquo;Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India&rdquo;</strong> made the <strong>earliest</strong> estimation of poverty line (₹16 to ₹35 per capita per year).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The poverty line proposed by him was based on the<strong> cost of a subsistence or minimum basic diet</strong> (rice or flour, dal, mutton, vegetables, ghee, vegetable oil, and salt).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Planning Committee&rsquo;s (1938)</strong> poverty line (ranging from ₹15 to ₹20 per capita per month) was also based on a <strong>minimum standard of living</strong> perspective in which <strong>nutritional requirements</strong> were implicit.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1938, the National Planning Committee was set up by <strong>Subhash Chandra Bose</strong> under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru for the purpose of drawing up an economic plan with the fundamental aim to ensure an adequate standard of living for the masses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Bombay Plan (1944)</strong> proponents had suggested a poverty line of ₹75 per capita per year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Bombay Plan</strong> was a set of a proposal of a small group of influential business leaders in Bombay for the development of the post-independence economy of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Post-Independence Poverty Estimation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Planning Commission Expert Group (1962),</strong> working group constituted by the Planning Commission formulated the <strong>separate poverty lines for rural and urban areas</strong> (₹20 and ₹25 per capita per year respectively).<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570703843_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570703843_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="400" height="317" /></a></li>
<li><strong>VM Dandekar and N Rath (1971),</strong> made the <strong>first systematic assessment of poverty</strong> in India, based on National Sample Survey (NSS) data.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlike previous scholars who had considered subsistence living or basic minimum needs criteria as the measure of poverty line, <strong>VM Dandekar and N Rath</strong> were of the view that poverty line must be derived from the <strong>expenditure</strong> that was adequate to provide 2250 calories per day in both rural and urban areas.</li>
<li><strong>Expenditure based Poverty line estimation,</strong> generated a debate on minimum calorie consumption norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Alagh Committee (1979):</strong> Task force constituted by the Planning Commission under the chairmanship of YK Alagh, constructed a poverty line for rural and urban areas on the basis of <strong>nutritional requirements and related consumption expenditure.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Poverty estimates for subsequent years were to be calculated by <strong>adjusting the price level for inflation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lakdawala Committee (1993):</strong> Task Force chaired by DT Lakdawala, based on the assumption that the basket of goods and services used to calculate <strong>Consumer Price Index-Industrial Workers</strong> (CPI-IW) and <strong>Consumer Price Index- Agricultural Labourers</strong> (CPI-AL) reflect the consumption patterns of the poor, made the following <strong>suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Consumption expenditure</strong> should be calculated based on <strong>calorie consumption</strong> as earlier.</li>
<li><strong>State specific poverty lines</strong> should be constructed and these should be updated using the CPI-IW in urban areas and CPI-AL in rural areas.</li>
<li><strong>Discontinuation of scaling</strong> of poverty estimates based on National Accounts Statistics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tendulkar Committee (2009)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Expert group constituted by the Planning Commission and, chaired by Suresh Tendulkar, was constituted to <strong>review</strong> methodology for poverty estimation and to address the following <strong>shortcomings of the previous methods:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Obsolete Consumption Pattern:</strong> Consumption patterns were linked to the 1973-74 poverty line baskets (PLBs) of goods and services, whereas there were significant <strong>changes in the consumption patterns</strong> of the poor since that time, which were not reflected in the poverty estimates.</li>
<li><strong>Inflation Adjustment:</strong> There were issues with the <strong>adjustment of prices for inflation,</strong> both spatially (across regions) and temporally (across time).</li>
<li><strong>Health and Education Expenditure:</strong> Earlier poverty lines assumed that health and education would be provided by the state and formulated poverty lines accordingly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Shift from Calorie Consumption based Poverty Estimation:</strong> It based its calculations on the consumption of the items like cereal, pulses, milk, edible oil, non-vegetarian items, vegetables, fresh fruits, dry fruits, sugar, salt &amp; spices, other food, intoxicants, fuel, clothing, footwear, education, medical (non-institutional and institutional), entertainment, personal &amp; toilet goods.</li>
<li><strong>Uniform Poverty line Basket:</strong> Unlike Alagh committee (which relied on separate PLB for rural and urban areas), Tendulkar Committee computed new poverty lines for <strong>rural and urban areas of each state</strong> based on the uniform poverty line basket and found that all India poverty line (2004-05) was:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>₹446.68 per capita per month in rural areas</li>
<li>₹578.80 per capita per month in urban areas</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Private Expenditure:</strong> Incorporation of private expenditure on <strong>health and education</strong> while estimating poverty.</li>
<li><strong>Price Adjustment Procedure:</strong> The Committee also recommended a new method of updating poverty lines, <strong>adjusting for changes in prices and patterns of consumption</strong> (to correct spatial and temporal issues with price adjustment), using the consumption basket of people close to the poverty line.</li>
<li><strong>Mixed Reference Period:</strong> The Committee recommended using Mixed Reference Period based estimates, as opposed to Uniform Reference Period based estimates that were used in earlier methods for estimating poverty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tendulkar committee computed poverty lines for <strong>2004-05</strong> at a level that was equivalent, in<strong> Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)</strong> terms to <strong>Rs 33 per day.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Purchasing Power Parity:</strong> The PPP model refers to a method used to work out the money that would be needed to purchase the same goods and services in two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rangarajan Committee</h3>
<p>The committee was set up in the backdrop of national outrage over the Planning Commission&rsquo;s suggested poverty line of ₹22 a day for rural areas.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objectives</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To review <strong>international poverty estimation methods</strong> and indicate whether based on these, a particular method for empirical poverty estimation can be developed in India.</li>
<li>To recommend how these estimates of poverty can be <strong>linked to eligibility and entitlements</strong> under the various schemes of the Government of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Methodology Used:</strong> The Rangarajan committee estimation is based on an independent large survey of households by <strong>Center for Monitoring Indian Economy</strong> (CMIE).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has also used different methodology wherein a household is considered poor if it is unable to save.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Normative and Behavioural level:</strong> Poverty line should be based on:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Normative level of adequate nutrition: <strong>Ideal and desirable level of nutrition.</strong></li>
