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Tribes in Assam

Why in News The anti-Citizenship (Amendment) Act protests have brought demands of the Adivasis and tea tribes in Assam to the forefront. The...

04 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Extraocular Vision

Why in News For the first time, researchers have shown that a species of brittle stars can see even though it does not have eyes. The ability to...

04 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Savitribai Phule Jayanti

Why in News Savitribai Phule Jayanti is celebrated on 3rd January every year to honour her contribution towards society, women empowerment and...

04 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Patola Sarees from Gujarat

Why in News Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) has inaugurated a first Silk Processing Plant at Surendranagar in Gujarat. The plant...

04 Jan 2020 News Analysis
25th Western Zonal Council Meeting

Why in News The 25th meeting of the western zonal council will be held in January 2020, under the chairmanship of Union Home...

04 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Iron Snow on Earth’s Inner Core

According to a study published in journal JGR Solid Earth, the earth’s inner core is capped by snow made of tiny particles of iron which are...

04 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Nritya Kalanidhi Award

Why in News Recently, Bharatnatyam dancer Priyadarshini Govind has been conferred with Nritya Kalanidhi Award. The award has been presented by...

04 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Housing Poverty in Rural Areas

This article is based on “Minimising the housing divide” which was published on 03/01/2020 in The Hindu. It talks about the prevalence...

03 Jan 2020 News Editorials
Indepth- 6th Schedule & ILP

Context Over the recent enactment of the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), massive protests were held in the North-eastern states and several...

03 Jan 2020 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
First National Conference on Intersex Human Rights

Why in News Recently, the first national conference on intersex human rights was organised by Srishti Madurai in partnership with Intersex Asia in...

03 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Homo erectus

Why in News According to a study published in ‘Nature’, the last known settlement of Homo erectus was situated in Ngandong on the...

03 Jan 2020 News Analysis
107th Indian Science Congress

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister has inaugurated 107th Indian Science Congress. It is scheduled to take place between January 3-7, at the...

03 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Odissi Dance

Odissi dance is one of the classical dances of India. It is indigenous to Orissa, eastern India, and follows the principles of the...

03 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Padmanur's Yakshagana

Why in News Recently, the Yakshagana committee hosted the 60th annual Yakshagana in the Padmanur village, Karnataka. The committee is officially...

03 Jan 2020 News Analysis
Reduced Tiger Mortality in 3 Years

Why in News According to the Ministry of Forest Environment and Climate Change (MoEFCC), the number of tiger deaths in 2019 has decreased for the...

03 Jan 2020 News Analysis
New Norms For Reward To Whistleblowers

Why in News The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has come out with a new mechanism to reward whistle-blowers and other informants for...

03 Jan 2020 News Analysis
North-East Monsoon Ends with 30% Surplus Rain

Why in News India witnessed a 30% surplus in total rainfall during the Northeast monsoon in 2019. October to December is recognised as the period...

03 Jan 2020 News Analysis
The ABCDEF of implementation of SBM

This article is based on “The ABCDEF of implementation” which was published in The Indian Express on 02/01/2020. It talks about the...

02 Jan 2020 News Editorials
Strategic Disinvestment

Why in News The government's plans to sell Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPCL), Container Corporation of India (Concorp) and Air India are...

02 Jan 2020 Paper 3
WHO Report on Global Tobacco Epidemic 2019

Why in News Recently, the World Health Organization has released a report which projected a powerful shift in the global tobacco epidemic. The shift...

