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CMS COP-13

Why in News? The UN Environment Programme’s (UNEP) 13th Conference of Parties (COP) on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals...

26 Feb 2020 News Analysis
In Depth: Cruise Ship Diamond Princess & Coronavirus SOS

The massive outbreak of the Coronavirus in China and its rapid spread to more than 20 countries has alarmed the world. So far, it has claimed over...

26 Feb 2020 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
Yakshagana

Yakshagana is a traditional theatre form of Karnataka. It is a temple art form that depicts mythological stories and Puranas. It is performed...

26 Feb 2020 News Analysis
5G: Is India Prepared?

This article is based on “5G shouldn’t be rolled out in a hurry” which was published in The Hindu Businessline on 25/02/2020. It...

25 Feb 2020 News Editorials
SPICe+ Web Form

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has launched the Simplified Proforma for Incorporating Company Electronically Plus...

25 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Hampi

Why in News The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is about to install a wooden barricade around the stone chariot inside Vittala Temple complex at...

25 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Olive Ridley Turtles

Why in News Preparations are almost done at the Rushikulya rookery on the Odisha coast to welcome and protect olive ridley turtles during mass...

25 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Kalasa-Banduri Nala Project

Why in News The cost of the Kalasa-Banduri Nala project on the Mahadayi basin has risen from about ₹94 crores (2000) to ₹1,677.30 crores (2020)...

25 Feb 2020 News Analysis
International Conference on ‘Ensemble Methods in Modelling and Data Assimilation (EMMDA)’

Why in News An international conference on “Ensemble Methods in Modelling and Data Assimilation (EMMDA)” is being organised by the...

25 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Perils of Neo-Liberal Era

This article is based on “Towards a new world order” which was published in The Hindu on 14/02/2020. It talks about issues related to...

24 Feb 2020 News Editorials
Good Governance

What is Good Governance? ‘Governance’ is the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not...

24 Feb 2020 Paper 4
Pakke Tiger Reserve

Why in News The Government of Arunachal Pradesh is planning to build a 692.7 km highway through the 862 sq km Pakke Tiger Reserve (PTR) in East...

24 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Archaeological Site near Varanasi

Why in News A nearly 4,000-year-old urban settlement has been unearthed in Babhaniyav village (13 km from Varanasi, Uttar pradesh) by a team of...

24 Feb 2020 News Analysis
G20 Meeting in Saudi Arabia

Why in News Recently, the ministers and central bankers from the world’s largest economies participated in G20 meeting held in Riyadh (Saudi...

24 Feb 2020 News Analysis
International Judicial Conference 2020

Why in News The International Judicial Conference 2020 was held from 21st-23rd February, 2020 in New Delhi. The Conference was organized by the...

24 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Craspedotropis Gretathunbergae

A group of scientists have recently discovered a new species of land snail in Brunei. The new species reside in tropical rainforests and is...

24 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Replicating the SBM Model

This article is based on “The next mission” which was published in The Indian Express on 22/02/2020. It talks about the success story...

22 Feb 2020 News Editorials
Gold Deposits in Sonbhadra

Why in News The Geological Survey of India has rejected the UP government's Department of Geology and Mining claims of discovering about 3,000...

22 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Habitable-Zone Planet Finder

Why in News The Habitable-zone Planet Finder (HPF) has confirmed its first planet (exoplanet) called G 9-40b, orbiting a nearby low mass bright...

22 Feb 2020 News Analysis
GoM Reviews Amendments to the JJ Act, 2015

Why in News Recently, a Group of Ministers (GoM) chaired by the Home Minister met to discuss proposed amendments to the Juvenile Justice (Care and...

