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India International Seafood Show

Why in News The 22nd edition of India International Seafood Show (IISS), 2020 will be organized jointly by the Marine Products Export Development...

06 Feb 2020 News Analysis
SC Panel Recommendations on Prison Reforms

Why in News The Supreme Court appointed Justice Amitava Roy (retd.) Committee has given recommendations to reform prisons. The Court appointed...

06 Feb 2020 News Analysis
International Maritime Organization and India

This article is based on A case of a maritime presence adrift which was published in The Hindu on 05/02/2020. It discusses India’s negligible...

05 Feb 2020 News Editorials
World Heritage Site Certificate to Jaipur

Why in News The Chief Minister of Rajasthan will dedicate the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) world...

05 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Anguilla: British Territory in Caribbean

Why in News Anguilla, an island in the Caribbean Sea, is a financial beneficiary of two latest trends in technology: Artificial intelligence (AI)...

05 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Medical Data Leaks

Why in News A German cybersecurity firm, Greenbone Sustainable Resilience has published its second report related to medical data...

05 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Amrabad Tiger Reserve

Amrabad Tiger Reserve lies in Nallamala hills of Telangana. It is India’s second-largest tiger reserve, next only to Nagarjunasagar...

05 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Anti-Dumping Duty on PTA Abolished

Why in News The government has abolished anti-dumping duty on a chemical called Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA). The same was mentioned by the...

05 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Lack of Anganwadis in Urban Areas

Why in News Recently, the government’s response to a Right to Information (RTI) query has revealed that for every 100 anganwadi beneficiaries...

05 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Impact of Brexit

This article is based on “What Brexit means for the EU and its partners” which was published in The Hindu on 04/02/2020. It talks about...

04 Feb 2020 News Editorials
Crude Spillage in Burhi Dihing River

Why in News A stretch of Dihing or Burhi Dihing in Eastern Assam’s Dibrugarh district witnessed fire following the spillage of crude oil which...

04 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Classical Swine Fever Vaccine

Why in News The live attenuated Classical Swine Fever (CSF) Vaccine technology developed by the Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) has been...

04 Feb 2020 News Analysis
World Cancer Day

Why in News The World Health Organisation (WHO) and it’s specialized International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have released two...

04 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Missing Women and Children in India

Why in News Recently, the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) has released a study on missing persons (especially on women and children) in...

04 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Sophisticated Analytical & Technical Help Institutes: SATHI

Why in News The Department of Science & Technology (Ministry of Science and Technology) has launched a unique scheme called Sophisticated...

04 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Ujh Multipurpose Project

Ujh Multipurpose Project is planned to fast track utilization of India's rights under Indus Waters Treaty. The project will enhance the...

04 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Blue Dot Network

Why in News India may join the US-led Blue Dot Network (BDN). The BDN was formally announced on 4th November, 2019 at the Indo-Pacific Business...

04 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Coral Restoration Through Biorock

Why in News The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), with help from Gujarat’s forest department, is attempting for the first time a process to...

04 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Santusht Portal

Why in News? The Ministry of Labour and Employment has launched ‘Santusht portal’ to monitor the implementation of labour laws at the...

04 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Vikram Sarabhai Centenary Programme

Why in News Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) are conducting various events at national level in a...

