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Monitoring Aerosol Optical Depth

The imager payload onboard ISRO’s weather satellites INSAT-3D & 3DR, is being used to monitor Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD). AOD is an...

21 Nov 2019 News Analysis
World Children’s Day

World Children’s Day is celebrated on 20th November each year to promote international togetherness and awareness among children worldwide, and...

21 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Resetting Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code

This article is based on “Reset the Code” that was published in The Indian Express on 20/11/2019. It talks about the Supreme Court...

20 Nov 2019 News Editorials
Srisailam Dam

Why in News Several floods in the region have created a need for repair and maintenance of the Srisailam dam. The Srisailam dam is constructed...

20 Nov 2019 News Analysis
West Bank Settlements

Why in News The United States has declared that it does not consider Israeli settlements on the West Bank a violation of international law. The...

20 Nov 2019 News Analysis
National Skills Study

Why in News According to a study conducted by the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), 7 crore additional individuals in the working-age...

20 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Maha Bodhi Temple Complex

Bhutan’s Foreign Minister recently visited Maha Bodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, Bihar. The Maha Bodhi Temple Complex is one of the four holy...

20 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Road Accidents in India - 2018

Why in News The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has released the annual report on Road Accidents in India. The report shows 53 crashes...

20 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Solar Eclipse

Why in News Cheruvathur in Kasaragod district, Kerala is one of the three places in the world where the solar eclipse will be most clearly seen on...

20 Nov 2019 News Analysis
New Sri Lanka Leadership

This article is based on “Towards a Colombo Reset” which was published in Indian Express on 19/11/2019. It talks about the implications...

19 Nov 2019 News Editorials
Bilateral Maritime Exercise Za’ir-Al-Bahr

Why in News The bilateral maritime exercise Za’ir-Al-Bahr (Roar of the Sea) is conducted between India and Qatar. The exercise helps...

19 Nov 2019 News Analysis
ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus

Why in News The 6th ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus) is to be held in Bangkok on 20th November 2019. The ADMM-Plus is a...

19 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Space Internet

Why in News Recently, the world’s leading private company in space technology SpaceX has launched the Starlink Network in Lower Earth Orbit...

19 Nov 2019 News Analysis
The Big Picture- Reviving Real Estate

A recent study, conducted by National Real Estate Development Council and FICCI, states that the outlook for the country's real estate sector till...

19 Nov 2019 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh

The Ministry of Women and Child Development has launched the Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh (BPKK) in New Delhi. The BPKK will be a repository of...

19 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Convergence of Agriculture and Nutrition

This article is based on "A jan aandolan for nutrition" which was published in The Indian Express on 18/11/2019. It talks about the...

18 Nov 2019 News Editorials
Sangam Age

Introduction The period roughly between the 3rd century B.C. and 3rd century A.D. in South India (the area lying to the south of river Krishna and...

18 Nov 2019 Paper 1
Mhadei River

Why in News Goa and Karnataka have had long disputes over water sharing issues of the Mhadei river. Mahadayi or Mhadei, the west-flowing river,...

18 Nov 2019 News Analysis
Jayakwadi Dam

Why in News Recently, several instruments like seismometer, piezometer, slope meter stopped functioning properly at the Jayakwadi dam. The...

18 Nov 2019 News Analysis
National Agrochemicals Congress

The first-ever National Agrochemicals Congress was held at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi from 13th - 16th November...