02 Jan 2020 News Analysis

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Tribes in Assam',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The anti-<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship (Amendment) Act</strong></a> protests have brought demands of the <strong>Adivasis and tea tribes</strong> in Assam to the forefront.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Adivasis, comprising 106 sub-groups, are the largest of the six communities <strong>demanding the</strong> <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes (ST) status</strong></a>. The others are <strong>Chutiya, Koch-Rajbongshi, Moran, Matak, and Tai-Ahom.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Adivasis comprise <strong>18%</strong> of Assam&rsquo;s population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The grant of ST status to these communities will make Assam a tribal-majority State.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tea Tribes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tea garden workers were originally brought by the British from Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal to work in the tea plantations of Assam during mid 19<sup>th</sup> century. Later they permanently settled in Assam.</li>
<li>They are known as tea and ex-tea garden tribes, who are recognized as <strong>Other Backward Classes (OBC)</strong> by the Government.</li>
<li>These people not only constitute a sizable chunk of the population in the State but also play a major role in tea production of the State (about 53% of the total tea production of the country).</li>
<li>Economically, they are quite backward and literacy level among these communities is extremely low. Thus, they are demanding ST status in the state of Assam.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Koch Rajbongshi</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Koch Rajbongshi is an ancient tribe originally from the ancient Koch kingdom. The word "Rajbongshi" literally means "royal community".</li>
<li>The homelands of this ancient tribe include West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and various North-Eastern parts of India.</li>
<li>They speak Rajbongshi/Rajbanshi language. This language is also spoken in Bangladesh and Nepal.</li>
<li>The Rajbongshi was primarily <strong>animist</strong> (perceiving all things animated and alive.), but later on, they followed Hinduism/Sanatana (both Shaiva and Vaishnavite), A few sections of Rajbongshi people were also found to be followers of Christianity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Moran Community</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Moran community is one of the aboriginal tribes of Assam.</li>
<li>In the 13<sup>th</sup> century, they lived in the south eastern region of the Brahmaputra valley.</li>
<li>They had their own independent kingdom before the advent of the Ahoms.</li>
<li>It is possible that it is a tribal word that means a group of people like, Mising, Mulung, Mung tai, etc.</li>
<li>In the early 17<sup>th</sup> century, Aniruddhadeva converted them to Vaishnavism and thus brought about the regeneration of their society and culture.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/anti-caa-stir-brings-adivasis-into-focus/article30398856.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tribes-in-assam'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Extraocular Vision',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>For the first time, researchers have shown that a <strong>species of brittle stars</strong> can see even though it does not have eyes.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578125290_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578125290_image5.jpg" style="float: right;" width="200" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>ability to see without eyes is known as extraocular vision.</strong></li>
<li>The red brittle star (Ophiocoma wendtii) has become only the <strong>second creature, after a sea urchin species,</strong> known to have the extraocular vision (barring rare cases in other species).</li>
<li>In sea urchins and brittle stars, researchers suspect that extraocular vision is facilitated by the <strong>photoreceptor cells found on their bodies.</strong></li>
<li>The researchers suggest that a brittle star sees with the help of <strong>light-sensing cells that cover its entire body.</strong> These light-sensing cells give the brittle star visual stimuli, allowing it to recognise coarse structures such as rocks.</li>
<li>Another peculiar feature of the red brittle star is its<strong> signature colour change.</strong> While the creature is deep red during the day, it changes its colour to beige at night.</li>
<li>The researchers think that there <strong>may be a link between their extraocular vision and colour changing abilities</strong> since the responses they saw in the creatures tested during the day, disappeared in those that were tested at night.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-extraocular-vision-6198632/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extraocular-vision'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Savitribai Phule Jayanti',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Savitribai Phule Jayanti is celebrated on<strong> 3<sup>rd</sup> January</strong> every year to honour her contribution towards society, women empowerment and education.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>She is considered to be one of <strong>India&rsquo;s first modern feminists</strong> and remembered for being India&rsquo;s first female teacher who worked for the upliftment of women and untouchables in the field of education and literacy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Savitribai Phule<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578124638_images5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578124638_images5.jpg" style="float: right;" width="200" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>She was born in <strong>Naigaon, Satara district of Maharashtra on January 3, 1831</strong> and married activist and social reformer <strong>Jyotirao Phule</strong> at the age of nine years.</li>
<li>With her husband&rsquo;s support, Phule learned to read and write and both of them found <strong>India&rsquo;s first school for girls called Bhide Wada in Pune in 1848.</strong></li>
<li>The idea of educating women and the untouchables was considered to be a radical one at that time.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Maharashtra, a nationalist discourse was playing out between 1881-1920 led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who opposed the setting up of schools for girls and non-Brahmins citing loss of nationality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Phule started the <strong>Literacy Mission</strong> in India between<strong> 1854-55</strong> and the <strong>Satyashodhak Samaj (Society for Truth-Seeking),</strong> through which she along with her husband wanted to <strong>initiate the practice of Satyashodhak marriage, in which no dowry was taken.</strong></li>
<li>She wrote <strong>poems in Marathi</strong> in which she advocated for values such as humanism, liberty, equality, brotherhood, rationalism and the importance of education among others.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Her books of poems are <strong>&ldquo;Kavya Phule&rdquo;</strong> and <strong>&ldquo;Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>She <strong>passed away on March 10, 1897.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1598342" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Patola Sarees from Gujarat',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) has inaugurated a first Silk Processing Plant at Surendranagar in Gujarat.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The plant would help to <strong>reduce the cost of production of silk yarn</strong> and<strong> increase</strong> the <strong>sale and availability</strong> of raw material for Gujarati Patola Sarees locally. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, the raw material silk yarn is purchased from <strong>Karnataka or West Bengal,</strong> where silk processing units are situated</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Patola Sarees<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578124064_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578124064_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Patola is a <strong>double ikat woven sari,</strong> usually made from silk, made in <strong>Patan, Gujarat,</strong> India.</li>
<li>Patola-weaving is a closely guarded family tradition.</li>
<li>It takes six months to one year to make one sari due to the long process of dying each strand separately before weaving them together.</li>
<li>Patola are usually woven in Surat, Ahmedabad and Patan. But velvet patola styles are majorly made in Surat.</li>
<li>It has received a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/potential-of-gis-is-waiting-to-be-tapped" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geographical Indication (GI) tag</strong></a> in 2013.</li>
<li>Patola sarees are highly valued in Indonesia and became part of the local weaving tradition there.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>KVIC is a <strong>statutory body</strong> established under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act, 1956.</li>
<li>The KVIC is charged with the planning, promotion, organisation and implementation of programmes for the development of Khadi and other village industries in the rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development wherever necessary.</li>
<li>It functions under the <strong>Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1598399" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/patola-sarees-from-gujarat'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => '25th Western Zonal Council Meeting',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The 25<sup>th</sup> meeting of the western zonal council will be held in January 2020, under the chairmanship of Union Home Minister.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Maharashtra</strong> will be the lead coordinator this time with the <strong>Chief Minister of the state co-chairing</strong> the meeting.</li>
<li>It will present a <strong>roadmap for the safety of women online</strong> and ways to <strong>curb cyberbullying.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/western-zonal-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>24<sup>th</sup> meeting</strong> </a>of the council was held in <strong>Goa in August 2019.</strong></li>
<li>
<p><strong>Western Zonal Council&nbsp;</strong>comprises of <strong>Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, the Union Territories of Daman and Diu, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Maharashtra government has been directed to hold awareness campaigns in districts on <strong>cyberbullying of women, cyber frauds and internet child pornography,</strong> etc.</li>
<li>It seeks participation from the entire state in the drive which will be named <strong>&lsquo;Cyber Safe Women&rsquo;,</strong> to make the<strong> internet safe</strong> for women and children and to <strong>prevent online crimes</strong> against them.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Zonal Councils</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/capacity-building-for-conflict-resolution-2nd-arc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Zonal Councils</strong></a> are the <strong>statutory (and not the constitutional) bodies.</strong> They are established by an <strong>Act of the Parliament,</strong> that is, <strong>States Reorganisation Act of 1956.</strong></li>
<li>The act divided the country into<strong> five zones- Northern, Central, Eastern, Western and Southern</strong> and provided a zonal council for each zone.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While forming these zones, several <strong>factors have been taken into account</strong> which include: the natural divisions of the country, the river systems and means of communication, the cultural and linguistic affinity and the requirements of economic development, security and law and order.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Each zonal council consists of the following members:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Home Minister of Central government.</li>
<li>Chief Ministers of all the States in the zone.</li>
<li>Two other ministers from each state in the zone.</li>
<li>Administrator of each union territory in the zone</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In addition to the above mentioned Zonal Councils, a <strong>North-Eastern Council</strong> was created by a separate Act of Parliament,<strong> the North-Eastern Council Act of 1971.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its members include <strong>Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Tripura and Sikkim.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These are <strong>advisory bodies</strong> that <strong>make recommendations</strong> with regard to any matter of common interest in the field of economic and social planning between the Centre and States border disputes, linguistic minorities, inter-State transport or matters connected with the reorganisation of States.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/state-to-present-plan-on-womens-cyber-safety/article30473774.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/25th-western-zonal-council-meeting'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Iron Snow on Earth’s Inner Core',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to a study published in journal JGR Solid Earth, the<strong> earth&rsquo;s inner core is capped by snow made of tiny particles of iron</strong> which are much heavier than any snowflake on Earth's surface.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The iron-snow falls from the molten outer core and piles up in the inner core of the Earth creating stacks that are up to 320 km thick.</li>
<li>This finding was unearthed after <strong>analyzing signals from</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/seismometers-defunct-in-earthquake-prone-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>seismic waves</strong></a> as they pass through the Earth. Seismic Waves are vibrations generated by an earthquake, explosion, or similar energetic source and that propagate within the Earth or along its surface. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The seismic waves moved much slower than expected when they passed through the base of the outer core.</li>
<li>However, they moved faster than estimates as they passed through the eastern hemisphere of the top inner core.</li>
<li>The scientists found out that slurry-like (semi -liquid) composition of the snow pack slows the seismic waves. The variation in snow pile size -- thinner in the eastern hemisphere and thicker in the western -- affected the speed of the waves.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Earlier studies had also pointed about the existence of slurry layer exists between the inner and outer core.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The same is supported by the latest data from experiments on core-like materials. The scientists have found that crystallisation is possible and that about 15% of the lowermost outer core could be made of iron-based crystals (snow).</li>
<li>These crystals could eventually fall down the liquid outer core and settle on top of the solid inner core.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Earth&rsquo;s Internal Structure</h3>
<p>The earth is made up of <strong>three different layers:</strong> the crust, the mantle and the core.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578123133_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578123133_image1.png" width="538" height="297" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Crust</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the outside layer of the earth and is made of solid rock, mostly<strong> basalt and granite.</strong></li>
<li>There are two types of crust; oceanic and continental. Oceanic crust is denser and thinner and mainly composed of basalt. It is also known as <strong>Sima (most abundant minerals being silicate and magnesium)</strong></li>
<li>Continental crust is less dense, thicker, and mainly composed of granite. It is also called as <strong>Sial (most abundant minerals being silicate and aluminium).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Mantle</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The portion of the interior beyond the crust is called the mantle. The mantle extends from <strong>Moho&rsquo;s discontinuity (boundary between the crust and mantle)</strong> to a depth of 2,900 km.</li>
<li>The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle are called <strong>lithosphere.</strong> Its thickness ranges from 10-200 km.</li>
<li>The upper portion of the mantle is called <strong>asthenosphere</strong> which is the main source of magma that finds its way to the surface during volcanic eruptions.</li>
<li>The lower mantle extends beyond the asthenosphere. It is in <strong>solid state.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Core</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> mantle- core boundary (gutenberg discontinuity)</strong> is located at a depth of 2,900 km.</li>
<li>The outer core is in a liquid state while the inner core is in solid state.</li>
<li>The core is made up of very heavy material mostly constituted by <strong>nickel and iron.</strong> Thus, it is sometimes referred to as the <strong>nife</strong> layer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/iron-snow-on-earths-innermost-layer/article30428829.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iron-snow-on-earth-s-inner-core'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Nritya Kalanidhi Award',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Bharatnatyam dancer Priyadarshini Govind</strong> has been conferred with <strong>Nritya Kalanidhi Award.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The award has been presented by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sangita-kalanidhi-award" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Madras Music Academy</strong></a> for her performance and efforts to propagate the art form.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bharatnatyam<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578122723_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578122723_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is one among the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indian-classical-dances" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>eight classical dances of India.</strong></a></li>
<li>It was <strong>conventionally</strong> performed by <strong>Devadasis</strong> (girls offered to God in the temple) in Hindu Temples of South India. Thus, it is also known as<strong> &lsquo;Dasiattam&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It was developed in <strong>Tanjore</strong> and other regions of South India <strong>prominently Tamil Nadu,</strong> and could possibly be the oldest classical dance form of India (around 2000 years old).</li>
<li>The<strong> Abhinaya Darpana</strong> by <strong>Nandikesvara</strong> is one of the <strong>main sources of textual material</strong> for the study of the technique and grammar f body movement in Bharatnatyam Dance.</li>
<li>Bharatnatyam dance is known to be <strong>ekaharya,</strong> where <strong>one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance.</strong></li>
<li>The dance involves transitional movements of the leg, hip and arm. <strong>Expressive eye movements</strong> and <strong>hand gestures</strong> are used to <strong>convey emotions.</strong> It encompasses of <strong>Bhav, Rag, Ras and Taal.</strong></li>
<li>The accompanying orchestra consists of a vocalist, a mridangam player, violinist or veena player, a flautist and a cymbal player. The person who conducts the dance recitation is the<strong> Nattuvanar.</strong></li>
<li>In its usual form, the dance is generally broken into <strong>seven</strong> main parts &ndash; Alarippu, Jatiswaran, Shabda, Varna, Pada, Thillana and Sloka.</li>
<li>Bharatnatyam poses are depicted on the <strong>gopurams of the Chidambaram temple (Tamil Nadu).</strong></li>
<li><strong>E. Krishna Iyer</strong> and <strong>Rukmini Devi Arundale</strong> had played a significant role in helping the dance regain its lost popularity and position.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nritya-kalanidhi-award'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Housing Poverty in Rural Areas',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/minimising-the-housing-divide/article30462979.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Minimising the housing divide&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published on 03/01/2020 in The Hindu. It talks about the prevalence of Housing Poverty in rural areas.</p>
</div>
<p>The right to ad&shy;e&shy;quate hous&shy;ing is recog&shy;nised as a basic human right by the United Na&shy;tions and its con&shy;stituent bod&shy;ies. Al&shy;though India is a sig&shy;na&shy;tory to many in&shy;ter&shy;na&shy;tional covenants in this re&shy;gard, but the re&shy;al&shy;i&shy;sa&shy;tion of the right to ad&shy;e&shy;quate hous&shy;ing to all has remained an elusive dream.</p>
<p>Major neglect of adequate housing is more prominent in rural areas, where not only the physical infrastructure but also social infrastructure such as education and health have remained ignored.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services".</li>
<li>Right of Life under Article 21 of the Indian constitution also encompasses the right to shelter.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Though <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-grameen-behind-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana</strong></a> has been launched in pursuance of providing adequate housing, however, interventions like these have hardly worked in minimising urban-rural divides.&nbsp;<strong>This can be depicted by:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The incidence of <strong>housing-related poverty</strong> is in the order of 25.85 million (82% in rural areas and 18% in urban).</li>
<li><strong>Menial occupation workers</strong> and low-income earners have been facing these forms of poverty the most.</li>