04 Feb 2020 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'India International Seafood Show',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>22<sup>nd</sup> edition</strong> of India International Seafood Show (IISS), 2020 will be organized jointly by the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) and the Seafood Exporters Association of India (SEAI) <strong>in Kochi, Kerala from 7<sup>th</sup>-9<sup>th</sup> February 2020.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Theme</strong> for 2020 is: &ldquo;Blue Revolution- Beyond Production to Value Addition&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Event Held: Biennially</strong> (occurring every two years). It is <strong>one of the oldest and largest</strong> seafood events in the world. <strong>The 21<sup>st</sup></strong> edition of IISS was held in <strong>Goa</strong> in January 2018.</li>
<li><strong>Purpose:</strong> It provides an umbrella platform for various involved stakeholders of this sector such as producers, processing machinery manufacturers, linkage sectors, technical experts, etc. to interact, build up trade relations and contribute towards the progress of <strong>seafood exports</strong> from the country.</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> It gives scope for <strong>tapping new avenues and introducing various technologies and products</strong> to the global market. In this way, the show paves way for enhancing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revised-fdi-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment</strong></a> in India thereby contributing to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Make in India</strong> </a>programme&rsquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During <strong>2018-19,</strong> India has exported worth<strong> $6.70 billion</strong> of marine products. With <strong>sustainable fishing methods, value addition and increased aquaculture production through diversification,</strong> it is expected to achieve an export turnover of <strong>$15 billion</strong> in the <strong>next five years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Marine Products Export Development Authority</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constituted:</strong> In <strong>1972</strong> through the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) Act 1972, under the <strong>Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>nodal agency</strong> for the holistic development of the seafood industry in India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Seafood Exporters Association of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Established</strong> in: <strong>1973</strong> as an organisation registered under the <strong>Registrar of Companies Act, 1956.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To <strong>protect and promote</strong> the interests of the seafood industry and develop the international trade of seafood from India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199000" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'SC Panel Recommendations on Prison Reforms',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court appointed <strong>Justice Amitava Roy (retd.) Committee</strong> has given recommendations to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-prison-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reform prisons.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Court <strong>appointed the Committee in 2018</strong> to examine the various problems plaguing prisons, from overcrowding to lack of legal advice to convicts to issues of remission and parole.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Problems Highlighted</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian jails over-occupied</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A total of 1,341 prisons were functional in India as on 30<sup>th</sup> November, 2018. The total population of prisoners in India was 4.68 lakh against total sanctioned strength of 3.83 lakh.</li>
<li>From 2016 to 2018, the total prison population in India has increased by 8.2% against an increase of 0.7% in the prison sanctioned capacity.</li>
<li>Seven states, namely Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Meghalaya and Delhi have an occupancy rate of 150%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/prison-reforms-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Huge number of undertrials</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of the prisons are full of undertrial prisoners, their numbers being highly disproportionate to those of convicts (declared guilty).</li>
<li>An undertrial is a person who is being held in custody awaiting trial for a crime.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Shortage of Prison Staff</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Prison Department has a perennial average vacancy of 30%-40%. This hinders implementation of Model Prison Manual and various jail reforms.</li>
<li>Physical production of an accused for a trial in a court remains far below the aspired 100% in several States, mainly because of unavailability of sufficient police guards for escort and transportation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unhygienic Food</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The preparation of food in kitchens is &ldquo;primitive and arduous&rdquo;. The kitchens are congested and unhygienic and the diet has remained unchanged for years now.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>For overcrowding</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Speedy trial:</strong> Speedy trial remains one of the best ways to remedy the unwarranted phenomenon of overcrowding.</li>
<li><strong>Lawyer to prisoner ratio:</strong> There should be at least one lawyer for every 30 prisoners, which is not the case at present.</li>
<li><strong>Special courts:</strong> Special fast-track courts should be set up to deal exclusively with petty offences which have been pending for more than five years. Further, accused persons who are charged with petty offences and those granted bail, but who are unable to arrange surety should be released on a <strong>Personal Recognizance (PR) Bond.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Avoid adjournment:</strong> An adjournment should not be granted in cases where witnesses are present and the concept of plea bargaining, in which accused admits guilt for a lesser sentence, should be promoted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For prisoners</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Accommodative Transition:</strong> Every new prisoner should be allowed a free phone call a day to his family members to see him through his first week in jail.</li>
<li><strong>Legal aid:</strong> Providing effective legal aid to prisoners and taking steps to provide vocational skills and education to prisoners.</li>
<li><strong>Use of ICT:</strong> Use of video-conferencing for trial.</li>
<li><strong>Alternatives:</strong> The courts may be asked to use their "discretionary powers" and award sentences like "fine and admonition" if possible instead of sending the offenders to jails.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, courts may be encouraged to release offenders on probation at pre-trial stage or after trial in deserving cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Filling Vacancies</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court should pass directions asking authorities to start the recruitment process against permanent vacancies within three months and the process should be completed in a year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Food</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Modern cooking facilities and canteens to buy essential items.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>'Prisons/persons detained therein' is a State subject</strong> under Entry 4 of List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India. Administration and management of prisons is the responsibility of respective State Governments. However, the Ministry of Home Affairs provides regular guidance and advice to States and UTs on various issues concerning prisons and prison inmates.</li>
<li><strong>Article 39-A of the Constitution</strong> directs the State to ensure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Right to free legal aid or free legal service</strong> is an essential <strong>fundamental right guaranteed by the Constitution.</strong> It forms the basis of reasonable, fair and just liberty under <strong>Article 21 of the Constitution of India,</strong> which says, &ldquo;No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>Personal Recognizance (PR) bond</strong> is also known as Own Recognizance (OR) bond, and sometimes referred to as &ldquo;no cost bail&rdquo;. With this type of bond, a person is released from custody and is not required to post bail. They are, however, responsible for showing up on their specified court date, and must sign a release form stating this promise in writing. The person is then released from custody based on their promise to appear in court and abide by any conditions of release set by the court.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-panel-recommends-several-prison-reforms/article30746675.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'International Maritime Organization and India',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-case-of-a-maritime-presence-adrift/article30736915.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>A case of a maritime presence adrift</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 05/02/2020. It discusses India&rsquo;s negligible presence and interventions in the International Maritime Organization, which is affecting its interests. It argues that it&rsquo;s high time that India should regain its status as a major maritime power.</p>
</div>
<p>India&rsquo;s negligible presence and interventions in the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have been affecting its interests. It again became evident when recently the IMO mandated that merchant ships should <strong>not</strong> burn fuel with <strong>Sulphur</strong> content <strong>more than 0.5% beginning January 1, 2020.</strong> Regulations come at a price which will have to be<strong> borne</strong> to a large extent by <strong>developing countries</strong> such as <strong>India.</strong> As refineries including those in India struggle to meet the demand, freight costs have started moving up, with a cascading effect on retail prices.</p>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Inadequate Presence and Interventions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India <strong>joined</strong> the IMO in&nbsp;<strong>1959.</strong></li>
<li>The IMO currently lists <strong>India</strong> as among the 10 states with the <strong>&lsquo;largest interest in international seaborne trade&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, India's acceded to the <strong>Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships a.k.a</strong> Hong Kong Convention, which will help in providing a boost to the ship- recycling industry in India.</li>
<li>The IMO adopted the Hong Kong Convention in <strong>2009.</strong> It is aimed at ensuring that <strong>ships being recycled after reaching the end of their operational lives do not pose any unnecessary risks to human health, safety and the environment.</strong></li>
<li>Hong Kong Convention 2009 is <strong>not</strong> yet in force.</li>
<li>However, India&rsquo;s participation in the IMO to <strong>advance its national interests</strong> has been woefully inadequate.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Dominance of Developed Nations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To ensure that their maritime interests are protected, the European countries move their proposals in unison and voting or support are given en bloc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Permanent Representatives:</strong></li>
<li>Prominent maritime nations have their permanent representatives at London (Headquarters) and are supported by a large contingent (of domain experts from their maritime administration, seafarers and industry associations) during the meetings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They ensure that they have representation in every sub-committee, working group and even correspondence groups so that they are aware of the developments.</li>
<li><strong>China, Japan, Singapore, Korea</strong> and a few others represent their interests through their <strong>permanent representative</strong> as well as ensuring that a large delegation takes part and intervenes in the meetings.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India Lagging Behind</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India's <strong>permanent representative</strong> post in the IMO has remained <strong>vacant</strong> for the last 25 years.</li>
<li>Representation at meetings is often through a skeletal delegation.</li>
<li>A review of IMO documents shows that the number of <strong>submissions made by India</strong> in the recent past has been <strong>few</strong> and <strong>not in proportion to India&rsquo;s stakes in global shipping.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Recently, the IMO mandated that merchant ships should not burn fuel with <strong>Sulphur </strong>content<strong> more than 0.5% beginning January 1, 2020.</strong></p>
<h3>Significance of the Recent Decision</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Previous Sulphur Limit:</strong> Before the ban, fuel had a comfortable sulphur content limit of <strong>3.5%,</strong> which was applicable to most parts of the world.</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of Low Limits:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Limiting SOx emissions from ships will <strong>improve air quality.</strong></li>
<li>This will significantly <strong>reduce the amount of SOx emanating from ships</strong> and will have major <strong>health and environmental benefits</strong> for the world, particularly for populations living close to ports and coasts.</li>
<li><strong>The decision is in sync with the SDG 14</strong> (Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Problems with Low Limits:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the US, past mandates on sulphur limits had led to <strong>many technical problems.</strong></li>
<li>There have been instances of ships having been stranded after fine particles separated out from the fuel, damaging equipment and clogging up devices.</li>
<li>Despite the industry gradually gearing up to introduce the new fuel, many industry professionals expressed concern that the new very-low-sulphur fuel would be <strong>incompatible with the engines and other vessel equipment.</strong></li>
<li>This and other regulations are <strong>triggering massive technological, operational and structural changes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India and Low Limits:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These regulations come at a price which will have to be <strong>borne</strong> to a large extent by developing countries such as <strong>India.</strong></li>
<li>The sulphur cap, for instance, will reduce emissions and reduce the health impact on coastal populations but <strong>ship operational costs are going up</strong> since the <strong>new fuel</strong> product is <strong>more expensive.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Refineries in India:</strong> As refineries including those in India struggle to meet the demand, freight costs have started moving up, with a cascading effect on retail prices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sulphur Oxides (SO<sub>x</sub>) emissions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main type of &ldquo;bunker&rdquo; oil for ships is heavy fuel oil, derived as a residue from crude oil distillation. Crude oil contains sulphur which, following combustion in the engine, ends up in ship emissions.</li>
<li>Sulphur oxides (SO<sub>x</sub>) are known to be harmful to human health, causing <strong>respiratory symptoms</strong> and <strong>lung disease.</strong> In the atmosphere, SO<sub>x</sub> can lead to <strong>acid rain,</strong> which can harm crops, forests and aquatic species, and contributes to the <strong>acidification of the oceans.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Environment -Friendly Efforts of the IMO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The global sulphur cap is only one of the many environment-related regulations that have been shaking up the shipping industry.</li>
<li>The industry is generally risk-averse and slow to accept changes.</li>
<li><strong>Sulphur Limit:</strong> IMO regulations to reduce sulphur oxides (SO<sub>x</sub>) emissions from ships first came into force in 2005, under the <strong>International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL Convention).</strong> Since then, the limits on sulphur oxides have been progressively tightened.</li>
<li><strong>Reduction of emission of harmful gases:</strong> Efforts are ongoing to reduce <strong>nitrogen oxides (NOx)</strong> and <strong>ozone-depleting gases.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Decarbonising shipping:</strong> IMO has announced an ambitious project to <strong>decarbonise shipping</strong> in order to <strong>reduce carbon emissions.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Maritime Organization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Maritime Organization(IMO) is a <strong>specialized agency of the United Nations (UN).</strong></li>
<li>It is a global <strong>standard-setting</strong> authority with responsibility<strong> to improve the safety </strong>and <strong>security of international shipping and prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution by ships.</strong></li>
<li>The IMO is <strong>not</strong> responsible for enforcing its policies. There is <strong>no enforcement mechanism</strong> to implement the policies of the IMO.</li>
<li>Its main role is to create a <strong>regulatory framework</strong> for the shipping industry that is<strong> fair and effective, universally adopted</strong> and <strong>universally implemented.</strong></li>
<li>It is also involved in<strong> legal matters,</strong> including <strong>liability</strong> and <strong>compensation issues</strong> and the <strong>facilitation of international maritime traffic.</strong></li>
<li>It was established by means of a Convention adopted under the auspices of the United Nations in Geneva on 17 March 1948 and met for the first time in January 1959.</li>
<li>It currently has 174 Member States and 3 associate members.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Structure and Functions of the IMO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IMO, like any other UN agency, is primarily a secretariat, which facilitates decision-making processes on all maritime matters through meetings of member states.</li>
<li>The <strong>binding</strong> instruments are brought in through the conventions &mdash; to which member states sign on to for compliance &mdash; as well as amendments to the same and related codes.</li>
<li>Structurally, maritime matters are dealt by the committees of the IMO &mdash; the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC), Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), Technical Cooperation Committee, Legal Committee and the Facilitation Committee.</li>
<li><strong>Important Treaties/Conventions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)</strong></li>
<li>International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW)</li>
<li><strong>International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IMO&rsquo;s treaty, International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, is regarded as the most crucial treaty regarding safety at sea. The first draft of it was adopted in 1914 following the sinking of the Titanic, before the creation of the IMO.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Committees:</strong> There are 5 committees tasked with making policies and developing, going over, and overhauling rules and guidelines. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>the Technical Co-operation Committee,</li>
<li>the Maritime Safety Committee,(MSC)</li>
<li>the Marine Environmental Protection Committee, (MEPC),</li>
<li>the Legal Committee,</li>
<li>and the Facilitation Committee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Each committee is designated a separate aspect of shipping and supported by sub-committees. Working groups and correspondence groups support the subcommittees.</li>
<li><strong>Importance of the Subcommittees:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are<strong> 7 Sub-committees</strong> working under the Committees.</li>
<li>The subcommittees are the main working organs, where the proposals from a member state are analysed before they are forwarded to one of the main committees.</li>
<li>The main committees, thereafter, with the nod of the Assembly, put the approved proposal for enactment through the Convention, amendments, and codes or circulars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Shipping and the Role of the IMO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Shipping accounts for over 90% by volume and about 80% by value of global trade.</li>
<li>Shipping is a highly regulated industry with a range of legislation promulgated by the IMO.</li>
<li>The IMO&rsquo;s policies or conventions have a serious impact on every aspect of shipping including the cost of maritime trade.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Issue of High-Risk Areas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There have also been obstacles in pushing issues which are of importance to India.</li>
<li>For <strong>Ex:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IMO demarcated<strong> &lsquo;High-Risk Areas&rsquo;</strong> when piracy was at its peak and dominated media headlines.</li>
<li>The IMO&rsquo;s demarcation resulted in half the Arabian Sea and virtually the entire south-west coast of India being seen as piracy-infested, despite the presence of the Indian Navy and Coast Guard.</li>
<li>The <strong>&ldquo;Enrica Lexie&rdquo;</strong> shooting incident of 2012, off the coast of Kerala, was a direct fallout of the demarcation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Negative Impact of Demarcation on India&rsquo;s National Interests:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The demarcation led to a significant increase in insurance costs;</li>
<li>It negatively affected the goods coming into or out of India.</li>
<li>It took great efforts to revoke the promulgation and negate the financial burden.</li>
<li>The episode highlighted India&rsquo;s apathy and inadequate representation at the IMO.</li>
<li>There was also great difficulty in introducing the indigenously designed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NavIC (NAVigation with Indian Constellation)</strong> </a>in the worldwide maritime navigation system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Future Consequences of the Recent Decisions of the IMO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The European Union has a documented procedure on how to influence the IMO.</li>
<li><strong>New legislative mandates, fitment of new equipment</strong> and <strong>changes to ship structural designs</strong> being brought on have been driven by developed countries.</li>
<li>The agenda and interventions pushed by the developed countries are <strong>not entirely pragmatic from the point of view of India&rsquo;s interests.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, they may be efforts to push products and companies based in the West.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India should have well-laid-out procedure and agenda to deal with procedures of IMO to further its interests.</li>
<li>At the earliest, India should fill the vacant post of the permanent representative at the IMO.</li>
<li>The number of submissions and interventions made by India at the IMO should be in proportion to its stakes in global shipping.</li>
<li>So far, India&rsquo;s presence and participation in the IMO has been at the individual level. India should now make its presence felt so that its national interests are served. It is time India regained its status as a major maritime power.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fff4d1;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Presently, India is one of the few countries which has the largest interest in international seaborne trade. Critically analyse the role of India in the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to further its national interests.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/international-maritime-organization-and-india'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'World Heritage Site Certificate to Jaipur',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Chief Minister of Rajasthan will dedicate the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)</strong></a> <strong>world heritage site certificate for Jaipur</strong> to the people on 5<sup>th</sup> February, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The walled city of Jaipur, famous for its <strong>grid plan-based architecture and buildings constructed with the pink facade,</strong> was <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jaipur-a-world-heritage-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>declared a world heritage site</strong></a> by UNESCO in <strong>July 2019.</strong></li>