18 Nov 2019 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Monitoring Aerosol Optical Depth',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The imager payload onboard ISRO&rsquo;s weather satellites <strong>INSAT-3D &amp; 3DR,</strong> is being used to monitor Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>AOD is an indicator of particles and smoke from biomass</strong> burning affecting visibility and increase of PM2.5 and PM10 concentration in the atmosphere.</li>
<li>It has been found that <strong>AOD, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations are higher over Indo-Gangetic Plain</strong> covering parts of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar during October and November.</li>
<li>High concentration of these pollutants originate from parts of Punjab and Haryana during stubble burning.</li>
<li>Fire occurrences have increased by 4% over Punjab and Haryana region during October- November between 2003 and 2017.</li>
<li>ISRO has been using satellite data since 2015 to monitor<strong> stubble burning and to generate</strong> the maps of stubble burned area in Kharif season.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aerosol Optical Depth</strong> is a measure of the extinction of the solar beam by dust and haze.</li>
<li>Particles in the atmosphere (dust, smoke, pollution) can block sunlight by absorbing or by scattering light. AOD tells us how much direct sunlight is prevented from reaching the ground by these aerosol particles.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>INSAT-3D &amp; 3DR satellites</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India gets weather updates every 15 minutes through INSAT-3D &amp; 3DR weather satellites.</li>
<li>INSAT 3DR was launched in 2016 as a follow up on INSAT-3D which was launched in 2013.</li>
</ul>',
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'World Children’s Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>World Children&rsquo;s Day is celebrated on <strong>20<sup>th</sup> November</strong> each year to promote international togetherness and awareness among children worldwide, and improve children's welfare.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>20<sup>th</sup> November is an important date as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN) General Assembly</strong></a> adopted the <strong>Declaration of the Rights of the Child in 1959.</strong></li>
<li>The UN General Assembly adopted the <strong>Convention on the Rights of the Child </strong>in <strong>1989.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To commemorate the 30<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nation Children&rsquo;s Fund (UNICEF)</strong></a> undertook the <strong>'Go Blue' campaign</strong> wherein landmark buildings around the world lit up blue on 20<sup>th</sup> November 2019 to show support for child rights. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Indian Parliament</strong> was also part of the same.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Convention on the Rights of the Child</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in <strong>1989.</strong></li>
<li>Under the Convention, every human being <strong>under 18</strong> years old is <strong>recognized as a child.</strong></li>
<li>It sets out the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of every child, regardless of their race, religion or abilities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It includes rights such as Right to Education, Right to Rest and Leisure, Right to Protection from Mental or Physical Abuse including Rape and Sexual Exploitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the<strong> world&rsquo;s most widely ratified human rights treaty.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Initiatives Taken by India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India</strong> celebrates <strong>Children&rsquo;s Day</strong> on <strong>14<sup>th</sup> November</strong> every year.</li>
<li>India <strong>ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child</strong> in 1992.</li>
<li>The <strong>under-5 mortality rate has fallen</strong> significantly from the 1990 level of 117 per 1000 live births to <strong>39 in 2016.</strong></li>
<li>The number of <strong>children having access to drinking water</strong> has increased from 62% in 1992 to 92% in 2019.</li>
<li>The <strong>National Policy for Children, 2013</strong> was adopted to affirm the Government&rsquo;s commitment to a rights based approach in addressing the continuing and emerging challenges in the situation of children.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Right to Education Act 2009</strong></a>, has increased primary school attendance rates for girls from 61% to near universal in the same period.</li>
<li><strong>Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006</strong> saw prevalence of child marriage declining from 47% girls married before age 18 in 2005-2006, to 27% in 2015-2016.</li>
<li>With novel programmes and approaches like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-25th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao,</strong></a> child friendly schools, child budgets and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/challenges-in-national-nutrition-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyan,</strong></a> the States and the Union government are ensuring that children have adequate protection and opportunities for growth and development.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government needs to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>focus on the nutrition of children</strong></a> as presently 21% of children under age five years are wasted and 36% of children under age five years are underweight.</li>
<li>The Government also needs to ensure <strong>inclusive education</strong> by placing special focus on securing education to the more vulnerable differently abled children.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1592515" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Resetting Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code ',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/essar-steel-case-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-rbi-6127721/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Reset the Code&rdquo;</strong></a> that was published in The Indian Express on 20/11/2019. It talks about the Supreme Court judgement on Essar Steel&rsquo;s bankruptcy and reasons why companies are turning away from Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Supreme Court of India gave a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/essar-insolvency-case" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>judgement on Essar Steel&rsquo;s bankruptcy.</strong></a> The judgement has brought the rigour and momentum back into the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)</strong></a> as an effective tool to deal with stressed assets in the economy.</p>
<p>The verdict has clarified on important aspects of insolvency resolution that had been interpreted in different ways by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-4th-march-2019-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Company Law Tribunal</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-company-law-appellate-tribunal-nclat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT).</strong></a></p>
<p>However, there is growing scepticism against IBC, that is making companies resolve the bigger cases outside the IBC process.</p>
<h3>What is the judgement?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SC has upheld the <strong>primacy of financial creditors over operational creditors</strong> in the repayments waterfall (in the event of liquidation of assets under IBC).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Financial creditors provide capital to an enterprise and their <strong>interests are secured</strong> in the form of collaterals on the firm&rsquo;s assets.</li>
<li>Operational creditors are the main suppliers of goods and services <strong>(unsecured creditors).</strong></li>
<li>SC held that operational creditors cannot claim equality or precedence over financial creditors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>SC held that <strong>Committee of Creditors (CoC) is supreme</strong> when it comes to deciding on commercial issues, including the repayment waterfall, in an insolvency resolution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NCLAT sought to acquire the role of the Committee of Creditors (CoC) in an insolvency resolution.</li>
<li>Since CoC represents the lenders to the companies, therefore its interest will be of prime importance in resolution of a bad loan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These two clarifications should alone help in <strong>quickening a number of other cases,</strong> that are stuck in the insolvency courts across the country.</li>
</ul>
<p>In spite of these clarifications, many creditors companies seek to bypass the IBC process. <strong>Several factors have prompted this shift.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Delay in IBC:</strong> Time-bound resolution process was one of the most appealing aspects of IBC. However, <strong>delays</strong> create little incentive for stakeholders to opt for this process.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Out of nearly 1,500 cases that are currently going through the resolution process, 36% have crossed 270 days, while another 22% have crossed 180 days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low Recovery rate:</strong> Barring a few cases, the recovery rates in IBC have not have been on expected lines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The recovery rates under SARFAESI averaged around 33 %. In comparison, the recovery rate under IBC currently stands at 41 %.</li>
<li>However, the higher recovery rates are driven partly by the resolution of steel companies during a period that coincided with high global steel prices. Excluding steel, companies would significantly lower the recovery rates.</li>
<li>Also, recovery rates tend to be pro-cyclical (during high economic growth phases, businesses tend to be inclined to bid more for assets as expectations for higher returns).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Due to slowing Indian economy, not only recovery rates were low in the cases resolved, but more than half of the cases closed so far have ended up in liquidation as there have been no buyers.</li>
<li>Thus, there is little incentive to resolve bad loans through IBC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Administrative hurdle:</strong> Instances such as the enforcement directorate attaching property also make recovery process under IBC unprofitable.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The provisioning norms for bad loans should be made more stringent to ensure banks have strong incentives to take companies through this process.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Provisioning</strong> is done to cover risk: Banks set aside money from profits to compensate a probable loss caused on <strong>lending </strong>a<strong> loan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a need for <strong>clarity on the role of promoters.</strong> As long as they are not willful defaulters and don&rsquo;t attract any other related disqualification, should be allowed to bid for their companies.</li>
<li>The<strong> strategy (Project Sashakt) proposed by Sunil Mehta Committee</strong> to resolve the bad loans must be implemented in letter and spirit.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Project Sashakt was launched on the recommendations of <strong>Sunil Mehta Committee.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the scheme, bad loans of up to ₹ 50 crores are required to be resolved within 90 days by the bank.</li>
<li>For loans of ₹ 50-500 crore, banks will have to enter into an intercreditor agreement, authorizing the lead bank to implement a resolution plan within 180 days, which includes appointing turnaround specialists.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the lead bank does not complete the process in time, the asset would be referred to the NCLT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For loans above ₹ 500 crores, the committee has recommended setting up an independent asset management company (AMC), supported by institutional funding or an alternative investment fund (AIF)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Addressing these issues would go a long way in ensuring that IBC is the preferred option for dealing with bad loans rather than being the last resort.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #bc8cff; background-color: #f7f0d0;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />In spite of clarifications on Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code by the Supreme Court of India, many creditor companies seek to bypass the IBC process. Comment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Srisailam Dam',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Several floods in the region have created a need for repair and maintenance of the Srisailam dam.</li>
<li>The Srisailam dam is constructed across the <strong>Krishna River</strong> in <strong>Andhra Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li>It is located in the<strong> Nallamala hills.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574242066_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574242066_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="436" height="271" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Krishna River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Krishna River is the <strong>second biggest river</strong> in peninsular India after the Godavari River.</li>
<li>It <strong>originates near Mahabaleshwar (Satara)</strong> in <strong>Maharashtra.</strong></li>
<li>It<strong> runs</strong> from<strong> four states</strong> Maharashtra (303 km), North Karnataka (480 km) and the rest of its 1300 km journey in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh before it empties into the Bay of Bengal.</li>
<li><strong>Tributaries:</strong> Tungabhadra, Mallaprabha, Koyna, Bhima, Ghataprabha, Yerla, Warna, Dindi, Musi and Dudhganga.</li>
<li>Pattiseema Lift Irrigation project is the<strong> first river-linking project</strong> in India, connecting Godavari with Krishna through the Polavaram right canal. It will divert surplus Godavari water to Krishna river.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/srisailam-dam-in-need-of-urgent-maintenance/article30020482.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/srisailam-dam'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'West Bank Settlements',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The United States has declared that it does not consider Israeli settlements on the West Bank a violation of international law.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The U.S.A.'s stand is different from that of most countries on the issue.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even the USA considered the West Bank settlements as <strong>illegitimate since 1978.</strong> However in 2016, the US did not veto a resolution that called for an end to Israeli settlements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The current stand of the USA <strong>reverses four decades of U.S. policy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>West Bank Settlements</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574241522_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574241522_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="488" height="614" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>West Bank (about one and a half times the size of Goa) is a <strong>landlocked territory</strong> in West Asia. It also contains a <strong>significant section of the western dead sea.</strong></li>
<li>It was captured by Jordan after the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/israel-palestine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Arab-Israeli War (1948)</strong></a> but Israel snatched it back during the <strong>Six-Day War of 1967</strong> and <strong>has occupied it ever since.</strong></li>
<li>At present,<strong> there are around 130 formal Israeli settlements</strong> along with <strong>26 lakh Palestinians</strong> at West Bank.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Global Stand over West Bank Settlements</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Majority of the countries&rsquo;</strong> consider West Bank settlements<strong> illegal</strong> and an <strong>occupied territory.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations General Assembly</strong></a>, the <a href="/search/un-security-council-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Security Council</strong></a>, and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-court-of-justice-icj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Court of Justice</strong></a> have declared that the West Bank settlements are violative of the <strong>Fourth Geneva Convention.</strong></li>
<li>Under the Fourth Geneva Convention (1949), an occupying power <strong>&ldquo;shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the Oslo Accords of the 1990s, both Israel and the Palestinians agreed that the status of settlements would be decided by negotiations. But the negotiations process has been all but dead for several years now. Thus the world at large needs to come together for a peaceful solution for Israel-Palestine conflict.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/west-bank-what-change-in-us-policy-means-6127732/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/west-bank-settlements'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'National Skills Study',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a study conducted by the <strong>National Skill Development Corporation</strong> (NSDC), 7 crore additional individuals in the working-age (15-59 years) are expected to enter the labour force by 2023. Of this 84.3% will be in the age group 15-30 years.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NSDC has projected trends in the country&rsquo;s labour market potential during 2019-23 based on:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Periodic Labour Force Survey</strong> (PLFS) for 2017-18,</li>
<li><strong>Crude Death Rates</strong> (CDR) at gender and region (rural/urban) level, and</li>
<li><strong>Employment-Unemployment Survey</strong> (EUS), 2011-12 (68th round).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gender:</strong> According to the study, <strong>one out of five</strong> persons (15-30 years age) entering the labour force is expected to be a <strong>female</strong> by 2023. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Female labour force participation rate for 15 years and above is estimated at 23.3%.</li>
<li>According to <strong>World Bank data,</strong> India&rsquo;s female labour force participation rate ranks much lower than other Asian economies in 2019, including Vietnam (73 %), China (61 %), Singapore (60 %), Bangladesh (36 %). It is closer to the estimates in countries such as Lebanon (24 %), Pakistan (24 %), Libya (26 %), Tunisia (24 %) and Sudan (24 %).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Education:</strong> According to NSDC, many female candidates in the age group of 15-19 years may not be actively present in the labour force. They would instead opt for <strong>higher education.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Age:</strong> Of the total <strong>youth entrants</strong> (aged 15-30 years) during these four years (2019-23), half are expected to come from the 15-20 years age group.</li>
<li><strong>State-wise:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only <em><strong>six states- Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka</strong> </em>are expected to account for <strong>50%</strong> of the new youth entrants (15-30 years) during 2019-23.</li>
<li>Among female youth (15-30 years), the highest numbers of new entrants are expected in the years 2021 and 2023 each, while among male youth, the highest number of new entrants are expected in 2023.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>public-private-partnership</strong> working under the aegis of the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development &amp; Entrepreneurship.</strong></li>
<li>NSDC aims to promote skill development by catalyzing the creation of large, quality and for-profit vocational institutions. It acts as a catalyst in skill development by providing funding to enterprises, companies, and organizations that provide skill training.</li>
<li>NSDC is the <strong>implementation agency</strong> for skills training in the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/skills-study-over-next-5-years-just-1-in-5-entrants-to-labour-force-a-woman-6127848/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-skills-study'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Maha Bodhi Temple Complex',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Bhutan&rsquo;s Foreign Minister recently visited Maha Bodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, Bihar.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574238671_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574238671_image3.jpg" width="259" height="259" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Maha Bodhi Temple Complex is <strong>one of the four holy sites</strong> related to the life of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lord Buddha</strong></a>, and particularly to the attainment of Enlightenment (Bodhi).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The other three are: Lumbini (Birth) in Nepal, Sarnath (Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana - 1<sup>st</sup> Sermon) and Kushinagar (Mahaparinirvana- death) in Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The original structure was built by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. However, it was reconstructed entirely in brick in late Gupta period. The present temple dates from the 5th or 6th centuries.</li>
<li>The site of the Mahabodhi Temple provides exceptional records of the events associated with the life of Buddha and subsequent worship.</li>
<li>A descendant of the<strong> Bodhi tree</strong> under which the Buddha is said to have sat until he attained enlightenment stands adjacent to the temple. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ashoka&rsquo;s stone slab purporting to mark the exact position where the Buddha sat is traditionally called the <strong>Buddha&rsquo;s vajrasana</strong> (literally &ldquo;diamond throne&rdquo; or &ldquo;thunder seat&rdquo;).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was recognized as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage site</strong></a> in 2002.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maha-bodhi-temple-complex'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Road Accidents in India - 2018',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has released the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ministrys-report-on-road-accidents-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>annual report</strong></a> on <strong>Road Accidents in India.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report shows <strong>53 crashes and the loss of 17 lives every hour.</strong></li>
<li>The road traffic injuries were the eighth leading cause of death in India in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574238426_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574238426_image1.jpg" width="559" height="429" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to <strong>World Road Statistics ( 2018), India</strong> reports the <strong>highest</strong> number of road accident deaths<strong> followed by the US and China.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>World Road Statistics is released by the <strong>World Road Federation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-status-report-on-road-safety-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO Global Report on Road Safety 2018</strong></a>, India accounts for almost <strong>11%</strong> of the accident-related deaths in the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The road accidents numerics:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It kills almost<strong> 1.5 lakh</strong> people <strong>annually in India.</strong></li>
<li>The accidents, as well as accident-related deaths in the <strong>period 2010-2018, dropped drastically</strong> compared with the previous decades, <strong>despite the very high rate of growth of automobiles.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>road accident severity</strong> (the number of persons killed per 100 accidents) has <strong>increased by 0.6%</strong> in 2018 compared to 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Cause:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Over-speeding</strong> is a major cause, accounting for <strong>64.4%</strong> of the persons killed. As the <strong>maximum number of road accidents</strong> occurred on <strong>straight roads.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Two-wheelers</strong> accounted for the <strong>highest share (35.2%)</strong> in total accidents in 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Age:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>young adults (18-45 years)</strong> accounted for nearly <strong>69.6%</strong> of road accident victims.</li>