<li><strong>Dilapidated units</strong> have contributed towards a high level of housing amenities deprivation, especially because such housing units cannot safely be connected with electricity or solar energy, latrines, and drinking water, owing to associated structural risks.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This scenario has resulted in multiple deprivations of 45% of rural families without electricity, biogas and LPG; over 69% without household latrines; and over 82% of families without treated water for drinking at household levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Due to this, there have been <strong>higher rates of internal migration</strong> both due to dissatisfaction with housing arrangements and the prospect of better housing elsewhere.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for housing poverty in rural areas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shortages in the supply of housing</strong> and a lack of policy redevelopment of collapsible or dilapidated units, millions of Indians dwell in unsecured housing.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of public funds</strong> during the early planning era has compelled the policymakers to adopt the overarching philosophy of the growth pole theory, with the hope that the benefit of the urban-centric development will percolate into rural hinterland progressively.</li>
<li><strong>Due to poverty</strong> and lack of access to any formal sources of finance, the rural poor are rendered incapable of constructing safe, sustainable and livable houses.</li>
<li>Housing in rural areas is one sector that has consistently suffered from the<strong> lack of meaningful market interventions,</strong> including the supply of developed land and financing for housing.</li>
<li>Amidst the whole rural housing crisis, the ones who have been hit the most are the marginalized sections such as the SCs and STs who are at a clear disadvantage in terms of housing conditions and amenities when compared to other social categories.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If India is to have a real chance to minimise the housing development divide, it requires an <strong>integrated housing development strategy</strong> for the rural areas. This has to be implemented in <strong>&ldquo;mission mode&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>There must be <strong>accountability</strong> in terms of implementing such a mission agenda on a continuous basis, with social audits at multiple levels of governance.</li>
<li><strong>Realistic resource allocation</strong> is required given the cost of redevelopment and new housing units besides other development costs of drinking water supply, household latrines, energy, and drainage connectivity.</li>
<li><strong>Penetration of the market,</strong> including the cooperative sector for the supply of critical inputs such as land and finances, is the need of the hour.</li>
<li><strong>Public-private-partnership projects</strong> should be encouraged on public or government-owned lands, with fiscal and other incentives. Landowners should be encouraged to develop incentive-based affordable housing projects.</li>
</ul>
<p>Former President APJ Abdul Kalam had proposed the concept of <strong>Provision of Urban Amenities to Rural Areas (PURA)</strong> whose objective goes beyond the mere creation of economic infrastructure and employment opportunities in rural areas. To further this paradigm, access to good housing, including housing amenities, should become a priority.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #e0fbff;"><span style="color: #003366;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />The right to ad&shy;e&shy;quate hous&shy;ing is recog&shy;nised as a basic human right but the re&shy;al&shy;i&shy;sa&shy;tion of this has remained an elusive dream, especially in rural areas. Discuss.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/housing-poverty-in-rural-areas'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Indepth- 6th Schedule & ILP',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Nt-BzmbBlZM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the recent enactment of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA)</strong></a>, massive protests were held in the North-eastern states and several references have been made to the Inner Line Permit system in the large parts of the region.</li>
<li>Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) is inapplicable to the to the tribal areas of<strong> Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura</strong> included in the <strong>Sixth Schedule of the Constitution</strong> and to the areas falling under the<strong> Inner Line Permit (ILP) system.</strong></li>
<li>On December 19, the Meghalaya Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution urging the Centre <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ilp-in-meghalaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>to implement Inner Line Permit in the state.</strong></a> Earlier on December 11, the inner line permit regime was extended to Manipur with President signing the order to this effect.</li>
<li>The concept of the Inner Line Permit comes from the colonial area. Under the <strong>Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation Act, 1873,</strong> the British framed regulations restricting the entry and regulating the stay of outsiders in designated areas.</li>
<li>The<strong> ILP system</strong> is in force in four Northeastern states &mdash; <strong>Arunachal Pradesh, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nagaland-extends-ilp-in-dimapur" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nagaland</a>, Mizoram and now Manipur &mdash;</strong> and no Indian citizen can visit any of these states without permit unless he or she belongs to that state, nor can he or she overstay beyond the period specified in the ILP.</li>
</ul>
<h3>6<sup>th</sup> Schedule</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution provides for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram to safeguard the rights of the tribal population in these states. This special provision is provided under <strong>Article 244(2) and Article 275(1)</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
<li>Passed by the Constituent Assembly in 1949, the Sixth Schedule was formulated to provide the limited autonomy to the tribal regions of North-East.</li>
<li>It was based on the reports of <strong>Bardoloi Committee</strong> formed by the Constituent Assembly.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The committee report stated that there was a need for a system of administration that would allow tribal areas to become developed.</li>
<li>The report also called for the protection of these tribal areas from exploitation by the people in the plains and preserving their distinct social customs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It gives the tribals freedom to exercise legislative and executive powers through an autonomous regional council and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/autonomous-district-councils" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>autonomous district councils (ADCs)</strong></a></li>
<li>The ADCs are the districts within the state to which the central government has given varying degree of autonomy within the State Legislature.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The various features of administration contained in the Sixth Schedule are as follows</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tribal areas in the four states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram have been constituted as <strong>autonomous districts.</strong> But, they do not fall outside the executive authority of the state concerned.</li>
<li>The governor is empowered to organise and re-organise the autonomous districts. Thus, he can increase or decrease their areas or change their names or define their boundaries and so on.</li>
<li>If there are different tribes in an autonomous district, the governor can divide the district into several autonomous regions.</li>
<li>Each autonomous district has a district council consisting of 30 members, of whom four are nominated by the governor and the remaining 26 are elected on the basis of adult franchise. The elected members hold office for a term of five years (unless the council is dissolved earlier) and nominated members hold office during the pleasure of the governor. Each autonomous region also has a separate regional council.</li>
<li>The district and regional councils administer the areas under their jurisdiction. They can make laws on certain specified matters like land, forests, canal water, shifting cultivation, village administration, inheritance of property, marriage and divorce, social customs and so on. But all such laws require the assent of the governor.</li>
<li>The district and regional councils within their territorial jurisdictions can constitute village councils or courts for trial of suits and cases between the tribes. They hear appeals from them. The jurisdiction of the high court over these suits and cases is specified by the governor.</li>
<li>The district council can establish, construct or manage primary schools, dispensaries, markets, ferries, fisheries, roads and so on in the district. It can also make regulations for the control of money lending and trading by non-tribals. But, such regulations require the assent of the governor.</li>
<li>The district and regional councils are empowered to assess and collect land revenue and to impose certain specified taxes.</li>
<li>The <strong>acts of Parliament</strong> or the <strong>state legislature do not apply</strong> to <strong>autonomous districts and autonomous regions</strong> or apply with specified modifications and exceptions.</li>
<li>The governor can appoint a commission to examine and report on any matter relating to the administration of the autonomous districts or regions. He may dissolve a district or regional council on the recommendation of the commission.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Autonomous Districts under 6<sup>th</sup> Schedule</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578050792_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578050792_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="400" height="293" /></a></p>
<h3>Drawbacks associated with the Sixth Schedule</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has created <strong>multiple power centres</strong> instead of bringing in a genuine process of autonomy in the region.</li>
<li>There are frequent <strong>conflict of interests between the District Councils and the State Legislatures.</strong> For example, in Meghalaya, despite the formation of the state, the whole of the state continues to be under sixth schedule causing frequent conflict with the state government.</li>
<li>Demand for special provisions for other groups.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Development:</strong> In terms of financial autonomy, there is a huge gap between the approved budget and the funds received from the state government which has a direct impact on the development of these tribal communities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In February 2019, <strong>125<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment Bill</strong> was introduced in the Parliament to amend the provisions related to the Finance Commission (Article 280) and the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.</li>
<li>It seeks <strong>to increase the financial and executive powers of the 10 Autonomous Councils</strong> in the Sixth Schedule areas of the northeastern region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Inner line Permit System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An Inner Line Permit is a document that allows an Indian citizen to visit or stay in a state that is protected under the ILP system.</li>
<li>The ILP is obligatory for all those who reside outside the protected states.</li>
<li>It can be issued for travel purposes solely.</li>
<li>An ILP is issued by the state government concerned.</li>
<li>The Inner Line Permit was established by the British government under the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873 to safeguard tribals of eastern part of Bengal. This 1873 Regulation is also known as ILR or ILP.</li>
<li>Under Section 2 of the Regulation of 1873, the ILP was only applicable to the three North Eastern States such as, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Recently, on December 11, the President signed the order extending ILP to Manipur, which became the fourth state where the ILP regime is applicable.</li>
<li><strong>Foreigners need a Protected Area Permit (PAP) to visit tourist places which are different from Inner Line Permits needed by domestic tourists.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the <strong>Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958,</strong> all areas falling between the 'Inner line', as defined in the said order, and the International Border of the State have been declared as a Protected Area.</li>
<li>Currently, Protected Areas are located in the following States:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Whole of Arunachal Pradesh</li>
<li>Parts of Himachal Pradesh</li>
<li>Parts of Jammu &amp; Kashmir</li>
<li>Whole of Manipur</li>
<li>Whole of Mizoram</li>
<li>Whole of Nagaland</li>
<li>Parts of Rajasthan</li>
<li>Whole of Sikkim (partly in Protected Area and partly in Restricted Area)</li>
<li>Parts of Uttarakhand</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A foreign national is not normally allowed to visit a Protected / Restricted Area unless it is established to the satisfaction of the Government that there are extraordinary reasons to justify such a visit.</li>
<li>Every foreigner, except a citizen of Bhutan, who desires to enter and stay in a Protected or Restricted Area, is required to obtain a special permit from a competent authority delegated with powers to issue such a special permit to a foreigner, on application.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/indepth-6th-schedule-and-ilp'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'First National Conference on Intersex Human Rights',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>first national conference on intersex human rights</strong> was organised by <strong>Srishti Madurai</strong> in partnership with <strong>Intersex Asia</strong> in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conference sought a <strong>national ban on unnecessary medical surgeries conducted on children with intersex traits</strong> and appealed to the Union government to protect their human rights.</li>
<li>This demand follows <strong>Tamil Nadu&rsquo;s ban on normative surgeries on infants and children, except</strong> in life-threatening situations in <strong>August 2019.</strong></li>
<li>If the ban will be adopted nationally, <strong>India will become the third country</strong> to protect the rights of intersex children after <strong>Malta and Taiwan.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term intersex is often confused with transgender but the two in-fact have very different meanings.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Transgender:</strong> Individuals who identify as transgender or transexual have a gender that is different from the one traditionally associated with the sex they were assigned at birth.</li>
<li><strong>Intersex:</strong> It refers to people born with biological or physical characteristics that are more diverse than stereotypical male or female bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> <strong>(WHO)</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-relevance-of-unhrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Human Rights Council</strong></a><strong> (UNHRC)</strong> have called upon the Member States to end invasive and irreversible medical surgeries and other medical treatment on intersex children.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Srishti Madurai</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is India&rsquo;s<strong> first Genderqueer and Intersex led human rights movement</strong> and was established in September 2011 in Madurai, Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>It aims to create a space for Genderqueer, Intersex and LGBTQA+ Indians in the public discourse.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Intersex Asia</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>autonomous regional network of intersex-led organizations and individuals from Asian countries</strong> that work to support, educate and advocate for the rights and lives of intersex individuals and raise awareness on human rights violations and discrimination faced by intersex communities.</li>
<li>It was established in <strong>February 2018 in Bangkok, Thailand.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/groups-call-for-ban-on-surgeries-on-intersex-minors/article30397401.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-national-conference-on-intersex-human-rights'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Homo erectus',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578040213_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578040213_image5.jpg" style="float: right;" width="205" height="425" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>According to a study published in &lsquo;Nature&rsquo;, the last known settlement of <strong>Homo erectus</strong> was situated in Ngandong on the Indonesian island of Java.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Homo erectus (meaning upright man)</strong> is an <strong>extinct species of the human genus</strong> (Homo), perhaps<strong> an ancestor of modern humans (Homo sapiens).</strong></li>
<li>As per the study, the human ancestors existed on the Indonesian island between 1,08,000 and 1,17,000 years ago.</li>
<li>While fossil remains from H. erectus are found in Africa, like those of earlier <strong>hominins,</strong> they have also been identified at fossil sites <strong>widely dispersed across Eurasia.</strong></li>
<li>In particular, H. erectus had a <strong>similar range of body sizes to modern humans,</strong> and it is the first human ancestor to have similar limb and torso proportions to those seen in modern humans. This suggests it had adapted to walking on two feet in a more open, grassland environment, rather than swinging from tree branch to branch.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Hominin</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hominin</strong> is any member of the zoological &ldquo;tribe&rdquo; Hominini (family Hominidae, order Primates), of which only one species exists today&mdash;Homo sapiens, or human beings.</li>
<li>The term is used most often to refer to extinct members of the human lineage, some of which are now quite well known from fossil remains: Homo neanderthalensis (the Neanderthals), Homo erectus, Homo habilis, and various species of Australopithecus.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578040194_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578040194_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="636" height="409" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sci-tech-and-agri/last-stand-of-homo-erectus-may-have-been-on-indonesian-island-study/article30370405.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/homo-erectus'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => '107th  Indian Science Congress',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister has inaugurated <strong>107<sup>th</sup> Indian Science Congress.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is scheduled to take place between January 3-7, at the <strong>University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS) in Bengaluru, Karnataka.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> of the congress for <strong>2020</strong>&nbsp;is <strong>&ldquo;Science &amp; Technology: Rural Development&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Indian Science Congress is a major focal point for scientists, researchers and academicians interested in various aspects of scientific discoveries and technologies.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-5th-january-2019-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>previous (2019) session 106<sup>th</sup> edition</strong></a> was held at <strong>Lovely Professional University (LPU)</strong> in <strong>Jalandhar, Punjab.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Science Congress</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) owes its origin to the foresight and initiative of two British Chemists, namely, Professor J. L. Simonsen and Professor P.S. MacMahon.</li>
<li>The first meeting of the Congress was held from January 15-17, 1914 at the premises of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modi-to-address-107th-session-of-indian-science-congress/articleshow/73078349.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ET</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/107th-indian-science-congress'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Odissi Dance',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Odissi dance is one of the<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indian-classical-dances" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> classical dances of India.</strong> </a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is indigenous to Orissa, eastern India, and follows the principles of the <strong>Natya-shastra.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578039784_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578039784_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="173" height="390" /></a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Evolution</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The dance has its origin in the temples.</li>
<li>The carvings found at the Udayagiri Monastery denote that Odissi was patronised as early as the 2<sup>nd</sup> Century BCE and the trend continued unabated until about the 16<sup>th</sup> Century AD.</li>
<li>After surviving the tumultuous years from 16th century AD till independence, Odissi underwent a renaissance of sorts which helped it become the global phenomenon it is today.</li>
<li>The classical music and dance form of Odisha was prefixed with &ldquo;Odissi&rdquo; by noted <strong>Odia poet Kabichandra Kalicharan Pattanayak,</strong> who was the centre of the cultural revival of Odisha post-independence, to retain its distinct identity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dance Techniques</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Odissi dance form can be broken down to the movement of the head, bust and torso and the accompanying gestures and expressions.</li>
<li>The techniques of movement are built around the two basic postures of the <strong>Chowk</strong> and the <strong>Tribhanga.</strong> The chowk is a position imitating a square - a very masculine stance with the weight of the body equally balanced. The tribhanga is a very feminine stance where the body is deflected at the neck, torso and the knees.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Odissi dance deals largely with the <strong>love theme of Radha and Krishna.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Natyashastra</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Natyashastra, in full Bharata Natyashastra, is a <strong>detailed treatise and handbook on dramatic art</strong> that deals with all aspects of classical Sanskrit theatre.</li>
