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‘World Habitat Award’ for Odisha’s JAGA Mission

Why in News Recently, Odisha has won the 'World Habitat Award' for its ambitious initiative- Jaga Mission. It aims at transforming the slums into...

11 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Aung San Suu Kyi to Defend Myanmar in ICJ

Recently, Gambia has filed an application at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), accusing Myanmar of violating the 1948 Genocide...

11 Dec 2019 News Analysis
SkillsBuild Platform: IBM

Why in News Recently, SkillsBuild platform was launched by the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) in collaboration with...

11 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Nagaland Extends ILP in Dimapur

Why in News Recently, the Nagaland government has extended the Inner Line Permit (ILP) system to the district of Dimapur. This step was taken to...

11 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Problem of Open Defecation in India

This article is based on “How big a challenge is sustaining India's open-defecation free status” which was published in Down To Earth...

10 Dec 2019 News Editorials
The Big Picture - Election Commission: Collegium System & Appointments

Recently, the Supreme Court had agreed to hear a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) seeking the appointment of Chief Election Commissioner and...

10 Dec 2019 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
World Heritage Week 2019

Why in News The World Heritage Week is celebrated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) every year from...

10 Dec 2019 News Analysis
White Island

Why in News A volcanic eruption took place at White Island in New Zealand. White Island is New Zealand’s most active cone volcano which has...

10 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Human Development Index

Why in News India was ranked 129 out of 189 countries on the 2019 Human Development Index (HDI) improving from the 130th position in 2018. HDI is...

10 Dec 2019 News Analysis
International Human Rights Day

Why in News The International Human Rights Day is observed every year on 10th December. The day marks the adoption of the Universal Declaration of...

10 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD)

This article is based on “Quad in the Spotlight” which was published in The Indian Express on 7/12/2019. It talks about the various...

09 Dec 2019 News Editorials
Industrial Corridors

Why in News Government has approved the development of the five industrial corridor projects which will be implemented through National Industrial...

09 Dec 2019 Paper 3
Industrial Corridors

For...

09 Dec 2019 Paper 3
19th IORA Council of Ministers Meeting

Why in News Recently, the 19th Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Council of Ministers (COM) Meeting was held in Abu Dhabi (UAE) under the theme of...

09 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Natyashastra

Why in News Recently, a three-day festival on Natyasastra was organised in Chennai (Tamil Nadu). Natyashastra Natyashastra, in full Bharata...

09 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Icicles, Stalactites and Stalagmites

Icicles Icicles typically form on days when the air temperature is subfreezing but sunshine warms and melts some snow or ice. As it drips off, a...

09 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Susceptibility of Infants to Measles

Why in News According to recent studies,infants become susceptible to measles infection at the end of three months after birth and not six months as...

09 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Combination Therapy for TB

Why in News Researchers from Bengaluru have made an important discovery of the mechanism used by Tuberculosis (TB) bacteria to tolerate TB...

09 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Personal Data Protection Bill 2019

This article is based on “The issues, debate around Data Protection Bill” which was published in The Indian Express on 7/12/2019. It...

07 Dec 2019 News Editorials
Sattriya Dance

Why in News Dance historian Dr. Sunil Kothari has recently been bestowed with the Madhabdev Award by the Government of Assam for popularising...