<li><strong>Minors</strong> involved in road crash deaths were at <strong>6.6% of the total deaths.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The share of <strong>males</strong> in the number of total accident deaths was <strong>86%</strong> while the share of<strong> females</strong> was around <strong>14%</strong> in 2018</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State-wise Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As in 2017, the State of<strong> Tamil Nadu</strong> recorded the<strong> highest number of road accidents</strong> in 2018.</li>
<li>Similarly, as in 2017, the <strong>number of persons killed in a road accident</strong> was the<strong> highest in Uttar Pradesh</strong> in 2018.</li>
<li><strong>Delhi</strong> has been ranked <strong>first</strong> in the <strong>total number of road fatalities</strong> compared to other <strong>Indian cities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance of Road Safety</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Road transport is the<strong> dominant mode of transport in India,</strong> in terms of traffic share and in terms of contribution to the national economy.</li>
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-accidents-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>negative externality of expansion in the road network,</strong></a> motorization, and urbanization in the country is the increase in road accidents and road crash fatalities.</li>
<li>Road traffic injuries are one of the leading causes of death, disabilities and hospitalization in the country imposing huge socio-economic costs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps taken at Global Level</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Brasilia Declaration on Road Safety (2015):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The declaration was signed at the<strong> second Global High-Level Conference on Road Safety held in Brazil.</strong> The first conference was held in Russia (2009).</li>
<li>Through the Brasilia Declaration countries plan to achieve the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal 3.6</strong></a> i.e.to half the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents by 2030.</li>
<li><strong>United Nations</strong> has also declared <strong>2010-2020 as the decade of action for Road Safety.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UN Global Road Safety Week:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is celebrated <strong>every two years,</strong> the fifth edition of the UN Global Road Safety Week (6-12 May 2019) highlighted the need for strong leadership for road safety.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP) :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a registered charity dedicated to saving lives through safer roads.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps taken Indian Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India has signed the</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-status-report-on-road-safety-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Brasilia declaration</strong></a> and committed to reduce the number of deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents.</li>
<li><strong>Motor Vehicles Amendment Act, 2019</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It hikes the penalties for traffic violations, defective vehicles, juvenile driving, etc.</li>
<li>It provides for a <strong>Motor Vehicle Accident Fund,</strong> which would provide compulsory insurance cover to all road users in India for certain types of accidents.</li>
<li>It also provides for a <strong>National Road Safety Board,</strong> to be created by the Central Government through a notification.</li>
<li>The act also provides for the <strong>protection of good samaritans.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Justice K.S. Radhakrishnan Committee</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Supreme Court had set up the three-member KS Radhakrishnan panel on <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/road-safety-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>road safety</strong></a> in 2014. The SC had termed the roads in India as &ldquo;giant killers&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/53-road-crashes-17-deaths-per-hour-in-2018-annual-government-report/article30019969.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-accidents-in-india-2018'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Solar Eclipse',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Cheruvathur in Kasaragod district, Kerala is one of the three places in the world where the solar eclipse will be most clearly seen on December 26, 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will be an <strong>annular solar eclipse</strong> in which the <strong>&lsquo;ring of fire&rsquo;</strong>- a characteristic of this kind of solar eclipse could be clearly observed.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574237575_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574237575_image2.jpg" width="533" height="280" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Solar Eclipse</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/total-solar-eclipse-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>solar eclipse</strong></a> is a phenomenon that happens when the moon comes in the way of the sun&rsquo;s light. The moon's shadow casts itself on Earth, blocking out the sun's light (as seen from Earth).</li>
<li>The moon's shadow has<strong> two parts:</strong> a central region<strong> (umbra)</strong> and an outer region <strong>(penumbra).</strong> Depending upon which part of the shadow passes over the Earth, one of three types of solar eclipses could be observed:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Total Solar Eclipse-</strong> The entire central portion of the sun is blocked out by the moon.</li>
<li><strong>Partial Solar Eclipse-</strong> Only part of the sun's surface is blocked out.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><strong>Annular Solar Eclipse-</strong> The sun is covered in such a way that only a small ring-like sliver of light is seen from the sun's disc. This ring is known as the<strong> ring of fire.</strong>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574237721_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574237721_image3.png" width="155" height="227" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An annular eclipse happens when the moon <strong>is farthest from Earth.</strong> As the moon is farther away from Earth, it seems smaller and is<strong> unable to block the entire view of the sun,</strong> because of which the ring-like structure could be observed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>total eclipse</strong> happens about every year and a half somewhere on Earth, while the <strong>partial eclipse</strong> happens at least twice a year somewhere on Earth.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cheruvathur-to-get-first-glimpse-of-solar-eclipse-in-india/article30020048.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solar-eclipse-1'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'New Sri Lanka Leadership',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/gotabaya-rajapaksa-sri-lanka-elections-colombo-6126280/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Towards a Colombo Reset&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in Indian Express on 19/11/2019. It talks about the implications of new Sri Lankan leadership, on India.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, <strong>Gotabaya Rajapaksa</strong> is elected as new President of Sri Lanka. This election was based on security issues that emerged after a suicide bombing attack (claimed by Islamic State) on Easter Sunday this year.</p>
<p>Rajapaksa's win signals the return to power for the controversial family, that is known for its pro-China tilt and also infamously remembered for its brutal acts against Tamil minorities in pursuit of ending the <strong>Sri Lankan civil war</strong> in 2009.</p>
<h3>Rajapaksa Factor</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recent elections in Sri Lanka mark the return of the Rajapaksa brothers to power.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka witnessed an authoritarian family rule <strong>under former president Mahinda Rajapaksa between 2005 and 2015.</strong></li>
<li>Gotabaya Rajapaksa (brother of Mahinda Rajapaksa), a former defence secretary and intelligence officer, accused of committing human rights violations, hailed by many for ending the civil war.</li>
<li>Also, India's relations with Sri Lanka went through a troubled patch during the Mahinda Rajapaksa presidency due to his proximity with China.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implications for India</h3>
<p><strong>On the issue of Pro-China tilt</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Geopolitical significance of Sri Lanka</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka&rsquo;s location in the Indian Ocean region as an island State has been of strategic geopolitical relevance to several major powers.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka&rsquo;s location can serve both commercial purposes and be used as a military base.</li>
<li>Citing these geopolitical advantages China made massive investments during the Mahinda Rajapaksa tenure.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>String of Pearls</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>China is building state of the art gigantic modern ports all along the Indian Ocean and to the south of it, in Gwadar (Pakistan), Chittagong (Bangladesh, Kyauk Phru (Myanmar) and <strong>Hambantota (Sri Lanka).</strong></li>
<li>The string of pearls is a strategic threat to India, as it aims to encircle India to establish Chinese dominance in the Indian Ocean.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With the new Sri Lankan President, the narrative about Sri Lanka's renewed tilt towards China has become an issue of concern for India.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka sits at the heart of the Indian Ocean and holds one of the pearls of that String of Pearls (Hambantota).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China&rsquo;s interest in maritime silk route and continuous energy flow to the country has resulted in a &ldquo;String of Pearls&rdquo; across the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).</li>
<li>China&rsquo;s <strong>debt-trap diplomacy</strong> has led it towards grabbing a 99-year lease on the Hambantota port.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, labelling governments in <strong>Sri Lanka as &ldquo;pro-China&rdquo; or &ldquo;pro-India&rdquo; is irrelevant.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China&rsquo;s economic and strategic salience in the subcontinent is not tied to the regime leadership.</li>
<li>Previous Sri Lankan President Maithripala Sirisena (considered as pro-India) came to power criticising the Chinese projects in Sri Lanka, but within two years into power, it extended full backing to the Chinese projects.</li>
<li>To add insult to injury, the so called &ldquo;pro-India&rdquo; government stalled key projects (housing projects in Sri Lanka) to India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>On the issue of Tamils minorities</h3>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>History of Civil War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka has been mired in ethnic conflict since the country, formerly known as Ceylon, became independent from British rule in 1948.</li>
<li>In the years following independence, the Sinhalese (Buddhist-majority community), who resented British favouritism toward Tamils (a minority community) during the colonial period, disenfranchised Tamil migrant plantation workers and made Sinhala the official language.</li>
<li>In 1972, the Sinhalese changed the country&rsquo;s name from Ceylon to Sri Lanka and made Buddhism nation&rsquo;s primary religion.</li>
<li>In reaction to this, the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) was formed (in 1976) under the leadership of Velupillai Prabhakaran, and it began to campaign for a Tamil homeland in northern and eastern Sri Lanka, where most of the island&rsquo;s Tamils reside.</li>
<li>By 1983, this ethnic clash between Sinhalese and Tamilians became a civil war which ended in 2009.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tamil issue is no longer a bilateral issue between India and Sri Lanka. The Western countries have expressed deep concerns about the war crimes in the military campaign against the LTTE.</li>
<li>India's concern is that any additional international pressure on Sri Lanka will automatically increase China&rsquo;s leverage in Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the era of globalisation, India can&rsquo;t expect its neighbouring countries to shut down economic and commercial engagement with China.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, India and Sri Lanka need a clear <strong>understanding of mutual red lines</strong> relating to national security and a political comfort level.</li>
<li>This should help prevent the recurrence of the controversy over Chinese submarines in Colombo port that generated so much bad blood between the two nations in 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is having a stable government at the centre which is not bound by the compulsions of coalition politics. This stability in the Indian government should find synergy with new Sri Lankan president policy which includes<strong> &ldquo;neutrality&rdquo; and &ldquo;non-alignment&rdquo; between major powers.</strong></li>
<li>India needs to invest some political capital in resolving problems such as the long-standing dispute over fisheries and Katchatheevu island dispute.</li>
<li>India in partnership with like-minded countries like Japan should offer sustainable terms for developing infrastructure, defence and counter-terror capabilities in Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Katchatheevu is an uninhabited islet in the Palk Strait.</li>
<li>Ownership of the island was controversial up until 1974 as during British rule the island was administered by both countries.</li>
<li>India recognized Sri Lanka&rsquo;s equal ownership. However, the legality of the transfer was challenged in the Indian Supreme Court since the recognizing was not ratified by the Indian parliament.</li>
<li>Due to this some sections of Indian society(mainly from Tamil Nadu) claims India&rsquo;s sovereignty over it.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Asian powers particularly India and China must ensure that Asia should not enter the age of great power rivalries, as Asia in the rivalry will hold us back and Asia in cooperation will shape the century.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0808; background-color: #fdffd9;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Examine India Sri Lanka relations in perspective of changing geopolitics of South Asian region.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/new-sri-lanka-leadership'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Bilateral Maritime Exercise Za’ir-Al-Bahr',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>bilateral maritime</strong> exercise <strong>Za&rsquo;ir-Al-Bahr (Roar of the Sea)&nbsp;</strong>is conducted between <strong>India and Qatar.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574152435_Image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574152435_Image3.png" style="float: right;" width="236" height="166" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The exercise helps to <strong>strengthen cooperation and enhance interoperability</strong> between the two navies.</li>
<li>It majorly focuses on the<strong> fight against terrorism, maritime piracy, and maritime security.</strong></li>
<li>The participation of <strong>INS Trikand and Patrol Aircraft P8-I</strong> will be noteworthy during exercise.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The P8-I Maritime Patrol Aircraft incorporates the <strong>latest technology for maritime surveillance.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1591973" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bilateral-maritime-exercise-za-ir-al-bahr'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>6<sup>th</sup> ASEAN Defence Ministers&rsquo; Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus)</strong> is to be held <strong>in Bangkok on 20<sup>th</sup> November 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ADMM-Plus is a platform for <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASEAN (The Association of Southeast Asian Nations)</strong></a> <strong>and it&rsquo;s eight Dialogue Partners</strong> to strengthen security and defence cooperation for peace, stability, and development in the region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ADMM-Plus countries include <strong>ten ASEAN Member State</strong> and <strong>eight Plus countries,</strong> namely Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, ROK, Russian Federation, and the United States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It aims to promote <strong>mutual trust and confidence</strong> between <strong>defence establishments</strong> through greater dialogue and transparency.</li>
<li>The <strong>first ADMM-Plus</strong> was convened at <strong>Ha Noi, Vietnam in 2010.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>2<sup>nd</sup> ASEAN Defence Ministers&rsquo; Meeting (ADMM)</strong> in 2007 at Singapore adopted a resolution to establish the ADMM-Plus</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The chairmanship of the ADMM-Plus follows the chairmanship of the ADMM.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, the ADMM and ADMM Plus is <strong>chaired by Thailand</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has five areas of practical cooperation, namely <strong>maritime security, counter-terrorism, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, peacekeeping operations and military medicine.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574152152_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574152152_image2.png" width="533" height="416" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1591881" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asean-defence-ministers-meeting-plus'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Space Internet',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the world&rsquo;s leading private company in space technology <strong>SpaceX</strong> has launched the <strong>Starlink Network</strong> in <a href="/printpdf/gsat-29-satellite-launched-1-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lower Earth Orbit</strong> <strong>(LEO)</strong></a> aimed at <strong>providing low-cost and reliable space-based internet services to the world.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Currently, <strong>fibre optic cables or wireless networks</strong> through mobile towers provide <strong>internet services.</strong></li>
<li>It can be noted that the idea of space internet system is <strong>not new.</strong> It is being used <strong>through Geostationary Satellite</strong> for selective users.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Starlinks</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/2019-05-17" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Starlink</a></strong> is a <strong>SpaceX project</strong> to build a broadband <strong>network with a cluster of orbiting spacecraft</strong> that could eventually number thousands.</li>
<li>The Starlink satellites carry <strong>Hall thrusters,</strong> which <strong>use electricity and krypton gas</strong> to generate an <strong>impulse,</strong> to manoeuvre in orbit, maintain altitude and guide the spacecraft back into the atmosphere at the end of their mission.</li>
<li>The<strong> Starlink network</strong> is one of several ongoing efforts <strong>to start beaming data signals from space.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Space Internet with Geostationary Satellite</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of the <strong>existing</strong> space-based Internet systems use <strong>satellites in geostationary orbit.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Geostationary orbit</strong> is located at a height of <strong>35,786 km over</strong> the Earth&rsquo;s surface, <strong>directly above the Equator.</strong></li>
<li>Satellites in this orbit move at<strong> speeds of about 11,000 km per hour,</strong> and complete one revolution of the Earth at the same time that the earth rotates once on its axis.</li>
<li>To the observer on the ground, therefore, a<strong> satellite in a geostationary orbit appears stationary.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> The signals from one geostationary satellite can cover roughly a third of the planet &mdash; and three to four satellites would be enough to cover the entire Earth.</li>
<li><strong>Easier Connectivity:</strong> As satellites appear to be stationary, it is easier to link to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disadvantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Latency Issues:</strong> The transmission from a satellite in geostationary orbit has a<strong> latency of about 600 milliseconds.</strong> The geostationary satellites are located at higher altitudes compared to LEO, thus <strong>the longer the distance that needs to be covered results into greater latency.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The latency is the time lag between a user seeking data, and the server sending that data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Space Internet with Low Earth Orbit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The LEO extends up to <strong>2,000 km above the Earth&rsquo;s surface.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reduced Latency:</strong> The presence of satellite at a lower height from the Earth&rsquo;s surface, will help to <strong>bring the lag down to 20-30 milliseconds,</strong> roughly the time it takes for terrestrial systems to transfer data.</li>
<li><strong>More Viable:</strong> The signals from satellites in space can <strong>overcome obstacles</strong> faced by fibre-optic cables or wireless networks <strong>easily.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> traditional ways</strong> to deliver the internet &mdash; fibre-optic <strong>cables or wireless networks </strong>are <strong>not feasible</strong> in remote areas or places with difficult terrain.</li>
<li>Setting up <strong>cables or mobile towers</strong> in these areas is <strong>not viable.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disadvantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> Due to its <strong>lower height,</strong> its signals cover a <strong>relatively small area.</strong> As a result, <strong>many more satellites are needed</strong> in order to reach signals to every part of the planet.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The satellites in these orbits travel at more than double the speed of satellites in geostationary orbit to balance the effects of gravity. Thus, many more satellites are needed in the network to eliminate breaks in transmission of data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Space Debris:</strong> It will generate <strong>more space debris.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Difficulty in Space Studies:</strong> The constellations of space internet satellites will make it difficult<strong> to observe other space objects, and to detect their signals.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Light Pollution:</strong> There will be an <strong>increased</strong> risk of<strong> light pollution.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Light reflected from the man-made satellites can interfere with &mdash; and be mistaken for &mdash; light coming from other space bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-understanding-space-internet-6126279/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/space-internet'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'The Big Picture- Reviving Real Estate',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/audtcMUe2YI" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>A recent study, conducted by <strong>National Real Estate Development Council</strong> and <strong>FICCI,</strong> states that the outlook for the country's real estate sector till Sept 2019, is at the same level as it was in 2014, which is quite bleak.</p>
<p>Recently, the Finance Minister had indicated that the next round of reforms is likely to be focussed on the real estate sector. The Government is working closely with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a> to address the issues faced by the real estate sector.</p>
<h3>Where the Root Problem Lies?</h3>