22 Feb 2020 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'CMS COP-13',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/not-all-animals-migrate-by-choice-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UN Environment Programme&rsquo;s (UNEP)</a> <strong>13<sup>th</sup> Conference of Parties (COP) on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)</strong> concluded in Gandhinagar (Gujarat) on 22nd February 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> of CMS COP-13 was &lsquo;Migratory species connect the planet and we welcome them home&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The <strong>mascot</strong> for CMS COP-13 was <strong>&lsquo;Gibi &ndash; The Great Indian Bustard&rsquo;</strong>. It is a critically endangered species (according to the IUCN) and has been accorded the highest protection status (listed in Schedule I) under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The CMS COP-13 has adopted the <strong>Gandhinagar Declaration</strong> which calls for migratory species and the concept of &lsquo;ecological connectivity&rsquo; to be integrated and prioritized in the <strong>post-2020 global biodiversity framework</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The post-2020 global biodiversity framework is likely to be adopted by the <strong>15<sup>th</sup> meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP 15) to the Convention on Biological Diversity</strong> in China&rsquo;s Kunming in October 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ten migratory species were added to <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cms-com-13" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CMS</a> Appendices at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-host-cms-cop-13-in-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">COP-13</a></strong> including the <strong>Asian Elephant, Jaguar</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-great-indian-bustard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Great Indian Bustard</strong></a>.</li>
<li>India, as COP-13 host, has assumed the role of COP Presidency for the three years.</li>
<li>India pledged to focus on the conservation of migratory birds along the <strong>Central Asian Flyway</strong> and announced the establishment of an institutional facility for undertaking research and assessment of the conservation of migratory birds, the conservation of marine turtles, reduction of pollution from micro-plastic and single-use plastic, transboundary protected areas, and sustainable infrastructure development.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to protect the migratory species throughout their range countries, a Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS), has been in force since 1983, under the aegis of <strong>United Nations Environment Programme</strong>.</li>
<li>Also referred to as the <strong>Bonn Convention</strong>, it provides a global platform for the conservation and sustainable use of migratory animals and their habitats.</li>
<li>The <strong>Conference of Parties (COP)</strong> is the decision-making organ of this convention.</li>
<li><strong>CMS Appendices</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under this convention, migratory species threatened with extinction are listed on <strong>Appendix I</strong> and Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them.</li>
<li>Migratory species that need conservation and management or would significantly benefit from international co-operation are listed in <strong>Appendix II</strong> of the Convention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has been a Party to the CMS since 1983.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Migratory Species in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is a temporary home to several migratory animals and birds.</li>
<li>The important among these include Amur Falcons, Bar-headed Geese, Black-necked cranes, Marine turtles, Dugongs, Humpbacked Whales, etc.</li>
<li>The Indian sub-continent is also part of the major bird flyway network, i.e, the Central Asian Flyway (CAF) that covers areas between the Arctic and Indian Oceans.</li>
<li>India has also launched the <strong>National Action Plan for the conservation of migratory species</strong> under the Central Asian Flyway.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cms-cop-13-concludes-call-for-post-2020-global-biodiversity-framework-6281842/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'In Depth: Cruise Ship Diamond Princess & Coronavirus SOS',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tzthr8Q5bsM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>The massive outbreak of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coronavirus in China</strong></a> and its rapid spread to more than 20 countries has alarmed the world. So far, it has claimed over 1,300 lives, and nearly 60,000 confirmed cases of infection have been reported in China.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This has not only raised the burden of <strong>human cost</strong> across China but the <strong>economic cost</strong> is also mounting (as the damage is not due to the virus itself but due to efforts to prevent it from spreading).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Virus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a small infectious agent that can <strong>replicate inside cells of other organisms only</strong>.</li>
<li>They are found wherever there is <strong>life</strong> and <strong>can&rsquo;t be destroyed</strong> (as they don&rsquo;t have their own metabolism and require a host cell to make new products).</li>
<li>Most viral infection results in death of the host cell. <strong>Vaccination and antiviral drugs help in preventing viral diseases.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Coronavirus</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coronavirus</strong></a> is a large family of viruses that are often the source of <strong>respiratory infections,</strong> causing illness ranging from the common cold to severe diseases like <strong>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>'Corona' is a Latin word which means 'Crown'. It is named so, because of the presence of <strong>crown-like spikes</strong> on its surface.</li>
<li>Under an electron microscope, the image of the virus looks like a <strong>solar corona</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is an <strong>RNA (RiboNucleic Acid) virus</strong> because of which it <strong>mutates at a faster rate</strong> as RNA mutation rate is higher than the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) mutation rate.</li>
<li>The new strain (that is currently creating havoc in China) has been <strong>identified for the first time</strong> in humans. Therefore, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a> has named it as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'Covid-19'</strong></a>.&nbsp;</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coronaviruses</a> are <strong>&lsquo;zoonotic&rsquo;</strong>, i.e., they are transmitted between <strong>animals and people</strong> (spread from non-human animals (usually vertebrates) to humans).</li>
<li><strong>Incubation Period of Covid-19:</strong> Amount of time between catching the infection and onset of symptoms ranges from <strong>1-12 days</strong> (usually within 5-6 days).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mortality Rate:</strong> The number of fatalities caused by <strong>Covid-19</strong> (however, with a low mortality rate of approx. 2%) is known to have surpassed the number of deaths that took place after the <strong>SARS outbreak in China in 2002-03</strong> and <strong>MERS.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>SARS</strong> killed around <strong>9%</strong> of those it infected.</li>
<li>Although <strong>MERS</strong> did not spread widely, it was more fatal as it killed <strong>one-third (~33%)</strong> of those it infected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Detailed investigations found that <strong>SARS-CoV</strong> was transmitted from <strong>civet cats to humans</strong> and <strong>MERS-CoV</strong> from <strong>dromedary camels to humans</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Origin of Covid-19</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to Chinese reports, it is expected to have come from a <strong>seafood market in Wuhan,</strong> where the wildlife is illegally traded.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is expected to have been transmitted from illegally-trafficked <strong>pangolins</strong>. Also, bats or snakes are also pointed out as the source of the virus by the scientists</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Even the WHO highlights the <strong>animal source</strong> as the primary source of the outbreak.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Transmission, Symptoms and Prevention</h3>
<p><strong>Transmission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The virus enters the body through the <strong>respiratory tract</strong> (that&rsquo;s why a respiratory virus) and enters the <strong>circulatory system</strong>. It multiplies there, leading to <strong>Acute Respiratory Distress</strong> <strong>Syndrome</strong> (ARDS &ndash; a disease in which the lung loses its capacity to expand further).</li>
<li>It is primarily transmitted:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through <strong>secreted fluids</strong> (during coughing or sneezing) from the respiratory system,</li>
<li>By <strong>touching</strong> the hands of the <strong>infected person</strong>,</li>
<li><strong>Contacting</strong> with a <strong>surface or object that has virus</strong> on it and then touching it with one&rsquo;s nose, eyes or mouth,</li>
<li>Rarely by <strong>contact with feces</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, <strong>fever, cough, shortness of breath</strong> and breathing difficulties.</li>
<li>In more severe cases, the infection can cause <strong>pneumonia</strong>, severe acute respiratory syndrome, <strong>kidney failure</strong> and even <strong>death</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Prevention</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Regular handwashing,</li>
<li>Covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing,</li>
<li>Avoiding close contact with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness such as coughing and sneezing, etc.</li>
<li>Currently, there is <strong>no vaccine</strong> for it. Developing a new vaccine to contain its spread will require a few more months.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Outbreak on Cruise Ship Diamond Princess</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The largest Coronavirus outbreak (outside mainland China) took place on a cruise ship viz. <strong>&lsquo;the Diamond Princess&rsquo;</strong> that has been quarantined at the Japanese port of <strong>Yokohama</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are 138 Indians on board including 132 crew members and 6 passengers. 2 of the crew members have been tested positive for the virus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In this backdrop, many countries are now not allowing ships to be docked at their ports. For instance, <strong>Cruise Ship MS Westerdam</strong> was stranded in the sea and was finally docked at Cambodia after getting turned away from 5 countries which had apprehensions that passengers could bring Coronavirus at their place.</li>
<li><strong>Debate on the Effectiveness of Quarantine on a Ship:</strong> Quarantine refers to the <strong>period and place of isolation</strong> in which people or animals that have arrived from elsewhere or have been exposed to infectious or contagious disease are placed. In the case of coronavirus, it is <strong>28 days</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is believed to be an effective measure to contain the further spread of the virus as the infected people will have to be anyway quarantined on land.</li>
<li>However, it is also believed that <strong>transmissions levels</strong> in close-quarter vessels/ships are <strong>high</strong> due to its semi-closed and crowded environment which gets worsened by the unhygienic conditions of sanitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9_FKRA4lvdQ" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Impact on the Global Economy</h3>
<p><strong>Sectors Affected</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Travel &amp; Tourism:</strong> It is the <strong>biggest sector</strong> hit by the Coronavirus. Many countries have stopped their <strong>airline services</strong> to China. <strong>Shipping and freight &amp; container services</strong> have also been affected.</li>
<li><strong>Industrial:</strong> Many brands like Apple, Starbucks, etc. have shut down their plants in China. Around 50% of industries have shut down in Wuhan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian <strong>pharmaceuticals</strong>, Bangladesh&rsquo;s <strong>garment sector</strong> (approx. 85%), and global <strong>automobile and electronics</strong> industries are dependent upon the raw material that is imported from China (China exports commodities of worth about $2.5 trillion).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Education:</strong> Out of the top 10 universities in China, 2 of them are located in Wuhan. Because of the Covid-19 outbreak, many Indian students studying there have returned to India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Global Growth</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Due to the outbreak, it is <strong>expected</strong> that China&rsquo;s growth rate will <strong>come down</strong> by 1% and global growth by 0.3%.</li>
<li><strong>Crude Oil:</strong> However, globally the Crude oil prices have come down in the recent time. And after the Coronavirus disruptive impact on global growth, there would not be much price rise. This can act as a positive sign in balancing India&rsquo;s foreign reserves (as India widely imports crude oil).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/italy-joins-belt-road-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt &amp; Road Initiative:</strong></a> Due to dependency on physical transportation of steel, cement, etc., BRI&rsquo;s completion duration is expected to increase which will consequently affect the linked countries.</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASEAN:</strong></a> ASEAN is closely connected with China in the value chain because of which the ASEAN countries' growth will also get affected.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Efforts to Fight Covid-19</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Management:</strong> India has set up a high-level <strong>Group of Ministers (GoM)</strong> to <strong>review, monitor and evaluate</strong> preparedness measures to fight with the menace of Covid-19.</li>
<li><strong>Screening:</strong> Universal screening of flights from Japan, Singapore, China, Hong Kong, etc. is done at 21 airports, along with screening at international seaports, border crossings, etc. is done.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Camps by <strong>armed forces</strong> are maintained to test patients on a daily basis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Centre:</strong> Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Virology is the nodal centre to coordinate diagnostics for Covid-19.</li>
<li><strong>Labs &amp; Testing Centres:</strong> 14 regional labs for testing samples have been set up. Quarantine facility has been set up at <strong>Manesar</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Operationalisation:</strong> 24&times;7 <strong>control room</strong> with a dedicated helpline number and <strong>Information Education and Communication (IEC)</strong> material dissemination through various media channels is also functional.</li>
<li><strong>Evacuation:</strong> A special flight of the <strong>Air India</strong> recently departed from <strong>Delhi to Wuhan</strong> to evacuate Indians stranded there.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Operation Evacuation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the midst of rising cases of Coronavirus and declaration of it as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/public-health-emergency-of-international-concern" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by WHO</a>, Indian government undertook evacuation operation in Wuhan to ensure the safety of its citizens. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Air India&rsquo;s Boeing-747</strong> aircraft was tasked for this purpose to bring back around <strong>650</strong> Indian nationals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #097cad; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 722px; height: 19px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Major Evacuation Operations of India</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 344px; height: 17px; background-color: #d4f0fc;"><strong>Operation Name &amp; Year</strong></td>
<td style="width: 378px; height: 17px; background-color: #d4f0fc;"><strong>Country from where Evacuation was done</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 344px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">Operation Sankat Mochan (2016)</td>
<td style="width: 378px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">South Sudan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 344px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">Operation Rahat (2015)</td>
<td style="width: 378px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">Yemen</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 344px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">Operation Safe Homecoming (2011)</td>
<td style="width: 378px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">Libya</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 344px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">Operation Sukoon (2006)</td>
<td style="width: 378px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">Lebanon</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 344px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">During Gulf War (1990)</td>
<td style="width: 378px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">Kuwait</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>In the wake of rising instances of infectious diseases outbreak worldwide, global communities should work in close cooperation with one another to deal with the menace of such outbreaks.</p>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Yakshagana',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Yakshagana is a <strong>traditional theatre</strong> form of <strong>Karnataka</strong>.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>temple art</strong> form that depicts <strong>mythological stories</strong> and <strong>Puranas</strong>.</li>
<li>It is performed with massive headgears, elaborate facial make-up and vibrant costumes and ornaments.</li>
<li>Usually recited in <strong>Kannada</strong>, it is also performed in Malayalam as well as Tulu (the dialect of south Karnataka).</li>
<li>It is performed with <strong>percussion instruments</strong> like chenda, maddalam, jagatta or chengila (cymbals) and chakratala or elathalam (small cymbals).</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582703328_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582703328_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/breaking-barriers-with-yakshagana/article30891127.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => '5G: Is India Prepared?',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on &ldquo;<a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/5g-shouldnt-be-rolled-out-in-a-hurry/article30905507.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5G shouldn&rsquo;t be rolled out in a hurry</a>&rdquo; which was published in The Hindu Businessline on 25/02/2020. It talks about the reasons for India <strong>not hurrying the rollout of 5G</strong>.</p>
</div>
<p>In April 2019, South Korea became the first country in the world to roll-out a nationwide <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/fifth-generation-cellular-technology-5g" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5G network</a>. 5G is key for countries looking to capitalize on future technology.</p>
<p>India&rsquo;s <strong>National Digital Communications Policy 2018</strong> highlights the importance of 5G when it states that the convergence of a cluster of revolutionary technologies including 5G, the cloud, Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics, along with a growing start-up community, promise to accelerate and deepen its digital engagement, opening up a new horizon of opportunities.</p>
<p>In the case of India, 5G networks could improve the accessibility of services such as mobile banking and healthcare, and enable exponential growth in opportunities for unemployed or underemployed people to engage in fulfilling and productive work.</p>
<p>In this context, the Indian government has set a target of commercializing 5G by 2020. However, there is a need for India to pursue the rollout of 5G with a<strong> cautious approach</strong>.</p>
<h3>What is 5G?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>5G is the next generation of mobile broadband that will eventually replace, or at least augment 4G LTE connection.</li>
<li>5G offers exponentially faster download and upload speeds.</li>
<li>5G will deliver multi-Gbps peak rates, ultra-low latency, massive capacity, and a more uniform user experience.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Latency, or the time it takes devices to communicate with wireless networks, will also drastically decrease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A government panel report points out that with 5G, the peak network data speeds are expected to be in the range of 2-20 Gigabit per second (Gbps).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is in contrast to 4G link speeds in averaging 6-7 Megabit per second (Mbps) in India as compared to 25 Mbps in advanced countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>KPMG in its report, released at the Indian Mobile Congress 2019, predicts the cumulative impact of 5G in India at $1 trillion by 2035.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Application of 5G</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>5G will help in creating cyber-physical networks which <strong>not only interconnect people, but also interconnect and control machines, objects, and devices</strong>. It will deliver new levels of performance and efficiency that will empower new user experiences and connect new industries.</li>
<li>Due to high-speed, high-reliability, low-latency network, 5G networks will act as an enabler for the&nbsp;<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industrial revolution 4.0</a>.<br />5G is expected to form the<strong> backbone of emerging technologies</strong> such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine communications, thereby supporting a much larger range of applications and services, including driverless vehicles, telesurgery and real-time data analytics.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Industry association GSMA forecasts the number of internet-enabled devices will triple to 25 billion by 2025.</li>
<li>5G can also help make transport infrastructure more efficient by making it smart. It will enable vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, making driverless cars, among other things, a reality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panel-for-roll-out-of-5g-services-by-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A government panel on 5G</a> says the technology will extend the use of wireless technologies &mdash; for the first time &mdash; across completely new sectors of the economy from industrial to commercial, educational, health care, agricultural, financial and social sectors.</li>
<li>Also, the primary applications of 5G will be the implementation of a sensor-embedded network that will allow real-time relay of information across fields such as manufacturing, consumer durables and agriculture.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The panel set up by the Department of Telecommunications in September 2017 to prepare a roadmap for the rollout of 5G noted in its report that 5G services would have a cumulative economic impact of more than $1 trillion by 2035.</li>
<li>According to a separate report by telecom gear maker Ericsson, 5G-enabled digitalisation revenue potential in India will be above $27 billion by 2026.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why should India not hurry rollout of 5G?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Expensive Enabling Infrastructure:</strong> Besides the spectrum, 5G will require a fundamental change to the core architecture of the communication system. The major flaw of data transfer using 5G is that it can't carry data over longer distances. Hence, 5G needs to be augmented to enable infrastructure.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A report on 5G by Deloitte stated that rolling out 5G might require an additional investment of $60-70 billion.</li>
<li>Simply upgrading the existing Long Term Evolution core will not be able to support the various requirements of all 5G use cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>5G-A Critical Infrastructure:</strong> 5G due to its expansive applications forms the part of critical infrastructure. This makes the consequences of the networks failing or being deliberately sabotaged in a cyber attack significantly more serious.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Critical infrastructure is the body of systems, networks and assets that are so essential that their continued operation is required to ensure the security of a given nation, its economy, and the public's health and/or safety.</li>
<li>Huawei is a Chinese firm that owns the majority of 5G technology in the world. However, 5G is critical infrastructure, India is of view that any dependence on China for critical infrastructure could compromise India's security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financial Hurdles:</strong> Telecom industry body Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI) has also expressed concerns about the financial health of the telecom sector (AGR issue).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The COAI has also pointed out that 5G is overpriced by at least 30% to 40% compared to international standards and auction in other markets such as South Korea and the U.S.</li>
<li>Additionally, the debt-ridden telecom industry of the country has indicated apprehension towards even bidding for 5G airwaves given their weak financial situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Price Sensitivity:</strong> Device cost is of relevance to a price-sensitive market such as ours.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>5G smartphone models are likely to cost much more than the most advanced 4G devices currently available &mdash; with enhanced features, additional cameras and sensors to support AR and VR applications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>International Telecommunications Union (ITU)</strong> has validated the correlation between broadband price and adoption levels.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A 1 % increase in mobile broadband prices results in 0.13% decrease in adoption rates (low income) and a 1% decrease in mobile broadband adoption results in 0.19 % decrease in GDP per capita (low income).</li>
<li>Thus, price increases of 30-50% (due to the introduction of 5G) can lead to a decline in broadband adoption by 3.9-6.5%, leading to a decline of GDP per capita by 0.7-1.2%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, one of the major challenges is standardising an approach and bringing all of the major technology partners on board.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Regulatory frameworks will also need to evolve to keep pace with this change. In this context, there is a need for India to enact a data protection law.</li>
<li>There is a need to set up universal standards and procedure for seamless integration of services and infrastructure under 5G.<br />In order to deal with the concern of technical companies (like in case of Huawei) leaking critical information, a &ldquo;<strong>no-backdoor</strong>&rdquo; agreement with the Indian government and telecom companies will ensure that no snooping is allowed on its network.</li>
<li>In order to mitigate initial high cost for establishing enabling infrastructure for 5G, base stations might move to drones or balloons to ensure that the Internet of Everything is also the Internet of Everywhere.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This new revolution will take access to connectivity and, through it, access to knowledge to vast sections of the population, and entire geographies that have been cut off so far.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India needs to invest in research and development in technologies related to critical infrastructure and strive to indigenize them as soon as possible.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Drishti Mains Question</p>
<p>5G is key for countries looking to capitalise on future technology. However, India should pursue its rollout with a little caution. Discuss</p>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/5g-is-india-prepared'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'SPICe+ Web Form',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA)</strong> has launched the <strong>Simplified Proforma for Incorporating Company Electronically Plus (SPICe+) web form.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</strong><strong></strong><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582623037_image003718R.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582623037_image003718R.jpg" width="345" height="366" style="font-weight: bold; float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SPICe+ form will <strong>replace the existing SPICe form.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SPICe was <strong>launched in 2016</strong> and is a single form for multiple services for incorporation of a company.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SPICe+ would offer 10 services by 3 central government ministries &amp; departments (Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Ministry of Labour &amp; Ministry of Finance) and one State Government (Maharashtra).</li>
<li>SPICe+ has<strong> two parts:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Part A</strong> for name reservation for new companies and</li>
<li><strong>Part B</strong> offering a bunch of services including incorporation, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-registration-for-independent-directors" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Director Identification Number (DIN)</a> allotment, mandatory issue of Permanent Account Number (PAN), besides allotment of Goods and Service Tax Identification Number - GSTIN (if applied for).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The new web form will help save many procedures, time and cost for starting a business in India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has improved its ranking to the 63rd spot on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank&rsquo;s Ease of Doing Business (EODB) survey,</strong> <strong>2019</strong></a> out of 190 countries. However, the report had cited India was lagging behind in certain parameters such as starting a business.</li>