<li>Behavioral determination of <strong>non-food expenses:</strong> What people use or consume as per <strong>general behavior.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nutritional Requirement:</strong> For normative levels of adequate nutrition &ndash; average requirements of calories, proteins and fats based on Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) norms, differentiated by age, gender and activity for all-India rural and urban regions is considered:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Calories:</strong> 2090 kcal in urban areas and 2155 Kcal in rural areas.</li>
<li><strong>Protein:</strong> For rural areas 48 gm and for urban areas 50 gm.</li>
<li><strong>Fat:</strong> For urban areas 28 gm and for rural areas 26 gm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Threshold:</strong> Persons spending <strong>below ₹47</strong> a day in cities and<strong> ₹32 in villages</strong> be considered poor.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Based on this methodology, Rangarajan committee estimated that the number of poor were <strong>19% higher in rural areas</strong> and 41% more in urban areas than what was estimated using Tendulkar committee formula.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Modified Mixed reference period:</strong> Instead of Mixed reference Period (MRP) it recommended Modified Mixed Reference Period (MMRP) in which reference periods for different items were taken as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>365-days</strong> for clothing, footwear, education, institutional medical care, and durable goods.</li>
<li><strong>7-days</strong> for edible oil, egg, fish and meat, vegetables, fruits, spices, beverages, refreshments, processed food, pan, tobacco and intoxicants</li>
<li><strong>30-days</strong> for the remaining food items, fuel and light, miscellaneous goods and services including non-institutional medical; rents and taxes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> Rangarajan committee missed the opportunity to go beyond the expenditure-based poverty rates and examine the possibility of a wider multi-dimensional view of deprivation.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570703978_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570703978_image1.jpg" width="600" height="274" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Poverty Line</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The World Bank</strong> defines a person as extremely poor if she is living on less than <strong>1.90 international dollars a day,</strong> which are adjusted for inflation as well as price differences between countries.</li>
<li><strong>Asian Development Bank</strong> too has its own poverty line which is currently at <strong>$ 1.51</strong> per person per day.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Components of PLB:</strong> Determining components of Poverty Line Basket (PLB) is one of the challenges of poverty line estimation because of the <strong>price differentials</strong> (of constituents of basket) which vary from state to state and period to period.</li>
<li><strong>Demographic and Economic Dynamics:</strong> Further, <strong>consumption patterns, nutritional needs</strong> and <strong>prices</strong> of <strong>components</strong> keep on changing as per dynamics of macro economy and demography.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of consensus</strong> among the states over the acceptance of Tendulkar and Rangrajan committee report.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some states such as Odisha and West Bengal supported the Tendulkar Poverty Line while others such as Delhi, Jharkhand, Mizoram etc. supported Rangarajan report.</li>
<li>The current official measures of poverty are based on the Tendulkar poverty line, fixed at daily expenditure of ₹27.2 in rural areas and ₹33.3 in urban areas is criticised by many for being too low.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Redefining Poverty lines:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/redefining-poverty" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Poverty lines have to be recalibrated</strong></a> depending on changes in income, consumption patterns and prices, as India is now a <strong>middle-income country,</strong> with an estimated per capita income of around $9,000 in purchasing power parity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to economists poverty line of $3.20 translates into ₹ 75 a day, or a 68% higher than the Tendulkar poverty line.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Viable Poverty line:</strong> It makes sense to set the poverty line at a level that allows households to get two square meals a day and other <strong>basic necessities</strong> of life.</li>
<li><strong>Hybrid of Absolute and Relative Measurement of Poverty:</strong> The hybrid approach which would measure poverty from the perspective of a common <strong>global standard of living</strong> and<strong> relative poverty within countries.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The poverty line in case of hybrid model would be equivalent to the income required to achieve a certain welfare status, which includes basic nutrition and social inclusion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political Economic Equilibrium:</strong> Indian political, policy and administrative systems have to adjust to the new realities of the transition to a middle- income country, in which poverty does not mean living at the edge of hunger but, rather, <strong>lack of income</strong> to take advantage of the opportunities thrown up by a growing economy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The focus of government spending should be on the <strong>provision of public goods rather than subsidies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/poverty-estimation-in-india-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/poverty-estimation-in-india'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Malware Smominru',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>Malware Smominru,</strong> whose incidence was first reported in 2017, continues to infect computers in a big way.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is affecting nearly 4,700 computers every day, with over 90,000 computers affected globally in August 2019.</li>
<li>The botnet <strong>relies on more than 20 dedicated servers, mostly located in the US,</strong> though some are hosted in Malaysia and Bulgaria.</li>
<li>In its post-infection phase, it <strong>steals victim credentials, installs a Trojan module</strong> and a <strong>cryptominer</strong> and propagates inside the network.</li>
<li>The malware seems to have the ability to come back to hit the old victims if they fail to tackle the problem completely. About one-fourth of the affected machines were infected again after Smominru was removed from them.</li>
<li>The victims range from universities to healthcare providers suggesting that hackers are not too particular about their targets.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, about 85% of infections have occurred on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 systems.</li>
<li>The objective seems to silently use infected computers for mining cryptocurrency at the victim&rsquo;s expense.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China, Taiwan, Russia, Brazil and the US have seen the most attacks.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Malware:</strong> Short for malicious software, it refers to any kind of software that is designed to cause damage to a single computer, server, or computer network. Ransomware, Spy ware, Worms, viruses, and Trojans are all varieties of malware.</li>