<p>As of 30<sup>th</sup> June 2019, 421 real estate developers are under the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/16-11-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>corporate insolvency resolution process.</strong></a> The root cause of the problem lies in the liquidity crunch faced by the real estate developers.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Diversion of Funds:</strong> The problem begins with the <strong>diversion of funds</strong> by developers to other projects. The developers get the required funds from the buyers at the time of booking which they use as the collateral to secure a loan from the banks, which means they have the required resources.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The problem lies in the deployment of funds. The developers build new projects without bothering to complete their previous ones. Over a period of time, they got caught in a vicious cycle creating a shortage of adequate cash.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Affordable Housing:</strong> Real estate sector is mainly concentrated in luxury housing while the need is of affordable housing. The target customer is mainly upper middle class which leaves a very small customer base for developers and makes these projects unaffordable for other sections of the population. This causes a&nbsp;<strong>huge stock of unsold inventories.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Social Infrastructure:</strong> Housing projects are being developed without proper linkage to social infrastructure i.e. schools, hospitals, market place or adequate connectivity to metro rail, bus stand etc.</li>
<li><strong>Ghost Occupancy:</strong> On one hand there are huge stock inventories (flats) and on the other side the sold inventories face the problem of occupancy. Investments in real estate are being made with the expectation of good future returns which lead to the problem of unoccupied houses (ghost occupancy).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Key Challenges Faced by Real Estates Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Land Rates:</strong> High land prices in metro cities makes affordable housing projects unviable.</li>
<li><strong>Goods and Service Tax (GST):</strong> For under-construction projects, the GST rate has been reduced from 12% to 5%, but still it is quite high considering the quantum of money to be paid.</li>
<li><strong>Drop in Property Prices:</strong> Post demonetization and implementation of <strong>RERA Act 2016,</strong> there has been a sharp decline in the property prices across the country.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>RERA Act 2016</strong> has increased <strong>transparency</strong> by preventing diversion of funds, curbing the infusion of black money in the real estate sector, which contributed to the drop in the prices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation Issues:</strong> Implementation of existing provisions in a fair and transparent manner is a big issue in the real estate sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For example:</strong> There is a provision of the&nbsp;<strong>economic weaker section</strong> (EWS) building in every housing project. But, generally, these buildings do not go to EWS people and are occupied by working professionals and others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ripple Effect of Downturn in Real Estate Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unstable Economy:</strong> Real estate is the second-largest contributor to the GDP, therefore, the crisis in this sector will lead to destabilization of the economy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Demands in the steel and cement industry are closely linked to the real estate sector. Therefore, crippling real estate sector is also affecting other important segments of the economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Job Crisis:</strong> The<strong> Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)</strong> of the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) showed that the overall unemployment rate in the country in the financial year 2018 was at 6.1%.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since the real estate sector is the <strong>second-largest</strong> contributor to the labour force and employment, down-turn in this sector is aggravating the job crisis in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Drishti Input</strong></p>
<p><strong>Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RERA Act 2016 is a step towards reforming the real estate sector in India, encouraging greater transparency, citizen centricity, accountability and financial discipline.</li>
<li>It had been made <strong>mandatory</strong> for each state and union territory, to form its own regulator and frame the rules to govern the functioning of the regulator.</li>
<li>Real estate projects mandatorily need to be registered with the State Real Estate Regulatory Authority.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Promoters cannot book or offer these projects for sale without registering them.</li>
<li>Real Estate Agents dealing in these projects also need to be registered with Real Estate Regulatory Authorities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The act makes it <strong>mandatory</strong> for a developer to deposit <strong>70%</strong> of the collected amount from buyers in an escrow bank account for construction of that project only.</li>
<li>The act also provides for fast track dispute resolution mechanism through the Real Estate Regulatory Authority and Appellate Tribunals across the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Real Estate Development Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Real Estate Development Council (NAREDCO) was established as an <strong>autonomous self-regulatory body</strong> in 1998 under the aegis of the&nbsp;<strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>It was formed with the mandate to induce transparency and ethics in the real estate business and transform the unorganized Indian real estate sector into a matured and globally competitive business sector.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Steps Taken by Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fund:</strong> An <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/a-special-fund-for-housing-projects" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Alternative Investment Fund (AIF)</strong></a> of ₹25,000 crores has been approved by cabinet to revive stalled affordable and middle-income housing projects across the country.</li>
<li><strong>Relaxation of Extra Commercial Borrowing (ECB) Guidelines:</strong> ECB guidelines will be relaxed to facilitate the financing of housing sector who are eligible under <strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)</strong> in consultation with RBI.</li>
<li><strong>Housing Building Advance:</strong> To encourage government servants to buy new houses, the interest rates on <strong>House Building Advance</strong> will be lowered and linked with 10-year government-security yields.</li>
<li><strong>GST Rate Cut:</strong> The government has reduced GST rates to a marginal 1% for the affordable housing project and 5% for under-construction houses.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The lower tax burden on home buyers is expected to push demand in the segment which, in turn, will keep developers committed to build more affordable homes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government must not look to penalise the developers but optimize the opportunity so that stalled project can be completed and buyers could get their dream houses.</li>
<li>It should ensure that <strong>funding from AIF</strong> goes to genuine developers who are willing to complete the stalled project and handover the inventories to buyers in given time frame.</li>
<li>The government should focus on the framework to assess the requirement of housing at local levels and then allowing the requisite amount to be developed i.e <strong>need based planning</strong> at local level.</li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure status</strong> to housing segment may lead to flow of funds at cheaper rate and can significantly help in tackling liquidity crunch but government needs to be cautious that fund flows to affordable housing sector only.</li>
<li>Generally, in manufacturing, we first produce, then sell and earn profits but in real estate sector, we first sell and earn profit and then produce which leads to corruption and undelivered promises.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this regard, the government could also try<strong> Singapoarian model</strong> where government created the housing stocks and then sold it off.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The real estate sector has so much to contribute to the people's life in terms of providing shelter, employment etc. But the problem has come to a stage where we need 1.5 crore housing units and at the same time, lakhs of housing units remain unsold.</p>
<p>Majority of projects are still viable and can be handed over to buyers, therefore, capital infusion to genuine developers who are willing to complete the stalled project should be provided with the opportunity.</p>
<p>It is high time to strike the root cause of the problem and convert the crisis into an opportunity to create good solutions and boost the economy.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-reviving-real-estate'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>Ministry of Women and Child Development</strong> has launched the <strong>Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh (BPKK)</strong> in New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The BPKK will be a <strong>repository of diverse crops across agro-climatic zones in India</strong> for better nutritional outcomes.</li>
<li>The country has been broadly divided into <strong>fifteen agricultural regions</strong> based on agro climatic features, particularly soil type, climate including temperature and rainfall and its variation and water resources.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574146362_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574146362_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="489" height="566" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During the launch event, <strong>the father of the Green Revolution in India, M S Swaminathan</strong> put forward the <strong>five-point action programme</strong> for making India nutrition secure. These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ensure calorie rich diet for women, expectant mothers and children.</li>
<li>Ensure intake of proteins in the form of pulses to eradicate protein hunger in women and children.</li>
<li>Eradicate hidden hunger due to deficiency of micronutrients like vitamin A, vitamin B, Iron and Zinc.</li>
<li>Ensure clean drinking water supply.</li>
<li>Spreading nutrition literacy in every village particularly in mothers with children less than 100 days&rsquo; old.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The five point action programme also aligns with different <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> such as<strong> SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 3 (Good Health and Well Being) and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation).</strong></li>
<li>The Government has launched programmes such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/challenges-in-national-nutrition-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)</strong></a> to tackle malnutrition prevalent in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1591912" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bharatiya-poshan-krishi-kosh'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Convergence of Agriculture and Nutrition',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-jan-aandolan-for-nutrition-6124546/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"A jan aandolan for nutrition"</a> which was published in The Indian Express on 18/11/2019. It talks about the government&rsquo;s efforts to tackle malnutrition in India.</p>
</div>
<p>Agricultural productivity in India has seen impressive growth in recent years fuelled by systemic and scientific improvements like the Green Revolution, globalisation and industrialisation of the food sector. Even after all this growth, malnutrition continues to remain a challenge with serious social and economic costs.</p>
<p>There has been a significant disconnect between agriculture and nutrition due to the demands on quantity rather than quality, driven by exponential population growth but there is a need to converge agriculture and nutrition if the problem has to be tackled.</p>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is a <strong>geographically and culturally vast country</strong> which makes it far difficult to keep track of the levels of malnutrition.</li>
<li>The <strong>advent of modern food systems</strong> has resulted in a loss of knowledge on and consumption of traditional and local nutrient-rich foods in favour of less nutritious industrialised and processed food products.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, the replacement of nutrient-dense millets by other grains has been a result of globalisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Missions to tackle nutrition from farm to table <strong>involve multiple stakeholders,</strong> with the government at one end and individuals at the other and it makes this loop hard for common people&rsquo;s understanding.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Malnutrition</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>complex and multi-dimensional issue,</strong> affected mainly by a number of factors including-
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Poverty</li>
<li>Inadequate food distribution and consumption</li>
<li>Improper maternal infant and child feeding care practices</li>
<li>Inequity and gender imbalances</li>
<li>Poor sanitary and environmental conditions</li>
<li>Restricted access to quality health, education and social care services</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has <strong>long-lasting and critical effects</strong> on a nation&rsquo;s progress and future.</li>
<li>The <strong>World Bank</strong> reports that the <strong>annual cost of malnutrition in India is at least $10 billion</strong> and is <strong>driven by the loss of productivity, illness and death</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Steps Taken by Government</h3>
<p>Government has taken several steps to address the concern. The following initiatives can go a long way to address the gap and propel parents and communities to rethink on consumption patterns.</p>
<p><strong>Poshan Abhiyaan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>set up by Government of India in 2017</strong> for a <strong>three-year time frame</strong> commencing from 2017-18 which <strong>aims at targeted reduction of stunting, undernutrition, anaemia and low-birth-weight babies</strong> in India.</li>
<li>It is set up under the aegis of the <strong>Ministry of Women and Child Development (WCD)</strong>.</li>
<li>At the <strong>agricultural</strong> level, it aims to <strong>amalgamate knowledge of regional food systems</strong>.</li>
<li>At the <strong>consumer</strong> level, it aims to <strong>foster social and behavioural changes</strong> among individuals, especially parents.</li>
<li>It seeks to <strong>improve linkages between communities and health systems,</strong> thus paving the way for a mass movement to promote a transformative change.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>repository of diverse crops across 128 agro-climatic zones</strong> in India.</li>
<li>The <strong>Harvard Chan School of Public Health</strong> through its <strong>India Research Center</strong> and the <strong>Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</strong> will document and evaluate promising regional dietary practices.</li>
<li>In consultation with the Ministry of WCD, the project team will <strong>select around 12 high focus states</strong> which are <strong>representative of the geographical, social, economic, cultural and structural diversities</strong> of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In each of the states or group of states, the team will <strong>identify a local partner organization</strong> which has relevant work experience in <strong>Social and Behavior Change Communication (SBCC)</strong> and nutrition for developing the Poshan atlas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Poshan Atlas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>food atlas</strong> developed by the Ministry of WCD to keep all the food-data at one place.</li>
<li>The data would be <strong>accessible to policy-makers, administrators, experts and communities to help meet nutritional outcomes</strong>.</li>
<li>The information gained through the atlas will be passed on at the district level for implementation through cooperative tasks among all the stakeholders.</li>
<li>The atlas will create a <strong>repository of traditional foods/crops and cultural practices associated with them</strong>. These tools will help in developing closer ties between the agricultural and nutrition sectors.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Such missions should consider <strong>easing the lengthy processes along the food supply chain</strong> and make <strong>every stakeholder accountable</strong> (government, market and consumers) for their works.</li>
<li><strong>Food and crop diversity need to be linked with agro-ecological patterns</strong> like soil, groundwater, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Awareness</strong> about the traditionally grown crops, about their nutrition and micro-nutrient content, about ways to move away from mono-cropping and increase crop diversity to increase diet diversity should be spread.</li>
<li><strong>Understanding social, behavioural and cultural practices</strong> can promote healthy dietary practices and reinforce healthy dietary behaviours both at individual and community levels.</li>
<li><strong>Creation of a database</strong> linking relevant agro-food system data can be more cost-effective and sustainable over the long run which would save a lot of finances.</li>
</ul>
<p>Awareness and knowledge about our crop diversity and regional variations in nutritious food will provide a nudge for behaviour change across the country propelling demand which, in turn, will provide opportunities to farmers and agro-processing units to address consumer needs. Citizens of India will have to come together and join hands to revive our food and crop diversities and use our traditional knowledge for tackling undernutrition and malnutrition.</p>
<table border="1" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #fffbe6; border-color: #002fba;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question:</strong></em><br /><br />&ldquo;The awareness of the extent of malnutrition despite agricultural growth has led to a need to converge agriculture and nutrition.&rdquo; Explain.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/convergence-of-agriculture-and-nutrition'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Sangam Age',
			'catname' => 'Paper 1',
			'desc' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The period roughly between the <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> century B.C.</strong> and <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> century A.D.</strong> in South India (the area lying to the south of river Krishna and Tungabhadra) is known as Sangam Period.</li>
<li>It has been named after the Sangam academies held during that period that flourished under the royal patronage of the <strong>Pandya kings</strong> of Madurai.</li>
<li>At the sangams eminent scholars assembled and functioned as the board of censors and the choicest literature was rendered in the nature of anthologies.</li>
<li>These literary works were the earliest specimens of Dravidian literature.</li>
<li>According to the Tamil legends, there were <strong>three</strong> Sangams (Academy of Tamil poets) held in the ancient South India popularly called <strong>Muchchangam</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>First Sangam</strong>, is believed to be held at <strong>Madurai</strong>, attended by gods and legendary sages. No literary work of this Sangam is available.</li>
<li>The <strong>Second Sangam</strong> was held at <strong>Kapadapuram</strong>, only <strong>Tolkappiyam</strong> survives from this.</li>
<li>The <strong>Third Sangam</strong> was also held at <strong>Madurai</strong>. A few of these Tamil literary works have survived and are a useful sources to reconstruct the history of the Sangam period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sangam Literature: Major source giving details of Sangam Age</h3>
<p>The Sangam literature includes Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Pattuppattu, Pathinenkilkanakku, and two epics named &ndash; Silappathikaram and Manimegalai .</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tolkappiyam</strong> was authored by Tolkappiyar and is <strong>considered the earliest of Tamil literary work</strong>. Though it is a work on Tamil grammar but it also provides insights on the political and socio-economic conditions of the time.</li>
<li><strong>Ettutogai</strong> (Eight Anthologies) consist of eight works &ndash; Aingurunooru, Narrinai, Aganaooru, Purananooru, Kuruntogai, Kalittogai, Paripadal and Padirruppatu.</li>
<li><strong>The Pattuppattu</strong> (Ten Idylls) consists of ten works &ndash; Thirumurugarruppadai, Porunararruppadai, Sirupanarruppadai, Perumpanarruppadai, Mullaippattu, Nedunalvadai, Maduraikkanji, Kurinjippatttu,Pattinappalai and Malaipadukadam.</li>
<li><strong>Pathinenkilkanakku</strong> contains eighteen works <strong>about ethics and morals</strong>. The most important among these works is Tirukkural authored by <strong>Thiruvalluvar</strong>, the tamil great poet and philosopher.</li>
<li>The two epics <strong>Silappathikaram is written by Elango Adigal and Manimegalai by Sittalai Sattanar</strong>. They also provide valuable details about the Sangam society and polity.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other Sources</strong> that give details about the Sangam Period are &ndash;</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Greek authors like Megasthenes, Strabo, Pliny and Ptolemy mentioning about commercial trade contacts between the West and South India.</li>
<li>The Ashokan inscriptions mentioned about the Chera, Chola and Pandya rulers to the south of Mauryan empire.</li>
<li>Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela of Kalinga also has mention of Tamil kingdoms.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Political History of Sangam Period<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574077011_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574077011_image1.png" width="425" height="349" style="float: right; margin: 5px;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>South India, during the Sangam Age, was ruled by three dynasties-<strong>the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas</strong>. The main source of information about these kingdoms is traced from the literary references of Sangam Period.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574077011_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a></p>
<h3>Cheras</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cheras controlled the central and northern parts of Kerala and the Kongu region of Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>Vanji was their capital and the ports of the west coast, Musiri and Tondi, were under their control.</li>
<li>The emblem of Cheras was <strong>&ldquo;bow and arrow&rdquo;</strong>.</li>
<li>The Pugalur inscription of the 1<sup>st</sup> century AD has reference to three generations of Chera rulers.</li>
<li>The Cheras owed its importance to trade with the Romans. They also built a temple of Augustus there.</li>
<li>The greatest ruler of Cheras was <strong>Senguttuvan, the Red Chera</strong> or the Good Chera, who belonged to the 2nd century A.D.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>His military achievements have been chronicled in epic Silapathikaram, with details about his expedition to the Himalayas where he defeated many north Indian rulers.</li>
<li>Senguttuvan introduced the Pattini cult or the <strong>worship of Kannagi</strong> as the ideal wife in Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>He was the first to send an embassy to China from South India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cholas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cholas controlled the central and northern parts of Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>Their core area of rule was the <strong>Kaveri delta</strong>, later known as <strong>Cholamandalam</strong>.</li>
<li>Their capital was Uraiyur (near Tiruchirapalli town) and Puhar or Kaviripattinam was an alternative royal residence and chief port town.</li>
<li><strong>Tiger</strong> was their emblem.</li>