<li>The latest step is an effort towards achieving the government&rsquo;s target of reaching the 50th spot.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604176" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/spice-web-form'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Hampi',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is about to install a wooden barricade around the <strong>stone chariot inside Vittala Temple complex</strong> at the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> UNESCO World Heritage site</a> of Hampi to protect it from damage.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Vittala Temple is among the <strong>most-visited and the most photographed</strong> protected monuments at Hampi.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Hampi&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582623265_1581589414_Image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582623265_1581589414_Image3.jpg" width="252" height="189" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hampi is the <strong>14th century capital of the Vijayanagar Empire,</strong> located in the <strong>Tungabhadra basin</strong> in <strong>Bellary District</strong>,<strong> Central Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li>Vittal Temple Complex is the finest example of <strong>Vijaynagar Temple Architecture</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A large number of royal buildings were raised by <strong>Krishnadeva Raya (A.D. 1509-30)</strong> and <strong>Vittal Temple Complex is one of them.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Temples of Hampi are noted for their large dimensions, florid ornamentation, bold and delicate carvings and stately pillars which include <strong>subjects from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.</strong></li>
<li>Majority of these temples in Hampi were provided with widespread bazaars flanked on either side by storied Mandapas.</li>
<li>The <strong>Mahanavami Dibba, a variety of ponds and tanks, and the row of pillared Mandapas</strong> are some of the important architectural remains of Hampi.<br />In <strong>1986</strong>, Hampi was declared a <strong>World Heritage site by UNESCO.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vijaynagar Empire</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vijayanagara or &ldquo;city of victory&rdquo; was the name of both a city and an empire.</li>
<li>The empire was founded in the fourteenth century (1336 AD) by Harihara and Bukka of Sangama dynasty. They made Hampi as the capital city.</li>
<li>It stretched from the river Krishna in the north to the extreme south of the peninsula.</li>
<li>Vijayanagar Empire was ruled by four important dynasties and they are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sangama</li>
<li>Saluva</li>
<li>Tuluva</li>
<li>Aravidu</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Krishnadevaraya (ruled 1509-29) of the Tuluva dynasty was the most famous ruler of Vijayanagar.</li>
<li>He is credited with building some fine temples and adding impressive gopurams to many important south Indian temples.</li>
<li>He composed a work on statecraft in Telugu known as the Amuktamalyada.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/asi-planning-barricade-around-famed-stone-chariot-at-hampi/article30905539.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hampi-1'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Olive Ridley Turtles',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Preparations are almost done at the<strong> Rushikulya rookery on the Odisha coast</strong> to welcome and protect olive ridley turtles during mass nesting.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Olive Ridley Turtles are the <strong>smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles</strong> found in the world, <strong>inhabiting warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.</strong></li>
<li>These turtles, along with the <strong>Kemps ridley turtle</strong>, are best known for their unique mass nesting called <strong>Arribada</strong> (mass-nesting event when thousands of turtles come ashore at the same time to lay eggs on the same).</li>
<li>They are <strong>carnivores.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg" p=""><strong>Note:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The coast of Odisha in India is the<strong> largest mass nesting site for the Olive-ridley,</strong> followed by the coasts of Mexico and Costa Rica.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Protection Status</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vulnerable</strong> according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).</li>
<li>Listed in <strong>Appendix I of CITES.</strong></li>
<li>Under <strong>Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Threats</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unfriendly fishing practices:</strong> The accidental killing of adult turtles through entanglement in trawl nets and gill nets due to uncontrolled fishing during their mating season around nesting beaches.</li>
<li>The Odisha government has made it mandatory for trawls to use <strong>Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs)</strong>, a net specially designed with an exit cover which allows the turtles to escape while retaining the catch.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, this has been strongly opposed by the fishing communities as they believe TEDs result in loss of a considerable amount of the catch along with the turtle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Development and exploitation of nesting beaches for ports and tourist centres.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rushikulya River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It originates from Rushikulya hills of the Eastern Ghats in Phulbani district (Odisha).</li>
<li>It is 165 kms. long with 8900 sq.kms of catchment areas.</li>
<li>It covers the entire catchment area in the districts of Kandhamal and Ganjam district of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/rushikulya-rookery-all-set-to-welcome-olive-ridleys/article30898766.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-3'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Kalasa-Banduri Nala Project',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><br />The cost of the <strong>Kalasa-Banduri Nala project on the Mahadayi basin</strong> has <strong>risen</strong> from about ₹94 crores (2000) to ₹1,677.30 crores (2020) due to the <strong>ongoing inter-State river water dispute</strong>.</p>
<h3>Mahadayi River</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mahadayi or Mhadei, the <strong>west-flowing river</strong>, originates in <strong>Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary (Western Ghats)</strong>, Belagavi district of <strong>Karnataka</strong>.</li>
<li>It is essentially a rain-fed river also called <strong>Mandovi in Goa</strong>.</li>
<li>It is joined by a number of streams to form the Mandovi which is one of two major rivers (the other one is Zuari river) that flows through Goa.</li>
<li>The river travels 35 km in Karnataka; 82 km in Goa before joining the Arabian Sea.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kalasa-Banduri Nala Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is undertaken by the Government of Karnataka to improve drinking water supply to the <strong>three districts of Belagavi, Dharwad, and Gadag.</strong></li>
<li>It involves building across <strong>Kalasa and Banduri</strong>, two tributaries of the Mahadayi river to divert water to the <strong>Malaprabha river (a tributary of Krishna river).</strong></li>
<li>Malaprabha river supplies the drinking water to Dharwad, Belgaum, and Gadag districts.</li>
<li>Kalasa-Banduri project was planned in <strong>1989</strong>; Goa raised an objection to it.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/inter-state-river-water-sharing-disputes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal</a> was set up in 2010. <strong>Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra</strong> are parties to the tribunal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left: 180px;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582619452_mahadayi.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582619452_mahadayi.png" caption="false" width="391" height="252" /></a></p>
<p><br /><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mahadayi-project-cost-skyrockets-by-1674-since-inception/article30906941.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kalasa-banduri-nala-project'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'International Conference on ‘Ensemble Methods in Modelling and Data Assimilation (EMMDA)’',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>An international conference on &ldquo;Ensemble Methods in Modelling and Data Assimilation (EMMDA)&rdquo;</strong> is being organised by the <strong>National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF)</strong> from 24th -26th February 2020 in Noida.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Conference provides a platform for discussions and deliberations on the present status, future prospects and optimum use of <strong>Ensemble Prediction System (EPS).</strong></li>
<li>Ensemble Prediction Systems (EPS) are <strong>Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP)</strong> systems that allow one to estimate the uncertainty in a weather forecast as well as the most likely outcome.</li>
<li>India has recently operationally implemented two global EPS which have the highest resolution in the world and also a regional EPS of horizontal resolution 4km which covers the Indian region.</li>
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES)</strong> provides weather and climate services to various users round the year and on a 24/7 basis. Both operational and research aspects for these services are implemented through its constituent units like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statement-on-climate-of-india-during-2019-imd" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)</a>, NCMRWF, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), <br />Pune and Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) is a <strong>centre of excellence in weather and climate modelling under the Ministry of Earth Sciences.</strong></li>
<li>The mission of the Centre is to continuously develop advanced numerical weather prediction systems, with increased reliability and accuracy over India and neighbouring regions through research, development and demonstration of new and novel applications, maintaining the highest level of knowledge, skills and technical bases.</li>
<li>It is located in<strong> Noida, Uttar Pradesh.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1604087" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-conference-on-ensemble-methods-in-modelling-and-data-assimilation'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Perils of Neo-Liberal Era',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/towards-a-new-world-order/article30813398.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Towards a new world order&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 14/02/2020. It talks about issues related to the neo-liberal economic order and suggests a suitable alternative to it.</p>
</div>
<p>Capital can be defined as money, equipment, and other resources which are privately owned. Private ownership provides the owner with the opportunity to grow, develop and reap the benefits of using those resources for productive endeavours. Based on this capitalism, in its elementary stages fosters free enterprise and innovation.</p>
<p>Current world economic order can be termed as <strong>neo-capitalism or neo-liberalism</strong> order which focuses on <strong>Laissez-faire (market freedom), globalisation, intellectual property rights, free movement of goods, services, investment and ideas.</strong></p>
<p>However, over the course of the neoliberal era, economies around the world have become more and more unequal. Such conditions question neo-capitalism's long term viability as the key driving force of world economic order.</p>
<h3>Issues Related to Neo-liberal Era</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increasing Inequalities:</strong> Social inequalities and the grim problems of stark and continuing poverty are at the epicentre of the current world order. This can be reflected by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-inequality-crisis-report-oxfam-international" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Oxfam Report 2019:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>2,153 billionaires have more wealth than 4.6 billion people.</li>
<li>The world&rsquo;s richest 22 men have more money than all the women in Africa.</li>
<li>According to Oxfam, if governments were to increase taxation on the wealthiest 1% for the next 10 years, that would be the equivalent to creating 117 million jobs in education, health and elderly care and other sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Creation of Monopolies:</strong> Despite its alleged commitment to market competition, the neoliberal economic agenda instead brought the decline of competition and the rise of close to monopoly power in vast swaths of the economy: pharmaceuticals, telecom, airlines, agriculture, banking, industrials, retail.</li>
<li><strong>Unsustainable Economic Growth:</strong> One of the chief characteristics of economic development is the intensification of energy use. There is an unprecedented concentration of high energy density in all economic development strategies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bulk of the energy continues to be generated from non-renewable sources.</li>
<li>The developed world&rsquo;s primary objective is to capture energy-generating resources from across continents and put them to use to push their GDP growth to greater heights.</li>
<li>This unsustainable economic growth model is against the concept of sustainability, as it sacrifices the need of future generations for the welfare of present generations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developing Countries at Disadvantage:</strong> High consumption of energy by the developed world has been accompanied by the disposal of residual products (&lsquo;e-waste&rsquo;) on the shores of many African and Asian countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a result, the poor in the developing world are, unwittingly, drawn and exposed to toxic, hazardous materials like lead, cadmium and arsenic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, <strong>the &lsquo;globalisation&rsquo;</strong> phenomenon has led to the <strong>exploitation of the developing world,</strong> with most countries being treated as a source of cheap labour and critical raw material.</li>
<li>Further, <strong>high expenses on research and Intellectual Property Rights favour the developed countries,</strong> as it hinders the transfer of technology which may aid sustainable development.</li>
<li>Moreover, the sustainability of neo-liberal economic order got exposed during the 2007-2008 Global financial crisis due to which the global economy was on the verge of collapse.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>Improvement in &lsquo;Ease of Doing Business&rsquo; needs to be balanced with the improvement in Human Development Index.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The current neo-liberal model can be replaced by<strong> &lsquo;Nordic Economic Model&rsquo;,</strong> which pertains to the remarkable achievements of the <strong>Scandinavian countries comprising Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Sweden, Norway, and allied territories.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nordic Economic Model</strong> is comprised of:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Effective welfare safety nets for all.</li>
<li>Corruption-free governance.</li>
<li>A fundamental right to tuition-free education, including higher education.</li>
<li>A fundamental right to good medical care.</li>
<li>Nordic Countries also shut down the tax havens.</li>
<li>Also, in Nordic countries, personal and corporate income tax rates are very high, especially on the very rich.</li>
<li>They also have large public sector enterprises; extensive and generous universal welfare systems and considerable state involvement in promoting and upholding welfare states.</li>
<li>By following this economic model, These nations are among the richest in the world when measured in terms of GDP per capita.</li>
<li>UN reports also indicate that the Nordic countries are the happiest countries in the world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>New Model for the Corporate Sector:</strong> A new format has emerged under which a company&rsquo;s performance is measured through four &lsquo;Ps&rsquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The first is &lsquo;P&rsquo; for &lsquo;profit&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The second &lsquo;P&rsquo; is for &lsquo;people&rsquo;:</strong> How the companies actions impact not only employees but society as a whole.</li>
<li><strong>The third &lsquo;P&rsquo; is for &lsquo;planet&rsquo;:</strong> Companies actions and plans should be sensitive to the environment.</li>
<li><strong>The fourth &lsquo;P&rsquo; is for &lsquo;purpose&rsquo;</strong>: Companies and individuals must develop a larger purpose than &lsquo;business as usual&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Using big data and text analytics, a company&rsquo;s performance can be measured in terms of all the four &lsquo;P&rsquo;s and a corporate entity can be thus held accountable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Redistribution of wealth and resources is needed to end extreme poverty. This can be done by taxing wealth, high incomes, and cracking down on loopholes and inadequate global tax rules.</li>
<li>Apart from these, there is a requirement of global consensus and the will to make the planet more sustainable, so that all individuals can live with justice and equality.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #daf2f5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Like the Nordic model, in India, the government needs to regulate the market forces in order to address social problems such as widespread poverty. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/perils-of-neo-liberal-era'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Good Governance',
			'catname' => 'Paper 4',
			'desc' => '<h3>What is Good Governance?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&lsquo;Governance&rsquo; is the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Governance can be used in several contexts such as corporate governance, international governance, national governance and local governance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the 1992 report entitled &ldquo;Governance and Development&rdquo;, the World Bank set out its definition of Good Governance. It defined Good Governance as <strong>&ldquo;the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country&rsquo;s economic and social resources for development&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Good governance has 8 major characteristics.&lsquo;It is <strong>participatory, consensus-oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law.</strong></li>
<li>It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making.</li>
<li>It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>8 Principles of Good Governance By United Nations</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582541484_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582541484_image1.png" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Participation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People should be able to voice their own opinions through legitimate immediate organizations or representatives.</li>
<li>This includes men and women, vulnerable sections of society, backward classes, minorities, etc.</li>
<li>Participation also implies freedom of association and expression.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rule of Law:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Legal framework should be enforced impartially, especially on human rights laws.</li>
<li>Without rule of law, politics will follow the principle of matsya nyaya ie law of fish which means the strong will prevail over the weak.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consensus Oriented:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consensus oriented decision-making ensures that even if everyone does not achieve what they want to the fullest, a common minimum can be achieved by everyone which will not be detrimental to anyone.</li>
<li>It mediates differing interests to meet the broad consensus on the best interests of a community.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Equity and Inclusiveness:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Good governance assures an equitable society.</li>
<li>People should have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effectiveness and Efficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Processes and institutions should be able to produce results that meet the needs of their community.</li>
<li>Resources of the community should be used effectively for the maximum output.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accountability:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Good governance aims towards betterment of people, and this can not take place without the government being accountable to the people.</li>
<li>Governmental institutions, private sectors, and civil society organizations should be held accountable to the public and institutional stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transparency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Information should be accessible to the public and should be understandable and monitored.</li>
<li>It also means free media and access of information to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Responsiveness:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Institutions and processes should serve all stakeholders in a reasonable period of time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>References of Good Governance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bhagavad Gita provides numerous cues for good governance, leadership, dutifulness and self-realization which are re-interpreted in the modern context.</li>
<li>In Kautilya&rsquo;s Arthashastra (2<sup>nd</sup>-3<sup>rd</sup> century BC), the welfare of people was considered paramount in the role of King. Mahatma Gandhi emphasized &ldquo;su-raj'' which essentially means good governance.</li>
<li>Importance of governance is clearly inscribed in Indian Constitution which is built on-premise of Sovereign, Socialist, Secular and Democratic Republic committing itself to democracy, rule of law and welfare of people.</li>
<li>Under Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 16 can be considered to be directly linked as it is dedicated to improvement in governance, inclusion, participation, rights, and security.</li>
<li>According to former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan, "Good governance is ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law; strengthening democracy; promoting transparency and capacity in public administration." He also said that &ldquo;Good Governance is perhaps the single most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Initiatives for Good Governance in India</h3>
<p><strong>Right to Information</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), India is under an international obligation to effectively guarantee citizens the Right to Information as per Article 19 of the ICCPR.</li>
<li>RTI Act, 2005 marks a significant shift in Indian democracy. It gives greater access of the citizen to the information which in turn improves the responsiveness of the government to community needs.</li>
<li>The right to information, promotes openness, transparency and accountability in administration by making the government more open to public scrutiny.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>E-Governance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National e-Governance Plan envisions to make all government services accessible to the common man in his locality, through common service delivery outlets and ensure efficiency, transparency &amp; reliability of such services at affordable costs.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>E-Governance</strong></a> effectively delivers better programming and services in the era of newly emerging information and communication technologies (ICTs), which herald new opportunities for rapid social and economic transformation worldwide.</li>
<li>E-Governance has a direct impact on its citizens who derive benefits through direct transactions with the services offered by the government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Programs launched under e-Governance: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-to-chair-pragati-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation</strong></a> (PRAGATI), Digital India Program, MCA21 (to improve the speed and certainty in the delivery of the services of Ministry of Company Affairs), Passport Seva Kendra (PSK), online Income tax return, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Focus on <strong>'Minimum Government, Maximum Governance&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Legal Reforms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central Government has scrapped nearly 1,500 obsolete rules and laws with an aim to bring about transparency and improve efficiency.</li>
<li>Reform criminal justice and procedural laws with focus on pre-institution mediation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ease of Doing Business</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Steps were taken by the government to improve business conditions including legislation meant to improve the country&rsquo;s business environment and policy ecosystems (such as the Bankruptcy Code, the Goods and Services Tax or GST, and the anti-money-laundering law).</li>
<li>Government has launched the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Make in India&rsquo; initiative.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Decentralization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Centralised Planning Commission was abolished, replacing it with the think tank called the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog)</strong></a>, which would usher in an era of <strong>&ldquo;cooperative federalism&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>14<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission increased the tax devolution of the divisible pool to states from 32% to 42% for years 2015 to 2020. It provides more freedom to states to initiate schemes based on local factors.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Police Reforms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Modernizing police forces and implementing the <strong>Model Police Act of 2015.</strong></li>
<li>Reform of the First Information Report (FIR) lodging mechanism, including introducing filing e-FIRs for minor offences.</li>
<li>Launch a common nation-wide emergency number to attend to emergency security needs of citizens.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Aspirational Districts Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aspirational Districts Programme</strong></a> (ADP) was launched in January 2018 to transform the lives of people in the under-developed areas of the county in a time bound manner.</li>
<li>Anchored in NITI Aayog, the programme is aimed at transforming 115 most backward districts with focused interventions in the field of health and nutrition, education, agriculture and water management, financial inclusion and skill development.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Good Governance Index</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/good-governance-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good Governance Index</strong> </a>Was launched on the occasion of Good Governance Day on 25 December 2019.</li>
<li>The Good Governance Index is a uniform tool across States to assess the Status of Governance and impact of various interventions taken up by the State Government and Union Territories.</li>
<li>The objectives of Good Governance Index are to provide quantifiable data to compare the state of governance in all states and Union Territories, enable states and Union Territories to formulate and implement suitable strategies for improving governance and shift to result oriented approaches and administration.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges to Good Governance</h3>
<p><strong>Criminalization of Politics</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Association of Democratic Reforms, 43% of Members of Parliaments of Lok Sabha 2019 are facing criminal charges. It is a 26% increase as compared to 2014.</li>
<li>The criminalisation of the political process and the unholy nexus between politicians, civil servants, and business houses are having a baneful influence on public policy formulation and governance.</li>
<li>The political class as such is losing respect. Therefore, it is necessary to amend <strong>Section 8 of the Representation of the People&rsquo;s Act 1951</strong> to disqualify a person against whom the criminal charges that relate to grave and heinous offenses and corruption are pending.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Corruption</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Corruption is a major obstacle in improving the quality of governance. While human greed is obviously a driver of corruption, it is the structural incentives and poor enforcement system to punish the corrupt that have contributed to the rising curve of graft in India.</li>
<li>According to the Corruption Perception Index - 2019 (released by Transparency International, India's ranking has slipped from 78 to 80.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gender Disparity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>According to Swami Vivekananda,</strong> &ldquo;it is impossible to think about the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved. It is impossible for a bird to fly on only one wing&rdquo;.</li>
<li>One way to assess the state of the nation is to study the status of its women. As women comprise almost 50% of the population it is unfair that they are not adequately represented in government institutions and other allied sectors.</li>