<li>It is believed to have been written by the mythic Brahman sage and priest <strong>Bharata (200 BC &ndash; 200 AD).</strong></li>
<li>Its many chapters contain detailed treatments of all the diverse arts that are embodied in the classical Indian concept of the drama, including dance, music, poetics, and general aesthetics.</li>
<li>It is also known as the<strong> fifth veda</strong> as it has been evolved by taking words from the Rigveda, music from the Samaveda, gestures from the Yajurveda and emotions from the Atharvaveda.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odissi-dance'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Padmanur's Yakshagana',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Yakshagana committee hosted the <strong>60<sup>th</sup> annual Yakshagana</strong> in the <strong>Padmanur village, Karnataka.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The committee is officially known as the <strong>Sarvajanika Yakshagana Bayalata Samithi</strong> and was set up in <strong>1959.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>multi-faith committee</strong> consisting of <strong>Hindus, Christians and Muslims</strong> and it hosts Yakshagana every year.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Yakshagana<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578039294_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578039294_image3.png" style="float: right;" width="280" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a rare and unique<strong> traditional theatre of Karnataka</strong> state in India and has a recorded history of more than 5 centuries.</li>
<li>It is a rich artistic <strong>blend of music, dance, speech, and costumes,</strong> this art combines the features of <strong>opera as well as drama,</strong> the characteristics of moral education and mass entertainment.</li>
<li>Yakshagana is strongly influenced by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhakti movement.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/religion-no-bar-for-padmanurs-yakshagana/article30395720.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/padmamur-s-yakshagana'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Reduced Tiger Mortality in 3 Years',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the Ministry of Forest Environment and Climate Change (MoEFCC), the number of tiger deaths in 2019 has <strong>decreased for the first time in three years.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The number of tiger deaths recorded in previous years are 122 (2016), 115 (2017), 100 (2018) and 95 (2019).</li>
<li>Decreasing tiger mortality has emerged parallelly with the increasing numbers of tigers in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> tiger census report (2019),</strong></a> reported an <strong>increase</strong> in the number of tigers compared to 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578037953_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578037953_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="615" height="433" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Numerics:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For 2019, 84 cases of tiger deaths and 11 cases of seizures (a tiger is presumed dead on the basis of body parts seized by authorities) are reported in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh,</strong> which has the <strong>highest number of tigers</strong> in the country (526, as per the last census), has recorded the <strong>highest number of tiger deaths (31)</strong> followed by <strong>Maharashtra (18), Karnataka (12) and Uttarakhand (10).</strong></li>
<li>Deaths were also recorded <strong>from non-tiger bearing states like Gujarat,</strong> where a tiger had strayed into the State and died.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Poaching</strong> is the <strong>main reason</strong> for tiger deaths in the country followed by other natural reasons.</li>
<li>The data on tiger mortality also confirms<strong> 22 cases</strong> of poaching in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tigers are <strong>most vulnerable</strong> when they are <strong>outside reserves</strong> as they are not under surveillance.</li>
<li>Almost over <strong>70% of cases</strong> of poaching have been reported <strong>outside tiger reserves.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of Technology:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The reduced tiger mortalities are due to usage of technology for surveillance, good management of tiger reserves and a lot of awareness and education programmes on tiger conservation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-31st-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>M-STrIPES</strong></a> <strong>(Monitoring System for Tigers-Intensive Protection &amp; Ecological Status)</strong> patrolling app is deployed and used in every tiger reserve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/in-2019-95-tiger-deaths-in-india-22-incidents-of-poaching-says-moefcc/article30462278.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reduced-tiger-mortality-in-3-years'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'New Norms For Reward To Whistleblowers',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)</strong></a> has come out with a new mechanism to <strong>reward whistle-blowers</strong> and other informants for sharing information about <strong>insider trading cases.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It would be <strong>mandatory</strong> to disclose the <strong>source of information.</strong> At the same time, confidentiality regarding the identity of the informant would be protected.</li>
<li><strong>Reward</strong> would be given in case the information provided leads to a <strong>disgorgement of at least ₹1 crore</strong> in accordance with the <strong>&ldquo;Prohibition of Insider Trading (PIT) Regulations&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Disgorgement</strong> is repayment of ill-gotten gains that is imposed on wrongdoers by the courts. This implies that funds that were received through illegal or unethical business transactions are disgorged, or paid back, with interest to those affected by the action.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Office of Informant Protection (OIP)</strong> has been established by the SEBI as an independent office for receiving and processing the <strong>Voluntarily Information Disclosure Form.</strong> The OIP would serve as a medium of exchange between the informant or legal representative and the SEBI.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An informant would have to voluntarily submit original information pertaining to any violation of insider trading laws to the OIP, through a VID form. He has to reveal his identity at the time of submission of the VID form.</li>
<li>In case, the information is submitted through a legal representative, the identity of the informant is not required to be revealed at the time of submission of VID form. However, the identity of the informant would be required to be revealed prior to payment of reward, if any.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Insider Trading</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the act of trading, directly or indirectly, in the securities of a publicly listed company by any person, <strong>who may or may not be managing the affairs of such company, based on certain information,</strong> not available to the public at large, that can influence the market price of the securities of such company.</li>
<li>SEBI through <strong>SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, 2015</strong> and by making amendments to the Regulations and issuance of Circulars from time to time, regulates Insider Trading.</li>
<li>According to PIT Regulations, it is prohibited to pass Unpublished Price Sensitive Information (UPSI) for a purpose other than legitimate purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Whistleblowing</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the Companies Act, 2013, whistleblowing is an action aimed at drawing the attention of stakeholders to instances of unethical practices in an organization.</li>
<li>A whistleblower can be anyone who chooses to expose wrong practices and has evidence to support the allegations. They can be either from within or outside the organization&mdash;such as current and former employees, shareholders, external auditors, and lawyers.</li>
<li>In India, whistleblowers are protected by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/whistleblowers-protection-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WhistleBlowers Protection Act, 2014.</strong></a> The law provides for the protection of their identity and also has strict norms to prevent their victimization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/new-norms-for-reward-to-whistleblowers/article30391242.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-norms-for-reward-to-whistleblowers'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'North-East Monsoon Ends with 30% Surplus Rain',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India witnessed a 30% surplus in total rainfall during the Northeast <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>monsoon</strong></a> in 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>October to December</strong> is recognised as the period for <strong>Northeast monsoon</strong> by the <strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2019, the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-monsoon-respite-for-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Southwest monsoon</strong></a> <strong>withdrew late</strong> so there was a delay for the onset of the northeast monsoon. Despite this, southern peninsula received <strong>normal or above-normal rainfall</strong> during the three months.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rainfall during these three months was evenly distributed, both spatially and temporally, with every week recording normal rainfall throughout the season.</li>
<li>2019 witnessed the<strong> rare meteorological coincidence</strong> of the northeast monsoon making its onset on the same day as the southwest monsoon withdrew officially.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Two Monsoons of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>south-west monsoon (summer monsoon)</strong> blows from sea to land after crossing the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and the Bay of Bengal.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It brings most of the rainfall in the country, approximately 75% of India&rsquo;s annual rainfall.</li>
<li>It gets its name from the direction in which it travels, from the <strong>southwest to the northeast.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> northeast monsoon (winter monsoon)</strong> blows from land to sea.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During this period, rainfall is experienced over <strong>southern states,</strong> mainly <strong>Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh along with some parts of Telangana and Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li>In areas around <strong>Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand</strong> and along the <strong>northeast,</strong> precipitation during this period reported is either in the form of <strong>rainfall or snowfall.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can be noted that many other parts of the country, like the <strong>Gangetic plains and northern states,</strong> also receive <strong>rain in November and December</strong> but this is <strong>not due to the northeast monsoon.</strong></li>
<li>It is caused mainly by the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-western-disturbance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Western Disturbances</strong></a>, an eastward-moving rain-bearing wind system that originates beyond Afghanistan and Iran, picking up moisture from as far as the Mediterranean Sea, even the Atlantic Ocean. In the higher reaches of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, the precipitation is often in the form of snow.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The northeast monsoon does not have anything to do with northeast India. It derives its <strong>name from the direction</strong> in which it travels, <strong>from the northeast to the southwest.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established in <strong>1875.</strong></li>
<li>It is an agency of the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences of the Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>It is the principal agency responsible for <strong>meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/northeast-monsoon-ends-country-records-30-per-cent-surplus-rain-6196286/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/north-east-monsoon-ends-with-30-surplus-rain'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'The ABCDEF of implementation of SBM',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/swachh-bharat-mission-narendra-modi-sanitation-in-india-6195385/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The ABCDEF of implementation&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 02/01/2020. It talks about the issues related to policy implementation.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sdg-india-index-by-niti-ayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog&rsquo;s Sustainable Development Goals Index for 2019</strong></a> was released. At the aggregate level, India&rsquo;s composite score has improved from 57 in 2018 to 60 in 2019.</p>
<p>Much of the improvement taking place due to progress on five goals clean water and sanitation; affordable and clean energy; industry, innovation, and infrastructure; life on land, and peace, justice, and strong institutions.</p>
<p>The improvement on these parameters, in part, stems from the beneficial impact of various government programmes (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan- SBM,</strong></a> Ujjwala scheme etc).</p>
<p>However, the index also reflects the regional divide in basic livelihood goals such as in areas of health, nutrition, basic infrastructure, quality of education, eradication of poverty etc. On two goals in particular &mdash; gender equality and zero hunger &mdash; far greater attention is required as the country&rsquo;s score on both is less than 50.</p>
<h3>Reasons for Dismal Performance</h3>
<p><strong>Implementation Deficit:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governments have designed the right policies and development schemes. However, over the years, many such well-designed schemes failed to make a significant difference.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While the focus on design and policy architecture may have been well-meaning, there may not have been a strong enough focus on ensuring that these policies translate to effective implementation on the ground.</li>
<li>This was highlighted when the former prime minister of India <strong>(Rajiv Gandhi)</strong> famously in the 1980s said that, of every rupee spent by the government only 15 paise reached the intended beneficiaries. This underlines the issues on the policy implementation front.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Socio-Economic Causes:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is hard to tackle <strong>a social problem with a political solution.</strong></li>
<li>Gender inequality, the hierarchical structure of society (based on caste, religion etc), may act as a roadblock in the success of a policy.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>How to address these issues?</strong></p>
<p>In the past five years, rural India has seen a massive transformation in access to basic services like electricity, cooking fuel, toilets, houses and bank accounts. The successful journey of SBM has highlighted six important guiding principles which can be applied to any large transformation scheme</p>
<h3>The ABCDEF of implementation of SBM</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>A &mdash; Align:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Different people at different positions may have competing priorities. A goal congruence has to be achieved across the administrative ecosystem.</li>
<li>Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation ensured that SBM's message percolated down to the chief ministers, 700 district collectors and 2,50,000 sarpanches.</li>
<li>The three layers of the PM-CM-DM model working in cohesion is the first and most important step towards policy translating into real delivery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>B &mdash; Believe:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People were made to believe that the goal of SBM is achievable.</li>
<li>SBM achieved this by bringing a unique blend of young professionals and experienced but driven bureaucrats, at the centre and in the states, and each person quickly became a believer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>C &mdash; Communicate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Communication at all levels, above and below the line, mass and inter-personal, was fundamental to the SBM.</li>
<li>For SBM an army of trained grassroots volunteers called Swachagrahis were created, who went from door to door to communicate the message of swachhata.</li>
<li>And then the SBM attempted to make sanitation essential by engaging extensively with the media, leveraging popular culture, and associating Bollywood stars, sportspersons and other influencers to promote the message of sanitation.</li>
<li>And lastly, through regular, large-scale events like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-survekshan-2020-1-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Survekshan</strong></a>, sanitation stood on top of public discourse.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>D &mdash; Democratise:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SBM became a Jan Andolan or Mass Movement.</li>
<li>It nudged people to realise that sanitation is not an individual good, but a community good, as its full benefits accrue only when it is universal.</li>
<li>People constructed their own toilets and motivated others, communities planned activities and monitored progress, villages declared themselves open defecation free (ODF).</li>
<li>Even corporates, NGOs, civil society organisations and other government ministries and departments played a role in mainstreaming sanitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>E &mdash; Evaluate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SBM encouraged third-party monitoring of progress and evaluate outputs, outcomes and impacts to reinforce the credibility and keep the implementers motivated.</li>
<li>Organisations such as the World Bank, UNICEF, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and WHO conducted various assessments of sanitation coverage and usage, successes and areas of improvement, as well as the health, economic and social impacts of the SBM.</li>
<li>India became the global laboratory for sanitation. Lessons from these studies were incorporated into the programme in real-time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>F &mdash; Follow-through:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, the government released a forward-looking 10-year sanitation strategy, articulating the goal of moving from ODF to ODF Plus.</li>
<li>This post-delivery follow-through is critical to ensure that the change becomes the norm and that things don&rsquo;t reset to what they used to be in the past.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Thus, the ABCDEF of implementation of SBM is worth emulating across the spectrum of government schemes as final delivery of the public service remains the only metric of success of the public policy.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7fad4;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Welfare policies in India are good on paper but they are marred by the implementation deficit. Discuss.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-abcdef-of-implementation-of-sbm'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Strategic Disinvestment',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The government's&nbsp;plans to sell Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPCL), Container Corporation of India (Concorp) and Air India&nbsp;are unlikely to conclude by March 2020. It might result in missing the&nbsp;disinvestment target of Rs 1.05 trillion for 2019-2020 by a wide margin.</p>
<h3>Disinvestment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Disinvestment</strong> means sale or liquidation of assets by the government, usually Central and state public sector enterprises, projects, or other fixed assets.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privatisation-of-pses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>government undertakes disinvestment</strong></a> to reduce the fiscal burden on the exchequer, or to raise money for meeting specific needs, such as to bridge the revenue shortfall from other regular sources.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/strategic-disinvestment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Strategic disinvestment</strong></a> is the transfer of the ownership and control of a public sector entity to some other entity (mostly to a private sector entity).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlike the simple disinvestment, strategic sale implies a kind of privatization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The disinvestment commission defines strategic sale as the sale of a substantial portion of the Government shareholding of a central public sector enterprises (CPSE) of upto 50%, or such higher percentage as the competent authority may determine, along with transfer of management control.</li>
<li>Strategic disinvestment in India has been <strong>guided by the basic economic principle</strong> that the<strong> government should not be in the business to engage itself in manufacturing/producing goods and services in sectors where competitive markets have come of age.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The economic potential of such entities may be better discovered in the hands of the strategic investors due to various factors, e.g. infusion of capital, technology up-gradation and efficient management practices etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577963590_image.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577963590_image.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Disinvestments- A Historical Perspective</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For the<strong> first four decades</strong> after Independence, India pursued a path of development in which <strong>the public sector was expected to be the engine of growth.</strong></li>