<li>The Cholas also maintained an <strong>efficient navy</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>King Karikala</strong> was a famous king of the Sangam Cholas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pattinappalai portrays his life and military conquests.</li>
<li>Many Sangam poems mention the Battle of Venni where he defeated the confederacy of Cheras, Pandyas and eleven minor chieftains.</li>
<li>Karikala&rsquo;s military achievements made him the overlord of the whole Tamil region of that time.</li>
<li>Trade and commerce flourished during his reign.</li>
<li>He <strong>founded the port city of Puhar</strong> (identical with Kaveripattinam) and constructed 160 km of embankment along the Kaveri River.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Pandyas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Pandyas ruled from Madurai.</li>
<li>Korkai was their main port, located near the confluence of Thampraparani with the Bay of Bengal. It was famous for pearl fishery and chank diving.</li>
<li>Their emblem was the <strong>&ldquo;Fish&rdquo;</strong>.</li>
<li>They patronized the Tamil Sangams and facilitated the compilation of the Sangam poems.</li>
<li>Rulers kept a regular army.</li>
<li>Trade was prosperous and their pearls were famous.</li>
<li>Sati, caste, idol worship were common. Widows were treated badly.</li>
<li>They adopted the Vedic religion of sacrifice and patronized Brahmin priests.</li>
<li>Their power declined with the invasion of a tribe called the Kalabhras.</li>
<li>After the Sangam Age, this dynasty lost its significance for more than a century, only to rise once again at the end of the 6th century.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sangam Polity and Administration</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During the Sangam period <strong>hereditary monarchy</strong> was the form of government.</li>
<li>Each of the dynasties of Sangam age had a royal emblem &ndash; tiger for the Cholas, carp/Fish for the Pandyas, and bow for the Cheras.</li>
<li>The king was assisted by a wide body of officials who were categorised into five councils.</li>
<li>They were <strong>ministers (amaichar), priests (anthanar), envoys (thuthar), military commanders (senapathi), and spies (orrar)</strong>.</li>
<li>The military administration was efficiently organized and a <strong>regular army</strong> was associated with each ruler.</li>
<li>The <strong>chief source of state&rsquo;s income was land revenue</strong> while a custom duty was also imposed on foreign trade.</li>
<li>Major source of fulfilling the royal treasury was the booty captured in wars.</li>
<li>The roads and highways were maintained and guarded to prevent robbery and smuggling.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sangam Society</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tolkappiyam refers to the <strong>Five-fold division of lands</strong> &ndash; Kurinji (hilly tracks), Mullai (pastoral), Marudam (agricultural), Neydal (coastal) and Palai (desert).</li>
<li>Tolkappiyam also refers to <strong>four castes</strong> namely arasar(Ruling Class), anthanar, vanigar(carried on trade and commerce) and vellalar(Agriculturists).</li>
<li>Ancient primitive tribes like Thodas, Irulas, Nagas and Vedars lived in this period.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Position of Women during Sangam Age</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A lot of information is available in the Sangam literature to understand the position of women during the Sangam age.</li>
<li>Women had respect and were allowed intellectual pursuits.There were <strong>women poets like Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyar</strong> who flourished and contributed to Tamil literature.</li>
<li>Women were allowed to choose their life partners. But life of widows was miserable.</li>
<li>There is also a mention about the practice of Sati being prevalent in the higher strata of society.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Religion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>primary deity of the Sangam period was Murugan</strong>, who is hailed as Tamil God.</li>
<li>The worship of Murugan was having an ancient origin and the festivals relating to God Murugan was mentioned in the Sangam literature.</li>
<li>Murugan was honoured with six abodes known as Arupadai Veedu.</li>
<li>Other gods worshipped during the Sangam period were Mayon (Vishnu), Vendan (Indiran), Varunan and Korravai.</li>
<li>The <strong>Hero Stone or Nadu Kal worship</strong> was significant in the Sangam period and was erected in memory of the bravery shown by the warriors in the battle.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Economy of the Sangam Age</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Agriculture was the chief occupation</strong> where rice was the most common crop.</li>
<li>The handicraft included weaving, metal works and carpentry, ship building and making of ornaments using beads, stones and ivory.</li>
<li>These were in great demand in the internal and external trade that was at its peak during the Sangam period.</li>
<li>A high expertise was attained in spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes. These were in <strong>great demand in the western world especially for the cotton clothes woven at Uraiyur</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>port city of Puhar</strong> became an important place of foreign trade, as big ships entered this port containing precious goods.</li>
<li>Other significant ports of commercial activity were Tondi, Musiri, Korkai, Arikkamedu and Marakkanam.</li>
<li>Many gold and silver coins that were issued by the Roman Emperors like Augustus, Tiberius and Nero have been found in all parts of Tamil Nadu indicating flourishing trade.</li>
<li><strong>Major exports of the Sangam age were cotton fabrics and spices</strong> like pepper, ginger, cardamom, cinnamon and turmeric along with ivory products, pearls and precious stones.</li>
<li><strong>Major imports</strong> for the traders were <strong>horses, gold, and sweet wine</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>End of Sangam Age</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sangam period slowly witnessed its decline towards the end of the 3<sup>rd</sup> century A.D.</li>
<li>The Kalabhras occupied the Tamil country post-sangam period between 300 AD to 600 AD, whose period was called an interregnum or 'dark age' by earlier historians.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper1/sangam-age-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
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		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Mhadei River',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574065952_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574065952_image4.png" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<p><strong>Goa and Karnataka</strong> have had long disputes over <strong>water sharing issues of the Mhadei river</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mahadayi or Mhadei, the <strong>west-flowing river, originates in Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary (Western Ghats)</strong>, Belagavi district of <strong>Karnataka</strong>.</li>
<li>It is essentially a <strong>rain-fed river</strong> also called <strong>Mandovi </strong>in Goa.</li>
<li>It is joined by a number of streams to form the Mandovi which is one of two major rivers (the other one is Zuari river) that flows through Goa.</li>
<li>The river travels 35 km in Karnataka; 82 km in Goa before joining the Arabian Sea.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kalasa-Banduri Nala Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>undertaken by the Government of Karnataka</strong> to improve drinking water supply to the three districts of Belagavi, Dharwad, and Gadag.</li>
<li>It involves building across <strong>Kalasa and Banduri, two tributaries of the Mahadayi river</strong> to divert water to the Malaprabha river.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Malaprabha river</strong> supplies the drinking water to Dharwad, Belgaum, and Gadag districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Kalasa-Banduri project was planned in <strong>1989</strong>; <strong>Goa</strong> raised an <strong>objection</strong> to it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal</strong> was set up in <strong>2010</strong>. <strong>Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra</strong> are parties to the tribunal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-another-election-another-churn-why-the-mhadeis-waters-are-muddy-again-6124575/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></p>',
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		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Jayakwadi Dam',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, several instruments like seismometer, piezometer, slope meter stopped functioning properly at the Jayakwadi dam. The seismometer was installed at the Jayakwadi dam after the devastating earthquake in Latur district, Maharashtra in 1993.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Jayakwadi Dam is located on the <strong>Godavari river</strong> in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra.&nbsp;<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574069286_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574069286_image3.png" width="396" height="274" style="float: right;" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The dam aims to address the dual problems of <strong>flooding</strong> along the banks during monsoon months, and that of <strong>drought</strong> during the rest of the year, particularly in the Marathwada region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>seismometer</strong> is an instrument used to <strong>measure and record seismic waves</strong>. Seismic waves study helps geologists to map the interior of the Earth, and measure and locate earthquakes and other ground motions like volcanic eruptions, explosions, etc. precisely.</li>
<li>A <strong>piezometer</strong> is an instrument used for <strong>measuring the pressure of a liquid or gas</strong> or things related to pressure (such as the compressibility of liquid). It measures the strain of a liquid or fuel. They are often placed in boreholes to monitor the pressure or depth of groundwater.</li>
<li>A <strong>slope meter</strong> is used to measure the angles of slope, elevation or despair of an object.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/seismometer-other-key-devices-at-jayakwadi-dam-go-out-of-order/article30004236.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'National Agrochemicals Congress',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The first-ever <strong>National Agrochemicals Congress</strong> was held at the <strong>Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi</strong> from 13<sup>th</sup> - 16<sup>th</sup> November 2019. It <strong>will be conducted every three years</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> of the Congress <strong>is &lsquo; Country's Status on Various Fronts of Agrochemicals&rsquo;</strong>.</li>
<li>Agrochemicals imply chemicals used in agriculture, such as a pesticide or fertilizer.</li>
<li>The Congress was conducted in view of <strong>the role chemical pesticides still continue to play</strong> in pest management as more and more target-specific and environment-friendly products are being introduced.</li>
<li>It was conducted by the <strong>Society of Pesticide Science India,</strong> headquartered at Division of Agricultural Chemicals,IARI , New Delhi.</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Labelling of pesticide indicating the mode of action,</li>
<li>To rethink on restrictive banning of pesticides in view of risk-based considerations,</li>
<li>Policy regarding data protection of imported technical pesticides and</li>
<li>Policy for the introduction of safe nano-formulations and empowerment of farmers through training and extension.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Agricultural Research Institute</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IARI is the leading institution for agricultural research, education and extension in the country.</li>
<li>It comes <strong>under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)</strong>, an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Council is the apex body for coordinating, guiding and managing research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences in the entire country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1591846" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: PIB</a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Monitoring Aerosol Optical Depth',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The imager payload onboard ISRO&rsquo;s weather satellites <strong>INSAT-3D &amp; 3DR,</strong> is being used to monitor Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>AOD is an indicator of particles and smoke from biomass</strong> burning affecting visibility and increase of PM2.5 and PM10 concentration in the atmosphere.</li>
<li>It has been found that <strong>AOD, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations are higher over Indo-Gangetic Plain</strong> covering parts of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar during October and November.</li>
<li>High concentration of these pollutants originate from parts of Punjab and Haryana during stubble burning.</li>
<li>Fire occurrences have increased by 4% over Punjab and Haryana region during October- November between 2003 and 2017.</li>
<li>ISRO has been using satellite data since 2015 to monitor<strong> stubble burning and to generate</strong> the maps of stubble burned area in Kharif season.</li>
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<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aerosol Optical Depth</strong> is a measure of the extinction of the solar beam by dust and haze.</li>
<li>Particles in the atmosphere (dust, smoke, pollution) can block sunlight by absorbing or by scattering light. AOD tells us how much direct sunlight is prevented from reaching the ground by these aerosol particles.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>INSAT-3D &amp; 3DR satellites</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India gets weather updates every 15 minutes through INSAT-3D &amp; 3DR weather satellites.</li>
<li>INSAT 3DR was launched in 2016 as a follow up on INSAT-3D which was launched in 2013.</li>
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		'title' => 'World Children’s Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>World Children&rsquo;s Day is celebrated on <strong>20<sup>th</sup> November</strong> each year to promote international togetherness and awareness among children worldwide, and improve children's welfare.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>20<sup>th</sup> November is an important date as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN) General Assembly</strong></a> adopted the <strong>Declaration of the Rights of the Child in 1959.</strong></li>
<li>The UN General Assembly adopted the <strong>Convention on the Rights of the Child </strong>in <strong>1989.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To commemorate the 30<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nation Children&rsquo;s Fund (UNICEF)</strong></a> undertook the <strong>'Go Blue' campaign</strong> wherein landmark buildings around the world lit up blue on 20<sup>th</sup> November 2019 to show support for child rights. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Indian Parliament</strong> was also part of the same.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Convention on the Rights of the Child</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in <strong>1989.</strong></li>
<li>Under the Convention, every human being <strong>under 18</strong> years old is <strong>recognized as a child.</strong></li>
<li>It sets out the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of every child, regardless of their race, religion or abilities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It includes rights such as Right to Education, Right to Rest and Leisure, Right to Protection from Mental or Physical Abuse including Rape and Sexual Exploitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the<strong> world&rsquo;s most widely ratified human rights treaty.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Initiatives Taken by India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India</strong> celebrates <strong>Children&rsquo;s Day</strong> on <strong>14<sup>th</sup> November</strong> every year.</li>
<li>India <strong>ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child</strong> in 1992.</li>
<li>The <strong>under-5 mortality rate has fallen</strong> significantly from the 1990 level of 117 per 1000 live births to <strong>39 in 2016.</strong></li>
<li>The number of <strong>children having access to drinking water</strong> has increased from 62% in 1992 to 92% in 2019.</li>
<li>The <strong>National Policy for Children, 2013</strong> was adopted to affirm the Government&rsquo;s commitment to a rights based approach in addressing the continuing and emerging challenges in the situation of children.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Right to Education Act 2009</strong></a>, has increased primary school attendance rates for girls from 61% to near universal in the same period.</li>
<li><strong>Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006</strong> saw prevalence of child marriage declining from 47% girls married before age 18 in 2005-2006, to 27% in 2015-2016.</li>
<li>With novel programmes and approaches like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-25th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao,</strong></a> child friendly schools, child budgets and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/challenges-in-national-nutrition-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyan,</strong></a> the States and the Union government are ensuring that children have adequate protection and opportunities for growth and development.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government needs to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>focus on the nutrition of children</strong></a> as presently 21% of children under age five years are wasted and 36% of children under age five years are underweight.</li>
<li>The Government also needs to ensure <strong>inclusive education</strong> by placing special focus on securing education to the more vulnerable differently abled children.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1592515" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-children-s-day'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Resetting Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code ',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/essar-steel-case-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-rbi-6127721/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Reset the Code&rdquo;</strong></a> that was published in The Indian Express on 20/11/2019. It talks about the Supreme Court judgement on Essar Steel&rsquo;s bankruptcy and reasons why companies are turning away from Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Supreme Court of India gave a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/essar-insolvency-case" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>judgement on Essar Steel&rsquo;s bankruptcy.</strong></a> The judgement has brought the rigour and momentum back into the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)</strong></a> as an effective tool to deal with stressed assets in the economy.</p>
<p>The verdict has clarified on important aspects of insolvency resolution that had been interpreted in different ways by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-4th-march-2019-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Company Law Tribunal</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-company-law-appellate-tribunal-nclat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT).</strong></a></p>
<p>However, there is growing scepticism against IBC, that is making companies resolve the bigger cases outside the IBC process.</p>
<h3>What is the judgement?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SC has upheld the <strong>primacy of financial creditors over operational creditors</strong> in the repayments waterfall (in the event of liquidation of assets under IBC).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Financial creditors provide capital to an enterprise and their <strong>interests are secured</strong> in the form of collaterals on the firm&rsquo;s assets.</li>
<li>Operational creditors are the main suppliers of goods and services <strong>(unsecured creditors).</strong></li>
<li>SC held that operational creditors cannot claim equality or precedence over financial creditors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>SC held that <strong>Committee of Creditors (CoC) is supreme</strong> when it comes to deciding on commercial issues, including the repayment waterfall, in an insolvency resolution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NCLAT sought to acquire the role of the Committee of Creditors (CoC) in an insolvency resolution.</li>
<li>Since CoC represents the lenders to the companies, therefore its interest will be of prime importance in resolution of a bad loan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These two clarifications should alone help in <strong>quickening a number of other cases,</strong> that are stuck in the insolvency courts across the country.</li>
</ul>
<p>In spite of these clarifications, many creditors companies seek to bypass the IBC process. <strong>Several factors have prompted this shift.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Delay in IBC:</strong> Time-bound resolution process was one of the most appealing aspects of IBC. However, <strong>delays</strong> create little incentive for stakeholders to opt for this process.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Out of nearly 1,500 cases that are currently going through the resolution process, 36% have crossed 270 days, while another 22% have crossed 180 days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low Recovery rate:</strong> Barring a few cases, the recovery rates in IBC have not have been on expected lines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The recovery rates under SARFAESI averaged around 33 %. In comparison, the recovery rate under IBC currently stands at 41 %.</li>
<li>However, the higher recovery rates are driven partly by the resolution of steel companies during a period that coincided with high global steel prices. Excluding steel, companies would significantly lower the recovery rates.</li>
<li>Also, recovery rates tend to be pro-cyclical (during high economic growth phases, businesses tend to be inclined to bid more for assets as expectations for higher returns).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Due to slowing Indian economy, not only recovery rates were low in the cases resolved, but more than half of the cases closed so far have ended up in liquidation as there have been no buyers.</li>
<li>Thus, there is little incentive to resolve bad loans through IBC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Administrative hurdle:</strong> Instances such as the enforcement directorate attaching property also make recovery process under IBC unprofitable.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The provisioning norms for bad loans should be made more stringent to ensure banks have strong incentives to take companies through this process.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Provisioning</strong> is done to cover risk: Banks set aside money from profits to compensate a probable loss caused on <strong>lending </strong>a<strong> loan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a need for <strong>clarity on the role of promoters.</strong> As long as they are not willful defaulters and don&rsquo;t attract any other related disqualification, should be allowed to bid for their companies.</li>
<li>The<strong> strategy (Project Sashakt) proposed by Sunil Mehta Committee</strong> to resolve the bad loans must be implemented in letter and spirit.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Project Sashakt was launched on the recommendations of <strong>Sunil Mehta Committee.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the scheme, bad loans of up to ₹ 50 crores are required to be resolved within 90 days by the bank.</li>