<li>Therefore, in order to ensure good governance it is essential to ensure the empowerment of women.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Growing incidence of violence</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Resorting to illegal force is considered to be a law and order problem. But when one looks at it from the point of view of the principles of Good Governance, it becomes clear that peace and order is the first step to development.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Delay in Justice</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A citizen has the right to avail timely justice, but there are several factors, because of that a common man doesn't get timely justice.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Centralisation of Administrative System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governments at lower levels can only function efficiently if they are empowered to do so. This is particularly relevant for the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), which currently suffer from inadequate devolution of funds as well as functionaries to carry out the functions constitutionally assigned to them.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Marginalization of Socially and Economically Backward People</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The socially and economically backward sections of the society have always been marginalised in the process of development. Although there are constitutional provisions for their upliftment but in practice, they are lagging behind in so many areas like education, economic well being etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The effective functioning of governance is the prime concern of every citizen of the country. The citizens are ready to pay the price for good services offered by the state, but what is required is a transparent, accountable and intelligible governance system absolutely free from bias and prejudices.</li>
<li>There is a need to reformulate our national strategy to accord primacy to the Gandhian principle of &lsquo;Antyodaya&rdquo; to restore good governance in the country.</li>
<li>India should also focus on developing probity in governance, which will make the governance more ethical.</li>
<li>The government should continue to work on the ideals of Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas and Sabka Vishwas which will lead to inclusive and sustainable development.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Probity in Governance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Probity is a quality of having strong moral principles. It includes having integrity, uprightness, and honesty. It is not just being incorruptible and honest but also includes strict adherence to a code of ethics. For an effective system of governance and for socio-economic development, probity is essential.</li>
<li>Philosophical basis of governance and probity:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ethical concern of governance has been given in both eastern and western literature like Bhagavad Gita, Arthashastra, by Confucius, Plato, Mill, etc.</li>
<li>Administrators are the guardians of the Administrative State so they should honor public trust.</li>
<li>Max Weber: He said that it rationality that members of administrative staff should not own means of production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Objective of probity in governance:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To ensure accountability in governance</li>
<li>To maintain integrity in Public Service</li>
<li>To ensure compliance with the process</li>
<li>To preserve public confidence in Govt process</li>
<li>To avoid the potential for misconduct, fraud, and corruption</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Pakke Tiger Reserve',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Government of Arunachal Pradesh is planning to build a 692.7 km highway through the 862 sq km Pakke Tiger Reserve (PTR) in East Kameng district, Arunachal pradesh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Named the East-West Industrial Corridor, the highway aims to connect Arunachal Pradesh with Assam. However, the project makes no mention of compensation for people likely to be displaced.</li>
<li>It has been argued that corridor will also be a threat to the adjoining <strong>Nameri Tiger Reserve in Assam.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Pakke Tiger Reserve</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pakke Tiger Reserve (declared in 1999 - 2000) lies in the foothills of the eastern Himalaya in the East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh. It is also known as <strong>Pakhui Tiger Reserve.</strong></li>
<li>It falls within the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/andaman-nicobar-islands-rich-faunal-diversity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot.</strong> </a></li>
<li>It is home to over 2000 species of plants, 300 species of birds, 40 species of mammals, 30 species of amphibians and 36 species of reptiles. Many species of the flora and fauna are globally threatened, and PTR is one of the last remaining strongholds left for these species.</li>
<li>It is known for its amazing sightings of four resident <strong>hornbill species.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hornbill in India<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582538980_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582538980_image3.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is home to<strong> nine species of hornbills.</strong> The northeastern region has the highest diversity of hornbill species within India. Five hornbill species are found here, with the northeast being the exclusive habitat for <strong>three of them, the wreathed hornbill (Aceros undulatus), the brown hornbill (Anorrhinus austeni) and the Rufous-necked hornbill (Aceros nipalensis).</strong> The other two species, the great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) and the Oriental pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris) also occur in other parts of India.</li>
<li>The <strong>great hornbill</strong> is the <strong>state bird of Arunachal Pradesh and Kerala.</strong> It is <strong>&lsquo;vulnerable&rsquo; under the IUCN Red list.</strong></li>
<li>The Hornbill festival celebrated in Nagaland is named after the bird &ndash; Hornbill which is the most revered and admired bird for the Nagas.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Nameri Tiger Reserve</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nameri Tiger Reserve (declared in 1999-2000) is located in the foothills of the eastern Himalayas in the Sonitpur district of the state of Assam.</li>
<li>It is on the <strong>interstate border with Arunachal Pradesh.</strong> The Pakke Tiger Reserve of Arunachal Pradesh adjoins it on its north-eastern point.</li>
<li>The <strong>river Jia-Bhareli</strong> (a tributary of Brahmaputra River) with its tributaries, the Nameri, Upper Dikorai and Bor Dikorai flow through the Reserve.</li>
<li>Besided Tiger, the reserve is also home to the sambar, barking deer, wild boar and bison.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/highway-threatens-tiger-territory-in-arunachal-pradesh/article30896798.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pakke-tiger-reserve'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Archaeological Site near Varanasi',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A nearly<strong> 4,000-year-old urban settlement</strong> has been unearthed in Babhaniyav village (13 km from Varanasi, Uttar pradesh) by a team of surveyors from the Banaras Hindu University (BHU).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The unearthed site could be one of the <strong>craft villages</strong> mentioned in ancient texts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the age of Buddha, there were suburban villages which were in the nature of craft villages, for instance, a carpenter's village, or chariot-maker&rsquo;s village in the vicinity of Varanasi.</li>
<li>Crafts villages have been earlier unearthed in Sarnath, Tilmapur and Ramnagar - Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Initial survey of the site in Babhaniyav village had found a temple dating back to the 5<sup>th</sup> Century AD through 8<sup>th</sup> Century AD, potteries which are 4000-year-old and walls which are 2000-year-old.</li>
<li>Surveyors have also found a pillar with a two-line text in the <strong>Kushan-Brahmi script.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Kushan dynasty ruled over most of the northern Indian subcontinent, Afghanistan, and parts of Central Asia during 1<sup>st</sup> century AD - 3<sup>rd</sup> Century AD.</li>
<li>The inscriptions issued by the Kushan rulers or in areas under their rule include texts in Bactrian, written in Greek script, and in Prakrit written in Brāhmī or Kharoṣṭhī script.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The site gains significance because of its proximity to Varanasi, which is said to be 5,000 years old, though modern scholars believe it to be around 3,000 years old.</li>
<li>According to the experts, the site could be a small sub-centre of Varanasi which grew as an urban town.</li>
<li>The findings are important as Babhaniyav could have been a <strong>satellite town</strong> and feeding centre for the Varanasi-Sarnath region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A satellite town is a smaller city that is near a large(r) metropolis. It has all the necessary amenities and facilities present within its limits except for a few purposes like employment and sometimes education, it has to depend on the larger city.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Varanasi</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Varanasi is in southeastern Uttar Pradesh state. It is located on the left bank of the Ganges (Ganga) River and is one of the seven sacred cities of Hinduism.</li>
<li>It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Its early history is that of the first Aryan settlement in the middle Ganges valley.</li>
<li>Varanasi was the capital of the kingdom of Kashi during the time of the Buddha (6<sup>th</sup> century BCE), who gave his first sermon nearby at Sarnath.</li>
<li>The city remained a centre of religious, educational, and artistic activities as attested by the celebrated Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang, who visited it in about 635 CE.</li>
<li>Varanasi subsequently declined during three centuries of Muslim occupation, beginning in 1194.</li>
<li>Varanasi became an independent kingdom in the 18<sup>th</sup> century, and under subsequent British rule it remained a commercial and religious centre.</li>
<li>In 1910, the British made Varanasi a new Indian state, with Ramnagar (on the opposite bank) as headquarters but with no jurisdiction over the city of Varanasi.</li>
<li>In 1947, after Indian independence, the Varanasi state became part of the state of Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/4000-year-old-crafts-village-unearthed/article30900983.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/archaeological-site-near-varanasi'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'G20 Meeting in Saudi Arabia',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the ministers and central bankers from the world&rsquo;s largest economies participated in <strong>G20 meeting</strong> held in <strong>Riyadh (Saudi Arabia).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>presided</strong> by <strong>Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia</strong> is the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saudi-arabia-becomes-first-arab-nation-to-head-g20" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>first Arab nation to hold the G20 presidency.</strong></a></li>
<li>The 2020 G20 Presidency will focus discussions, forums, working groups and Ministerial Meetings under the <strong>theme of &ldquo;Realizing Opportunities of the 21<sup>st</sup> Century for All&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Economy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The global economic growth<strong> remains slow</strong> and downside risks due to the geopolitical and remaining trade tensions, and policy uncertainty.</li>
<li>Though the economic growth is <strong>expected to increase in 2020 and 2021</strong> due to<strong> loose monetary policy</strong> and an <strong>easing of trade tensions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>IMF&rsquo; Views at the Meeting:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It projects a <strong>&ldquo;V-shaped, rapid recovery&rdquo;</strong> for the global economy, but it warns about the uncertainty around the spread of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coronavirus</strong></a> (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVID 19</strong></a>).</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IMF</strong></a> also warned about other <strong>risks including rising debt levels in some countries as well as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demand for Global Taxation System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It discussed ways to achieve<strong> consensus</strong> on a global taxation system for the digital era by the <strong>end of 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to allow governments to tax digital companies where they do business, rather than where they are registered for tax purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has also demanded closer collaboration between international revenue agencies<strong> to investigate tax affairs of offenders who cross borders for escaping tax investigation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>G-20</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20</strong></a> is an <strong>informal group of 19 countries and the European Union,</strong> with representatives of the <strong>International Monetary Fund</strong> and the <strong>World Bank.</strong></li>
<li>The G20 membership comprises a mix of the world&rsquo;s largest advanced and emerging economies, representing about two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s population, 85% of global gross domestic product, 80% of global investment and over 75% of global trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarter</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The G20 operates<strong> as a forum and not as an organisation.</strong> Therefore, it does not have any permanent secretariat or management and administrative structure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>1997-1999 Asian Financial Crisis:</strong> This was a ministerial-level forum which emerged after G7 invited both developed and developing economies. The finance ministers and central bank governors began meeting in 1999.</li>
<li>Amid<strong> 2008 Financial Crisis</strong> the world saw the need for a new consensus-building at the highest political level. It was decided that the G20 leaders would begin meeting once annually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The members of the G20 are <strong>Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union.</strong></li>
<li>One nation holds the <strong>Chair every year,</strong> known as<strong> 'G20 Presidency'.</strong> Argentina chaired the G20 summit of 2018 and Japan for 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>V-Shaped Recovery<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582531853_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582531853_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A V-shaped recovery is characterized by a sharp economic decline followed by a quick and sustained recovery.</li>
<li>The recession of 1953 is an example of a V-shaped recovery.</li>
<li>A V-shaped recovery is different from an L-shaped recovery, in which the economy stays in a slump for a prolonged period of time.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/saudi-hosts-g20-financial-leaders-amid-coronavirus-alarm/articleshow/74255028.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TOI</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/g20-meeting-in-saudi-arabia'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'International Judicial Conference 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The International Judicial Conference 2020 was held from 21<sup>st</sup>-23<sup>rd</sup> February, 2020 in New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Conference was <strong>organized by the</strong> <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court of India.</strong></a></li>
<li>The<strong> theme</strong> of the Conference was<strong> &lsquo;Judiciary and the Changing World&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Important Topics</strong> of discussion at the Conference included : <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gender Justice,</li>
<li>Contemporary Perspectives on Protection of Constitutional Values,</li>
<li>Dynamic Interpretations of the Constitution in a Changing World,</li>
<li>Harmonisation of Environment Protection vis-&agrave;-vis Sustainable Development and</li>
<li>Protection of Right to Privacy in the Internet Age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights from the Conference</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sustainable Development:</strong> The Indian judiciary was appreciated for its <strong>balance between development and environment,</strong> and continued guidance in it. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>E.g. Judgement on Sardar Sarovar Project</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Increased Accessibility: The Supreme Court was hailed for the &ldquo;extraordinary effort&rdquo; to make its <strong>judgments more accessible to the common man</strong> by making them available in nine vernacular languages, keeping in mind the nation&rsquo;s linguistic diversity.</li>
<li><strong>Gender Justice:</strong> The recent directives for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/women-eligible-for-permanent-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>granting equal status to women in the Army</strong></a>, guidelines for preventing sexual harassment at the workplace, etc. were appreciated.</li>
<li><strong>Global Reference:</strong> The Chief Justice of India said that the<strong> Supreme Court&rsquo;s judgments are cited by courts of other countries</strong> and have served as a &ldquo;beacon of hope&rdquo; to independent and developing nations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A 2001 verdict of the South African court cited the Indian case of Narain Das Jain v Agra Nagar Mahapalika decided by the Supreme Court in 1991 to benchmark the compensation to be provided while acquiring land.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of ICT:</strong> The <strong>need for technology</strong> was highlighted to deliver speedy justice.</li>
<li>The Government is making an effort to connect every court of the country to the <strong>E-court Integrated Mission Mode Project.</strong> The establishment of the <strong>National Judicial Data Grid</strong> will make court procedures easier.</li>
<li><strong>Future Challenges:</strong> It was highlighted that issues like <strong>data protection</strong> and <strong>cyber crimes</strong> pose new challenges for the judiciary.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>E-court Integrated Mission Mode Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The E-Courts Project was conceptualised on the basis of <strong>"National Policy and Action Plan for Implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Indian Judiciary - 2005"</strong> submitted by e-Committee of the Supreme Court of India (set up in 2004).</li>
<li>The<strong> main objectives</strong> of the e-Court Project are as follows:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To provide efficient &amp; time-bound citizen centric service delivery.</li>
<li>To develop, install &amp; implement decision support systems in courts.</li>
<li>To automate the processes to provide transparency of Information access to its stakeholders.</li>
<li>To enhance judicial productivity both qualitatively &amp; quantitatively, to make the justice delivery system affordable, accessible, cost effective &amp; transparent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>e-Courts National portal</strong> (ecourts.gov.in) was launched in 2013. This provides Case Status, daily Case-list, Cases Filed and Cases Registered through the Case information System (CIS) Software.</li>
<li>The <strong>National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG)</strong> is a part of the e-Courts Integrated Mission Mode Project. It was launched in <strong>2015.</strong> The aim is to track judicial performance across different courts in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NJDG is working as National data warehouse for case data including the orders/judgments for Courts across the country.</li>
<li>NJDG works as a monitoring tool to identify, manage &amp; reduce pendency of cases.</li>
<li>It also helps to provide timely inputs for making policy decisions to reduce delay and arrears in the system, facilitate better monitoring of court performance and systemic bottlenecks, and, thus, facilitate better resource management.</li>
<li>NJDG has specifically helped India improve its ranking in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Report.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604079" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-judicial-conference-2020'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Craspedotropis Gretathunbergae',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>A group of scientists have recently discovered <strong>a new species of land snail </strong>in<strong> Brunei.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582528362_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582528362_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new species reside in <strong>tropical rainforests</strong> and is sensitive to <strong>drought and extreme temperatures</strong> (which have become more frequent due to climate change).</li>
<li>Hence as an honour to Swedish Climate Change activist <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/war-on-nature-must-end" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Greta Thunberg</strong></a>, who has been making efforts to raise awareness about climate change, the new snail species was named as Craspedotropis <strong>Gretathunbergae.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, a tiny species of <strong>beetle</strong> was also named after her as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nelloptodes-gretae" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nelloptodes Gretae.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2018, a<strong> new species of beetle</strong> (Grouvellinus Leonardodicaprioi) was named after the actor<strong> Leonardo DiCaprio</strong> (an American actor, producer, and environmentalist).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-c-gretathunbergae-6283028/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/craspedotropis-gretathunbergae'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Replicating the SBM Model',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/jal-jeevan-mission-sanitation-drinking-water-crisis-swachh-bharat-6280285/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The next mission&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 22/02/2020. It talks about the success story of Swachh Bharat Mission and how it can be replicated to deal with India&rsquo;s water crisis.</p>
</div>
<p>Indian government prioritises the water and sanitation sectors as key pillars of broader rural development. However, India is facing a water crisis.<strong> According to the Central Ground Water Board,</strong> over 250 of 700 districts have groundwater levels which are &ldquo;critical&rdquo; or &ldquo;over-exploited&rdquo;. Also, India harbours <strong>16% of the world&rsquo;s population, but only 4% of the world&rsquo;s freshwater resources.</strong></p>
<p>In order to deal with this water crisis, the Indian government has launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong></a> (JJM). The mission aims at providing &lsquo;Har Ghar Jal&rsquo; or piped water supply to all households by 2024.</p>
<p>However, achieving this target is an arduous task as it requires not only a lot of economic resources, political will at all levels, but also active &amp; positive public response to it.</p>
<p><strong>In this context, the success story of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swachh Bharat Mission</a> (SBM) can be emulated in tackling India&rsquo;s water crisis.</strong></p>
<h3>Success Story of SBM</h3>
<p>Until 2014, <strong>approximately 60% of the world&rsquo;s open defecators</strong> (600 million people) were practising open defecation across India, but within five years of the scheme, the number of open-defecation cases came down significantly, and <strong>now rural India has actually become open-defecation free.</strong></p>
<h3>Reasons Behind Success of SBM</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mass Communication Campaign:</strong> Swachh Bharat Mission, recognising the issue of social acceptability, launched a massive communication campaign to bring about a change in the social attitude. Reaching out to the masses effectively was one of the foremost foundations of this scheme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Prime Minister of India's leadership in SBM,</strong> became the key ingredient for success of Swachh Bharat Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Clear Vision:</strong> Swachh Bharat Mission had clearly defined national targets, the action plan and outlined the tasks and roles at each level of operation.</li>
<li><strong>Use of Nudge Theory:</strong> Majority of funds in SBM have gone towards incentivising the poor and marginalised households to construct and use household toilets, bringing about behaviour change, and building capacities of field functionaries.</li>
<li><strong>Long Term Approach:</strong> Achieving ODF status hasn't led to closure of the mission.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government under rural sanitation has declared to shift its focus on ODF sustainability, bio-degradable waste management, greywater management, sludge management and, critically, plastic waste management for all villages by 2024.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Multiplier Effect of SBM</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The returns on investments made in SBM, have been manifold, and their effects on the broader economy, markets and employment have been significant.</li>
<li><strong>UNICEF</strong> recently estimated that investments in sanitation in India are yielding a <strong>400% return with each rural household in an open-defecation-free village</strong> saving Rs 50,000 on account of avoided medical costs and time savings.</li>
<li>The Toilet Board Coalition has estimated that the sanitation infrastructure and services market in India will be worth over <strong>$60 billion by 2021,</strong> generating many new jobs, even in the most rural areas of the country, apart from reducing health and environmental costs and enhancing savings for households.</li>
<li>Many people engaged in the business of manufacturing toilet related hardware accessories have reported huge growth in sales during the SBM period.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has been corroborated by another recent study by UNICEF in which they have estimated that SBM has resulted in creating <strong>over 75 lakh full time equivalent jobs over the past five years,</strong> giving the rural economy a major boost.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>After the success of SBM, the next critical basic service that the government ought to provide is water supply.</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Decentralised Approach:</strong> Union budget for 2020-2021 has commitment of Rs 3.6 lakh crore of central and state funds under this scheme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, there is a need to follow a more decentralised approach (engaging local bodies) as envisaged by SBM.</li>
<li>This will ensure that the gram panchayats and local urban bodies have responsibility to upkeep of their water and sanitation infrastructure, providing a boost to the sustainability of service delivery to people.</li>
<li>This approach will ensure that just like sanitation, provision of water supply and its upkeep will also become everyone&rsquo;s business.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women in Leadership Roles:</strong> SBM focused on ending the practice of open defecation, which directly benefited the women by restoring their dignity and basic health.This made women a flag bearer in the sanitation revolution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In rural India, women have to walk long distances in unfriendly weather and treacherous terrain to fetch water for their families.</li>
<li>According to a report by the <strong>National Commission for Women,</strong> on average, a rural woman in Rajasthan walks <strong>over 2.5 km to reach a water source.</strong></li>
<li>Providing piped water supply will provide women with the opportunity to use their time more productively and improve their quality of life.</li>
<li>Another scheme to conserve groundwater in regions with low water tables, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atal-bhujal-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Bhujal Yojana</strong></a> is based on community participation, a key component of this programme is the formation of water use associations, in which at least 50% of members are to be women.</li>
<li>These steps will provide a massive fillip to the <strong>ease of living for women.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nudging the Farmer</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About 90% of India&rsquo;s water is consumed in farming. And that 80% of this irrigation is for water-guzzling crops &mdash; rice, wheat and sugarcane.</li>
<li>There is a need to diversify procurement operations, to include less water-intensive crops, like millets, pulses and oilseeds, especially in India&rsquo;s drylands.</li>
<li>However, changing the procurement process to less water-intensive crops requires a lot of political capital. Government can nudge the farmers to grow less water-intensive crops.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f2edd0;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has brought a jan andolan (mass revolution) in bringing a change in open defecation status in India. Can this success story of SBM be replicated in dealing with India&rsquo;s water crisis?</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/replicating-the-sbm-model'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Gold Deposits in Sonbhadra',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-navy-signs-mou-with-geological-survey-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geological Survey of India</strong></a> has rejected the UP government's Department of Geology and Mining claims of discovering about 3,000 tonnes of gold deposits in <a href="/know-your-state/know-your-state-uttar-pradesh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Uttar Pradesh&rsquo;s Sonbhadra district</strong></a>, saying the actual estimated reserve stands at 160 kg.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gold: Science</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gold is a chemical element with the<strong> symbol Au (from Latin: Aurum) </strong>and <strong>atomic number 79.</strong></li>
<li>Some of the <strong>unique properties</strong> of gold are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Conducts electricity.</li>