07 Dec 2019 News Analysis

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => '‘World Habitat Award’ for Odisha’s JAGA Mission',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Odisha</strong> has won the <strong>'World Habitat Award'</strong> for its ambitious initiative- <strong>Jaga Mission.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>aims</strong> at transforming the slums into liveable habitat with all necessary civic infrastructure and services at par with the better off areas within the same urban local body and to continuously improve the standard of the infrastructure and services and access to livelihood opportunities.</li>
</ul>
<h3>World Habitat Award</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This award is given by <strong>World Habitat,</strong> in partnership with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-habitat-assembly" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Habitat</strong></a>, <strong>every year</strong>, in recognition of innovative, outstanding, and revolutionary ideas, projects, and programmes from across the world in the field of housing.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Habitat or United Nations Human Settlements Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>United Nations agency for human settlements.</strong> It is mandated by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goal of providing adequate shelter for all.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1978</strong> as an outcome of the <strong>first UN Conference on Human Settlements and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat I)</strong> held in Vancouver, Canada, in 1976.</li>
<li>UN-Habitat is <strong>headquartered at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>World Habitat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>international not-for-profit organisation/foundation</strong> established in the <strong>United Kingdom.</strong></li>
<li>It works internationally to help bring the best housing to the people who need it the most.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Jaga Mission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Odisha Liveable Habitat Mission (OLHM)- JAGA</strong> is a society under the Housing &amp; Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha.</li>
<li>The <strong>slum land titling mission</strong> was being executed in <strong>collaboration with Tata Trusts</strong> and <strong>Norman Foster Foundation.</strong></li>
<li>Odisha government rolled out this <strong>first of its kind project</strong> on<strong> May 7, 2018.</strong></li>
<li>This mission was also awarded the <strong>'India Geospatial Excellence Award'</strong> for <strong>technological innovation</strong> in transforming the lives of urban poor.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Geospatial Excellence Award</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This award is given by <strong>GeoSmart India</strong> which is an <strong>interactive platform</strong> that demonstrates the collective and shared vision of the Indian geospatial community and is the <strong>most prominent stakeholder event</strong> of the <strong>Indian geospatial ecosystem.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/odisha-awarded-world-habitat-award-for-jaga-mission-119121000128_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-habitat-award-for-odisha-s-jaga-mission'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Aung San Suu Kyi to Defend Myanmar in ICJ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, <strong>Gambia</strong> has filed an application at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-court-of-justice-icj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Court of Justice (ICJ)</strong></a>, accusing Myanmar of violating the <strong>1948 Genocide Convention.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the first international legal attempt to bring Myanmar to ICJ over alleged mass killings of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-myanmar-rohingya-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rohingya minority</strong></a> in 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Muslim-majority<strong> Gambia,</strong> has filed this application on behalf of the 57-nation <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-attended-oic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Aung San Suu Kyi</strong> will defend Myanmar in the Hague against accusations of genocide. She is a Myanmar&rsquo;s State Counsellor and Nobel Peace laureate (awarded in 1990).</li>
<li>Myanmar, however, faces a number of legal challenges over the fate of the Rohingya, including a probe by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-criminal-court-icc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Criminal Court</strong> </a>(a separate war crimes tribunal) in the Hague and a lawsuit in <strong>Argentina.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Convention on Genocide</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>adopted in 1948</strong> in response to the atrocities committed during World War II and a UN resolution which recognised that <strong>"genocide is an international crime, which entails the national and international responsibility of individual persons and states."</strong></li>
<li>The Convention on Genocide was among the first United Nations (UN) conventions addressing humanitarian issues.</li>
<li>The Convention has since then been widely accepted by the international community and ratified by a majority of States.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Criminal Court (ICC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is governed by an international treaty called 'The Rome Statute&rsquo; which was adopted in 1998. The <strong>International Criminal Court (ICC)</strong> is the world&rsquo;s first permanent international criminal court.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Hague, Netherlands.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Court of Justice (ICJ)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-court-of-justice-icj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ICJ</strong></a> was established in 1945 by the United Nations charter and started working in April 1946.</li>
<li>It is the<strong> principal judicial organ of the United Nations,</strong> situated at the Peace Palace in the Hague (Netherlands).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-attended-oic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>OIC</strong></a> was formed in 1969 after a summit in Rabat, the Kingdom of Morocco on 25 September 1969.</li>
<li>The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is among the largest inter-governmental organizations in the world.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</li>
<li>It has 57 member states and 12 observers including the United Nations</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aung-san-suu-kyi-to-defend-myanmar-in-icj'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'SkillsBuild Platform: IBM',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>SkillsBuild platform</strong> was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development &amp; Entrepreneurship (MSDE)</strong> in collaboration with <strong>International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The digital platform will provide a <strong>two-year advanced diploma</strong> in Information Technology (IT), networking and cloud computing offered by the Industrial Training Institutes <strong>(ITIs)</strong> and National Skill Training Institutes <strong>(NSTIs).</strong></li>
<li>It will further be extended to train ITI &amp; NSTI faculty on building skills in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence (AI).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a digital platform developed by IBM and it enables holistic learning, aligning it with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skills India Initiative</strong></a> by Government of India.</li>
<li>India is the <strong>4<sup>th</sup> country</strong> to launch a platform for skill building after the <strong>UK, Germany and France.</strong></li>
<li>It will be accessible online through <strong>Bharat Skills</strong> &ndash; a learning management system for ITI/NSTI students and teachers and is free to use.</li>
<li>SkillsBuild will <strong>focus</strong> on:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Personalised coaching and experiential learning.</li>
<li>Developing the skills required to join the workforce in <strong>New Collar</strong> roles.</li>
<li>Bringing untapped talent to the fore.</li>
<li>Opening roles to individuals often excluded from the labour market due to disadvantaged backgrounds, lack of knowledge, skill or experience.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This platform will provide a <strong>personal assessment</strong> for cognitive capabilities and personality via <strong>MyInnerGenius</strong> (one of the world&rsquo;s leading career assessment companies) to youths/students.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>New Collar Roles</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>New Collar roles focus more on a <strong>candidate's skills</strong> during the hiring process, rather than his or her level of education.</li>
<li>A new-collar worker is an individual who develops the technical and soft skills needed to work in technology jobs <strong>through non-traditional education paths.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Example:</strong> Technical jobs including cloud computing technicians, database managers, cybersecurity, user interface designers and other IT roles.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1595528" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skillsbuild-platform-ibm'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Nagaland Extends ILP in Dimapur',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Nagaland government</strong> has extended the<strong> Inner Line Permit (ILP)</strong> system to the <strong>district of Dimapur.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This step was taken to exempt the entire district from the purview of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/upsc-ias-gs-paper-2-polity-the-citizenship-amendment-bill-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship Amendment Bill (CAB).</strong></a></li>
<li>So far, Dimapur was the only place in Nagaland which was not under the ILP system because the district is a commercial hub and has a mixed population (often referred to as &lsquo;Mini India&rsquo;).</li>
<li>Recently <strong>Manipur</strong> has also been brought <strong>under the purview of ILP System.</strong> Thus, the entire northeast India has been exempted from CAB <strong>except for Sikkim and non-tribal areas in Assam and Tripura.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576048524_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576048524_image1.jpg" width="492" height="671" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The extension of ILP to Dimapur has been issued under <strong>section 2 of the</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/entry-law-for-visitors-in-meghalaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873</strong></a> by the governor of Nagaland.</li>
<li>The extension of the ILP regime makes it <strong>mandatory</strong> for <strong>&ldquo;every non-indigenous person&rdquo;</strong> who entered the district after <strong>November 21, 1979, to obtain an ILP within 90 days.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Exemptions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Any <strong>non-indigenous persons living</strong> in Dimapur prior to <strong>November 21, 1979,</strong> with a <strong>certificate</strong> from the Deputy Commissioner.</li>
<li>Any non-indigenous person <strong>passing</strong> through Dimapur to other states as a <strong>transit passenge</strong>r with a<strong> valid document.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Citizenship Amendment Bill,2019 and North-East India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Protected by the ILP System: Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Mizoram</strong> have been <strong>exempted</strong> from the provisions of the <strong>Citizenship Amendment Bill (CAB), 2019</strong></li>
<li><strong>Sixth Schedule Areas:</strong> The <strong>whole of Meghalaya (except a part of Shillong), Mizoram and the tribal areas of Tripura and Assam</strong> are also exempted from the CAB. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sixth Schedule contains special provisions for the administration of <strong>tribal areas in the four north-eastern states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Inner Line Permit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inner Line Permit is an official travel document issued by the <strong>concerned State Government&nbsp;to allow inward travel</strong> of an Indian citizen into a protected/restricted area for a limited period.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>special permit required by &ldquo;outsiders&rdquo;</strong> from other regions of the country to enter the notified states.</li>
<li>It is based on the <strong>Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation Act (BEFR), 1873.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This act was enacted during the British era to protect the <strong>British interests from the hill tribals who used to invade the British subjects.</strong></li>
<li>An imaginary line known as the inner-line was created to divide between the two communities so that neither party could go beyond the line without a permit from the appropriate authorities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nagaland-extends-inner-line-permit-to-dimapur/article30270213.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nagaland-extends-ilp-in-dimapur'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Problem of Open Defecation in India',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/rural-water-and-sanitation/how-big-a-challenge-is-sustaining-india-s-open-defecation-free-status-67525" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;How big a challenge is sustaining India's open-defecation free status&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in Down To Earth on 31/10/2019. It talks about issues in India&rsquo;s pursuit of becoming open defecation free.</p>
</div>
<p>In the past four years, India has built 100 million toilets in about 0.6 million villages and 6.3 million in cities, making India largely open defecation free (ODF). The country has been declared open defecation free (ODF) &mdash; a seemingly impossible task just some years ago.</p>
<p>In this context, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)</strong></a> has become the global benchmark for participatory and transformative development. However, there are many challenges before India can truly claim itself as ODF.</p>
<h3>Problem of Open Defecation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Open defecation refers to the practise whereby people go out in fields, bushes, forests, open bodies of water, or other open spaces rather than using the toilet to defecate.</li>
<li>It poses a serious threat to the health of children in India.</li>
<li>It exposes women to the danger of physical attacks and encounters such as snake bites.</li>
<li>Poor sanitation also cripples national development, by diverting people&rsquo;s hard-earned money towards out of pocket expenditure on health (leading cause of dragging people into poverty), rather than productive investment like education.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Achievements under SBM</h3>
<p>SBM emphasizes generating awareness, sharing information and creating behaviour change to bridge the gap between building toilets and their proper use.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to government estimates, by February 2019, over 93 per cent of the country&rsquo;s rural households had access to toilets; over 96 per cent of them also used the toilets, suggesting an <strong>important change in behaviour.</strong></li>
<li>The government surveys suggest that 99 per cent of the toilets were well maintained, hygienic and in 100 per cent of these toilets, excreta was &ldquo;safely&rdquo; disposed &mdash; there was no pollution, <strong>no stagnant water, no wastewater and only minimal litter.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/gist-of-economic-survey/gist-of-economic-survey-2018-19/gist-of-economic-survey2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey 2018-19</strong></a> says the gains of the toilet programme are showing up in <strong>health indicators</strong> &mdash; dramatic reduction in diarrhoea and malaria cases in children under 5 years of age in districts with high coverage of toilets in households.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s achievement will also help it to meet its <strong>sustainable development goal 6.2, which aimed</strong> &ldquo; to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for its success</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Political leadership:</strong> Arguably the biggest game-changer for the SBM, was the Prime Minister of India investing his personal political capital in the mission.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It created a domino-like effect, cascading to the grassroots level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public financing:</strong> Over Rs 1 lakh crore was committed to ensuring universal access to sanitation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About 90% of the households which received toilets were from socially and economically weaker sections of society and they received financial incentives to build and use toilets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Partnerships:</strong> SBM partnered with implementers and influencers like: National and international development agencies, media houses, civil society, celebrities, as well as all departments/ministries of the government of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNICEF in India is working in collaboration with the Health Ministry to map <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/who-wash-strategy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WASH (Water Sanitation and Hygiene)</strong></a> compliance in health facilities in the most deprived districts and is making recommendations to address non-compliance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>All hands on deck approach:</strong> SBM trained over half a million swachhagrahis, (grassroots motivators), who triggered behaviour change in every village in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ordinary people undertook extraordinary roles and inspired others to build and use toilets.</li>
<li>SBM captured the imagination of the people, and became a people&rsquo;s movement or a jan andolan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges to ODF</h3>
<p>While the Swachh Bharat Mission has made rapid strides in terms of making toilets more pervasive throughout the country, entrenched socioeconomic factors may be limiting access to and use of sound sanitation practices in Indian villages.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Though the government has provided toilets but many areas in India are affected by <strong>water scarcity.</strong></li>
<li>There is the issue of <strong>excreta disposal.</strong> The toilets built by the government has a system for containment of the excreta, not its disposal.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It assumes that the toilet will safely decompose the excreta in-situ. However, the quality of septic tanks is poor.</li>
<li>Also, the waste is unsafely disposed through tanker operators on the land, or worse, in water bodies.</li>
<li>Unsafe disposal of excreta would become the source of soil and water contamination, thereby taking away the health gains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Even if toilets are built and people have started using these, the trend can reverse in no time. People might slip back into the <strong>old habit of open defecation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Movies like Toilet Ek Prem Katha is a step in the right direction, as they spur behavioural change and will help to curb the slipping back to open defecation.</li>
<li>Government under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong></a> seeks to provide piped water to all households by 2024.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will address the issue to water scarcity which affects sanitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is also a need to move from ODF to ODF+ and ODF++ protocol.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Original ODF protocol issued in March 2016, said &ndash; &ldquo;A city/ward is notified as ODF city/ward if, at any point of the day, not a single person is found defecating in the open.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The new ODF+ protocol: if, &ldquo;at any point of the day, not a single person is found defecating and/or urinating in the open, and all community and public toilets are functional and well-maintained.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The ODF++ protocol adds the condition that &ldquo;faecal sludge/septage and sewage is safely managed and treated, with no discharging and/or dumping of untreated faecal sludge/septage and sewage in drains, water bodies or open areas.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The gaps remaining in SBM should be plugged, such as, people who still lack toilets are provided access to the same, retrofitting primitive style toilets which are not yet sustainably safe, and ensuring proper waste disposal to ensure the complete success of SBM.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #faf4cf;">
<p><em><strong><span style="color: #000080;">Drishti Mains Question</span><br /><br /></strong></em>Swachh Bharat Mission has become the global benchmark for participatory and transformative development, but still, certain challenges remain before India can truly claim its success. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/open-defecation-in-india'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'The Big Picture - Election Commission: Collegium System & Appointments',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mfo8Z2M8988" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Recently, the Supreme Court had agreed to hear a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) seeking the appointment of Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners be done by a <strong>three-member collegium.</strong> The collegium will comprise of the Prime Minister, the Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha and the Chief Justice of India. The PIL also seeks to <strong>ensure more autonomy</strong> for the office of Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners and an <strong>independent secretariat</strong> for the Election Commission of India.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Election Commission of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission of India (ECI)</strong></a> is an <strong>autonomous constitutional authority</strong> responsible for administering Union and State election processes in India.</li>
<li>The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and the offices of the President and Vice President in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Structure of the Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Originally the commission had only one election commissioner but after the <strong>Election Commissioner Amendment Act 1989,</strong> it has been made a <strong>multi-member body.</strong></li>
<li>The commission presently consists of one Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and two Election Commissioners (ECs).</li>
<li>The secretariat of the commission is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Historical Demand for Appointment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This demand was first raised in <strong>1990</strong> when the <strong>Dinesh Goswami Committee</strong> suggested the need for a selection committee or a panel to appoint the CEC (at that time ECI was a single-member body).</li>
<li>Based on this recommendation, <strong>70<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment Bill, 1990</strong> was introduced in the Parliament which demanded for the <strong>selection committee</strong> comprising of the Presiding Officers of both Houses and Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, due to lack of political will, it was not passed and was withdrawn in 1993. Till date, no such bill was formed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Practise:</strong> In the USA, South Africa, Canada, etc. there is a mechanism for outside consultation with expert body for making suitable appointments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Present System of Appointment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constitutional versus Executive Power of Appointment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is no prescribed procedure for appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners as per the constitution. Under the Transaction of Business rules, the <strong>President shall appoint the CEC and EC based on the recommendations made by the Prime Minister.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Therefore, it is the<strong> executive power of the President</strong> to appoint CEC and ECs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, according to <strong>Article 324(5),</strong> the Parliament has the power to regulate the <strong>terms of conditions of service and tenure</strong> of ECs. It is under this article that the Parliament has made laws till date, and not under <strong>Art. 324(2)</strong> in which the Parliament can establish a selection committee for regulating the appointments made by the President.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aberrations in Appointment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Constituent Assembly Debates:</strong> The issue was debated in the Constituent Assembly which finally left over to the government to decide the appointments.</li>
<li><strong>Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991</strong> was passed to <strong>determine the conditions of service</strong> of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners and to <strong>provide for the procedure for transaction of business</strong> by the ECI. However, the Parliament at that time decided not to put any collegium system for appointment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Similar Demand:</strong> For other <strong>constitutional positions</strong> similar demand can be raised where it is the imperative of the executive to make such appointments like for <strong>Attorney General or <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Comptroller &amp; Auditor-General.</a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has the right to decide such appointments like it did for CBI director or the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-vigilance-commission-cvc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chief Vigilance Commissioner</strong></a>. But these are<strong> statutory positions.</strong> As of now, there is no committee for constitutional appointments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Dilemma:</strong> According to <strong>Article 324(2),</strong> the President shall make the <strong>appointment</strong> till the time there is no law being made by the Parliament for this purpose.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because of the absence of such law, the possible statutory appointment process has been made a constitutional appointment (done under executive domain) by the President.</li>
<li>Even in the debates of Constituent Assembly, it was argued that the appointments be made by the President in consultation with PM with the concurrence of <strong>two-thirds of the majority of the joint session</strong> of both the Houses of Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Distinction between CEC &amp; EC:</strong> There is a difference between the position of a CEC &amp; EC. The appointments to both the position may differ according to the task they perform. Therefore, to differentiate the process of appointment which is still done on an <strong>ad-hoc</strong> basis (because of absence of any constitutional law) becomes a challenging task that needs to be addressed properly to ensure the independent working of the commission.</li>
<li><strong>Demand for Collegium System-</strong> In the recent past, this demand has gained prominence in the backdrop of <strong>allegations raised by political parties</strong> regarding the independence of the Commission. Therefore, it is due to political necessity and not legal conundrum that there is a demand for multiparty approach in appointment process.</li>