<li><strong>Botnet:</strong> The word Botnet is formed from the words <strong>&lsquo;robot&rsquo; and &lsquo;network&rsquo;.</strong> It is a <strong>network of infected computers that can be controlled remotely,</strong> forcing them to send spam, spread viruses, or stage Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks without the consent of the computer's&rsquo; owners.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/malware-smominru-still-active-infects-4700-pcs-a-day/article29616269.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HBL</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/malware-smominru'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'LCROSS: NASA',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>A decade after <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</strong></a> sent a <strong>Lunar CRater Observations and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570695429_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570695429_image3.jpg" width="231" height="231" style="float: right;" caption="false" />&nbsp;</a></strong>to the<strong> moon's south pole,</strong> the space agency is about to start the same project again.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>LCROSS</strong> was launched with the <strong>Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)</strong> in <strong>2009.</strong></li>
<li>It aimed to determine<strong> if water-ice exists in a permanently shadowed crater at the Moon's south pole.</strong></li>
<li>LCROSS and LRO found <strong>evidence of the lunar soil</strong> in shadowy craters.</li>
<li>It also revealed that the Moon is <strong>chemically active and has a water cycle.</strong></li>
<li>LCROSS also confirmed the water was in the form of mostly pure ice crystals in some places.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/ten-years-after-suicide-mission-nasa-thirsts-for-lunar-water/articleshow/71505941.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ET</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lcross-nasa'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Programme- DHRUV ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Union Human Resource Development Minister has launched the Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Programme named <strong>&lsquo;DHRUV&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of the Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Programme is to encourage talented students to realize their full potential and henceforth, contribute to society.</li>
<li>The programme is named DHRUV after the <strong>Pole Star</strong> with the same name. Every student selected under this programme will be called as &lsquo;Dhruv Tara&rsquo;. The students will thus both shine through their achievements and light a path for others to follow.</li>
<li>The programme will cover two areas namely, <strong>Science and Performing Arts.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Overall 60 students will be selected (30 from each area) from across the country.</li>
<li>The students will be broadly from classes 9 to 12 from all schools including government and private.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=193699" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-innovative-learning-programme-dhruv'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'WHO India Country Cooperation Strategy 2019–2023',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Union Minister for Health &amp; Family Welfare has launched <strong>&lsquo;the World Health Organisation (WHO) India Country Cooperation Strategy 2019&ndash;2023: A Time of Transition&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS)</strong> is a <strong>medium-term</strong> vision for WHO&rsquo;s cooperation with a given Member State.</li>
<li>The CCS provides a <strong>strategic roadmap</strong> for the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO</strong></a> to work with India towards <strong>achieving its health sector goals.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>four areas</strong> for <strong>strategic cooperation of WHO with India</strong> include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Universal Health Coverage (UHC).</li>
<li>Health and wellness by addressing the determinants of health.</li>
<li>Protection against health emergencies.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s global leadership in health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The India CCS<strong> fully aligns itself</strong> with <strong>WHO 'triple billion' targets,</strong> <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-regional-committee-for-south-east-asia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO South-East Asia Region&rsquo;s eight Flagship Priorities.</strong></a></li>
<li>It urges to address <strong>emerging health scenario</strong> of the country like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>non-communicable diseases,</strong></a> <strong>antimicrobial resistance, and air pollution, etc.</strong></li>
<li>The India CCS also connects with India&rsquo;s<strong> National Health Policy 2017,</strong> and other initiatives like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat,</strong></a> National Viral Hepatitis programme,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-for-eliminating-industrially-produced-trans-fats-by-2023" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Eat Right India movement,</strong></a> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fit-india-movement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fit India movement</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Poshan Abhiyaan</strong></a> that have collectively engaged with the people and enhanced the awareness about crucial health areas.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>WHO 'Triple Billion' targets</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a strategic plan for the next <strong>five years.</strong></li>
<li><strong>It aims for</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One billion more people to be benefitted from <strong>Universal Health Coverage (UHC)</strong></li>
<li>One billion more people to be <strong>protected from health emergencies</strong></li>
<li>One billion more people to be covered for <strong>better health and well-being.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Health Policy, 2017</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to achieve universal access to good quality health care services without anyone having to face financial hardship as a consequence.</li>
<li>It intends to gradually increase public health expenditure to 2.5% of the GDP.</li>
<li>It proposes free drugs, free diagnostics, and free emergency and essential healthcare services in public hospitals.</li>
<li>The policy advocates allocating two-thirds of resources to primary care.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1587543" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-india-country-cooperation-strategy-2019-2023'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'GEMINI Device',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Union Minister of Earth Sciences has recently launched the <strong>Gagan Enabled Mariner&rsquo;s Instrument for Navigation and Information (GEMINI)</strong> device.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The device is developed for effective dissemination of emergency information and communication on <strong>Ocean States Forecast</strong> and mapping of <strong>Potential Fishing Zones</strong> (PFZ) to fishermen. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ocean States Forecast</strong> provides the accurate state of the ocean that includes the forecasts related to winds, waves, ocean currents, water temperature, etc.</li>
<li>PFZ provide information about the probable locations of fish aggregation in the seas to the fishermen, while</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>GEMINI is a <strong>portable receiver</strong> that is linked to ISRO-satellites. With this device, the fishermen outside the signal range of their phone companies (i.e. 10-12 km) can also access warnings and alerts, as the device can send signals up to 300 nautical miles.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will facilitate satellite-based communication that will be highly useful while dealing with cyclones, high waves, and tsunamis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)</strong> in collaboration with the <strong>Airports Authority of India (AAI)</strong> utilized the <strong>GAGAN (GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation)</strong> satellite while developing the GEMINI device. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GAGAN was developed by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)</strong></a> <strong>and the Airports Authority of India.</strong> It is India's first satellite-based global positioning system that relies on ISRO&rsquo;s <strong>GSAT satellites.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The drawback of this device is that it only allows <strong>one-way communication,</strong> i.e, it can&rsquo;t be used by fishermen to make calls.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, it is <strong>relatively expensive</strong> for the average fisherman (priced at ₹9,000 per device). The attempts are being made to subsidize it by as much as 90%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INCOIS is an <strong>autonomous organization</strong> under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).</li>
