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INCOIS launches Products

Why in News The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) has launched a trio of products to better cater to its diverse users....

28 Feb 2020 News Analysis
India and Myanmar Ink Various Pacts

Why in News India and Myanmar signed 10 agreements with a focus on socio-economic development of Myanmar, during Myanmar President U Win...

28 Feb 2020 News Analysis
2020 CD3: Mini-moon

In Arizona (USA), the astronomers of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-funded Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) have observed a...

28 Feb 2020 News Analysis
The Big Picture - Army: Women in Commanding Role

Recently, in a landmark judgment, the Supreme Court (SC) has upheld a Delhi High Court order of 2010 that seeks to grant permanent commission to...

28 Feb 2020 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
Biofuel from Microorganisms

Why in News Researchers at the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) are developing a method to improve the growth...

28 Feb 2020 News Analysis
National Science Day 2020

Why in News National Science Day (NSD) is celebrated every year on 28th February to commemorate the discovery of the ‘Raman Effect’. The...

28 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Counting Birds Together

This article is based on “Counting birds together” which was published in The Hindu on 25/02/2020. It talks about the status of birds...

27 Feb 2020 News Editorials
Hindustani Music

Hindustani Music is one of the two distinct schools of Indian Classical Music practiced mainly in North India. The other school of Indian Classical...

27 Feb 2020 Paper 1
International Conference on Standardisation of AYUSH Terminologies

Why in News Two day International Conference on Standardisation of AYUSH Terminologies (ICoSDiTAUS-2020) was held in New Delhi. It adopted the...

27 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Henneguya Salminicola

Scientists have discovered an animal Henneguya Salminicola which does not need oxygen to produce the energy needed for its survival. It is a tiny,...

27 Feb 2020 News Analysis
UKIERI- UGC Higher Education Leadership Development Programme

Why in News The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) has launched ‘Higher Education Leadership Development Programme for...

27 Feb 2020 News Analysis
National Technical Textiles Mission

Why in News The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved the setting up of a National Technical Textiles Mission at a total outlay...

27 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Cabinet Approves Bill to Regulate Surrogacy

Why in News The Union Cabinet has approved the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2020. The Cabinet incorporated all the recommendations of the Rajya...

27 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Analysis of Water in Ulsoor lake

Why in news? The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has directed the constitution of a joint committee to take samples of water from Bengaluru’s...

27 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Exercise Indradhanush

Why in News The 5th edition of India-UK joint Air Force Exercise ‘Indradhanush’ began at Air Force Station, Hindan (Ghaziabad, Uttar...

27 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Rights And Duties

This article is based on “Rights, duties and the Constitution” which was published in The Hindu on 26/02/2020. It talks about a balance...

26 Feb 2020 News Editorials
National Conference on Coastal Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience

Why in News Recently, the first ‘National Conference on Coastal Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience (CDRR&R) – 2020’ was...

26 Feb 2020 News Analysis
USA President’s Visit to India

Why in News The President of the USA, Donald Trump, visited India from 24th - 25th February, 2020. India and the USA intended to upgrade their...

26 Feb 2020 News Analysis
World Air Quality Report 2019

Why in News India was the fifth most polluted country in 2019 and accounts for almost two-thirds of the world’s most polluted cities according...

26 Feb 2020 News Analysis
Mukundara Hills Tiger Reserve

Location: The Mukundra Tiger Reserve (TR) is located near Kota, Rajasthan. The park is situated in a valley formed by two parallel mountains...