<li><strong>Judicial Overreach:</strong> The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> (SC) interprets any law on the basis of provisions of the constitution, and constitutionally decision for appointment procedure of EC comes under executive domain. Thereby, decision by the Supreme Court in this regard can possibly shake the harmonious balance of power.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Deficiencies</strong> in the present system of appointment process needs to be <strong>removed.</strong> And adequate safeguards must be put into place to ensure that ethical and capable people head the concerned positions.</li>
<li><strong>Independence:</strong> There must be similar<strong> election and removal procedure</strong> for CEC and ECs, and they must exercise the same powers unless specifically prescribed by a law. Also the expenses of ECI must be <strong>charged expenditure </strong>on <strong>Consolidated Fund of India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Transparency:</strong> Appointments through collegium or any other system as discussed in constitutional debate can bring <strong>more transparency</strong> in the appointment process.</li>
<li><strong>Autonomy:</strong> Even, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/law-commission-of-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Law Commission</strong></a> <strong>in its 255<sup>th</sup> report on electoral reforms (2015)</strong> for <strong>ensuring greater autonomy</strong> to the ECI, recommended for the constitution of a selection committee.</li>
<li><strong>Legislation:</strong> There is a need for debate and discussions in the Parliament on the issue of independency of ECI and consequently passing of required legislation.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Law Commission 255<sup>th</sup> Report on Electoral Reforms: Strengthening the office of the Election Commission of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Commission in its report inter-alia suggested, the ECI must be strengthened by:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Giving equal constitutional protection to all members of the Commission in matters of <strong>removability;</strong></li>
<li>Making the <strong>appointment process</strong> of the Election Commissioners and the CEC consultative; and</li>
<li>Creating a permanent,<strong> independent Secretariat</strong> for the ECI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 324(5)</strong> of the Constitution must be amended to equate the removal procedures of the two Election Commissioners with that of the Chief Election Commissioner. Thus, equal constitutional protection should be given to all members of the ECI in matters of removability from office.</li>
<li>The <strong>appointment</strong> of all the Election Commissioners, including the CEC, must be made by the President in consultation with a <strong>three-member collegium or selection committee,</strong> consisting of the Prime Minister; the Leader of the Opposition of the Lok Sabha (or the leader of the largest opposition party in the Lok Sabha in terms of numerical strength); and the Chief Justice of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Elevation of an Election Commissioner must be on the basis of seniority, unless the three member collegium/committee finds such Commissioner unfit.</li>
<li>Amendments must be made in the <strong>Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991</strong> to reflect this.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also recommended, to add a new sub-clause as <strong>(2A)</strong> to <strong>Article 324</strong> of the Constitution to provide for a separate <strong>independent and permanent Secretariat</strong> for the ECI along the lines of the Lok Sabha/Rajya Sabha Secretariats under <strong>Article 98</strong> of the Constitution. This will further improve the independence of the ECI.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Though there are various issues faced by the Election Commission of India, it has still managed to maintain its reputation worldwide by maintaining its integrity and faithfully discharging its duty by staying within the constitutional realms.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-election-commission-collegium-system-appointments'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'World Heritage Week 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The World Heritage Week is celebrated by <strong>the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Educational</a>, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO) every year from November 19 to November 25.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monuments-of-national-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archaeological Survey of India</strong></a><strong> (ASI)</strong> celebrates it.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Its <strong>objective</strong> is to make people <strong>aware of the rich heritage</strong> and also<strong> strive for its preservation.</strong></li>
<li>The Archaeological Survey of India and several other museums organise programs highlighting the significance of ancient monuments and their preservation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Various<strong> programs</strong> related to <strong>historical structures, tour places and cultural and traditional heritage</strong> of the country were initiated to celebrate the week.</li>
<li>Several<strong> schools and colleges</strong> celebrated it by organising quiz and painting competitions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The heritage sites celebrating the week include Qutub Minar, Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Delhi Red Fort, Delhi Darwaza, Bhadra Gate among others.</li>
<li>There are <strong>38 UNESCO World Heritage sites in India</strong> which include <strong>30 cultural sites, 7 natural sites </strong>and<strong> 1 mixed site.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jaipur-a-world-heritage-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jaipur</strong></a> <strong>is the latest addition</strong> to the list of UNESCO cultural heritage sites.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was founded in <strong>1945</strong> to develop the <strong>&ldquo;intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind&rdquo;</strong> as a means of building lasting peace.</li>
<li>It is located in<strong> Paris, France.</strong></li>
</ul>
<strong>Archaeological Survey of India</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ASI is the premier organization for the <strong>archaeological research, scientific analysis, excavation of archaeological sites, conservation and preservation of protected monuments.</strong></li>
<li>It is an attached office under the <strong>Department of Culture, Ministry of Culture.</strong></li>
<li>ASI was <strong>founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham- the first Director-General of ASI.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/world-heritage-week-2019-significance-theme-free-entry-6126925/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-heritage-week-2019'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'White Island',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A volcanic eruption took place at <strong>White Island in New Zealand.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>White Island <strong>is New Zealand&rsquo;s most active cone volcano</strong> which has been built up by continuous volcanic activity over the past 1,50,000 years.</li>
<li>About 70% of the volcano lies under the sea and the Island forms the tip of the volcano.</li>
<li>The volcano is located in the <strong>Bay of Plenty,</strong> about 48km (29 miles) from the east coast of New Zealand's North Island.</li>
<li>Including its underwater base, White Island is the<strong> largest volcanic structure in New Zealand.</strong></li>
<li>The island became a <strong>private scenic reserve in 1953.</strong></li>
<li>The island is also known by name <strong>Whakaari.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575965406_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575965406_image2.jpg" width="581" height="328" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/volcano-at-white-island-new-zealand-erupts/article30243099.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/white-island'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Human Development Index',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>India</strong> was ranked <strong>129</strong> out of 189 countries on the <strong>2019 Human Development Index (HDI) improving</strong> from the <strong>130<sup>th</sup></strong> position in <strong>2018.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>HDI is part of the <strong>Human Development Report</strong> that is<strong> published by the</strong> <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).</strong></a></li>
<li>The<strong> other indices</strong> that form the part of the 2019 Report are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI),</li>
<li>Gender Development Index (GDI),</li>
<li>Gender Inequality Index (GII) and</li>
<li>Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> focus</strong> of the 2019 Report is on <strong>&lsquo;Inequality in Human Development&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Human Development Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>HDI emphasizes that <strong>people and their capabilities</strong> should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone.</li>
<li>HDI measures average achievement of a country in<strong> three basic dimensions</strong> of human development:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A long and healthy life,</li>
<li>Access to knowledge, and</li>
<li>A decent standard of living.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Top Performers in 2019</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Norway, Switzerland, Ireland</strong> occupied the top three positions in that order.</li>
<li>Germany is placed fourth along with Hong Kong, and Australia secured the fifth rank on the global ranking.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Neighbours<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575963933_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575963933_image1.jpg" width="313" height="238" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sri Lanka (71) and China (85) were higher up the rank scale.</li>
<li>Bhutan (134), Bangladesh (135), Myanmar (145), Nepal (147), Pakistan (152) and Afghanistan (170) were ranked lower on the list.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Region Wise Performance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>South Asia was the fastest growing region in human development progress witnessing a 46% growth over 1990-2018, followed by East Asia and the Pacific at 43%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Performance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s HDI value increased by 50% (from 0.431 to 0.647), which places it above the average for other South Asian countries (0.642).</li>
<li>In India, between 1990 and 2018, life expectancy at birth increased by 11.6 years, mean years of schooling increased by 3.5 years and expected years of schooling increased by 4.7 years. Per capita incomes rose by over 250%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IHDI indicates <strong>percentage loss in HDI due to inequality.</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s position worsened by one position to 130 (as compared to the HDI Index 2019- 129) with a score of 0.477. Although, the IHDI score has improved from 0.468 in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gender Development Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>GDI measures <strong>disparities on the HDI by gender.</strong></li>
<li>India is only marginally better than the South Asian average on the Gender Development Index (0.829 vs 0.828).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gender Inequality Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>GII presents a composite measure of gender inequality using <strong>three dimensions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reproductive health,</li>
<li>Empowerment and</li>
<li>The labour market.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In GII, <strong>India is at 122 out of 162 countries.</strong> Neighbours China (39), Sri Lanka (86), Bhutan (99), Myanmar (106) were placed above India.</li>
<li>The report noted that group-based inequalities persist, especially affecting women and girls and no place in the world has gender equality.</li>
<li>The report notes that the world is not on track to achieve <strong>gender equality</strong> by 2030 as per the <strong>UN&rsquo;s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG -5)</strong>. It forecasts that it may take 202 years to close the gender gap in economic opportunity.</li>
<li>The report presents a new<strong> &ldquo;social norms index&rdquo;</strong> indicating how prejudices and social beliefs obstruct gender equality, which shows that only 14% of women and 10% of men worldwide have no gender bias.</li>
<li>The report highlights that <strong>new forms of inequalities</strong> will manifest in future through <strong>climate change and technological transformation</strong> which have the potential to deepen existing social and economic fault lines.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Multidimensional Poverty Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MPI captures the multiple <strong>deprivations that people in developing countries</strong> face in their <strong>health, education and standard of living.</strong></li>
<li>India accounts for 28% of the 1.3 billion multidimensional poor.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-up-one-rank-in-un-development-index/article30259959.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-development-index-1'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'International Human Rights Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The International Human Rights Day is <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-human-rights-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>observed every year on 10<sup>th</sup> December</strong></a>. The day marks the adoption of the <strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)</strong> by the <strong>United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) </strong>in <strong>1948.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> for <strong>2019</strong> is <strong>&ldquo;Youth Standing up for Human Rights&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The campaign, <strong>#StandUp4HumanRights</strong> has also been launched by the<strong> Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR),</strong> to encourage, galvanise, and showcase how <strong>youth</strong> all over the world stand up for rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Human rights are at the heart of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong></a>, as in the absence of human dignity, sustainable development cannot be achieved. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Human Rights are driven by progress on all SDGs, and the SDGs are driven by advancements on human rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has enacted the Protection of Human Rights Act,1993 to ensure the protection of human rights. Recently, <strong>several amendments were made to the Protection of Human Rights Act,1993 through Protection of Human Right (Amendment) Bill, 2019.</strong> These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Eligibility</strong>: Not only a person who has been Chief Justice of India but also a person who has been a <strong>judge of the Supreme Court is also made eligible to be appointed</strong> as Chairperson of the Commission in addition to the person who has been the Chief Justice of India.</li>
<li><strong>Strength:</strong> It increases the members of the Commission from<strong> two to three of which, one shall be a woman.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Members of National Commission:</strong> Apart from Chairperson of <strong>four National Commissions (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Women and Minorities),</strong> it also intends<strong> to include</strong> Chairperson of the National Commission for Backward Classes, Chairperson of the National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities as deemed members of the Commission.</li>
<li><strong>Tenure:</strong> The amendment <strong>reduces the term</strong> of the Chairperson and Members of the Commission and the State Commissions <strong>from five to three years and shall be eligible for re-appointment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Universal Declaration of Human Rights was proclaimed under UNGA resolution 217 A in Paris. It set out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected.</li>
<li>It states that &lsquo;All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.&rsquo;</li>
<li>It entitles everyone to all the rights and freedoms and prohibits slavery and slave trade in all forms.</li>
<li>Other rights recognized under the declaration are right to a nationality, right against arbitrary arrest, detention or exile, the right to seek asylum from prosecution, the right to freedom of movement and residence, etc.</li>
<li>The Universal Declaration is<strong> not a treaty,</strong> so it does not directly create legal obligations for countries. However, it is an expression of the fundamental values which are shared by all members of the International community.</li>
<li>The Universal Declaration of Human Rights holds the <strong>Guinness World Record </strong>as the<strong> most translated document.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights<strong> (UN Human Rights)</strong> is the leading <strong>UN entity</strong> on human rights.</li>
<li>It was established in <strong>1993</strong> and is a <strong>part of the United Nations Secretariat.</strong></li>
<li>OHCHR is <strong>headquartered</strong> in<strong> Geneva.</strong></li>
<li>UN Human Rights plays a crucial role in safeguarding the integrity of the <strong>three interconnected pillars of the United Nations &ndash;</strong> peace and security, human rights and development.</li>
<li>It also provides assistance in the form of technical expertise and capacity development in order to support the implementation of international human rights standards on the ground.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Source: UN</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-human-rights-day-1'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD)',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-quadrilateral-cooperation-dialogue-china-japan-us-6106772/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Quad in the Spotlight&rdquo;</a> which was published in The Indian Express on 7/12/2019. It talks about the various dimensions of Quad and its implication on Quad-China relations.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the high level senior official meeting of Quad nations was concluded in Bangkok (Thailand) on the margins of East Asia Summit on 4th November.</p>
<p>In past some time, differences among the <strong>Quad countries</strong> seem to have narrowed down.</p>
<p>There are also common references to the creation of a <strong>free, open and inclusive regional architecture, rules of the road, freedom of navigation and over-flight, and, ASEAN centrality</strong>.</p>
<h3>Quad</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/four%20corners:%20on%20the%20quad%E2%80%99s%20agenda" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)</strong></a> is the informal strategic dialogue between India, USA, Japan and Australia with a shared objective to ensure and support a <strong>&ldquo;free, open and prosperous&rdquo; Indo-Pacific region</strong>.</li>
<li>The idea of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quad-and-g-4-meet" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Quad</a> was first mooted by <strong>Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in 2007</strong>. However, the idea couldn&rsquo;t move ahead with Australia pulling out of it, apparently due to Chinese pressure.</li>
<li>In December 2012, Shinzo Abe again floated the concept of Asia&rsquo;s <strong>&ldquo;Democratic Security Diamond&rdquo;</strong> involving Australia, India, Japan and the US to safeguard the maritime commons from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific.</li>
<li>In November 2017, India, the US, Australia and Japan gave shape to the long-pending "Quad" Coalition to develop a new strategy to keep the critical sea routes in the Indo-Pacific free of any influence (especially China).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Quad Nations and China</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>USA:</strong> USA had followed a policy to contain China&rsquo;s increasing influence in East Asia. Therefore, USA sees the coalition as an opportunity to regain its influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The US has described China, along with Russia, as a <strong>strategic rival</strong> in its National Security Strategy, National Defence Strategy and the Pentagon&rsquo;s report on Indo-Pacific Strategy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Australia:</strong> Australia is concerned about China's growing interest in its land, infrastructure and politics, and influence on its universities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Taking into account its overwhelming economic dependence on China for prosperity, Australia has continued its commitment to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership with China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Japan:</strong> In the last decade, Japan has expressed concerns related to China&rsquo;s territorial transgression in the region.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Trade volume with China remains the key lifeline to the Japanese economy, where net exports contributed exactly <strong>one-third of Japan's economic growth</strong> since the beginning of 2017.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Therefore, considering its importance, Japan is balancing its economic needs and territorial concerns with China</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Japan has also agreed to involve in the <strong>Belt and Road Initiative</strong> by participating in infrastructure programs in third country. In this way, Japan can mitigate Chinese influence in those countries while improving relations with China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India:</strong> In recent years, China&rsquo;s violation of international norms, particularly its construction of military facilities on reclaimed islands in the South China Sea, and its growing military and economic power, pose a strategic challenge to India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Considering China&rsquo;s strategic importance, India is carefully balancing China on one hand and the US on the other, by remaining committed to <strong>strategic autonomy to China</strong>, which has generally proved reassuring to China.</li>
<li>India has also <strong>not permitted Australia</strong> to participate in <strong>Malabar Trilateral Maritime exercises</strong> between India, US and Japan, concerned about what message it would send to China, which is wary of the exercise.</li>
<li>The recent <strong>Mamallapuram summit</strong> between President Xi Jinping and PM Modi is a positive development, valued by both sides as key to giving strategic guidance to stakeholders on both sides.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Territorial Claims:</strong> China claims that it has historical ownership over nearly the entire region of South China Sea, which gives it the right to manufacture islands. However, the International Court of Arbitration rejected the claim in 2016.</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Closeness to ASEAN:</strong> The ASEAN countries also have a well-knit relationship with China. The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/regional-comprehensive-economic-partnership-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Regional Cooperation Economic Partnership (RCEP)</a> is a recent example of China&rsquo;s increasing influence over <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ASEAN</a> nations.</li>
<li><strong>Economic Power of China:</strong> Considering the economic might of China and the dependence of Quad nations like Japan and Australia on China, the Quad nations cannot afford to have strained relations with it.</li>
<li><strong>Convergence among Quad Nations:</strong> The nations in the Quad grouping have different aspirations, aims at balancing their own interest. Therefore, coherence in the vision of Quad nation as a grouping is absent.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Quad will need to have a clearer vision for itself. It is important for members of the Quad not to be reactive. It is also important to exhibit openness, and ensure that all talk of a <strong>&lsquo;Free and Open Indo-Pacific&rsquo;</strong> is more than just a mere slogan.</li>
<li>India, Japan, and Australia can take the lead in infrastructural projects, while the US too needs to be more pro-active in pushing ahead the vision of connectivity.</li>
<li>The Quad should focus on building a robust regional consultation mechanism and coordinate with ASEAN nations on issues of regional importance.</li>
<li>The Quad framework derives its geopolitical validation from India&rsquo;s association and presents a unique opportunity for India to be an active participant in shaping regional security architecture with global undertones.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #faf8eb; border-color: #025a99;" height="51">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1256px;"><em><strong>Drishti Input:</strong></em><br /><br />In the phase of rising uncertainty in geo-politics, examine the relevance and implications of Quad grouping.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quad-3'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Industrial Corridors',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Government has <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/industrial-corridors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>approved the development of the five industrial corridor projects</strong></a> which will be implemented through National Industrial Corridor Development and Implementation Trust (NICDIT).</p>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An industrial corridor is basically a <strong>corridor comprising of multi-modal transport services</strong> that would pass through the states as main artery. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Freight cargo from industrial and National Investment and Manufacturing Zones (NIMZs) located upto a distance of 100-150 km on both sides of this main artery are brought to the industrial corridor via rail and road feeder links that provides last mile connectivity.</li>
<li>This will lower costs of logistics and enable firms to focus on their areas of core competence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Industrial corridors offer <strong>effective integration between industry and infrastructure,</strong> leading to overall economic and social development.</li>
<li>Industrial corridors constitute world-class infrastructure, such as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>High-speed transportation network &ndash; rail and road</li>
<li>Ports with state-of-the-art cargo handling equipment</li>
<li>Modern airports</li>
<li>Special economic regions/industrial areas</li>
<li>Logistic parks/transhipment hubs</li>
<li>Knowledge parks focused on catering to industrial needs</li>
<li>Complementary infrastructure such as townships/real estate</li>
<li>Other urban infrastructure along with enabling policy framework</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Five industrial corridor projects have been identified, planned and launched by the Government of India. These corridors are spread across India, with strategic focus on inclusive development to provide a boost to industrialization and planned urbanization.</li>
<li>Manufacturing is a key economic driver in each of these projects. These projects are expected <strong>to play a critical role in raising the share of contribution of the manufacturing sector from approximately 16% to 25% by 2025.</strong></li>