<li>For loans of ₹ 50-500 crore, banks will have to enter into an intercreditor agreement, authorizing the lead bank to implement a resolution plan within 180 days, which includes appointing turnaround specialists.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the lead bank does not complete the process in time, the asset would be referred to the NCLT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For loans above ₹ 500 crores, the committee has recommended setting up an independent asset management company (AMC), supported by institutional funding or an alternative investment fund (AIF)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Addressing these issues would go a long way in ensuring that IBC is the preferred option for dealing with bad loans rather than being the last resort.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #bc8cff; background-color: #f7f0d0;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />In spite of clarifications on Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code by the Supreme Court of India, many creditor companies seek to bypass the IBC process. Comment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/resetting-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Srisailam Dam',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Several floods in the region have created a need for repair and maintenance of the Srisailam dam.</li>
<li>The Srisailam dam is constructed across the <strong>Krishna River</strong> in <strong>Andhra Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li>It is located in the<strong> Nallamala hills.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574242066_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574242066_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="436" height="271" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Krishna River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Krishna River is the <strong>second biggest river</strong> in peninsular India after the Godavari River.</li>
<li>It <strong>originates near Mahabaleshwar (Satara)</strong> in <strong>Maharashtra.</strong></li>
<li>It<strong> runs</strong> from<strong> four states</strong> Maharashtra (303 km), North Karnataka (480 km) and the rest of its 1300 km journey in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh before it empties into the Bay of Bengal.</li>
<li><strong>Tributaries:</strong> Tungabhadra, Mallaprabha, Koyna, Bhima, Ghataprabha, Yerla, Warna, Dindi, Musi and Dudhganga.</li>
<li>Pattiseema Lift Irrigation project is the<strong> first river-linking project</strong> in India, connecting Godavari with Krishna through the Polavaram right canal. It will divert surplus Godavari water to Krishna river.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/srisailam-dam-in-need-of-urgent-maintenance/article30020482.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/srisailam-dam'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'West Bank Settlements',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The United States has declared that it does not consider Israeli settlements on the West Bank a violation of international law.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The U.S.A.'s stand is different from that of most countries on the issue.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even the USA considered the West Bank settlements as <strong>illegitimate since 1978.</strong> However in 2016, the US did not veto a resolution that called for an end to Israeli settlements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The current stand of the USA <strong>reverses four decades of U.S. policy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>West Bank Settlements</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574241522_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574241522_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="488" height="614" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>West Bank (about one and a half times the size of Goa) is a <strong>landlocked territory</strong> in West Asia. It also contains a <strong>significant section of the western dead sea.</strong></li>
<li>It was captured by Jordan after the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/israel-palestine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Arab-Israeli War (1948)</strong></a> but Israel snatched it back during the <strong>Six-Day War of 1967</strong> and <strong>has occupied it ever since.</strong></li>
<li>At present,<strong> there are around 130 formal Israeli settlements</strong> along with <strong>26 lakh Palestinians</strong> at West Bank.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Global Stand over West Bank Settlements</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Majority of the countries&rsquo;</strong> consider West Bank settlements<strong> illegal</strong> and an <strong>occupied territory.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations General Assembly</strong></a>, the <a href="/search/un-security-council-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Security Council</strong></a>, and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-court-of-justice-icj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Court of Justice</strong></a> have declared that the West Bank settlements are violative of the <strong>Fourth Geneva Convention.</strong></li>
<li>Under the Fourth Geneva Convention (1949), an occupying power <strong>&ldquo;shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the Oslo Accords of the 1990s, both Israel and the Palestinians agreed that the status of settlements would be decided by negotiations. But the negotiations process has been all but dead for several years now. Thus the world at large needs to come together for a peaceful solution for Israel-Palestine conflict.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/west-bank-what-change-in-us-policy-means-6127732/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/west-bank-settlements'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'National Skills Study',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a study conducted by the <strong>National Skill Development Corporation</strong> (NSDC), 7 crore additional individuals in the working-age (15-59 years) are expected to enter the labour force by 2023. Of this 84.3% will be in the age group 15-30 years.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NSDC has projected trends in the country&rsquo;s labour market potential during 2019-23 based on:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Periodic Labour Force Survey</strong> (PLFS) for 2017-18,</li>
<li><strong>Crude Death Rates</strong> (CDR) at gender and region (rural/urban) level, and</li>
<li><strong>Employment-Unemployment Survey</strong> (EUS), 2011-12 (68th round).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gender:</strong> According to the study, <strong>one out of five</strong> persons (15-30 years age) entering the labour force is expected to be a <strong>female</strong> by 2023. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Female labour force participation rate for 15 years and above is estimated at 23.3%.</li>
<li>According to <strong>World Bank data,</strong> India&rsquo;s female labour force participation rate ranks much lower than other Asian economies in 2019, including Vietnam (73 %), China (61 %), Singapore (60 %), Bangladesh (36 %). It is closer to the estimates in countries such as Lebanon (24 %), Pakistan (24 %), Libya (26 %), Tunisia (24 %) and Sudan (24 %).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Education:</strong> According to NSDC, many female candidates in the age group of 15-19 years may not be actively present in the labour force. They would instead opt for <strong>higher education.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Age:</strong> Of the total <strong>youth entrants</strong> (aged 15-30 years) during these four years (2019-23), half are expected to come from the 15-20 years age group.</li>
<li><strong>State-wise:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only <em><strong>six states- Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka</strong> </em>are expected to account for <strong>50%</strong> of the new youth entrants (15-30 years) during 2019-23.</li>
<li>Among female youth (15-30 years), the highest numbers of new entrants are expected in the years 2021 and 2023 each, while among male youth, the highest number of new entrants are expected in 2023.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>public-private-partnership</strong> working under the aegis of the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development &amp; Entrepreneurship.</strong></li>
<li>NSDC aims to promote skill development by catalyzing the creation of large, quality and for-profit vocational institutions. It acts as a catalyst in skill development by providing funding to enterprises, companies, and organizations that provide skill training.</li>
<li>NSDC is the <strong>implementation agency</strong> for skills training in the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/skills-study-over-next-5-years-just-1-in-5-entrants-to-labour-force-a-woman-6127848/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-skills-study'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Maha Bodhi Temple Complex',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Bhutan&rsquo;s Foreign Minister recently visited Maha Bodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, Bihar.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574238671_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574238671_image3.jpg" width="259" height="259" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Maha Bodhi Temple Complex is <strong>one of the four holy sites</strong> related to the life of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lord Buddha</strong></a>, and particularly to the attainment of Enlightenment (Bodhi).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The other three are: Lumbini (Birth) in Nepal, Sarnath (Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana - 1<sup>st</sup> Sermon) and Kushinagar (Mahaparinirvana- death) in Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The original structure was built by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. However, it was reconstructed entirely in brick in late Gupta period. The present temple dates from the 5th or 6th centuries.</li>
<li>The site of the Mahabodhi Temple provides exceptional records of the events associated with the life of Buddha and subsequent worship.</li>
<li>A descendant of the<strong> Bodhi tree</strong> under which the Buddha is said to have sat until he attained enlightenment stands adjacent to the temple. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ashoka&rsquo;s stone slab purporting to mark the exact position where the Buddha sat is traditionally called the <strong>Buddha&rsquo;s vajrasana</strong> (literally &ldquo;diamond throne&rdquo; or &ldquo;thunder seat&rdquo;).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was recognized as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage site</strong></a> in 2002.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maha-bodhi-temple-complex'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Road Accidents in India - 2018',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has released the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ministrys-report-on-road-accidents-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>annual report</strong></a> on <strong>Road Accidents in India.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report shows <strong>53 crashes and the loss of 17 lives every hour.</strong></li>
<li>The road traffic injuries were the eighth leading cause of death in India in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574238426_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574238426_image1.jpg" width="559" height="429" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to <strong>World Road Statistics ( 2018), India</strong> reports the <strong>highest</strong> number of road accident deaths<strong> followed by the US and China.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>World Road Statistics is released by the <strong>World Road Federation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-status-report-on-road-safety-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO Global Report on Road Safety 2018</strong></a>, India accounts for almost <strong>11%</strong> of the accident-related deaths in the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The road accidents numerics:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It kills almost<strong> 1.5 lakh</strong> people <strong>annually in India.</strong></li>
<li>The accidents, as well as accident-related deaths in the <strong>period 2010-2018, dropped drastically</strong> compared with the previous decades, <strong>despite the very high rate of growth of automobiles.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>road accident severity</strong> (the number of persons killed per 100 accidents) has <strong>increased by 0.6%</strong> in 2018 compared to 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Cause:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Over-speeding</strong> is a major cause, accounting for <strong>64.4%</strong> of the persons killed. As the <strong>maximum number of road accidents</strong> occurred on <strong>straight roads.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Two-wheelers</strong> accounted for the <strong>highest share (35.2%)</strong> in total accidents in 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Age:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>young adults (18-45 years)</strong> accounted for nearly <strong>69.6%</strong> of road accident victims.</li>
<li><strong>Minors</strong> involved in road crash deaths were at <strong>6.6% of the total deaths.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The share of <strong>males</strong> in the number of total accident deaths was <strong>86%</strong> while the share of<strong> females</strong> was around <strong>14%</strong> in 2018</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State-wise Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As in 2017, the State of<strong> Tamil Nadu</strong> recorded the<strong> highest number of road accidents</strong> in 2018.</li>
<li>Similarly, as in 2017, the <strong>number of persons killed in a road accident</strong> was the<strong> highest in Uttar Pradesh</strong> in 2018.</li>
<li><strong>Delhi</strong> has been ranked <strong>first</strong> in the <strong>total number of road fatalities</strong> compared to other <strong>Indian cities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance of Road Safety</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Road transport is the<strong> dominant mode of transport in India,</strong> in terms of traffic share and in terms of contribution to the national economy.</li>
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-accidents-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>negative externality of expansion in the road network,</strong></a> motorization, and urbanization in the country is the increase in road accidents and road crash fatalities.</li>
<li>Road traffic injuries are one of the leading causes of death, disabilities and hospitalization in the country imposing huge socio-economic costs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps taken at Global Level</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Brasilia Declaration on Road Safety (2015):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The declaration was signed at the<strong> second Global High-Level Conference on Road Safety held in Brazil.</strong> The first conference was held in Russia (2009).</li>
<li>Through the Brasilia Declaration countries plan to achieve the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal 3.6</strong></a> i.e.to half the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents by 2030.</li>
<li><strong>United Nations</strong> has also declared <strong>2010-2020 as the decade of action for Road Safety.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UN Global Road Safety Week:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is celebrated <strong>every two years,</strong> the fifth edition of the UN Global Road Safety Week (6-12 May 2019) highlighted the need for strong leadership for road safety.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP) :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a registered charity dedicated to saving lives through safer roads.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps taken Indian Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India has signed the</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-status-report-on-road-safety-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Brasilia declaration</strong></a> and committed to reduce the number of deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents.</li>
<li><strong>Motor Vehicles Amendment Act, 2019</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It hikes the penalties for traffic violations, defective vehicles, juvenile driving, etc.</li>
<li>It provides for a <strong>Motor Vehicle Accident Fund,</strong> which would provide compulsory insurance cover to all road users in India for certain types of accidents.</li>
<li>It also provides for a <strong>National Road Safety Board,</strong> to be created by the Central Government through a notification.</li>
<li>The act also provides for the <strong>protection of good samaritans.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Justice K.S. Radhakrishnan Committee</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Supreme Court had set up the three-member KS Radhakrishnan panel on <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/road-safety-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>road safety</strong></a> in 2014. The SC had termed the roads in India as &ldquo;giant killers&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/53-road-crashes-17-deaths-per-hour-in-2018-annual-government-report/article30019969.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-accidents-in-india-2018'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Solar Eclipse',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Cheruvathur in Kasaragod district, Kerala is one of the three places in the world where the solar eclipse will be most clearly seen on December 26, 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will be an <strong>annular solar eclipse</strong> in which the <strong>&lsquo;ring of fire&rsquo;</strong>- a characteristic of this kind of solar eclipse could be clearly observed.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574237575_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574237575_image2.jpg" width="533" height="280" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Solar Eclipse</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/total-solar-eclipse-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>solar eclipse</strong></a> is a phenomenon that happens when the moon comes in the way of the sun&rsquo;s light. The moon's shadow casts itself on Earth, blocking out the sun's light (as seen from Earth).</li>
<li>The moon's shadow has<strong> two parts:</strong> a central region<strong> (umbra)</strong> and an outer region <strong>(penumbra).</strong> Depending upon which part of the shadow passes over the Earth, one of three types of solar eclipses could be observed:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Total Solar Eclipse-</strong> The entire central portion of the sun is blocked out by the moon.</li>
<li><strong>Partial Solar Eclipse-</strong> Only part of the sun's surface is blocked out.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><strong>Annular Solar Eclipse-</strong> The sun is covered in such a way that only a small ring-like sliver of light is seen from the sun's disc. This ring is known as the<strong> ring of fire.</strong>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574237721_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574237721_image3.png" width="155" height="227" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An annular eclipse happens when the moon <strong>is farthest from Earth.</strong> As the moon is farther away from Earth, it seems smaller and is<strong> unable to block the entire view of the sun,</strong> because of which the ring-like structure could be observed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>total eclipse</strong> happens about every year and a half somewhere on Earth, while the <strong>partial eclipse</strong> happens at least twice a year somewhere on Earth.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cheruvathur-to-get-first-glimpse-of-solar-eclipse-in-india/article30020048.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solar-eclipse-1'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'New Sri Lanka Leadership',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/gotabaya-rajapaksa-sri-lanka-elections-colombo-6126280/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Towards a Colombo Reset&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in Indian Express on 19/11/2019. It talks about the implications of new Sri Lankan leadership, on India.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, <strong>Gotabaya Rajapaksa</strong> is elected as new President of Sri Lanka. This election was based on security issues that emerged after a suicide bombing attack (claimed by Islamic State) on Easter Sunday this year.</p>
<p>Rajapaksa's win signals the return to power for the controversial family, that is known for its pro-China tilt and also infamously remembered for its brutal acts against Tamil minorities in pursuit of ending the <strong>Sri Lankan civil war</strong> in 2009.</p>
<h3>Rajapaksa Factor</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recent elections in Sri Lanka mark the return of the Rajapaksa brothers to power.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka witnessed an authoritarian family rule <strong>under former president Mahinda Rajapaksa between 2005 and 2015.</strong></li>
<li>Gotabaya Rajapaksa (brother of Mahinda Rajapaksa), a former defence secretary and intelligence officer, accused of committing human rights violations, hailed by many for ending the civil war.</li>
<li>Also, India's relations with Sri Lanka went through a troubled patch during the Mahinda Rajapaksa presidency due to his proximity with China.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implications for India</h3>
<p><strong>On the issue of Pro-China tilt</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Geopolitical significance of Sri Lanka</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka&rsquo;s location in the Indian Ocean region as an island State has been of strategic geopolitical relevance to several major powers.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka&rsquo;s location can serve both commercial purposes and be used as a military base.</li>
<li>Citing these geopolitical advantages China made massive investments during the Mahinda Rajapaksa tenure.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>String of Pearls</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>China is building state of the art gigantic modern ports all along the Indian Ocean and to the south of it, in Gwadar (Pakistan), Chittagong (Bangladesh, Kyauk Phru (Myanmar) and <strong>Hambantota (Sri Lanka).</strong></li>
<li>The string of pearls is a strategic threat to India, as it aims to encircle India to establish Chinese dominance in the Indian Ocean.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With the new Sri Lankan President, the narrative about Sri Lanka's renewed tilt towards China has become an issue of concern for India.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka sits at the heart of the Indian Ocean and holds one of the pearls of that String of Pearls (Hambantota).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China&rsquo;s interest in maritime silk route and continuous energy flow to the country has resulted in a &ldquo;String of Pearls&rdquo; across the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).</li>
<li>China&rsquo;s <strong>debt-trap diplomacy</strong> has led it towards grabbing a 99-year lease on the Hambantota port.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, labelling governments in <strong>Sri Lanka as &ldquo;pro-China&rdquo; or &ldquo;pro-India&rdquo; is irrelevant.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China&rsquo;s economic and strategic salience in the subcontinent is not tied to the regime leadership.</li>
<li>Previous Sri Lankan President Maithripala Sirisena (considered as pro-India) came to power criticising the Chinese projects in Sri Lanka, but within two years into power, it extended full backing to the Chinese projects.</li>
<li>To add insult to injury, the so called &ldquo;pro-India&rdquo; government stalled key projects (housing projects in Sri Lanka) to India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>On the issue of Tamils minorities</h3>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>History of Civil War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka has been mired in ethnic conflict since the country, formerly known as Ceylon, became independent from British rule in 1948.</li>
<li>In the years following independence, the Sinhalese (Buddhist-majority community), who resented British favouritism toward Tamils (a minority community) during the colonial period, disenfranchised Tamil migrant plantation workers and made Sinhala the official language.</li>
<li>In 1972, the Sinhalese changed the country&rsquo;s name from Ceylon to Sri Lanka and made Buddhism nation&rsquo;s primary religion.</li>