<li>However, the public sector overgrew itself and its shortcomings started manifesting in low capacity utilisation and low efficiency due to over manning, low work ethics, over capitalisation due to substantial time and cost overruns, inability to innovate, take quick and timely decisions, large interference in decision making process etc. Hence, a decision was taken in 1991 to follow the path of Disinvestment.</li>
<li>The change process in India began in the year 1991-92, when 31 selected PSUs were disinvested for Rs.3,038 crore. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In August 1996, the <strong>Disinvestment Commission,</strong> chaired by G V Ramakrishna was set up to advise, supervise, monitor and publicize gradual disinvestment of Indian PSUs. However, the Disinvestment Commission ceased to exist in May 2004.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Department of Disinvestment was set up as a separate department in December, 1999 and was later renamed as Ministry of Disinvestment in September, 2001. From 27th May, 2004, the Department of Disinvestment was brought under the Ministry of Finance.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Department of Disinvestment has been renamed as <strong>Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM)</strong> from 14<sup>th</sup> April, 2016 which has been made the<strong> nodal department for the strategic stake sale in the Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Investment Fund (NIF)</strong> was constituted in November, 2005, into which the proceeds from disinvestment of Central Public Sector Enterprises were to be channelized.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recent Developments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2015, the Government reinitiated the policy of strategic disinvestment in order to open up sectors for private enterprise to bring efficiency in management that would contribute to general economic development</li>
<li>The Government had set a disinvestment target of 1.05 lakh crore rupees for the financial year 2019-20.</li>
<li>Recently cabinet has cleared the plan to sell 53.3% of its stake in BPCL, 63.8% of SCI and 30.8% of CONCOR to strategic buyers. 74.2% of its stake with THDCIL and 100% of NEEPCO is to be sold to NTPC.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Main objectives of Disinvestment in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To meet the budgetary needs</li>
<li>To reduce fiscal deficit</li>
<li>To improve public finances and overall economic efficiency</li>
<li>To diversify the ownership of PSU for enhancing efficiency of individual enterprise</li>
<li>To raise funds for technological upgradation, modernization and expansion of PSUs</li>
<li>To raise funds for golden handshake (VRS)</li>
<li>To introduce, competition and market discipline</li>
<li>To fund growth and development programmes</li>
<li>To encourage wider share of ownership</li>
<li>To depoliticise non-essential services</li>
<li>Transfer of Commercial Risks</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of Disinvestment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the short run, it is helpful in financing the increasing fiscal deficit.</li>
<li>Disinvestment funds can be utilised for long-terms goals such as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Financing large-scale infrastructure development.</li>
<li>Investing in the economy to encourage spending</li>
<li>Expansion and Diversification of the firm.</li>
<li>Repayment of Government Debts: Almost 40-45% of the Centre&rsquo;s revenue receipts go towards repaying public debt/interest</li>
<li>Investing in social programs like health and education</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It can help in generating a better environment for investment.</li>
<li>Disinvestment also assumes significance due to the prevalence of an increasingly competitive environment, which makes it difficult for many PSUs to operate profitably. This leads to a rapid erosion of the value of the public assets making it critical to disinvest early to realize a high value.</li>
<li>It is expected that the strategic buyer/acquirer may bring in new management/technology/investment for the growth of these companies and may use innovative methods for their development.</li>
<li>While government presence may be a necessary evil in strategic sectors such as defence or oil exploration, there&rsquo;s really no call for it to be running fuel retailing outlets, building ships or running container freight operations. Government presence in such non-strategic sectors not only distorts competitive dynamics for private players, it also results in consumers and taxpayers bearing the brunt of inefficient PSU operations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In other words,<strong> &lsquo;government has no business being in business&rsquo;</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While strategic sale deals in the past have seen a few mis-steps, they&rsquo;ve also yielded <strong>convincing success stories like Hindustan Zinc&rsquo;s,</strong> which has seen a hundred-fold increase in its profits on the back of a six-fold expansion in capacities, since its takeover by Vedanta in 2002.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges of Disinvestments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sale of profit-making and dividend paying PSUs would result in the loss of regular income to the Government</li>
<li>There would be chances of &ldquo;Asset Striping&rdquo; by the strategic partner. Most of the PSUs have valuable assets in the plant and machinery, land and buildings, etc.</li>
<li>Strategic and National Security Concerns: Strategic Disinvestment of Oil PSUs is seen by some experts as a threat to National Security since Oil is a strategic natural resource and possible ownership in the foriegn hand is not consistent with our strategic goals.</li>
<li>Disinvestment affects labour forces' social security.</li>
<li>It also raises concerns about cronyism.</li>
<li>The depressed state of the markets and the paucity of reasonable buyers would land in a bad deal.</li>
<li>Using funds from disinvestment to bridge the fiscal deficit is an unhealthy and a short term practice. It is said that it is the equivalent of selling <strong>'family silver'</strong> to meet short term monetary requirements.</li>
<li>Complete Privatisation may result in public monopolies becoming private monopolies, which would then exploit their position to increase costs of various services and earn higher profits</li>
<li>A majority stake sale done to another CPSE results in no real change in ownership, and is thus just hogwash.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It needs to be ensured that Privatisation (Strategic Disinvestment ) leads to greater competition in all cases.</li>
<li>It should be ensured that the proceeds of such strategic sales aren&rsquo;t frittered away in interest or salary payouts but are reinvested prudently in long-term infrastructure assets that can yield enduring returns to the economy.</li>
<li>To allay concerns of cronyism, the strategic sale process needs to be fair and transparent with a minimum reserve price that does justice to the valuable assets being auctioned off. A third-party valuation of every PSU&rsquo;s assets and a minimum number of bidders, should be necessary pre-conditions to going ahead with each sale.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/strategic-disinvestment-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'WHO Report on Global Tobacco Epidemic 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization</strong> </a>has released a report which projected a powerful shift in the global tobacco epidemic. The shift is reflected in the <strong>decline in the overall global tobacco use</strong> and the <strong>number of people consuming it.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577962266_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577962266_image5.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Number of males using tobacco:</strong> It <strong>rose</strong> from 1.050 billion in 2000 to 1.093 billion in 2018, however, the report projects a <strong>decline in the number of males using tobacco.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The number has <strong>stopped growing</strong> and is projected to<strong> decline by more than 1 million (or 1.091 billion) male users</strong> by <strong>2020</strong> and 5 million (or 1.087 billion) less by <strong>2025,</strong> compared to<strong> 2018</strong> levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global tobacco use:</strong> It <strong>declined</strong> from 1.397 billion in 2000 to 1.337 billion in 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The fall was largely driven by <strong>reductions in the number of females using tobacco products,</strong> with their numbers shrinking from 346 million in 2000 to 244 million in 2018, or more than 100 million users.</li>
<li>Some <strong>60% of countries</strong> have been experiencing a <strong>decline in tobacco use</strong> since 2010.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Projections:</strong> By <strong>2020,</strong> there will be<strong> 10 million fewer tobacco users</strong> compared to 2018 and another 27 million less by 2025, amounting to 1.299 billion.</li>
<li><strong>Other findings:</strong> Approximately <strong>43 million children (aged 13-15) over the world used tobacco in 2018</strong> (14 million girls and 29 million boys).
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577962304_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577962304_image4.png" style="float: right;" width="200" caption="false" /></a></h3>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>In Indian Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, the<strong> prevalence of tobacco use</strong> (male and female combined) in 2000 was 44% and it is expected to reduce almost by half to 22.3% by 2025.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Globally, the prevalence was 33.3% in 2000, and is projected to reach 20.9% in 2025.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current tobacco use rates</strong> in India in 2018 for people aged 15 years and older were <strong>higher than global rates</strong> among both males and females. However, the <strong>rates of tobacco smoking were lower</strong> than global rates.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tobacco Control Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governments adopt and implement the tobacco control provisions of the <strong>WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC).</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>first international treaty</strong> negotiated under the auspices of the WHO.</li>
<li>It was adopted by the World Health Assembly on 21 May 2003 and entered into force on 27 February 2005.</li>
<li>It was developed in response to the <strong>globalization of the tobacco epidemic</strong> and is an <strong>evidence-based treaty</strong> that reaffirms the right of all people to the highest standard of health.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The FCTC&rsquo;s measures to combat tobacco use include:</li>
<li>Price and tax measures.</li>
<li>Large, graphic warnings on tobacco packages.</li>
<li>100% smoke-free public spaces.</li>
<li>A ban on tobacco marketing.</li>
<li>Support for smokers who want to quit.</li>
<li>Prevention of tobacco industry interference.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/projected-drop-male-tobacco-use-underlines-shifting-trends-6195287/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Tribes in Assam',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The anti-<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship (Amendment) Act</strong></a> protests have brought demands of the <strong>Adivasis and tea tribes</strong> in Assam to the forefront.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Adivasis, comprising 106 sub-groups, are the largest of the six communities <strong>demanding the</strong> <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes (ST) status</strong></a>. The others are <strong>Chutiya, Koch-Rajbongshi, Moran, Matak, and Tai-Ahom.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Adivasis comprise <strong>18%</strong> of Assam&rsquo;s population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The grant of ST status to these communities will make Assam a tribal-majority State.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tea Tribes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tea garden workers were originally brought by the British from Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal to work in the tea plantations of Assam during mid 19<sup>th</sup> century. Later they permanently settled in Assam.</li>
<li>They are known as tea and ex-tea garden tribes, who are recognized as <strong>Other Backward Classes (OBC)</strong> by the Government.</li>
<li>These people not only constitute a sizable chunk of the population in the State but also play a major role in tea production of the State (about 53% of the total tea production of the country).</li>
<li>Economically, they are quite backward and literacy level among these communities is extremely low. Thus, they are demanding ST status in the state of Assam.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Koch Rajbongshi</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Koch Rajbongshi is an ancient tribe originally from the ancient Koch kingdom. The word "Rajbongshi" literally means "royal community".</li>
<li>The homelands of this ancient tribe include West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and various North-Eastern parts of India.</li>
<li>They speak Rajbongshi/Rajbanshi language. This language is also spoken in Bangladesh and Nepal.</li>
<li>The Rajbongshi was primarily <strong>animist</strong> (perceiving all things animated and alive.), but later on, they followed Hinduism/Sanatana (both Shaiva and Vaishnavite), A few sections of Rajbongshi people were also found to be followers of Christianity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Moran Community</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Moran community is one of the aboriginal tribes of Assam.</li>
<li>In the 13<sup>th</sup> century, they lived in the south eastern region of the Brahmaputra valley.</li>
<li>They had their own independent kingdom before the advent of the Ahoms.</li>
<li>It is possible that it is a tribal word that means a group of people like, Mising, Mulung, Mung tai, etc.</li>
<li>In the early 17<sup>th</sup> century, Aniruddhadeva converted them to Vaishnavism and thus brought about the regeneration of their society and culture.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/anti-caa-stir-brings-adivasis-into-focus/article30398856.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tribes-in-assam'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Extraocular Vision',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>For the first time, researchers have shown that a <strong>species of brittle stars</strong> can see even though it does not have eyes.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578125290_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578125290_image5.jpg" style="float: right;" width="200" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>ability to see without eyes is known as extraocular vision.</strong></li>
<li>The red brittle star (Ophiocoma wendtii) has become only the <strong>second creature, after a sea urchin species,</strong> known to have the extraocular vision (barring rare cases in other species).</li>
<li>In sea urchins and brittle stars, researchers suspect that extraocular vision is facilitated by the <strong>photoreceptor cells found on their bodies.</strong></li>
<li>The researchers suggest that a brittle star sees with the help of <strong>light-sensing cells that cover its entire body.</strong> These light-sensing cells give the brittle star visual stimuli, allowing it to recognise coarse structures such as rocks.</li>
<li>Another peculiar feature of the red brittle star is its<strong> signature colour change.</strong> While the creature is deep red during the day, it changes its colour to beige at night.</li>
<li>The researchers think that there <strong>may be a link between their extraocular vision and colour changing abilities</strong> since the responses they saw in the creatures tested during the day, disappeared in those that were tested at night.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-extraocular-vision-6198632/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Savitribai Phule Jayanti',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Savitribai Phule Jayanti is celebrated on<strong> 3<sup>rd</sup> January</strong> every year to honour her contribution towards society, women empowerment and education.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>She is considered to be one of <strong>India&rsquo;s first modern feminists</strong> and remembered for being India&rsquo;s first female teacher who worked for the upliftment of women and untouchables in the field of education and literacy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Savitribai Phule<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578124638_images5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578124638_images5.jpg" style="float: right;" width="200" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>She was born in <strong>Naigaon, Satara district of Maharashtra on January 3, 1831</strong> and married activist and social reformer <strong>Jyotirao Phule</strong> at the age of nine years.</li>
<li>With her husband&rsquo;s support, Phule learned to read and write and both of them found <strong>India&rsquo;s first school for girls called Bhide Wada in Pune in 1848.</strong></li>
<li>The idea of educating women and the untouchables was considered to be a radical one at that time.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Maharashtra, a nationalist discourse was playing out between 1881-1920 led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who opposed the setting up of schools for girls and non-Brahmins citing loss of nationality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Phule started the <strong>Literacy Mission</strong> in India between<strong> 1854-55</strong> and the <strong>Satyashodhak Samaj (Society for Truth-Seeking),</strong> through which she along with her husband wanted to <strong>initiate the practice of Satyashodhak marriage, in which no dowry was taken.</strong></li>
<li>She wrote <strong>poems in Marathi</strong> in which she advocated for values such as humanism, liberty, equality, brotherhood, rationalism and the importance of education among others.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Her books of poems are <strong>&ldquo;Kavya Phule&rdquo;</strong> and <strong>&ldquo;Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>She <strong>passed away on March 10, 1897.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1598342" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Patola Sarees from Gujarat',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) has inaugurated a first Silk Processing Plant at Surendranagar in Gujarat.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The plant would help to <strong>reduce the cost of production of silk yarn</strong> and<strong> increase</strong> the <strong>sale and availability</strong> of raw material for Gujarati Patola Sarees locally. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, the raw material silk yarn is purchased from <strong>Karnataka or West Bengal,</strong> where silk processing units are situated</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Patola Sarees<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578124064_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578124064_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Patola is a <strong>double ikat woven sari,</strong> usually made from silk, made in <strong>Patan, Gujarat,</strong> India.</li>
<li>Patola-weaving is a closely guarded family tradition.</li>
<li>It takes six months to one year to make one sari due to the long process of dying each strand separately before weaving them together.</li>
<li>Patola are usually woven in Surat, Ahmedabad and Patan. But velvet patola styles are majorly made in Surat.</li>
<li>It has received a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/potential-of-gis-is-waiting-to-be-tapped" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geographical Indication (GI) tag</strong></a> in 2013.</li>
<li>Patola sarees are highly valued in Indonesia and became part of the local weaving tradition there.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>KVIC is a <strong>statutory body</strong> established under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act, 1956.</li>
<li>The KVIC is charged with the planning, promotion, organisation and implementation of programmes for the development of Khadi and other village industries in the rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development wherever necessary.</li>
<li>It functions under the <strong>Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1598399" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
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	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => '25th Western Zonal Council Meeting',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The 25<sup>th</sup> meeting of the western zonal council will be held in January 2020, under the chairmanship of Union Home Minister.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Maharashtra</strong> will be the lead coordinator this time with the <strong>Chief Minister of the state co-chairing</strong> the meeting.</li>
<li>It will present a <strong>roadmap for the safety of women online</strong> and ways to <strong>curb cyberbullying.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/western-zonal-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>24<sup>th</sup> meeting</strong> </a>of the council was held in <strong>Goa in August 2019.</strong></li>
<li>
<p><strong>Western Zonal Council&nbsp;</strong>comprises of <strong>Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, the Union Territories of Daman and Diu, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Maharashtra government has been directed to hold awareness campaigns in districts on <strong>cyberbullying of women, cyber frauds and internet child pornography,</strong> etc.</li>
<li>It seeks participation from the entire state in the drive which will be named <strong>&lsquo;Cyber Safe Women&rsquo;,</strong> to make the<strong> internet safe</strong> for women and children and to <strong>prevent online crimes</strong> against them.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Zonal Councils</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/capacity-building-for-conflict-resolution-2nd-arc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Zonal Councils</strong></a> are the <strong>statutory (and not the constitutional) bodies.</strong> They are established by an <strong>Act of the Parliament,</strong> that is, <strong>States Reorganisation Act of 1956.</strong></li>