<li>Smart cities are being developed along these corridors. These cities, with state-of-the-art infrastructure, will house the new workforce that is required to power manufacturing, in turn leading to planned urbanization.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Five Industrial Corridors</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC)</strong> covers Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The corridor covers an overall length of 1483 km between the political capital, Delhi, and the business capital, Mumbai, of India.</li>
<li>The US $100 bn project is being <strong>funded by the Government of India, Japanese loans, investments by Japanese firms</strong> and through Japan depository receipts issued by Indian companies.</li>
<li>DMIC Project aims to create futuristic Industrial Cities by leveraging the &ldquo;High Speed &ndash; High Capacity&rdquo; connectivity backbone provided by the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chennai-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor (CBIC)</strong> covers Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is being<strong> funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency</strong> (JICA).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bengaluru-Mumbai Economic Corridor (BMEC)</strong> covers Maharashtra and Karnataka.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is being developed<strong> with the help of Britain (UK).</strong></li>
<li>The Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Development Corporation (DMICD) and the UK Trade and Investment (UKTI) have been determined as the nodal agencies on the Indian and UK sides respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amritsar-Kolkata Industrial Corridor (AKIC)</strong> covers Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Project extends from Amritsar (Punjab) to Dankuni (West Bengal) for a length of 1839 kms.</li>
<li>The Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor is the backbone of this economic corridor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>East Coast Economic Corridor (ECEC)</strong> covers West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Vizag to Chennai segment of this Corridor has been taken as phase-1.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Vizag-Chennai Industrial Corridor (VCIC)</strong> is the first coastal economic corridor in the country.</li>
<li>It covers more than 800 km of Andhra Pradesh&rsquo;s coastline and is aligned with the Golden Quadrilateral. It also plays a critical role in the &ldquo;Act East Policy&rdquo; of India.</li>
<li>In September 2016, the <strong>Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved loans</strong> and grants worth US$ 631 mn for the infrastructural development along the VCIC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575888931_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575888931_image1.png" width="488" height="508" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Significance of Industrial Corridors in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Avenues for Exports:</strong> The Industrial Corridors are likely to<strong> lower the cost of logistics</strong> thereby <strong>increasing the efficiency of industrial production structure.</strong> Such an efficiency <strong>lowers the cost of production</strong> which <strong>makes the Indian made products more competitive</strong> in international markets. The production of export surplus would <strong>generate employment opportunities</strong> and <strong>raise per capita incomes.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Job Opportunities:</strong> Development of Industrial Corridors would attract investments for the development of Industries which is likely to create more jobs in the market. Moreover, people would find job opportunities close to their homes and would not have to migrate to far-off places <strong>(would prevent distress migration)</strong>.</li>
<li>These corridors would provide necessary logistics infrastructure needed to reap<strong> economies of scale,</strong> thus enabling firms to focus on their areas of core competence.</li>
<li>Industrial corridor <strong>provides opportunities for private sector investment</strong> in the provision of various infrastructure projects associated with the exploitation industrial opportunity.</li>
<li>Apart from the development of infrastructure, long-term advantages to business and industry along the corridor include <strong>benefits arising from smooth access to the industrial production units, decreased transportation and communications costs, improved delivery time and reduction in inventory cost.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environmental Significance:</strong> The establishment of Industrial Units in a scattered manner along the industrial corridor across the length of the state will<strong> prevent concentration of industries in one particular location</strong> which exploited the environment beyond its carrying capacity and caused environmental degradation.</li>
<li><strong>Socio-Economic Significance:</strong> The cascading effect of industrial corridors in socio-economic terms are many such as <strong>setting up of industrial townships, educational institutions, hospitals.</strong> These will further raise the standards of human development.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Availability of jobs locally would help in preserving family as an institution. This will also increase <strong>social integration</strong> in the country</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Associated with Industrial Corridors</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Land Acquisition:</strong> Since the industrial corridor would cut across the length of the state, acquisition of land has been slow because of legal hurdles and the amount of compensation.</li>
<li><strong>Technological Knowhow:</strong> Since India lacks technological knowhow in certain sectors, it would be prudent to raise FDI caps to allow foreign players to bring in the required technological knowhow and encourage Indian investment in setting up ancillary and auxiliary industries in that sector.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>taxation regime</strong> needs to clearly define the tax liabilities of foreign firms operating in India as permanent establishments and otherwise.</li>
<li><strong>Macroeconomic stability:</strong> It is necessary to have a stable exchange rate so that foreign players with investments in India can avoid currency risks.</li>
<li>India needs to clearly lay down <strong>ground rules for cancellation of licenses in Bilateral Investment Treaties</strong> which could later create confusion as in case of Antrix-Devas deal.</li>
<li>The <strong>economic and financial feasibility</strong> of industrial corridors should be ensured by attracting potential investors to set up manufacturing units at NMIZ.</li>
<li>Massive investment in industrial corridor will pave the way for<strong> large human displacement and destruction of fertile agricultural land.</strong></li>
<li>Fear of <strong>widening Rural-urban gap</strong> in terms of Human Development, economic well-being and standards of living.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Investment &amp; Manufacturing Zones</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Investment &amp; Manufacturing Zones (NIMZs) are one of the important instruments of National Manufacturing Policy, 2011. NIMZs are envisaged as <strong>large areas of developed land</strong> with the requisite eco-system for<strong> promoting world class manufacturing activity.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The main objective of Special Economic Zones is promotion of exports,</strong> while<strong> NIMZs are based on the principle of industrial growth</strong> in partnership with States and focuses on manufacturing growth and employment generation. NIMZs are different from SEZs in terms of size, level of infrastructure planning, governance structures related to regulatory procedures, and exit policies.</li>
<li>So far the Government has granted &lsquo;in-principle&rsquo; approval to the fourteen NIMZs (outside the DMIC region). These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nagpur in Maharashtra</li>
<li>Prakasam in Andhra Pradesh</li>
<li>Chittoor in Andhra Pradesh</li>
<li>Medak in Telangana</li>
<li>Hyderabad Pharma NIMZ at Rangareddy and Mahabubnagar Districts in Telangana.</li>
<li>Tumkur in Karnataka</li>
<li>Kolar in Karnataka</li>
<li>Bidar in Karnataka</li>
<li>Gulbarga in Karnataka</li>
<li>Kalinganagar, Jajpur District in Odisha</li>
<li>Ramanathapuram District of Tamil Nadu</li>
<li>Ponneri Taluk, Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu</li>
<li>Auraiya District in Uttar Pradesh</li>
<li>Jhansi District in Uttar Pradesh</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To make the corridors successful, India have to be part of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, which will be shaped by a fresh wave of innovation in areas such as smart robotics, materials that are lighter and tougher, and a manufacturing process built around 3D printing and analytics.</li>
<li>Industrial corridors will help India&rsquo;s efforts to lead the world in the fourth wave of industrial revolution. Effective execution of this plan could make India take a major leap in the race of development.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/industrial-corridors-mindmap" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For MInd Map</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/industrial-corridors-2'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Industrial Corridors',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577355077_Industrial%20Corridors (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577355077_Industrial Corridors (Mind Map).png" width="410" height="1176" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/industrial-corridors-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/industrial-corridors-mindmap'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => '19th IORA Council of Ministers Meeting',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>19<sup>th</sup> Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Council of Ministers (COM) Meeting</strong> was held in <strong>Abu Dhabi (UAE)</strong> under the theme of <strong>&ldquo;Promoting a Shared Destiny and Path to Prosperity in the Indian Ocean&rdquo;</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>United Arab Emirates (UAE)</strong> has assumed the position of <strong>Chair</strong> while <strong>Bangladesh</strong> will be Vice-Chair of the IORA for the period of <strong>2019-2021</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>South Africa</strong> was the chair for the period of <strong>2017-2019</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The meeting was attended by <strong>IORA&rsquo;s 22 Member States and nine Dialogue Partners</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>only ministerial-level organization</strong> that focuses purely on the Indian Ocean region, bound together by growing economic and trade linkages and a shared interest in promoting prosperity, peace and stability.</li>
<li>In <strong>2014, India</strong> hosted the <strong>first Indian Ocean Dialogue in Kochi, Kerala</strong> bringing together officials, academics and other strategic thinkers to discuss <strong>six broad themes</strong> &ndash; the geo-political contour of the Indian Ocean Region, maritime security challenges, strengthening regional institutions, information sharing, cooperation in disaster relief and management, and economic cooperation. The Kochi Consensus was adopted as its outcome document.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Indian Ocean Dialogue (IOD) is a flagship initiative</strong> of IORA, with its origins in the 13th Council of Ministers meeting, held in November 2013 in Perth, Australia.</li>
<li>The <strong>sixth edition of IOD will be held on 13 December 2019 in New Delhi, India</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Role</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India continues to promote its official policy of <strong>&ldquo;coordination, cooperation and partnership&rdquo;</strong> in the regional maritime domain.</li>
<li>As coordinator to the priority area on disaster risk management, India has <strong>published guidelines for IORA</strong>. It has also urged partners to join the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure</strong></a> launched at the <strong>UN in September 2019</strong>.</li>
<li>India has been <strong>trying to emerge as the net provider of information</strong> in the IOR and in that direction it created the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Fusion Centre</strong></a> located in <strong>Gurugram</strong> to assist member countries of IOR with real-time crisis information. <strong>Bangladesh, Mauritius, Maldives, Sri Lanka and Seychelles</strong> have been part of the information support structure of India.</li>
<li>Indian policy takes into consideration that IOR is not an India-run maritime domain and that is reflected in the government's <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-20th-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Security and Growth for All in the Region</strong> </a><strong>(SAGAR) programme,</strong> which <strong>aims to turn the region more inclusive</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Ocean Rim Association</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>established in 1997</strong> and is a regional forum that seeks to build and expand understanding and mutually beneficial cooperation through a consensus-based, evolutionary and non-intrusive approach.</li>
<li><strong>IORA has 22 member states,</strong> including Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, UAE, and Yemen.</li>
<li>Its <strong>Secretariat is based in Cyber City, Eb&egrave;ne, Mauritius</strong>.</li>
<li>It manages, coordinates, services and monitors the implementation of policy decisions, work programmes and projects adopted by the member states.</li>
<li>The association gains importance by the fact that the Indian Ocean carries half of the world&rsquo;s container ships, one-third of the world&rsquo;s bulk cargo traffic and two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s oil shipments.</li>
<li>It is a lifeline of international trade and transport and the Indian ocean region is woven together by trade routes and commands control of major sea-lanes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-ocean-rim-to-get-boost-with-uae-bangladesh-at-helm/article29807558.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/19th-iora-council-of-ministers-meeting'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Natyashastra',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a three-day festival on Natyasastra was organised in Chennai (Tamil Nadu).</p>
<h3>Natyashastra</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Natyashastra,</strong> in full <strong>Bharata Natyashastra</strong>, is a detailed treatise and handbook on <strong>dramatic art</strong> that deals with all aspects of classical Sanskrit theatre.</li>
<li>It is believed to have been <strong>written by the mythic Brahman sage and priest Bharata (200 BC &ndash; 200 AD)</strong>.</li>
<li>Its many chapters contain detailed treatments of all the diverse arts that are embodied in the classical Indian concept of the drama, including dance, music, poetics, and general aesthetics.</li>
<li>It is <strong>also known as the fifth veda</strong> as it has been evolved by taking words from the Rigveda, music from the Samaveda, gestures from the Yajurveda and emotions from the Atharvaveda.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/a-comprehensive-overview-of-natya-sastra/article30123562.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natyashastra'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Icicles, Stalactites and Stalagmites',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Icicles</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Icicles typically form on days when <strong>the air temperature is subfreezing but sunshine warms and melts some snow or ice</strong>. As it drips off, a water droplet freezes when it loses its heat to the cold air.</li>
<li>It starts with a few frozen droplets and after reaching a certain size drops begin to drip along the side of the structure turning into a pointy stick-like structure.</li>
<li>Icicles formed in caves are also known as <strong>ice stalactites</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575876763_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575876763_image2.png" width="422" height="281" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></h3>
<h3>Stalactite</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an icicle-shaped formation that hangs from the ceiling of a cave and is produced by the <strong>precipitation of minerals</strong> from water dripping through the cave ceiling. Most stalactites have <strong>pointed tips</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Stalagmite</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>upward-growing mound</strong> of mineral deposits that have precipitated from water dripping onto the floor of a cave. Most stalagmites <strong>have rounded or flattened tips</strong>.</li>
<li>The dominant mineral in such deposits is <strong>calcite (calcium carbonate)</strong>, and the largest displays are formed in <strong>caves of limestone and dolomite</strong>. Other minerals that may be deposited include other carbonates, opal, chalcedony, limonite, and some sulfides.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575876827_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575876827_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icicles-stalactites-and-stalagmites'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Susceptibility of Infants to Measles',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to recent studies,infants become susceptible to <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">measles</a> infection at the end of three months after birth</strong> and not six months as earlier thought.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A study observed that <strong>maternal antibodies disappear by the end of three months, contrary</strong> to the <strong>common notion that maternal antibodies</strong> against measles <strong>protect</strong> infants for the <strong>first six months of age</strong>.</li>
<li>Currently, in countries like <strong>India</strong> with <strong>ongoing transmission of measles the first dose</strong> <strong>of vaccination is given only at 9-12 months of age</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In countries with <strong>no ongoing transmission,</strong> the <strong>first dose</strong> is administered when the baby is <strong>12-15 months of age</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus babies remain susceptible to measles infection for a longer period of time before they get vaccinated with the first dose.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Measles Burden:</strong> In 2018, measles caused an estimated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-measles-cases-up-by-300-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10 million cases and 1,42,000 deaths globally</a>. Nearly <strong>72,000 cases</strong> have been reported in <strong>India during</strong> 2018-2019 which is the <strong>third-highest</strong> in the <strong>world</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At <strong>2.3 million</strong>, India has the <strong>second-highest</strong> number of children who are <strong>not vaccinated</strong> against measles after Nigeria.</li>
<li>But the number of unvaccinated children in India had <strong>reduced</strong> from 2.9 million (2017) to 2.3 million (2018).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vaccination Coverage:</strong> The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends the <strong>high coverage [over 95%]</strong> of two doses of measles-containing vaccine to protect infants from measles.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But, in 2018, <strong>86%</strong> of children received the <strong>first dose</strong> and only <strong>69%</strong> received the <strong>second dose</strong> globally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Time for Vaccination:</strong> The vaccine-induced protection is <strong>less in infants</strong> if the vaccine is given <strong>earlier than recommended</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, <strong>early vaccination may "alter response"</strong> after the second dose of vaccine, leading to &ldquo;lower levels of the antibody&rdquo; compared with children who are vaccinated as per schedule.</li>
<li>The <strong>pregnant mothers cannot</strong> be administered measles vaccine as the vaccine uses live, weakened virus. The weakened or live virus after the injection may cause an <strong>infection in the vaccinated person&rsquo;s body</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threshold level of Protection:</strong> In the case of India, many mothers gain immunity through <strong>natural infection</strong> and are also continually exposed to the virus, leading to <strong>"repeated immunologic boosting and more robust antibody levels"</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Infants born to mothers in <strong>countries where measles virus</strong> has been <strong>eliminated</strong> have <strong>lower maternal antibodies</strong> and these antibodies quickly fall below the threshold of protection before they receive the first measles vaccination dose.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maternal Age:</strong> The <strong>probability</strong> of infants getting infected <strong>increases with maternal age</strong>. This is because <strong>pregnant mothers</strong> remain <strong>protected through vaccination</strong> and not through natural infection. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A one-month-old infant has a 25% probability of getting infected with measles if the mother is 25 years old but the probability increases to 40% if the mother is 40 years old.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Government Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccination</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare launched MR Vaccination program in <strong>2017</strong>.</li>
<li>The MR campaign targets around 41 crore children across the country, the largest ever in any campaign.</li>
<li>All children aged between 9 months and less than 15 years will be given a single shot of Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccination irrespective of their previous measles/rubella vaccination status or measles/rubella disease status.</li>
<li>MR vaccine will be provided free- of- cost across the states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other Initiatives include <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intensified-mission-indradhanush-best-practice-in-the-world-bmj" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), Mission Indradhanush and Intensified Mission Indradhanush</a>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Measles</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Measles <strong>virus</strong> is an enveloped, ribonucleic acid virus of the genus Morbillivirus.</li>
<li>Measles is highly contagious, and an infected person often transmits the virus to over <strong>90% of unprotected close contacts</strong>.</li>
<li>The virus infects the <strong>respiratory tract</strong>, then spreads throughout the body. Measles is a <strong>human disease</strong> and is <strong>not known to occur in animals</strong>.</li>
<li>Measles can be entirely prevented through a <strong>two-dose vaccine</strong> and had been officially eliminated in many countries with advanced healthcare systems.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>first dose of measles vaccine</strong> was introduced in the <strong>1990s</strong> in India.</li>
<li>India introduced the <strong>second dose</strong> from <strong>2010 onwards</strong>. India was <strong>one of the last countries</strong> to add a second dose of measles vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>No specific antiviral treatment</strong> exists for measles virus.</li>
<li>Severe complications from measles can be avoided through medical care that ensures good nutrition, adequate fluid intake, and treatment of dehydration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/infants-become-susceptible-to-measles-infection-earlier-than-thought/article30062613.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/susceptibility-of-infants-to-measles'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Combination Therapy for TB',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Researchers from Bengaluru have made an important discovery of the mechanism used by Tuberculosis (TB) bacteria to tolerate TB drugs.</p>
<h3>What is the Mechanism?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Macrophages</strong> (a type of white blood cell), when infected with <strong>pathogens</strong> (such as bacteria or virus), as a first-line of defence, <strong>reduce the pH range in the body</strong>, i.e. making pH acidic.</li>
<li>The researchers found that instead of controlling the TB bacteria, <strong>the mildly acidic pH was actually facilitating a fraction of the bacteria to continue multiplying</strong> and develop drug tolerance.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Anti-TB drugs induce oxidative stress to kill bacteria inside macrophages.</li>
<li>However, the drug tolerant bacteria have a remarkable ability <strong>to counter oxidative stress</strong>.</li>
<li>The bacteria uses the acidic pH of macrophages as a cue to specifically increase its capacity to deal with oxidative stress.</li>
<li>The bacteria also induce efflux pumps (to expel antibiotics) as an additional mechanism to reduce antibiotic efficacy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is against the common notion that only the non-replicating or slowly metabolising TB bacteria become tolerant to anti-TB drugs.</li>
<li>The mechanism was found responsible for longer TB treatment of six-nine months.</li>
<li>The drug-tolerant bacteria were found in macrophages that were more acidic (pH 5.8) while the drug-sensitive bacteria were seen in macrophages that were less acidic (pH 6.6).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Researchers&rsquo; Solution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The researchers used already approved <strong>anti-malaria drug chloroquine in combination with a TB drug isoniazid</strong> in mice and guinea pigs.</li>
<li>The <strong>chloroquine</strong> drug <strong>neutralised the pH</strong> within the macrophages. This prevented the bacteria from inducing the mechanism to protect themselves from oxidative stress. So no drug-tolerant TB bacteria emerged.</li>
<li>Once the pH was neutralised, the <strong>isoniazid drug</strong> was able to <strong>eradicate TB from animals</strong>.</li>
<li>The two-month treatment was able to completely sterilise mouse lungs and a near-complete eradication was observed from the lungs of guinea pigs.</li>
<li>In addition, it was found that the drug combination also reduces the chances of TB relapse.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tuberculosis</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>TB is caused by <strong>bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)</strong> that most often affect the <strong>lungs</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Transmission:</strong> TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air.</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> Cough with sputum and blood at times, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats.</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong> TB is <strong>treatable and curable disease</strong>. It is treated with a standard 6 month course of 4 antimicrobial drugs that are provided with information, supervision and support to the patient by a health worker or trained volunteer.</li>
<li>Anti-TB medicines have been used for decades and strains that are resistant to 1 or more of the medicines have been documented in every country surveyed.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)</strong> is a form of TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to isoniazid and rifampicin, the 2 most powerful, first-line anti-TB drugs. MDR-TB is treatable and curable by using second-line drugs.</li>
<li><strong>Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB)</strong> is a more serious form of MDR-TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to the most effective second-line anti-TB drugs, often leaving patients without any further treatment options.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/combination-therapy-using-malaria-drug-quickly-clears-tb/article30124928.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/combination-therapy-for-tb'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Personal Data Protection Bill 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/personal-data-protection-bill-cyber-security-hacking-6153015/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The issues, debate around Data Protection Bill&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 7/12/2019. It talks about the implications of new Personal Data Protection (PDP) Bill, 2019.</p>