<li>It is located in <strong>Hyderabad</strong> &amp; was established in <strong>1999</strong> under the MoES and is a unit of the Earth System Science Organization (ESSO).</li>
<li>It is mandated to provide the best possible ocean information and advisory services to society, industry, government agencies and the scientific community through sustained ocean observations and constant improvement through systematic and focused research.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=193703" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gemini-device'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Green Wall of India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Centre is mulling an ambitious plan to create a 1,400km long and 5km wide <strong>green belt from Gujarat to the Delhi-Haryana border.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The plan is <strong>inspired by Africa&rsquo;s &lsquo;Great Green Wall&rsquo; project,</strong> running from Senegal (West) to Djibouti (East), which came into effect in 2007.</li>
<li>The overarching <strong>objective</strong> of India&rsquo;s Green Wall will be to <strong>address the rising rates of land degradation and the eastward expansion of the Thar desert.</strong></li>
<li>The green belt being planned from <strong>Porbandar to Panipat</strong> will help in restoring degraded land through <strong>afforestation along the Aravali hill range.</strong> It will also act as a barrier for dust coming from the deserts in western India and Pakistan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Aravali</strong> has been identified as <strong>one of the key degraded zones</strong> to be taken up for greening <strong>under</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-degradation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s target to restore 26 million hectares (mha) of its land.</strong></a></li>
<li>A 2016 report from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</strong></a> had also indicated that Delhi, Gujarat and Rajasthan had already degraded over 50% of their land.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570692913_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570692913_image2.jpg" width="391" height="226" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Great Green Wall of Africa</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to <strong>restore Africa&rsquo;s degraded landscapes</strong> and transform millions of lives in one of the world&rsquo;s poorest regions, the <strong>Sahel.</strong></li>
<li>The African initiative is <strong>still only 15% complete.</strong></li>
<li>Once fully completed, the <strong>Wall will be the largest living structure on the planet &ndash;</strong> an <strong>8,000 km</strong> natural wonder of the world stretching across the entire width of the continent.</li>
<li>African countries during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-convention-to-combat-desertification-cop-14" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNCCCD COP14</strong></a> sought global support in terms of finance to make the Wall a reality in the continent&rsquo;s Sahel region by 2030.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sahel is a semiarid region</strong> of western and north-central Africa extending from Senegal eastward to Sudan.</li>
<li>It forms a transitional zone between the arid Sahara (desert) to the north and the belt of humid savannas to the south.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570692878_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570692878_image1.jpg" width="697" height="475" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<h3>Aravali Mountain Range</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Aravallis, is the <strong>oldest fold mountains on Earth.</strong> Geological studies show its age as three billion years.</li>
<li>It spans over <strong>800km from Gujarat to Delhi (through Rajasthan and Haryana).</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>highest peak</strong> in the Aravalli Range is <strong>Guru Peak on Mount Abu.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Influences Climate:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Aravallis have an impact upon the climate of northwest India and beyond.</li>
<li>During monsoons, the mountain range gently guides the monsoon clouds eastwards towards Shimla and Nainital, thus <strong>helping nurture the sub-Himalayan rivers and feeding the north Indian plains.</strong></li>
<li>In the winter months, it <strong>protects</strong> the fertile alluvial river valleys (the para-Indus and Gangetic) <strong>from the assault of cold westerly winds from Central Asia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Aravalli range, which separates western India&rsquo;s Thar desert from the relatively green plains to its east, has <strong>lost so much green cover</strong> that it is losing its ability to act as a natural barrier against the heat and dust that blows in from the west. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Thar desert&rsquo;s expansion could threaten the &ldquo;granary of India"&mdash;</strong>the fertile belts of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and the Malwa region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unauthorized mining</strong> for minerals and building materials has vanished some hills in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Thar Desert</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Thar Desert also called the <strong>Great Indian desert</strong> lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills.</li>
<li>It is an undulating sandy plain covered with <strong>sand dunes (mainly Barchans).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Barchans are crescent-shaped sand dune always facing the wind. It is formed when a lot of sand is present in the desert. A steady wind from one direction is also needed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The region receives very low <strong>rainfall below 150 mm per year.</strong></li>
<li>It has an arid climate with low vegetation cover.</li>
<li><strong>Luni</strong> is the only large river in this region.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-plans-1400km-long-great-green-wall-of-india/articleshow/71496260.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ToI</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/green-wall-of-india'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Slum Dwellers',
		'catname' => 'GS Paper II',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="/images/uploads/1571394455_Slum%20Dwellers.pdf" target="_blank" class="downloadbtn" rel="noopener">Download PDF</a><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 700px; border: none; left: 0; top: 0;" src="//docs.google.com/viewer?url=https://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571394455_Slum%20Dwellers.pdf&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en" title="Embedded Document"></iframe></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/infographics/info-paper2/slum-dwellers'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Aspirational Districts',