<li>Resistant to corrosion.</li>
<li>Exceptionally malleable and ductile.</li>
<li>Catalytic properties.</li>
<li>Biocompatible.</li>
<li>Nanogold.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gold: Currency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Owing to its unique qualities, gold has been the one material that is universally accepted in exchange for goods and services.</li>
<li>Gold began to serve as backing for paper-currency systems when they became widespread in the 19<sup>th</sup> century and from the 1870s until <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-war-I-centenary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, the <strong>gold standard</strong> was the basis for the world&rsquo;s currencies.</li>
<li>Although gold&rsquo;s official role in the international monetary system had come to an end by the 1970s, the <strong>metal remains a highly regarded reserve asset and approximately 45% of all the world&rsquo;s gold is held by governments and central banks for this purpose.</strong></li>
<li>Gold is still accepted by all nations as a medium of international payment.</li>
<li>
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Forex Reserve</strong> also includes<strong> Gold</strong> along with <strong>Foreign Currency Assets (such as dollar)</strong> and<strong> Special Drawing Rights.</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why Gold</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are five precious metals which can potentially be worked with: <strong>platinum, palladium, rhodium, silver and gold.</strong> Silver has been used as money but it tarnishes over time. Rhodium and palladium are more recent discoveries with limited historical uses.</li>
<li>Platinum and gold are the remaining elements. Platinum&rsquo;s extremely high melting point makes it impractical to melt. Thus gold is the only option left. It melts at a lower temperature and is malleable, making it easy to work with.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gold: Facts</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-gold-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Gold Council</strong></a>, India has gold reserves of more than 600 tonnes, the <strong>10<sup>th</sup> largest</strong> in the world.</li>
<li><strong>U.S has the highest</strong> gold reserves with 8,133.5 tonnes of total gold reserves,<strong> followed by Germany</strong> with 3,366.8 tonnes and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund</strong></a> <strong>(IMF)</strong> with a holding of 2,451.8 tonnes</li>
<li>The weight of gold is measured in<strong> troy ounces (1 troy ounce = 31.1034768 grams),</strong> however its <strong>purity is measured in &lsquo;carats&rsquo;.</strong> 24 carat is pure gold with no other metals.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Sonbhadra</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sonbhadra is the<strong> second largest district (area-wise) of Uttar Pradesh</strong> after <strong>Lakhimpur Kheri.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>only district in the country which shares borders with four states.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh</strong> to the west, <strong>Chhattisgarh</strong> to the south, <strong>Jharkhand</strong> to the south-east and<strong> Bihar</strong> to the east.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sonbhadra district is an <strong>industrial zone</strong> and has lots of minerals like<strong> bauxite, limestone, coal, gold</strong> etc.</li>
<li>It is drained by tributaries of the Ganges including the <strong>Belan</strong> and <strong>Karmanasha</strong> rivers.<strong> Son</strong> river flows through the district from <strong>west to east. Rihand</strong> river rises to the south in the highlands of Surguja district of Chhattisgarh and flows north to join the Son in the centre of Sonbhadra.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar</strong> (also known as<strong> Rihand Dam</strong>) is a reservoir on the Rihand, lies partly in the district and partly in Madhya Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> lies mostly within Sonbhadra, reaching generally east and west along the <strong>Kaimur Range,</strong> and extending to the Son river at its eastern end.</li>
<li>Sonbhadra is known for its several <strong>Cave painting sites found in the Vindhya region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Lakhania caves</strong> are located in the Kaimur ranges and are known for their beautiful ageless <strong>rock paintings.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These historic paintings are about 4000 years old.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Khodwa Pahar or Ghoramangar</strong> is another well-known ancient cave painting site.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582365669_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582365669_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-around-3000-tonne-gold-deposits-found-in-sonbhadra-6280558/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Habitable-Zone Planet Finder',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Habitable-zone Planet Finder (HPF) has confirmed its first planet <strong>(exoplanet)</strong> called G 9-40b, orbiting a nearby low mass bright <strong>M-dwarf star</strong> (100 light years from Earth) with an orbital period of 6 Earth-days.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NASA</strong></a>&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-1st-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kepler mission</strong></a> had observed a dip in the host star&rsquo;s light, suggesting that the planet was crossing in front of the star during its orbit. To confirm the HPF was used.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>G 9-40b:</strong> G 9-40b is amongst the top 20 closest transiting planets known.</li>
<li><strong>Habitable-zone Planet Finder :</strong> HPF is an <strong>astronomical spectrograph,</strong> built by Penn State University scientists, and recently installed on the 10m <strong>Hobby-Eberly Telescope</strong> at McDonald Observatory (US).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The HPF searches for <strong>exoplanets</strong> by using the <strong>Doppler effect.</strong></li>
<li>A spectrograph is an instrument that splits light into its component wavelengths. Scientists measure the properties of light over a specific portion of the spectrum, and draw conclusions on what is responsible for the trends they observe.</li>
<li>The HPF provides the<strong> highest precision measurements of infrared signals from nearby low-mass stars,</strong> and astronomers use it to validate the candidate planet by excluding all possibilities of contaminating signals to a very high level of probability.</li>
<li>It is designed to detect and characterise planets in the habitable-zone also known as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/toi-700-d" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Goldilocks zone&rsquo;</strong></a>- <strong>the region around the star where a planet could sustain liquid water on its surface.</strong></li>
<li>HPF is currently surveying the nearest low-mass stars, also called <strong>M-dwarfs,</strong> which are the most common stars in the galaxy - with the goal of discovering exoplanets in our neighborhood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Doppler Effect</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An increase (or decrease) in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move towards (or away from) each other.</li>
<li>The effect causes the sudden change in pitch noticeable in a passing siren, as well as the red shift seen by astronomers.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Exoplanet</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a planet outside the Solar System. The first confirmation of detection of exoplanet occurred in 1992.</li>
<li>Exoplanets are very hard to see directly with telescopes. They are hidden by the bright glare of the stars they orbit.</li>
<li>So, astronomers use other ways to detect and study exoplanets such as looking at the effects these planets have on the stars they orbit.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>M-dwarfs</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>M dwarf or M-type star, also called Red Dwarf Star are the most numerous type of star in the universe and the smallest type of hydrogen-burning star.</li>
<li>These have masses from about 0.08 to 0.6 times that of the Sun.</li>
<li>In the Milky Way Galaxy, about <strong>70% of the stars are red dwarfs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-to-study-light-and-confirm-a-potential-exoplanet-6280488/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'GoM Reviews Amendments to the JJ Act, 2015',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a <strong>Group of Ministers (GoM)</strong> chaired by the Home Minister met to discuss <strong>proposed amendments</strong> to the <strong>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) (JJ) Act, 2015.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The GoM meeting was convened <strong>to create greater synergy</strong> between ministries on the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Bill, 2018</li>
</ul>
<h3>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Improvement Over the Act of 2000:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 <strong>replaced the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000</strong> to comprehensively address children in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Change in Nomenclature:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act changes the nomenclature from<strong> &lsquo;juvenile&rsquo;</strong> to<strong> &lsquo;child&rsquo;</strong> or <strong>&lsquo;child in conflict with law&rsquo;.</strong> Also, it <strong>removes the negative connotation</strong> associated with the word &ldquo;juvenile&rdquo;.</li>
<li>It also includes several<strong> new and clear definitions</strong> such as orphaned, abandoned and surrendered children; and petty, serious and heinous offences committed by children</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Provisions for Age 16-18 years:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Included special provisions to tackle child offenders committing heinous offences in the <strong>age group of 16-18 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mandatory Constitution of the JJ Board:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>mandates</strong> setting up <strong>Juvenile Justice Boards and Child Welfare Committees</strong> in<strong> every district.</strong> Both <strong>must have at least one woman</strong> member each.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adoption Related Clauses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A separate new chapter on Adoption to streamline adoption procedures for an orphan, abandoned and surrendered children,</li>
<li>Also, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5th-annual-day-of-cara" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA)</strong></a> was granted the status of a statutory body to enable it to perform its function more effectively.</li>
<li>The Act states that the adoption of a child is final on the issuance of an adoption order<strong> by the court.</strong> Currently, there are<strong> 629 adoption cases pending</strong> in various <strong>courts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inclusion of New Offences:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act included several new offences committed against children (like, illegal adoptions, use of child by militant groups, offences against disabled children, etc) which are<strong> not adequately covered under any other law.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Care Institutions (CCI):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All Child Care Institutions, whether run by State Government or by voluntary or non-governmental organisations are to be <strong>mandatorily registered</strong> under the Act <strong>within 6 months</strong> from the date of commencement of the Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Bill, 2018</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill provides that instead of the court,<strong> the district magistrate will issue adoption orders</strong> to address the high pendency of adoption cases.</li>
<li>The Bill also seeks<strong> to transfer all pending matters related to adoption before any court to the district magistrate having jurisdiction over the area.</strong></li>
<li>The proposed amendments intend to <strong>expedite proceedings.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Group of Ministers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Groups of Ministers (GoMs) have been constituted from time to time to look into different issues/subjects.</li>
<li>These are <strong>ad hoc bodies</strong> formed to<strong> give recommendations</strong> to the cabinet on certain emergent issues and critical problem areas.</li>
<li>Ministers heading the concerned ministries are inducted into the relevant GoMs and when the advice is crystallised they are disbanded.</li>
<li>Some of these GoMs have been also <strong>empowered to take decisions on behalf of the Cabinet</strong> known as <strong>Empowered Groups of Ministers (EGoMs).</strong></li>
<li>But with time the constitution of a large number of GoMs has resulted in many GoMs not being able to meet regularly to complete their work thus leading to significant delays on many major issues. Thus. all the Groups of Ministers (GoMs) and Empowered Groups of Ministers (EGoMs) were<strong> abolished in 2014.</strong></li>
<li>Further in <strong>2015, 16 informal</strong> Groups of Ministers (GoMs) were formed to discuss key issues of the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gom-meets-on-juvenile-justice-act/article30883312.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'CMS COP-13',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/not-all-animals-migrate-by-choice-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UN Environment Programme&rsquo;s (UNEP)</a> <strong>13<sup>th</sup> Conference of Parties (COP) on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)</strong> concluded in Gandhinagar (Gujarat) on 22nd February 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> of CMS COP-13 was &lsquo;Migratory species connect the planet and we welcome them home&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The <strong>mascot</strong> for CMS COP-13 was <strong>&lsquo;Gibi &ndash; The Great Indian Bustard&rsquo;</strong>. It is a critically endangered species (according to the IUCN) and has been accorded the highest protection status (listed in Schedule I) under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The CMS COP-13 has adopted the <strong>Gandhinagar Declaration</strong> which calls for migratory species and the concept of &lsquo;ecological connectivity&rsquo; to be integrated and prioritized in the <strong>post-2020 global biodiversity framework</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The post-2020 global biodiversity framework is likely to be adopted by the <strong>15<sup>th</sup> meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP 15) to the Convention on Biological Diversity</strong> in China&rsquo;s Kunming in October 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ten migratory species were added to <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cms-com-13" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CMS</a> Appendices at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-host-cms-cop-13-in-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">COP-13</a></strong> including the <strong>Asian Elephant, Jaguar</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-great-indian-bustard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Great Indian Bustard</strong></a>.</li>
<li>India, as COP-13 host, has assumed the role of COP Presidency for the three years.</li>
<li>India pledged to focus on the conservation of migratory birds along the <strong>Central Asian Flyway</strong> and announced the establishment of an institutional facility for undertaking research and assessment of the conservation of migratory birds, the conservation of marine turtles, reduction of pollution from micro-plastic and single-use plastic, transboundary protected areas, and sustainable infrastructure development.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to protect the migratory species throughout their range countries, a Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS), has been in force since 1983, under the aegis of <strong>United Nations Environment Programme</strong>.</li>
<li>Also referred to as the <strong>Bonn Convention</strong>, it provides a global platform for the conservation and sustainable use of migratory animals and their habitats.</li>
<li>The <strong>Conference of Parties (COP)</strong> is the decision-making organ of this convention.</li>
<li><strong>CMS Appendices</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under this convention, migratory species threatened with extinction are listed on <strong>Appendix I</strong> and Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them.</li>
<li>Migratory species that need conservation and management or would significantly benefit from international co-operation are listed in <strong>Appendix II</strong> of the Convention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has been a Party to the CMS since 1983.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Migratory Species in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is a temporary home to several migratory animals and birds.</li>
<li>The important among these include Amur Falcons, Bar-headed Geese, Black-necked cranes, Marine turtles, Dugongs, Humpbacked Whales, etc.</li>
<li>The Indian sub-continent is also part of the major bird flyway network, i.e, the Central Asian Flyway (CAF) that covers areas between the Arctic and Indian Oceans.</li>
<li>India has also launched the <strong>National Action Plan for the conservation of migratory species</strong> under the Central Asian Flyway.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cms-cop-13-concludes-call-for-post-2020-global-biodiversity-framework-6281842/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cms-cop-13-1'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'In Depth: Cruise Ship Diamond Princess & Coronavirus SOS',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tzthr8Q5bsM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>The massive outbreak of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coronavirus in China</strong></a> and its rapid spread to more than 20 countries has alarmed the world. So far, it has claimed over 1,300 lives, and nearly 60,000 confirmed cases of infection have been reported in China.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This has not only raised the burden of <strong>human cost</strong> across China but the <strong>economic cost</strong> is also mounting (as the damage is not due to the virus itself but due to efforts to prevent it from spreading).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Virus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a small infectious agent that can <strong>replicate inside cells of other organisms only</strong>.</li>
<li>They are found wherever there is <strong>life</strong> and <strong>can&rsquo;t be destroyed</strong> (as they don&rsquo;t have their own metabolism and require a host cell to make new products).</li>
<li>Most viral infection results in death of the host cell. <strong>Vaccination and antiviral drugs help in preventing viral diseases.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Coronavirus</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coronavirus</strong></a> is a large family of viruses that are often the source of <strong>respiratory infections,</strong> causing illness ranging from the common cold to severe diseases like <strong>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>'Corona' is a Latin word which means 'Crown'. It is named so, because of the presence of <strong>crown-like spikes</strong> on its surface.</li>
<li>Under an electron microscope, the image of the virus looks like a <strong>solar corona</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is an <strong>RNA (RiboNucleic Acid) virus</strong> because of which it <strong>mutates at a faster rate</strong> as RNA mutation rate is higher than the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) mutation rate.</li>
<li>The new strain (that is currently creating havoc in China) has been <strong>identified for the first time</strong> in humans. Therefore, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a> has named it as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'Covid-19'</strong></a>.&nbsp;</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coronaviruses</a> are <strong>&lsquo;zoonotic&rsquo;</strong>, i.e., they are transmitted between <strong>animals and people</strong> (spread from non-human animals (usually vertebrates) to humans).</li>
<li><strong>Incubation Period of Covid-19:</strong> Amount of time between catching the infection and onset of symptoms ranges from <strong>1-12 days</strong> (usually within 5-6 days).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mortality Rate:</strong> The number of fatalities caused by <strong>Covid-19</strong> (however, with a low mortality rate of approx. 2%) is known to have surpassed the number of deaths that took place after the <strong>SARS outbreak in China in 2002-03</strong> and <strong>MERS.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>SARS</strong> killed around <strong>9%</strong> of those it infected.</li>
<li>Although <strong>MERS</strong> did not spread widely, it was more fatal as it killed <strong>one-third (~33%)</strong> of those it infected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Detailed investigations found that <strong>SARS-CoV</strong> was transmitted from <strong>civet cats to humans</strong> and <strong>MERS-CoV</strong> from <strong>dromedary camels to humans</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Origin of Covid-19</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to Chinese reports, it is expected to have come from a <strong>seafood market in Wuhan,</strong> where the wildlife is illegally traded.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is expected to have been transmitted from illegally-trafficked <strong>pangolins</strong>. Also, bats or snakes are also pointed out as the source of the virus by the scientists</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Even the WHO highlights the <strong>animal source</strong> as the primary source of the outbreak.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Transmission, Symptoms and Prevention</h3>
<p><strong>Transmission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The virus enters the body through the <strong>respiratory tract</strong> (that&rsquo;s why a respiratory virus) and enters the <strong>circulatory system</strong>. It multiplies there, leading to <strong>Acute Respiratory Distress</strong> <strong>Syndrome</strong> (ARDS &ndash; a disease in which the lung loses its capacity to expand further).</li>
<li>It is primarily transmitted:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through <strong>secreted fluids</strong> (during coughing or sneezing) from the respiratory system,</li>
<li>By <strong>touching</strong> the hands of the <strong>infected person</strong>,</li>
<li><strong>Contacting</strong> with a <strong>surface or object that has virus</strong> on it and then touching it with one&rsquo;s nose, eyes or mouth,</li>
<li>Rarely by <strong>contact with feces</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, <strong>fever, cough, shortness of breath</strong> and breathing difficulties.</li>
<li>In more severe cases, the infection can cause <strong>pneumonia</strong>, severe acute respiratory syndrome, <strong>kidney failure</strong> and even <strong>death</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Prevention</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Regular handwashing,</li>
<li>Covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing,</li>
<li>Avoiding close contact with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness such as coughing and sneezing, etc.</li>
<li>Currently, there is <strong>no vaccine</strong> for it. Developing a new vaccine to contain its spread will require a few more months.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Outbreak on Cruise Ship Diamond Princess</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The largest Coronavirus outbreak (outside mainland China) took place on a cruise ship viz. <strong>&lsquo;the Diamond Princess&rsquo;</strong> that has been quarantined at the Japanese port of <strong>Yokohama</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are 138 Indians on board including 132 crew members and 6 passengers. 2 of the crew members have been tested positive for the virus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In this backdrop, many countries are now not allowing ships to be docked at their ports. For instance, <strong>Cruise Ship MS Westerdam</strong> was stranded in the sea and was finally docked at Cambodia after getting turned away from 5 countries which had apprehensions that passengers could bring Coronavirus at their place.</li>
<li><strong>Debate on the Effectiveness of Quarantine on a Ship:</strong> Quarantine refers to the <strong>period and place of isolation</strong> in which people or animals that have arrived from elsewhere or have been exposed to infectious or contagious disease are placed. In the case of coronavirus, it is <strong>28 days</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is believed to be an effective measure to contain the further spread of the virus as the infected people will have to be anyway quarantined on land.</li>
<li>However, it is also believed that <strong>transmissions levels</strong> in close-quarter vessels/ships are <strong>high</strong> due to its semi-closed and crowded environment which gets worsened by the unhygienic conditions of sanitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9_FKRA4lvdQ" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Impact on the Global Economy</h3>
<p><strong>Sectors Affected</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Travel &amp; Tourism:</strong> It is the <strong>biggest sector</strong> hit by the Coronavirus. Many countries have stopped their <strong>airline services</strong> to China. <strong>Shipping and freight &amp; container services</strong> have also been affected.</li>
<li><strong>Industrial:</strong> Many brands like Apple, Starbucks, etc. have shut down their plants in China. Around 50% of industries have shut down in Wuhan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian <strong>pharmaceuticals</strong>, Bangladesh&rsquo;s <strong>garment sector</strong> (approx. 85%), and global <strong>automobile and electronics</strong> industries are dependent upon the raw material that is imported from China (China exports commodities of worth about $2.5 trillion).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Education:</strong> Out of the top 10 universities in China, 2 of them are located in Wuhan. Because of the Covid-19 outbreak, many Indian students studying there have returned to India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Global Growth</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Due to the outbreak, it is <strong>expected</strong> that China&rsquo;s growth rate will <strong>come down</strong> by 1% and global growth by 0.3%.</li>
<li><strong>Crude Oil:</strong> However, globally the Crude oil prices have come down in the recent time. And after the Coronavirus disruptive impact on global growth, there would not be much price rise. This can act as a positive sign in balancing India&rsquo;s foreign reserves (as India widely imports crude oil).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/italy-joins-belt-road-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt &amp; Road Initiative:</strong></a> Due to dependency on physical transportation of steel, cement, etc., BRI&rsquo;s completion duration is expected to increase which will consequently affect the linked countries.</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASEAN:</strong></a> ASEAN is closely connected with China in the value chain because of which the ASEAN countries' growth will also get affected.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Efforts to Fight Covid-19</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Management:</strong> India has set up a high-level <strong>Group of Ministers (GoM)</strong> to <strong>review, monitor and evaluate</strong> preparedness measures to fight with the menace of Covid-19.</li>
<li><strong>Screening:</strong> Universal screening of flights from Japan, Singapore, China, Hong Kong, etc. is done at 21 airports, along with screening at international seaports, border crossings, etc. is done.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Camps by <strong>armed forces</strong> are maintained to test patients on a daily basis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Centre:</strong> Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Virology is the nodal centre to coordinate diagnostics for Covid-19.</li>
<li><strong>Labs &amp; Testing Centres:</strong> 14 regional labs for testing samples have been set up. Quarantine facility has been set up at <strong>Manesar</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Operationalisation:</strong> 24&times;7 <strong>control room</strong> with a dedicated helpline number and <strong>Information Education and Communication (IEC)</strong> material dissemination through various media channels is also functional.</li>
<li><strong>Evacuation:</strong> A special flight of the <strong>Air India</strong> recently departed from <strong>Delhi to Wuhan</strong> to evacuate Indians stranded there.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Operation Evacuation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the midst of rising cases of Coronavirus and declaration of it as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/public-health-emergency-of-international-concern" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by WHO</a>, Indian government undertook evacuation operation in Wuhan to ensure the safety of its citizens. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Air India&rsquo;s Boeing-747</strong> aircraft was tasked for this purpose to bring back around <strong>650</strong> Indian nationals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #097cad; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 722px; height: 19px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Major Evacuation Operations of India</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 344px; height: 17px; background-color: #d4f0fc;"><strong>Operation Name &amp; Year</strong></td>
<td style="width: 378px; height: 17px; background-color: #d4f0fc;"><strong>Country from where Evacuation was done</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 344px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">Operation Sankat Mochan (2016)</td>