</div>
<p>Global negotiations today revolve around debates about the transfer and security of data. In this context, the Personal Data Protection (PDP) Bill, 2019 is the India&rsquo;s first attempt to domestically legislate on the issue of data protection.</p>
<p>The Bill derives its inspiration from a previous draft version prepared by a committee headed by retired <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/justice-bn-srikrishna-committee-submits-data-protection-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Justice B N Srikrishna.</strong></a> However, the present bill differs from what was recommended by Justice B N Srikrishna committee.</p>
<h3>Significance of Data</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Data is the large collection of information that is stored in a computer or on a network.</li>
<li>Data is collected and handled by entities called <strong>data fiduciaries.</strong></li>
<li>While the fiduciary controls how and why data is processed, the processing itself may be by a third party, the <strong>data processor.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This distinction is important to delineate responsibility as data moves from entity to entity. For example, in the US, Facebook (the data controller) fell into controversy for the actions of the data processor &mdash; Cambridge Analytica.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The processing of this data (based on one's online habits and preferences, but without prior knowledge of the data subject) has become an important source of profits for big corporations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Targeted advertising:</strong> Companies, governments, and political parties find it valuable because they can use it to find the most convincing ways to advertise online.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Apart from it, this has become a potential avenue for invasion of privacy, as it can reveal extremely personal aspects.</li>
<li>Also, it is now clear that much of the future&rsquo;s economy and issues of national sovereignty will be predicated on the regulation of data.</li>
<li>The physical attributes of data &mdash; where data is stored, where it is sent, where it is turned into something useful &mdash; are called <strong>data flows.</strong> Data localisation arguments are premised on the idea that data flows determine who has access to the data, who profits off it, who taxes and who &ldquo;owns&rdquo; it.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Definitions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data Principal:</strong> The individual whose data is being stored and processed is called the data principal in the PDP Bill.</li>
<li><strong>Data Fiduciary:</strong> The 'data fiduciary' may be a service provider who collects, stores and uses data in the course of providing such goods and services.</li>
<li><strong>Data Transfer:</strong> Data is transported across country borders in underwater cables.</li>
<li><strong>Data localisation:</strong> It is the act of storing data on any device physically present within the borders of a country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What does PDP Bill propose?</h3>
<p>The B N Srikrishna committee draft had required all fiduciaries to store a copy of <strong>all personal data in India,</strong> which was criticised by foreign technology companies that store most of Indians&rsquo; data abroad. The Bill, however, trifurcates the data into three categories and mandates the storage within India&rsquo;s boundaries depending upon the type of data.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill <strong>trifurcates data</strong> as follows:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Personal data:</strong> Data from which an individual can be identified like name, address etc..</li>
<li><strong>Sensitive personal data (SPD):</strong> Some types of personal data like as financial, health, sexual orientation, biometric, genetic, transgender status, caste, religious belief, and more.</li>
<li><strong>Critical personal data:</strong> Anything that the government at any time can deem critical, such as military or national security data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Bill removes the requirement of <strong>data mirroring</strong> (in case of personal data). Only individual consent for data transfer abroad is required. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Data mirroring: The act of copying data from one location to a storage device in real time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Personal Data:&nbsp;</strong>The Bill requires sensitive personal data to be stored only in India. It can be processed abroad only under certain conditions including approval of a <strong>Data Protection Agency (DPA).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Critical Personal Data:</strong> Critical personal data must be stored and processed in India.</li>
<li><strong>Non Personal Data:</strong> The Bill mandates fiduciaries to provide the government any <strong>non-personal data</strong> when demanded.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Non-personal data refers to anonymised data, such as traffic patterns or demographic data.</li>
<li>The previous draft did not apply to this type of data, which many companies use to fund their business model.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Bill also requires <strong>social media companies,</strong> which are deemed significant data fiduciaries based on factors such as volume and sensitivity of data, to develop their own user verification mechanism.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This intends to decrease the anonymity of users and prevent trolling.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other key provisions of the bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill includes exemptions for processing data without an individual&rsquo;s consent for <strong>&ldquo;reasonable purposes&rdquo;,</strong> including security of the state, detection of any unlawful activity or fraud, whistleblowing, medical emergencies, credit scoring, operation of search engines and processing of publicly available data.</li>
<li>The Bill calls for the creation of an <strong>independent regulator Data Protection Authority,</strong> which will oversee assessments and audits and definition making.</li>
<li>Each company will have a <strong>Data Protection Officer (DPO)</strong> who will liaison with the DPA for auditing, grievance redressal, recording maintenance and more.</li>
<li>The Bill proposes <strong>&ldquo;Purpose limitation&rdquo;</strong> and <strong>&ldquo;Collection limitation&rdquo;</strong> clause, which limit the collection of data to what is needed for &ldquo;clear, specific, and lawful&rdquo; purposes.</li>
<li>It also grants individuals the <strong>right to data portability</strong> and the <strong>ability to access and transfer one&rsquo;s own data.</strong> It also grants individuals the right to data portability, and the ability to access and transfer one&rsquo;s own data.</li>
<li>Finally, it legislates on the right to be forgotten. With historical roots in European Union law, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-be-forgotten-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)</strong></a>, this right allows an individual to remove consent for data collection and disclosure.</li>
<li>The Bill stated the <strong>penalties</strong> as: Rs 5 crore or 2 percent of worldwide turnover for minor violations and Rs 15 crore or 4 percent of total worldwide turnover for more serious violations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, the company&rsquo;s executive-in-charge can also face jail terms of up to three years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Data localisation can <strong>help law-enforcement agencies</strong> access data for investigations and enforcement.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As of now, much of cross-border data transfer is governed by individual bilateral &ldquo;mutual legal assistance treaties&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Accessing data through this route is a cumbersome process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Instances of cyber attacks and surveillance will be checked.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, many WhatsApp accounts were hacked by an Israeli software called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/spyware-pegasus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pegasus.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Social media is being used to spread <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/fake-news-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fake news</strong></a>, which has resulted in lynchings, national security threats, which can now be monitored, checked and prevented in time.</li>
<li>Data localisation will also increase the ability of the Indian government to <strong>tax</strong> Internet giants.</li>
<li>A strong data protection legislation will also help to enforce <strong>data sovereignty.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Disadvantages</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Many contend that the physical location of the data is not relevant in the cyber world. Even if the data is stored in the country, the encryption keys may still be out of reach of national agencies.</li>
<li>National security<strong> or reasonable purposes</strong> are an open-ended terms, this may lead to intrusion of state into the private lives of citizens.</li>
<li>Technology giants like Facebook and Google have criticised <strong>protectionist policy on data protection (data localisation).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They fear that the <strong>domino effect</strong> of protectionist policy will lead to other countries following suit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Protectionist regime supress the values of a globalised, competitive internet marketplace, where costs and speeds determine information flows rather than nationalistic borders.</li>
<li>Also, it may backfire on <strong>India&rsquo;s own young startups</strong> that are attempting global growth, or on larger firms that process foreign data in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Supreme Court in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Puttaswamy judgement (2017)</strong></a>, the <strong>right to privacy</strong> is a fundamental right and it is necessary to protect personal data as an essential facet of informational privacy, whereas the growth of the digital economy is also essential to open new vistas of socio-economic growth.</li>
<li>In this context, the government policy on data protection must not deter framing any policy for the growth of the digital economy, to the extent that it doesn&rsquo;t impinge on personal data privacy.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #8000ff; background-color: #e3efff;">
<p><em><strong><span style="color: #000080;">Drishti Mains Question</span><br /><br /></strong></em>Data localisation, despite its many advantages, may eventually do more harm than good. Comment. (250 words)</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Sattriya Dance',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Dance historian Dr. Sunil Kothari has recently been bestowed with the Madhabdev Award by the Government of Assam for popularising Sattriya dance.</p>
<h3>Sattriya<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575706107_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575706107_image2.jpg" width="261" height="174" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Origin</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sattriya originated in <strong>Sattra, monastery,</strong> as a part of <strong>neo-Vaishnavite movement</strong> started by<strong> Srimanta Sankardev in Assam,</strong> in the <strong>15<sup>th</sup> Century.</strong> He propagated the &ldquo;ek sharan naama dharma&rdquo; (chanting the name of one God devotedly).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Classical Dance:</strong> Sattriya was given the status of a classical dance in the year <strong>2000 by the Sangeet Natak Akademi.</strong> Other classical dances of India are : Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu), Kathakali (Kerala), Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh), Kathak (North India), Mohiniyattam (Kerala), Manipuri (Manipur) and Odissi (Odisha).</li>
<li><strong>Features</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sattriya dances differ from other dance forms in <strong>its basic stance.</strong> For male it is known as <strong>Purush Pak</strong> while for female, <strong>Prakriti Pak.</strong> The dance is based on<strong> mythological themes.</strong></li>
<li>They have special mnemonic bols, typical <strong>Assamese music known as Borgeet,</strong> musical instruments like large cymbals, drums, colourful costumes, besides complicated choreographic patterns using various talas for each stanza sung by the vocalist.</li>
<li>Corpus of Sattriya dances consists of ankiya <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assamese-bhaona" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bhaona</strong></a> and also Ojapali dances in which the main singer sings and enacts abhinaya, telling stories and a group of dancers dance as back up dancers playing small cymbals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Two Separate Streams</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One, the <strong>Bhaona-related repertoire</strong> starting from the Gayan-Bhayanar Nach to the Kharmanar Nach.</li>
<li>Second, the dance numbers which are independent, such as Chali, Rajagharia Chali, Jhumura, Nadu Bhangi etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Popular Artists</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Guru Jatin Goswami and Sharodi Saikia among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/sattriya-on-centre-stage/article30188731.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => '‘World Habitat Award’ for Odisha’s JAGA Mission',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Odisha</strong> has won the <strong>'World Habitat Award'</strong> for its ambitious initiative- <strong>Jaga Mission.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>aims</strong> at transforming the slums into liveable habitat with all necessary civic infrastructure and services at par with the better off areas within the same urban local body and to continuously improve the standard of the infrastructure and services and access to livelihood opportunities.</li>
</ul>
<h3>World Habitat Award</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This award is given by <strong>World Habitat,</strong> in partnership with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-habitat-assembly" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Habitat</strong></a>, <strong>every year</strong>, in recognition of innovative, outstanding, and revolutionary ideas, projects, and programmes from across the world in the field of housing.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Habitat or United Nations Human Settlements Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>United Nations agency for human settlements.</strong> It is mandated by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goal of providing adequate shelter for all.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1978</strong> as an outcome of the <strong>first UN Conference on Human Settlements and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat I)</strong> held in Vancouver, Canada, in 1976.</li>
<li>UN-Habitat is <strong>headquartered at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>World Habitat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>international not-for-profit organisation/foundation</strong> established in the <strong>United Kingdom.</strong></li>
<li>It works internationally to help bring the best housing to the people who need it the most.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Jaga Mission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Odisha Liveable Habitat Mission (OLHM)- JAGA</strong> is a society under the Housing &amp; Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha.</li>
<li>The <strong>slum land titling mission</strong> was being executed in <strong>collaboration with Tata Trusts</strong> and <strong>Norman Foster Foundation.</strong></li>
<li>Odisha government rolled out this <strong>first of its kind project</strong> on<strong> May 7, 2018.</strong></li>
<li>This mission was also awarded the <strong>'India Geospatial Excellence Award'</strong> for <strong>technological innovation</strong> in transforming the lives of urban poor.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Geospatial Excellence Award</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This award is given by <strong>GeoSmart India</strong> which is an <strong>interactive platform</strong> that demonstrates the collective and shared vision of the Indian geospatial community and is the <strong>most prominent stakeholder event</strong> of the <strong>Indian geospatial ecosystem.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/odisha-awarded-world-habitat-award-for-jaga-mission-119121000128_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-habitat-award-for-odisha-s-jaga-mission'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Aung San Suu Kyi to Defend Myanmar in ICJ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, <strong>Gambia</strong> has filed an application at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-court-of-justice-icj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Court of Justice (ICJ)</strong></a>, accusing Myanmar of violating the <strong>1948 Genocide Convention.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the first international legal attempt to bring Myanmar to ICJ over alleged mass killings of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-myanmar-rohingya-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rohingya minority</strong></a> in 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Muslim-majority<strong> Gambia,</strong> has filed this application on behalf of the 57-nation <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-attended-oic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Aung San Suu Kyi</strong> will defend Myanmar in the Hague against accusations of genocide. She is a Myanmar&rsquo;s State Counsellor and Nobel Peace laureate (awarded in 1990).</li>
<li>Myanmar, however, faces a number of legal challenges over the fate of the Rohingya, including a probe by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-criminal-court-icc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Criminal Court</strong> </a>(a separate war crimes tribunal) in the Hague and a lawsuit in <strong>Argentina.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Convention on Genocide</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>adopted in 1948</strong> in response to the atrocities committed during World War II and a UN resolution which recognised that <strong>"genocide is an international crime, which entails the national and international responsibility of individual persons and states."</strong></li>
<li>The Convention on Genocide was among the first United Nations (UN) conventions addressing humanitarian issues.</li>
<li>The Convention has since then been widely accepted by the international community and ratified by a majority of States.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Criminal Court (ICC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is governed by an international treaty called 'The Rome Statute&rsquo; which was adopted in 1998. The <strong>International Criminal Court (ICC)</strong> is the world&rsquo;s first permanent international criminal court.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Hague, Netherlands.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Court of Justice (ICJ)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-court-of-justice-icj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ICJ</strong></a> was established in 1945 by the United Nations charter and started working in April 1946.</li>
<li>It is the<strong> principal judicial organ of the United Nations,</strong> situated at the Peace Palace in the Hague (Netherlands).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-attended-oic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>OIC</strong></a> was formed in 1969 after a summit in Rabat, the Kingdom of Morocco on 25 September 1969.</li>
<li>The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is among the largest inter-governmental organizations in the world.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</li>
<li>It has 57 member states and 12 observers including the United Nations</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aung-san-suu-kyi-to-defend-myanmar-in-icj'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'SkillsBuild Platform: IBM',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>SkillsBuild platform</strong> was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development &amp; Entrepreneurship (MSDE)</strong> in collaboration with <strong>International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The digital platform will provide a <strong>two-year advanced diploma</strong> in Information Technology (IT), networking and cloud computing offered by the Industrial Training Institutes <strong>(ITIs)</strong> and National Skill Training Institutes <strong>(NSTIs).</strong></li>
<li>It will further be extended to train ITI &amp; NSTI faculty on building skills in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence (AI).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a digital platform developed by IBM and it enables holistic learning, aligning it with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skills India Initiative</strong></a> by Government of India.</li>
<li>India is the <strong>4<sup>th</sup> country</strong> to launch a platform for skill building after the <strong>UK, Germany and France.</strong></li>
<li>It will be accessible online through <strong>Bharat Skills</strong> &ndash; a learning management system for ITI/NSTI students and teachers and is free to use.</li>
<li>SkillsBuild will <strong>focus</strong> on:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Personalised coaching and experiential learning.</li>
<li>Developing the skills required to join the workforce in <strong>New Collar</strong> roles.</li>
<li>Bringing untapped talent to the fore.</li>
<li>Opening roles to individuals often excluded from the labour market due to disadvantaged backgrounds, lack of knowledge, skill or experience.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This platform will provide a <strong>personal assessment</strong> for cognitive capabilities and personality via <strong>MyInnerGenius</strong> (one of the world&rsquo;s leading career assessment companies) to youths/students.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>New Collar Roles</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>New Collar roles focus more on a <strong>candidate's skills</strong> during the hiring process, rather than his or her level of education.</li>
<li>A new-collar worker is an individual who develops the technical and soft skills needed to work in technology jobs <strong>through non-traditional education paths.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Example:</strong> Technical jobs including cloud computing technicians, database managers, cybersecurity, user interface designers and other IT roles.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1595528" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skillsbuild-platform-ibm'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Nagaland Extends ILP in Dimapur',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Nagaland government</strong> has extended the<strong> Inner Line Permit (ILP)</strong> system to the <strong>district of Dimapur.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This step was taken to exempt the entire district from the purview of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/upsc-ias-gs-paper-2-polity-the-citizenship-amendment-bill-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship Amendment Bill (CAB).</strong></a></li>
<li>So far, Dimapur was the only place in Nagaland which was not under the ILP system because the district is a commercial hub and has a mixed population (often referred to as &lsquo;Mini India&rsquo;).</li>
<li>Recently <strong>Manipur</strong> has also been brought <strong>under the purview of ILP System.</strong> Thus, the entire northeast India has been exempted from CAB <strong>except for Sikkim and non-tribal areas in Assam and Tripura.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576048524_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576048524_image1.jpg" width="492" height="671" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The extension of ILP to Dimapur has been issued under <strong>section 2 of the</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/entry-law-for-visitors-in-meghalaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873</strong></a> by the governor of Nagaland.</li>
<li>The extension of the ILP regime makes it <strong>mandatory</strong> for <strong>&ldquo;every non-indigenous person&rdquo;</strong> who entered the district after <strong>November 21, 1979, to obtain an ILP within 90 days.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Exemptions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Any <strong>non-indigenous persons living</strong> in Dimapur prior to <strong>November 21, 1979,</strong> with a <strong>certificate</strong> from the Deputy Commissioner.</li>
<li>Any non-indigenous person <strong>passing</strong> through Dimapur to other states as a <strong>transit passenge</strong>r with a<strong> valid document.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Citizenship Amendment Bill,2019 and North-East India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Protected by the ILP System: Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Mizoram</strong> have been <strong>exempted</strong> from the provisions of the <strong>Citizenship Amendment Bill (CAB), 2019</strong></li>
<li><strong>Sixth Schedule Areas:</strong> The <strong>whole of Meghalaya (except a part of Shillong), Mizoram and the tribal areas of Tripura and Assam</strong> are also exempted from the CAB. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sixth Schedule contains special provisions for the administration of <strong>tribal areas in the four north-eastern states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Inner Line Permit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inner Line Permit is an official travel document issued by the <strong>concerned State Government&nbsp;to allow inward travel</strong> of an Indian citizen into a protected/restricted area for a limited period.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>special permit required by &ldquo;outsiders&rdquo;</strong> from other regions of the country to enter the notified states.</li>
<li>It is based on the <strong>Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation Act (BEFR), 1873.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This act was enacted during the British era to protect the <strong>British interests from the hill tribals who used to invade the British subjects.</strong></li>
<li>An imaginary line known as the inner-line was created to divide between the two communities so that neither party could go beyond the line without a permit from the appropriate authorities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nagaland-extends-inner-line-permit-to-dimapur/article30270213.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nagaland-extends-ilp-in-dimapur'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Problem of Open Defecation in India',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/rural-water-and-sanitation/how-big-a-challenge-is-sustaining-india-s-open-defecation-free-status-67525" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;How big a challenge is sustaining India's open-defecation free status&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in Down To Earth on 31/10/2019. It talks about issues in India&rsquo;s pursuit of becoming open defecation free.</p>
</div>