<li>A brochure on <strong>&ldquo;Intangible Heritage Promotion Project&rdquo;</strong> would also be released.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Intangible Heritage Promotion Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is signed between the <strong>Tourism Department of Rajasthan and UNESCO</strong> and aims at <strong>developing 10 new cultural tourism destinations</strong> in the State.</li>
<li>It would be<strong> implemented during the next three years</strong> at a cost of ₹7.50 crore.</li>
<li>It will<strong> directly benefit about 1,500</strong> artists in the districts such as <strong>Jodhpur, Barmer, Jaisalmer and Bikaner,</strong> known for folk music and traditional handicrafts.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Jaipur</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>founded in 1727 AD</strong> by the then <strong>Kachwaha Rajput ruler of Amber, Sawai Jai Singh II.</strong> It also serves as the <strong>capital city of the state of Rajasthan.</strong></li>
<li>The city was established on the <strong>plains and built according to a grid plan</strong> interpreted in the light of Vedic architecture.</li>
<li>The city's urban planning shows an exchange of ideas from<strong> ancient Hindu and modern Mughal as well as Western cultures.</strong></li>
<li>Designed to be a commercial capital, the city has maintained its local commercial, artisanal and cooperative traditions to this day.</li>
<li>The iconic monuments in the city include the <strong>Govind Dev temple, City Palace, Jantar Mantar, Hawa Mahal</strong> etc.</li>
<li>Jaipur has become the <strong>second city of the country after Ahmedabad</strong> to get the recognition of the <strong>World Heritage Site.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cm-to-dedicate-unesco-certificate-for-jaipur/article30737121.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-heritage-site-certificate-to-jaipur'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Anguilla: British Territory in Caribbean',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: right;"></h3>
<p>Anguilla, an island in the Caribbean Sea, is a <strong>financial beneficiary </strong>of<strong> two latest trends in technology: <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Artificial intelligence</a> (AI) and vanity URL (Uniform Resource Locator) or internet addresses.</strong><strong></strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580899579_angu-MMAP-md.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580899579_angu-MMAP-md.png" width="438" height="309" style="float: right;" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>AI is the country code of Anguilla and it is also an acronym for Artificial Intelligence.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Every time an internet address which ends with "<strong>.ai</strong>"&nbsp;is registered or renewed by AI startups or big companies or investors, the<strong> island collects a $50-a-year fee,</strong> which goes mostly to the government treasury.</li>
<li>Vanity URL is a unique web address that is branded for marketing purposes. Vanity URLs are a type of custom URL that exists to help users remember and find a specific page of one&rsquo;s website.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Anguilla</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an island in the<strong> eastern Caribbean Sea</strong> and a <strong>British overseas territory.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Caribbean Sea is a body of water adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean, southeast of the Gulf of Mexico.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was<strong> formed from</strong> <strong>coral and limestone</strong> and it has a <strong>tropical climate.</strong></li>
<li>The territory includes several small uninhabited offshore islands, the largest of which are <strong>Dog, Scrub, and Sombrero islands and the Prickly Pear Cays.</strong></li>
<li>The majority of the population of Anguilla is of <strong>African descent</strong> and most of the population is Christian.</li>
<li>The <strong>main economic activities</strong> revolve around<strong> tourism and financial services</strong> and <strong>agriculture is of minor importance.</strong></li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anguilla-british-territory-in-caribbean'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Medical Data Leaks',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A German cybersecurity firm, <strong>Greenbone Sustainable Resilience</strong> has published its second report related to<strong> medical data leaks.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the report, medical details of over <strong>120 million Indian patients</strong> have been leaked and made freely available on the internet.</li>
<li>The <strong>first report was published in October 2019,</strong> which had observed a widespread data leak of a massive number of records, including images of CT scans, X-rays, MRIs and even pictures of the patients.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After the first report was published, the number of medical data leaks bearing the patients&rsquo; information increased from 6,27,000 to 1.01 million and that of the images of patients&rsquo; details rose from 105 million to 121 million.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings of India<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580891261_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580891261_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Categorisation of Countries</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report classified countries in the<strong> &ldquo;good&rdquo;, &ldquo;bad&rdquo; and &ldquo;ugly&rdquo; categories</strong> based on the action taken by their governments after the first report was made public.</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> ranks <strong>second</strong> in the<strong> &ldquo;ugly&rdquo; category,</strong> after the <strong>U.S.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State-wise Analysis</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Maharashtra</strong> reported the <strong>maximum</strong> medical data leaks followed by<strong> Karnataka, and West Bengal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Generally, medical details are stored on<strong> Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS)</strong> servers which are linked to the public internet without any protection. Thus, the lack of security makes them easily accessible to malicious elements.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>PACS is a medical imaging technology which provides economical storage and convenient access to images from multiple modalities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Doctors or hospitals are ethically, legally and morally bound to maintain the confidentiality of medical records. The report indicates the moral irresponsibility on the part of medical practitioners.</li>
<li>There are possibilities of fake identities being created using the leaked medical details. The fake identities can be misused in any possible ways.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Data Protection in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Information Technology Act, 2000</strong> amended in<strong> 2008</strong> contains provisions for the protection of electronic data.</li>
<li><strong>The Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Sensitive Personal Data) Rules</strong> were framed under <strong>Section 43A of IT Act</strong> which sets out a procedure for corporate entities which collects, possess and collects personal data.</li>
<li>According to the Supreme Court in the <strong>Puttaswamy judgement (2017),</strong> the <strong>right to privacy is a fundamental right</strong> and it is necessary to protect personal data as an essential facet of informational privacy.</li>
<li>Recently, the Indian Parliament tabled the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Personal Data Protection (PDP) Bill, 2019</strong></a> which would be India&rsquo;s first attempt to domestically legislate on the issue of data protection.&nbsp;The Bill categorises certain personal data as sensitive personal data. This includes financial data, biometric data, health data, caste, religious or political beliefs.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-tops-list-of-states-hit-by-global-medical-data-leak/article30737743.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/medical-data-leaks'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Amrabad Tiger Reserve',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Amrabad Tiger Reserve lies in <strong>Nallamala hills of Telangana.</strong></li>
<li>It is India&rsquo;s <strong>second-largest tiger reserve,</strong> next only to <strong>Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana).</strong></li>
<li>It has a large presence of the Chenchu <strong>tribe.</strong></li>
<li>It harbours great biodiversity, consisting of around 70 species of mammals, more than 300 hundred avian varieties, 60 species of reptiles and thousands of insects, all supported and nourished by more than 600 different plant species.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Chenchu Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Chenchus are <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribe</strong></a> in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Odisha. Many Chenchus live in the dense Nallamala forest of Andhra Pradesh.</li>
<li>They are an aboriginal tribe whose traditional way of life has been based on hunting and gathering.</li>
<li>The Chenchus speak the Chenchu language, a member of the <strong>Dravidian language</strong> family.</li>
<li>Chenchu's relationship with non-tribal people has been largely symbiotic.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amrabad-tiger-reserve'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Anti-Dumping Duty on PTA Abolished',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The government has<strong> abolished anti-dumping duty</strong> on a chemical called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-dumping-duty-on-purified-terephthalic-acid-pta" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA)</strong></a>. The same was mentioned by the Finance Minister in her <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/union-budget-2020-21-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Budget</strong></a> <strong>speech.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PTA is an important <strong>raw material</strong> which is used in making various products, including polyester fabrics.</li>
<li>PTA makes up for around <strong>70-80% of a polyester product</strong> and is, therefore, important to those involved in the manufacture of man-made fabrics or their components.</li>
<li>The latest move has come after persistent demand from the manufacturing and textile industry to source PTA at an affordable rate.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Meaning and Purpose of Anti Dumping Measures</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dumping is said to occur when the goods are exported by a country to another country at a price lower than the price it normally charges in its own home market. This is an unfair trade practice which can have a distortive effect on international trade.</li>
<li>Anti-dumping is a measure to rectify the situation arising out of the dumping of goods and its trade distortive effect.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many countries impose stiff duties (known as anti-dumping duties) on products they believe are being dumped in their national market, undercutting local businesses and markets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The use of anti-dumping measure as an instrument of fair competition is permitted by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Trade Organisation (WTO).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The anti-dumping duty on PTA was imposed after domestic manufacturers approached the<strong> Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR)</strong> in October 2013.</li>
<li>DGTR imposed <strong>anti-dumping duties on PTA imported from South Korea, Thailand, China, Indonesia, Taiwan, Iran and Malaysia</strong> between 2014 and 2016.</li>
<li>However, companies using PTA to manufacture polyester products claimed that the move left them with <strong>limited domestic suppliers</strong> of PTA. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The companies alleged that the cost of PTA became more expensive domestically, which made their own products pricier and less attractive for their domestic and international buyers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Directorate General of Trade Remedies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>apex national authority</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Commerce and Industry</strong> for administering all trade remedial measures including anti-dumping, countervailing duties and safeguard measures.</li>
<li>It provides trade defence support to the domestic industry and exporters in dealing with increasing instances of trade remedy investigations instituted against them by other countries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Similar Case of Mono Ethylene Glycol</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG)</strong> is another such raw material <strong>used in the manufacturing of polyester</strong> and is under anti-dumping duty investigation initiated by the DGTR, recently.</li>
<li>The manufacturers of MEG have argued that top MEG exporters like Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have been dumping the product because of which the domestic industry is suffering.</li>
<li>Textile companies have approached DGTR against the imposition of anti-dumping duties on MEG as the step would lead to the same situation that developed after imposing anti-dumping duty on PTA.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/budget-2020-nirmala-sitharaman-anti-dumping-duty-on-purified-terephthalic-6251132/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-dumping-duty-on-pta-abolished'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Lack of Anganwadis in Urban Areas',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government&rsquo;s response to a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-nutrition-survey" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Information (RTI)</strong></a> query has revealed that for <strong>every 100 anganwadi beneficiaries </strong>in the country,<strong> only 7 are in urban areas.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The minuscule presence of beneficiaries is due to <strong>lack of Anganwadi centres in urban areas.</strong></li>
<li>This shows <strong>poor coverage by the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)</strong> in urban areas.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Anganwadi Centres</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Anganwadis or day-care centres are set up under the <strong>centrally sponsored <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme.</a><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580887222_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580887222_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme is being implemented by the <strong>Ministry of Women and Child Development.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Anganwadi centres provide a package of <strong>six services:</strong> supplementary nutrition, pre-school non-formal education, immunisation, nutrition and health education, as well as referral services.</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To reduce infant mortality and child malnutrition.</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong> Children in the age group of zero to six years, and pregnant women and lactating mothers.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Current Scenario<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580887244_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580887244_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Number of beneficiaries</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Out of<strong> 7.95 crore beneficiaries</strong> of the Anganwadi scheme in the country as on September 30, 2019,<strong> only 55 lakh</strong> were registered at<strong> urban anganwadis.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Less number of anganwadi centres in urban areas</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are <strong>13.79 lakh anganwadis operational across the country,</strong> out of which <strong>9.31 lakh</strong> centres are linked to the government&rsquo;s web-enabled data entry system called <strong>Rapid Reporting System.</strong></li>
<li>Of that linked anganwadis, <strong>1.09 lakh centres are in urban areas</strong> and the remaining <strong>8.22 lakh are in rural areas</strong> of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scope for coverage by the scheme</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Nutrition Survey 2016-18 found that 35% of children under five were stunted and 17% were wasted. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also found that 22% of children in the age group of 5-9 years were stunted and 23% were thin for their age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Urban areas specific:</strong> Children in urban areas showed two to three times <strong>higher prevalence of obesity</strong> as compared to their peers in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Latest Step Taken</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> NITI Aayog</strong></a> has been working on a draft paper to strengthen the ICDS programme in urban areas, keeping in mind challenges such as migration, population density and the long commute involved for workers and beneficiaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/only-7-in-100-anganwadi-beneficiaries-are-in-cities/article30736445.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lack-of-anganwadis-in-urban-areas'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Impact of Brexit',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/what-brexit-means-for-the-eu-and-its-partners/article30729110.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;What Brexit means for the EU and its partners&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 04/02/2020. It talks about Brexit and the impact it will have on the European Union, the United Kingdom and the other international players.</p>
</div>
<p>The United Kingdom (U.K.) <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brexit-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>finally left the European Union (EU)</strong></a> on 31<sup>st</sup> January 2020. It was a long-awaited historical move which will bring an important change in the policies and politics of the remaining 27 <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union</strong></a> members states and the U.K. mainly. It becomes important to see how this will shift the policymaking process and what are the ways in which nations are going to tackle it.</p>
<h3>Well-planned Exit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Despite being a huge move, the final exiting process <strong>did not create turmoil.</strong> The credit goes to the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/brexit-deal-what-lies-ahead" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Withdrawal Agreement</strong></a> that was negotiated between the EU and the U.K., earlier in 2019.</li>
<li><strong>Withdrawal Agreement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this, a <strong>transition period of 11 months</strong> has finalised <strong>until December 2020. However, it might get delayed until 2022 or 2023</strong>.</li>
<li>During this period, the <strong>U.K. will continue to participate</strong> in the EU&rsquo;s <strong>Customs Union</strong> and in the <strong>Single Market.</strong></li>
<li>The U.K. will <strong>apply EU law</strong> even if it is no longer a Member State and will also <strong>continue to abide by the international agreements</strong> of the EU.</li>
<li>The transition period makes sure that there is not a sudden shock but a degree of continuity and allows both parties to secure an orderly Brexit, minimising disruption for the citizens, businesses, public administrations, as well as for the international partners.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact on the U.K. and the EU</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By leaving the EU, the U.K.<strong> automatically, mechanically, legally,</strong> leaves hundreds of<strong> international agreements concluded by or on behalf of the EU,</strong> to the benefit of its Member States, on topics as different as trade, aviation, fisheries or civil nuclear cooperation.</li>
<li>However, <strong>with just 11 months to negotiate,</strong> there are only chances of very basic and minimal deals covering trade, fisheries and security.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In that case, <strong>at the end of 2020,</strong> differing aspirations for the trade talks might raise the prospect of a <strong>new <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-uk-s-constitutional-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">no-deal scenario</a>.</strong></li>
<li>In the absence of a deal, the earlier accord on citizens&rsquo; rights, money and the<strong> Irish border</strong> will remain intact.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both of them will have to be ready for the economic shift in trading on <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Trade Organization (WTO)</strong> </a>terms.</li>
<li>The<strong> first priority is the trade deal to ensure the tariff and quota-free flow of goods</strong> between the EU and U.K.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the EU will only agree to zero tariffs and zero quotas if the U.K. pledges zero dumping &ndash; that is, not lowering social and environmental standards to outcompete the EU.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Negotiations will clash over the <strong>EU&rsquo;s refusal to bring services into the trade deal.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> EU seeks to link goods trade to maintaining the status quo on access to British waters</strong> which is considered to be a matter of concern for the U.K., so it might give rise to clashes.</li>
<li>Even the <strong>non-trade subjects will be full of political troubles</strong> because the EU Member States will have to change their policies according to the new deals and the regulations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact on India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has had strong historical ties with the U.K. and currently, it is one of India&rsquo;s most important trading partners. In the last four years alone, the number of Indian companies investing in the U.K. has quadrupled.</li>
<li>Similarly, the <strong>U.K. is one of the largest investors in India,</strong> among the G20 countries. Hence, it is important to see how India and the U.K. can manoeuvre through Brexit and enter into new trade agreements that are mutually beneficial to both economies.</li>
<li>Brexit will directly<strong> impact not only the Indian stock market</strong> but the global market in totality, including the emerging markets in the world. This is because of the <strong>high volatility in the pound.</strong></li>
<li>Both the U.K. and EU account for 23.7% of Rupee&rsquo;s<strong> effective exchange rate.</strong> With Brexit,<strong> foreign portfolio investments will outflow</strong> and will<strong> lead to the weakening of the rupee.</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s businesses based in the U.K. will be hampered as <strong>till now they had border-free access to the rest of Europe.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The investors are concerned as India invests more in the United Kingdom than the rest of Europe combined.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Real Effective Exchange Rate</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the weighted average of a country's currency in relation to an index or basket of other major currencies. The weights are determined by comparing the relative trade balance of a country's currency against each country within the index.</li>
<li>This exchange rate is used to determine an individual country's currency value relative to the other major currencies in the index.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Foreign Portfolio Investments</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These stands for those investors who invest for a shorter-term in a company as compared to Foreign Direct Investors (FDI).</li>
<li>These generally participate through the stock markets and gets in and out of a particular stock at much faster frequencies.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Impact on the World</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Brexit will weaken the EU economically and politically. The <strong>U.K. was the EU&rsquo;s second-biggest economy (after Germany)</strong> a major net budget contributor, key military force and <strong>one of the bloc&rsquo;s two nuclear powers (another one is France)</strong> and permanent<strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> UN security council</a> members.</strong></li>
<li>The U.K.&rsquo;s departure has <strong>distracted attention</strong> from a number of other big and urgent problems, including the <strong>climate crisis.</strong></li>
<li>In the longer term of <strong>balancing of global powers,</strong> a smaller Europe can be a weaker Europe in the face of an <strong>ambitious China</strong> and an <strong>increasingly protectionist US.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The EU and the U.K. are <strong>bound by history, geography, culture, shared values and a strong belief in rules-based multilateralism</strong> which will be reflected in its future partnership as well.</li>