26 Feb 2020 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'INCOIS launches Products',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)</strong> has launched a trio of products to better cater to its diverse users. The Products are</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Small Vessel Advisory and Forecast Services System,</li>
<li>Swell Surge Forecast System and</li>
<li>Algal Bloom Information Service</li>
</ul>
<h3>Small Vessel Advisory and Forecast Services System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an innovative impact-based advisory and forecast service system for small vessels operating in Indian coastal waters.</li>
<li>It warns users about potential zones where <strong>vessel overturning</strong> can take place.</li>
<li>The warning system is based on the<strong> &lsquo;Boat Safety Index&rsquo; (BSI)</strong> derived from wave model forecast outputs such as significant wave height, wave steepness, directional spread and the rapid development of wind at sea which is boat-specific.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Swell Surge Forecast System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swell surge forecast system is an innovative system designed for the prediction of Kallakkadal/Swell Surge that occurs along the Indian coast, particularly the west coast.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kallakadal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Kallakadal/Swell surge are <strong>flash-flood events</strong> that take place without any noticeable advance change in local winds or any other apparent signature in the coastal environment.</li>
<li>Kallakkadal is a colloquial term used by Kerala fishermen to refer to the freaky flooding episodes and in 2012 <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO</strong></a> formally accepted this term for scientific use. They are caused by <strong>meteorological conditions</strong> in the <strong>Southern Ocean,</strong> south of 30&deg;S.</li>
<li>During Kallakkadal events, the sea surges into the land and inundates vast areas.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Algal Bloom Information Service</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ABIS provides timely information on harmful algal blooms, which are detrimental to coastal fisheries, water quality and also tend to induce respiratory problems within the coastal population from time to time.</li>
<li>The <strong>target users-</strong> fishermen, marine fishery resource managers, researchers, ecologists and environmentalists.</li>
<li>INCOIS-ABIS will provide <strong>near-real time information</strong> on <strong>spatio-temporal occurrence</strong> and <strong>spread of phytoplankton blooms</strong> over the <strong>North Indian Ocean.</strong></li>
<li>Four regions have been identified as bloom hotspots-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>North Eastern Arabian Sea</li>
<li>coastal waters off Kerala</li>
<li>Gulf of Mannar</li>
<li>coastal waters of Gopalpur.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Algal bloom</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An algal bloom or marine bloom or water bloom is a rapid increase in the population of algae in an aquatic system. They may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments.</li>
<li>Harmful Algal Blooms, or HABs, occur when colonies of algae grow out of control and produce toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals and birds.</li>
<li>Harmful Algal Blooms can:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Produce extremely dangerous toxins that can sicken or kill people and animals.</li>
<li>Create dead zones in the water.</li>
<li>Raise treatment costs for drinking water.</li>
<li>Hurt industries that depend on clean water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INCOIS is an <strong>autonomous organization</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).</strong></li>
<li>It is located in <strong>Hyderabad &amp;</strong> was established in <strong>1999.</strong> It is a unit of the<strong> Earth System Science Organization (ESSO),&nbsp;</strong>New Delhi. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ESSO operates as an executive arm of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) for its policies and programmes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is mandated to provide the best possible ocean information and advisory services to society, industry, government agencies and the scientific community through sustained ocean observations and constant improvement through systematic and focused research.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604587" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/incois-launches-products'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'India and Myanmar Ink Various Pacts',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>India and Myanmar</strong> signed <strong>10 agreements with a focus on socio-economic development of Myanmar,</strong> during Myanmar President U Win Myint&rsquo;s visit to India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Myanmar stands at the confluence of India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/what-is-indias-neighbourhood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Neighbourhood First</strong></a> and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-act-east-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Act East Policy</strong> </a>and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/india-myanmar-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India-Myanmar partnership</strong></a> is at the heart of India&rsquo;s vision to create a connected and cooperative neighbourhood.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582887232_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582887232_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Connectivity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two countries will start a coordinated bus service between <strong>Manipur&rsquo;s Imphal </strong>and<strong> Myanmar&rsquo;s Mandalay</strong> from April 2020.</li>
<li>India will assist Myanmar in the construction of <strong>Integrated Check Point at Tamu, Myanmar, bordering Manipur.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The two countries signed the<strong> Land Border Crossing Agreement in 2018,</strong> which allowed bona fide travellers with valid documents to cross the border at two<strong> international points of entry/exit- Moreh-Tamu </strong>and <strong>Zokhawathar-Rih.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rakhine-state-development-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rakhine State Development Programme:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More projects will be added to this programme.</li>
<li>India signed a development programme for Rakhine State in Myanmar in late 2017 which was designed to assist the Myanmar government in Rakhine State to build housing infrastructure for displaced Rohingyas.</li>
<li>India had committed <strong>$25 million grant assistance to Myanmar</strong> and phase-I involved completion of 250 prefabricated houses in Rakhine State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India will also<strong> support the establishment of Myanmar&rsquo;s diplomatic academy, </strong>and<strong> extend the National Knowledge Network</strong> to Myanmar.</li>
<li>Both countries have decided to extend the <strong>Quick Impact Project schemes to Myanmar.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this, India will take up capacity development work in the form of small projects which yield quick beneficial results for the local people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both sides agreed to work together to promote principles of openness, inclusiveness, transparency, respect for international law and<a href="/burning-issues-of-the-month/association-of-southeast-asian-nations-asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Association of Southeast Asian Nations</strong></a> <strong>(ASEAN)</strong> centrality in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-Pacific.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation under other sectors:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India will offer<strong> medical radiation equipment Bhabhatron II</strong> for the treatment of cancer patients and <strong>strengthen cooperation in the health sector.</strong></li>
<li>Both countries agreed to have<strong> government-to-government cooperation in petroleum,</strong> including in refinery, stockpiling, blending and retail.</li>
<li>In governance, India will help Myanmar with the<strong> project of e-ID cards,</strong> which is modelled after the Aadhaar project.</li>
<li>The two sides showed commitment to continue negotiations on pending treaties like <strong>Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT)</strong> and <strong>Extradition Treaty.</strong></li>
<li>An MoU has also been signed on<strong> &lsquo;Cooperation for Prevention of Trafficking in Persons; Rescue, Recovery, Repatriation and Re-Integration of Victims of Trafficking&rsquo;</strong> between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are agreements between governments allowing for the exchange of evidence and information in criminal and related matters between the signing countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Extradition Treaty</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is an agreement or arrangement made by India with a Foreign State, relating to the Extradition of fugitive criminals.</li>