<p>In the past four years, India has built 100 million toilets in about 0.6 million villages and 6.3 million in cities, making India largely open defecation free (ODF). The country has been declared open defecation free (ODF) &mdash; a seemingly impossible task just some years ago.</p>
<p>In this context, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)</strong></a> has become the global benchmark for participatory and transformative development. However, there are many challenges before India can truly claim itself as ODF.</p>
<h3>Problem of Open Defecation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Open defecation refers to the practise whereby people go out in fields, bushes, forests, open bodies of water, or other open spaces rather than using the toilet to defecate.</li>
<li>It poses a serious threat to the health of children in India.</li>
<li>It exposes women to the danger of physical attacks and encounters such as snake bites.</li>
<li>Poor sanitation also cripples national development, by diverting people&rsquo;s hard-earned money towards out of pocket expenditure on health (leading cause of dragging people into poverty), rather than productive investment like education.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Achievements under SBM</h3>
<p>SBM emphasizes generating awareness, sharing information and creating behaviour change to bridge the gap between building toilets and their proper use.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to government estimates, by February 2019, over 93 per cent of the country&rsquo;s rural households had access to toilets; over 96 per cent of them also used the toilets, suggesting an <strong>important change in behaviour.</strong></li>
<li>The government surveys suggest that 99 per cent of the toilets were well maintained, hygienic and in 100 per cent of these toilets, excreta was &ldquo;safely&rdquo; disposed &mdash; there was no pollution, <strong>no stagnant water, no wastewater and only minimal litter.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/gist-of-economic-survey/gist-of-economic-survey-2018-19/gist-of-economic-survey2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey 2018-19</strong></a> says the gains of the toilet programme are showing up in <strong>health indicators</strong> &mdash; dramatic reduction in diarrhoea and malaria cases in children under 5 years of age in districts with high coverage of toilets in households.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s achievement will also help it to meet its <strong>sustainable development goal 6.2, which aimed</strong> &ldquo; to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for its success</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Political leadership:</strong> Arguably the biggest game-changer for the SBM, was the Prime Minister of India investing his personal political capital in the mission.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It created a domino-like effect, cascading to the grassroots level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Public financing:</strong> Over Rs 1 lakh crore was committed to ensuring universal access to sanitation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About 90% of the households which received toilets were from socially and economically weaker sections of society and they received financial incentives to build and use toilets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Partnerships:</strong> SBM partnered with implementers and influencers like: National and international development agencies, media houses, civil society, celebrities, as well as all departments/ministries of the government of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNICEF in India is working in collaboration with the Health Ministry to map <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/who-wash-strategy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WASH (Water Sanitation and Hygiene)</strong></a> compliance in health facilities in the most deprived districts and is making recommendations to address non-compliance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>All hands on deck approach:</strong> SBM trained over half a million swachhagrahis, (grassroots motivators), who triggered behaviour change in every village in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ordinary people undertook extraordinary roles and inspired others to build and use toilets.</li>
<li>SBM captured the imagination of the people, and became a people&rsquo;s movement or a jan andolan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges to ODF</h3>
<p>While the Swachh Bharat Mission has made rapid strides in terms of making toilets more pervasive throughout the country, entrenched socioeconomic factors may be limiting access to and use of sound sanitation practices in Indian villages.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Though the government has provided toilets but many areas in India are affected by <strong>water scarcity.</strong></li>
<li>There is the issue of <strong>excreta disposal.</strong> The toilets built by the government has a system for containment of the excreta, not its disposal.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It assumes that the toilet will safely decompose the excreta in-situ. However, the quality of septic tanks is poor.</li>
<li>Also, the waste is unsafely disposed through tanker operators on the land, or worse, in water bodies.</li>
<li>Unsafe disposal of excreta would become the source of soil and water contamination, thereby taking away the health gains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Even if toilets are built and people have started using these, the trend can reverse in no time. People might slip back into the <strong>old habit of open defecation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Movies like Toilet Ek Prem Katha is a step in the right direction, as they spur behavioural change and will help to curb the slipping back to open defecation.</li>
<li>Government under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong></a> seeks to provide piped water to all households by 2024.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will address the issue to water scarcity which affects sanitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is also a need to move from ODF to ODF+ and ODF++ protocol.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Original ODF protocol issued in March 2016, said &ndash; &ldquo;A city/ward is notified as ODF city/ward if, at any point of the day, not a single person is found defecating in the open.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The new ODF+ protocol: if, &ldquo;at any point of the day, not a single person is found defecating and/or urinating in the open, and all community and public toilets are functional and well-maintained.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The ODF++ protocol adds the condition that &ldquo;faecal sludge/septage and sewage is safely managed and treated, with no discharging and/or dumping of untreated faecal sludge/septage and sewage in drains, water bodies or open areas.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The gaps remaining in SBM should be plugged, such as, people who still lack toilets are provided access to the same, retrofitting primitive style toilets which are not yet sustainably safe, and ensuring proper waste disposal to ensure the complete success of SBM.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #faf4cf;">
<p><em><strong><span style="color: #000080;">Drishti Mains Question</span><br /><br /></strong></em>Swachh Bharat Mission has become the global benchmark for participatory and transformative development, but still, certain challenges remain before India can truly claim its success. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/open-defecation-in-india'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'The Big Picture - Election Commission: Collegium System & Appointments',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mfo8Z2M8988" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Recently, the Supreme Court had agreed to hear a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) seeking the appointment of Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners be done by a <strong>three-member collegium.</strong> The collegium will comprise of the Prime Minister, the Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha and the Chief Justice of India. The PIL also seeks to <strong>ensure more autonomy</strong> for the office of Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners and an <strong>independent secretariat</strong> for the Election Commission of India.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Election Commission of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission of India (ECI)</strong></a> is an <strong>autonomous constitutional authority</strong> responsible for administering Union and State election processes in India.</li>
<li>The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and the offices of the President and Vice President in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Structure of the Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Originally the commission had only one election commissioner but after the <strong>Election Commissioner Amendment Act 1989,</strong> it has been made a <strong>multi-member body.</strong></li>
<li>The commission presently consists of one Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and two Election Commissioners (ECs).</li>
<li>The secretariat of the commission is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Historical Demand for Appointment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This demand was first raised in <strong>1990</strong> when the <strong>Dinesh Goswami Committee</strong> suggested the need for a selection committee or a panel to appoint the CEC (at that time ECI was a single-member body).</li>
<li>Based on this recommendation, <strong>70<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment Bill, 1990</strong> was introduced in the Parliament which demanded for the <strong>selection committee</strong> comprising of the Presiding Officers of both Houses and Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, due to lack of political will, it was not passed and was withdrawn in 1993. Till date, no such bill was formed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Practise:</strong> In the USA, South Africa, Canada, etc. there is a mechanism for outside consultation with expert body for making suitable appointments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Present System of Appointment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constitutional versus Executive Power of Appointment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is no prescribed procedure for appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners as per the constitution. Under the Transaction of Business rules, the <strong>President shall appoint the CEC and EC based on the recommendations made by the Prime Minister.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Therefore, it is the<strong> executive power of the President</strong> to appoint CEC and ECs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, according to <strong>Article 324(5),</strong> the Parliament has the power to regulate the <strong>terms of conditions of service and tenure</strong> of ECs. It is under this article that the Parliament has made laws till date, and not under <strong>Art. 324(2)</strong> in which the Parliament can establish a selection committee for regulating the appointments made by the President.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aberrations in Appointment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Constituent Assembly Debates:</strong> The issue was debated in the Constituent Assembly which finally left over to the government to decide the appointments.</li>
<li><strong>Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991</strong> was passed to <strong>determine the conditions of service</strong> of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners and to <strong>provide for the procedure for transaction of business</strong> by the ECI. However, the Parliament at that time decided not to put any collegium system for appointment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Similar Demand:</strong> For other <strong>constitutional positions</strong> similar demand can be raised where it is the imperative of the executive to make such appointments like for <strong>Attorney General or <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Comptroller &amp; Auditor-General.</a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has the right to decide such appointments like it did for CBI director or the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-vigilance-commission-cvc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chief Vigilance Commissioner</strong></a>. But these are<strong> statutory positions.</strong> As of now, there is no committee for constitutional appointments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Dilemma:</strong> According to <strong>Article 324(2),</strong> the President shall make the <strong>appointment</strong> till the time there is no law being made by the Parliament for this purpose.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because of the absence of such law, the possible statutory appointment process has been made a constitutional appointment (done under executive domain) by the President.</li>
<li>Even in the debates of Constituent Assembly, it was argued that the appointments be made by the President in consultation with PM with the concurrence of <strong>two-thirds of the majority of the joint session</strong> of both the Houses of Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Distinction between CEC &amp; EC:</strong> There is a difference between the position of a CEC &amp; EC. The appointments to both the position may differ according to the task they perform. Therefore, to differentiate the process of appointment which is still done on an <strong>ad-hoc</strong> basis (because of absence of any constitutional law) becomes a challenging task that needs to be addressed properly to ensure the independent working of the commission.</li>
<li><strong>Demand for Collegium System-</strong> In the recent past, this demand has gained prominence in the backdrop of <strong>allegations raised by political parties</strong> regarding the independence of the Commission. Therefore, it is due to political necessity and not legal conundrum that there is a demand for multiparty approach in appointment process.</li>
<li><strong>Judicial Overreach:</strong> The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> (SC) interprets any law on the basis of provisions of the constitution, and constitutionally decision for appointment procedure of EC comes under executive domain. Thereby, decision by the Supreme Court in this regard can possibly shake the harmonious balance of power.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Deficiencies</strong> in the present system of appointment process needs to be <strong>removed.</strong> And adequate safeguards must be put into place to ensure that ethical and capable people head the concerned positions.</li>
<li><strong>Independence:</strong> There must be similar<strong> election and removal procedure</strong> for CEC and ECs, and they must exercise the same powers unless specifically prescribed by a law. Also the expenses of ECI must be <strong>charged expenditure </strong>on <strong>Consolidated Fund of India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Transparency:</strong> Appointments through collegium or any other system as discussed in constitutional debate can bring <strong>more transparency</strong> in the appointment process.</li>
<li><strong>Autonomy:</strong> Even, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/law-commission-of-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Law Commission</strong></a> <strong>in its 255<sup>th</sup> report on electoral reforms (2015)</strong> for <strong>ensuring greater autonomy</strong> to the ECI, recommended for the constitution of a selection committee.</li>
<li><strong>Legislation:</strong> There is a need for debate and discussions in the Parliament on the issue of independency of ECI and consequently passing of required legislation.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Law Commission 255<sup>th</sup> Report on Electoral Reforms: Strengthening the office of the Election Commission of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Commission in its report inter-alia suggested, the ECI must be strengthened by:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Giving equal constitutional protection to all members of the Commission in matters of <strong>removability;</strong></li>
<li>Making the <strong>appointment process</strong> of the Election Commissioners and the CEC consultative; and</li>
<li>Creating a permanent,<strong> independent Secretariat</strong> for the ECI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 324(5)</strong> of the Constitution must be amended to equate the removal procedures of the two Election Commissioners with that of the Chief Election Commissioner. Thus, equal constitutional protection should be given to all members of the ECI in matters of removability from office.</li>
<li>The <strong>appointment</strong> of all the Election Commissioners, including the CEC, must be made by the President in consultation with a <strong>three-member collegium or selection committee,</strong> consisting of the Prime Minister; the Leader of the Opposition of the Lok Sabha (or the leader of the largest opposition party in the Lok Sabha in terms of numerical strength); and the Chief Justice of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Elevation of an Election Commissioner must be on the basis of seniority, unless the three member collegium/committee finds such Commissioner unfit.</li>
<li>Amendments must be made in the <strong>Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991</strong> to reflect this.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also recommended, to add a new sub-clause as <strong>(2A)</strong> to <strong>Article 324</strong> of the Constitution to provide for a separate <strong>independent and permanent Secretariat</strong> for the ECI along the lines of the Lok Sabha/Rajya Sabha Secretariats under <strong>Article 98</strong> of the Constitution. This will further improve the independence of the ECI.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Though there are various issues faced by the Election Commission of India, it has still managed to maintain its reputation worldwide by maintaining its integrity and faithfully discharging its duty by staying within the constitutional realms.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-election-commission-collegium-system-appointments'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'World Heritage Week 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The World Heritage Week is celebrated by <strong>the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Educational</a>, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO) every year from November 19 to November 25.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monuments-of-national-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archaeological Survey of India</strong></a><strong> (ASI)</strong> celebrates it.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Its <strong>objective</strong> is to make people <strong>aware of the rich heritage</strong> and also<strong> strive for its preservation.</strong></li>
<li>The Archaeological Survey of India and several other museums organise programs highlighting the significance of ancient monuments and their preservation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Various<strong> programs</strong> related to <strong>historical structures, tour places and cultural and traditional heritage</strong> of the country were initiated to celebrate the week.</li>
<li>Several<strong> schools and colleges</strong> celebrated it by organising quiz and painting competitions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The heritage sites celebrating the week include Qutub Minar, Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Delhi Red Fort, Delhi Darwaza, Bhadra Gate among others.</li>
<li>There are <strong>38 UNESCO World Heritage sites in India</strong> which include <strong>30 cultural sites, 7 natural sites </strong>and<strong> 1 mixed site.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jaipur-a-world-heritage-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jaipur</strong></a> <strong>is the latest addition</strong> to the list of UNESCO cultural heritage sites.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was founded in <strong>1945</strong> to develop the <strong>&ldquo;intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind&rdquo;</strong> as a means of building lasting peace.</li>
<li>It is located in<strong> Paris, France.</strong></li>
</ul>
<strong>Archaeological Survey of India</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ASI is the premier organization for the <strong>archaeological research, scientific analysis, excavation of archaeological sites, conservation and preservation of protected monuments.</strong></li>
<li>It is an attached office under the <strong>Department of Culture, Ministry of Culture.</strong></li>
<li>ASI was <strong>founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham- the first Director-General of ASI.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/world-heritage-week-2019-significance-theme-free-entry-6126925/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-heritage-week-2019'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'White Island',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A volcanic eruption took place at <strong>White Island in New Zealand.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>White Island <strong>is New Zealand&rsquo;s most active cone volcano</strong> which has been built up by continuous volcanic activity over the past 1,50,000 years.</li>
<li>About 70% of the volcano lies under the sea and the Island forms the tip of the volcano.</li>
<li>The volcano is located in the <strong>Bay of Plenty,</strong> about 48km (29 miles) from the east coast of New Zealand's North Island.</li>
<li>Including its underwater base, White Island is the<strong> largest volcanic structure in New Zealand.</strong></li>
<li>The island became a <strong>private scenic reserve in 1953.</strong></li>
<li>The island is also known by name <strong>Whakaari.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575965406_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575965406_image2.jpg" width="581" height="328" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/volcano-at-white-island-new-zealand-erupts/article30243099.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/white-island'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Human Development Index',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>India</strong> was ranked <strong>129</strong> out of 189 countries on the <strong>2019 Human Development Index (HDI) improving</strong> from the <strong>130<sup>th</sup></strong> position in <strong>2018.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>HDI is part of the <strong>Human Development Report</strong> that is<strong> published by the</strong> <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).</strong></a></li>
<li>The<strong> other indices</strong> that form the part of the 2019 Report are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI),</li>
<li>Gender Development Index (GDI),</li>
<li>Gender Inequality Index (GII) and</li>
<li>Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> focus</strong> of the 2019 Report is on <strong>&lsquo;Inequality in Human Development&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Human Development Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>HDI emphasizes that <strong>people and their capabilities</strong> should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone.</li>
<li>HDI measures average achievement of a country in<strong> three basic dimensions</strong> of human development:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A long and healthy life,</li>
<li>Access to knowledge, and</li>
<li>A decent standard of living.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Top Performers in 2019</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Norway, Switzerland, Ireland</strong> occupied the top three positions in that order.</li>
<li>Germany is placed fourth along with Hong Kong, and Australia secured the fifth rank on the global ranking.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Neighbours<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575963933_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575963933_image1.jpg" width="313" height="238" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sri Lanka (71) and China (85) were higher up the rank scale.</li>
<li>Bhutan (134), Bangladesh (135), Myanmar (145), Nepal (147), Pakistan (152) and Afghanistan (170) were ranked lower on the list.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Region Wise Performance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>South Asia was the fastest growing region in human development progress witnessing a 46% growth over 1990-2018, followed by East Asia and the Pacific at 43%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Performance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s HDI value increased by 50% (from 0.431 to 0.647), which places it above the average for other South Asian countries (0.642).</li>
<li>In India, between 1990 and 2018, life expectancy at birth increased by 11.6 years, mean years of schooling increased by 3.5 years and expected years of schooling increased by 4.7 years. Per capita incomes rose by over 250%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IHDI indicates <strong>percentage loss in HDI due to inequality.</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s position worsened by one position to 130 (as compared to the HDI Index 2019- 129) with a score of 0.477. Although, the IHDI score has improved from 0.468 in 2018.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gender Development Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>GDI measures <strong>disparities on the HDI by gender.</strong></li>
<li>India is only marginally better than the South Asian average on the Gender Development Index (0.829 vs 0.828).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gender Inequality Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>GII presents a composite measure of gender inequality using <strong>three dimensions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reproductive health,</li>
<li>Empowerment and</li>
<li>The labour market.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In GII, <strong>India is at 122 out of 162 countries.</strong> Neighbours China (39), Sri Lanka (86), Bhutan (99), Myanmar (106) were placed above India.</li>
<li>The report noted that group-based inequalities persist, especially affecting women and girls and no place in the world has gender equality.</li>
<li>The report notes that the world is not on track to achieve <strong>gender equality</strong> by 2030 as per the <strong>UN&rsquo;s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG -5)</strong>. It forecasts that it may take 202 years to close the gender gap in economic opportunity.</li>
<li>The report presents a new<strong> &ldquo;social norms index&rdquo;</strong> indicating how prejudices and social beliefs obstruct gender equality, which shows that only 14% of women and 10% of men worldwide have no gender bias.</li>
<li>The report highlights that <strong>new forms of inequalities</strong> will manifest in future through <strong>climate change and technological transformation</strong> which have the potential to deepen existing social and economic fault lines.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Multidimensional Poverty Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MPI captures the multiple <strong>deprivations that people in developing countries</strong> face in their <strong>health, education and standard of living.</strong></li>