		'catname' => 'GS Paper II',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="/pdf/aspirational-districts.pdf" target="_blank" class="downloadbtn" rel="noopener">Download PDF</a><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 700px; border: none; left: 0; top: 0;" src="//docs.google.com/viewer?url=https://www.drishtiias.com/pdf/aspirational-districts.pdf&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en" title="Embedded Document"></iframe></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/infographics/info-paper2/aspirational-districts-2'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'India-Bangladesh Relationship',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-bangladesh-relations-shiekh-hasina-narendra-modi-6058161/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Be Neighbourly</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 8/10/2019, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/sheikh-hasina-modi-meeting-delhi-dhaka-6056781/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good going</strong></a> and <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/narendra-modi-sheikh-hasina-xi-jinping-india-china-bangladesh-6059631/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>A triangular affair</strong></a> which were published in The Indian Express on 9/10/2019 and <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/best-friends-for-now/article29611768.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Best friends for now: On New Delhi Dhaka ties</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 7/10/2019. It talks about India-<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-bangladesh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bangladesh relationship</strong></a>.</p>
</div>
<p><strong>Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina&rsquo;s</strong> four day<strong> official visit to India</strong> from<strong> October 3 to 6,</strong> highlights India&rsquo;s deepening <strong>bilateral relationship and growing interdependence</strong> with <strong>Bangladesh.</strong> She addressed the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wef-india-economic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Economic Summit of the World Economic Forum.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Historical Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India</strong> enabled Bangladesh&rsquo;s liberation in <strong>December 1971</strong> when it <strong>militarily assisted the erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)</strong> to acquire freedom from its oppressive western wing which unleashed a massive genocide of its own citizens of Bangla ethnicity. More than 10 million persecuted citizens of East Pakistan fled to India.</li>
<li>In the 1971 war, the <strong>US and China,</strong> which had begun their own rapprochement, <strong>supported Pakistan,</strong> and were <strong>opposed to Indian assistance to the East Pakistan.</strong></li>
<li>With tacit support from Moscow, India achieved a spectacular military victory and liberated Dhaka, handing over power to <strong>Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</strong> who symbolised political leadership.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights of the Visit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Agreements on <strong>expanding connectivity and transit, easing travel across the border, strengthening trade and investment ties, boosting development cooperation, putting the fledgling defence cooperation on a firmer basis and promoting regional cooperation</strong> were taken up.</li>
<li>Commitments to <strong>upgrade port facilities, implement India&rsquo;s under-utilised Lines of Credit, a coastal surveillance system, and fulfilment of the regional trilateral energy sharing arrangement with Bhutan</strong> were made.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s foreign relations with Bangladesh are very good in general and the best, when viewed in comparison with other neighbours.</li>
<li>Sheikh Hasina articulated points critical for the future welfare of South Asia and <strong>suggested to move beyond the majority-minority mindset and other issues</strong> hindering the growth of bilateral relations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Line of Credit:</strong> It is a &lsquo;soft loan&rsquo; provided on concessional interest rates to developing countries, which has to be repaid by the borrowing governments. The projects under LOCs are spread over different sectors like agriculture, infrastructure, telecom, railway, transmission/power, renewable energy, etc.</p>
</div>
<h3>Areas of Concern</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Failed <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">river water sharing agreements</a></strong> between India and Bangladesh despite many efforts. Chief among them is the <strong>Teesta agreement</strong> which was inked in 2011 but has not moved forward because of tensions between the Central and West Bengal governments.</li>
<li>Pending upgradation of the <strong>Ganga-Padma barrage project,</strong> the <strong>draft framework of interim sharing agreements</strong> for six rivers- <strong>Manu, Muhuri, Khowai, Gumti, Dharla &amp; Dudhkumar</strong> and the draft framework of interim sharing agreement of the Feni river.</li>
<li><strong>Growing concerns</strong> in Bangladesh over the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Register of Citizens (NRC)</strong></a> in Assam and about its conflicting explanations by the Indian government. The problem in Assam is part of the tragic legacy of the Indian subcontinent&rsquo;s partition in 1947 and the movement of people across the new frontiers in the east since then.</li>
<li><strong>Anti-market orientation in Delhi&rsquo;s economic policy</strong> poses serious problems even if India&rsquo;s national strategy calls for regional integration. It shows the insensitivity of Indian economic policy makers towards the logic of interdependence and the headache generated in Bangladesh by Delhi&rsquo;s economic decisions. For example, beef is a staple food in Bangladesh yet India does not export it which in turn increases the illegal animal trafficking at the border areas.</li>
<li>Continuous delay in implementation of <strong>Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal Initiative (BBIN).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hate mongering and incidents of lynching of Muslims</strong> in India affect public perceptions in Bangladesh.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal Initiative</strong></p>
<p>It is an initiative to kick-start a smaller &lsquo;Eastern&rsquo; sub-regional grouping with the potential to act as a link between South and Southeast Asia. Reasons for India's willingness are threefold:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To strengthen trade relations with the Eastern (Bangladesh) and North Eastern (Bhutan and Nepal) neighbouring countries.</li>
<li>To improve the sub-regional connectivity in order to realise regional connectivity goals with Southeast Asia.</li>
<li>To develop the North Eastern Region of India through cross-border cooperation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tasks of <strong>river water management must be taken seriously</strong> between two countries which share <strong>54 transboundary rivers,</strong> and which is <strong>key to prosperity,</strong> and often a source of tensions and humanitarian disasters.</li>
<li>As India rises and integrates with Bangladesh which is now one of the world&rsquo;s fastest growing economies, Delhi must get its economic bureaucrats to<strong> integrate the regional dimension into their national policy</strong> thinking.</li>
<li>The leaders of both nations must <strong>try to develop a long-term joint strategy</strong> that will facilitate <strong>national identification</strong> and <strong>generate a system of work-permits</strong> for legitimate movement of labour.</li>
<li><strong>The Land and Maritime Boundary Agreements,</strong> should be approached by different means so that they can be of <strong>mutual benefit.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Chinese Perspective</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sheikh Hasina referred to the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/05-10-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Second Informal Summit between India-China</strong></a> and highlighted how the strategic ties between India and China have evolved and how <strong>Bangladesh-India-China triangle</strong> is often obscured by the high visibility accorded to Pakistan in the uneasy relationship between the two Asian giants.</li>