<li>Extradition treaties are traditionally <strong>bilateral in character.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-myanmar-ink-pact-on-bus-service-developing-rakhine-6290294/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-and-myanmar-ink-various-pacts'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => '2020 CD3: Mini-moon',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In Arizona (USA), the astronomers of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</strong></a> <strong>(NASA)-funded Catalina Sky Survey (CSS)</strong> have observed a small object orbiting Earth. It is actually an <strong>asteroid</strong> with a <strong>diameter of about 1.9-3.5 m.</strong></li>
<li>It has been named <strong>2020 CD3.</strong> It is also called <strong>&ldquo;mini-moon&rdquo;</strong> or the planet&rsquo;s <strong>&ldquo;second moon&rdquo;.</strong> It is orbiting at a distance farther from Earth.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlike earth&rsquo;s permanent Moon, the mini-moon is<strong> temporary.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When an asteroid&rsquo;s orbit crosses Earth&rsquo;s orbit, it can sometimes be captured into the latter orbit. Such an asteroid is called a <strong>Temporarily Captured Object (TCO).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>orbit of such objects is unstable.</strong></li>
<li>They have to contend with the gravitational influence of the existing permanent natural satellite (Moon in earth&rsquo;s case) as well as that of the Sun.</li>
<li>Once caught in a planet&rsquo;s orbit, such objects usually remain for a few years before they break free and go into an independent orbit around the Sun.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the researchers, 2020 CD3 was captured into Earth&rsquo;s orbit over three years ago. CSS previously discovered <strong>2006 RH120,</strong> which orbited Earth for some time in 2006 and escaped its orbit in 2007.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Catalina Sky Survey</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>NASA funded project</strong> to <strong>discover and track near-Earth objects (NEOs).</strong> It is based in <strong>Arizona</strong> in the United States of America.</li>
<li>NEOs are <strong>asteroids or comets</strong> with sizes ranging from metres to tens of kilometres that orbit the Sun and whose orbits come close to that of Earth&rsquo;s.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/express-explained-what-is-mini-moon-6290115/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2020-cd3-mini-moon'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'The Big Picture - Army: Women in Commanding Role',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cnpJzG2qvPY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>Recently, in a landmark judgment, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> has upheld a Delhi High Court order of 2010 that seeks to grant permanent commission to women officers at par with their male counterparts. Along with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/gender-parity-in-indian-army" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>granting a role to women in combat arms</strong></a>, the judgment essentially highlights the denial of equal opportunity in their existing roles for promotion to higher commands. With immediate effect, in addition to permanent commissions in ten arms and services of the Indian Army, women officers will also be eligible for &lsquo;command positions&rsquo; in their respective units, as applicable to their male counterparts.</p>
<h3>Government&rsquo;s Perspective</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Societal Issues:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Centre had told the SC that composition of male officers, predominantly drawn from a rural background, with prevailing societal norms, troops are not yet mentally schooled to accept women officers in command of units.</li>
<li>Society has low acceptance for the women officer who had been caught as a prisoner of war by an enemy country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Physiological Challenges:</strong> The Centre has informed the apex court that motherhood, child care, psychological limitations are vital factors, which have a bearing on the employment of women officers in the Army. It is a challenge for women to meet these hazards of service owing to prolonged absence during pregnancy, motherhood and domestic obligations towards their children and families especially when both husband and wife happen to be service officers.</li>
<li><strong>Family Issues:</strong> The Centre also said that the armed forces require sacrifices and commitment beyond the call of duty by the entire family of service personnel involving separation and frequent transfers, affecting the education of children and career prospects of the spouse.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Combat Role:</strong> Combat roles are those that involve engaging and fighting the enemy either in person or by using specialized equipment.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are more than 3,500 women in the military, but front-line combat roles were off-limits to them until 2015 when they were inducted into the fighter stream in <strong>Indian Air Force (IAF). Navy</strong> has women as pilots and observers onboard its maritime reconnaissance aircraft, which is a combat role. However, warships, tanks and combat positions in the<strong> infantry</strong> are still no-go zones for women.</li>
<li>The SC judgment was also silent on women&rsquo;s role in combat roles and held that the engagement of women in the Combat Arms is a policy matter of Government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Commanding Position:</strong> A position held by an officer to head a battalion or substantive command delegated to carry out independent tasks. It is generally done by an officer at the rank of Colonel in the Army.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The army, air force and navy began inducting women as Short Service Commission (SSC) officers in 1992. This was the first time women were allowed to join the military outside the medical stream. Initially, they could serve for five years but in 2006, they were allowed to serve for a maximum of 14 years as SSC officers.</li>
<li>In the duration of 14 years of service, they were unable to get to the rank of a Colonel. Hence, women were indirectly kept away from the commanding role.</li>
<li>After this judgment, women can now be inducted into permanent commissions, therefore, they are now eligible to take the Commanding position in these branches- Signals, Engineers, Army Aviation, Army Air Defence, Electronics and Mechanical Engineers, Army Service Corps, Army Ordnance Corps, and Intelligence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Issues with the Government's Decision</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>No Consultation with Women Officers:</strong> The government took the decision without consulting the women officers in the Army.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Data:</strong> No data or survey has been presented by the government which can substantiate their arguments that male troops will not accept women officers.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Choose:</strong> The government should let the women decide whether she wants to enrol in the commanding role, then it is the matter of the training and the conditioning that can be achieved.</li>
<li><strong>Against the Constitution:</strong> According to the Supreme Court, absolute exclusion of women from command appointments in the Indian Army is against Article 14 and unjustified.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why it is Needed?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Women Empowerment:</strong> Earlier women were not allowed in the Permanent Commission, which had created a glass ceiling. That ceiling has now been shattered with a Supreme Court ruling allowing permanent commission for women.</li>
<li><strong>Equality of Opportunity:</strong> Without giving the command role to women, we can not analyze that they are not competent. It is a denial of an opportunity.</li>
<li><strong>Changes in Nature of War:</strong> With changes in technologies, the nature of conventional war has also changed. Consequently, issues related to Prisoners of Wars has decreased a lot. The doors must be kept open for the women, and if they are suitable on the basis of objective criteria, they should be enrolled.</li>
<li><strong>Stronger Armed Force:</strong> The verdict will ensure that regardless of gender, the potential of the best of India&rsquo;s youth will be utilized in its Armed Forces.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data:</strong> Collection of data on the ground to analyze the sentiments of male troops regarding women's role in commanding position.</li>
<li>While the Commanding position in the combat role is controversial, women should be given a commanding role in the ten streams where they have been working since 1992 and have been provided with the permanent commission.</li>
<li><strong>Similar Training:</strong> Along with the commanding role, women should also be provided with the same level of training which male officers get. A woman should be equally equipped to handle the extraneous psychological and physical process which a male officer goes through.</li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure:</strong> Induction of more women in command force will require updating infrastructure especially in the case of Navy and Army. In naval ship space is limited and currently, Indian Naval Ships are designed to accommodate male personnel only.</li>
</ul>