<li>The act divided the country into<strong> five zones- Northern, Central, Eastern, Western and Southern</strong> and provided a zonal council for each zone.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While forming these zones, several <strong>factors have been taken into account</strong> which include: the natural divisions of the country, the river systems and means of communication, the cultural and linguistic affinity and the requirements of economic development, security and law and order.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Each zonal council consists of the following members:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Home Minister of Central government.</li>
<li>Chief Ministers of all the States in the zone.</li>
<li>Two other ministers from each state in the zone.</li>
<li>Administrator of each union territory in the zone</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In addition to the above mentioned Zonal Councils, a <strong>North-Eastern Council</strong> was created by a separate Act of Parliament,<strong> the North-Eastern Council Act of 1971.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its members include <strong>Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Tripura and Sikkim.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These are <strong>advisory bodies</strong> that <strong>make recommendations</strong> with regard to any matter of common interest in the field of economic and social planning between the Centre and States border disputes, linguistic minorities, inter-State transport or matters connected with the reorganisation of States.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/state-to-present-plan-on-womens-cyber-safety/article30473774.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/25th-western-zonal-council-meeting'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Iron Snow on Earth’s Inner Core',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to a study published in journal JGR Solid Earth, the<strong> earth&rsquo;s inner core is capped by snow made of tiny particles of iron</strong> which are much heavier than any snowflake on Earth's surface.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The iron-snow falls from the molten outer core and piles up in the inner core of the Earth creating stacks that are up to 320 km thick.</li>
<li>This finding was unearthed after <strong>analyzing signals from</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/seismometers-defunct-in-earthquake-prone-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>seismic waves</strong></a> as they pass through the Earth. Seismic Waves are vibrations generated by an earthquake, explosion, or similar energetic source and that propagate within the Earth or along its surface. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The seismic waves moved much slower than expected when they passed through the base of the outer core.</li>
<li>However, they moved faster than estimates as they passed through the eastern hemisphere of the top inner core.</li>
<li>The scientists found out that slurry-like (semi -liquid) composition of the snow pack slows the seismic waves. The variation in snow pile size -- thinner in the eastern hemisphere and thicker in the western -- affected the speed of the waves.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Earlier studies had also pointed about the existence of slurry layer exists between the inner and outer core.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The same is supported by the latest data from experiments on core-like materials. The scientists have found that crystallisation is possible and that about 15% of the lowermost outer core could be made of iron-based crystals (snow).</li>
<li>These crystals could eventually fall down the liquid outer core and settle on top of the solid inner core.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Earth&rsquo;s Internal Structure</h3>
<p>The earth is made up of <strong>three different layers:</strong> the crust, the mantle and the core.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578123133_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578123133_image1.png" width="538" height="297" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Crust</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the outside layer of the earth and is made of solid rock, mostly<strong> basalt and granite.</strong></li>
<li>There are two types of crust; oceanic and continental. Oceanic crust is denser and thinner and mainly composed of basalt. It is also known as <strong>Sima (most abundant minerals being silicate and magnesium)</strong></li>
<li>Continental crust is less dense, thicker, and mainly composed of granite. It is also called as <strong>Sial (most abundant minerals being silicate and aluminium).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Mantle</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The portion of the interior beyond the crust is called the mantle. The mantle extends from <strong>Moho&rsquo;s discontinuity (boundary between the crust and mantle)</strong> to a depth of 2,900 km.</li>
<li>The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle are called <strong>lithosphere.</strong> Its thickness ranges from 10-200 km.</li>
<li>The upper portion of the mantle is called <strong>asthenosphere</strong> which is the main source of magma that finds its way to the surface during volcanic eruptions.</li>
<li>The lower mantle extends beyond the asthenosphere. It is in <strong>solid state.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Core</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> mantle- core boundary (gutenberg discontinuity)</strong> is located at a depth of 2,900 km.</li>
<li>The outer core is in a liquid state while the inner core is in solid state.</li>
<li>The core is made up of very heavy material mostly constituted by <strong>nickel and iron.</strong> Thus, it is sometimes referred to as the <strong>nife</strong> layer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/iron-snow-on-earths-innermost-layer/article30428829.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iron-snow-on-earth-s-inner-core'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Nritya Kalanidhi Award',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Bharatnatyam dancer Priyadarshini Govind</strong> has been conferred with <strong>Nritya Kalanidhi Award.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The award has been presented by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sangita-kalanidhi-award" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Madras Music Academy</strong></a> for her performance and efforts to propagate the art form.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bharatnatyam<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578122723_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578122723_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is one among the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indian-classical-dances" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>eight classical dances of India.</strong></a></li>
<li>It was <strong>conventionally</strong> performed by <strong>Devadasis</strong> (girls offered to God in the temple) in Hindu Temples of South India. Thus, it is also known as<strong> &lsquo;Dasiattam&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It was developed in <strong>Tanjore</strong> and other regions of South India <strong>prominently Tamil Nadu,</strong> and could possibly be the oldest classical dance form of India (around 2000 years old).</li>
<li>The<strong> Abhinaya Darpana</strong> by <strong>Nandikesvara</strong> is one of the <strong>main sources of textual material</strong> for the study of the technique and grammar f body movement in Bharatnatyam Dance.</li>
<li>Bharatnatyam dance is known to be <strong>ekaharya,</strong> where <strong>one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance.</strong></li>
<li>The dance involves transitional movements of the leg, hip and arm. <strong>Expressive eye movements</strong> and <strong>hand gestures</strong> are used to <strong>convey emotions.</strong> It encompasses of <strong>Bhav, Rag, Ras and Taal.</strong></li>
<li>The accompanying orchestra consists of a vocalist, a mridangam player, violinist or veena player, a flautist and a cymbal player. The person who conducts the dance recitation is the<strong> Nattuvanar.</strong></li>
<li>In its usual form, the dance is generally broken into <strong>seven</strong> main parts &ndash; Alarippu, Jatiswaran, Shabda, Varna, Pada, Thillana and Sloka.</li>
<li>Bharatnatyam poses are depicted on the <strong>gopurams of the Chidambaram temple (Tamil Nadu).</strong></li>
<li><strong>E. Krishna Iyer</strong> and <strong>Rukmini Devi Arundale</strong> had played a significant role in helping the dance regain its lost popularity and position.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nritya-kalanidhi-award'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Housing Poverty in Rural Areas',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/minimising-the-housing-divide/article30462979.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Minimising the housing divide&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published on 03/01/2020 in The Hindu. It talks about the prevalence of Housing Poverty in rural areas.</p>
</div>
<p>The right to ad&shy;e&shy;quate hous&shy;ing is recog&shy;nised as a basic human right by the United Na&shy;tions and its con&shy;stituent bod&shy;ies. Al&shy;though India is a sig&shy;na&shy;tory to many in&shy;ter&shy;na&shy;tional covenants in this re&shy;gard, but the re&shy;al&shy;i&shy;sa&shy;tion of the right to ad&shy;e&shy;quate hous&shy;ing to all has remained an elusive dream.</p>
<p>Major neglect of adequate housing is more prominent in rural areas, where not only the physical infrastructure but also social infrastructure such as education and health have remained ignored.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services".</li>
<li>Right of Life under Article 21 of the Indian constitution also encompasses the right to shelter.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Though <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-grameen-behind-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana</strong></a> has been launched in pursuance of providing adequate housing, however, interventions like these have hardly worked in minimising urban-rural divides.&nbsp;<strong>This can be depicted by:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The incidence of <strong>housing-related poverty</strong> is in the order of 25.85 million (82% in rural areas and 18% in urban).</li>
<li><strong>Menial occupation workers</strong> and low-income earners have been facing these forms of poverty the most.</li>
<li><strong>Dilapidated units</strong> have contributed towards a high level of housing amenities deprivation, especially because such housing units cannot safely be connected with electricity or solar energy, latrines, and drinking water, owing to associated structural risks.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This scenario has resulted in multiple deprivations of 45% of rural families without electricity, biogas and LPG; over 69% without household latrines; and over 82% of families without treated water for drinking at household levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Due to this, there have been <strong>higher rates of internal migration</strong> both due to dissatisfaction with housing arrangements and the prospect of better housing elsewhere.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for housing poverty in rural areas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shortages in the supply of housing</strong> and a lack of policy redevelopment of collapsible or dilapidated units, millions of Indians dwell in unsecured housing.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of public funds</strong> during the early planning era has compelled the policymakers to adopt the overarching philosophy of the growth pole theory, with the hope that the benefit of the urban-centric development will percolate into rural hinterland progressively.</li>
<li><strong>Due to poverty</strong> and lack of access to any formal sources of finance, the rural poor are rendered incapable of constructing safe, sustainable and livable houses.</li>
<li>Housing in rural areas is one sector that has consistently suffered from the<strong> lack of meaningful market interventions,</strong> including the supply of developed land and financing for housing.</li>
<li>Amidst the whole rural housing crisis, the ones who have been hit the most are the marginalized sections such as the SCs and STs who are at a clear disadvantage in terms of housing conditions and amenities when compared to other social categories.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If India is to have a real chance to minimise the housing development divide, it requires an <strong>integrated housing development strategy</strong> for the rural areas. This has to be implemented in <strong>&ldquo;mission mode&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>There must be <strong>accountability</strong> in terms of implementing such a mission agenda on a continuous basis, with social audits at multiple levels of governance.</li>
<li><strong>Realistic resource allocation</strong> is required given the cost of redevelopment and new housing units besides other development costs of drinking water supply, household latrines, energy, and drainage connectivity.</li>
<li><strong>Penetration of the market,</strong> including the cooperative sector for the supply of critical inputs such as land and finances, is the need of the hour.</li>
<li><strong>Public-private-partnership projects</strong> should be encouraged on public or government-owned lands, with fiscal and other incentives. Landowners should be encouraged to develop incentive-based affordable housing projects.</li>
</ul>
<p>Former President APJ Abdul Kalam had proposed the concept of <strong>Provision of Urban Amenities to Rural Areas (PURA)</strong> whose objective goes beyond the mere creation of economic infrastructure and employment opportunities in rural areas. To further this paradigm, access to good housing, including housing amenities, should become a priority.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #e0fbff;"><span style="color: #003366;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />The right to ad&shy;e&shy;quate hous&shy;ing is recog&shy;nised as a basic human right but the re&shy;al&shy;i&shy;sa&shy;tion of this has remained an elusive dream, especially in rural areas. Discuss.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/housing-poverty-in-rural-areas'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Indepth- 6th Schedule & ILP',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Nt-BzmbBlZM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the recent enactment of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA)</strong></a>, massive protests were held in the North-eastern states and several references have been made to the Inner Line Permit system in the large parts of the region.</li>
<li>Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) is inapplicable to the to the tribal areas of<strong> Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura</strong> included in the <strong>Sixth Schedule of the Constitution</strong> and to the areas falling under the<strong> Inner Line Permit (ILP) system.</strong></li>
<li>On December 19, the Meghalaya Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution urging the Centre <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ilp-in-meghalaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>to implement Inner Line Permit in the state.</strong></a> Earlier on December 11, the inner line permit regime was extended to Manipur with President signing the order to this effect.</li>
<li>The concept of the Inner Line Permit comes from the colonial area. Under the <strong>Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation Act, 1873,</strong> the British framed regulations restricting the entry and regulating the stay of outsiders in designated areas.</li>
<li>The<strong> ILP system</strong> is in force in four Northeastern states &mdash; <strong>Arunachal Pradesh, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nagaland-extends-ilp-in-dimapur" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nagaland</a>, Mizoram and now Manipur &mdash;</strong> and no Indian citizen can visit any of these states without permit unless he or she belongs to that state, nor can he or she overstay beyond the period specified in the ILP.</li>
</ul>
<h3>6<sup>th</sup> Schedule</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution provides for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram to safeguard the rights of the tribal population in these states. This special provision is provided under <strong>Article 244(2) and Article 275(1)</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
<li>Passed by the Constituent Assembly in 1949, the Sixth Schedule was formulated to provide the limited autonomy to the tribal regions of North-East.</li>
<li>It was based on the reports of <strong>Bardoloi Committee</strong> formed by the Constituent Assembly.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The committee report stated that there was a need for a system of administration that would allow tribal areas to become developed.</li>
<li>The report also called for the protection of these tribal areas from exploitation by the people in the plains and preserving their distinct social customs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It gives the tribals freedom to exercise legislative and executive powers through an autonomous regional council and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/autonomous-district-councils" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>autonomous district councils (ADCs)</strong></a></li>
<li>The ADCs are the districts within the state to which the central government has given varying degree of autonomy within the State Legislature.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The various features of administration contained in the Sixth Schedule are as follows</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tribal areas in the four states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram have been constituted as <strong>autonomous districts.</strong> But, they do not fall outside the executive authority of the state concerned.</li>
<li>The governor is empowered to organise and re-organise the autonomous districts. Thus, he can increase or decrease their areas or change their names or define their boundaries and so on.</li>
<li>If there are different tribes in an autonomous district, the governor can divide the district into several autonomous regions.</li>
<li>Each autonomous district has a district council consisting of 30 members, of whom four are nominated by the governor and the remaining 26 are elected on the basis of adult franchise. The elected members hold office for a term of five years (unless the council is dissolved earlier) and nominated members hold office during the pleasure of the governor. Each autonomous region also has a separate regional council.</li>
<li>The district and regional councils administer the areas under their jurisdiction. They can make laws on certain specified matters like land, forests, canal water, shifting cultivation, village administration, inheritance of property, marriage and divorce, social customs and so on. But all such laws require the assent of the governor.</li>
<li>The district and regional councils within their territorial jurisdictions can constitute village councils or courts for trial of suits and cases between the tribes. They hear appeals from them. The jurisdiction of the high court over these suits and cases is specified by the governor.</li>
<li>The district council can establish, construct or manage primary schools, dispensaries, markets, ferries, fisheries, roads and so on in the district. It can also make regulations for the control of money lending and trading by non-tribals. But, such regulations require the assent of the governor.</li>
<li>The district and regional councils are empowered to assess and collect land revenue and to impose certain specified taxes.</li>
<li>The <strong>acts of Parliament</strong> or the <strong>state legislature do not apply</strong> to <strong>autonomous districts and autonomous regions</strong> or apply with specified modifications and exceptions.</li>
<li>The governor can appoint a commission to examine and report on any matter relating to the administration of the autonomous districts or regions. He may dissolve a district or regional council on the recommendation of the commission.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Autonomous Districts under 6<sup>th</sup> Schedule</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578050792_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578050792_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="400" height="293" /></a></p>
<h3>Drawbacks associated with the Sixth Schedule</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has created <strong>multiple power centres</strong> instead of bringing in a genuine process of autonomy in the region.</li>
<li>There are frequent <strong>conflict of interests between the District Councils and the State Legislatures.</strong> For example, in Meghalaya, despite the formation of the state, the whole of the state continues to be under sixth schedule causing frequent conflict with the state government.</li>
<li>Demand for special provisions for other groups.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Development:</strong> In terms of financial autonomy, there is a huge gap between the approved budget and the funds received from the state government which has a direct impact on the development of these tribal communities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In February 2019, <strong>125<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment Bill</strong> was introduced in the Parliament to amend the provisions related to the Finance Commission (Article 280) and the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.</li>
<li>It seeks <strong>to increase the financial and executive powers of the 10 Autonomous Councils</strong> in the Sixth Schedule areas of the northeastern region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Inner line Permit System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An Inner Line Permit is a document that allows an Indian citizen to visit or stay in a state that is protected under the ILP system.</li>
<li>The ILP is obligatory for all those who reside outside the protected states.</li>
<li>It can be issued for travel purposes solely.</li>
<li>An ILP is issued by the state government concerned.</li>