<li>The EU and the U.K. will have to focus on building a new partnership. The process will start as soon as the <strong>27 Member States will approve the negotiating mandate, proposed by the European Commission.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The mandate sets out terms and ambitions for achieving the closest possible partnership between the EU and the U.K.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both of them will have to <strong>work together,</strong> beyond these historical and trade links, on <strong>security and defence areas</strong> in which the U.K. has experiences and assets. These will be used the best as part of a common effort to tackle the <strong>global challenges and changes such as <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/cyber-crime-data-deprivation-and-data-localisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cybercrime</a>, terrorism, inequality</strong> etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These challenges <strong>require collective responses</strong> and the more the U.K. is able to cooperate with the EU and other partners around the world, the greater are the chances of addressing these challenges effectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The EU and the U.K. need to <strong>consult each other and cooperate bilaterally</strong> while working with the regional and global institutions such as the <strong>United Nations,</strong> the<strong> World Trade Organization,</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nato-ally-status-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</strong></a> and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20.</strong></a></li>
<li>The EU will need to be<strong> significantly tougher,</strong> with a<strong> centralised foreign policy and stronger rules</strong> ensuring European companies can compete with <strong>overseas rivals like China and the US.</strong> Brexit makes that imperative even more urgent.</li>
</ul>
<p>The EU&rsquo;s core idea is that the member nations are stronger together and pooling the resources and initiatives is the best way of achieving common goals. Even if the U.K. has moved out of it, it will continue to move forward as 27. Meanwhile, other nations of the world will have to accommodate themselves according to the shifting balance of power and politics.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #fc0505; background-color: #eff7c6;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Brexit has brought a significant change in world politics. Analyse.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/impact-of-brexit'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Crude Spillage in Burhi Dihing River',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Why in News</p>
<p>A stretch of<strong> Dihing or Burhi Dihing</strong> in <strong>Eastern Assam&rsquo;s Dibrugarh district</strong> witnessed fire following the spillage of crude oil which was being<strong> transported to Digboi refinery.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Assam is an ecologically sensitive state, spillage of crude or processed oil in river bodies threatens aquatic life.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Oil Spill</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially the marine ecosystem, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Dihing River</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dihing or Burhi Dihing is a large <strong>tributary</strong> of the <strong>Brahmaputra</strong> River in Upper Assam.</li>
<li>The river originates in the <strong>Eastern Himalayas (the Patkai Hills)</strong> in <strong>Arunachal Pradesh</strong> and flows through Tinsukia and Dibrugarh Districts in Assam to its confluence with the Brahmaputra at Dihingmukh.</li>
<li>It creates a number of oxbow lakes in the area.</li>
<li><strong>Other Tributaries of the Brahmaputra River:</strong> Dibang River, Lohit River, Dhansiri River, Kolong River, Kameng River, Manas River, Beki River, Raidak River, Jaldhaka River, Teesta River, Subansiri River.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580812975_drishtiias_Brahmaputra_basin.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580812975_drishtiias_Brahmaputra_basin.png" width="543" height="413" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Digboi Oil Refinery</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>India's oldest operating</strong> refinery and one of the oldest operating refineries in the world.</li>
<li>It is situated in Tinsukia district of Assam.</li>
<li>The historic Digboi Refinery has been termed as the <strong>"Gangotri of the Indian Hydrocarbon sector.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Oxbow Lake</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An oxbow lake is a lake that starts out as a <strong>curve, or meander,</strong> in a river. The U-shaped lake forms along the side of the river as the river finds a different, shorter, course.</li>
<li>Water does<strong> not</strong> flow into or out of oxbow lakes hence they often become <strong>swamps or bogs,</strong> and dry up as their water evaporates.</li>
<li>A <strong>meander</strong> is a curve in a river. Meanders form a snake-like pattern as the river flows across a fairly flat valley floor.</li>
<li><strong>Meanders</strong> are typical of the <strong>middle</strong> and <strong>lower course</strong> of a river. This is because vertical erosion is replaced by a sideways form of erosion called <strong>lateral erosion,</strong> plus <strong>deposition</strong> within the floodplain.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580820715_drishti_ias_oxbow_lakes.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580820715_drishti_ias_oxbow_lakes.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="484" height="282" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-river-on-fire-after-crude-spillage/article30729037.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crude-spillage-in-burhi-dihing-river'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Classical Swine Fever Vaccine',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>live attenuated Classical Swine Fever (CSF)</strong> Vaccine technology developed by the Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) has been released recently.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Live Attenuated Vaccines (LAV) are vaccines prepared from <strong>living microorganisms (viruses, bacteria) that have been weakened under laboratory conditions.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CSF is one of the <strong>diseases of pigs</strong> causing<strong> high mortality</strong> with annual loss of approxminately Rs.4.299 billion.</li>
<li>A <strong>lapinized CSF vaccine</strong> (uses Weybridge strain, UK) has been used in India since 1964 for controlling the disease. The <strong>vaccine is produced by sacrificing large numbers of rabbits</strong> for each batch.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lapinized denotes viruses which have been <strong>adapted to develop in rabbits by serial transfers in this species.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The country&rsquo;s total requirements is 22 million doses per year. However, hardly 1.2 million doses are produced per year by the lapinized vaccine.</li>
<li>In order to do away sacrificing rabbits and increase productivity, IVRI had <strong>earlier developed</strong> a cell culture CSF vaccine by <strong>adapting the lapinized vaccine virus in cell culture.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cell culture refers to the maintenance and growth of the cells of multicellular organisms <strong>outside the body in specially designed containers </strong>and under<strong> precise conditions of temperature, humidity, nutrition, and freedom from contamination.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Since the cell culture vaccine is from a <strong>foreign strain</strong> (Weybridge Strain, UK), IVRI has further developed <strong>a new CSF Cell Culture Vaccine by attenuating an indigenous virulent CSF virus in cell culture.</strong> The vaccine virus has a<strong> very high titre (concentration)</strong> and lakhs of doses can be produced very easily in cell culture and the country's requirement can be easily fulfilled using this new vaccine.</li>
<li>Due to the very high titre of vaccine virus, this vaccine would be the <strong>most economical CSF vaccine.</strong></li>
<li>Besides, the new vaccine <strong>gives immunity for two years</strong> as compared to 3 to 6 months protection under the vaccines currently being used.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Veterinary Research Institute</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IVRI is the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icar-to-set-up-farmers-innovation-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)</strong></a> institute.</li>
<li>Established in 1889, IVRI is one of the premier research institutions dedicated to livestock research and development of the region.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1601778" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classical-swine-fever-vaccine'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'World Cancer Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Health Organisation (WHO)</a> and it&rsquo;s specialized International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have released two reports on the occasion of <strong>World Cancer Day (4<sup>th</sup> February).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The reports aim to set the global agenda on cancer, mobilise stakeholders and help countries set priorities for investing in cancer control and universal health coverage.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report has warned that <strong>one in five people worldwide</strong> would face a cancer diagnosis in their <strong>lifetime.</strong></li>
<li>The overall cancer cases in the world would <strong>rise by 60% by 2040</strong> and <strong>tobacco use</strong> is responsible for <strong>25% of cancer deaths</strong> in the world.</li>
<li><strong>Less than 15% of low- and middle-income countries</strong> offer comprehensive cancer treatment services through their public health systems, compared to <strong>higher-income countries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Better cancer treatment in high-income countries has resulted in a 20% drop in mortality between 2000 and 2015 whereas only 5% drop is observed in the case of low and middle-income countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus cancer cases would rise by <strong>81% in low- and middle-income countries by 2040</strong> because of a lack of investment in prevention and care.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At least 7 million lives could be saved over the next decade, by identifying the most appropriate science for each country's situation by basing strong cancer responses on universal health coverage, and by mobilizing different stakeholders to work together.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>1 in 10 Indians</strong> will develop <strong>cancer</strong> during their <strong>lifetime,</strong> and <strong>1 in 15</strong> Indians will <strong>die of cancer.</strong></li>
<li>There are an estimated <strong>1.16 million new cancer</strong> cases, <strong>7,84,800 cancer deaths <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cancer-care-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">in India.</a></strong></li>
<li>The <strong>six most common</strong> cancer types in India are<strong> breast</strong> cancer, <strong>oral</strong> cancer, <strong>cervical</strong> cancer, <strong>lung</strong> cancer, <strong>stomach</strong> cancer, and <strong>colorectal</strong> cancer. Together, these account for <strong>49% of all new cancer cases.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Tobacco-related cancers</strong> account for <strong>34-69%</strong> of all cancers in <strong>men</strong> and constitute <strong>10-27%</strong> of all cancers in <strong>women</strong> in most regions in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Cancer Day</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>World Cancer Day is organized by the <strong>Union for International Cancer Control (UICC)</strong> and celebrated <strong>each year on 4 February.</strong></li>
<li>It aims to rally the international community to end the injustice of preventable suffering from cancer.</li>
<li>The <strong>theme for 2020</strong> is <strong>&lsquo;I Am and I Will&rsquo;&nbsp;</strong>which acknowledges that everyone has the capacity to address the cancer burden.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Agency for Research on Cancer</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) was created in 1965 by a resolution of the World Health Assembly, as the specialized cancer agency of the World Health Organization.</li>
<li>The objective of the IARC is to promote international collaboration in cancer research.</li>
<li>It comprises 27 member countries. India is a member of it.</li>
<li>It is Headquartered at Lyon in France.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/10-indians-to-develop-cancer-1-in-15-will-die-of-disease-who-6249711/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-cancer-day-1'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Missing Women and Children in India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)</strong> has released a study on <strong>missing persons (especially on women and children) in India.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The analysis was <strong>directed by the Supreme Court of India in 2019 to identify</strong> the areas prone to<strong> child and women trafficking.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some parts of the country report higher incidents of missing children and women which could be one of the sources, transit or destination for child /women trafficking.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The data for the study has been taken from the annual <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crime-in-india-ncrb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Crime in India (CII) report</strong></a> compiled by the NCRB for the years 2016, 2017 and 2018.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Global Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-key-hub-for-illicit-drug-trade-unodc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)</strong></a> <strong>Global report 2018 on trafficking in persons</strong> indicates that the vast majority of the detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation are females.</li>
<li>More than half of the victims of trafficking for forced labour are men and 35 % of them are females.</li>
<li>The reasons for missing include mental illness, miscommunication, misadventure, domestic violence, and being a victim of crime. Whereas the common cause of trafficking is forced marriage, child labour, domestic help and sexual exploitation etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Scenario</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580804409_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580804409_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="654" height="313" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Missing Women</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Maharashtra</strong> registered the maximum number of missing women followed by <strong>West Bengal.</strong></li>
<li>Maharashtra, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh are three most vulnerable states.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mumbai and Pune (Maharashtra), Kolkata (West Bengal) and Indore (Madhya Pradesh) recorded the highest number of such incidents.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Missing Children</strong>&nbsp;<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The number of missing children are <strong>maximum</strong> in the State of <strong>Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi and Bihar.</strong></li>
<li>Indore reported the highest number of missing children. Whereas <strong>West Bengal&rsquo;s Nadia district, bordering Bangladesh,</strong> showed a <strong>steep increase</strong> from 291 missing children reports in the year 2017 to 474 in 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580804443_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580804443_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="485" height="288" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Crime Record Bureau</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB) was set-up in 1986 under the Ministry of Home Affairs.</li>
<li>It functions as a repository of information on crime and criminals so as to assist the investigators in linking crime to the perpetrators.</li>
<li>It was set up based on the recommendations of the National Police Commission (1977-1981) and the MHA&rsquo;s Task Force (1985).</li>
<li>NCRB brings out the annual comprehensive statistics of crime across the country (&lsquo;Crime in India&rsquo; report) since 1953. The report serves as a crucial tool in understanding the law and order situation across the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-records-highest-number-of-missing-women-ncrb/article30728296.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/missing-women-and-children-in-india'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Sophisticated Analytical & Technical Help Institutes: SATHI',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Department of Science &amp; Technology (Ministry of Science and Technology)</strong> has launched a unique scheme called <strong>Sophisticated Analytical &amp; Technical Help Institutes (SATHI).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The DST has already set up 3 such centres in the country, one each at IIT Kharagpur, IIT Delhi and BHU. It is planned to set up<strong> 5 SATHI Centres every year</strong> for the next four years.</li>
<li>These Centres have <strong>major analytical instruments and advanced manufacturing facilities</strong> to provide common services of high-end analytical testing, thus avoiding duplication and reduced dependency on foreign sources.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Science and Technology infrastructure:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Address the need for<strong> shared, professionally managed</strong> and <strong>strong Science and Technology infrastructure</strong> in the country which is <strong>easily accessible</strong> to academia, start-ups, manufacturing, industry and R&amp;D labs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Efficient Use of Equipments:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Address the problems of <strong>accessibility, maintenance, redundancy and duplication of expensive equipment in Institutions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intellectual Property Rights :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Address the issue of <strong>Intellectual property (IP)</strong> creation and protection, a <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-national-digital-communications-policy-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">digital</a> platform</strong> will be created which will facilitate seamless <strong>application</strong> and capture <strong>IPRs <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/intellectual-property-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(Intellectual Property Rights).</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Knowledge Translation Clusters:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These clusters will be set up across different technology sectors including in <strong>new and emerging sectors</strong> for designing, fabrication and proof of concept and further scaling up technology clusters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides the SATHI initiative, extra funds to <strong>100 top-performing departments in universities</strong> and <strong>IITs</strong> etc will be provided in 2020 for <strong>augmentation</strong> of their <strong>research facilities</strong> to global benchmarks.</li>
<li>The research efforts of these supported departments will be in sync with the <strong>national priorities of excellence</strong> in <strong>manufacturing, waste processing, clean energy</strong> and<strong> water,</strong> and <strong>Start-up India, etc.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SAATHI (Sustainable and Accelerated Adoption of efficient Textile technologies to Help Small Industries) Initiative</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an initiative of the<strong> Ministry of Textiles.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To sustain and accelerate the<strong> adoption of energy efficient</strong> textile technologies in the powerloom sector and <strong>cost savings</strong> due to use of such technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SATH (Sustainable Action for Transforming Human capital) Program</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a program of <strong>NITI Aayog.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To initiate transformation in the<strong> education</strong> and <strong>health</strong> sectors and build 3 future<strong> &lsquo;role model&rsquo; states.</strong></li>
<li>The program addresses the need expressed by many states for technical support.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1601729" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Ujh Multipurpose Project',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ujh Multipurpose Project</strong> is planned to fast track utilization of India's rights under <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-pak-indus-matters" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Waters Treaty</strong></a>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The project will enhance the utilization of waters of <strong>Eastern Rivers</strong> allotted to India as per the <strong>Indus Water Treaty.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> The project is planned to be constructed in <strong>Kathua District</strong> of Jammu &amp; Kashmir on the<strong> River Ujh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ujh is a <strong>tributary of the Ravi river.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580803757_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580803757_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="780" height="345" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Indus Waters Treaty</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indus system comprises the <strong>Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.</strong> The basin is shared by India and Pakistan.</li>
<li>Under the <strong>Indus Waters Treaty</strong> signed between India and Pakistan in 1960, the waters of three rivers, namely <strong>Ravi, Sutlej and Beas (Eastern Rivers)</strong> shall be available for the unrestricted use of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While, the waters of <strong>Western rivers - Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab</strong> were allocated to Pakistan except for specified <strong>domestic, non-consumptive and agricultural use permitted to India</strong> as provided in the Treaty.</li>
<li>India has also been given the right to generate hydroelectricity through run of the river (RoR) projects on the <strong>Western Rivers</strong> which, subject to specific criteria for design and operation is unrestricted.</li>
<li>India is <strong>also allowed to use 20% of water</strong> from <strong>Indus, Chenab and Jhelum (Western rivers)</strong> for irrigation, power generation and transport purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is a unique treaty involving a third party since it was brokered by the<strong> World Bank.</strong></li>
<li>A<strong> Permanent Indus Commission</strong> was set up as a bilateral commission to implement and manage the Treaty. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Commission solves disputes arising over water sharing.</li>
<li>The Treaty also provides an arbitration mechanism to solve disputes amicably.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1601798" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Blue Dot Network',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India may join the US-led Blue Dot Network (BDN).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The BDN was formally announced on 4<sup>th</sup> November, 2019 at the Indo-Pacific Business Forum in Bangkok, Thailand. It will be <strong>led by the US along with Japan and Australia.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>multi-stakeholder initiative</strong> to bring together governments, the private sector and civil society to promote high-quality, trusted standards for global infrastructure development.</li>
<li>It is expected to serve as a globally recognised evaluation and certification system for roads, ports and bridges with a <strong>focus on the Indo-Pacific region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Infrastructure projects would be graded on debt, environmental standards, labour standards etc.</li>