<li>India accounts for 28% of the 1.3 billion multidimensional poor.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-up-one-rank-in-un-development-index/article30259959.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-development-index-1'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'International Human Rights Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The International Human Rights Day is <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-human-rights-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>observed every year on 10<sup>th</sup> December</strong></a>. The day marks the adoption of the <strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)</strong> by the <strong>United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) </strong>in <strong>1948.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> for <strong>2019</strong> is <strong>&ldquo;Youth Standing up for Human Rights&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The campaign, <strong>#StandUp4HumanRights</strong> has also been launched by the<strong> Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR),</strong> to encourage, galvanise, and showcase how <strong>youth</strong> all over the world stand up for rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Human rights are at the heart of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong></a>, as in the absence of human dignity, sustainable development cannot be achieved. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Human Rights are driven by progress on all SDGs, and the SDGs are driven by advancements on human rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has enacted the Protection of Human Rights Act,1993 to ensure the protection of human rights. Recently, <strong>several amendments were made to the Protection of Human Rights Act,1993 through Protection of Human Right (Amendment) Bill, 2019.</strong> These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Eligibility</strong>: Not only a person who has been Chief Justice of India but also a person who has been a <strong>judge of the Supreme Court is also made eligible to be appointed</strong> as Chairperson of the Commission in addition to the person who has been the Chief Justice of India.</li>
<li><strong>Strength:</strong> It increases the members of the Commission from<strong> two to three of which, one shall be a woman.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Members of National Commission:</strong> Apart from Chairperson of <strong>four National Commissions (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Women and Minorities),</strong> it also intends<strong> to include</strong> Chairperson of the National Commission for Backward Classes, Chairperson of the National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities as deemed members of the Commission.</li>
<li><strong>Tenure:</strong> The amendment <strong>reduces the term</strong> of the Chairperson and Members of the Commission and the State Commissions <strong>from five to three years and shall be eligible for re-appointment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Universal Declaration of Human Rights was proclaimed under UNGA resolution 217 A in Paris. It set out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected.</li>
<li>It states that &lsquo;All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.&rsquo;</li>
<li>It entitles everyone to all the rights and freedoms and prohibits slavery and slave trade in all forms.</li>
<li>Other rights recognized under the declaration are right to a nationality, right against arbitrary arrest, detention or exile, the right to seek asylum from prosecution, the right to freedom of movement and residence, etc.</li>
<li>The Universal Declaration is<strong> not a treaty,</strong> so it does not directly create legal obligations for countries. However, it is an expression of the fundamental values which are shared by all members of the International community.</li>
<li>The Universal Declaration of Human Rights holds the <strong>Guinness World Record </strong>as the<strong> most translated document.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights<strong> (UN Human Rights)</strong> is the leading <strong>UN entity</strong> on human rights.</li>
<li>It was established in <strong>1993</strong> and is a <strong>part of the United Nations Secretariat.</strong></li>
<li>OHCHR is <strong>headquartered</strong> in<strong> Geneva.</strong></li>
<li>UN Human Rights plays a crucial role in safeguarding the integrity of the <strong>three interconnected pillars of the United Nations &ndash;</strong> peace and security, human rights and development.</li>
<li>It also provides assistance in the form of technical expertise and capacity development in order to support the implementation of international human rights standards on the ground.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Source: UN</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-human-rights-day-1'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD)',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-quadrilateral-cooperation-dialogue-china-japan-us-6106772/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Quad in the Spotlight&rdquo;</a> which was published in The Indian Express on 7/12/2019. It talks about the various dimensions of Quad and its implication on Quad-China relations.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the high level senior official meeting of Quad nations was concluded in Bangkok (Thailand) on the margins of East Asia Summit on 4th November.</p>
<p>In past some time, differences among the <strong>Quad countries</strong> seem to have narrowed down.</p>
<p>There are also common references to the creation of a <strong>free, open and inclusive regional architecture, rules of the road, freedom of navigation and over-flight, and, ASEAN centrality</strong>.</p>
<h3>Quad</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/four%20corners:%20on%20the%20quad%E2%80%99s%20agenda" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)</strong></a> is the informal strategic dialogue between India, USA, Japan and Australia with a shared objective to ensure and support a <strong>&ldquo;free, open and prosperous&rdquo; Indo-Pacific region</strong>.</li>
<li>The idea of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quad-and-g-4-meet" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Quad</a> was first mooted by <strong>Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in 2007</strong>. However, the idea couldn&rsquo;t move ahead with Australia pulling out of it, apparently due to Chinese pressure.</li>
<li>In December 2012, Shinzo Abe again floated the concept of Asia&rsquo;s <strong>&ldquo;Democratic Security Diamond&rdquo;</strong> involving Australia, India, Japan and the US to safeguard the maritime commons from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific.</li>
<li>In November 2017, India, the US, Australia and Japan gave shape to the long-pending "Quad" Coalition to develop a new strategy to keep the critical sea routes in the Indo-Pacific free of any influence (especially China).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Quad Nations and China</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>USA:</strong> USA had followed a policy to contain China&rsquo;s increasing influence in East Asia. Therefore, USA sees the coalition as an opportunity to regain its influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The US has described China, along with Russia, as a <strong>strategic rival</strong> in its National Security Strategy, National Defence Strategy and the Pentagon&rsquo;s report on Indo-Pacific Strategy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Australia:</strong> Australia is concerned about China's growing interest in its land, infrastructure and politics, and influence on its universities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Taking into account its overwhelming economic dependence on China for prosperity, Australia has continued its commitment to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership with China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Japan:</strong> In the last decade, Japan has expressed concerns related to China&rsquo;s territorial transgression in the region.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Trade volume with China remains the key lifeline to the Japanese economy, where net exports contributed exactly <strong>one-third of Japan's economic growth</strong> since the beginning of 2017.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Therefore, considering its importance, Japan is balancing its economic needs and territorial concerns with China</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Japan has also agreed to involve in the <strong>Belt and Road Initiative</strong> by participating in infrastructure programs in third country. In this way, Japan can mitigate Chinese influence in those countries while improving relations with China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India:</strong> In recent years, China&rsquo;s violation of international norms, particularly its construction of military facilities on reclaimed islands in the South China Sea, and its growing military and economic power, pose a strategic challenge to India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Considering China&rsquo;s strategic importance, India is carefully balancing China on one hand and the US on the other, by remaining committed to <strong>strategic autonomy to China</strong>, which has generally proved reassuring to China.</li>
<li>India has also <strong>not permitted Australia</strong> to participate in <strong>Malabar Trilateral Maritime exercises</strong> between India, US and Japan, concerned about what message it would send to China, which is wary of the exercise.</li>
<li>The recent <strong>Mamallapuram summit</strong> between President Xi Jinping and PM Modi is a positive development, valued by both sides as key to giving strategic guidance to stakeholders on both sides.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Territorial Claims:</strong> China claims that it has historical ownership over nearly the entire region of South China Sea, which gives it the right to manufacture islands. However, the International Court of Arbitration rejected the claim in 2016.</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Closeness to ASEAN:</strong> The ASEAN countries also have a well-knit relationship with China. The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/regional-comprehensive-economic-partnership-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Regional Cooperation Economic Partnership (RCEP)</a> is a recent example of China&rsquo;s increasing influence over <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ASEAN</a> nations.</li>
<li><strong>Economic Power of China:</strong> Considering the economic might of China and the dependence of Quad nations like Japan and Australia on China, the Quad nations cannot afford to have strained relations with it.</li>
<li><strong>Convergence among Quad Nations:</strong> The nations in the Quad grouping have different aspirations, aims at balancing their own interest. Therefore, coherence in the vision of Quad nation as a grouping is absent.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Quad will need to have a clearer vision for itself. It is important for members of the Quad not to be reactive. It is also important to exhibit openness, and ensure that all talk of a <strong>&lsquo;Free and Open Indo-Pacific&rsquo;</strong> is more than just a mere slogan.</li>
<li>India, Japan, and Australia can take the lead in infrastructural projects, while the US too needs to be more pro-active in pushing ahead the vision of connectivity.</li>
<li>The Quad should focus on building a robust regional consultation mechanism and coordinate with ASEAN nations on issues of regional importance.</li>
<li>The Quad framework derives its geopolitical validation from India&rsquo;s association and presents a unique opportunity for India to be an active participant in shaping regional security architecture with global undertones.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #faf8eb; border-color: #025a99;" height="51">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1256px;"><em><strong>Drishti Input:</strong></em><br /><br />In the phase of rising uncertainty in geo-politics, examine the relevance and implications of Quad grouping.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quad-3'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Industrial Corridors',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Government has <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/industrial-corridors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>approved the development of the five industrial corridor projects</strong></a> which will be implemented through National Industrial Corridor Development and Implementation Trust (NICDIT).</p>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An industrial corridor is basically a <strong>corridor comprising of multi-modal transport services</strong> that would pass through the states as main artery. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Freight cargo from industrial and National Investment and Manufacturing Zones (NIMZs) located upto a distance of 100-150 km on both sides of this main artery are brought to the industrial corridor via rail and road feeder links that provides last mile connectivity.</li>
<li>This will lower costs of logistics and enable firms to focus on their areas of core competence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Industrial corridors offer <strong>effective integration between industry and infrastructure,</strong> leading to overall economic and social development.</li>
<li>Industrial corridors constitute world-class infrastructure, such as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>High-speed transportation network &ndash; rail and road</li>
<li>Ports with state-of-the-art cargo handling equipment</li>
<li>Modern airports</li>
<li>Special economic regions/industrial areas</li>
<li>Logistic parks/transhipment hubs</li>
<li>Knowledge parks focused on catering to industrial needs</li>
<li>Complementary infrastructure such as townships/real estate</li>
<li>Other urban infrastructure along with enabling policy framework</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Five industrial corridor projects have been identified, planned and launched by the Government of India. These corridors are spread across India, with strategic focus on inclusive development to provide a boost to industrialization and planned urbanization.</li>
<li>Manufacturing is a key economic driver in each of these projects. These projects are expected <strong>to play a critical role in raising the share of contribution of the manufacturing sector from approximately 16% to 25% by 2025.</strong></li>
<li>Smart cities are being developed along these corridors. These cities, with state-of-the-art infrastructure, will house the new workforce that is required to power manufacturing, in turn leading to planned urbanization.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Five Industrial Corridors</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC)</strong> covers Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The corridor covers an overall length of 1483 km between the political capital, Delhi, and the business capital, Mumbai, of India.</li>
<li>The US $100 bn project is being <strong>funded by the Government of India, Japanese loans, investments by Japanese firms</strong> and through Japan depository receipts issued by Indian companies.</li>
<li>DMIC Project aims to create futuristic Industrial Cities by leveraging the &ldquo;High Speed &ndash; High Capacity&rdquo; connectivity backbone provided by the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chennai-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor (CBIC)</strong> covers Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is being<strong> funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency</strong> (JICA).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bengaluru-Mumbai Economic Corridor (BMEC)</strong> covers Maharashtra and Karnataka.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is being developed<strong> with the help of Britain (UK).</strong></li>
<li>The Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Development Corporation (DMICD) and the UK Trade and Investment (UKTI) have been determined as the nodal agencies on the Indian and UK sides respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amritsar-Kolkata Industrial Corridor (AKIC)</strong> covers Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Project extends from Amritsar (Punjab) to Dankuni (West Bengal) for a length of 1839 kms.</li>
<li>The Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor is the backbone of this economic corridor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>East Coast Economic Corridor (ECEC)</strong> covers West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Vizag to Chennai segment of this Corridor has been taken as phase-1.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Vizag-Chennai Industrial Corridor (VCIC)</strong> is the first coastal economic corridor in the country.</li>
<li>It covers more than 800 km of Andhra Pradesh&rsquo;s coastline and is aligned with the Golden Quadrilateral. It also plays a critical role in the &ldquo;Act East Policy&rdquo; of India.</li>
<li>In September 2016, the <strong>Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved loans</strong> and grants worth US$ 631 mn for the infrastructural development along the VCIC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575888931_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575888931_image1.png" width="488" height="508" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Significance of Industrial Corridors in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Avenues for Exports:</strong> The Industrial Corridors are likely to<strong> lower the cost of logistics</strong> thereby <strong>increasing the efficiency of industrial production structure.</strong> Such an efficiency <strong>lowers the cost of production</strong> which <strong>makes the Indian made products more competitive</strong> in international markets. The production of export surplus would <strong>generate employment opportunities</strong> and <strong>raise per capita incomes.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Job Opportunities:</strong> Development of Industrial Corridors would attract investments for the development of Industries which is likely to create more jobs in the market. Moreover, people would find job opportunities close to their homes and would not have to migrate to far-off places <strong>(would prevent distress migration)</strong>.</li>
<li>These corridors would provide necessary logistics infrastructure needed to reap<strong> economies of scale,</strong> thus enabling firms to focus on their areas of core competence.</li>
<li>Industrial corridor <strong>provides opportunities for private sector investment</strong> in the provision of various infrastructure projects associated with the exploitation industrial opportunity.</li>
<li>Apart from the development of infrastructure, long-term advantages to business and industry along the corridor include <strong>benefits arising from smooth access to the industrial production units, decreased transportation and communications costs, improved delivery time and reduction in inventory cost.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environmental Significance:</strong> The establishment of Industrial Units in a scattered manner along the industrial corridor across the length of the state will<strong> prevent concentration of industries in one particular location</strong> which exploited the environment beyond its carrying capacity and caused environmental degradation.</li>
<li><strong>Socio-Economic Significance:</strong> The cascading effect of industrial corridors in socio-economic terms are many such as <strong>setting up of industrial townships, educational institutions, hospitals.</strong> These will further raise the standards of human development.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Availability of jobs locally would help in preserving family as an institution. This will also increase <strong>social integration</strong> in the country</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Associated with Industrial Corridors</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Land Acquisition:</strong> Since the industrial corridor would cut across the length of the state, acquisition of land has been slow because of legal hurdles and the amount of compensation.</li>
<li><strong>Technological Knowhow:</strong> Since India lacks technological knowhow in certain sectors, it would be prudent to raise FDI caps to allow foreign players to bring in the required technological knowhow and encourage Indian investment in setting up ancillary and auxiliary industries in that sector.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>taxation regime</strong> needs to clearly define the tax liabilities of foreign firms operating in India as permanent establishments and otherwise.</li>
<li><strong>Macroeconomic stability:</strong> It is necessary to have a stable exchange rate so that foreign players with investments in India can avoid currency risks.</li>
<li>India needs to clearly lay down <strong>ground rules for cancellation of licenses in Bilateral Investment Treaties</strong> which could later create confusion as in case of Antrix-Devas deal.</li>
<li>The <strong>economic and financial feasibility</strong> of industrial corridors should be ensured by attracting potential investors to set up manufacturing units at NMIZ.</li>
<li>Massive investment in industrial corridor will pave the way for<strong> large human displacement and destruction of fertile agricultural land.</strong></li>
<li>Fear of <strong>widening Rural-urban gap</strong> in terms of Human Development, economic well-being and standards of living.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Investment &amp; Manufacturing Zones</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Investment &amp; Manufacturing Zones (NIMZs) are one of the important instruments of National Manufacturing Policy, 2011. NIMZs are envisaged as <strong>large areas of developed land</strong> with the requisite eco-system for<strong> promoting world class manufacturing activity.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The main objective of Special Economic Zones is promotion of exports,</strong> while<strong> NIMZs are based on the principle of industrial growth</strong> in partnership with States and focuses on manufacturing growth and employment generation. NIMZs are different from SEZs in terms of size, level of infrastructure planning, governance structures related to regulatory procedures, and exit policies.</li>
<li>So far the Government has granted &lsquo;in-principle&rsquo; approval to the fourteen NIMZs (outside the DMIC region). These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nagpur in Maharashtra</li>
<li>Prakasam in Andhra Pradesh</li>
<li>Chittoor in Andhra Pradesh</li>
<li>Medak in Telangana</li>
<li>Hyderabad Pharma NIMZ at Rangareddy and Mahabubnagar Districts in Telangana.</li>
<li>Tumkur in Karnataka</li>
<li>Kolar in Karnataka</li>
<li>Bidar in Karnataka</li>
<li>Gulbarga in Karnataka</li>
<li>Kalinganagar, Jajpur District in Odisha</li>
<li>Ramanathapuram District of Tamil Nadu</li>
<li>Ponneri Taluk, Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu</li>
<li>Auraiya District in Uttar Pradesh</li>
<li>Jhansi District in Uttar Pradesh</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To make the corridors successful, India have to be part of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, which will be shaped by a fresh wave of innovation in areas such as smart robotics, materials that are lighter and tougher, and a manufacturing process built around 3D printing and analytics.</li>
<li>Industrial corridors will help India&rsquo;s efforts to lead the world in the fourth wave of industrial revolution. Effective execution of this plan could make India take a major leap in the race of development.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/industrial-corridors-mindmap" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For MInd Map</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/industrial-corridors-2'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Industrial Corridors',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577355077_Industrial%20Corridors (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577355077_Industrial Corridors (Mind Map).png" width="410" height="1176" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/industrial-corridors-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/industrial-corridors-mindmap'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => '19th IORA Council of Ministers Meeting',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>19<sup>th</sup> Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Council of Ministers (COM) Meeting</strong> was held in <strong>Abu Dhabi (UAE)</strong> under the theme of <strong>&ldquo;Promoting a Shared Destiny and Path to Prosperity in the Indian Ocean&rdquo;</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>United Arab Emirates (UAE)</strong> has assumed the position of <strong>Chair</strong> while <strong>Bangladesh</strong> will be Vice-Chair of the IORA for the period of <strong>2019-2021</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>South Africa</strong> was the chair for the period of <strong>2017-2019</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The meeting was attended by <strong>IORA&rsquo;s 22 Member States and nine Dialogue Partners</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>only ministerial-level organization</strong> that focuses purely on the Indian Ocean region, bound together by growing economic and trade linkages and a shared interest in promoting prosperity, peace and stability.</li>
<li>In <strong>2014, India</strong> hosted the <strong>first Indian Ocean Dialogue in Kochi, Kerala</strong> bringing together officials, academics and other strategic thinkers to discuss <strong>six broad themes</strong> &ndash; the geo-political contour of the Indian Ocean Region, maritime security challenges, strengthening regional institutions, information sharing, cooperation in disaster relief and management, and economic cooperation. The Kochi Consensus was adopted as its outcome document.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Indian Ocean Dialogue (IOD) is a flagship initiative</strong> of IORA, with its origins in the 13th Council of Ministers meeting, held in November 2013 in Perth, Australia.</li>
<li>The <strong>sixth edition of IOD will be held on 13 December 2019 in New Delhi, India</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Role</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India continues to promote its official policy of <strong>&ldquo;coordination, cooperation and partnership&rdquo;</strong> in the regional maritime domain.</li>
<li>As coordinator to the priority area on disaster risk management, India has <strong>published guidelines for IORA</strong>. It has also urged partners to join the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure</strong></a> launched at the <strong>UN in September 2019</strong>.</li>
<li>India has been <strong>trying to emerge as the net provider of information</strong> in the IOR and in that direction it created the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Fusion Centre</strong></a> located in <strong>Gurugram</strong> to assist member countries of IOR with real-time crisis information. <strong>Bangladesh, Mauritius, Maldives, Sri Lanka and Seychelles</strong> have been part of the information support structure of India.</li>
<li>Indian policy takes into consideration that IOR is not an India-run maritime domain and that is reflected in the government's <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-20th-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Security and Growth for All in the Region</strong> </a><strong>(SAGAR) programme,</strong> which <strong>aims to turn the region more inclusive</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Ocean Rim Association</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>established in 1997</strong> and is a regional forum that seeks to build and expand understanding and mutually beneficial cooperation through a consensus-based, evolutionary and non-intrusive approach.</li>
<li><strong>IORA has 22 member states,</strong> including Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, UAE, and Yemen.</li>
<li>Its <strong>Secretariat is based in Cyber City, Eb&egrave;ne, Mauritius</strong>.</li>
<li>It manages, coordinates, services and monitors the implementation of policy decisions, work programmes and projects adopted by the member states.</li>
<li>The association gains importance by the fact that the Indian Ocean carries half of the world&rsquo;s container ships, one-third of the world&rsquo;s bulk cargo traffic and two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s oil shipments.</li>
<li>It is a lifeline of international trade and transport and the Indian ocean region is woven together by trade routes and commands control of major sea-lanes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-ocean-rim-to-get-boost-with-uae-bangladesh-at-helm/article29807558.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/19th-iora-council-of-ministers-meeting'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Natyashastra',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a three-day festival on Natyasastra was organised in Chennai (Tamil Nadu).</p>