<li>The Inner Line Permit was established by the British government under the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873 to safeguard tribals of eastern part of Bengal. This 1873 Regulation is also known as ILR or ILP.</li>
<li>Under Section 2 of the Regulation of 1873, the ILP was only applicable to the three North Eastern States such as, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Recently, on December 11, the President signed the order extending ILP to Manipur, which became the fourth state where the ILP regime is applicable.</li>
<li><strong>Foreigners need a Protected Area Permit (PAP) to visit tourist places which are different from Inner Line Permits needed by domestic tourists.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the <strong>Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958,</strong> all areas falling between the 'Inner line', as defined in the said order, and the International Border of the State have been declared as a Protected Area.</li>
<li>Currently, Protected Areas are located in the following States:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Whole of Arunachal Pradesh</li>
<li>Parts of Himachal Pradesh</li>
<li>Parts of Jammu &amp; Kashmir</li>
<li>Whole of Manipur</li>
<li>Whole of Mizoram</li>
<li>Whole of Nagaland</li>
<li>Parts of Rajasthan</li>
<li>Whole of Sikkim (partly in Protected Area and partly in Restricted Area)</li>
<li>Parts of Uttarakhand</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A foreign national is not normally allowed to visit a Protected / Restricted Area unless it is established to the satisfaction of the Government that there are extraordinary reasons to justify such a visit.</li>
<li>Every foreigner, except a citizen of Bhutan, who desires to enter and stay in a Protected or Restricted Area, is required to obtain a special permit from a competent authority delegated with powers to issue such a special permit to a foreigner, on application.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/indepth-6th-schedule-and-ilp'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'First National Conference on Intersex Human Rights',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>first national conference on intersex human rights</strong> was organised by <strong>Srishti Madurai</strong> in partnership with <strong>Intersex Asia</strong> in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conference sought a <strong>national ban on unnecessary medical surgeries conducted on children with intersex traits</strong> and appealed to the Union government to protect their human rights.</li>
<li>This demand follows <strong>Tamil Nadu&rsquo;s ban on normative surgeries on infants and children, except</strong> in life-threatening situations in <strong>August 2019.</strong></li>
<li>If the ban will be adopted nationally, <strong>India will become the third country</strong> to protect the rights of intersex children after <strong>Malta and Taiwan.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term intersex is often confused with transgender but the two in-fact have very different meanings.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Transgender:</strong> Individuals who identify as transgender or transexual have a gender that is different from the one traditionally associated with the sex they were assigned at birth.</li>
<li><strong>Intersex:</strong> It refers to people born with biological or physical characteristics that are more diverse than stereotypical male or female bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> <strong>(WHO)</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-relevance-of-unhrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Human Rights Council</strong></a><strong> (UNHRC)</strong> have called upon the Member States to end invasive and irreversible medical surgeries and other medical treatment on intersex children.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Srishti Madurai</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is India&rsquo;s<strong> first Genderqueer and Intersex led human rights movement</strong> and was established in September 2011 in Madurai, Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>It aims to create a space for Genderqueer, Intersex and LGBTQA+ Indians in the public discourse.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Intersex Asia</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>autonomous regional network of intersex-led organizations and individuals from Asian countries</strong> that work to support, educate and advocate for the rights and lives of intersex individuals and raise awareness on human rights violations and discrimination faced by intersex communities.</li>
<li>It was established in <strong>February 2018 in Bangkok, Thailand.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/groups-call-for-ban-on-surgeries-on-intersex-minors/article30397401.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-national-conference-on-intersex-human-rights'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Homo erectus',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578040213_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578040213_image5.jpg" style="float: right;" width="205" height="425" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>According to a study published in &lsquo;Nature&rsquo;, the last known settlement of <strong>Homo erectus</strong> was situated in Ngandong on the Indonesian island of Java.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Homo erectus (meaning upright man)</strong> is an <strong>extinct species of the human genus</strong> (Homo), perhaps<strong> an ancestor of modern humans (Homo sapiens).</strong></li>
<li>As per the study, the human ancestors existed on the Indonesian island between 1,08,000 and 1,17,000 years ago.</li>
<li>While fossil remains from H. erectus are found in Africa, like those of earlier <strong>hominins,</strong> they have also been identified at fossil sites <strong>widely dispersed across Eurasia.</strong></li>
<li>In particular, H. erectus had a <strong>similar range of body sizes to modern humans,</strong> and it is the first human ancestor to have similar limb and torso proportions to those seen in modern humans. This suggests it had adapted to walking on two feet in a more open, grassland environment, rather than swinging from tree branch to branch.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Hominin</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hominin</strong> is any member of the zoological &ldquo;tribe&rdquo; Hominini (family Hominidae, order Primates), of which only one species exists today&mdash;Homo sapiens, or human beings.</li>
<li>The term is used most often to refer to extinct members of the human lineage, some of which are now quite well known from fossil remains: Homo neanderthalensis (the Neanderthals), Homo erectus, Homo habilis, and various species of Australopithecus.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578040194_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578040194_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="636" height="409" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sci-tech-and-agri/last-stand-of-homo-erectus-may-have-been-on-indonesian-island-study/article30370405.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/homo-erectus'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => '107th  Indian Science Congress',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister has inaugurated <strong>107<sup>th</sup> Indian Science Congress.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is scheduled to take place between January 3-7, at the <strong>University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS) in Bengaluru, Karnataka.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> of the congress for <strong>2020</strong>&nbsp;is <strong>&ldquo;Science &amp; Technology: Rural Development&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Indian Science Congress is a major focal point for scientists, researchers and academicians interested in various aspects of scientific discoveries and technologies.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-5th-january-2019-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>previous (2019) session 106<sup>th</sup> edition</strong></a> was held at <strong>Lovely Professional University (LPU)</strong> in <strong>Jalandhar, Punjab.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Science Congress</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) owes its origin to the foresight and initiative of two British Chemists, namely, Professor J. L. Simonsen and Professor P.S. MacMahon.</li>
<li>The first meeting of the Congress was held from January 15-17, 1914 at the premises of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modi-to-address-107th-session-of-indian-science-congress/articleshow/73078349.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ET</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/107th-indian-science-congress'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Odissi Dance',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Odissi dance is one of the<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indian-classical-dances" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> classical dances of India.</strong> </a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is indigenous to Orissa, eastern India, and follows the principles of the <strong>Natya-shastra.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578039784_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578039784_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="173" height="390" /></a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Evolution</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The dance has its origin in the temples.</li>
<li>The carvings found at the Udayagiri Monastery denote that Odissi was patronised as early as the 2<sup>nd</sup> Century BCE and the trend continued unabated until about the 16<sup>th</sup> Century AD.</li>
<li>After surviving the tumultuous years from 16th century AD till independence, Odissi underwent a renaissance of sorts which helped it become the global phenomenon it is today.</li>
<li>The classical music and dance form of Odisha was prefixed with &ldquo;Odissi&rdquo; by noted <strong>Odia poet Kabichandra Kalicharan Pattanayak,</strong> who was the centre of the cultural revival of Odisha post-independence, to retain its distinct identity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dance Techniques</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Odissi dance form can be broken down to the movement of the head, bust and torso and the accompanying gestures and expressions.</li>
<li>The techniques of movement are built around the two basic postures of the <strong>Chowk</strong> and the <strong>Tribhanga.</strong> The chowk is a position imitating a square - a very masculine stance with the weight of the body equally balanced. The tribhanga is a very feminine stance where the body is deflected at the neck, torso and the knees.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Odissi dance deals largely with the <strong>love theme of Radha and Krishna.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Natyashastra</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Natyashastra, in full Bharata Natyashastra, is a <strong>detailed treatise and handbook on dramatic art</strong> that deals with all aspects of classical Sanskrit theatre.</li>
<li>It is believed to have been written by the mythic Brahman sage and priest <strong>Bharata (200 BC &ndash; 200 AD).</strong></li>
<li>Its many chapters contain detailed treatments of all the diverse arts that are embodied in the classical Indian concept of the drama, including dance, music, poetics, and general aesthetics.</li>
<li>It is also known as the<strong> fifth veda</strong> as it has been evolved by taking words from the Rigveda, music from the Samaveda, gestures from the Yajurveda and emotions from the Atharvaveda.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odissi-dance'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Padmanur's Yakshagana',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Yakshagana committee hosted the <strong>60<sup>th</sup> annual Yakshagana</strong> in the <strong>Padmanur village, Karnataka.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The committee is officially known as the <strong>Sarvajanika Yakshagana Bayalata Samithi</strong> and was set up in <strong>1959.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>multi-faith committee</strong> consisting of <strong>Hindus, Christians and Muslims</strong> and it hosts Yakshagana every year.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Yakshagana<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578039294_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578039294_image3.png" style="float: right;" width="280" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a rare and unique<strong> traditional theatre of Karnataka</strong> state in India and has a recorded history of more than 5 centuries.</li>
<li>It is a rich artistic <strong>blend of music, dance, speech, and costumes,</strong> this art combines the features of <strong>opera as well as drama,</strong> the characteristics of moral education and mass entertainment.</li>
<li>Yakshagana is strongly influenced by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhakti movement.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/religion-no-bar-for-padmanurs-yakshagana/article30395720.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/padmamur-s-yakshagana'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Reduced Tiger Mortality in 3 Years',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the Ministry of Forest Environment and Climate Change (MoEFCC), the number of tiger deaths in 2019 has <strong>decreased for the first time in three years.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The number of tiger deaths recorded in previous years are 122 (2016), 115 (2017), 100 (2018) and 95 (2019).</li>
<li>Decreasing tiger mortality has emerged parallelly with the increasing numbers of tigers in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> tiger census report (2019),</strong></a> reported an <strong>increase</strong> in the number of tigers compared to 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578037953_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578037953_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="615" height="433" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Numerics:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For 2019, 84 cases of tiger deaths and 11 cases of seizures (a tiger is presumed dead on the basis of body parts seized by authorities) are reported in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh,</strong> which has the <strong>highest number of tigers</strong> in the country (526, as per the last census), has recorded the <strong>highest number of tiger deaths (31)</strong> followed by <strong>Maharashtra (18), Karnataka (12) and Uttarakhand (10).</strong></li>
<li>Deaths were also recorded <strong>from non-tiger bearing states like Gujarat,</strong> where a tiger had strayed into the State and died.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Poaching</strong> is the <strong>main reason</strong> for tiger deaths in the country followed by other natural reasons.</li>
<li>The data on tiger mortality also confirms<strong> 22 cases</strong> of poaching in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tigers are <strong>most vulnerable</strong> when they are <strong>outside reserves</strong> as they are not under surveillance.</li>
<li>Almost over <strong>70% of cases</strong> of poaching have been reported <strong>outside tiger reserves.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of Technology:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The reduced tiger mortalities are due to usage of technology for surveillance, good management of tiger reserves and a lot of awareness and education programmes on tiger conservation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-31st-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>M-STrIPES</strong></a> <strong>(Monitoring System for Tigers-Intensive Protection &amp; Ecological Status)</strong> patrolling app is deployed and used in every tiger reserve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/in-2019-95-tiger-deaths-in-india-22-incidents-of-poaching-says-moefcc/article30462278.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reduced-tiger-mortality-in-3-years'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'New Norms For Reward To Whistleblowers',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)</strong></a> has come out with a new mechanism to <strong>reward whistle-blowers</strong> and other informants for sharing information about <strong>insider trading cases.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It would be <strong>mandatory</strong> to disclose the <strong>source of information.</strong> At the same time, confidentiality regarding the identity of the informant would be protected.</li>
<li><strong>Reward</strong> would be given in case the information provided leads to a <strong>disgorgement of at least ₹1 crore</strong> in accordance with the <strong>&ldquo;Prohibition of Insider Trading (PIT) Regulations&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Disgorgement</strong> is repayment of ill-gotten gains that is imposed on wrongdoers by the courts. This implies that funds that were received through illegal or unethical business transactions are disgorged, or paid back, with interest to those affected by the action.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Office of Informant Protection (OIP)</strong> has been established by the SEBI as an independent office for receiving and processing the <strong>Voluntarily Information Disclosure Form.</strong> The OIP would serve as a medium of exchange between the informant or legal representative and the SEBI.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An informant would have to voluntarily submit original information pertaining to any violation of insider trading laws to the OIP, through a VID form. He has to reveal his identity at the time of submission of the VID form.</li>
<li>In case, the information is submitted through a legal representative, the identity of the informant is not required to be revealed at the time of submission of VID form. However, the identity of the informant would be required to be revealed prior to payment of reward, if any.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Insider Trading</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the act of trading, directly or indirectly, in the securities of a publicly listed company by any person, <strong>who may or may not be managing the affairs of such company, based on certain information,</strong> not available to the public at large, that can influence the market price of the securities of such company.</li>
<li>SEBI through <strong>SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, 2015</strong> and by making amendments to the Regulations and issuance of Circulars from time to time, regulates Insider Trading.</li>
<li>According to PIT Regulations, it is prohibited to pass Unpublished Price Sensitive Information (UPSI) for a purpose other than legitimate purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Whistleblowing</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the Companies Act, 2013, whistleblowing is an action aimed at drawing the attention of stakeholders to instances of unethical practices in an organization.</li>
<li>A whistleblower can be anyone who chooses to expose wrong practices and has evidence to support the allegations. They can be either from within or outside the organization&mdash;such as current and former employees, shareholders, external auditors, and lawyers.</li>
<li>In India, whistleblowers are protected by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/whistleblowers-protection-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WhistleBlowers Protection Act, 2014.</strong></a> The law provides for the protection of their identity and also has strict norms to prevent their victimization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/new-norms-for-reward-to-whistleblowers/article30391242.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-norms-for-reward-to-whistleblowers'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'North-East Monsoon Ends with 30% Surplus Rain',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India witnessed a 30% surplus in total rainfall during the Northeast <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>monsoon</strong></a> in 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>October to December</strong> is recognised as the period for <strong>Northeast monsoon</strong> by the <strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2019, the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-monsoon-respite-for-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Southwest monsoon</strong></a> <strong>withdrew late</strong> so there was a delay for the onset of the northeast monsoon. Despite this, southern peninsula received <strong>normal or above-normal rainfall</strong> during the three months.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rainfall during these three months was evenly distributed, both spatially and temporally, with every week recording normal rainfall throughout the season.</li>
<li>2019 witnessed the<strong> rare meteorological coincidence</strong> of the northeast monsoon making its onset on the same day as the southwest monsoon withdrew officially.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Two Monsoons of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>south-west monsoon (summer monsoon)</strong> blows from sea to land after crossing the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and the Bay of Bengal.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It brings most of the rainfall in the country, approximately 75% of India&rsquo;s annual rainfall.</li>
<li>It gets its name from the direction in which it travels, from the <strong>southwest to the northeast.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> northeast monsoon (winter monsoon)</strong> blows from land to sea.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During this period, rainfall is experienced over <strong>southern states,</strong> mainly <strong>Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh along with some parts of Telangana and Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li>In areas around <strong>Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand</strong> and along the <strong>northeast,</strong> precipitation during this period reported is either in the form of <strong>rainfall or snowfall.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can be noted that many other parts of the country, like the <strong>Gangetic plains and northern states,</strong> also receive <strong>rain in November and December</strong> but this is <strong>not due to the northeast monsoon.</strong></li>