<li>This system would apply to projects in any citizen-centric country where citizens would like to evaluate such projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It seems to be planned as a <strong>direct counter to</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/italy-joins-belt-road-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China&rsquo;s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)</strong></a>. However, unlike the BRI, the <strong>BDN would not offer public funds or loans for the project.</strong> BDN will serve as a globally recognized seal of approval for major infrastructure projects, letting people know that projects are sustainable and not exploitative.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has not joined China&rsquo;s BRI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Till 2019, China&rsquo;s investment in BRI projects in various countries exceeds US$90 billion. Instead of trying to <strong>match China&rsquo;s scale of spending, the US through Blue Dot Network is arguing that the quality of investments in infrastructure</strong> is just as important as the quantity.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>
<p>The new Blue Dot Network, therefore, is best seen as part of the U.S.A.'s strategy of trying to persuade developing countries in Asia-Pacific <strong>not rely on Chinese funds for infrastructure.</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Belt and Road Initiative</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BRI is an ambitious project that focuses on connectivity and cooperation among multiple countries spread across the continents of Asia, Africa, and Europe.</li>
<li>Initially announced in the year 2013, the project involves building networks of roadways, railways, maritime ports, power grids, oil and gas pipelines, and associated infrastructure projects.</li>
<li>The project covers <strong>two parts.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Silk Road Economic Belt:</strong> It is land-based and is expected to connect China with Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe.</li>
<li><strong>21<sup>st</sup> Century Maritime Silk Road:</strong> It is sea-based and is expected to connect China&rsquo;s southern coast to the Mediterranean, Africa, South-East Asia, and Central Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2020-will-be-an-important-year-for-indo-us-relations-american-official/article30579088.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Coral Restoration Through Biorock',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Zoological Survey of India (ZSI),</strong> with help from Gujarat&rsquo;s forest department, is attempting for the first time a process to <strong>restore coral reefs using biorock or mineral accretion technology.</strong></p>
<h3>Mineral Accretion Technology</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Also called <strong>&lsquo;Biorock Technology&rsquo;,</strong> it is a method that applies safe, <strong>low voltage electrical currents</strong> through seawater, causing <strong>dissolved minerals to crystallize</strong> on structures, growing into a white limestone (CaCo<sub>3</sub>) similar to that which naturally makes up coral reefs and tropical white sand beaches. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Biorock,</strong> also known as Seacrete or Seament, refers to the substance formed by electro-accumulation of minerals dissolved in seawater.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The formed material has a strength similar to concrete. It can be used to make robust <strong>artificial reefs</strong> on which corals grow at very rapid rates. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fragments of broken corals are tied to the biorock structure, where they are able to grow at least four to six times faster than their actual growth as they <strong>need not spend their energy in building their own calcium carbonate skeletons.</strong></li>
<li>The technology also helps corals, including the highly sensitive branching corals, to counter the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/coral-bleaching" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>threats posed by global warming.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Working</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The technology works by passing a small amount of electrical current through electrodes in the water.</li>
<li>When a positively charged anode and negatively charged cathode are placed on the seafloor, with an electric current flowing between them, calcium ions combine with carbonate ions and adhere to the structure (cathode). This results in calcium carbonate formation (CaCo3).</li>
<li>Coral larvae adhere to the CaCO3 and grow quickly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Biorock projects <strong>can be powered by a wide range of electrical sources</strong> including renewable energy like windmills, photovoltaic solar panels and tidal current generators. This enables their construction in areas where conventional electric power is unavailable.</li>
<li>The mineral accretion process <strong>was first developed by architect Wolf Hilbertz in 1976</strong> in order to provide alternative construction materials. He and Tom Goreau of the Global Coral Reef Alliance later developed its use for reef restoration and shore protection.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Use of Technology in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A biorock structure was <strong>installed one nautical mile off the Mithapur coast in the Gulf of Kachchh</strong> on 19<sup>th</sup> January, 2020. The scientists have <strong>used solar panels</strong> for power in this case.</li>
<li>The calcification (conversion into calcium carbonate) has started but real success will come when attached and new organisms (corals) start grow faster.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Coral Reefs</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Corals are made up of genetically identical organisms called <strong>polyps.</strong> These polyps have microscopic<strong> algae called zooxanthellae</strong> living within their tissues.</li>
<li>The<strong> corals and algae have a mutualistic relationship.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The coral provides the zooxanthellae with the compounds necessary for photosynthesis.</li>
<li>In return, the zooxanthellae supply the coral with organic products of photosynthesis, like carbohydrates, which are utilized by the coral polyps for the synthesis of their<strong> calcium carbonate skeletons.</strong></li>
<li>Zooxanthellae are also responsible for the<strong> unique and beautiful colors of corals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the above <strong>relationship</strong> that allows shallow water corals to grow fast enough to build the enormous structures called <strong>reefs.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Often called the <strong>&ldquo;rainforests of the sea,&rdquo;</strong> coral reefs are home to a spectacular variety of organisms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India has four major coral reefs areas:</strong> Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Gulf of Mannar and the Gulf of Kachchh.</li>
<li>The coral reefs are <strong>threatened by</strong> climate change induced acidification as well as by anthropogenic factors such as overfishing, pollution.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Zoological Survey of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) is a <strong>subordinate organization of the Ministry of Environment and Forests</strong> which was established in <strong>1916.</strong></li>
<li>It is a national centre for faunistic survey and exploration of the resources leading to the advancement of knowledge on the exceptionally rich faunal diversity of the country.</li>
<li>It has its <strong>headquarters at Kolkata</strong> and 16 regional stations located in different geographic locations of the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-begins-coral-restoration-in-gulf-of-kachchh/article30645770.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Santusht Portal',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Labour and Employment has launched &lsquo;Santusht portal&rsquo; to monitor the implementation of labour laws at the grassroots level.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The objective of &lsquo;Santusht&rsquo; is to <strong>promote transparency, accountability, effective delivery of public services and implementation of policies, schemes</strong> of Ministry of Labour and Employment at the grassroots level through constant monitoring.</li>
<li>Entering 2020, the government aims to implement <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rebooting-labour-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>all four codes on wages</strong></a>, industrial relations, social security and occupational safety, health and working conditions. These are expected to improve ease of doing business and safeguard the interest of workers.</li>
<li>For public grievances, <strong>Centralized Public Grievance Redressal and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS)</strong> portal is already functional.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Centralized Public Grievance Redressal and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an online web-enabled system developed by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Informatics Centre</strong></a> <strong>(Ministry of Electronics &amp; IT [MeitY]),</strong> in association with Directorate of Public Grievances (DPG) and Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) under the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances &amp; Pensions.</li>
<li>It aims to receive, redress and monitor the grievances of the public.</li>
<li>It provides the facility to lodge a grievance online from any location.</li>
<li>It enables the citizen to track online the grievance being followed up with Departments concerned and also enables DARPG to monitor the grievance.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1601761" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Vikram Sarabhai Centenary Programme',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) are conducting various events at national level in a year long programme to commemorate the<strong> 100<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The celebrations began on 12 August, 2019 in Ahmedabad, where Sarabhai was born on the same day in 1919. He also led the establishment of the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in the city in 1947.</li>
<li>The celebrations would conclude exactly a year later, i.e. on 12 August, 2020 in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala where he had set up the first rocket launching station of India.</li>
<li>ISRO has recently announced the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vikram-sarabhai-journalism-award" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Vikram Sarabhai Journalism Award in Space Science, Technology and Research&rsquo;</strong></a>, as part of the centenary year celebrations of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the father of Indian space programme.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Department of Atomic Energy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Atomic Energy Commission was first set up in August 1948 in the Department of Scientific Research.</li>
<li>The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was set up on August 3, 1954, under the direct charge of the Prime Minister.</li>
<li>Subsequently, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was brought under the Department of Atomic Energy.</li>
<li>The Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Atomic Energy is ex-officio Chairman of the Commission.</li>
<li>DAE has been engaged in the development of nuclear power technology, applications of radiation technologies in the fields of agriculture, medicine, industry and basic research.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Vikram Sarabhai<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580799579_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580799579_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai, (born August 12, 1919, Ahmadabad, India&mdash;died December 30, 1971, Kovalam), was an Indian physicist and industrialist who initiated space research and helped develop nuclear power in India.</li>
<li>Remembered as the<strong> founding father of the Indian space programme</strong>, Sarabhai set up the Physical Research laboratory in his hometown in Ahmedabad in 1947 which was a precursor to the ISRO.</li>
<li>After the death of physicist Homi Bhabha in 1966, Sarabhai was appointed the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India.</li>
<li>Sarabhai was awarded<strong> two of India&rsquo;s highest honours, the Padma Bhushan (1966) and the Padma Vibhushan (awarded posthumously in 1972).</strong></li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'India International Seafood Show',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>22<sup>nd</sup> edition</strong> of India International Seafood Show (IISS), 2020 will be organized jointly by the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) and the Seafood Exporters Association of India (SEAI) <strong>in Kochi, Kerala from 7<sup>th</sup>-9<sup>th</sup> February 2020.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Theme</strong> for 2020 is: &ldquo;Blue Revolution- Beyond Production to Value Addition&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Event Held: Biennially</strong> (occurring every two years). It is <strong>one of the oldest and largest</strong> seafood events in the world. <strong>The 21<sup>st</sup></strong> edition of IISS was held in <strong>Goa</strong> in January 2018.</li>
<li><strong>Purpose:</strong> It provides an umbrella platform for various involved stakeholders of this sector such as producers, processing machinery manufacturers, linkage sectors, technical experts, etc. to interact, build up trade relations and contribute towards the progress of <strong>seafood exports</strong> from the country.</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> It gives scope for <strong>tapping new avenues and introducing various technologies and products</strong> to the global market. In this way, the show paves way for enhancing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revised-fdi-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment</strong></a> in India thereby contributing to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Make in India</strong> </a>programme&rsquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During <strong>2018-19,</strong> India has exported worth<strong> $6.70 billion</strong> of marine products. With <strong>sustainable fishing methods, value addition and increased aquaculture production through diversification,</strong> it is expected to achieve an export turnover of <strong>$15 billion</strong> in the <strong>next five years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Marine Products Export Development Authority</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constituted:</strong> In <strong>1972</strong> through the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) Act 1972, under the <strong>Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>nodal agency</strong> for the holistic development of the seafood industry in India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Seafood Exporters Association of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Established</strong> in: <strong>1973</strong> as an organisation registered under the <strong>Registrar of Companies Act, 1956.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To <strong>protect and promote</strong> the interests of the seafood industry and develop the international trade of seafood from India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199000" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-international-seafood-show'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'SC Panel Recommendations on Prison Reforms',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court appointed <strong>Justice Amitava Roy (retd.) Committee</strong> has given recommendations to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-prison-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reform prisons.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Court <strong>appointed the Committee in 2018</strong> to examine the various problems plaguing prisons, from overcrowding to lack of legal advice to convicts to issues of remission and parole.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Problems Highlighted</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian jails over-occupied</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A total of 1,341 prisons were functional in India as on 30<sup>th</sup> November, 2018. The total population of prisoners in India was 4.68 lakh against total sanctioned strength of 3.83 lakh.</li>
<li>From 2016 to 2018, the total prison population in India has increased by 8.2% against an increase of 0.7% in the prison sanctioned capacity.</li>
<li>Seven states, namely Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Meghalaya and Delhi have an occupancy rate of 150%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/prison-reforms-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Huge number of undertrials</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of the prisons are full of undertrial prisoners, their numbers being highly disproportionate to those of convicts (declared guilty).</li>
<li>An undertrial is a person who is being held in custody awaiting trial for a crime.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Shortage of Prison Staff</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Prison Department has a perennial average vacancy of 30%-40%. This hinders implementation of Model Prison Manual and various jail reforms.</li>
<li>Physical production of an accused for a trial in a court remains far below the aspired 100% in several States, mainly because of unavailability of sufficient police guards for escort and transportation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unhygienic Food</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The preparation of food in kitchens is &ldquo;primitive and arduous&rdquo;. The kitchens are congested and unhygienic and the diet has remained unchanged for years now.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>For overcrowding</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Speedy trial:</strong> Speedy trial remains one of the best ways to remedy the unwarranted phenomenon of overcrowding.</li>
<li><strong>Lawyer to prisoner ratio:</strong> There should be at least one lawyer for every 30 prisoners, which is not the case at present.</li>
<li><strong>Special courts:</strong> Special fast-track courts should be set up to deal exclusively with petty offences which have been pending for more than five years. Further, accused persons who are charged with petty offences and those granted bail, but who are unable to arrange surety should be released on a <strong>Personal Recognizance (PR) Bond.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Avoid adjournment:</strong> An adjournment should not be granted in cases where witnesses are present and the concept of plea bargaining, in which accused admits guilt for a lesser sentence, should be promoted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For prisoners</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Accommodative Transition:</strong> Every new prisoner should be allowed a free phone call a day to his family members to see him through his first week in jail.</li>
<li><strong>Legal aid:</strong> Providing effective legal aid to prisoners and taking steps to provide vocational skills and education to prisoners.</li>
<li><strong>Use of ICT:</strong> Use of video-conferencing for trial.</li>
<li><strong>Alternatives:</strong> The courts may be asked to use their "discretionary powers" and award sentences like "fine and admonition" if possible instead of sending the offenders to jails.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, courts may be encouraged to release offenders on probation at pre-trial stage or after trial in deserving cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Filling Vacancies</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court should pass directions asking authorities to start the recruitment process against permanent vacancies within three months and the process should be completed in a year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Food</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Modern cooking facilities and canteens to buy essential items.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>'Prisons/persons detained therein' is a State subject</strong> under Entry 4 of List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India. Administration and management of prisons is the responsibility of respective State Governments. However, the Ministry of Home Affairs provides regular guidance and advice to States and UTs on various issues concerning prisons and prison inmates.</li>
<li><strong>Article 39-A of the Constitution</strong> directs the State to ensure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Right to free legal aid or free legal service</strong> is an essential <strong>fundamental right guaranteed by the Constitution.</strong> It forms the basis of reasonable, fair and just liberty under <strong>Article 21 of the Constitution of India,</strong> which says, &ldquo;No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>Personal Recognizance (PR) bond</strong> is also known as Own Recognizance (OR) bond, and sometimes referred to as &ldquo;no cost bail&rdquo;. With this type of bond, a person is released from custody and is not required to post bail. They are, however, responsible for showing up on their specified court date, and must sign a release form stating this promise in writing. The person is then released from custody based on their promise to appear in court and abide by any conditions of release set by the court.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-panel-recommends-several-prison-reforms/article30746675.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-panel-recommendations-on-prison-reforms'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'International Maritime Organization and India',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-case-of-a-maritime-presence-adrift/article30736915.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>A case of a maritime presence adrift</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 05/02/2020. It discusses India&rsquo;s negligible presence and interventions in the International Maritime Organization, which is affecting its interests. It argues that it&rsquo;s high time that India should regain its status as a major maritime power.</p>
</div>
<p>India&rsquo;s negligible presence and interventions in the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have been affecting its interests. It again became evident when recently the IMO mandated that merchant ships should <strong>not</strong> burn fuel with <strong>Sulphur</strong> content <strong>more than 0.5% beginning January 1, 2020.</strong> Regulations come at a price which will have to be<strong> borne</strong> to a large extent by <strong>developing countries</strong> such as <strong>India.</strong> As refineries including those in India struggle to meet the demand, freight costs have started moving up, with a cascading effect on retail prices.</p>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Inadequate Presence and Interventions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India <strong>joined</strong> the IMO in&nbsp;<strong>1959.</strong></li>
<li>The IMO currently lists <strong>India</strong> as among the 10 states with the <strong>&lsquo;largest interest in international seaborne trade&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, India's acceded to the <strong>Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships a.k.a</strong> Hong Kong Convention, which will help in providing a boost to the ship- recycling industry in India.</li>
<li>The IMO adopted the Hong Kong Convention in <strong>2009.</strong> It is aimed at ensuring that <strong>ships being recycled after reaching the end of their operational lives do not pose any unnecessary risks to human health, safety and the environment.</strong></li>
<li>Hong Kong Convention 2009 is <strong>not</strong> yet in force.</li>
<li>However, India&rsquo;s participation in the IMO to <strong>advance its national interests</strong> has been woefully inadequate.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Dominance of Developed Nations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To ensure that their maritime interests are protected, the European countries move their proposals in unison and voting or support are given en bloc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Permanent Representatives:</strong></li>
<li>Prominent maritime nations have their permanent representatives at London (Headquarters) and are supported by a large contingent (of domain experts from their maritime administration, seafarers and industry associations) during the meetings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They ensure that they have representation in every sub-committee, working group and even correspondence groups so that they are aware of the developments.</li>
<li><strong>China, Japan, Singapore, Korea</strong> and a few others represent their interests through their <strong>permanent representative</strong> as well as ensuring that a large delegation takes part and intervenes in the meetings.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India Lagging Behind</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India's <strong>permanent representative</strong> post in the IMO has remained <strong>vacant</strong> for the last 25 years.</li>
<li>Representation at meetings is often through a skeletal delegation.</li>