<h3>Natyashastra</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Natyashastra,</strong> in full <strong>Bharata Natyashastra</strong>, is a detailed treatise and handbook on <strong>dramatic art</strong> that deals with all aspects of classical Sanskrit theatre.</li>
<li>It is believed to have been <strong>written by the mythic Brahman sage and priest Bharata (200 BC &ndash; 200 AD)</strong>.</li>
<li>Its many chapters contain detailed treatments of all the diverse arts that are embodied in the classical Indian concept of the drama, including dance, music, poetics, and general aesthetics.</li>
<li>It is <strong>also known as the fifth veda</strong> as it has been evolved by taking words from the Rigveda, music from the Samaveda, gestures from the Yajurveda and emotions from the Atharvaveda.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/a-comprehensive-overview-of-natya-sastra/article30123562.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natyashastra'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Icicles, Stalactites and Stalagmites',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Icicles</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Icicles typically form on days when <strong>the air temperature is subfreezing but sunshine warms and melts some snow or ice</strong>. As it drips off, a water droplet freezes when it loses its heat to the cold air.</li>
<li>It starts with a few frozen droplets and after reaching a certain size drops begin to drip along the side of the structure turning into a pointy stick-like structure.</li>
<li>Icicles formed in caves are also known as <strong>ice stalactites</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575876763_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575876763_image2.png" width="422" height="281" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></h3>
<h3>Stalactite</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an icicle-shaped formation that hangs from the ceiling of a cave and is produced by the <strong>precipitation of minerals</strong> from water dripping through the cave ceiling. Most stalactites have <strong>pointed tips</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Stalagmite</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>upward-growing mound</strong> of mineral deposits that have precipitated from water dripping onto the floor of a cave. Most stalagmites <strong>have rounded or flattened tips</strong>.</li>
<li>The dominant mineral in such deposits is <strong>calcite (calcium carbonate)</strong>, and the largest displays are formed in <strong>caves of limestone and dolomite</strong>. Other minerals that may be deposited include other carbonates, opal, chalcedony, limonite, and some sulfides.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575876827_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575876827_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icicles-stalactites-and-stalagmites'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Susceptibility of Infants to Measles',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to recent studies,infants become susceptible to <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">measles</a> infection at the end of three months after birth</strong> and not six months as earlier thought.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A study observed that <strong>maternal antibodies disappear by the end of three months, contrary</strong> to the <strong>common notion that maternal antibodies</strong> against measles <strong>protect</strong> infants for the <strong>first six months of age</strong>.</li>
<li>Currently, in countries like <strong>India</strong> with <strong>ongoing transmission of measles the first dose</strong> <strong>of vaccination is given only at 9-12 months of age</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In countries with <strong>no ongoing transmission,</strong> the <strong>first dose</strong> is administered when the baby is <strong>12-15 months of age</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus babies remain susceptible to measles infection for a longer period of time before they get vaccinated with the first dose.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Measles Burden:</strong> In 2018, measles caused an estimated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-measles-cases-up-by-300-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10 million cases and 1,42,000 deaths globally</a>. Nearly <strong>72,000 cases</strong> have been reported in <strong>India during</strong> 2018-2019 which is the <strong>third-highest</strong> in the <strong>world</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At <strong>2.3 million</strong>, India has the <strong>second-highest</strong> number of children who are <strong>not vaccinated</strong> against measles after Nigeria.</li>
<li>But the number of unvaccinated children in India had <strong>reduced</strong> from 2.9 million (2017) to 2.3 million (2018).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vaccination Coverage:</strong> The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends the <strong>high coverage [over 95%]</strong> of two doses of measles-containing vaccine to protect infants from measles.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But, in 2018, <strong>86%</strong> of children received the <strong>first dose</strong> and only <strong>69%</strong> received the <strong>second dose</strong> globally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Time for Vaccination:</strong> The vaccine-induced protection is <strong>less in infants</strong> if the vaccine is given <strong>earlier than recommended</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, <strong>early vaccination may "alter response"</strong> after the second dose of vaccine, leading to &ldquo;lower levels of the antibody&rdquo; compared with children who are vaccinated as per schedule.</li>
<li>The <strong>pregnant mothers cannot</strong> be administered measles vaccine as the vaccine uses live, weakened virus. The weakened or live virus after the injection may cause an <strong>infection in the vaccinated person&rsquo;s body</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threshold level of Protection:</strong> In the case of India, many mothers gain immunity through <strong>natural infection</strong> and are also continually exposed to the virus, leading to <strong>"repeated immunologic boosting and more robust antibody levels"</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Infants born to mothers in <strong>countries where measles virus</strong> has been <strong>eliminated</strong> have <strong>lower maternal antibodies</strong> and these antibodies quickly fall below the threshold of protection before they receive the first measles vaccination dose.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maternal Age:</strong> The <strong>probability</strong> of infants getting infected <strong>increases with maternal age</strong>. This is because <strong>pregnant mothers</strong> remain <strong>protected through vaccination</strong> and not through natural infection. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A one-month-old infant has a 25% probability of getting infected with measles if the mother is 25 years old but the probability increases to 40% if the mother is 40 years old.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Government Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccination</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare launched MR Vaccination program in <strong>2017</strong>.</li>
<li>The MR campaign targets around 41 crore children across the country, the largest ever in any campaign.</li>
<li>All children aged between 9 months and less than 15 years will be given a single shot of Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccination irrespective of their previous measles/rubella vaccination status or measles/rubella disease status.</li>
<li>MR vaccine will be provided free- of- cost across the states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other Initiatives include <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intensified-mission-indradhanush-best-practice-in-the-world-bmj" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), Mission Indradhanush and Intensified Mission Indradhanush</a>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Measles</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Measles <strong>virus</strong> is an enveloped, ribonucleic acid virus of the genus Morbillivirus.</li>
<li>Measles is highly contagious, and an infected person often transmits the virus to over <strong>90% of unprotected close contacts</strong>.</li>
<li>The virus infects the <strong>respiratory tract</strong>, then spreads throughout the body. Measles is a <strong>human disease</strong> and is <strong>not known to occur in animals</strong>.</li>
<li>Measles can be entirely prevented through a <strong>two-dose vaccine</strong> and had been officially eliminated in many countries with advanced healthcare systems.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>first dose of measles vaccine</strong> was introduced in the <strong>1990s</strong> in India.</li>
<li>India introduced the <strong>second dose</strong> from <strong>2010 onwards</strong>. India was <strong>one of the last countries</strong> to add a second dose of measles vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>No specific antiviral treatment</strong> exists for measles virus.</li>
<li>Severe complications from measles can be avoided through medical care that ensures good nutrition, adequate fluid intake, and treatment of dehydration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/infants-become-susceptible-to-measles-infection-earlier-than-thought/article30062613.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/susceptibility-of-infants-to-measles'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Combination Therapy for TB',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Researchers from Bengaluru have made an important discovery of the mechanism used by Tuberculosis (TB) bacteria to tolerate TB drugs.</p>
<h3>What is the Mechanism?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Macrophages</strong> (a type of white blood cell), when infected with <strong>pathogens</strong> (such as bacteria or virus), as a first-line of defence, <strong>reduce the pH range in the body</strong>, i.e. making pH acidic.</li>
<li>The researchers found that instead of controlling the TB bacteria, <strong>the mildly acidic pH was actually facilitating a fraction of the bacteria to continue multiplying</strong> and develop drug tolerance.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Anti-TB drugs induce oxidative stress to kill bacteria inside macrophages.</li>
<li>However, the drug tolerant bacteria have a remarkable ability <strong>to counter oxidative stress</strong>.</li>
<li>The bacteria uses the acidic pH of macrophages as a cue to specifically increase its capacity to deal with oxidative stress.</li>
<li>The bacteria also induce efflux pumps (to expel antibiotics) as an additional mechanism to reduce antibiotic efficacy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is against the common notion that only the non-replicating or slowly metabolising TB bacteria become tolerant to anti-TB drugs.</li>
<li>The mechanism was found responsible for longer TB treatment of six-nine months.</li>
<li>The drug-tolerant bacteria were found in macrophages that were more acidic (pH 5.8) while the drug-sensitive bacteria were seen in macrophages that were less acidic (pH 6.6).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Researchers&rsquo; Solution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The researchers used already approved <strong>anti-malaria drug chloroquine in combination with a TB drug isoniazid</strong> in mice and guinea pigs.</li>
<li>The <strong>chloroquine</strong> drug <strong>neutralised the pH</strong> within the macrophages. This prevented the bacteria from inducing the mechanism to protect themselves from oxidative stress. So no drug-tolerant TB bacteria emerged.</li>
<li>Once the pH was neutralised, the <strong>isoniazid drug</strong> was able to <strong>eradicate TB from animals</strong>.</li>
<li>The two-month treatment was able to completely sterilise mouse lungs and a near-complete eradication was observed from the lungs of guinea pigs.</li>
<li>In addition, it was found that the drug combination also reduces the chances of TB relapse.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tuberculosis</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>TB is caused by <strong>bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)</strong> that most often affect the <strong>lungs</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Transmission:</strong> TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air.</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> Cough with sputum and blood at times, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats.</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong> TB is <strong>treatable and curable disease</strong>. It is treated with a standard 6 month course of 4 antimicrobial drugs that are provided with information, supervision and support to the patient by a health worker or trained volunteer.</li>
<li>Anti-TB medicines have been used for decades and strains that are resistant to 1 or more of the medicines have been documented in every country surveyed.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)</strong> is a form of TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to isoniazid and rifampicin, the 2 most powerful, first-line anti-TB drugs. MDR-TB is treatable and curable by using second-line drugs.</li>
<li><strong>Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB)</strong> is a more serious form of MDR-TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to the most effective second-line anti-TB drugs, often leaving patients without any further treatment options.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/combination-therapy-using-malaria-drug-quickly-clears-tb/article30124928.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/combination-therapy-for-tb'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Personal Data Protection Bill 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/personal-data-protection-bill-cyber-security-hacking-6153015/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The issues, debate around Data Protection Bill&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 7/12/2019. It talks about the implications of new Personal Data Protection (PDP) Bill, 2019.</p>
</div>
<p>Global negotiations today revolve around debates about the transfer and security of data. In this context, the Personal Data Protection (PDP) Bill, 2019 is the India&rsquo;s first attempt to domestically legislate on the issue of data protection.</p>
<p>The Bill derives its inspiration from a previous draft version prepared by a committee headed by retired <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/justice-bn-srikrishna-committee-submits-data-protection-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Justice B N Srikrishna.</strong></a> However, the present bill differs from what was recommended by Justice B N Srikrishna committee.</p>
<h3>Significance of Data</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Data is the large collection of information that is stored in a computer or on a network.</li>
<li>Data is collected and handled by entities called <strong>data fiduciaries.</strong></li>
<li>While the fiduciary controls how and why data is processed, the processing itself may be by a third party, the <strong>data processor.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This distinction is important to delineate responsibility as data moves from entity to entity. For example, in the US, Facebook (the data controller) fell into controversy for the actions of the data processor &mdash; Cambridge Analytica.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The processing of this data (based on one's online habits and preferences, but without prior knowledge of the data subject) has become an important source of profits for big corporations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Targeted advertising:</strong> Companies, governments, and political parties find it valuable because they can use it to find the most convincing ways to advertise online.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Apart from it, this has become a potential avenue for invasion of privacy, as it can reveal extremely personal aspects.</li>
<li>Also, it is now clear that much of the future&rsquo;s economy and issues of national sovereignty will be predicated on the regulation of data.</li>
<li>The physical attributes of data &mdash; where data is stored, where it is sent, where it is turned into something useful &mdash; are called <strong>data flows.</strong> Data localisation arguments are premised on the idea that data flows determine who has access to the data, who profits off it, who taxes and who &ldquo;owns&rdquo; it.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Definitions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data Principal:</strong> The individual whose data is being stored and processed is called the data principal in the PDP Bill.</li>
<li><strong>Data Fiduciary:</strong> The 'data fiduciary' may be a service provider who collects, stores and uses data in the course of providing such goods and services.</li>
<li><strong>Data Transfer:</strong> Data is transported across country borders in underwater cables.</li>
<li><strong>Data localisation:</strong> It is the act of storing data on any device physically present within the borders of a country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What does PDP Bill propose?</h3>
<p>The B N Srikrishna committee draft had required all fiduciaries to store a copy of <strong>all personal data in India,</strong> which was criticised by foreign technology companies that store most of Indians&rsquo; data abroad. The Bill, however, trifurcates the data into three categories and mandates the storage within India&rsquo;s boundaries depending upon the type of data.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill <strong>trifurcates data</strong> as follows:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Personal data:</strong> Data from which an individual can be identified like name, address etc..</li>
<li><strong>Sensitive personal data (SPD):</strong> Some types of personal data like as financial, health, sexual orientation, biometric, genetic, transgender status, caste, religious belief, and more.</li>
<li><strong>Critical personal data:</strong> Anything that the government at any time can deem critical, such as military or national security data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Bill removes the requirement of <strong>data mirroring</strong> (in case of personal data). Only individual consent for data transfer abroad is required. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Data mirroring: The act of copying data from one location to a storage device in real time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Personal Data:&nbsp;</strong>The Bill requires sensitive personal data to be stored only in India. It can be processed abroad only under certain conditions including approval of a <strong>Data Protection Agency (DPA).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Critical Personal Data:</strong> Critical personal data must be stored and processed in India.</li>
<li><strong>Non Personal Data:</strong> The Bill mandates fiduciaries to provide the government any <strong>non-personal data</strong> when demanded.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Non-personal data refers to anonymised data, such as traffic patterns or demographic data.</li>
<li>The previous draft did not apply to this type of data, which many companies use to fund their business model.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Bill also requires <strong>social media companies,</strong> which are deemed significant data fiduciaries based on factors such as volume and sensitivity of data, to develop their own user verification mechanism.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This intends to decrease the anonymity of users and prevent trolling.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other key provisions of the bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill includes exemptions for processing data without an individual&rsquo;s consent for <strong>&ldquo;reasonable purposes&rdquo;,</strong> including security of the state, detection of any unlawful activity or fraud, whistleblowing, medical emergencies, credit scoring, operation of search engines and processing of publicly available data.</li>
<li>The Bill calls for the creation of an <strong>independent regulator Data Protection Authority,</strong> which will oversee assessments and audits and definition making.</li>
<li>Each company will have a <strong>Data Protection Officer (DPO)</strong> who will liaison with the DPA for auditing, grievance redressal, recording maintenance and more.</li>
<li>The Bill proposes <strong>&ldquo;Purpose limitation&rdquo;</strong> and <strong>&ldquo;Collection limitation&rdquo;</strong> clause, which limit the collection of data to what is needed for &ldquo;clear, specific, and lawful&rdquo; purposes.</li>
<li>It also grants individuals the <strong>right to data portability</strong> and the <strong>ability to access and transfer one&rsquo;s own data.</strong> It also grants individuals the right to data portability, and the ability to access and transfer one&rsquo;s own data.</li>
<li>Finally, it legislates on the right to be forgotten. With historical roots in European Union law, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-be-forgotten-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)</strong></a>, this right allows an individual to remove consent for data collection and disclosure.</li>
<li>The Bill stated the <strong>penalties</strong> as: Rs 5 crore or 2 percent of worldwide turnover for minor violations and Rs 15 crore or 4 percent of total worldwide turnover for more serious violations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, the company&rsquo;s executive-in-charge can also face jail terms of up to three years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Data localisation can <strong>help law-enforcement agencies</strong> access data for investigations and enforcement.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As of now, much of cross-border data transfer is governed by individual bilateral &ldquo;mutual legal assistance treaties&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Accessing data through this route is a cumbersome process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Instances of cyber attacks and surveillance will be checked.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, many WhatsApp accounts were hacked by an Israeli software called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/spyware-pegasus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pegasus.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Social media is being used to spread <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/fake-news-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fake news</strong></a>, which has resulted in lynchings, national security threats, which can now be monitored, checked and prevented in time.</li>
<li>Data localisation will also increase the ability of the Indian government to <strong>tax</strong> Internet giants.</li>
<li>A strong data protection legislation will also help to enforce <strong>data sovereignty.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Disadvantages</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Many contend that the physical location of the data is not relevant in the cyber world. Even if the data is stored in the country, the encryption keys may still be out of reach of national agencies.</li>
<li>National security<strong> or reasonable purposes</strong> are an open-ended terms, this may lead to intrusion of state into the private lives of citizens.</li>
<li>Technology giants like Facebook and Google have criticised <strong>protectionist policy on data protection (data localisation).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They fear that the <strong>domino effect</strong> of protectionist policy will lead to other countries following suit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Protectionist regime supress the values of a globalised, competitive internet marketplace, where costs and speeds determine information flows rather than nationalistic borders.</li>
<li>Also, it may backfire on <strong>India&rsquo;s own young startups</strong> that are attempting global growth, or on larger firms that process foreign data in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Supreme Court in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Puttaswamy judgement (2017)</strong></a>, the <strong>right to privacy</strong> is a fundamental right and it is necessary to protect personal data as an essential facet of informational privacy, whereas the growth of the digital economy is also essential to open new vistas of socio-economic growth.</li>
<li>In this context, the government policy on data protection must not deter framing any policy for the growth of the digital economy, to the extent that it doesn&rsquo;t impinge on personal data privacy.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #8000ff; background-color: #e3efff;">
<p><em><strong><span style="color: #000080;">Drishti Mains Question</span><br /><br /></strong></em>Data localisation, despite its many advantages, may eventually do more harm than good. Comment. (250 words)</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019'
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Sattriya Dance',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Dance historian Dr. Sunil Kothari has recently been bestowed with the Madhabdev Award by the Government of Assam for popularising Sattriya dance.</p>
<h3>Sattriya<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575706107_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575706107_image2.jpg" width="261" height="174" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Origin</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sattriya originated in <strong>Sattra, monastery,</strong> as a part of <strong>neo-Vaishnavite movement</strong> started by<strong> Srimanta Sankardev in Assam,</strong> in the <strong>15<sup>th</sup> Century.</strong> He propagated the &ldquo;ek sharan naama dharma&rdquo; (chanting the name of one God devotedly).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Classical Dance:</strong> Sattriya was given the status of a classical dance in the year <strong>2000 by the Sangeet Natak Akademi.</strong> Other classical dances of India are : Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu), Kathakali (Kerala), Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh), Kathak (North India), Mohiniyattam (Kerala), Manipuri (Manipur) and Odissi (Odisha).</li>
<li><strong>Features</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sattriya dances differ from other dance forms in <strong>its basic stance.</strong> For male it is known as <strong>Purush Pak</strong> while for female, <strong>Prakriti Pak.</strong> The dance is based on<strong> mythological themes.</strong></li>
<li>They have special mnemonic bols, typical <strong>Assamese music known as Borgeet,</strong> musical instruments like large cymbals, drums, colourful costumes, besides complicated choreographic patterns using various talas for each stanza sung by the vocalist.</li>
<li>Corpus of Sattriya dances consists of ankiya <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assamese-bhaona" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bhaona</strong></a> and also Ojapali dances in which the main singer sings and enacts abhinaya, telling stories and a group of dancers dance as back up dancers playing small cymbals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Two Separate Streams</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One, the <strong>Bhaona-related repertoire</strong> starting from the Gayan-Bhayanar Nach to the Kharmanar Nach.</li>
<li>Second, the dance numbers which are independent, such as Chali, Rajagharia Chali, Jhumura, Nadu Bhangi etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Popular Artists</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Guru Jatin Goswami and Sharodi Saikia among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/sattriya-on-centre-stage/article30188731.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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