<li>It is caused mainly by the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-western-disturbance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Western Disturbances</strong></a>, an eastward-moving rain-bearing wind system that originates beyond Afghanistan and Iran, picking up moisture from as far as the Mediterranean Sea, even the Atlantic Ocean. In the higher reaches of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, the precipitation is often in the form of snow.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The northeast monsoon does not have anything to do with northeast India. It derives its <strong>name from the direction</strong> in which it travels, <strong>from the northeast to the southwest.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established in <strong>1875.</strong></li>
<li>It is an agency of the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences of the Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>It is the principal agency responsible for <strong>meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/northeast-monsoon-ends-country-records-30-per-cent-surplus-rain-6196286/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/north-east-monsoon-ends-with-30-surplus-rain'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'The ABCDEF of implementation of SBM',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/swachh-bharat-mission-narendra-modi-sanitation-in-india-6195385/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The ABCDEF of implementation&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 02/01/2020. It talks about the issues related to policy implementation.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sdg-india-index-by-niti-ayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog&rsquo;s Sustainable Development Goals Index for 2019</strong></a> was released. At the aggregate level, India&rsquo;s composite score has improved from 57 in 2018 to 60 in 2019.</p>
<p>Much of the improvement taking place due to progress on five goals clean water and sanitation; affordable and clean energy; industry, innovation, and infrastructure; life on land, and peace, justice, and strong institutions.</p>
<p>The improvement on these parameters, in part, stems from the beneficial impact of various government programmes (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan- SBM,</strong></a> Ujjwala scheme etc).</p>
<p>However, the index also reflects the regional divide in basic livelihood goals such as in areas of health, nutrition, basic infrastructure, quality of education, eradication of poverty etc. On two goals in particular &mdash; gender equality and zero hunger &mdash; far greater attention is required as the country&rsquo;s score on both is less than 50.</p>
<h3>Reasons for Dismal Performance</h3>
<p><strong>Implementation Deficit:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governments have designed the right policies and development schemes. However, over the years, many such well-designed schemes failed to make a significant difference.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While the focus on design and policy architecture may have been well-meaning, there may not have been a strong enough focus on ensuring that these policies translate to effective implementation on the ground.</li>
<li>This was highlighted when the former prime minister of India <strong>(Rajiv Gandhi)</strong> famously in the 1980s said that, of every rupee spent by the government only 15 paise reached the intended beneficiaries. This underlines the issues on the policy implementation front.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Socio-Economic Causes:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is hard to tackle <strong>a social problem with a political solution.</strong></li>
<li>Gender inequality, the hierarchical structure of society (based on caste, religion etc), may act as a roadblock in the success of a policy.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>How to address these issues?</strong></p>
<p>In the past five years, rural India has seen a massive transformation in access to basic services like electricity, cooking fuel, toilets, houses and bank accounts. The successful journey of SBM has highlighted six important guiding principles which can be applied to any large transformation scheme</p>
<h3>The ABCDEF of implementation of SBM</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>A &mdash; Align:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Different people at different positions may have competing priorities. A goal congruence has to be achieved across the administrative ecosystem.</li>
<li>Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation ensured that SBM's message percolated down to the chief ministers, 700 district collectors and 2,50,000 sarpanches.</li>
<li>The three layers of the PM-CM-DM model working in cohesion is the first and most important step towards policy translating into real delivery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>B &mdash; Believe:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People were made to believe that the goal of SBM is achievable.</li>
<li>SBM achieved this by bringing a unique blend of young professionals and experienced but driven bureaucrats, at the centre and in the states, and each person quickly became a believer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>C &mdash; Communicate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Communication at all levels, above and below the line, mass and inter-personal, was fundamental to the SBM.</li>
<li>For SBM an army of trained grassroots volunteers called Swachagrahis were created, who went from door to door to communicate the message of swachhata.</li>
<li>And then the SBM attempted to make sanitation essential by engaging extensively with the media, leveraging popular culture, and associating Bollywood stars, sportspersons and other influencers to promote the message of sanitation.</li>
<li>And lastly, through regular, large-scale events like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-survekshan-2020-1-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Survekshan</strong></a>, sanitation stood on top of public discourse.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>D &mdash; Democratise:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SBM became a Jan Andolan or Mass Movement.</li>
<li>It nudged people to realise that sanitation is not an individual good, but a community good, as its full benefits accrue only when it is universal.</li>
<li>People constructed their own toilets and motivated others, communities planned activities and monitored progress, villages declared themselves open defecation free (ODF).</li>
<li>Even corporates, NGOs, civil society organisations and other government ministries and departments played a role in mainstreaming sanitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>E &mdash; Evaluate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SBM encouraged third-party monitoring of progress and evaluate outputs, outcomes and impacts to reinforce the credibility and keep the implementers motivated.</li>
<li>Organisations such as the World Bank, UNICEF, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and WHO conducted various assessments of sanitation coverage and usage, successes and areas of improvement, as well as the health, economic and social impacts of the SBM.</li>
<li>India became the global laboratory for sanitation. Lessons from these studies were incorporated into the programme in real-time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>F &mdash; Follow-through:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, the government released a forward-looking 10-year sanitation strategy, articulating the goal of moving from ODF to ODF Plus.</li>
<li>This post-delivery follow-through is critical to ensure that the change becomes the norm and that things don&rsquo;t reset to what they used to be in the past.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Thus, the ABCDEF of implementation of SBM is worth emulating across the spectrum of government schemes as final delivery of the public service remains the only metric of success of the public policy.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7fad4;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Welfare policies in India are good on paper but they are marred by the implementation deficit. Discuss.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-abcdef-of-implementation-of-sbm'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Strategic Disinvestment',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The government's&nbsp;plans to sell Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPCL), Container Corporation of India (Concorp) and Air India&nbsp;are unlikely to conclude by March 2020. It might result in missing the&nbsp;disinvestment target of Rs 1.05 trillion for 2019-2020 by a wide margin.</p>
<h3>Disinvestment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Disinvestment</strong> means sale or liquidation of assets by the government, usually Central and state public sector enterprises, projects, or other fixed assets.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privatisation-of-pses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>government undertakes disinvestment</strong></a> to reduce the fiscal burden on the exchequer, or to raise money for meeting specific needs, such as to bridge the revenue shortfall from other regular sources.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/strategic-disinvestment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Strategic disinvestment</strong></a> is the transfer of the ownership and control of a public sector entity to some other entity (mostly to a private sector entity).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlike the simple disinvestment, strategic sale implies a kind of privatization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The disinvestment commission defines strategic sale as the sale of a substantial portion of the Government shareholding of a central public sector enterprises (CPSE) of upto 50%, or such higher percentage as the competent authority may determine, along with transfer of management control.</li>
<li>Strategic disinvestment in India has been <strong>guided by the basic economic principle</strong> that the<strong> government should not be in the business to engage itself in manufacturing/producing goods and services in sectors where competitive markets have come of age.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The economic potential of such entities may be better discovered in the hands of the strategic investors due to various factors, e.g. infusion of capital, technology up-gradation and efficient management practices etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577963590_image.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577963590_image.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Disinvestments- A Historical Perspective</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For the<strong> first four decades</strong> after Independence, India pursued a path of development in which <strong>the public sector was expected to be the engine of growth.</strong></li>
<li>However, the public sector overgrew itself and its shortcomings started manifesting in low capacity utilisation and low efficiency due to over manning, low work ethics, over capitalisation due to substantial time and cost overruns, inability to innovate, take quick and timely decisions, large interference in decision making process etc. Hence, a decision was taken in 1991 to follow the path of Disinvestment.</li>
<li>The change process in India began in the year 1991-92, when 31 selected PSUs were disinvested for Rs.3,038 crore. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In August 1996, the <strong>Disinvestment Commission,</strong> chaired by G V Ramakrishna was set up to advise, supervise, monitor and publicize gradual disinvestment of Indian PSUs. However, the Disinvestment Commission ceased to exist in May 2004.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Department of Disinvestment was set up as a separate department in December, 1999 and was later renamed as Ministry of Disinvestment in September, 2001. From 27th May, 2004, the Department of Disinvestment was brought under the Ministry of Finance.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Department of Disinvestment has been renamed as <strong>Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM)</strong> from 14<sup>th</sup> April, 2016 which has been made the<strong> nodal department for the strategic stake sale in the Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Investment Fund (NIF)</strong> was constituted in November, 2005, into which the proceeds from disinvestment of Central Public Sector Enterprises were to be channelized.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recent Developments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2015, the Government reinitiated the policy of strategic disinvestment in order to open up sectors for private enterprise to bring efficiency in management that would contribute to general economic development</li>
<li>The Government had set a disinvestment target of 1.05 lakh crore rupees for the financial year 2019-20.</li>
<li>Recently cabinet has cleared the plan to sell 53.3% of its stake in BPCL, 63.8% of SCI and 30.8% of CONCOR to strategic buyers. 74.2% of its stake with THDCIL and 100% of NEEPCO is to be sold to NTPC.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Main objectives of Disinvestment in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To meet the budgetary needs</li>
<li>To reduce fiscal deficit</li>
<li>To improve public finances and overall economic efficiency</li>
<li>To diversify the ownership of PSU for enhancing efficiency of individual enterprise</li>
<li>To raise funds for technological upgradation, modernization and expansion of PSUs</li>
<li>To raise funds for golden handshake (VRS)</li>
<li>To introduce, competition and market discipline</li>
<li>To fund growth and development programmes</li>
<li>To encourage wider share of ownership</li>
<li>To depoliticise non-essential services</li>
<li>Transfer of Commercial Risks</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of Disinvestment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the short run, it is helpful in financing the increasing fiscal deficit.</li>
<li>Disinvestment funds can be utilised for long-terms goals such as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Financing large-scale infrastructure development.</li>
<li>Investing in the economy to encourage spending</li>
<li>Expansion and Diversification of the firm.</li>
<li>Repayment of Government Debts: Almost 40-45% of the Centre&rsquo;s revenue receipts go towards repaying public debt/interest</li>
<li>Investing in social programs like health and education</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It can help in generating a better environment for investment.</li>
<li>Disinvestment also assumes significance due to the prevalence of an increasingly competitive environment, which makes it difficult for many PSUs to operate profitably. This leads to a rapid erosion of the value of the public assets making it critical to disinvest early to realize a high value.</li>
<li>It is expected that the strategic buyer/acquirer may bring in new management/technology/investment for the growth of these companies and may use innovative methods for their development.</li>
<li>While government presence may be a necessary evil in strategic sectors such as defence or oil exploration, there&rsquo;s really no call for it to be running fuel retailing outlets, building ships or running container freight operations. Government presence in such non-strategic sectors not only distorts competitive dynamics for private players, it also results in consumers and taxpayers bearing the brunt of inefficient PSU operations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In other words,<strong> &lsquo;government has no business being in business&rsquo;</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While strategic sale deals in the past have seen a few mis-steps, they&rsquo;ve also yielded <strong>convincing success stories like Hindustan Zinc&rsquo;s,</strong> which has seen a hundred-fold increase in its profits on the back of a six-fold expansion in capacities, since its takeover by Vedanta in 2002.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges of Disinvestments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sale of profit-making and dividend paying PSUs would result in the loss of regular income to the Government</li>
<li>There would be chances of &ldquo;Asset Striping&rdquo; by the strategic partner. Most of the PSUs have valuable assets in the plant and machinery, land and buildings, etc.</li>
<li>Strategic and National Security Concerns: Strategic Disinvestment of Oil PSUs is seen by some experts as a threat to National Security since Oil is a strategic natural resource and possible ownership in the foriegn hand is not consistent with our strategic goals.</li>
<li>Disinvestment affects labour forces' social security.</li>
<li>It also raises concerns about cronyism.</li>
<li>The depressed state of the markets and the paucity of reasonable buyers would land in a bad deal.</li>
<li>Using funds from disinvestment to bridge the fiscal deficit is an unhealthy and a short term practice. It is said that it is the equivalent of selling <strong>'family silver'</strong> to meet short term monetary requirements.</li>
<li>Complete Privatisation may result in public monopolies becoming private monopolies, which would then exploit their position to increase costs of various services and earn higher profits</li>
<li>A majority stake sale done to another CPSE results in no real change in ownership, and is thus just hogwash.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It needs to be ensured that Privatisation (Strategic Disinvestment ) leads to greater competition in all cases.</li>
<li>It should be ensured that the proceeds of such strategic sales aren&rsquo;t frittered away in interest or salary payouts but are reinvested prudently in long-term infrastructure assets that can yield enduring returns to the economy.</li>
<li>To allay concerns of cronyism, the strategic sale process needs to be fair and transparent with a minimum reserve price that does justice to the valuable assets being auctioned off. A third-party valuation of every PSU&rsquo;s assets and a minimum number of bidders, should be necessary pre-conditions to going ahead with each sale.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/strategic-disinvestment-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'WHO Report on Global Tobacco Epidemic 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization</strong> </a>has released a report which projected a powerful shift in the global tobacco epidemic. The shift is reflected in the <strong>decline in the overall global tobacco use</strong> and the <strong>number of people consuming it.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577962266_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577962266_image5.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Number of males using tobacco:</strong> It <strong>rose</strong> from 1.050 billion in 2000 to 1.093 billion in 2018, however, the report projects a <strong>decline in the number of males using tobacco.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The number has <strong>stopped growing</strong> and is projected to<strong> decline by more than 1 million (or 1.091 billion) male users</strong> by <strong>2020</strong> and 5 million (or 1.087 billion) less by <strong>2025,</strong> compared to<strong> 2018</strong> levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global tobacco use:</strong> It <strong>declined</strong> from 1.397 billion in 2000 to 1.337 billion in 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The fall was largely driven by <strong>reductions in the number of females using tobacco products,</strong> with their numbers shrinking from 346 million in 2000 to 244 million in 2018, or more than 100 million users.</li>
<li>Some <strong>60% of countries</strong> have been experiencing a <strong>decline in tobacco use</strong> since 2010.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Projections:</strong> By <strong>2020,</strong> there will be<strong> 10 million fewer tobacco users</strong> compared to 2018 and another 27 million less by 2025, amounting to 1.299 billion.</li>
<li><strong>Other findings:</strong> Approximately <strong>43 million children (aged 13-15) over the world used tobacco in 2018</strong> (14 million girls and 29 million boys).
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577962304_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577962304_image4.png" style="float: right;" width="200" caption="false" /></a></h3>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>In Indian Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, the<strong> prevalence of tobacco use</strong> (male and female combined) in 2000 was 44% and it is expected to reduce almost by half to 22.3% by 2025.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Globally, the prevalence was 33.3% in 2000, and is projected to reach 20.9% in 2025.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current tobacco use rates</strong> in India in 2018 for people aged 15 years and older were <strong>higher than global rates</strong> among both males and females. However, the <strong>rates of tobacco smoking were lower</strong> than global rates.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tobacco Control Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governments adopt and implement the tobacco control provisions of the <strong>WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC).</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>first international treaty</strong> negotiated under the auspices of the WHO.</li>
<li>It was adopted by the World Health Assembly on 21 May 2003 and entered into force on 27 February 2005.</li>
<li>It was developed in response to the <strong>globalization of the tobacco epidemic</strong> and is an <strong>evidence-based treaty</strong> that reaffirms the right of all people to the highest standard of health.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The FCTC&rsquo;s measures to combat tobacco use include:</li>
<li>Price and tax measures.</li>
<li>Large, graphic warnings on tobacco packages.</li>
<li>100% smoke-free public spaces.</li>
<li>A ban on tobacco marketing.</li>
<li>Support for smokers who want to quit.</li>
<li>Prevention of tobacco industry interference.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/projected-drop-male-tobacco-use-underlines-shifting-trends-6195287/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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