<p>The decision will encourage more women to think of a career in the military. This may begin a process of correcting the gender imbalance in India&rsquo;s forces. The judgment needs to be complemented by a change in mindsets internally as well as at the societal level, as male officers continue to see women as best suited for adjunct roles and not as equals.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-army-women-in-commanding-role'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Biofuel from Microorganisms',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Researchers at the <strong>International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)</strong> are developing a method to improve the growth rate and <strong>sugar content</strong> of a <strong>marine cyanobacterium</strong> called <strong>Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biofuel</strong></a> production is dependent on the availability of low-cost and sustainable supply of sugars and a nitrogen source. The <strong>sugars typically come from plants.</strong></li>
<li>However, <strong>some bacteria,</strong> such as the cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae), too can perform photosynthesis and <strong>produce sugar</strong> by fixing the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.</li>
<li>The yield of sugars from cyanobacteria could potentially be much higher than that of land-based crops unlike plant-based sugars.</li>
<li>Cyanobacterial biomass provides a nitrogen source in the form of proteins.</li>
<li>Use of marine cyanobacteria has been preffered as freshwater is increasingly getting scarce.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cyanobacteria</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae, are <strong>microscopic organisms found naturally in all types of water.</strong></li>
<li>These <strong>single-celled organisms</strong> live in fresh, brackish (combined salt and freshwater), and marine water.</li>
<li>These organisms use sunlight to <strong>make their own food.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>warm, nutrient-rich</strong> (high in phosphorus and nitrogen) environments, cyanobacteria can multiply quickly.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Biofuels</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Biofuels are the <strong>fuels that can be produced from organic matter,</strong> or biomass, such as corn or sugar, vegetable oils or waste feedstocks.<strong> Example:</strong> Bioethanol, Biodiesel</li>
<li>As biofuels emit less carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) than conventional fuels (eg:- Petrol) they can be blended with existing fuels as an effective way of reducing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in the transport sector.</li>
<li>The use of biofuels have grown over the past decade, driven largely by the introduction of new energy policies in Europe, the USA and Brazil that call for more renewable, lower-carbon fuels for transport. Today <strong>biofuels represent around 3% of road transport fuels in use around the world.</strong></li>
<li>In<strong> India,</strong> the National Policy on Biofuels, released by the Government of India in 2018, envisages production of biofuel from Used Cooking Oil (UCO). Also, the Policy has the objective of reaching 20% ethanol-blending and 5% biodiesel-blending by the year 2030.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582876170_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582876170_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a unique <strong>intergovernmental organisation</strong> initially established as a special project of the <strong>United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNIDO is the specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes industrial development for poverty reduction, inclusive globalization and environmental sustainability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Fully<strong> autonomous since 1994,</strong> it runs 46 state-of-the-art laboratories, in Trieste, Italy (also Headquarters of the Centre), New Delhi, India and Cape Town, South Africa and forms an interactive network with over 65 Member States.</li>
<li>It plays a <strong>key role in Biotechnology worldwide</strong> for excellence in Research, Training and Technology Transfer to industry to contribute in concrete terms to the achievement of sustainable global development and operates within the United Nations System.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604584" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>source : PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/biofuel-from-microorganisms'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'National Science Day 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>National Science Day (NSD) is celebrated every year on 28<sup>th</sup> February to commemorate the discovery of the<strong> &lsquo;Raman Effect&rsquo;.</strong> The first NSD was celebrated on 28<sup>th</sup> February, 1987.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Basic Objective:</strong> To propagate the message of the <strong>importance of science and its application among the people.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Theme:</strong> On this occasion, theme-based science communication activities are carried out all over the country. The theme of NSD 2020: <strong>&lsquo;Women In Science&rsquo;</strong></li>
<li><strong>Nodal Agency to Support Celebration: National Council for Science &amp; Technology Communication (NCSTC)</strong> of Ministry of Science and Technology.</li>
<li><strong>Awards:</strong> On the occasion of the NSD-2020, 5 women scientists received awards under two categories &ndash; <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/serb-women-excellence-award-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SERB Women excellence awards</strong></a> and National Award for Young Woman Showing Excellence through Application of Technology for Societal Benefits.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Women in Science</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Women represent only about<strong> a fifth of senior authors in all published research.</strong></li>
<li>A study, published in the journal PLOS One in 2018, assessed 293,557 research articles from 54 journals and found that only 29.8% of all research authors were women.</li>
<li>Another study by the UK&rsquo;s Intellectual Property Office (IPO) noted that women inventors account for just under <strong>13% of patent applications globally.</strong></li>
<li>In India, out of the 560 awardees of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-1st-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize</strong> </a>for Science and Technology, <strong>only 18 recipients have been women.</strong> The prize is one of the highest multidisciplinary science awards in India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Raman Effect</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Raman Effect is a phenomenon in spectroscopy <strong>discovered by the eminent physicist Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</strong> in 1928.</li>
<li>In 1930, he got a Nobel <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prizes-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prize</strong></a> for this remarkable discovery and this was the <strong>first Nobel Prize for India in the field of Science.</strong></li>
<li>The Raman Effect is a <strong>change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules.</strong> When a beam of light traverses a dust-free, transparent sample of a chemical compound, a small fraction of the light emerges in directions other than that of the incident (incoming) beam. Most of this scattered light is of unchanged wavelength. A small part, however, has wavelengths different from that of the incident light; its presence is a result of the Raman Effect.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199589" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-science-day-2020'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Counting Birds Together',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/counting-birds-together/article30915796.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Counting birds together&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 25/02/2020. It talks about the status of birds in India as highlighted by the State of India&rsquo;s Birds report.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-india-s-bird-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">State of India&rsquo;s Birds 2020</a><strong> (SoIB) report</strong> was released at the global conference (held at Gandhinagar, Gujarat) of the Convention on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cms-com-13" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals</a>. The report held that more bird species have declined in population than the species that have shown population stability. During the last two decades, over half the species assessed have declined.</p>
<p>SoIB has <strong>distinctive features</strong> that define a new approach. The report <strong>taps into citizen science for good data building its repository on the local knowledge understanding of citizens</strong>. This serves as a foundation for further collaborative work.</p>