<td style="width: 378px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">South Sudan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 344px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">Operation Rahat (2015)</td>
<td style="width: 378px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">Yemen</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 344px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">Operation Safe Homecoming (2011)</td>
<td style="width: 378px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">Libya</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 344px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">Operation Sukoon (2006)</td>
<td style="width: 378px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">Lebanon</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 344px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">During Gulf War (1990)</td>
<td style="width: 378px; height: 19px; background-color: #d4f0fc;">Kuwait</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>In the wake of rising instances of infectious diseases outbreak worldwide, global communities should work in close cooperation with one another to deal with the menace of such outbreaks.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-cruise-ship-diamond-princess-coronavirus-sos'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Yakshagana',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Yakshagana is a <strong>traditional theatre</strong> form of <strong>Karnataka</strong>.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>temple art</strong> form that depicts <strong>mythological stories</strong> and <strong>Puranas</strong>.</li>
<li>It is performed with massive headgears, elaborate facial make-up and vibrant costumes and ornaments.</li>
<li>Usually recited in <strong>Kannada</strong>, it is also performed in Malayalam as well as Tulu (the dialect of south Karnataka).</li>
<li>It is performed with <strong>percussion instruments</strong> like chenda, maddalam, jagatta or chengila (cymbals) and chakratala or elathalam (small cymbals).</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582703328_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582703328_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/breaking-barriers-with-yakshagana/article30891127.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/yakshagana-2'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => '5G: Is India Prepared?',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on &ldquo;<a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/5g-shouldnt-be-rolled-out-in-a-hurry/article30905507.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5G shouldn&rsquo;t be rolled out in a hurry</a>&rdquo; which was published in The Hindu Businessline on 25/02/2020. It talks about the reasons for India <strong>not hurrying the rollout of 5G</strong>.</p>
</div>
<p>In April 2019, South Korea became the first country in the world to roll-out a nationwide <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/fifth-generation-cellular-technology-5g" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5G network</a>. 5G is key for countries looking to capitalize on future technology.</p>
<p>India&rsquo;s <strong>National Digital Communications Policy 2018</strong> highlights the importance of 5G when it states that the convergence of a cluster of revolutionary technologies including 5G, the cloud, Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics, along with a growing start-up community, promise to accelerate and deepen its digital engagement, opening up a new horizon of opportunities.</p>
<p>In the case of India, 5G networks could improve the accessibility of services such as mobile banking and healthcare, and enable exponential growth in opportunities for unemployed or underemployed people to engage in fulfilling and productive work.</p>
<p>In this context, the Indian government has set a target of commercializing 5G by 2020. However, there is a need for India to pursue the rollout of 5G with a<strong> cautious approach</strong>.</p>
<h3>What is 5G?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>5G is the next generation of mobile broadband that will eventually replace, or at least augment 4G LTE connection.</li>
<li>5G offers exponentially faster download and upload speeds.</li>
<li>5G will deliver multi-Gbps peak rates, ultra-low latency, massive capacity, and a more uniform user experience.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Latency, or the time it takes devices to communicate with wireless networks, will also drastically decrease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A government panel report points out that with 5G, the peak network data speeds are expected to be in the range of 2-20 Gigabit per second (Gbps).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is in contrast to 4G link speeds in averaging 6-7 Megabit per second (Mbps) in India as compared to 25 Mbps in advanced countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>KPMG in its report, released at the Indian Mobile Congress 2019, predicts the cumulative impact of 5G in India at $1 trillion by 2035.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Application of 5G</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>5G will help in creating cyber-physical networks which <strong>not only interconnect people, but also interconnect and control machines, objects, and devices</strong>. It will deliver new levels of performance and efficiency that will empower new user experiences and connect new industries.</li>
<li>Due to high-speed, high-reliability, low-latency network, 5G networks will act as an enabler for the&nbsp;<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industrial revolution 4.0</a>.<br />5G is expected to form the<strong> backbone of emerging technologies</strong> such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine communications, thereby supporting a much larger range of applications and services, including driverless vehicles, telesurgery and real-time data analytics.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Industry association GSMA forecasts the number of internet-enabled devices will triple to 25 billion by 2025.</li>
<li>5G can also help make transport infrastructure more efficient by making it smart. It will enable vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, making driverless cars, among other things, a reality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panel-for-roll-out-of-5g-services-by-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A government panel on 5G</a> says the technology will extend the use of wireless technologies &mdash; for the first time &mdash; across completely new sectors of the economy from industrial to commercial, educational, health care, agricultural, financial and social sectors.</li>
<li>Also, the primary applications of 5G will be the implementation of a sensor-embedded network that will allow real-time relay of information across fields such as manufacturing, consumer durables and agriculture.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The panel set up by the Department of Telecommunications in September 2017 to prepare a roadmap for the rollout of 5G noted in its report that 5G services would have a cumulative economic impact of more than $1 trillion by 2035.</li>
<li>According to a separate report by telecom gear maker Ericsson, 5G-enabled digitalisation revenue potential in India will be above $27 billion by 2026.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why should India not hurry rollout of 5G?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Expensive Enabling Infrastructure:</strong> Besides the spectrum, 5G will require a fundamental change to the core architecture of the communication system. The major flaw of data transfer using 5G is that it can't carry data over longer distances. Hence, 5G needs to be augmented to enable infrastructure.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A report on 5G by Deloitte stated that rolling out 5G might require an additional investment of $60-70 billion.</li>
<li>Simply upgrading the existing Long Term Evolution core will not be able to support the various requirements of all 5G use cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>5G-A Critical Infrastructure:</strong> 5G due to its expansive applications forms the part of critical infrastructure. This makes the consequences of the networks failing or being deliberately sabotaged in a cyber attack significantly more serious.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Critical infrastructure is the body of systems, networks and assets that are so essential that their continued operation is required to ensure the security of a given nation, its economy, and the public's health and/or safety.</li>
<li>Huawei is a Chinese firm that owns the majority of 5G technology in the world. However, 5G is critical infrastructure, India is of view that any dependence on China for critical infrastructure could compromise India's security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financial Hurdles:</strong> Telecom industry body Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI) has also expressed concerns about the financial health of the telecom sector (AGR issue).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The COAI has also pointed out that 5G is overpriced by at least 30% to 40% compared to international standards and auction in other markets such as South Korea and the U.S.</li>
<li>Additionally, the debt-ridden telecom industry of the country has indicated apprehension towards even bidding for 5G airwaves given their weak financial situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Price Sensitivity:</strong> Device cost is of relevance to a price-sensitive market such as ours.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>5G smartphone models are likely to cost much more than the most advanced 4G devices currently available &mdash; with enhanced features, additional cameras and sensors to support AR and VR applications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>International Telecommunications Union (ITU)</strong> has validated the correlation between broadband price and adoption levels.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A 1 % increase in mobile broadband prices results in 0.13% decrease in adoption rates (low income) and a 1% decrease in mobile broadband adoption results in 0.19 % decrease in GDP per capita (low income).</li>
<li>Thus, price increases of 30-50% (due to the introduction of 5G) can lead to a decline in broadband adoption by 3.9-6.5%, leading to a decline of GDP per capita by 0.7-1.2%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, one of the major challenges is standardising an approach and bringing all of the major technology partners on board.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Regulatory frameworks will also need to evolve to keep pace with this change. In this context, there is a need for India to enact a data protection law.</li>
<li>There is a need to set up universal standards and procedure for seamless integration of services and infrastructure under 5G.<br />In order to deal with the concern of technical companies (like in case of Huawei) leaking critical information, a &ldquo;<strong>no-backdoor</strong>&rdquo; agreement with the Indian government and telecom companies will ensure that no snooping is allowed on its network.</li>
<li>In order to mitigate initial high cost for establishing enabling infrastructure for 5G, base stations might move to drones or balloons to ensure that the Internet of Everything is also the Internet of Everywhere.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This new revolution will take access to connectivity and, through it, access to knowledge to vast sections of the population, and entire geographies that have been cut off so far.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India needs to invest in research and development in technologies related to critical infrastructure and strive to indigenize them as soon as possible.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Drishti Mains Question</p>
<p>5G is key for countries looking to capitalise on future technology. However, India should pursue its rollout with a little caution. Discuss</p>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/5g-is-india-prepared'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'SPICe+ Web Form',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA)</strong> has launched the <strong>Simplified Proforma for Incorporating Company Electronically Plus (SPICe+) web form.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</strong><strong></strong><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582623037_image003718R.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582623037_image003718R.jpg" width="345" height="366" style="font-weight: bold; float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SPICe+ form will <strong>replace the existing SPICe form.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SPICe was <strong>launched in 2016</strong> and is a single form for multiple services for incorporation of a company.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SPICe+ would offer 10 services by 3 central government ministries &amp; departments (Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Ministry of Labour &amp; Ministry of Finance) and one State Government (Maharashtra).</li>
<li>SPICe+ has<strong> two parts:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Part A</strong> for name reservation for new companies and</li>
<li><strong>Part B</strong> offering a bunch of services including incorporation, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-registration-for-independent-directors" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Director Identification Number (DIN)</a> allotment, mandatory issue of Permanent Account Number (PAN), besides allotment of Goods and Service Tax Identification Number - GSTIN (if applied for).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The new web form will help save many procedures, time and cost for starting a business in India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has improved its ranking to the 63rd spot on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank&rsquo;s Ease of Doing Business (EODB) survey,</strong> <strong>2019</strong></a> out of 190 countries. However, the report had cited India was lagging behind in certain parameters such as starting a business.</li>
<li>The latest step is an effort towards achieving the government&rsquo;s target of reaching the 50th spot.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604176" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/spice-web-form'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Hampi',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is about to install a wooden barricade around the <strong>stone chariot inside Vittala Temple complex</strong> at the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> UNESCO World Heritage site</a> of Hampi to protect it from damage.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Vittala Temple is among the <strong>most-visited and the most photographed</strong> protected monuments at Hampi.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Hampi&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582623265_1581589414_Image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582623265_1581589414_Image3.jpg" width="252" height="189" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hampi is the <strong>14th century capital of the Vijayanagar Empire,</strong> located in the <strong>Tungabhadra basin</strong> in <strong>Bellary District</strong>,<strong> Central Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li>Vittal Temple Complex is the finest example of <strong>Vijaynagar Temple Architecture</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A large number of royal buildings were raised by <strong>Krishnadeva Raya (A.D. 1509-30)</strong> and <strong>Vittal Temple Complex is one of them.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Temples of Hampi are noted for their large dimensions, florid ornamentation, bold and delicate carvings and stately pillars which include <strong>subjects from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.</strong></li>
<li>Majority of these temples in Hampi were provided with widespread bazaars flanked on either side by storied Mandapas.</li>
<li>The <strong>Mahanavami Dibba, a variety of ponds and tanks, and the row of pillared Mandapas</strong> are some of the important architectural remains of Hampi.<br />In <strong>1986</strong>, Hampi was declared a <strong>World Heritage site by UNESCO.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vijaynagar Empire</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vijayanagara or &ldquo;city of victory&rdquo; was the name of both a city and an empire.</li>
<li>The empire was founded in the fourteenth century (1336 AD) by Harihara and Bukka of Sangama dynasty. They made Hampi as the capital city.</li>
<li>It stretched from the river Krishna in the north to the extreme south of the peninsula.</li>
<li>Vijayanagar Empire was ruled by four important dynasties and they are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sangama</li>
<li>Saluva</li>
<li>Tuluva</li>
<li>Aravidu</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Krishnadevaraya (ruled 1509-29) of the Tuluva dynasty was the most famous ruler of Vijayanagar.</li>
<li>He is credited with building some fine temples and adding impressive gopurams to many important south Indian temples.</li>
<li>He composed a work on statecraft in Telugu known as the Amuktamalyada.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/asi-planning-barricade-around-famed-stone-chariot-at-hampi/article30905539.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hampi-1'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Olive Ridley Turtles',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Preparations are almost done at the<strong> Rushikulya rookery on the Odisha coast</strong> to welcome and protect olive ridley turtles during mass nesting.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Olive Ridley Turtles are the <strong>smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles</strong> found in the world, <strong>inhabiting warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.</strong></li>
<li>These turtles, along with the <strong>Kemps ridley turtle</strong>, are best known for their unique mass nesting called <strong>Arribada</strong> (mass-nesting event when thousands of turtles come ashore at the same time to lay eggs on the same).</li>
<li>They are <strong>carnivores.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg" p=""><strong>Note:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The coast of Odisha in India is the<strong> largest mass nesting site for the Olive-ridley,</strong> followed by the coasts of Mexico and Costa Rica.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Protection Status</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vulnerable</strong> according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).</li>
<li>Listed in <strong>Appendix I of CITES.</strong></li>
<li>Under <strong>Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Threats</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unfriendly fishing practices:</strong> The accidental killing of adult turtles through entanglement in trawl nets and gill nets due to uncontrolled fishing during their mating season around nesting beaches.</li>
<li>The Odisha government has made it mandatory for trawls to use <strong>Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs)</strong>, a net specially designed with an exit cover which allows the turtles to escape while retaining the catch.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, this has been strongly opposed by the fishing communities as they believe TEDs result in loss of a considerable amount of the catch along with the turtle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Development and exploitation of nesting beaches for ports and tourist centres.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rushikulya River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It originates from Rushikulya hills of the Eastern Ghats in Phulbani district (Odisha).</li>
<li>It is 165 kms. long with 8900 sq.kms of catchment areas.</li>
<li>It covers the entire catchment area in the districts of Kandhamal and Ganjam district of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/rushikulya-rookery-all-set-to-welcome-olive-ridleys/article30898766.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/olive-ridley-turtles-3'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Kalasa-Banduri Nala Project',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><br />The cost of the <strong>Kalasa-Banduri Nala project on the Mahadayi basin</strong> has <strong>risen</strong> from about ₹94 crores (2000) to ₹1,677.30 crores (2020) due to the <strong>ongoing inter-State river water dispute</strong>.</p>
<h3>Mahadayi River</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mahadayi or Mhadei, the <strong>west-flowing river</strong>, originates in <strong>Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary (Western Ghats)</strong>, Belagavi district of <strong>Karnataka</strong>.</li>
<li>It is essentially a rain-fed river also called <strong>Mandovi in Goa</strong>.</li>
<li>It is joined by a number of streams to form the Mandovi which is one of two major rivers (the other one is Zuari river) that flows through Goa.</li>
<li>The river travels 35 km in Karnataka; 82 km in Goa before joining the Arabian Sea.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kalasa-Banduri Nala Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is undertaken by the Government of Karnataka to improve drinking water supply to the <strong>three districts of Belagavi, Dharwad, and Gadag.</strong></li>
<li>It involves building across <strong>Kalasa and Banduri</strong>, two tributaries of the Mahadayi river to divert water to the <strong>Malaprabha river (a tributary of Krishna river).</strong></li>
<li>Malaprabha river supplies the drinking water to Dharwad, Belgaum, and Gadag districts.</li>
<li>Kalasa-Banduri project was planned in <strong>1989</strong>; Goa raised an objection to it.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/inter-state-river-water-sharing-disputes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal</a> was set up in 2010. <strong>Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra</strong> are parties to the tribunal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left: 180px;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582619452_mahadayi.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582619452_mahadayi.png" caption="false" width="391" height="252" /></a></p>
<p><br /><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mahadayi-project-cost-skyrockets-by-1674-since-inception/article30906941.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kalasa-banduri-nala-project'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'International Conference on ‘Ensemble Methods in Modelling and Data Assimilation (EMMDA)’',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>An international conference on &ldquo;Ensemble Methods in Modelling and Data Assimilation (EMMDA)&rdquo;</strong> is being organised by the <strong>National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF)</strong> from 24th -26th February 2020 in Noida.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Conference provides a platform for discussions and deliberations on the present status, future prospects and optimum use of <strong>Ensemble Prediction System (EPS).</strong></li>
<li>Ensemble Prediction Systems (EPS) are <strong>Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP)</strong> systems that allow one to estimate the uncertainty in a weather forecast as well as the most likely outcome.</li>
<li>India has recently operationally implemented two global EPS which have the highest resolution in the world and also a regional EPS of horizontal resolution 4km which covers the Indian region.</li>
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES)</strong> provides weather and climate services to various users round the year and on a 24/7 basis. Both operational and research aspects for these services are implemented through its constituent units like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statement-on-climate-of-india-during-2019-imd" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)</a>, NCMRWF, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), <br />Pune and Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) is a <strong>centre of excellence in weather and climate modelling under the Ministry of Earth Sciences.</strong></li>
<li>The mission of the Centre is to continuously develop advanced numerical weather prediction systems, with increased reliability and accuracy over India and neighbouring regions through research, development and demonstration of new and novel applications, maintaining the highest level of knowledge, skills and technical bases.</li>
<li>It is located in<strong> Noida, Uttar Pradesh.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1604087" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-conference-on-ensemble-methods-in-modelling-and-data-assimilation'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Perils of Neo-Liberal Era',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/towards-a-new-world-order/article30813398.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Towards a new world order&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 14/02/2020. It talks about issues related to the neo-liberal economic order and suggests a suitable alternative to it.</p>
</div>
<p>Capital can be defined as money, equipment, and other resources which are privately owned. Private ownership provides the owner with the opportunity to grow, develop and reap the benefits of using those resources for productive endeavours. Based on this capitalism, in its elementary stages fosters free enterprise and innovation.</p>
<p>Current world economic order can be termed as <strong>neo-capitalism or neo-liberalism</strong> order which focuses on <strong>Laissez-faire (market freedom), globalisation, intellectual property rights, free movement of goods, services, investment and ideas.</strong></p>
<p>However, over the course of the neoliberal era, economies around the world have become more and more unequal. Such conditions question neo-capitalism's long term viability as the key driving force of world economic order.</p>
<h3>Issues Related to Neo-liberal Era</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increasing Inequalities:</strong> Social inequalities and the grim problems of stark and continuing poverty are at the epicentre of the current world order. This can be reflected by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-inequality-crisis-report-oxfam-international" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Oxfam Report 2019:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>2,153 billionaires have more wealth than 4.6 billion people.</li>
<li>The world&rsquo;s richest 22 men have more money than all the women in Africa.</li>
<li>According to Oxfam, if governments were to increase taxation on the wealthiest 1% for the next 10 years, that would be the equivalent to creating 117 million jobs in education, health and elderly care and other sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Creation of Monopolies:</strong> Despite its alleged commitment to market competition, the neoliberal economic agenda instead brought the decline of competition and the rise of close to monopoly power in vast swaths of the economy: pharmaceuticals, telecom, airlines, agriculture, banking, industrials, retail.</li>
<li><strong>Unsustainable Economic Growth:</strong> One of the chief characteristics of economic development is the intensification of energy use. There is an unprecedented concentration of high energy density in all economic development strategies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bulk of the energy continues to be generated from non-renewable sources.</li>
<li>The developed world&rsquo;s primary objective is to capture energy-generating resources from across continents and put them to use to push their GDP growth to greater heights.</li>
<li>This unsustainable economic growth model is against the concept of sustainability, as it sacrifices the need of future generations for the welfare of present generations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developing Countries at Disadvantage:</strong> High consumption of energy by the developed world has been accompanied by the disposal of residual products (&lsquo;e-waste&rsquo;) on the shores of many African and Asian countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a result, the poor in the developing world are, unwittingly, drawn and exposed to toxic, hazardous materials like lead, cadmium and arsenic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, <strong>the &lsquo;globalisation&rsquo;</strong> phenomenon has led to the <strong>exploitation of the developing world,</strong> with most countries being treated as a source of cheap labour and critical raw material.</li>
<li>Further, <strong>high expenses on research and Intellectual Property Rights favour the developed countries,</strong> as it hinders the transfer of technology which may aid sustainable development.</li>
<li>Moreover, the sustainability of neo-liberal economic order got exposed during the 2007-2008 Global financial crisis due to which the global economy was on the verge of collapse.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>Improvement in &lsquo;Ease of Doing Business&rsquo; needs to be balanced with the improvement in Human Development Index.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The current neo-liberal model can be replaced by<strong> &lsquo;Nordic Economic Model&rsquo;,</strong> which pertains to the remarkable achievements of the <strong>Scandinavian countries comprising Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Sweden, Norway, and allied territories.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nordic Economic Model</strong> is comprised of:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Effective welfare safety nets for all.</li>
<li>Corruption-free governance.</li>
<li>A fundamental right to tuition-free education, including higher education.</li>
<li>A fundamental right to good medical care.</li>
<li>Nordic Countries also shut down the tax havens.</li>
<li>Also, in Nordic countries, personal and corporate income tax rates are very high, especially on the very rich.</li>
<li>They also have large public sector enterprises; extensive and generous universal welfare systems and considerable state involvement in promoting and upholding welfare states.</li>
<li>By following this economic model, These nations are among the richest in the world when measured in terms of GDP per capita.</li>
<li>UN reports also indicate that the Nordic countries are the happiest countries in the world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>New Model for the Corporate Sector:</strong> A new format has emerged under which a company&rsquo;s performance is measured through four &lsquo;Ps&rsquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The first is &lsquo;P&rsquo; for &lsquo;profit&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The second &lsquo;P&rsquo; is for &lsquo;people&rsquo;:</strong> How the companies actions impact not only employees but society as a whole.</li>