<li><strong>Post Bangladesh liberation, China&rsquo;s strategic and security concerns over India&rsquo;s growing involvement</strong> in the geopolitics of the region <strong>led to its investment in Pakistan,</strong> which <strong>emboldened Rawalpindi</strong> (Pakistan army headquarter) to embark upon a <strong>proxy war against India</strong> (with terrorism as a tool) which began in 1990 and continues till now.</li>
<li>Hence, <strong>India&rsquo;s abiding regional strategic objective should be to ensure that Bangladesh does not morph into another Pakistan,</strong> either by way of being compelled into choosing Beijing over Delhi or nurturing radical Islamic ideologies domestically.</li>
<li>Currently, Bangladesh is an active partner of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/belt-and-road-initiative-perspectives-from-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)</strong></a> that Delhi has not signed up to. In the <strong>security sector, Bangladesh is also a major recipient</strong> of Chinese military inventory, including submarines.</li>
<li>India needs to recognise <strong>evolving regional strategic calculus enabled by China&rsquo;s economic-trade-fiscal policies</strong> and <strong>shape its own ties</strong> with Dhaka which also has robust ties with Beijing and if this triangular relationship is managed with integrity and little diplomacy, it can unleash the positive potential of the player countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Bangladesh must manage their <strong>geo-political realities through friendship and collaborations.</strong> They should <strong>appreciate and balance regional political realities</strong> for the interest of the people and <strong>should not trade off long-term interests for short-term gains.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pluralism has been the strength of the Indian subcontinent</strong> so that should be kept in mind to be able to celebrate South Asia&rsquo;s diversities in religion, ethnicity and language.</li>
<li>India and Bangladesh share a <strong>great relationship, areas of concern remain</strong> which need to be looked into holistically and ratified as soon as possible so that<strong> &ldquo;best of the best&rdquo; of ties</strong> between the two neighbours can be sustained forever.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ff0000; border-style: dotted; background-color: #fdffe6;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Highlight the areas of concern in India-Bangladesh relationship and suggest measures to improve them.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-bangladesh-relationship'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Hindu-Kush-Himalayan Region',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong> will <strong>collaborate with</strong> meteorological agencies in <strong>China and Pakistan, among others,</strong> to provide<strong> climate forecast services</strong> to countries in the <strong>Hindu-Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>World Meteorological Organisation (WMO)</strong> has proposed for establishment of regional climate centres in Islamabad, Delhi and Beijing. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These centres are expected to provide forecasting services and climate analyses.</li>
<li>They would also provide data sharing services, training and capacity-building, research and development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Hindu-Kush-Himalayan (HKH) Region<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570611005_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570611005_image4.jpg" width="405" height="312" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The HKH region <strong>spans</strong> Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.</li>
<li>It traverses about 5 million square kilometres and hosts a large and culturally diverse population.</li>
<li>It is considered the <strong>Third Pole</strong> (after the North and South Poles), and has significant implications for climate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It contains vast cryospheric zones and is also the world&rsquo;s largest store of snow and ice outside the polar region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A recent report by the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-report-on-climate-change-ipcc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></strong> has highlighted the t<strong>hreat to the HKH region from global warming.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Floods would become more frequent and severe in the mountainous and downstream areas of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins, because of an increase in extreme precipitation events.</li>
<li>Also, the severity of floods is expected to more than double towards the end of the century.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>principal agency under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES),</strong> Government of India responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology.</li>
<li>It is <strong>headquartered in Delhi</strong> and operates hundreds of observation stations across India and Antarctica.</li>
<li>It is also one of the <strong>six Regional Specialised Meteorological Centres of the World Meteorological Organization.</strong></li>
<li>It also has the responsibility for forecasting, naming and distribution of warnings for tropical cyclones in the Northern Indian Ocean region, including the Malacca Straits, the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>World Meteorological Organization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is an <strong>intergovernmental organization</strong> with a membership of 193 Member States and Territories.</li>
<li>Established by the ratification of the WMO Convention on 23 March 1950, WMO became the <strong>specialized agency of the United Nations for meteorology</strong> (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in <strong>Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/india-to-work-with-china-pakistan-to-gauge-impact-of-climate-change/article29620759.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hindu-kush-himalayan-region'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Meghalayan Minor Tribes Exclusion',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Government of Meghalaya has decided to exclude <strong>&lsquo;unrepresented tribes&rsquo;</strong> from the provisions of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ladakh-under-sixth-schedule" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sixth Schedule</strong></a> of the Constitution.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The five minor tribes namely, <strong>Bodo-Kachari, Hajong, Koch, Mann, and Rabha</strong> are clubbed together as <strong>&lsquo;unrepresented tribes&rsquo;</strong> for nomination in Meghalaya&rsquo;s autonomous tribal councils.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These minor tribes are<strong> indigenous to Meghalaya</strong> and have been living in the state much before its creation in 1972.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These tribal councils are in the names of <strong>Garo, Jaintia, and Khasi</strong> district councils, that form the State&rsquo;s three major autonomous councils (predominantly the <strong>matrilineal communities).</strong></li>
<li>On September 26, 2019, a sub-committee constituted by the State government had decided to recommend to the <strong>Standing Committee of Parliament</strong> for the removal of the word &lsquo;unrepresented tribes&rsquo; from the Sixth Schedule. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This move has excluded 5 minor tribes in the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Sixth Schedule makes special provisions for the welfare and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes and the tribal areas residing in the parts or the whole of the four northeastern states namely, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The proposed amendment will deprive some of these Scheduled Tribes of their <strong>constitutional rights to be represented</strong> in the autonomous district councils as of now, it will not be possible for them to get elected on the basis of adult suffrage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hajong Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Hajong are tribal people native to the Indian subcontinent mostly in the northeast <strong>Indian states and Bangladesh.</strong> The majority of them are settled in India.</li>