<p>Besides collaboration, another key value that the report seeks to acknowledge is the importance of making, not just its outputs, but also the entire process open. The report&rsquo;s data and analysis are in the public domain, inviting critique and further refinement. Better public and scientific understanding of biodiversity can grow only from wider and open access not only to data but also from opening the entire process of scientific inquiry to wider peer and public scrutiny and challenge.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Highlights of the Report</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>More than 50% of birds are in clear decline since 2000,</strong> and over the last five years, 79% of birds have registered declining numbers.</li>
<li><strong>More bird species deserve immediate conservation attention</strong> than previously thought.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To the list of 67 globally threatened Indian bird species previously identified by the IUCN (as critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable), the report adds 34 more species.</li>
<li><strong>The number of species of high conservation concern in India is now 101.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Most declining groups include coastal birds, birds of prey (like eagles, kites, vultures and others) and habitat specialists.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the Western Ghats the abundance index of 12 endemic species there has dropped by 75% since 2000. The fortunes of the Nilgiri Pipit, Nilgiri Thrush and several Sholakilis are tied to the survival of the high shola forest-grasslands.</li>
<li>The population of migratory birds coming to India like Hodgson&rsquo;s bush chat (Mongolia), Bar-headed geese (Tibet), Greater Flamingos (Central Asia), has also declined.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance of Birds</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birds occupy many levels of trophic webs,</strong> from mid-level consumers to top predators.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As with other native organisms, birds <strong>help maintain sustainable population levels of their prey and predator species</strong> and, after death, provide food for scavengers and decomposers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many birds are<strong> important in plant reproduction</strong> through their services as pollinators or seed dispersers.</li>
<li>Birds also provide <strong>critical resources for their many host-specific parasites,</strong> including lice that eat only feathers, flies adapted for living on birds, and mites that hitchhike on birds from plant to plant and even between countries.</li>
<li>Some birds are considered <strong>keystone species</strong> as their presence in (or disappearance from) an ecosystem affects other species indirectly.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, woodpeckers create cavities that are then used by many other species.</li>
<li>After the extinction of the dodo, it was discovered that a tree whose fruits had been a primary food item of the dodo was unable to reproduce without its seeds passing through the dodos&rsquo; digestive tracts, which process scarified the seed coat and enabled germination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Culturally, birds have been integral to humans since prehistory. Birds have been used by humans in matters of <strong>faith, food and fashion</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for the Decline in the Bird Population</h3>
<p>Birds are under increasing pressure from human activity, struggling to survive as habitat loss, pesticides, hunting and trapping for the pet trade push them closer to the edge. For example:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>House Sparrow:</strong> Rapidly changing cities, modern infrastructure does not account for space for the <strong>sparrow</strong> to nest. Also a sharp rise in pollution levels, microwave towers has resulted in the rapid decline of the population of the house sparrow.</li>
<li><strong>Vultures:</strong> The major <strong>cause</strong> of mortality of <strong>vultures</strong> was found to be the veterinary non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug <strong>'Diclofenac'</strong>, given to cattle in pain and inflammation.</li>
<li><strong>Hornbill:</strong> Illegal trade, poaching has led to a sharp fall in numbers of hornbill.</li>
<li>Similar is the case for Great Indian Bustard, Coursers and floricans.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Finding birds poses a challenge to ornithologists, as birds exist in a wide variety of habitats like forests, wetlands, farmlands, cities, mountains and even open oceans. Also, hundreds of species migrate into and out at different times of the year.</li>
<li>Thus, policy and conservation must now look at innovative ways to conserve these varied habitats. <strong>India is a party to the Convention for Biological Diversity,</strong> the United Nations-led convention for conserving wildlife.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The convention calls for Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECM). These are tools that don&rsquo;t always find themselves in land records like national parks but comprise informally conserved places.</li>
<li>For a country as diverse and complex as India, OECMs should form a bulwark for conservation. Sacred groves, private land, community areas and institutional campuses can all form OECMs.</li>
<li>There is a need for a renewed appreciation for native habitats like open scrub and thorn forest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>India is the largest landmass before the Indian Ocean and holds 90% of stopover sites for birds that migrate in this region. Once-thriving endemic or migrant bird populations have been decimated over the past quarter-century in India. Since bird diversity is necessary for cultural and ecological reasons. Therefore, proactive measures should be taken to address the dwindling population of birds.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #e0f6ff; border-color: #0374a1;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em><br /><br />Bird diversity is necessary for cultural and ecological reasons. Analyse the statement in light of the recently released State of India&rsquo;s Birds 2020 (SoIB) report.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/counting-birds-together'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Hindustani Music',
			'catname' => 'Paper 1',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hindustani Music is one of the two distinct schools of Indian Classical Music practiced mainly in North India. The other school of Indian Classical Music is <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/carnatic-music" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Carnatic music</strong></a> which is practiced mainly in Southern India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Origin of Hindustani Music</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While the historical roots of both the music types belong to the <strong>Bharata&rsquo;s Natyasastra,</strong> they diverged in the 14<sup>th</sup> century. The Hindustani branch of music focuses more on the musical structure and the <strong>possibilities of improvisation in it.</strong> The Hindustani branch adopted a scale of <strong>Shudha Swara Saptaka or the &lsquo;Octave of Natural notes&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The Hindustani music <strong>has elements of ancient Hindu tradition, Vedic philosophy and Persian tradition</strong> as well. It has been influenced by various elements such as Arab, Persian and Afghan elements which have added a new dimension to Hindustani music.</li>
<li>In ancient times, it has been passed from one to another through the <strong>Guru-Shishya Parampara.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Musical instruments used in Hindustani are Tabla, Sarangi, Sitar, Santoor, Flute and violin.</strong></li>
<li>It is based on the Raga system. The Raga is a melodic scale comprising of basic seven notes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hindustani Music is vocal-centric. The major vocal forms associated with Hindustani classical music are the khayal, Ghazal, dhrupad, dhammar, Tarana and thumri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Most of the Hindustani musicians trace their descent to Tansen.</li>
<li>There are<strong> ten main styles of singing in Hindustani music</strong> like the Dhrupad, Khayal, Tappa, Chaturanga, Tarana, Sargam, Thumri and Ragasagar, Hori and Dhamar.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Styles of Hindustani Music</h3>
<p><strong>Dhrupad</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One of the oldest and grandest forms of Hindustani classical music. Finds mention even in Natyashastra (200 BC&ndash;200 AD).</li>
<li>Reached its zenith in the court of emperor Akbar. He employed and patronised musical masters like Baba Gopal Das, Swami Haridas and Tansen, who was considered to be one of the Navaratna or nine gems of the Mughal court.</li>
<li>A poetic form incorporated into an extended presentation style marked by precise &amp; orderly elaboration of a raga.</li>
<li>The exposition preceding the composed verses is called alap and is usually the longest portion of the performance.</li>
<li>Dhrupad became a major form of singing in the medieval period but fell in a state of decline in the 18<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>Dhrupad singing can be further divided into four forms on the basis of vanis or banis:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Dagari Gharana:</strong> The Dagar family sings in the Dagar Vani. This style puts great emphasis on alap.</li>
<li><strong>Darbhanga Gharana</strong>: They sing the Khandar Vani and Gauhar Vani. They emphasise on the raga alap as well as composed songs over an improvised alap.</li>