<li>In reaction to this, the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) was formed (in 1976) under the leadership of Velupillai Prabhakaran, and it began to campaign for a Tamil homeland in northern and eastern Sri Lanka, where most of the island&rsquo;s Tamils reside.</li>
<li>By 1983, this ethnic clash between Sinhalese and Tamilians became a civil war which ended in 2009.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tamil issue is no longer a bilateral issue between India and Sri Lanka. The Western countries have expressed deep concerns about the war crimes in the military campaign against the LTTE.</li>
<li>India's concern is that any additional international pressure on Sri Lanka will automatically increase China&rsquo;s leverage in Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the era of globalisation, India can&rsquo;t expect its neighbouring countries to shut down economic and commercial engagement with China.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, India and Sri Lanka need a clear <strong>understanding of mutual red lines</strong> relating to national security and a political comfort level.</li>
<li>This should help prevent the recurrence of the controversy over Chinese submarines in Colombo port that generated so much bad blood between the two nations in 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is having a stable government at the centre which is not bound by the compulsions of coalition politics. This stability in the Indian government should find synergy with new Sri Lankan president policy which includes<strong> &ldquo;neutrality&rdquo; and &ldquo;non-alignment&rdquo; between major powers.</strong></li>
<li>India needs to invest some political capital in resolving problems such as the long-standing dispute over fisheries and Katchatheevu island dispute.</li>
<li>India in partnership with like-minded countries like Japan should offer sustainable terms for developing infrastructure, defence and counter-terror capabilities in Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Katchatheevu is an uninhabited islet in the Palk Strait.</li>
<li>Ownership of the island was controversial up until 1974 as during British rule the island was administered by both countries.</li>
<li>India recognized Sri Lanka&rsquo;s equal ownership. However, the legality of the transfer was challenged in the Indian Supreme Court since the recognizing was not ratified by the Indian parliament.</li>
<li>Due to this some sections of Indian society(mainly from Tamil Nadu) claims India&rsquo;s sovereignty over it.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Asian powers particularly India and China must ensure that Asia should not enter the age of great power rivalries, as Asia in the rivalry will hold us back and Asia in cooperation will shape the century.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0808; background-color: #fdffd9;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Examine India Sri Lanka relations in perspective of changing geopolitics of South Asian region.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/new-sri-lanka-leadership'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Bilateral Maritime Exercise Za’ir-Al-Bahr',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>bilateral maritime</strong> exercise <strong>Za&rsquo;ir-Al-Bahr (Roar of the Sea)&nbsp;</strong>is conducted between <strong>India and Qatar.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574152435_Image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574152435_Image3.png" style="float: right;" width="236" height="166" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The exercise helps to <strong>strengthen cooperation and enhance interoperability</strong> between the two navies.</li>
<li>It majorly focuses on the<strong> fight against terrorism, maritime piracy, and maritime security.</strong></li>
<li>The participation of <strong>INS Trikand and Patrol Aircraft P8-I</strong> will be noteworthy during exercise.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The P8-I Maritime Patrol Aircraft incorporates the <strong>latest technology for maritime surveillance.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1591973" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bilateral-maritime-exercise-za-ir-al-bahr'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>6<sup>th</sup> ASEAN Defence Ministers&rsquo; Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus)</strong> is to be held <strong>in Bangkok on 20<sup>th</sup> November 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ADMM-Plus is a platform for <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASEAN (The Association of Southeast Asian Nations)</strong></a> <strong>and it&rsquo;s eight Dialogue Partners</strong> to strengthen security and defence cooperation for peace, stability, and development in the region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ADMM-Plus countries include <strong>ten ASEAN Member State</strong> and <strong>eight Plus countries,</strong> namely Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, ROK, Russian Federation, and the United States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It aims to promote <strong>mutual trust and confidence</strong> between <strong>defence establishments</strong> through greater dialogue and transparency.</li>
<li>The <strong>first ADMM-Plus</strong> was convened at <strong>Ha Noi, Vietnam in 2010.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>2<sup>nd</sup> ASEAN Defence Ministers&rsquo; Meeting (ADMM)</strong> in 2007 at Singapore adopted a resolution to establish the ADMM-Plus</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The chairmanship of the ADMM-Plus follows the chairmanship of the ADMM.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, the ADMM and ADMM Plus is <strong>chaired by Thailand</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has five areas of practical cooperation, namely <strong>maritime security, counter-terrorism, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, peacekeeping operations and military medicine.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574152152_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574152152_image2.png" width="533" height="416" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1591881" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asean-defence-ministers-meeting-plus'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Space Internet',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the world&rsquo;s leading private company in space technology <strong>SpaceX</strong> has launched the <strong>Starlink Network</strong> in <a href="/printpdf/gsat-29-satellite-launched-1-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lower Earth Orbit</strong> <strong>(LEO)</strong></a> aimed at <strong>providing low-cost and reliable space-based internet services to the world.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Currently, <strong>fibre optic cables or wireless networks</strong> through mobile towers provide <strong>internet services.</strong></li>
<li>It can be noted that the idea of space internet system is <strong>not new.</strong> It is being used <strong>through Geostationary Satellite</strong> for selective users.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Starlinks</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/2019-05-17" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Starlink</a></strong> is a <strong>SpaceX project</strong> to build a broadband <strong>network with a cluster of orbiting spacecraft</strong> that could eventually number thousands.</li>
<li>The Starlink satellites carry <strong>Hall thrusters,</strong> which <strong>use electricity and krypton gas</strong> to generate an <strong>impulse,</strong> to manoeuvre in orbit, maintain altitude and guide the spacecraft back into the atmosphere at the end of their mission.</li>
<li>The<strong> Starlink network</strong> is one of several ongoing efforts <strong>to start beaming data signals from space.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Space Internet with Geostationary Satellite</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of the <strong>existing</strong> space-based Internet systems use <strong>satellites in geostationary orbit.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Geostationary orbit</strong> is located at a height of <strong>35,786 km over</strong> the Earth&rsquo;s surface, <strong>directly above the Equator.</strong></li>
<li>Satellites in this orbit move at<strong> speeds of about 11,000 km per hour,</strong> and complete one revolution of the Earth at the same time that the earth rotates once on its axis.</li>
<li>To the observer on the ground, therefore, a<strong> satellite in a geostationary orbit appears stationary.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> The signals from one geostationary satellite can cover roughly a third of the planet &mdash; and three to four satellites would be enough to cover the entire Earth.</li>
<li><strong>Easier Connectivity:</strong> As satellites appear to be stationary, it is easier to link to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disadvantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Latency Issues:</strong> The transmission from a satellite in geostationary orbit has a<strong> latency of about 600 milliseconds.</strong> The geostationary satellites are located at higher altitudes compared to LEO, thus <strong>the longer the distance that needs to be covered results into greater latency.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The latency is the time lag between a user seeking data, and the server sending that data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Space Internet with Low Earth Orbit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The LEO extends up to <strong>2,000 km above the Earth&rsquo;s surface.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reduced Latency:</strong> The presence of satellite at a lower height from the Earth&rsquo;s surface, will help to <strong>bring the lag down to 20-30 milliseconds,</strong> roughly the time it takes for terrestrial systems to transfer data.</li>
<li><strong>More Viable:</strong> The signals from satellites in space can <strong>overcome obstacles</strong> faced by fibre-optic cables or wireless networks <strong>easily.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> traditional ways</strong> to deliver the internet &mdash; fibre-optic <strong>cables or wireless networks </strong>are <strong>not feasible</strong> in remote areas or places with difficult terrain.</li>
<li>Setting up <strong>cables or mobile towers</strong> in these areas is <strong>not viable.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disadvantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> Due to its <strong>lower height,</strong> its signals cover a <strong>relatively small area.</strong> As a result, <strong>many more satellites are needed</strong> in order to reach signals to every part of the planet.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The satellites in these orbits travel at more than double the speed of satellites in geostationary orbit to balance the effects of gravity. Thus, many more satellites are needed in the network to eliminate breaks in transmission of data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Space Debris:</strong> It will generate <strong>more space debris.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Difficulty in Space Studies:</strong> The constellations of space internet satellites will make it difficult<strong> to observe other space objects, and to detect their signals.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Light Pollution:</strong> There will be an <strong>increased</strong> risk of<strong> light pollution.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Light reflected from the man-made satellites can interfere with &mdash; and be mistaken for &mdash; light coming from other space bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-understanding-space-internet-6126279/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/space-internet'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'The Big Picture- Reviving Real Estate',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/audtcMUe2YI" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>A recent study, conducted by <strong>National Real Estate Development Council</strong> and <strong>FICCI,</strong> states that the outlook for the country's real estate sector till Sept 2019, is at the same level as it was in 2014, which is quite bleak.</p>
<p>Recently, the Finance Minister had indicated that the next round of reforms is likely to be focussed on the real estate sector. The Government is working closely with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a> to address the issues faced by the real estate sector.</p>
<h3>Where the Root Problem Lies?</h3>
<p>As of 30<sup>th</sup> June 2019, 421 real estate developers are under the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/16-11-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>corporate insolvency resolution process.</strong></a> The root cause of the problem lies in the liquidity crunch faced by the real estate developers.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Diversion of Funds:</strong> The problem begins with the <strong>diversion of funds</strong> by developers to other projects. The developers get the required funds from the buyers at the time of booking which they use as the collateral to secure a loan from the banks, which means they have the required resources.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The problem lies in the deployment of funds. The developers build new projects without bothering to complete their previous ones. Over a period of time, they got caught in a vicious cycle creating a shortage of adequate cash.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Affordable Housing:</strong> Real estate sector is mainly concentrated in luxury housing while the need is of affordable housing. The target customer is mainly upper middle class which leaves a very small customer base for developers and makes these projects unaffordable for other sections of the population. This causes a&nbsp;<strong>huge stock of unsold inventories.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Social Infrastructure:</strong> Housing projects are being developed without proper linkage to social infrastructure i.e. schools, hospitals, market place or adequate connectivity to metro rail, bus stand etc.</li>
<li><strong>Ghost Occupancy:</strong> On one hand there are huge stock inventories (flats) and on the other side the sold inventories face the problem of occupancy. Investments in real estate are being made with the expectation of good future returns which lead to the problem of unoccupied houses (ghost occupancy).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Key Challenges Faced by Real Estates Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Land Rates:</strong> High land prices in metro cities makes affordable housing projects unviable.</li>
<li><strong>Goods and Service Tax (GST):</strong> For under-construction projects, the GST rate has been reduced from 12% to 5%, but still it is quite high considering the quantum of money to be paid.</li>
<li><strong>Drop in Property Prices:</strong> Post demonetization and implementation of <strong>RERA Act 2016,</strong> there has been a sharp decline in the property prices across the country.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>RERA Act 2016</strong> has increased <strong>transparency</strong> by preventing diversion of funds, curbing the infusion of black money in the real estate sector, which contributed to the drop in the prices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation Issues:</strong> Implementation of existing provisions in a fair and transparent manner is a big issue in the real estate sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For example:</strong> There is a provision of the&nbsp;<strong>economic weaker section</strong> (EWS) building in every housing project. But, generally, these buildings do not go to EWS people and are occupied by working professionals and others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ripple Effect of Downturn in Real Estate Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unstable Economy:</strong> Real estate is the second-largest contributor to the GDP, therefore, the crisis in this sector will lead to destabilization of the economy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Demands in the steel and cement industry are closely linked to the real estate sector. Therefore, crippling real estate sector is also affecting other important segments of the economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Job Crisis:</strong> The<strong> Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)</strong> of the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) showed that the overall unemployment rate in the country in the financial year 2018 was at 6.1%.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since the real estate sector is the <strong>second-largest</strong> contributor to the labour force and employment, down-turn in this sector is aggravating the job crisis in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Drishti Input</strong></p>
<p><strong>Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RERA Act 2016 is a step towards reforming the real estate sector in India, encouraging greater transparency, citizen centricity, accountability and financial discipline.</li>
<li>It had been made <strong>mandatory</strong> for each state and union territory, to form its own regulator and frame the rules to govern the functioning of the regulator.</li>
<li>Real estate projects mandatorily need to be registered with the State Real Estate Regulatory Authority.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Promoters cannot book or offer these projects for sale without registering them.</li>
<li>Real Estate Agents dealing in these projects also need to be registered with Real Estate Regulatory Authorities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The act makes it <strong>mandatory</strong> for a developer to deposit <strong>70%</strong> of the collected amount from buyers in an escrow bank account for construction of that project only.</li>
<li>The act also provides for fast track dispute resolution mechanism through the Real Estate Regulatory Authority and Appellate Tribunals across the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Real Estate Development Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Real Estate Development Council (NAREDCO) was established as an <strong>autonomous self-regulatory body</strong> in 1998 under the aegis of the&nbsp;<strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>It was formed with the mandate to induce transparency and ethics in the real estate business and transform the unorganized Indian real estate sector into a matured and globally competitive business sector.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Steps Taken by Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fund:</strong> An <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/a-special-fund-for-housing-projects" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Alternative Investment Fund (AIF)</strong></a> of ₹25,000 crores has been approved by cabinet to revive stalled affordable and middle-income housing projects across the country.</li>
<li><strong>Relaxation of Extra Commercial Borrowing (ECB) Guidelines:</strong> ECB guidelines will be relaxed to facilitate the financing of housing sector who are eligible under <strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)</strong> in consultation with RBI.</li>
<li><strong>Housing Building Advance:</strong> To encourage government servants to buy new houses, the interest rates on <strong>House Building Advance</strong> will be lowered and linked with 10-year government-security yields.</li>
<li><strong>GST Rate Cut:</strong> The government has reduced GST rates to a marginal 1% for the affordable housing project and 5% for under-construction houses.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The lower tax burden on home buyers is expected to push demand in the segment which, in turn, will keep developers committed to build more affordable homes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government must not look to penalise the developers but optimize the opportunity so that stalled project can be completed and buyers could get their dream houses.</li>
<li>It should ensure that <strong>funding from AIF</strong> goes to genuine developers who are willing to complete the stalled project and handover the inventories to buyers in given time frame.</li>
<li>The government should focus on the framework to assess the requirement of housing at local levels and then allowing the requisite amount to be developed i.e <strong>need based planning</strong> at local level.</li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure status</strong> to housing segment may lead to flow of funds at cheaper rate and can significantly help in tackling liquidity crunch but government needs to be cautious that fund flows to affordable housing sector only.</li>
<li>Generally, in manufacturing, we first produce, then sell and earn profits but in real estate sector, we first sell and earn profit and then produce which leads to corruption and undelivered promises.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this regard, the government could also try<strong> Singapoarian model</strong> where government created the housing stocks and then sold it off.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The real estate sector has so much to contribute to the people's life in terms of providing shelter, employment etc. But the problem has come to a stage where we need 1.5 crore housing units and at the same time, lakhs of housing units remain unsold.</p>
<p>Majority of projects are still viable and can be handed over to buyers, therefore, capital infusion to genuine developers who are willing to complete the stalled project should be provided with the opportunity.</p>
<p>It is high time to strike the root cause of the problem and convert the crisis into an opportunity to create good solutions and boost the economy.</p>',
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	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>Ministry of Women and Child Development</strong> has launched the <strong>Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh (BPKK)</strong> in New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The BPKK will be a <strong>repository of diverse crops across agro-climatic zones in India</strong> for better nutritional outcomes.</li>
<li>The country has been broadly divided into <strong>fifteen agricultural regions</strong> based on agro climatic features, particularly soil type, climate including temperature and rainfall and its variation and water resources.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574146362_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574146362_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="489" height="566" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During the launch event, <strong>the father of the Green Revolution in India, M S Swaminathan</strong> put forward the <strong>five-point action programme</strong> for making India nutrition secure. These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ensure calorie rich diet for women, expectant mothers and children.</li>
<li>Ensure intake of proteins in the form of pulses to eradicate protein hunger in women and children.</li>
<li>Eradicate hidden hunger due to deficiency of micronutrients like vitamin A, vitamin B, Iron and Zinc.</li>
<li>Ensure clean drinking water supply.</li>
<li>Spreading nutrition literacy in every village particularly in mothers with children less than 100 days&rsquo; old.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The five point action programme also aligns with different <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> such as<strong> SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 3 (Good Health and Well Being) and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation).</strong></li>
<li>The Government has launched programmes such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/challenges-in-national-nutrition-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)</strong></a> to tackle malnutrition prevalent in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1591912" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Convergence of Agriculture and Nutrition',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-jan-aandolan-for-nutrition-6124546/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"A jan aandolan for nutrition"</a> which was published in The Indian Express on 18/11/2019. It talks about the government&rsquo;s efforts to tackle malnutrition in India.</p>
</div>
<p>Agricultural productivity in India has seen impressive growth in recent years fuelled by systemic and scientific improvements like the Green Revolution, globalisation and industrialisation of the food sector. Even after all this growth, malnutrition continues to remain a challenge with serious social and economic costs.</p>