<li>A review of IMO documents shows that the number of <strong>submissions made by India</strong> in the recent past has been <strong>few</strong> and <strong>not in proportion to India&rsquo;s stakes in global shipping.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Recently, the IMO mandated that merchant ships should not burn fuel with <strong>Sulphur </strong>content<strong> more than 0.5% beginning January 1, 2020.</strong></p>
<h3>Significance of the Recent Decision</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Previous Sulphur Limit:</strong> Before the ban, fuel had a comfortable sulphur content limit of <strong>3.5%,</strong> which was applicable to most parts of the world.</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of Low Limits:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Limiting SOx emissions from ships will <strong>improve air quality.</strong></li>
<li>This will significantly <strong>reduce the amount of SOx emanating from ships</strong> and will have major <strong>health and environmental benefits</strong> for the world, particularly for populations living close to ports and coasts.</li>
<li><strong>The decision is in sync with the SDG 14</strong> (Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Problems with Low Limits:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the US, past mandates on sulphur limits had led to <strong>many technical problems.</strong></li>
<li>There have been instances of ships having been stranded after fine particles separated out from the fuel, damaging equipment and clogging up devices.</li>
<li>Despite the industry gradually gearing up to introduce the new fuel, many industry professionals expressed concern that the new very-low-sulphur fuel would be <strong>incompatible with the engines and other vessel equipment.</strong></li>
<li>This and other regulations are <strong>triggering massive technological, operational and structural changes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India and Low Limits:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These regulations come at a price which will have to be <strong>borne</strong> to a large extent by developing countries such as <strong>India.</strong></li>
<li>The sulphur cap, for instance, will reduce emissions and reduce the health impact on coastal populations but <strong>ship operational costs are going up</strong> since the <strong>new fuel</strong> product is <strong>more expensive.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Refineries in India:</strong> As refineries including those in India struggle to meet the demand, freight costs have started moving up, with a cascading effect on retail prices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sulphur Oxides (SO<sub>x</sub>) emissions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main type of &ldquo;bunker&rdquo; oil for ships is heavy fuel oil, derived as a residue from crude oil distillation. Crude oil contains sulphur which, following combustion in the engine, ends up in ship emissions.</li>
<li>Sulphur oxides (SO<sub>x</sub>) are known to be harmful to human health, causing <strong>respiratory symptoms</strong> and <strong>lung disease.</strong> In the atmosphere, SO<sub>x</sub> can lead to <strong>acid rain,</strong> which can harm crops, forests and aquatic species, and contributes to the <strong>acidification of the oceans.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Environment -Friendly Efforts of the IMO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The global sulphur cap is only one of the many environment-related regulations that have been shaking up the shipping industry.</li>
<li>The industry is generally risk-averse and slow to accept changes.</li>
<li><strong>Sulphur Limit:</strong> IMO regulations to reduce sulphur oxides (SO<sub>x</sub>) emissions from ships first came into force in 2005, under the <strong>International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL Convention).</strong> Since then, the limits on sulphur oxides have been progressively tightened.</li>
<li><strong>Reduction of emission of harmful gases:</strong> Efforts are ongoing to reduce <strong>nitrogen oxides (NOx)</strong> and <strong>ozone-depleting gases.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Decarbonising shipping:</strong> IMO has announced an ambitious project to <strong>decarbonise shipping</strong> in order to <strong>reduce carbon emissions.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Maritime Organization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Maritime Organization(IMO) is a <strong>specialized agency of the United Nations (UN).</strong></li>
<li>It is a global <strong>standard-setting</strong> authority with responsibility<strong> to improve the safety </strong>and <strong>security of international shipping and prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution by ships.</strong></li>
<li>The IMO is <strong>not</strong> responsible for enforcing its policies. There is <strong>no enforcement mechanism</strong> to implement the policies of the IMO.</li>
<li>Its main role is to create a <strong>regulatory framework</strong> for the shipping industry that is<strong> fair and effective, universally adopted</strong> and <strong>universally implemented.</strong></li>
<li>It is also involved in<strong> legal matters,</strong> including <strong>liability</strong> and <strong>compensation issues</strong> and the <strong>facilitation of international maritime traffic.</strong></li>
<li>It was established by means of a Convention adopted under the auspices of the United Nations in Geneva on 17 March 1948 and met for the first time in January 1959.</li>
<li>It currently has 174 Member States and 3 associate members.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Structure and Functions of the IMO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IMO, like any other UN agency, is primarily a secretariat, which facilitates decision-making processes on all maritime matters through meetings of member states.</li>
<li>The <strong>binding</strong> instruments are brought in through the conventions &mdash; to which member states sign on to for compliance &mdash; as well as amendments to the same and related codes.</li>
<li>Structurally, maritime matters are dealt by the committees of the IMO &mdash; the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC), Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), Technical Cooperation Committee, Legal Committee and the Facilitation Committee.</li>
<li><strong>Important Treaties/Conventions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)</strong></li>
<li>International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW)</li>
<li><strong>International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IMO&rsquo;s treaty, International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, is regarded as the most crucial treaty regarding safety at sea. The first draft of it was adopted in 1914 following the sinking of the Titanic, before the creation of the IMO.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Committees:</strong> There are 5 committees tasked with making policies and developing, going over, and overhauling rules and guidelines. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>the Technical Co-operation Committee,</li>
<li>the Maritime Safety Committee,(MSC)</li>
<li>the Marine Environmental Protection Committee, (MEPC),</li>
<li>the Legal Committee,</li>
<li>and the Facilitation Committee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Each committee is designated a separate aspect of shipping and supported by sub-committees. Working groups and correspondence groups support the subcommittees.</li>
<li><strong>Importance of the Subcommittees:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are<strong> 7 Sub-committees</strong> working under the Committees.</li>
<li>The subcommittees are the main working organs, where the proposals from a member state are analysed before they are forwarded to one of the main committees.</li>
<li>The main committees, thereafter, with the nod of the Assembly, put the approved proposal for enactment through the Convention, amendments, and codes or circulars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Shipping and the Role of the IMO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Shipping accounts for over 90% by volume and about 80% by value of global trade.</li>
<li>Shipping is a highly regulated industry with a range of legislation promulgated by the IMO.</li>
<li>The IMO&rsquo;s policies or conventions have a serious impact on every aspect of shipping including the cost of maritime trade.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Issue of High-Risk Areas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There have also been obstacles in pushing issues which are of importance to India.</li>
<li>For <strong>Ex:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IMO demarcated<strong> &lsquo;High-Risk Areas&rsquo;</strong> when piracy was at its peak and dominated media headlines.</li>
<li>The IMO&rsquo;s demarcation resulted in half the Arabian Sea and virtually the entire south-west coast of India being seen as piracy-infested, despite the presence of the Indian Navy and Coast Guard.</li>
<li>The <strong>&ldquo;Enrica Lexie&rdquo;</strong> shooting incident of 2012, off the coast of Kerala, was a direct fallout of the demarcation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Negative Impact of Demarcation on India&rsquo;s National Interests:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The demarcation led to a significant increase in insurance costs;</li>
<li>It negatively affected the goods coming into or out of India.</li>
<li>It took great efforts to revoke the promulgation and negate the financial burden.</li>
<li>The episode highlighted India&rsquo;s apathy and inadequate representation at the IMO.</li>
<li>There was also great difficulty in introducing the indigenously designed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NavIC (NAVigation with Indian Constellation)</strong> </a>in the worldwide maritime navigation system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Future Consequences of the Recent Decisions of the IMO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The European Union has a documented procedure on how to influence the IMO.</li>
<li><strong>New legislative mandates, fitment of new equipment</strong> and <strong>changes to ship structural designs</strong> being brought on have been driven by developed countries.</li>
<li>The agenda and interventions pushed by the developed countries are <strong>not entirely pragmatic from the point of view of India&rsquo;s interests.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, they may be efforts to push products and companies based in the West.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India should have well-laid-out procedure and agenda to deal with procedures of IMO to further its interests.</li>
<li>At the earliest, India should fill the vacant post of the permanent representative at the IMO.</li>
<li>The number of submissions and interventions made by India at the IMO should be in proportion to its stakes in global shipping.</li>
<li>So far, India&rsquo;s presence and participation in the IMO has been at the individual level. India should now make its presence felt so that its national interests are served. It is time India regained its status as a major maritime power.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fff4d1;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Presently, India is one of the few countries which has the largest interest in international seaborne trade. Critically analyse the role of India in the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to further its national interests.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/international-maritime-organization-and-india'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'World Heritage Site Certificate to Jaipur',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Chief Minister of Rajasthan will dedicate the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)</strong></a> <strong>world heritage site certificate for Jaipur</strong> to the people on 5<sup>th</sup> February, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The walled city of Jaipur, famous for its <strong>grid plan-based architecture and buildings constructed with the pink facade,</strong> was <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jaipur-a-world-heritage-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>declared a world heritage site</strong></a> by UNESCO in <strong>July 2019.</strong></li>
<li>A brochure on <strong>&ldquo;Intangible Heritage Promotion Project&rdquo;</strong> would also be released.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Intangible Heritage Promotion Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is signed between the <strong>Tourism Department of Rajasthan and UNESCO</strong> and aims at <strong>developing 10 new cultural tourism destinations</strong> in the State.</li>
<li>It would be<strong> implemented during the next three years</strong> at a cost of ₹7.50 crore.</li>
<li>It will<strong> directly benefit about 1,500</strong> artists in the districts such as <strong>Jodhpur, Barmer, Jaisalmer and Bikaner,</strong> known for folk music and traditional handicrafts.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Jaipur</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>founded in 1727 AD</strong> by the then <strong>Kachwaha Rajput ruler of Amber, Sawai Jai Singh II.</strong> It also serves as the <strong>capital city of the state of Rajasthan.</strong></li>
<li>The city was established on the <strong>plains and built according to a grid plan</strong> interpreted in the light of Vedic architecture.</li>
<li>The city's urban planning shows an exchange of ideas from<strong> ancient Hindu and modern Mughal as well as Western cultures.</strong></li>
<li>Designed to be a commercial capital, the city has maintained its local commercial, artisanal and cooperative traditions to this day.</li>
<li>The iconic monuments in the city include the <strong>Govind Dev temple, City Palace, Jantar Mantar, Hawa Mahal</strong> etc.</li>
<li>Jaipur has become the <strong>second city of the country after Ahmedabad</strong> to get the recognition of the <strong>World Heritage Site.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cm-to-dedicate-unesco-certificate-for-jaipur/article30737121.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-heritage-site-certificate-to-jaipur'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Anguilla: British Territory in Caribbean',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: right;"></h3>
<p>Anguilla, an island in the Caribbean Sea, is a <strong>financial beneficiary </strong>of<strong> two latest trends in technology: <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Artificial intelligence</a> (AI) and vanity URL (Uniform Resource Locator) or internet addresses.</strong><strong></strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580899579_angu-MMAP-md.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580899579_angu-MMAP-md.png" width="438" height="309" style="float: right;" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>AI is the country code of Anguilla and it is also an acronym for Artificial Intelligence.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Every time an internet address which ends with "<strong>.ai</strong>"&nbsp;is registered or renewed by AI startups or big companies or investors, the<strong> island collects a $50-a-year fee,</strong> which goes mostly to the government treasury.</li>
<li>Vanity URL is a unique web address that is branded for marketing purposes. Vanity URLs are a type of custom URL that exists to help users remember and find a specific page of one&rsquo;s website.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Anguilla</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an island in the<strong> eastern Caribbean Sea</strong> and a <strong>British overseas territory.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Caribbean Sea is a body of water adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean, southeast of the Gulf of Mexico.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was<strong> formed from</strong> <strong>coral and limestone</strong> and it has a <strong>tropical climate.</strong></li>
<li>The territory includes several small uninhabited offshore islands, the largest of which are <strong>Dog, Scrub, and Sombrero islands and the Prickly Pear Cays.</strong></li>
<li>The majority of the population of Anguilla is of <strong>African descent</strong> and most of the population is Christian.</li>
<li>The <strong>main economic activities</strong> revolve around<strong> tourism and financial services</strong> and <strong>agriculture is of minor importance.</strong></li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anguilla-british-territory-in-caribbean'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Medical Data Leaks',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A German cybersecurity firm, <strong>Greenbone Sustainable Resilience</strong> has published its second report related to<strong> medical data leaks.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the report, medical details of over <strong>120 million Indian patients</strong> have been leaked and made freely available on the internet.</li>
<li>The <strong>first report was published in October 2019,</strong> which had observed a widespread data leak of a massive number of records, including images of CT scans, X-rays, MRIs and even pictures of the patients.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After the first report was published, the number of medical data leaks bearing the patients&rsquo; information increased from 6,27,000 to 1.01 million and that of the images of patients&rsquo; details rose from 105 million to 121 million.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings of India<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580891261_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580891261_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Categorisation of Countries</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report classified countries in the<strong> &ldquo;good&rdquo;, &ldquo;bad&rdquo; and &ldquo;ugly&rdquo; categories</strong> based on the action taken by their governments after the first report was made public.</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> ranks <strong>second</strong> in the<strong> &ldquo;ugly&rdquo; category,</strong> after the <strong>U.S.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State-wise Analysis</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Maharashtra</strong> reported the <strong>maximum</strong> medical data leaks followed by<strong> Karnataka, and West Bengal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Generally, medical details are stored on<strong> Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS)</strong> servers which are linked to the public internet without any protection. Thus, the lack of security makes them easily accessible to malicious elements.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>PACS is a medical imaging technology which provides economical storage and convenient access to images from multiple modalities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Doctors or hospitals are ethically, legally and morally bound to maintain the confidentiality of medical records. The report indicates the moral irresponsibility on the part of medical practitioners.</li>
<li>There are possibilities of fake identities being created using the leaked medical details. The fake identities can be misused in any possible ways.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Data Protection in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Information Technology Act, 2000</strong> amended in<strong> 2008</strong> contains provisions for the protection of electronic data.</li>
<li><strong>The Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Sensitive Personal Data) Rules</strong> were framed under <strong>Section 43A of IT Act</strong> which sets out a procedure for corporate entities which collects, possess and collects personal data.</li>
<li>According to the Supreme Court in the <strong>Puttaswamy judgement (2017),</strong> the <strong>right to privacy is a fundamental right</strong> and it is necessary to protect personal data as an essential facet of informational privacy.</li>
<li>Recently, the Indian Parliament tabled the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Personal Data Protection (PDP) Bill, 2019</strong></a> which would be India&rsquo;s first attempt to domestically legislate on the issue of data protection.&nbsp;The Bill categorises certain personal data as sensitive personal data. This includes financial data, biometric data, health data, caste, religious or political beliefs.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-tops-list-of-states-hit-by-global-medical-data-leak/article30737743.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/medical-data-leaks'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Amrabad Tiger Reserve',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Amrabad Tiger Reserve lies in <strong>Nallamala hills of Telangana.</strong></li>
<li>It is India&rsquo;s <strong>second-largest tiger reserve,</strong> next only to <strong>Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana).</strong></li>
<li>It has a large presence of the Chenchu <strong>tribe.</strong></li>
<li>It harbours great biodiversity, consisting of around 70 species of mammals, more than 300 hundred avian varieties, 60 species of reptiles and thousands of insects, all supported and nourished by more than 600 different plant species.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Chenchu Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Chenchus are <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribe</strong></a> in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Odisha. Many Chenchus live in the dense Nallamala forest of Andhra Pradesh.</li>
<li>They are an aboriginal tribe whose traditional way of life has been based on hunting and gathering.</li>
<li>The Chenchus speak the Chenchu language, a member of the <strong>Dravidian language</strong> family.</li>
<li>Chenchu's relationship with non-tribal people has been largely symbiotic.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amrabad-tiger-reserve'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Anti-Dumping Duty on PTA Abolished',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The government has<strong> abolished anti-dumping duty</strong> on a chemical called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-dumping-duty-on-purified-terephthalic-acid-pta" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA)</strong></a>. The same was mentioned by the Finance Minister in her <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/union-budget-2020-21-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Budget</strong></a> <strong>speech.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PTA is an important <strong>raw material</strong> which is used in making various products, including polyester fabrics.</li>
<li>PTA makes up for around <strong>70-80% of a polyester product</strong> and is, therefore, important to those involved in the manufacture of man-made fabrics or their components.</li>
<li>The latest move has come after persistent demand from the manufacturing and textile industry to source PTA at an affordable rate.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Meaning and Purpose of Anti Dumping Measures</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dumping is said to occur when the goods are exported by a country to another country at a price lower than the price it normally charges in its own home market. This is an unfair trade practice which can have a distortive effect on international trade.</li>
<li>Anti-dumping is a measure to rectify the situation arising out of the dumping of goods and its trade distortive effect.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many countries impose stiff duties (known as anti-dumping duties) on products they believe are being dumped in their national market, undercutting local businesses and markets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The use of anti-dumping measure as an instrument of fair competition is permitted by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Trade Organisation (WTO).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The anti-dumping duty on PTA was imposed after domestic manufacturers approached the<strong> Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR)</strong> in October 2013.</li>
<li>DGTR imposed <strong>anti-dumping duties on PTA imported from South Korea, Thailand, China, Indonesia, Taiwan, Iran and Malaysia</strong> between 2014 and 2016.</li>
<li>However, companies using PTA to manufacture polyester products claimed that the move left them with <strong>limited domestic suppliers</strong> of PTA. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The companies alleged that the cost of PTA became more expensive domestically, which made their own products pricier and less attractive for their domestic and international buyers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Directorate General of Trade Remedies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>apex national authority</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Commerce and Industry</strong> for administering all trade remedial measures including anti-dumping, countervailing duties and safeguard measures.</li>