<li>Hajongs are predominantly the <strong>rice farmers</strong> and perform <strong>endogamy.</strong></li>
<li>The Hajongs are <strong>Hindus</strong> and observe Hindu rites and customs.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rabha Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They are indigenous Mongoloid community of Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Myanmar, and Bangladesh, and the Indian states of Assam, Meghalaya and West Bengal.</li>
<li>The language/dialect spoken by the <strong>Rabha</strong> people is mostly Rabha as well as Assamese.</li>
<li>In Meghalaya, Rabhas are mostly found in Garo Hills districts.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Koch Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They are a Tibeto-Burman ethnolinguistic group of Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal, and Bangladesh.</li>
<li>Their language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group.</li>
<li>According to the census of 1881, Koch belong to a group of Bodo-Kachari people.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bodo-Kachari</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a generic term applied to a number of ethnic groups that are predominantly living in the Northeast Indian state of Assam.</li>
<li>They generally speak Assamese and other Tibeto-Burman languages and have a shared ancestry.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/stop-exclusion-from-sixth-schedule-meghalaya-tribes/article29623291.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/meghalayan-minor-tribes-exclusion'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Saturn: Planet with Most Moons',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently the discovery of<strong> 20 new moons</strong> of <strong>Saturn</strong> has made <strong>Saturn the planet with the highest number of moons (82)</strong> against 79 moons of Jupiter.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The discovered moons of planet Saturn may have once comprised a larger moon that was broken apart in the distant past.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570610228_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570610228_image3.jpg" width="350" height="169" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The newly discovered moons are able to continue orbiting Saturn after their parent moons broke apart indicates that these collisions occurred after the planet-formation process was mostly complete.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These moons are the remnants of the objects that helped for planet formations thus studying the remnants might reveal the origin of the planet.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, studying the orbits of these moons can reveal their origins, as well as information about the conditions surrounding Saturn at the time of its formation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The research related new moons of the planet Saturn have been released by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asteroid-named-after-pandit-jasraj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the International Astronomical Union&rsquo;s Minor Planet Centre.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/saturn-beats-jupiter-as-planet-with-most-moons/article29617167.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saturn-planet-with-most-moons'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Information Fusion Centre- Sharing Maritime Data',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Fusion Centre for the Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR)</strong></a> that was set up last year (in 2018) has started functioning as an <strong>information-sharing hub</strong> of maritime data.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The centre will set up a line of action for incident responses to maritime security situations through a collaborative approach.</li>
<li>The centre is administering a <strong>website</strong> to undertake the collection and dissemination of information on a daily basis and host the <strong>Monthly Maritime Security Update</strong> (MMSU) highlighting analysis on incidents, warnings, and advisories issued in the IOR.</li>
<li>It is actively interacting with the maritime community and has already built linkages with <strong>18 countries and 15 multinational/maritime security centres.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All countries which have signed <strong>white shipping</strong> (commercial shipping information about the movement of cargo ships) <strong>information exchange agreements</strong> with India are IFC partners.</li>
<li>Several <strong>Indian Ocean littoral states</strong> that have joined the coastal radar chain network include Maldives, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, and Seychelles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570609979_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570609979_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="466" height="447" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-starts-sharing-maritime-data/article29611936.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-sharing-maritime-data'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'UNHRC’s UPR',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The government is forming a task force to prepare a <strong>National Action Plan on Human Rights (NAPHR)</strong> as <strong>mandated</strong> under the UN Human Rights Council&rsquo;s <strong>(UNHRC) Universal Periodic Review (UPR).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The task force will involve the<strong> Union Home Ministry and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-human-rights-commission-nhrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)</a></strong> and have representatives from ministries such as social justice and health.</li>
<li><strong>UPR</strong> is a <strong>state-driven process under UNHRC&rsquo;s</strong> auspices and provides <strong>opportunities to member states to declare what actions they have taken to improve human rights</strong> and to fulfil their obligations.</li>
<li><strong>A review cycle lasts four-and-half years,</strong> during which records of member states are reviewed.</li>
<li>Earlier in 2017, India <strong>accepted 152 out of 250 recommendations</strong> on human rights. These <strong>pertain to sustainable development goals</strong> related to eliminating poverty, access to safe drinking water, sanitation and improving protection for women and children.</li>
<li>However, India &ldquo;noted&rdquo; and <strong>refused to accept</strong> some recommendations, including those related to the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/afspa-in-nagaland-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Armed Forces Special Powers Act</strong> </a>and the <strong>Foreign Contribution Regulation Act.</strong></li>
<li>Also, earlier, <strong>the UN had already recommended that India should have NAPHR</strong> covering issues such as the rights to health, education, food security, and housing; aspects related to custodial justice; and measures against the trafficking of women and children.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NAPHR, once implemented, will help mitigate the criticism India faces at international level when it comes to its human rights record as well as strengthen the social justice system.</li>
<li>It will also lead to <strong>stronger administration of justice, strengthening of human rights institutions,</strong> and <strong>linking of rights with development.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UN Human Rights Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>inter-governmental body</strong> within the United Nations system <strong>responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe</strong> and for addressing situations of human rights violations and make recommendations on them.</li>
<li>It was created by the United Nations General Assembly on <strong>15<sup>th</sup> March 2006 and replaced the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.</strong></li>