<p>There has been a significant disconnect between agriculture and nutrition due to the demands on quantity rather than quality, driven by exponential population growth but there is a need to converge agriculture and nutrition if the problem has to be tackled.</p>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is a <strong>geographically and culturally vast country</strong> which makes it far difficult to keep track of the levels of malnutrition.</li>
<li>The <strong>advent of modern food systems</strong> has resulted in a loss of knowledge on and consumption of traditional and local nutrient-rich foods in favour of less nutritious industrialised and processed food products.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, the replacement of nutrient-dense millets by other grains has been a result of globalisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Missions to tackle nutrition from farm to table <strong>involve multiple stakeholders,</strong> with the government at one end and individuals at the other and it makes this loop hard for common people&rsquo;s understanding.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Malnutrition</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>complex and multi-dimensional issue,</strong> affected mainly by a number of factors including-
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Poverty</li>
<li>Inadequate food distribution and consumption</li>
<li>Improper maternal infant and child feeding care practices</li>
<li>Inequity and gender imbalances</li>
<li>Poor sanitary and environmental conditions</li>
<li>Restricted access to quality health, education and social care services</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has <strong>long-lasting and critical effects</strong> on a nation&rsquo;s progress and future.</li>
<li>The <strong>World Bank</strong> reports that the <strong>annual cost of malnutrition in India is at least $10 billion</strong> and is <strong>driven by the loss of productivity, illness and death</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Steps Taken by Government</h3>
<p>Government has taken several steps to address the concern. The following initiatives can go a long way to address the gap and propel parents and communities to rethink on consumption patterns.</p>
<p><strong>Poshan Abhiyaan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>set up by Government of India in 2017</strong> for a <strong>three-year time frame</strong> commencing from 2017-18 which <strong>aims at targeted reduction of stunting, undernutrition, anaemia and low-birth-weight babies</strong> in India.</li>
<li>It is set up under the aegis of the <strong>Ministry of Women and Child Development (WCD)</strong>.</li>
<li>At the <strong>agricultural</strong> level, it aims to <strong>amalgamate knowledge of regional food systems</strong>.</li>
<li>At the <strong>consumer</strong> level, it aims to <strong>foster social and behavioural changes</strong> among individuals, especially parents.</li>
<li>It seeks to <strong>improve linkages between communities and health systems,</strong> thus paving the way for a mass movement to promote a transformative change.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>repository of diverse crops across 128 agro-climatic zones</strong> in India.</li>
<li>The <strong>Harvard Chan School of Public Health</strong> through its <strong>India Research Center</strong> and the <strong>Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</strong> will document and evaluate promising regional dietary practices.</li>
<li>In consultation with the Ministry of WCD, the project team will <strong>select around 12 high focus states</strong> which are <strong>representative of the geographical, social, economic, cultural and structural diversities</strong> of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In each of the states or group of states, the team will <strong>identify a local partner organization</strong> which has relevant work experience in <strong>Social and Behavior Change Communication (SBCC)</strong> and nutrition for developing the Poshan atlas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Poshan Atlas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>food atlas</strong> developed by the Ministry of WCD to keep all the food-data at one place.</li>
<li>The data would be <strong>accessible to policy-makers, administrators, experts and communities to help meet nutritional outcomes</strong>.</li>
<li>The information gained through the atlas will be passed on at the district level for implementation through cooperative tasks among all the stakeholders.</li>
<li>The atlas will create a <strong>repository of traditional foods/crops and cultural practices associated with them</strong>. These tools will help in developing closer ties between the agricultural and nutrition sectors.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Such missions should consider <strong>easing the lengthy processes along the food supply chain</strong> and make <strong>every stakeholder accountable</strong> (government, market and consumers) for their works.</li>
<li><strong>Food and crop diversity need to be linked with agro-ecological patterns</strong> like soil, groundwater, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Awareness</strong> about the traditionally grown crops, about their nutrition and micro-nutrient content, about ways to move away from mono-cropping and increase crop diversity to increase diet diversity should be spread.</li>
<li><strong>Understanding social, behavioural and cultural practices</strong> can promote healthy dietary practices and reinforce healthy dietary behaviours both at individual and community levels.</li>
<li><strong>Creation of a database</strong> linking relevant agro-food system data can be more cost-effective and sustainable over the long run which would save a lot of finances.</li>
</ul>
<p>Awareness and knowledge about our crop diversity and regional variations in nutritious food will provide a nudge for behaviour change across the country propelling demand which, in turn, will provide opportunities to farmers and agro-processing units to address consumer needs. Citizens of India will have to come together and join hands to revive our food and crop diversities and use our traditional knowledge for tackling undernutrition and malnutrition.</p>
<table border="1" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #fffbe6; border-color: #002fba;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question:</strong></em><br /><br />&ldquo;The awareness of the extent of malnutrition despite agricultural growth has led to a need to converge agriculture and nutrition.&rdquo; Explain.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Sangam Age',
		'catname' => 'Paper 1',
		'desc' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The period roughly between the <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> century B.C.</strong> and <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> century A.D.</strong> in South India (the area lying to the south of river Krishna and Tungabhadra) is known as Sangam Period.</li>
<li>It has been named after the Sangam academies held during that period that flourished under the royal patronage of the <strong>Pandya kings</strong> of Madurai.</li>
<li>At the sangams eminent scholars assembled and functioned as the board of censors and the choicest literature was rendered in the nature of anthologies.</li>
<li>These literary works were the earliest specimens of Dravidian literature.</li>
<li>According to the Tamil legends, there were <strong>three</strong> Sangams (Academy of Tamil poets) held in the ancient South India popularly called <strong>Muchchangam</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>First Sangam</strong>, is believed to be held at <strong>Madurai</strong>, attended by gods and legendary sages. No literary work of this Sangam is available.</li>
<li>The <strong>Second Sangam</strong> was held at <strong>Kapadapuram</strong>, only <strong>Tolkappiyam</strong> survives from this.</li>
<li>The <strong>Third Sangam</strong> was also held at <strong>Madurai</strong>. A few of these Tamil literary works have survived and are a useful sources to reconstruct the history of the Sangam period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sangam Literature: Major source giving details of Sangam Age</h3>
<p>The Sangam literature includes Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Pattuppattu, Pathinenkilkanakku, and two epics named &ndash; Silappathikaram and Manimegalai .</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tolkappiyam</strong> was authored by Tolkappiyar and is <strong>considered the earliest of Tamil literary work</strong>. Though it is a work on Tamil grammar but it also provides insights on the political and socio-economic conditions of the time.</li>
<li><strong>Ettutogai</strong> (Eight Anthologies) consist of eight works &ndash; Aingurunooru, Narrinai, Aganaooru, Purananooru, Kuruntogai, Kalittogai, Paripadal and Padirruppatu.</li>
<li><strong>The Pattuppattu</strong> (Ten Idylls) consists of ten works &ndash; Thirumurugarruppadai, Porunararruppadai, Sirupanarruppadai, Perumpanarruppadai, Mullaippattu, Nedunalvadai, Maduraikkanji, Kurinjippatttu,Pattinappalai and Malaipadukadam.</li>
<li><strong>Pathinenkilkanakku</strong> contains eighteen works <strong>about ethics and morals</strong>. The most important among these works is Tirukkural authored by <strong>Thiruvalluvar</strong>, the tamil great poet and philosopher.</li>
<li>The two epics <strong>Silappathikaram is written by Elango Adigal and Manimegalai by Sittalai Sattanar</strong>. They also provide valuable details about the Sangam society and polity.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other Sources</strong> that give details about the Sangam Period are &ndash;</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Greek authors like Megasthenes, Strabo, Pliny and Ptolemy mentioning about commercial trade contacts between the West and South India.</li>
<li>The Ashokan inscriptions mentioned about the Chera, Chola and Pandya rulers to the south of Mauryan empire.</li>
<li>Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela of Kalinga also has mention of Tamil kingdoms.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Political History of Sangam Period<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574077011_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574077011_image1.png" width="425" height="349" style="float: right; margin: 5px;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>South India, during the Sangam Age, was ruled by three dynasties-<strong>the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas</strong>. The main source of information about these kingdoms is traced from the literary references of Sangam Period.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574077011_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a></p>
<h3>Cheras</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cheras controlled the central and northern parts of Kerala and the Kongu region of Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>Vanji was their capital and the ports of the west coast, Musiri and Tondi, were under their control.</li>
<li>The emblem of Cheras was <strong>&ldquo;bow and arrow&rdquo;</strong>.</li>
<li>The Pugalur inscription of the 1<sup>st</sup> century AD has reference to three generations of Chera rulers.</li>
<li>The Cheras owed its importance to trade with the Romans. They also built a temple of Augustus there.</li>
<li>The greatest ruler of Cheras was <strong>Senguttuvan, the Red Chera</strong> or the Good Chera, who belonged to the 2nd century A.D.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>His military achievements have been chronicled in epic Silapathikaram, with details about his expedition to the Himalayas where he defeated many north Indian rulers.</li>
<li>Senguttuvan introduced the Pattini cult or the <strong>worship of Kannagi</strong> as the ideal wife in Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>He was the first to send an embassy to China from South India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cholas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cholas controlled the central and northern parts of Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>Their core area of rule was the <strong>Kaveri delta</strong>, later known as <strong>Cholamandalam</strong>.</li>
<li>Their capital was Uraiyur (near Tiruchirapalli town) and Puhar or Kaviripattinam was an alternative royal residence and chief port town.</li>
<li><strong>Tiger</strong> was their emblem.</li>
<li>The Cholas also maintained an <strong>efficient navy</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>King Karikala</strong> was a famous king of the Sangam Cholas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pattinappalai portrays his life and military conquests.</li>
<li>Many Sangam poems mention the Battle of Venni where he defeated the confederacy of Cheras, Pandyas and eleven minor chieftains.</li>
<li>Karikala&rsquo;s military achievements made him the overlord of the whole Tamil region of that time.</li>
<li>Trade and commerce flourished during his reign.</li>
<li>He <strong>founded the port city of Puhar</strong> (identical with Kaveripattinam) and constructed 160 km of embankment along the Kaveri River.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Pandyas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Pandyas ruled from Madurai.</li>
<li>Korkai was their main port, located near the confluence of Thampraparani with the Bay of Bengal. It was famous for pearl fishery and chank diving.</li>
<li>Their emblem was the <strong>&ldquo;Fish&rdquo;</strong>.</li>
<li>They patronized the Tamil Sangams and facilitated the compilation of the Sangam poems.</li>
<li>Rulers kept a regular army.</li>
<li>Trade was prosperous and their pearls were famous.</li>
<li>Sati, caste, idol worship were common. Widows were treated badly.</li>
<li>They adopted the Vedic religion of sacrifice and patronized Brahmin priests.</li>
<li>Their power declined with the invasion of a tribe called the Kalabhras.</li>
<li>After the Sangam Age, this dynasty lost its significance for more than a century, only to rise once again at the end of the 6th century.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sangam Polity and Administration</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During the Sangam period <strong>hereditary monarchy</strong> was the form of government.</li>
<li>Each of the dynasties of Sangam age had a royal emblem &ndash; tiger for the Cholas, carp/Fish for the Pandyas, and bow for the Cheras.</li>
<li>The king was assisted by a wide body of officials who were categorised into five councils.</li>
<li>They were <strong>ministers (amaichar), priests (anthanar), envoys (thuthar), military commanders (senapathi), and spies (orrar)</strong>.</li>
<li>The military administration was efficiently organized and a <strong>regular army</strong> was associated with each ruler.</li>
<li>The <strong>chief source of state&rsquo;s income was land revenue</strong> while a custom duty was also imposed on foreign trade.</li>
<li>Major source of fulfilling the royal treasury was the booty captured in wars.</li>
<li>The roads and highways were maintained and guarded to prevent robbery and smuggling.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sangam Society</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tolkappiyam refers to the <strong>Five-fold division of lands</strong> &ndash; Kurinji (hilly tracks), Mullai (pastoral), Marudam (agricultural), Neydal (coastal) and Palai (desert).</li>
<li>Tolkappiyam also refers to <strong>four castes</strong> namely arasar(Ruling Class), anthanar, vanigar(carried on trade and commerce) and vellalar(Agriculturists).</li>
<li>Ancient primitive tribes like Thodas, Irulas, Nagas and Vedars lived in this period.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Position of Women during Sangam Age</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A lot of information is available in the Sangam literature to understand the position of women during the Sangam age.</li>
<li>Women had respect and were allowed intellectual pursuits.There were <strong>women poets like Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyar</strong> who flourished and contributed to Tamil literature.</li>
<li>Women were allowed to choose their life partners. But life of widows was miserable.</li>
<li>There is also a mention about the practice of Sati being prevalent in the higher strata of society.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Religion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>primary deity of the Sangam period was Murugan</strong>, who is hailed as Tamil God.</li>
<li>The worship of Murugan was having an ancient origin and the festivals relating to God Murugan was mentioned in the Sangam literature.</li>
<li>Murugan was honoured with six abodes known as Arupadai Veedu.</li>
<li>Other gods worshipped during the Sangam period were Mayon (Vishnu), Vendan (Indiran), Varunan and Korravai.</li>
<li>The <strong>Hero Stone or Nadu Kal worship</strong> was significant in the Sangam period and was erected in memory of the bravery shown by the warriors in the battle.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Economy of the Sangam Age</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Agriculture was the chief occupation</strong> where rice was the most common crop.</li>
<li>The handicraft included weaving, metal works and carpentry, ship building and making of ornaments using beads, stones and ivory.</li>
<li>These were in great demand in the internal and external trade that was at its peak during the Sangam period.</li>
<li>A high expertise was attained in spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes. These were in <strong>great demand in the western world especially for the cotton clothes woven at Uraiyur</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>port city of Puhar</strong> became an important place of foreign trade, as big ships entered this port containing precious goods.</li>
<li>Other significant ports of commercial activity were Tondi, Musiri, Korkai, Arikkamedu and Marakkanam.</li>
<li>Many gold and silver coins that were issued by the Roman Emperors like Augustus, Tiberius and Nero have been found in all parts of Tamil Nadu indicating flourishing trade.</li>
<li><strong>Major exports of the Sangam age were cotton fabrics and spices</strong> like pepper, ginger, cardamom, cinnamon and turmeric along with ivory products, pearls and precious stones.</li>
<li><strong>Major imports</strong> for the traders were <strong>horses, gold, and sweet wine</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>End of Sangam Age</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sangam period slowly witnessed its decline towards the end of the 3<sup>rd</sup> century A.D.</li>
<li>The Kalabhras occupied the Tamil country post-sangam period between 300 AD to 600 AD, whose period was called an interregnum or 'dark age' by earlier historians.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper1/sangam-age-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/sangam-age-1'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Mhadei River',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574065952_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574065952_image4.png" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<p><strong>Goa and Karnataka</strong> have had long disputes over <strong>water sharing issues of the Mhadei river</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mahadayi or Mhadei, the <strong>west-flowing river, originates in Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary (Western Ghats)</strong>, Belagavi district of <strong>Karnataka</strong>.</li>
<li>It is essentially a <strong>rain-fed river</strong> also called <strong>Mandovi </strong>in Goa.</li>
<li>It is joined by a number of streams to form the Mandovi which is one of two major rivers (the other one is Zuari river) that flows through Goa.</li>
<li>The river travels 35 km in Karnataka; 82 km in Goa before joining the Arabian Sea.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kalasa-Banduri Nala Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is <strong>undertaken by the Government of Karnataka</strong> to improve drinking water supply to the three districts of Belagavi, Dharwad, and Gadag.</li>
<li>It involves building across <strong>Kalasa and Banduri, two tributaries of the Mahadayi river</strong> to divert water to the Malaprabha river.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Malaprabha river</strong> supplies the drinking water to Dharwad, Belgaum, and Gadag districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Kalasa-Banduri project was planned in <strong>1989</strong>; <strong>Goa</strong> raised an <strong>objection</strong> to it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal</strong> was set up in <strong>2010</strong>. <strong>Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra</strong> are parties to the tribunal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-another-election-another-churn-why-the-mhadeis-waters-are-muddy-again-6124575/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mhadei-river'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Jayakwadi Dam',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, several instruments like seismometer, piezometer, slope meter stopped functioning properly at the Jayakwadi dam. The seismometer was installed at the Jayakwadi dam after the devastating earthquake in Latur district, Maharashtra in 1993.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Jayakwadi Dam is located on the <strong>Godavari river</strong> in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra.&nbsp;<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574069286_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1574069286_image3.png" width="396" height="274" style="float: right;" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The dam aims to address the dual problems of <strong>flooding</strong> along the banks during monsoon months, and that of <strong>drought</strong> during the rest of the year, particularly in the Marathwada region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>seismometer</strong> is an instrument used to <strong>measure and record seismic waves</strong>. Seismic waves study helps geologists to map the interior of the Earth, and measure and locate earthquakes and other ground motions like volcanic eruptions, explosions, etc. precisely.</li>
<li>A <strong>piezometer</strong> is an instrument used for <strong>measuring the pressure of a liquid or gas</strong> or things related to pressure (such as the compressibility of liquid). It measures the strain of a liquid or fuel. They are often placed in boreholes to monitor the pressure or depth of groundwater.</li>
<li>A <strong>slope meter</strong> is used to measure the angles of slope, elevation or despair of an object.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/seismometer-other-key-devices-at-jayakwadi-dam-go-out-of-order/article30004236.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jayakwadi-dam'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'National Agrochemicals Congress',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The first-ever <strong>National Agrochemicals Congress</strong> was held at the <strong>Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi</strong> from 13<sup>th</sup> - 16<sup>th</sup> November 2019. It <strong>will be conducted every three years</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> of the Congress <strong>is &lsquo; Country's Status on Various Fronts of Agrochemicals&rsquo;</strong>.</li>
<li>Agrochemicals imply chemicals used in agriculture, such as a pesticide or fertilizer.</li>
<li>The Congress was conducted in view of <strong>the role chemical pesticides still continue to play</strong> in pest management as more and more target-specific and environment-friendly products are being introduced.</li>
<li>It was conducted by the <strong>Society of Pesticide Science India,</strong> headquartered at Division of Agricultural Chemicals,IARI , New Delhi.</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Labelling of pesticide indicating the mode of action,</li>
<li>To rethink on restrictive banning of pesticides in view of risk-based considerations,</li>
<li>Policy regarding data protection of imported technical pesticides and</li>
<li>Policy for the introduction of safe nano-formulations and empowerment of farmers through training and extension.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Agricultural Research Institute</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IARI is the leading institution for agricultural research, education and extension in the country.</li>
<li>It comes <strong>under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)</strong>, an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Council is the apex body for coordinating, guiding and managing research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences in the entire country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1591846" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: PIB</a></p>',
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