<li>It provides trade defence support to the domestic industry and exporters in dealing with increasing instances of trade remedy investigations instituted against them by other countries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Similar Case of Mono Ethylene Glycol</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG)</strong> is another such raw material <strong>used in the manufacturing of polyester</strong> and is under anti-dumping duty investigation initiated by the DGTR, recently.</li>
<li>The manufacturers of MEG have argued that top MEG exporters like Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have been dumping the product because of which the domestic industry is suffering.</li>
<li>Textile companies have approached DGTR against the imposition of anti-dumping duties on MEG as the step would lead to the same situation that developed after imposing anti-dumping duty on PTA.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/budget-2020-nirmala-sitharaman-anti-dumping-duty-on-purified-terephthalic-6251132/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-dumping-duty-on-pta-abolished'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Lack of Anganwadis in Urban Areas',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government&rsquo;s response to a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-nutrition-survey" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Information (RTI)</strong></a> query has revealed that for <strong>every 100 anganwadi beneficiaries </strong>in the country,<strong> only 7 are in urban areas.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The minuscule presence of beneficiaries is due to <strong>lack of Anganwadi centres in urban areas.</strong></li>
<li>This shows <strong>poor coverage by the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)</strong> in urban areas.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Anganwadi Centres</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Anganwadis or day-care centres are set up under the <strong>centrally sponsored <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme.</a><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580887222_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580887222_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme is being implemented by the <strong>Ministry of Women and Child Development.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Anganwadi centres provide a package of <strong>six services:</strong> supplementary nutrition, pre-school non-formal education, immunisation, nutrition and health education, as well as referral services.</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To reduce infant mortality and child malnutrition.</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong> Children in the age group of zero to six years, and pregnant women and lactating mothers.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Current Scenario<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580887244_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580887244_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Number of beneficiaries</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Out of<strong> 7.95 crore beneficiaries</strong> of the Anganwadi scheme in the country as on September 30, 2019,<strong> only 55 lakh</strong> were registered at<strong> urban anganwadis.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Less number of anganwadi centres in urban areas</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are <strong>13.79 lakh anganwadis operational across the country,</strong> out of which <strong>9.31 lakh</strong> centres are linked to the government&rsquo;s web-enabled data entry system called <strong>Rapid Reporting System.</strong></li>
<li>Of that linked anganwadis, <strong>1.09 lakh centres are in urban areas</strong> and the remaining <strong>8.22 lakh are in rural areas</strong> of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scope for coverage by the scheme</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Nutrition Survey 2016-18 found that 35% of children under five were stunted and 17% were wasted. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also found that 22% of children in the age group of 5-9 years were stunted and 23% were thin for their age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Urban areas specific:</strong> Children in urban areas showed two to three times <strong>higher prevalence of obesity</strong> as compared to their peers in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Latest Step Taken</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> NITI Aayog</strong></a> has been working on a draft paper to strengthen the ICDS programme in urban areas, keeping in mind challenges such as migration, population density and the long commute involved for workers and beneficiaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/only-7-in-100-anganwadi-beneficiaries-are-in-cities/article30736445.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lack-of-anganwadis-in-urban-areas'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Impact of Brexit',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/what-brexit-means-for-the-eu-and-its-partners/article30729110.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;What Brexit means for the EU and its partners&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 04/02/2020. It talks about Brexit and the impact it will have on the European Union, the United Kingdom and the other international players.</p>
</div>
<p>The United Kingdom (U.K.) <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brexit-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>finally left the European Union (EU)</strong></a> on 31<sup>st</sup> January 2020. It was a long-awaited historical move which will bring an important change in the policies and politics of the remaining 27 <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union</strong></a> members states and the U.K. mainly. It becomes important to see how this will shift the policymaking process and what are the ways in which nations are going to tackle it.</p>
<h3>Well-planned Exit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Despite being a huge move, the final exiting process <strong>did not create turmoil.</strong> The credit goes to the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/brexit-deal-what-lies-ahead" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Withdrawal Agreement</strong></a> that was negotiated between the EU and the U.K., earlier in 2019.</li>
<li><strong>Withdrawal Agreement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this, a <strong>transition period of 11 months</strong> has finalised <strong>until December 2020. However, it might get delayed until 2022 or 2023</strong>.</li>
<li>During this period, the <strong>U.K. will continue to participate</strong> in the EU&rsquo;s <strong>Customs Union</strong> and in the <strong>Single Market.</strong></li>
<li>The U.K. will <strong>apply EU law</strong> even if it is no longer a Member State and will also <strong>continue to abide by the international agreements</strong> of the EU.</li>
<li>The transition period makes sure that there is not a sudden shock but a degree of continuity and allows both parties to secure an orderly Brexit, minimising disruption for the citizens, businesses, public administrations, as well as for the international partners.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact on the U.K. and the EU</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By leaving the EU, the U.K.<strong> automatically, mechanically, legally,</strong> leaves hundreds of<strong> international agreements concluded by or on behalf of the EU,</strong> to the benefit of its Member States, on topics as different as trade, aviation, fisheries or civil nuclear cooperation.</li>
<li>However, <strong>with just 11 months to negotiate,</strong> there are only chances of very basic and minimal deals covering trade, fisheries and security.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In that case, <strong>at the end of 2020,</strong> differing aspirations for the trade talks might raise the prospect of a <strong>new <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-uk-s-constitutional-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">no-deal scenario</a>.</strong></li>
<li>In the absence of a deal, the earlier accord on citizens&rsquo; rights, money and the<strong> Irish border</strong> will remain intact.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both of them will have to be ready for the economic shift in trading on <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Trade Organization (WTO)</strong> </a>terms.</li>
<li>The<strong> first priority is the trade deal to ensure the tariff and quota-free flow of goods</strong> between the EU and U.K.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the EU will only agree to zero tariffs and zero quotas if the U.K. pledges zero dumping &ndash; that is, not lowering social and environmental standards to outcompete the EU.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Negotiations will clash over the <strong>EU&rsquo;s refusal to bring services into the trade deal.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> EU seeks to link goods trade to maintaining the status quo on access to British waters</strong> which is considered to be a matter of concern for the U.K., so it might give rise to clashes.</li>
<li>Even the <strong>non-trade subjects will be full of political troubles</strong> because the EU Member States will have to change their policies according to the new deals and the regulations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact on India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has had strong historical ties with the U.K. and currently, it is one of India&rsquo;s most important trading partners. In the last four years alone, the number of Indian companies investing in the U.K. has quadrupled.</li>
<li>Similarly, the <strong>U.K. is one of the largest investors in India,</strong> among the G20 countries. Hence, it is important to see how India and the U.K. can manoeuvre through Brexit and enter into new trade agreements that are mutually beneficial to both economies.</li>
<li>Brexit will directly<strong> impact not only the Indian stock market</strong> but the global market in totality, including the emerging markets in the world. This is because of the <strong>high volatility in the pound.</strong></li>
<li>Both the U.K. and EU account for 23.7% of Rupee&rsquo;s<strong> effective exchange rate.</strong> With Brexit,<strong> foreign portfolio investments will outflow</strong> and will<strong> lead to the weakening of the rupee.</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s businesses based in the U.K. will be hampered as <strong>till now they had border-free access to the rest of Europe.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The investors are concerned as India invests more in the United Kingdom than the rest of Europe combined.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Real Effective Exchange Rate</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the weighted average of a country's currency in relation to an index or basket of other major currencies. The weights are determined by comparing the relative trade balance of a country's currency against each country within the index.</li>
<li>This exchange rate is used to determine an individual country's currency value relative to the other major currencies in the index.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Foreign Portfolio Investments</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These stands for those investors who invest for a shorter-term in a company as compared to Foreign Direct Investors (FDI).</li>
<li>These generally participate through the stock markets and gets in and out of a particular stock at much faster frequencies.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Impact on the World</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Brexit will weaken the EU economically and politically. The <strong>U.K. was the EU&rsquo;s second-biggest economy (after Germany)</strong> a major net budget contributor, key military force and <strong>one of the bloc&rsquo;s two nuclear powers (another one is France)</strong> and permanent<strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> UN security council</a> members.</strong></li>
<li>The U.K.&rsquo;s departure has <strong>distracted attention</strong> from a number of other big and urgent problems, including the <strong>climate crisis.</strong></li>
<li>In the longer term of <strong>balancing of global powers,</strong> a smaller Europe can be a weaker Europe in the face of an <strong>ambitious China</strong> and an <strong>increasingly protectionist US.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The EU and the U.K. are <strong>bound by history, geography, culture, shared values and a strong belief in rules-based multilateralism</strong> which will be reflected in its future partnership as well.</li>
<li>The EU and the U.K. will have to focus on building a new partnership. The process will start as soon as the <strong>27 Member States will approve the negotiating mandate, proposed by the European Commission.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The mandate sets out terms and ambitions for achieving the closest possible partnership between the EU and the U.K.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both of them will have to <strong>work together,</strong> beyond these historical and trade links, on <strong>security and defence areas</strong> in which the U.K. has experiences and assets. These will be used the best as part of a common effort to tackle the <strong>global challenges and changes such as <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/cyber-crime-data-deprivation-and-data-localisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cybercrime</a>, terrorism, inequality</strong> etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These challenges <strong>require collective responses</strong> and the more the U.K. is able to cooperate with the EU and other partners around the world, the greater are the chances of addressing these challenges effectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The EU and the U.K. need to <strong>consult each other and cooperate bilaterally</strong> while working with the regional and global institutions such as the <strong>United Nations,</strong> the<strong> World Trade Organization,</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nato-ally-status-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</strong></a> and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20.</strong></a></li>
<li>The EU will need to be<strong> significantly tougher,</strong> with a<strong> centralised foreign policy and stronger rules</strong> ensuring European companies can compete with <strong>overseas rivals like China and the US.</strong> Brexit makes that imperative even more urgent.</li>
</ul>
<p>The EU&rsquo;s core idea is that the member nations are stronger together and pooling the resources and initiatives is the best way of achieving common goals. Even if the U.K. has moved out of it, it will continue to move forward as 27. Meanwhile, other nations of the world will have to accommodate themselves according to the shifting balance of power and politics.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #fc0505; background-color: #eff7c6;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Brexit has brought a significant change in world politics. Analyse.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/impact-of-brexit'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Crude Spillage in Burhi Dihing River',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Why in News</p>
<p>A stretch of<strong> Dihing or Burhi Dihing</strong> in <strong>Eastern Assam&rsquo;s Dibrugarh district</strong> witnessed fire following the spillage of crude oil which was being<strong> transported to Digboi refinery.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Assam is an ecologically sensitive state, spillage of crude or processed oil in river bodies threatens aquatic life.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Oil Spill</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially the marine ecosystem, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Dihing River</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dihing or Burhi Dihing is a large <strong>tributary</strong> of the <strong>Brahmaputra</strong> River in Upper Assam.</li>
<li>The river originates in the <strong>Eastern Himalayas (the Patkai Hills)</strong> in <strong>Arunachal Pradesh</strong> and flows through Tinsukia and Dibrugarh Districts in Assam to its confluence with the Brahmaputra at Dihingmukh.</li>
<li>It creates a number of oxbow lakes in the area.</li>
<li><strong>Other Tributaries of the Brahmaputra River:</strong> Dibang River, Lohit River, Dhansiri River, Kolong River, Kameng River, Manas River, Beki River, Raidak River, Jaldhaka River, Teesta River, Subansiri River.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580812975_drishtiias_Brahmaputra_basin.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580812975_drishtiias_Brahmaputra_basin.png" width="543" height="413" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Digboi Oil Refinery</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>India's oldest operating</strong> refinery and one of the oldest operating refineries in the world.</li>
<li>It is situated in Tinsukia district of Assam.</li>
<li>The historic Digboi Refinery has been termed as the <strong>"Gangotri of the Indian Hydrocarbon sector.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Oxbow Lake</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An oxbow lake is a lake that starts out as a <strong>curve, or meander,</strong> in a river. The U-shaped lake forms along the side of the river as the river finds a different, shorter, course.</li>
<li>Water does<strong> not</strong> flow into or out of oxbow lakes hence they often become <strong>swamps or bogs,</strong> and dry up as their water evaporates.</li>
<li>A <strong>meander</strong> is a curve in a river. Meanders form a snake-like pattern as the river flows across a fairly flat valley floor.</li>
<li><strong>Meanders</strong> are typical of the <strong>middle</strong> and <strong>lower course</strong> of a river. This is because vertical erosion is replaced by a sideways form of erosion called <strong>lateral erosion,</strong> plus <strong>deposition</strong> within the floodplain.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580820715_drishti_ias_oxbow_lakes.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580820715_drishti_ias_oxbow_lakes.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="484" height="282" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-river-on-fire-after-crude-spillage/article30729037.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crude-spillage-in-burhi-dihing-river'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Classical Swine Fever Vaccine',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>live attenuated Classical Swine Fever (CSF)</strong> Vaccine technology developed by the Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) has been released recently.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Live Attenuated Vaccines (LAV) are vaccines prepared from <strong>living microorganisms (viruses, bacteria) that have been weakened under laboratory conditions.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CSF is one of the <strong>diseases of pigs</strong> causing<strong> high mortality</strong> with annual loss of approxminately Rs.4.299 billion.</li>
<li>A <strong>lapinized CSF vaccine</strong> (uses Weybridge strain, UK) has been used in India since 1964 for controlling the disease. The <strong>vaccine is produced by sacrificing large numbers of rabbits</strong> for each batch.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lapinized denotes viruses which have been <strong>adapted to develop in rabbits by serial transfers in this species.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The country&rsquo;s total requirements is 22 million doses per year. However, hardly 1.2 million doses are produced per year by the lapinized vaccine.</li>
<li>In order to do away sacrificing rabbits and increase productivity, IVRI had <strong>earlier developed</strong> a cell culture CSF vaccine by <strong>adapting the lapinized vaccine virus in cell culture.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cell culture refers to the maintenance and growth of the cells of multicellular organisms <strong>outside the body in specially designed containers </strong>and under<strong> precise conditions of temperature, humidity, nutrition, and freedom from contamination.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Since the cell culture vaccine is from a <strong>foreign strain</strong> (Weybridge Strain, UK), IVRI has further developed <strong>a new CSF Cell Culture Vaccine by attenuating an indigenous virulent CSF virus in cell culture.</strong> The vaccine virus has a<strong> very high titre (concentration)</strong> and lakhs of doses can be produced very easily in cell culture and the country's requirement can be easily fulfilled using this new vaccine.</li>
<li>Due to the very high titre of vaccine virus, this vaccine would be the <strong>most economical CSF vaccine.</strong></li>
<li>Besides, the new vaccine <strong>gives immunity for two years</strong> as compared to 3 to 6 months protection under the vaccines currently being used.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Veterinary Research Institute</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IVRI is the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icar-to-set-up-farmers-innovation-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)</strong></a> institute.</li>
<li>Established in 1889, IVRI is one of the premier research institutions dedicated to livestock research and development of the region.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1601778" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classical-swine-fever-vaccine'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'World Cancer Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Health Organisation (WHO)</a> and it&rsquo;s specialized International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have released two reports on the occasion of <strong>World Cancer Day (4<sup>th</sup> February).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The reports aim to set the global agenda on cancer, mobilise stakeholders and help countries set priorities for investing in cancer control and universal health coverage.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report has warned that <strong>one in five people worldwide</strong> would face a cancer diagnosis in their <strong>lifetime.</strong></li>
<li>The overall cancer cases in the world would <strong>rise by 60% by 2040</strong> and <strong>tobacco use</strong> is responsible for <strong>25% of cancer deaths</strong> in the world.</li>
<li><strong>Less than 15% of low- and middle-income countries</strong> offer comprehensive cancer treatment services through their public health systems, compared to <strong>higher-income countries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Better cancer treatment in high-income countries has resulted in a 20% drop in mortality between 2000 and 2015 whereas only 5% drop is observed in the case of low and middle-income countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus cancer cases would rise by <strong>81% in low- and middle-income countries by 2040</strong> because of a lack of investment in prevention and care.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At least 7 million lives could be saved over the next decade, by identifying the most appropriate science for each country's situation by basing strong cancer responses on universal health coverage, and by mobilizing different stakeholders to work together.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>1 in 10 Indians</strong> will develop <strong>cancer</strong> during their <strong>lifetime,</strong> and <strong>1 in 15</strong> Indians will <strong>die of cancer.</strong></li>
<li>There are an estimated <strong>1.16 million new cancer</strong> cases, <strong>7,84,800 cancer deaths <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cancer-care-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">in India.</a></strong></li>
<li>The <strong>six most common</strong> cancer types in India are<strong> breast</strong> cancer, <strong>oral</strong> cancer, <strong>cervical</strong> cancer, <strong>lung</strong> cancer, <strong>stomach</strong> cancer, and <strong>colorectal</strong> cancer. Together, these account for <strong>49% of all new cancer cases.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Tobacco-related cancers</strong> account for <strong>34-69%</strong> of all cancers in <strong>men</strong> and constitute <strong>10-27%</strong> of all cancers in <strong>women</strong> in most regions in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Cancer Day</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>World Cancer Day is organized by the <strong>Union for International Cancer Control (UICC)</strong> and celebrated <strong>each year on 4 February.</strong></li>
<li>It aims to rally the international community to end the injustice of preventable suffering from cancer.</li>
<li>The <strong>theme for 2020</strong> is <strong>&lsquo;I Am and I Will&rsquo;&nbsp;</strong>which acknowledges that everyone has the capacity to address the cancer burden.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Agency for Research on Cancer</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) was created in 1965 by a resolution of the World Health Assembly, as the specialized cancer agency of the World Health Organization.</li>