<li><strong>The third &lsquo;P&rsquo; is for &lsquo;planet&rsquo;:</strong> Companies actions and plans should be sensitive to the environment.</li>
<li><strong>The fourth &lsquo;P&rsquo; is for &lsquo;purpose&rsquo;</strong>: Companies and individuals must develop a larger purpose than &lsquo;business as usual&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Using big data and text analytics, a company&rsquo;s performance can be measured in terms of all the four &lsquo;P&rsquo;s and a corporate entity can be thus held accountable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Redistribution of wealth and resources is needed to end extreme poverty. This can be done by taxing wealth, high incomes, and cracking down on loopholes and inadequate global tax rules.</li>
<li>Apart from these, there is a requirement of global consensus and the will to make the planet more sustainable, so that all individuals can live with justice and equality.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #daf2f5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Like the Nordic model, in India, the government needs to regulate the market forces in order to address social problems such as widespread poverty. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/perils-of-neo-liberal-era'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Good Governance',
		'catname' => 'Paper 4',
		'desc' => '<h3>What is Good Governance?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&lsquo;Governance&rsquo; is the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Governance can be used in several contexts such as corporate governance, international governance, national governance and local governance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the 1992 report entitled &ldquo;Governance and Development&rdquo;, the World Bank set out its definition of Good Governance. It defined Good Governance as <strong>&ldquo;the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country&rsquo;s economic and social resources for development&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Good governance has 8 major characteristics.&lsquo;It is <strong>participatory, consensus-oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law.</strong></li>
<li>It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making.</li>
<li>It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>8 Principles of Good Governance By United Nations</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582541484_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582541484_image1.png" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Participation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People should be able to voice their own opinions through legitimate immediate organizations or representatives.</li>
<li>This includes men and women, vulnerable sections of society, backward classes, minorities, etc.</li>
<li>Participation also implies freedom of association and expression.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rule of Law:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Legal framework should be enforced impartially, especially on human rights laws.</li>
<li>Without rule of law, politics will follow the principle of matsya nyaya ie law of fish which means the strong will prevail over the weak.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consensus Oriented:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consensus oriented decision-making ensures that even if everyone does not achieve what they want to the fullest, a common minimum can be achieved by everyone which will not be detrimental to anyone.</li>
<li>It mediates differing interests to meet the broad consensus on the best interests of a community.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Equity and Inclusiveness:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Good governance assures an equitable society.</li>
<li>People should have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effectiveness and Efficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Processes and institutions should be able to produce results that meet the needs of their community.</li>
<li>Resources of the community should be used effectively for the maximum output.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accountability:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Good governance aims towards betterment of people, and this can not take place without the government being accountable to the people.</li>
<li>Governmental institutions, private sectors, and civil society organizations should be held accountable to the public and institutional stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transparency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Information should be accessible to the public and should be understandable and monitored.</li>
<li>It also means free media and access of information to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Responsiveness:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Institutions and processes should serve all stakeholders in a reasonable period of time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>References of Good Governance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bhagavad Gita provides numerous cues for good governance, leadership, dutifulness and self-realization which are re-interpreted in the modern context.</li>
<li>In Kautilya&rsquo;s Arthashastra (2<sup>nd</sup>-3<sup>rd</sup> century BC), the welfare of people was considered paramount in the role of King. Mahatma Gandhi emphasized &ldquo;su-raj'' which essentially means good governance.</li>
<li>Importance of governance is clearly inscribed in Indian Constitution which is built on-premise of Sovereign, Socialist, Secular and Democratic Republic committing itself to democracy, rule of law and welfare of people.</li>
<li>Under Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 16 can be considered to be directly linked as it is dedicated to improvement in governance, inclusion, participation, rights, and security.</li>
<li>According to former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan, "Good governance is ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law; strengthening democracy; promoting transparency and capacity in public administration." He also said that &ldquo;Good Governance is perhaps the single most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Initiatives for Good Governance in India</h3>
<p><strong>Right to Information</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), India is under an international obligation to effectively guarantee citizens the Right to Information as per Article 19 of the ICCPR.</li>
<li>RTI Act, 2005 marks a significant shift in Indian democracy. It gives greater access of the citizen to the information which in turn improves the responsiveness of the government to community needs.</li>
<li>The right to information, promotes openness, transparency and accountability in administration by making the government more open to public scrutiny.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>E-Governance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National e-Governance Plan envisions to make all government services accessible to the common man in his locality, through common service delivery outlets and ensure efficiency, transparency &amp; reliability of such services at affordable costs.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>E-Governance</strong></a> effectively delivers better programming and services in the era of newly emerging information and communication technologies (ICTs), which herald new opportunities for rapid social and economic transformation worldwide.</li>
<li>E-Governance has a direct impact on its citizens who derive benefits through direct transactions with the services offered by the government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Programs launched under e-Governance: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-to-chair-pragati-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation</strong></a> (PRAGATI), Digital India Program, MCA21 (to improve the speed and certainty in the delivery of the services of Ministry of Company Affairs), Passport Seva Kendra (PSK), online Income tax return, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Focus on <strong>'Minimum Government, Maximum Governance&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Legal Reforms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central Government has scrapped nearly 1,500 obsolete rules and laws with an aim to bring about transparency and improve efficiency.</li>
<li>Reform criminal justice and procedural laws with focus on pre-institution mediation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ease of Doing Business</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Steps were taken by the government to improve business conditions including legislation meant to improve the country&rsquo;s business environment and policy ecosystems (such as the Bankruptcy Code, the Goods and Services Tax or GST, and the anti-money-laundering law).</li>
<li>Government has launched the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Make in India&rsquo; initiative.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Decentralization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Centralised Planning Commission was abolished, replacing it with the think tank called the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog)</strong></a>, which would usher in an era of <strong>&ldquo;cooperative federalism&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>14<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission increased the tax devolution of the divisible pool to states from 32% to 42% for years 2015 to 2020. It provides more freedom to states to initiate schemes based on local factors.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Police Reforms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Modernizing police forces and implementing the <strong>Model Police Act of 2015.</strong></li>
<li>Reform of the First Information Report (FIR) lodging mechanism, including introducing filing e-FIRs for minor offences.</li>
<li>Launch a common nation-wide emergency number to attend to emergency security needs of citizens.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Aspirational Districts Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aspirational Districts Programme</strong></a> (ADP) was launched in January 2018 to transform the lives of people in the under-developed areas of the county in a time bound manner.</li>
<li>Anchored in NITI Aayog, the programme is aimed at transforming 115 most backward districts with focused interventions in the field of health and nutrition, education, agriculture and water management, financial inclusion and skill development.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Good Governance Index</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/good-governance-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good Governance Index</strong> </a>Was launched on the occasion of Good Governance Day on 25 December 2019.</li>
<li>The Good Governance Index is a uniform tool across States to assess the Status of Governance and impact of various interventions taken up by the State Government and Union Territories.</li>
<li>The objectives of Good Governance Index are to provide quantifiable data to compare the state of governance in all states and Union Territories, enable states and Union Territories to formulate and implement suitable strategies for improving governance and shift to result oriented approaches and administration.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges to Good Governance</h3>
<p><strong>Criminalization of Politics</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Association of Democratic Reforms, 43% of Members of Parliaments of Lok Sabha 2019 are facing criminal charges. It is a 26% increase as compared to 2014.</li>
<li>The criminalisation of the political process and the unholy nexus between politicians, civil servants, and business houses are having a baneful influence on public policy formulation and governance.</li>
<li>The political class as such is losing respect. Therefore, it is necessary to amend <strong>Section 8 of the Representation of the People&rsquo;s Act 1951</strong> to disqualify a person against whom the criminal charges that relate to grave and heinous offenses and corruption are pending.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Corruption</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Corruption is a major obstacle in improving the quality of governance. While human greed is obviously a driver of corruption, it is the structural incentives and poor enforcement system to punish the corrupt that have contributed to the rising curve of graft in India.</li>
<li>According to the Corruption Perception Index - 2019 (released by Transparency International, India's ranking has slipped from 78 to 80.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gender Disparity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>According to Swami Vivekananda,</strong> &ldquo;it is impossible to think about the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved. It is impossible for a bird to fly on only one wing&rdquo;.</li>
<li>One way to assess the state of the nation is to study the status of its women. As women comprise almost 50% of the population it is unfair that they are not adequately represented in government institutions and other allied sectors.</li>
<li>Therefore, in order to ensure good governance it is essential to ensure the empowerment of women.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Growing incidence of violence</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Resorting to illegal force is considered to be a law and order problem. But when one looks at it from the point of view of the principles of Good Governance, it becomes clear that peace and order is the first step to development.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Delay in Justice</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A citizen has the right to avail timely justice, but there are several factors, because of that a common man doesn't get timely justice.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Centralisation of Administrative System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governments at lower levels can only function efficiently if they are empowered to do so. This is particularly relevant for the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), which currently suffer from inadequate devolution of funds as well as functionaries to carry out the functions constitutionally assigned to them.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Marginalization of Socially and Economically Backward People</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The socially and economically backward sections of the society have always been marginalised in the process of development. Although there are constitutional provisions for their upliftment but in practice, they are lagging behind in so many areas like education, economic well being etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The effective functioning of governance is the prime concern of every citizen of the country. The citizens are ready to pay the price for good services offered by the state, but what is required is a transparent, accountable and intelligible governance system absolutely free from bias and prejudices.</li>
<li>There is a need to reformulate our national strategy to accord primacy to the Gandhian principle of &lsquo;Antyodaya&rdquo; to restore good governance in the country.</li>
<li>India should also focus on developing probity in governance, which will make the governance more ethical.</li>
<li>The government should continue to work on the ideals of Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas and Sabka Vishwas which will lead to inclusive and sustainable development.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Probity in Governance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Probity is a quality of having strong moral principles. It includes having integrity, uprightness, and honesty. It is not just being incorruptible and honest but also includes strict adherence to a code of ethics. For an effective system of governance and for socio-economic development, probity is essential.</li>
<li>Philosophical basis of governance and probity:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ethical concern of governance has been given in both eastern and western literature like Bhagavad Gita, Arthashastra, by Confucius, Plato, Mill, etc.</li>
<li>Administrators are the guardians of the Administrative State so they should honor public trust.</li>
<li>Max Weber: He said that it rationality that members of administrative staff should not own means of production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Objective of probity in governance:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To ensure accountability in governance</li>
<li>To maintain integrity in Public Service</li>
<li>To ensure compliance with the process</li>
<li>To preserve public confidence in Govt process</li>
<li>To avoid the potential for misconduct, fraud, and corruption</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Pakke Tiger Reserve',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Government of Arunachal Pradesh is planning to build a 692.7 km highway through the 862 sq km Pakke Tiger Reserve (PTR) in East Kameng district, Arunachal pradesh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Named the East-West Industrial Corridor, the highway aims to connect Arunachal Pradesh with Assam. However, the project makes no mention of compensation for people likely to be displaced.</li>
<li>It has been argued that corridor will also be a threat to the adjoining <strong>Nameri Tiger Reserve in Assam.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Pakke Tiger Reserve</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pakke Tiger Reserve (declared in 1999 - 2000) lies in the foothills of the eastern Himalaya in the East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh. It is also known as <strong>Pakhui Tiger Reserve.</strong></li>
<li>It falls within the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/andaman-nicobar-islands-rich-faunal-diversity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot.</strong> </a></li>
<li>It is home to over 2000 species of plants, 300 species of birds, 40 species of mammals, 30 species of amphibians and 36 species of reptiles. Many species of the flora and fauna are globally threatened, and PTR is one of the last remaining strongholds left for these species.</li>
<li>It is known for its amazing sightings of four resident <strong>hornbill species.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hornbill in India<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582538980_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582538980_image3.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is home to<strong> nine species of hornbills.</strong> The northeastern region has the highest diversity of hornbill species within India. Five hornbill species are found here, with the northeast being the exclusive habitat for <strong>three of them, the wreathed hornbill (Aceros undulatus), the brown hornbill (Anorrhinus austeni) and the Rufous-necked hornbill (Aceros nipalensis).</strong> The other two species, the great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) and the Oriental pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris) also occur in other parts of India.</li>
<li>The <strong>great hornbill</strong> is the <strong>state bird of Arunachal Pradesh and Kerala.</strong> It is <strong>&lsquo;vulnerable&rsquo; under the IUCN Red list.</strong></li>
<li>The Hornbill festival celebrated in Nagaland is named after the bird &ndash; Hornbill which is the most revered and admired bird for the Nagas.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Nameri Tiger Reserve</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nameri Tiger Reserve (declared in 1999-2000) is located in the foothills of the eastern Himalayas in the Sonitpur district of the state of Assam.</li>
<li>It is on the <strong>interstate border with Arunachal Pradesh.</strong> The Pakke Tiger Reserve of Arunachal Pradesh adjoins it on its north-eastern point.</li>
<li>The <strong>river Jia-Bhareli</strong> (a tributary of Brahmaputra River) with its tributaries, the Nameri, Upper Dikorai and Bor Dikorai flow through the Reserve.</li>
<li>Besided Tiger, the reserve is also home to the sambar, barking deer, wild boar and bison.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/highway-threatens-tiger-territory-in-arunachal-pradesh/article30896798.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pakke-tiger-reserve'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Archaeological Site near Varanasi',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A nearly<strong> 4,000-year-old urban settlement</strong> has been unearthed in Babhaniyav village (13 km from Varanasi, Uttar pradesh) by a team of surveyors from the Banaras Hindu University (BHU).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The unearthed site could be one of the <strong>craft villages</strong> mentioned in ancient texts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the age of Buddha, there were suburban villages which were in the nature of craft villages, for instance, a carpenter's village, or chariot-maker&rsquo;s village in the vicinity of Varanasi.</li>
<li>Crafts villages have been earlier unearthed in Sarnath, Tilmapur and Ramnagar - Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Initial survey of the site in Babhaniyav village had found a temple dating back to the 5<sup>th</sup> Century AD through 8<sup>th</sup> Century AD, potteries which are 4000-year-old and walls which are 2000-year-old.</li>
<li>Surveyors have also found a pillar with a two-line text in the <strong>Kushan-Brahmi script.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Kushan dynasty ruled over most of the northern Indian subcontinent, Afghanistan, and parts of Central Asia during 1<sup>st</sup> century AD - 3<sup>rd</sup> Century AD.</li>
<li>The inscriptions issued by the Kushan rulers or in areas under their rule include texts in Bactrian, written in Greek script, and in Prakrit written in Brāhmī or Kharoṣṭhī script.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The site gains significance because of its proximity to Varanasi, which is said to be 5,000 years old, though modern scholars believe it to be around 3,000 years old.</li>
<li>According to the experts, the site could be a small sub-centre of Varanasi which grew as an urban town.</li>
<li>The findings are important as Babhaniyav could have been a <strong>satellite town</strong> and feeding centre for the Varanasi-Sarnath region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A satellite town is a smaller city that is near a large(r) metropolis. It has all the necessary amenities and facilities present within its limits except for a few purposes like employment and sometimes education, it has to depend on the larger city.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Varanasi</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Varanasi is in southeastern Uttar Pradesh state. It is located on the left bank of the Ganges (Ganga) River and is one of the seven sacred cities of Hinduism.</li>
<li>It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Its early history is that of the first Aryan settlement in the middle Ganges valley.</li>
<li>Varanasi was the capital of the kingdom of Kashi during the time of the Buddha (6<sup>th</sup> century BCE), who gave his first sermon nearby at Sarnath.</li>
<li>The city remained a centre of religious, educational, and artistic activities as attested by the celebrated Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang, who visited it in about 635 CE.</li>
<li>Varanasi subsequently declined during three centuries of Muslim occupation, beginning in 1194.</li>
<li>Varanasi became an independent kingdom in the 18<sup>th</sup> century, and under subsequent British rule it remained a commercial and religious centre.</li>
<li>In 1910, the British made Varanasi a new Indian state, with Ramnagar (on the opposite bank) as headquarters but with no jurisdiction over the city of Varanasi.</li>
<li>In 1947, after Indian independence, the Varanasi state became part of the state of Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/4000-year-old-crafts-village-unearthed/article30900983.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/archaeological-site-near-varanasi'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'G20 Meeting in Saudi Arabia',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the ministers and central bankers from the world&rsquo;s largest economies participated in <strong>G20 meeting</strong> held in <strong>Riyadh (Saudi Arabia).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>presided</strong> by <strong>Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia</strong> is the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saudi-arabia-becomes-first-arab-nation-to-head-g20" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>first Arab nation to hold the G20 presidency.</strong></a></li>
<li>The 2020 G20 Presidency will focus discussions, forums, working groups and Ministerial Meetings under the <strong>theme of &ldquo;Realizing Opportunities of the 21<sup>st</sup> Century for All&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Economy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The global economic growth<strong> remains slow</strong> and downside risks due to the geopolitical and remaining trade tensions, and policy uncertainty.</li>
<li>Though the economic growth is <strong>expected to increase in 2020 and 2021</strong> due to<strong> loose monetary policy</strong> and an <strong>easing of trade tensions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>IMF&rsquo; Views at the Meeting:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It projects a <strong>&ldquo;V-shaped, rapid recovery&rdquo;</strong> for the global economy, but it warns about the uncertainty around the spread of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coronavirus</strong></a> (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVID 19</strong></a>).</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IMF</strong></a> also warned about other <strong>risks including rising debt levels in some countries as well as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demand for Global Taxation System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It discussed ways to achieve<strong> consensus</strong> on a global taxation system for the digital era by the <strong>end of 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to allow governments to tax digital companies where they do business, rather than where they are registered for tax purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has also demanded closer collaboration between international revenue agencies<strong> to investigate tax affairs of offenders who cross borders for escaping tax investigation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>G-20</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20</strong></a> is an <strong>informal group of 19 countries and the European Union,</strong> with representatives of the <strong>International Monetary Fund</strong> and the <strong>World Bank.</strong></li>
<li>The G20 membership comprises a mix of the world&rsquo;s largest advanced and emerging economies, representing about two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s population, 85% of global gross domestic product, 80% of global investment and over 75% of global trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarter</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The G20 operates<strong> as a forum and not as an organisation.</strong> Therefore, it does not have any permanent secretariat or management and administrative structure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>1997-1999 Asian Financial Crisis:</strong> This was a ministerial-level forum which emerged after G7 invited both developed and developing economies. The finance ministers and central bank governors began meeting in 1999.</li>
<li>Amid<strong> 2008 Financial Crisis</strong> the world saw the need for a new consensus-building at the highest political level. It was decided that the G20 leaders would begin meeting once annually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The members of the G20 are <strong>Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union.</strong></li>
<li>One nation holds the <strong>Chair every year,</strong> known as<strong> 'G20 Presidency'.</strong> Argentina chaired the G20 summit of 2018 and Japan for 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>V-Shaped Recovery<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582531853_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582531853_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A V-shaped recovery is characterized by a sharp economic decline followed by a quick and sustained recovery.</li>
<li>The recession of 1953 is an example of a V-shaped recovery.</li>
<li>A V-shaped recovery is different from an L-shaped recovery, in which the economy stays in a slump for a prolonged period of time.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/saudi-hosts-g20-financial-leaders-amid-coronavirus-alarm/articleshow/74255028.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TOI</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/g20-meeting-in-saudi-arabia'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'International Judicial Conference 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The International Judicial Conference 2020 was held from 21<sup>st</sup>-23<sup>rd</sup> February, 2020 in New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Conference was <strong>organized by the</strong> <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court of India.</strong></a></li>
<li>The<strong> theme</strong> of the Conference was<strong> &lsquo;Judiciary and the Changing World&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Important Topics</strong> of discussion at the Conference included : <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gender Justice,</li>
<li>Contemporary Perspectives on Protection of Constitutional Values,</li>
<li>Dynamic Interpretations of the Constitution in a Changing World,</li>
<li>Harmonisation of Environment Protection vis-&agrave;-vis Sustainable Development and</li>
<li>Protection of Right to Privacy in the Internet Age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights from the Conference</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sustainable Development:</strong> The Indian judiciary was appreciated for its <strong>balance between development and environment,</strong> and continued guidance in it. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>E.g. Judgement on Sardar Sarovar Project</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Increased Accessibility: The Supreme Court was hailed for the &ldquo;extraordinary effort&rdquo; to make its <strong>judgments more accessible to the common man</strong> by making them available in nine vernacular languages, keeping in mind the nation&rsquo;s linguistic diversity.</li>