<li><strong>Bettiah Gharana:</strong> They perform the Nauhar and Khandar vani styles with some unique techniques that only those trained within the families know.</li>
<li><strong>Talwandi Gharana:</strong> They sing the Khandar vani but as the family is based in Pakistan it has become difficult to keep that within the system of Indian music.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Khayal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Word &lsquo;Khayal&rsquo; is derived from Persian and means &ldquo;idea or imagination&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Origin of this style was attributed to Amir Khusrau.</li>
<li>Is popular amongst the artists as this provides greater scope for improvisation.</li>
<li>Based on the repertoire of short songs ranging from two to eight lines. Is also referred to as a &lsquo;Bandish&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Khayal is also composed in a particular raga and tala and has a brief text.</li>
<li>Texts mainly include Praise of kings, Description of seasons, Pranks of Lord Krishna, Divine love &amp; Sorrow of separation</li>
<li><strong>Major gharanas in khayal:</strong> Gwalior, Kirana, Patiala, Agra, and Bhendibazaar Gharana</li>
<li>Gwalior Gharana is the oldest and is also considered the mother of all other gharanas.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tarana Style</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this style the rhythm plays a very crucial role. The structure consists of melody.</li>
<li>It uses many words that are sung at a fast tempo.</li>
<li>It focuses on producing rhythmic matters and hence, the singers need specialised training and skills in rhythmic manipulation.</li>
<li>Currently, the Worlds Fastest Tarana Singer is Pandit Rattan Mohan Sharma of the Mewati Gharana.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Thumri</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Originated in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, mainly in Lucknow &amp; Benares, around 18th century.</li>
<li>A romantic &amp; erotic style of singing; also called &ldquo;the lyric of Indian classical music&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Compositions are mostly on love, separation and devotion.</li>
<li><strong>Distinct feature:</strong> Erotic subject matter portrayed picturesquely from the various episodes of the lives of Lord Krishna &amp; Radha.</li>
<li>Lyrics are typically in Brij Bhasha and are usually romantic &amp; religious.</li>
<li>A Thumri is usually performed as the last item of a Khayal concert.</li>
<li><strong>Three main gharanas of thumri &mdash;</strong> Benaras, Lucknow and Patiala.</li>
<li>Begum Akhtar is one of the most popular singers of thumri style.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tappa</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this style the rhythm plays a very important role as the compositions are based on fast, subtle and knotty constructions.</li>
<li>Developed in the late 18<sup>th</sup> Century AD <strong>from the folk songs of camel riders of North-West India.</strong></li>
<li>Great use of very quick turn of phrases.</li>
<li><strong>Some of the expounders of this style:</strong> Mian Sodi, Pandit Laxman Rao of Gwalior and Shanno Khurana.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ghazal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A poetic expression of both the pain of loss or separation and the beauty of love in spite of that pain.</li>
<li>Originated in Iran in the 10<sup>th</sup> century AD.</li>
<li>A Ghazal never exceeds the 12 ashaar or couplets.</li>
<li>Spread in South Asia in the 12<sup>th</sup> century due to the influence of Sufi mystics and the courts of the new Islamic Sultanate. Reached its zenith in the Mughal period.</li>
<li><strong>Amir Khusrau</strong> was one of the first expounders of the art of making Ghazal.</li>
<li><strong>Some of the famous persons associated with Ghazals:</strong> Muhammad Iqbal, Mirza Ghalib, Rumi (13<sup>th</sup> century), Hafez (14<sup>th</sup> century), Kazi Nazrul Islam, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Hindustani Music Gharanas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A Gharana is a system of social organisation linking musicians or dancers by lineage or apprenticeship, and by adherence to a particular musical style.</li>
<li>Function in guru-shishya parampara, i.e. disciples learning under a particular guru, transmitting his musical knowledge and style.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #ff0505; border-color: #ff0000; width: 100px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Gharana</strong></span></td>
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #ff0505; border-color: #ff0000; width: 100px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Place</strong></span></td>
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #ff0505; border-color: #ff0000; width: 100px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Founder</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Gwalior</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Gwalior</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Nanthan Khan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Agra</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Agra</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Hajisujan Khan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Rangeela</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Agra</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Faiyyaz Khan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Jaipur Atrauli</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Jaipur</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Alladiya Khan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Kirana</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Awadh</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Abdul Wahid Khan</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Hindustani vs. Carnatic Style</h3>
<p><strong>Similarities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although there are stylistic differences, the basic elements of swara, raga and tala as the foundation of both Carnatic and Hindustani are same.</li>
<li>Hindustani music originated in the Vedic period, while Carnatic music originated during the Bhakti movement. Thus, both have a deep association with religion.</li>
<li>Carnatic is one of two main sub-genres of India classical music that evolved from ancient Hindu traditions, the other sub-genre being Hindustani music, which emerged as a distinct form due to Persian and Islamic influences in North India.</li>
<li>Both the music evolved with Sanskrit language scripts in itself and through Vedic traditions.</li>
<li>The central notions in both these systems are that of a melodic mode or raga, sung to a rhythmic cycle or tala.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Differences</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Origin of Hindustani music is earlier than Carnatic music. It synthesizes with Vedic chants, Islamic traditions and Persian Musiqu-e-Assil style. Carnatic is comparatively pure and was developed in the 15<sup>th</sup> 16<sup>th</sup> century during the Bhakti movement and also got a boost in the 19<sup>th</sup> -20<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>The main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music and most compositions are to be sung, involving gayaki style. In Hindustani music vocal- centric group is required. Many instruments are designed to accompany the singer.</li>
<li>The major vocal forms of Hindustani music are Dhrupad, khayal, Tarana, Thumri, Dadra and Gazals. While Carnatic music embraces several varieties of improvisation consist of Alpana, Niraval, kalpanaswaram and Ragam Thana pallavi.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/hindustani-music-1'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'International Conference on Standardisation of AYUSH Terminologies',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Two day International Conference on Standardisation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-indian-system-of-medicine-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AYUSH</strong></a> Terminologies <strong>(ICoSDiTAUS-2020)</strong> was held in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It adopted the <strong>&lsquo;New Delhi Declaration</strong> on Collection and Classification of Traditional Medicine (TM) Diagnostic Data&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>AYUSH</strong> is an abbreviation of <strong>Ayurveda, Yoga &amp; Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ICoSDiTAUS-2020 is the <strong>biggest</strong> ever <strong>international event dedicated to standardisation of Diagnosis and Terminologies of Traditional Medicine</strong> in terms of the broad level of participation covering virtually<strong> all the continents.</strong></li>
<li><strong>16 countries</strong> which came together for the cause of Traditional Medicine at this conference are Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Serbia, Curacao, Cuba, Myanmar, Equatorial Guinea, Qatar, Ghana, Bhutan, Uzbekistan, India, Switzerland, Iran, Jamaica and Japan.</li>
<li><strong>Issues Discussed</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Challenges in counting and classification of TM.</li>
<li>Potential of strategic use of data and evidence to advance TM systems into public health.</li>
<li>Adapting <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization&rsquo;s (WHO)</strong></a> <strong>International Classification of Diseases (ICD)</strong> to TM Systems and their implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Classification of Diseases</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ICD provides<strong> a method of classifying diseases, injuries, and causes of death.</strong></li>