<li>The objective of the IARC is to promote international collaboration in cancer research.</li>
<li>It comprises 27 member countries. India is a member of it.</li>
<li>It is Headquartered at Lyon in France.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/10-indians-to-develop-cancer-1-in-15-will-die-of-disease-who-6249711/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-cancer-day-1'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Missing Women and Children in India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)</strong> has released a study on <strong>missing persons (especially on women and children) in India.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The analysis was <strong>directed by the Supreme Court of India in 2019 to identify</strong> the areas prone to<strong> child and women trafficking.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some parts of the country report higher incidents of missing children and women which could be one of the sources, transit or destination for child /women trafficking.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The data for the study has been taken from the annual <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crime-in-india-ncrb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Crime in India (CII) report</strong></a> compiled by the NCRB for the years 2016, 2017 and 2018.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Global Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-key-hub-for-illicit-drug-trade-unodc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)</strong></a> <strong>Global report 2018 on trafficking in persons</strong> indicates that the vast majority of the detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation are females.</li>
<li>More than half of the victims of trafficking for forced labour are men and 35 % of them are females.</li>
<li>The reasons for missing include mental illness, miscommunication, misadventure, domestic violence, and being a victim of crime. Whereas the common cause of trafficking is forced marriage, child labour, domestic help and sexual exploitation etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Scenario</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580804409_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580804409_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="654" height="313" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Missing Women</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Maharashtra</strong> registered the maximum number of missing women followed by <strong>West Bengal.</strong></li>
<li>Maharashtra, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh are three most vulnerable states.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mumbai and Pune (Maharashtra), Kolkata (West Bengal) and Indore (Madhya Pradesh) recorded the highest number of such incidents.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Missing Children</strong>&nbsp;<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The number of missing children are <strong>maximum</strong> in the State of <strong>Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi and Bihar.</strong></li>
<li>Indore reported the highest number of missing children. Whereas <strong>West Bengal&rsquo;s Nadia district, bordering Bangladesh,</strong> showed a <strong>steep increase</strong> from 291 missing children reports in the year 2017 to 474 in 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580804443_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580804443_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="485" height="288" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Crime Record Bureau</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB) was set-up in 1986 under the Ministry of Home Affairs.</li>
<li>It functions as a repository of information on crime and criminals so as to assist the investigators in linking crime to the perpetrators.</li>
<li>It was set up based on the recommendations of the National Police Commission (1977-1981) and the MHA&rsquo;s Task Force (1985).</li>
<li>NCRB brings out the annual comprehensive statistics of crime across the country (&lsquo;Crime in India&rsquo; report) since 1953. The report serves as a crucial tool in understanding the law and order situation across the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-records-highest-number-of-missing-women-ncrb/article30728296.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/missing-women-and-children-in-india'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Sophisticated Analytical & Technical Help Institutes: SATHI',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Department of Science &amp; Technology (Ministry of Science and Technology)</strong> has launched a unique scheme called <strong>Sophisticated Analytical &amp; Technical Help Institutes (SATHI).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The DST has already set up 3 such centres in the country, one each at IIT Kharagpur, IIT Delhi and BHU. It is planned to set up<strong> 5 SATHI Centres every year</strong> for the next four years.</li>
<li>These Centres have <strong>major analytical instruments and advanced manufacturing facilities</strong> to provide common services of high-end analytical testing, thus avoiding duplication and reduced dependency on foreign sources.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Science and Technology infrastructure:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Address the need for<strong> shared, professionally managed</strong> and <strong>strong Science and Technology infrastructure</strong> in the country which is <strong>easily accessible</strong> to academia, start-ups, manufacturing, industry and R&amp;D labs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Efficient Use of Equipments:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Address the problems of <strong>accessibility, maintenance, redundancy and duplication of expensive equipment in Institutions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intellectual Property Rights :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Address the issue of <strong>Intellectual property (IP)</strong> creation and protection, a <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-national-digital-communications-policy-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">digital</a> platform</strong> will be created which will facilitate seamless <strong>application</strong> and capture <strong>IPRs <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/intellectual-property-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(Intellectual Property Rights).</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Knowledge Translation Clusters:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These clusters will be set up across different technology sectors including in <strong>new and emerging sectors</strong> for designing, fabrication and proof of concept and further scaling up technology clusters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides the SATHI initiative, extra funds to <strong>100 top-performing departments in universities</strong> and <strong>IITs</strong> etc will be provided in 2020 for <strong>augmentation</strong> of their <strong>research facilities</strong> to global benchmarks.</li>
<li>The research efforts of these supported departments will be in sync with the <strong>national priorities of excellence</strong> in <strong>manufacturing, waste processing, clean energy</strong> and<strong> water,</strong> and <strong>Start-up India, etc.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SAATHI (Sustainable and Accelerated Adoption of efficient Textile technologies to Help Small Industries) Initiative</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an initiative of the<strong> Ministry of Textiles.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To sustain and accelerate the<strong> adoption of energy efficient</strong> textile technologies in the powerloom sector and <strong>cost savings</strong> due to use of such technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SATH (Sustainable Action for Transforming Human capital) Program</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a program of <strong>NITI Aayog.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To initiate transformation in the<strong> education</strong> and <strong>health</strong> sectors and build 3 future<strong> &lsquo;role model&rsquo; states.</strong></li>
<li>The program addresses the need expressed by many states for technical support.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1601729" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sophisticated-analytical-technical-help-institutes-sathi'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Ujh Multipurpose Project',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ujh Multipurpose Project</strong> is planned to fast track utilization of India's rights under <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-pak-indus-matters" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Waters Treaty</strong></a>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The project will enhance the utilization of waters of <strong>Eastern Rivers</strong> allotted to India as per the <strong>Indus Water Treaty.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> The project is planned to be constructed in <strong>Kathua District</strong> of Jammu &amp; Kashmir on the<strong> River Ujh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ujh is a <strong>tributary of the Ravi river.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580803757_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580803757_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="780" height="345" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Indus Waters Treaty</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indus system comprises the <strong>Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.</strong> The basin is shared by India and Pakistan.</li>
<li>Under the <strong>Indus Waters Treaty</strong> signed between India and Pakistan in 1960, the waters of three rivers, namely <strong>Ravi, Sutlej and Beas (Eastern Rivers)</strong> shall be available for the unrestricted use of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While, the waters of <strong>Western rivers - Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab</strong> were allocated to Pakistan except for specified <strong>domestic, non-consumptive and agricultural use permitted to India</strong> as provided in the Treaty.</li>
<li>India has also been given the right to generate hydroelectricity through run of the river (RoR) projects on the <strong>Western Rivers</strong> which, subject to specific criteria for design and operation is unrestricted.</li>
<li>India is <strong>also allowed to use 20% of water</strong> from <strong>Indus, Chenab and Jhelum (Western rivers)</strong> for irrigation, power generation and transport purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is a unique treaty involving a third party since it was brokered by the<strong> World Bank.</strong></li>
<li>A<strong> Permanent Indus Commission</strong> was set up as a bilateral commission to implement and manage the Treaty. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Commission solves disputes arising over water sharing.</li>
<li>The Treaty also provides an arbitration mechanism to solve disputes amicably.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1601798" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ujh-multipurpose-project'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Blue Dot Network',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India may join the US-led Blue Dot Network (BDN).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The BDN was formally announced on 4<sup>th</sup> November, 2019 at the Indo-Pacific Business Forum in Bangkok, Thailand. It will be <strong>led by the US along with Japan and Australia.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>multi-stakeholder initiative</strong> to bring together governments, the private sector and civil society to promote high-quality, trusted standards for global infrastructure development.</li>
<li>It is expected to serve as a globally recognised evaluation and certification system for roads, ports and bridges with a <strong>focus on the Indo-Pacific region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Infrastructure projects would be graded on debt, environmental standards, labour standards etc.</li>
<li>This system would apply to projects in any citizen-centric country where citizens would like to evaluate such projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It seems to be planned as a <strong>direct counter to</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/italy-joins-belt-road-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China&rsquo;s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)</strong></a>. However, unlike the BRI, the <strong>BDN would not offer public funds or loans for the project.</strong> BDN will serve as a globally recognized seal of approval for major infrastructure projects, letting people know that projects are sustainable and not exploitative.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has not joined China&rsquo;s BRI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Till 2019, China&rsquo;s investment in BRI projects in various countries exceeds US$90 billion. Instead of trying to <strong>match China&rsquo;s scale of spending, the US through Blue Dot Network is arguing that the quality of investments in infrastructure</strong> is just as important as the quantity.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>
<p>The new Blue Dot Network, therefore, is best seen as part of the U.S.A.'s strategy of trying to persuade developing countries in Asia-Pacific <strong>not rely on Chinese funds for infrastructure.</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Belt and Road Initiative</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BRI is an ambitious project that focuses on connectivity and cooperation among multiple countries spread across the continents of Asia, Africa, and Europe.</li>
<li>Initially announced in the year 2013, the project involves building networks of roadways, railways, maritime ports, power grids, oil and gas pipelines, and associated infrastructure projects.</li>
<li>The project covers <strong>two parts.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Silk Road Economic Belt:</strong> It is land-based and is expected to connect China with Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe.</li>
<li><strong>21<sup>st</sup> Century Maritime Silk Road:</strong> It is sea-based and is expected to connect China&rsquo;s southern coast to the Mediterranean, Africa, South-East Asia, and Central Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2020-will-be-an-important-year-for-indo-us-relations-american-official/article30579088.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/blue-dot-network'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Coral Restoration Through Biorock',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Zoological Survey of India (ZSI),</strong> with help from Gujarat&rsquo;s forest department, is attempting for the first time a process to <strong>restore coral reefs using biorock or mineral accretion technology.</strong></p>
<h3>Mineral Accretion Technology</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Also called <strong>&lsquo;Biorock Technology&rsquo;,</strong> it is a method that applies safe, <strong>low voltage electrical currents</strong> through seawater, causing <strong>dissolved minerals to crystallize</strong> on structures, growing into a white limestone (CaCo<sub>3</sub>) similar to that which naturally makes up coral reefs and tropical white sand beaches. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Biorock,</strong> also known as Seacrete or Seament, refers to the substance formed by electro-accumulation of minerals dissolved in seawater.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The formed material has a strength similar to concrete. It can be used to make robust <strong>artificial reefs</strong> on which corals grow at very rapid rates. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fragments of broken corals are tied to the biorock structure, where they are able to grow at least four to six times faster than their actual growth as they <strong>need not spend their energy in building their own calcium carbonate skeletons.</strong></li>
<li>The technology also helps corals, including the highly sensitive branching corals, to counter the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/coral-bleaching" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>threats posed by global warming.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Working</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The technology works by passing a small amount of electrical current through electrodes in the water.</li>
<li>When a positively charged anode and negatively charged cathode are placed on the seafloor, with an electric current flowing between them, calcium ions combine with carbonate ions and adhere to the structure (cathode). This results in calcium carbonate formation (CaCo3).</li>
<li>Coral larvae adhere to the CaCO3 and grow quickly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Biorock projects <strong>can be powered by a wide range of electrical sources</strong> including renewable energy like windmills, photovoltaic solar panels and tidal current generators. This enables their construction in areas where conventional electric power is unavailable.</li>
<li>The mineral accretion process <strong>was first developed by architect Wolf Hilbertz in 1976</strong> in order to provide alternative construction materials. He and Tom Goreau of the Global Coral Reef Alliance later developed its use for reef restoration and shore protection.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Use of Technology in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A biorock structure was <strong>installed one nautical mile off the Mithapur coast in the Gulf of Kachchh</strong> on 19<sup>th</sup> January, 2020. The scientists have <strong>used solar panels</strong> for power in this case.</li>
<li>The calcification (conversion into calcium carbonate) has started but real success will come when attached and new organisms (corals) start grow faster.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Coral Reefs</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Corals are made up of genetically identical organisms called <strong>polyps.</strong> These polyps have microscopic<strong> algae called zooxanthellae</strong> living within their tissues.</li>
<li>The<strong> corals and algae have a mutualistic relationship.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The coral provides the zooxanthellae with the compounds necessary for photosynthesis.</li>
<li>In return, the zooxanthellae supply the coral with organic products of photosynthesis, like carbohydrates, which are utilized by the coral polyps for the synthesis of their<strong> calcium carbonate skeletons.</strong></li>
<li>Zooxanthellae are also responsible for the<strong> unique and beautiful colors of corals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the above <strong>relationship</strong> that allows shallow water corals to grow fast enough to build the enormous structures called <strong>reefs.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Often called the <strong>&ldquo;rainforests of the sea,&rdquo;</strong> coral reefs are home to a spectacular variety of organisms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India has four major coral reefs areas:</strong> Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Gulf of Mannar and the Gulf of Kachchh.</li>
<li>The coral reefs are <strong>threatened by</strong> climate change induced acidification as well as by anthropogenic factors such as overfishing, pollution.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Zoological Survey of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) is a <strong>subordinate organization of the Ministry of Environment and Forests</strong> which was established in <strong>1916.</strong></li>
<li>It is a national centre for faunistic survey and exploration of the resources leading to the advancement of knowledge on the exceptionally rich faunal diversity of the country.</li>
<li>It has its <strong>headquarters at Kolkata</strong> and 16 regional stations located in different geographic locations of the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-begins-coral-restoration-in-gulf-of-kachchh/article30645770.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coral-restoration-through-biorock'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Santusht Portal',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Labour and Employment has launched &lsquo;Santusht portal&rsquo; to monitor the implementation of labour laws at the grassroots level.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The objective of &lsquo;Santusht&rsquo; is to <strong>promote transparency, accountability, effective delivery of public services and implementation of policies, schemes</strong> of Ministry of Labour and Employment at the grassroots level through constant monitoring.</li>
<li>Entering 2020, the government aims to implement <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rebooting-labour-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>all four codes on wages</strong></a>, industrial relations, social security and occupational safety, health and working conditions. These are expected to improve ease of doing business and safeguard the interest of workers.</li>
<li>For public grievances, <strong>Centralized Public Grievance Redressal and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS)</strong> portal is already functional.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Centralized Public Grievance Redressal and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an online web-enabled system developed by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Informatics Centre</strong></a> <strong>(Ministry of Electronics &amp; IT [MeitY]),</strong> in association with Directorate of Public Grievances (DPG) and Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) under the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances &amp; Pensions.</li>
<li>It aims to receive, redress and monitor the grievances of the public.</li>
<li>It provides the facility to lodge a grievance online from any location.</li>
<li>It enables the citizen to track online the grievance being followed up with Departments concerned and also enables DARPG to monitor the grievance.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1601761" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/santusht-portal'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Vikram Sarabhai Centenary Programme',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) are conducting various events at national level in a year long programme to commemorate the<strong> 100<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The celebrations began on 12 August, 2019 in Ahmedabad, where Sarabhai was born on the same day in 1919. He also led the establishment of the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in the city in 1947.</li>
<li>The celebrations would conclude exactly a year later, i.e. on 12 August, 2020 in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala where he had set up the first rocket launching station of India.</li>
<li>ISRO has recently announced the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vikram-sarabhai-journalism-award" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Vikram Sarabhai Journalism Award in Space Science, Technology and Research&rsquo;</strong></a>, as part of the centenary year celebrations of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the father of Indian space programme.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Department of Atomic Energy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Atomic Energy Commission was first set up in August 1948 in the Department of Scientific Research.</li>
<li>The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was set up on August 3, 1954, under the direct charge of the Prime Minister.</li>
<li>Subsequently, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was brought under the Department of Atomic Energy.</li>
<li>The Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Atomic Energy is ex-officio Chairman of the Commission.</li>
<li>DAE has been engaged in the development of nuclear power technology, applications of radiation technologies in the fields of agriculture, medicine, industry and basic research.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Vikram Sarabhai<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580799579_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580799579_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai, (born August 12, 1919, Ahmadabad, India&mdash;died December 30, 1971, Kovalam), was an Indian physicist and industrialist who initiated space research and helped develop nuclear power in India.</li>
<li>Remembered as the<strong> founding father of the Indian space programme</strong>, Sarabhai set up the Physical Research laboratory in his hometown in Ahmedabad in 1947 which was a precursor to the ISRO.</li>
<li>After the death of physicist Homi Bhabha in 1966, Sarabhai was appointed the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India.</li>
<li>Sarabhai was awarded<strong> two of India&rsquo;s highest honours, the Padma Bhushan (1966) and the Padma Vibhushan (awarded posthumously in 1972).</strong></li>
</ul>',
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