<li><strong>Gender Justice:</strong> The recent directives for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/women-eligible-for-permanent-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>granting equal status to women in the Army</strong></a>, guidelines for preventing sexual harassment at the workplace, etc. were appreciated.</li>
<li><strong>Global Reference:</strong> The Chief Justice of India said that the<strong> Supreme Court&rsquo;s judgments are cited by courts of other countries</strong> and have served as a &ldquo;beacon of hope&rdquo; to independent and developing nations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A 2001 verdict of the South African court cited the Indian case of Narain Das Jain v Agra Nagar Mahapalika decided by the Supreme Court in 1991 to benchmark the compensation to be provided while acquiring land.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of ICT:</strong> The <strong>need for technology</strong> was highlighted to deliver speedy justice.</li>
<li>The Government is making an effort to connect every court of the country to the <strong>E-court Integrated Mission Mode Project.</strong> The establishment of the <strong>National Judicial Data Grid</strong> will make court procedures easier.</li>
<li><strong>Future Challenges:</strong> It was highlighted that issues like <strong>data protection</strong> and <strong>cyber crimes</strong> pose new challenges for the judiciary.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>E-court Integrated Mission Mode Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The E-Courts Project was conceptualised on the basis of <strong>"National Policy and Action Plan for Implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Indian Judiciary - 2005"</strong> submitted by e-Committee of the Supreme Court of India (set up in 2004).</li>
<li>The<strong> main objectives</strong> of the e-Court Project are as follows:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To provide efficient &amp; time-bound citizen centric service delivery.</li>
<li>To develop, install &amp; implement decision support systems in courts.</li>
<li>To automate the processes to provide transparency of Information access to its stakeholders.</li>
<li>To enhance judicial productivity both qualitatively &amp; quantitatively, to make the justice delivery system affordable, accessible, cost effective &amp; transparent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>e-Courts National portal</strong> (ecourts.gov.in) was launched in 2013. This provides Case Status, daily Case-list, Cases Filed and Cases Registered through the Case information System (CIS) Software.</li>
<li>The <strong>National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG)</strong> is a part of the e-Courts Integrated Mission Mode Project. It was launched in <strong>2015.</strong> The aim is to track judicial performance across different courts in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NJDG is working as National data warehouse for case data including the orders/judgments for Courts across the country.</li>
<li>NJDG works as a monitoring tool to identify, manage &amp; reduce pendency of cases.</li>
<li>It also helps to provide timely inputs for making policy decisions to reduce delay and arrears in the system, facilitate better monitoring of court performance and systemic bottlenecks, and, thus, facilitate better resource management.</li>
<li>NJDG has specifically helped India improve its ranking in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Report.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604079" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-judicial-conference-2020'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Craspedotropis Gretathunbergae',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>A group of scientists have recently discovered <strong>a new species of land snail </strong>in<strong> Brunei.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582528362_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582528362_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new species reside in <strong>tropical rainforests</strong> and is sensitive to <strong>drought and extreme temperatures</strong> (which have become more frequent due to climate change).</li>
<li>Hence as an honour to Swedish Climate Change activist <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/war-on-nature-must-end" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Greta Thunberg</strong></a>, who has been making efforts to raise awareness about climate change, the new snail species was named as Craspedotropis <strong>Gretathunbergae.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, a tiny species of <strong>beetle</strong> was also named after her as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nelloptodes-gretae" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nelloptodes Gretae.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2018, a<strong> new species of beetle</strong> (Grouvellinus Leonardodicaprioi) was named after the actor<strong> Leonardo DiCaprio</strong> (an American actor, producer, and environmentalist).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-c-gretathunbergae-6283028/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/craspedotropis-gretathunbergae'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Replicating the SBM Model',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/jal-jeevan-mission-sanitation-drinking-water-crisis-swachh-bharat-6280285/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The next mission&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 22/02/2020. It talks about the success story of Swachh Bharat Mission and how it can be replicated to deal with India&rsquo;s water crisis.</p>
</div>
<p>Indian government prioritises the water and sanitation sectors as key pillars of broader rural development. However, India is facing a water crisis.<strong> According to the Central Ground Water Board,</strong> over 250 of 700 districts have groundwater levels which are &ldquo;critical&rdquo; or &ldquo;over-exploited&rdquo;. Also, India harbours <strong>16% of the world&rsquo;s population, but only 4% of the world&rsquo;s freshwater resources.</strong></p>
<p>In order to deal with this water crisis, the Indian government has launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong></a> (JJM). The mission aims at providing &lsquo;Har Ghar Jal&rsquo; or piped water supply to all households by 2024.</p>
<p>However, achieving this target is an arduous task as it requires not only a lot of economic resources, political will at all levels, but also active &amp; positive public response to it.</p>
<p><strong>In this context, the success story of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swachh Bharat Mission</a> (SBM) can be emulated in tackling India&rsquo;s water crisis.</strong></p>
<h3>Success Story of SBM</h3>
<p>Until 2014, <strong>approximately 60% of the world&rsquo;s open defecators</strong> (600 million people) were practising open defecation across India, but within five years of the scheme, the number of open-defecation cases came down significantly, and <strong>now rural India has actually become open-defecation free.</strong></p>
<h3>Reasons Behind Success of SBM</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mass Communication Campaign:</strong> Swachh Bharat Mission, recognising the issue of social acceptability, launched a massive communication campaign to bring about a change in the social attitude. Reaching out to the masses effectively was one of the foremost foundations of this scheme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Prime Minister of India's leadership in SBM,</strong> became the key ingredient for success of Swachh Bharat Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Clear Vision:</strong> Swachh Bharat Mission had clearly defined national targets, the action plan and outlined the tasks and roles at each level of operation.</li>
<li><strong>Use of Nudge Theory:</strong> Majority of funds in SBM have gone towards incentivising the poor and marginalised households to construct and use household toilets, bringing about behaviour change, and building capacities of field functionaries.</li>
<li><strong>Long Term Approach:</strong> Achieving ODF status hasn't led to closure of the mission.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government under rural sanitation has declared to shift its focus on ODF sustainability, bio-degradable waste management, greywater management, sludge management and, critically, plastic waste management for all villages by 2024.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Multiplier Effect of SBM</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The returns on investments made in SBM, have been manifold, and their effects on the broader economy, markets and employment have been significant.</li>
<li><strong>UNICEF</strong> recently estimated that investments in sanitation in India are yielding a <strong>400% return with each rural household in an open-defecation-free village</strong> saving Rs 50,000 on account of avoided medical costs and time savings.</li>
<li>The Toilet Board Coalition has estimated that the sanitation infrastructure and services market in India will be worth over <strong>$60 billion by 2021,</strong> generating many new jobs, even in the most rural areas of the country, apart from reducing health and environmental costs and enhancing savings for households.</li>
<li>Many people engaged in the business of manufacturing toilet related hardware accessories have reported huge growth in sales during the SBM period.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has been corroborated by another recent study by UNICEF in which they have estimated that SBM has resulted in creating <strong>over 75 lakh full time equivalent jobs over the past five years,</strong> giving the rural economy a major boost.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>After the success of SBM, the next critical basic service that the government ought to provide is water supply.</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Decentralised Approach:</strong> Union budget for 2020-2021 has commitment of Rs 3.6 lakh crore of central and state funds under this scheme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, there is a need to follow a more decentralised approach (engaging local bodies) as envisaged by SBM.</li>
<li>This will ensure that the gram panchayats and local urban bodies have responsibility to upkeep of their water and sanitation infrastructure, providing a boost to the sustainability of service delivery to people.</li>
<li>This approach will ensure that just like sanitation, provision of water supply and its upkeep will also become everyone&rsquo;s business.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women in Leadership Roles:</strong> SBM focused on ending the practice of open defecation, which directly benefited the women by restoring their dignity and basic health.This made women a flag bearer in the sanitation revolution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In rural India, women have to walk long distances in unfriendly weather and treacherous terrain to fetch water for their families.</li>
<li>According to a report by the <strong>National Commission for Women,</strong> on average, a rural woman in Rajasthan walks <strong>over 2.5 km to reach a water source.</strong></li>
<li>Providing piped water supply will provide women with the opportunity to use their time more productively and improve their quality of life.</li>
<li>Another scheme to conserve groundwater in regions with low water tables, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atal-bhujal-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Bhujal Yojana</strong></a> is based on community participation, a key component of this programme is the formation of water use associations, in which at least 50% of members are to be women.</li>
<li>These steps will provide a massive fillip to the <strong>ease of living for women.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nudging the Farmer</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About 90% of India&rsquo;s water is consumed in farming. And that 80% of this irrigation is for water-guzzling crops &mdash; rice, wheat and sugarcane.</li>
<li>There is a need to diversify procurement operations, to include less water-intensive crops, like millets, pulses and oilseeds, especially in India&rsquo;s drylands.</li>
<li>However, changing the procurement process to less water-intensive crops requires a lot of political capital. Government can nudge the farmers to grow less water-intensive crops.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f2edd0;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has brought a jan andolan (mass revolution) in bringing a change in open defecation status in India. Can this success story of SBM be replicated in dealing with India&rsquo;s water crisis?</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/replicating-the-sbm-model'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Gold Deposits in Sonbhadra',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-navy-signs-mou-with-geological-survey-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geological Survey of India</strong></a> has rejected the UP government's Department of Geology and Mining claims of discovering about 3,000 tonnes of gold deposits in <a href="/know-your-state/know-your-state-uttar-pradesh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Uttar Pradesh&rsquo;s Sonbhadra district</strong></a>, saying the actual estimated reserve stands at 160 kg.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gold: Science</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gold is a chemical element with the<strong> symbol Au (from Latin: Aurum) </strong>and <strong>atomic number 79.</strong></li>
<li>Some of the <strong>unique properties</strong> of gold are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Conducts electricity.</li>
<li>Resistant to corrosion.</li>
<li>Exceptionally malleable and ductile.</li>
<li>Catalytic properties.</li>
<li>Biocompatible.</li>
<li>Nanogold.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gold: Currency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Owing to its unique qualities, gold has been the one material that is universally accepted in exchange for goods and services.</li>
<li>Gold began to serve as backing for paper-currency systems when they became widespread in the 19<sup>th</sup> century and from the 1870s until <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-war-I-centenary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, the <strong>gold standard</strong> was the basis for the world&rsquo;s currencies.</li>
<li>Although gold&rsquo;s official role in the international monetary system had come to an end by the 1970s, the <strong>metal remains a highly regarded reserve asset and approximately 45% of all the world&rsquo;s gold is held by governments and central banks for this purpose.</strong></li>
<li>Gold is still accepted by all nations as a medium of international payment.</li>
<li>
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Forex Reserve</strong> also includes<strong> Gold</strong> along with <strong>Foreign Currency Assets (such as dollar)</strong> and<strong> Special Drawing Rights.</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why Gold</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are five precious metals which can potentially be worked with: <strong>platinum, palladium, rhodium, silver and gold.</strong> Silver has been used as money but it tarnishes over time. Rhodium and palladium are more recent discoveries with limited historical uses.</li>
<li>Platinum and gold are the remaining elements. Platinum&rsquo;s extremely high melting point makes it impractical to melt. Thus gold is the only option left. It melts at a lower temperature and is malleable, making it easy to work with.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gold: Facts</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-gold-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Gold Council</strong></a>, India has gold reserves of more than 600 tonnes, the <strong>10<sup>th</sup> largest</strong> in the world.</li>
<li><strong>U.S has the highest</strong> gold reserves with 8,133.5 tonnes of total gold reserves,<strong> followed by Germany</strong> with 3,366.8 tonnes and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund</strong></a> <strong>(IMF)</strong> with a holding of 2,451.8 tonnes</li>
<li>The weight of gold is measured in<strong> troy ounces (1 troy ounce = 31.1034768 grams),</strong> however its <strong>purity is measured in &lsquo;carats&rsquo;.</strong> 24 carat is pure gold with no other metals.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Sonbhadra</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sonbhadra is the<strong> second largest district (area-wise) of Uttar Pradesh</strong> after <strong>Lakhimpur Kheri.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>only district in the country which shares borders with four states.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh</strong> to the west, <strong>Chhattisgarh</strong> to the south, <strong>Jharkhand</strong> to the south-east and<strong> Bihar</strong> to the east.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sonbhadra district is an <strong>industrial zone</strong> and has lots of minerals like<strong> bauxite, limestone, coal, gold</strong> etc.</li>
<li>It is drained by tributaries of the Ganges including the <strong>Belan</strong> and <strong>Karmanasha</strong> rivers.<strong> Son</strong> river flows through the district from <strong>west to east. Rihand</strong> river rises to the south in the highlands of Surguja district of Chhattisgarh and flows north to join the Son in the centre of Sonbhadra.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar</strong> (also known as<strong> Rihand Dam</strong>) is a reservoir on the Rihand, lies partly in the district and partly in Madhya Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> lies mostly within Sonbhadra, reaching generally east and west along the <strong>Kaimur Range,</strong> and extending to the Son river at its eastern end.</li>
<li>Sonbhadra is known for its several <strong>Cave painting sites found in the Vindhya region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Lakhania caves</strong> are located in the Kaimur ranges and are known for their beautiful ageless <strong>rock paintings.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These historic paintings are about 4000 years old.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Khodwa Pahar or Ghoramangar</strong> is another well-known ancient cave painting site.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582365669_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582365669_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-around-3000-tonne-gold-deposits-found-in-sonbhadra-6280558/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gold-deposits-in-sonbhadra'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Habitable-Zone Planet Finder',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Habitable-zone Planet Finder (HPF) has confirmed its first planet <strong>(exoplanet)</strong> called G 9-40b, orbiting a nearby low mass bright <strong>M-dwarf star</strong> (100 light years from Earth) with an orbital period of 6 Earth-days.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NASA</strong></a>&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-1st-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kepler mission</strong></a> had observed a dip in the host star&rsquo;s light, suggesting that the planet was crossing in front of the star during its orbit. To confirm the HPF was used.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>G 9-40b:</strong> G 9-40b is amongst the top 20 closest transiting planets known.</li>
<li><strong>Habitable-zone Planet Finder :</strong> HPF is an <strong>astronomical spectrograph,</strong> built by Penn State University scientists, and recently installed on the 10m <strong>Hobby-Eberly Telescope</strong> at McDonald Observatory (US).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The HPF searches for <strong>exoplanets</strong> by using the <strong>Doppler effect.</strong></li>
<li>A spectrograph is an instrument that splits light into its component wavelengths. Scientists measure the properties of light over a specific portion of the spectrum, and draw conclusions on what is responsible for the trends they observe.</li>
<li>The HPF provides the<strong> highest precision measurements of infrared signals from nearby low-mass stars,</strong> and astronomers use it to validate the candidate planet by excluding all possibilities of contaminating signals to a very high level of probability.</li>
<li>It is designed to detect and characterise planets in the habitable-zone also known as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/toi-700-d" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Goldilocks zone&rsquo;</strong></a>- <strong>the region around the star where a planet could sustain liquid water on its surface.</strong></li>
<li>HPF is currently surveying the nearest low-mass stars, also called <strong>M-dwarfs,</strong> which are the most common stars in the galaxy - with the goal of discovering exoplanets in our neighborhood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Doppler Effect</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An increase (or decrease) in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move towards (or away from) each other.</li>
<li>The effect causes the sudden change in pitch noticeable in a passing siren, as well as the red shift seen by astronomers.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Exoplanet</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a planet outside the Solar System. The first confirmation of detection of exoplanet occurred in 1992.</li>
<li>Exoplanets are very hard to see directly with telescopes. They are hidden by the bright glare of the stars they orbit.</li>
<li>So, astronomers use other ways to detect and study exoplanets such as looking at the effects these planets have on the stars they orbit.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>M-dwarfs</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>M dwarf or M-type star, also called Red Dwarf Star are the most numerous type of star in the universe and the smallest type of hydrogen-burning star.</li>
<li>These have masses from about 0.08 to 0.6 times that of the Sun.</li>
<li>In the Milky Way Galaxy, about <strong>70% of the stars are red dwarfs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-to-study-light-and-confirm-a-potential-exoplanet-6280488/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/habitable-zone-planet-finder'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'GoM Reviews Amendments to the JJ Act, 2015',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a <strong>Group of Ministers (GoM)</strong> chaired by the Home Minister met to discuss <strong>proposed amendments</strong> to the <strong>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) (JJ) Act, 2015.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The GoM meeting was convened <strong>to create greater synergy</strong> between ministries on the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Bill, 2018</li>
</ul>
<h3>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Improvement Over the Act of 2000:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 <strong>replaced the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000</strong> to comprehensively address children in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Change in Nomenclature:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act changes the nomenclature from<strong> &lsquo;juvenile&rsquo;</strong> to<strong> &lsquo;child&rsquo;</strong> or <strong>&lsquo;child in conflict with law&rsquo;.</strong> Also, it <strong>removes the negative connotation</strong> associated with the word &ldquo;juvenile&rdquo;.</li>
<li>It also includes several<strong> new and clear definitions</strong> such as orphaned, abandoned and surrendered children; and petty, serious and heinous offences committed by children</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Provisions for Age 16-18 years:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Included special provisions to tackle child offenders committing heinous offences in the <strong>age group of 16-18 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mandatory Constitution of the JJ Board:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>mandates</strong> setting up <strong>Juvenile Justice Boards and Child Welfare Committees</strong> in<strong> every district.</strong> Both <strong>must have at least one woman</strong> member each.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adoption Related Clauses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A separate new chapter on Adoption to streamline adoption procedures for an orphan, abandoned and surrendered children,</li>
<li>Also, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5th-annual-day-of-cara" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA)</strong></a> was granted the status of a statutory body to enable it to perform its function more effectively.</li>
<li>The Act states that the adoption of a child is final on the issuance of an adoption order<strong> by the court.</strong> Currently, there are<strong> 629 adoption cases pending</strong> in various <strong>courts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inclusion of New Offences:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act included several new offences committed against children (like, illegal adoptions, use of child by militant groups, offences against disabled children, etc) which are<strong> not adequately covered under any other law.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Care Institutions (CCI):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All Child Care Institutions, whether run by State Government or by voluntary or non-governmental organisations are to be <strong>mandatorily registered</strong> under the Act <strong>within 6 months</strong> from the date of commencement of the Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Bill, 2018</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill provides that instead of the court,<strong> the district magistrate will issue adoption orders</strong> to address the high pendency of adoption cases.</li>
<li>The Bill also seeks<strong> to transfer all pending matters related to adoption before any court to the district magistrate having jurisdiction over the area.</strong></li>
<li>The proposed amendments intend to <strong>expedite proceedings.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Group of Ministers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Groups of Ministers (GoMs) have been constituted from time to time to look into different issues/subjects.</li>
<li>These are <strong>ad hoc bodies</strong> formed to<strong> give recommendations</strong> to the cabinet on certain emergent issues and critical problem areas.</li>
<li>Ministers heading the concerned ministries are inducted into the relevant GoMs and when the advice is crystallised they are disbanded.</li>
<li>Some of these GoMs have been also <strong>empowered to take decisions on behalf of the Cabinet</strong> known as <strong>Empowered Groups of Ministers (EGoMs).</strong></li>
<li>But with time the constitution of a large number of GoMs has resulted in many GoMs not being able to meet regularly to complete their work thus leading to significant delays on many major issues. Thus. all the Groups of Ministers (GoMs) and Empowered Groups of Ministers (EGoMs) were<strong> abolished in 2014.</strong></li>
<li>Further in <strong>2015, 16 informal</strong> Groups of Ministers (GoMs) were formed to discuss key issues of the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gom-meets-on-juvenile-justice-act/article30883312.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'articles.article_id' => 'integer',
		'article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.category_id' => 'integer',
		'category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__title' => 'string',
		'articles.title' => 'string',
		'title' => 'string',
		'articles__description' => 'text',
		'articles.description' => 'text',
		'description' => 'text',
		'articles__shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles.shortdescription' => 'string',
		'shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles__featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles.featuredimage' => 'string',
		'featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles__tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.tag_id' => 'integer',
		'tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles.secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles__type' => 'integer',
		'articles.type' => 'integer',
		'type' => 'integer',
		'articles__publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles.publishon' => 'datetime',
		'publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles__posturl' => 'string',
		'articles.posturl' => 'string',
		'posturl' => 'string',
		'articles__metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles.metatitle' => 'string',
		'metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles__metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles.metadescription' => 'string',
		'metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles__metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles.metakeyword' => 'text',
		'metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles__status' => 'integer',
		'articles.status' => 'integer',
		'status' => 'integer',
		'articles__sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles.sort_order' => 'integer',
		'sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles__addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.addedby' => 'integer',
		'addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.updatedby' => 'integer',
		'updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.added' => 'timestamp',
		'added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.modified' => 'timestamp',
		'modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles.whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_comments' => 'integer',
		'display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles__pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles.pdf_name' => 'string',
		'pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles__display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_archive' => 'integer',
		'display_archive' => 'integer'
	],
	'decorators' => (int) 0,
	'executed' => false,
	'hydrate' => true,
	'buffered' => true,
	'formatters' => (int) 0,
	'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
	'contain' => [],
	'matching' => [],
	'extraOptions' => [],
	'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}

}
$page = (int) 132
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 301
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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