<li>The World Health Organization (WHO) has published the ICDs to standardize the methods of recording and tracking instances of diagnosed disease all over the world, making it possible to conduct research on diseases, their causes, and their treatments.</li>
<li>The ICD is currently in its 10<sup>th</sup> revision <strong>(ICD-10).</strong> However, the WHO also publishes annual minor updates and triennial major updates.</li>
<li>The <strong>11<sup>th</sup> revision</strong> of the ICD <strong>(ICD-11)</strong> was accepted by WHO's World Health Assembly (WHA) on 25 May 2019 and will come into <strong>effect on 1 January 2022.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This new version is <strong>fully electronic, allows more details to be recorded and is significantly easier to use and to implement,</strong> which will lead to fewer mistakes and lower costs, and make it more accessible, particularly for low-resource settings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>More than 100 countries use the system to report mortality data, a primary indicator of health status.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199587" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-conference-on-standardisation-of-ayush-terminologies'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Henneguya Salminicola',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scientists have discovered an animal <strong>Henneguya Salminicola</strong> which <strong>does not need oxygen</strong> to produce the energy needed for its survival.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582797436_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582797436_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>It is a <strong>tiny, less than 10-celled parasite</strong> which <strong>lives in the muscles of salmon fish.</strong></li>
<li>It does not not have a <strong>mitochondrial genome.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mitochondria is the <strong>&ldquo;powerhouse&rdquo;</strong> of the cell, which captures oxygen to make energy.</li>
<li>Its absence indicates that the parasite does not breathe oxygen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a<strong> relative of jellyfish and corals</strong> and as it evolved, it gave up breathing and consuming oxygen or <strong>became anaerobic</strong> to produce energy.</li>
<li>However, it is <strong>not yet clear how the parasite generates energy.</strong> It may be drawing it from the surrounding fish cells or it may have a different type of respiration such as oxygen-free breathing, which typically characterises <strong>anaerobic non-animal organisms</strong> like <strong>fungi, amoebas or ciliate lineages.</strong></li>
<li>The discovery bears enormous <strong>significance for evolutionary research.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aerobic respiration</strong> was thought to be prevalent in animals but now it is confirmed that animals can survive with anaerobic respiration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-henneguya-salminicola-6289506/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/henneguya-salminicola'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'UKIERI- UGC Higher Education Leadership Development Programme',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Human Resource Development <strong>(MHRD)</strong> has <strong>launched</strong> &lsquo;Higher Education Leadership Development Programme for Administrators&rsquo; in New Delhi.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The programme is a <strong>joint initiative</strong> of <strong>University Grants Commission (UGC) and the British Council</strong> under the auspices of UK India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI).</li>
<li><strong>Objective: To train the senior and middle level academic administrators</strong> to enable them to bring about<strong> systemic changes</strong> with renewed approaches, capacity, tools and skill in Universities in India.</li>
<li>The programme is a step towards institutional development in line with Governments&rsquo; commitment<strong> to improve the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-higher-education-quality-mandate" target="_blank" rel="noopener">quality of education</a> being imparted in Universities.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UK-India Education and Research Initiative</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UK-India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI) was started in April, 2006 with the aim of enhancing educational linkages between India and the UK.</li>
<li>UKIERI has been recognized as a key <strong>multi stakeholder programme</strong> that has <strong>strengthened the research, leadership, education and now skill sector relations</strong> between the two countries.</li>
<li><strong>UKIERI Phase 3 (2016-2021)</strong> aims to promote <strong>institutional and individual excellence in educational practices, research, and employability.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>University Grants Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It came into existence on 28<sup>th</sup> December, <strong>1953</strong> and became a <strong>statutory</strong> body by an <strong>Act of Parliament in 1956,</strong> for the <strong>coordination, determination and maintenance of standards</strong> of teaching, examination and research in university education.</li>
<li>The head office of the UGC is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199573" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ukieri-ugc-higher-education-leadership-development-programme'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'National Technical Textiles Mission',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-nutrient-based-subsidy-rates" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs</strong></a> <strong>(CCEA)</strong> has approved the setting up of a <strong>National Technical Textiles Mission</strong> at a total outlay of ₹1,480 crores.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to position the country as a <strong>global leader in technical textiles</strong> and <strong>increase the use</strong> of technical textiles<strong> in the domestic market.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Mission will aim at taking <strong>domestic market size to $40 billion to $50 billion by 2024.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>Mission Directorate</strong> will be operational in the <strong>Ministry of Textiles.</strong></li>
<li>It will be implemented for <strong>four years starting from 2020-2021</strong> and will have<strong> four components-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>First component:</strong> It will focus on<strong> research, development and innovation</strong> with an outlay of ₹1,000 crores.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> research</strong> will be at both<strong> fibre level and application-based</strong> in geo, agro, medical, sports and mobile textiles and development of bio-degradable technical textiles.</li>
<li>Research activities will also focus on the <strong>development of indigenous machinery and process equipment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Second component:</strong> It will be for the <strong>promotion and development of the market</strong> for technical textiles.</li>
<li><strong>Third component:</strong> It will focus on<strong> export promotion</strong> so that technical textile exports from the country reach from the ₹14,000 crores to ₹20,000 crores by 2021-2022 and <strong>ensure 10% average growth every year</strong> till the Mission ends.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An <strong>export promotion</strong> council for technical textiles will be set up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fourth component:</strong> It will focus on <strong>education, training and skill development.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Mission will <strong>promote technical education at higher engineering</strong> and technology levels related to technical textiles and its application areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data on the Indian Technical Textiles Segment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is estimated at $16 billion which is approximately 6% of the $250 billion global technical textiles market.</li>
<li>The penetration level of technical textiles in India varies between 5% and 10% against the level of 30% to 70% in developed countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Technical Textiles</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Technical textiles are <strong>functional fabrics</strong> that have applications across various industries including automobiles, civil engineering and construction, agriculture, healthcare, industrial safety, personal protection etc.</li>
<li>Based on usage, there are <strong>12 technical textile segments</strong>; Agrotech, Meditech, Buildtech, Mobiltech, Clothtech, Oekotech, Geotech, Packtech, Hometech, Protech, Indutech and Sportech.</li>
<li><strong>For example</strong>, &lsquo;mobiltech&rsquo; refers to products in vehicles such as seat belts and airbags, airplane seats; geotech, which is incidentally the fastest growing sub-segment, used to hold back soil, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/cabinet-gives-clearance-fortechnical-textiles-mission/article30925160.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technical-textiles-mission'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Cabinet Approves Bill to Regulate Surrogacy',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/surrogacy-regulation-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill</strong></a>, <strong>2020.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cabinet <strong>incorporated all the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha Select Committee</strong> before approving the Bill.</li>