<li>It meets at the UN Office at <strong>Geneva.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/task-force-to-improve-india-s-rights-record/story-YsnYnBZvhWLbYrt8btCWpM.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unhrc-s-upr'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'National Nutrition Survey',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The first-ever comprehensive National Nutrition Survey has been conducted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF)</strong></a> to measure the level of malnutrition in India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-nutrition-survey" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey</strong></a> is the<strong> largest</strong> micronutrient survey implemented <strong>globally</strong> to assess nutrient deficiency among children for the <strong>first time in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570609160_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570609160_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="615" height="305" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Breastfeeding:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>83% of children between 12 and 15 months continued to be breastfed in the country.</li>
<li><strong>A higher proportion of children (12-15 months) residing in rural areas are breastfed (85%) compared to children in urban areas (76%).</strong></li>
<li>Breastfeeding is<strong> inversely proportional</strong> to <strong>household wealth.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>rural children receive meals more frequently</strong> (44%) as compared to 37% of urban children.</li>
<li><strong>Higher proportion of children residing in urban</strong> areas (26.9%) are <strong>fed an adequately diverse diet</strong> as compared to those in rural areas (19%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Iron Deficiency:</strong><br />
<ul>
<li>Children and adolescents <strong>residing in urban areas</strong> have a <strong>higher</strong> (40.6%)<strong> prevalence of iron deficiency</strong> compared to their rural counterparts (29%) due to a better performance of the government&rsquo;s health programmes in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vitamin D Deficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Higher deficiency of Vitamin D in urban areas (19%) is observed compared to rural areas (12%). This is despite 74% of children living in cities consume dairy products as compared to 58% in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Zinc deficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>rural children lag</strong> in the intake of zinc which causes diarrhea, growth retardation, loss of appetite and impaired immune function.</li>
<li>Among children aged <strong>1-4 years, zinc deficiency is more common in rural areas</strong> (20%) compared to urban areas (16%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Obesity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>14.5% of children in the age group of 5 to 9 years in urban areas have higher <strong>Subscapular Skinfold Thickness (SSFT)</strong> than 5.3% in rural areas.</li>
<li>Whereas 10.4% of adolescents surveyed in urban areas in the age group of 10-19 had higher SSFT than 4.3% in rural areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Subscapular Skinfold Thickness (SSFT)</strong> measurement is a reliable, cheap, simple, noninvasive method of body fat estimation at all ages including the neonatal period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stunting:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Overall 35 % of Indian children aged 0-4 years were stunted.</li>
<li>Rural areas witnesses a higher prevalence of <strong>stunting</strong> (37% ) versus 27% in urban areas.</li>
<li>Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh have a high (37-42 % ) stunting prevalence.</li>
<li>The lowest prevalence of stunting (16-21 %) was found in Goa and Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Severe Acute Malnutrition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>34.7% in rural areas for children in 5-9 years versus 23.7% in urban areas.</li>
<li>32.4%in rural areas for adolescents in 10-19 years versus 27.4% in urban areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Considering the overall scenario the<strong> rural parts of the country</strong> face a higher percentage of children suffering from stunting, underweight and wasting compared to urban parts of the country.</li>
<li>The survey also reveals that <strong>Indian children are facing the double burden of malnutrition </strong>and<strong> rising risk of non-communicable diseases</strong> including diabetes, high cholesterol, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rural-children-breastfed-more-survey/article29621019.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-nutrition-survey-1'
	]
]
$updates = object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

	'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
	'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
	'params' => [
		':c0' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	],
	'defaultTypes' => [
		'articles__article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.article_id' => 'integer',
		'article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.category_id' => 'integer',
		'category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__title' => 'string',
		'articles.title' => 'string',
		'title' => 'string',
		'articles__description' => 'text',
		'articles.description' => 'text',
		'description' => 'text',
		'articles__shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles.shortdescription' => 'string',
		'shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles__featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles.featuredimage' => 'string',
		'featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles__tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.tag_id' => 'integer',
		'tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles.secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles__type' => 'integer',
		'articles.type' => 'integer',
		'type' => 'integer',
		'articles__publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles.publishon' => 'datetime',
		'publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles__posturl' => 'string',
		'articles.posturl' => 'string',
		'posturl' => 'string',
		'articles__metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles.metatitle' => 'string',
		'metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles__metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles.metadescription' => 'string',
		'metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles__metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles.metakeyword' => 'text',
		'metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles__status' => 'integer',
		'articles.status' => 'integer',
		'status' => 'integer',
		'articles__sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles.sort_order' => 'integer',
		'sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles__addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.addedby' => 'integer',
		'addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.updatedby' => 'integer',
		'updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.added' => 'timestamp',
		'added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.modified' => 'timestamp',
		'modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles.whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_comments' => 'integer',
		'display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles__pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles.pdf_name' => 'string',
		'pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles__display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_archive' => 'integer',
		'display_archive' => 'integer'
	],
	'decorators' => (int) 0,
	'executed' => false,
	'hydrate' => true,
	'buffered' => true,
	'formatters' => (int) 0,
	'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
	'contain' => [],
	'matching' => [],
	'extraOptions' => [],
	'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}

}
$page = (int) 152
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 277
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

Achievers Corner

Prelims

Mains & Interview

Current Affairs

Drishti Specials

Free Downloads

Test Series

Videos

Search

Search list matched with tags “class”