<li>The latest Bill is a<strong> reformed version</strong> of the draft legislation, which was passed by the Lok Sabha in August 2019. The <strong>2019 Bill was referred to the Select Committee.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2020 aims at <strong>banning commercial surrogacy and allowing altruistic surrogacy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While commercial surrogacy will be prohibited including sale and purchase of human embryo and gametes, ethical surrogacy to Indian married couples, Indian-origin married couples and Indian single woman will be allowed on fulfillment of certain conditions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Bill <strong>allows a willing woman to be a surrogate mother</strong> and would benefit widows and divorced women besides infertile Indian couples.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recommendations of the Committee</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition of &ldquo;infertility&rdquo;</strong> as the inability to conceive after five years of unprotected intercourse <strong>should be deleted.</strong> It is too long a period for a couple to wait for a child.</li>
<li>It was recommended that a <strong>surrogate mother need not be a &ldquo;close relative&rdquo;.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Requiring the surrogate mother to be a &ldquo;close relative&rdquo; potentially restricts the availability of surrogate mothers, affecting people in genuine need.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Single women (widow or a divorcee) should be allowed</strong> to avail of surrogacy.</li>
<li>The <strong>insurance cover</strong> for a surrogate mother<strong> should be increased to 36 months from 16 months.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Features of the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2020</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It provides for the constitution <strong>of</strong> <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-new-surrogacy-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>surrogacy</strong></a> <strong>boards</strong> at the national as well as state levels to ensure effective regulation.</li>
<li>It seeks to <strong>allow ethical altruistic surrogacy</strong> to the intending infertile Indian married couple between the age of 23-50 years for females and 26-55 years for males.</li>
<li><strong>Only Indian couples</strong> can opt for surrogacy in the country.</li>
<li>It makes it mandatory for the couple to <strong>obtain a certificate of essentiality</strong> and also a <strong>certificate of eligibility</strong> before going ahead with surrogacy.</li>
<li>It also provides that intending couples should not abandon the child born out of surrogacy under any condition. The newborn child shall be entitled to all rights and privileges that are available to a natural child.</li>
<li>The Bill also<strong> seeks to regulate the functioning of surrogacy clinics.</strong> All surrogacy clinics in the country need to be registered by the appropriate authority in order to undertake surrogacy or its related procedures.</li>
<li>The Bill provides for various safeguards for surrogate mothers. One of them is<strong> insurance coverage.</strong></li>
<li>It also specifies that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pre-conception-and-pre-natal-diagnostic-techniques-pcpndt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>no sex selection</strong></a> <strong>can be done</strong> when it comes to surrogacy.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-clears-surrogacy-regulation-bill/article30921456.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-bill-to-regulate-surrogacy'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Analysis of Water in Ulsoor lake',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in news?</h3>
<p>The<strong> National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong> has directed the <strong>constitution of a joint committee </strong>to take<strong> samples of water from Bengaluru&rsquo;s Ulsoor lake</strong> and neighbouring areas.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been reported that the water quality has come down due to illegal activities being carried out while discharging untreated sewage, effluents and the dumping of garbage into the water body.</li>
<li>Such activities affect the quality of the water and the ecology and aquatic life, much required for ecological sustenance.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Components of Water Analysis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Biochemical Oxygen Demand</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen used by microorganisms in the biological process of metabolizing organic matter in water.</li>
<li>The more organic matter there is (e.g., in sewage and polluted bodies of water), the greater the BOD; and the greater the BOD, the lower the amount of dissolved oxygen available for higher animals such as fishes.</li>
<li>The BOD is therefore a reliable gauge of the organic pollution of a body of water.</li>
<li>One of the main reasons for treating wastewater prior to its discharge into a water resource is to lower its BOD&mdash;i.e., reduce its need of oxygen and thereby lessen its demand from the streams, lakes, rivers, or estuaries into which it is released.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chemical Oxygen Demand</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>COD is a method of estimating how much oxygen would be depleted from a body of receiving water as a result of bacterial action.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coliforms</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Water pollution caused by fecal contamination is a serious problem due to the potential for contracting diseases from pathogens (disease causing organisms).</li>
<li>The presence of pathogens in the water is determined with indirect evidence by testing for an "indicator" organism such as coliform bacteria.</li>
<li>Coliforms are bacteria that are always present in the digestive tracts of animals, including humans, and are found in their wastes. They are also found in plant and soil material.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Presence of any heavy metals like Arsenic, Phosphorus, etc.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Heavy metals are known to induce cardiovascular diseases, developmental abnormalities, neurologic and neurobehavioral disorders, diabetes, hearing loss, hematologic and immunologic disorders.</li>
<li>Studies have shown that toxic heavy metals can interfere with absorption and use of nutritionally essential metals such as iron, calcium, copper, and zinc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The National Green Tribunal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NGT</strong></a> was established in the year <strong>2010</strong> under the <strong>National Green Tribunal Act 2010.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>established for</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources.</li>
<li>Enforcement of any legal right relating to environment.</li>
<li>Giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a specialized body equipped with the necessary expertise to handle environmental disputes involving multi-disciplinary issues.</li>
<li>The Tribunal is guided by <strong>principles</strong> of<strong> natural justice.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/panel-to-study-ulsoor-lake-pollution/article30926931.ec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/analysis-of-water-in-ulsoor-lake'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Exercise Indradhanush',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582787401_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582787401_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>The 5<sup>th</sup> edition of <strong>India-UK joint Air Force Exercise &lsquo;Indradhanush&rsquo;</strong> began at Air Force Station, Hindan (Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh) on 24<sup>th</sup> February, 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The theme of this edition of the exercise is <strong>'Base Defence and Force Protection'.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This theme is of significance considering the recent threats to military establishments from terror elements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ex Indradhanush provides a platform for the air forces of both the countries to share and jointly validate strategies and tactics to <strong>counter terror threats to their installations.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Other joint exercises between India and UK:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Navy: Konkan</li>
<li>Army: <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-ajeya-warrior-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ajeya Warrior</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199574" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-indradhanush'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Rights And Duties',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/rights-duties-and-the-constitution/article30915951.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Rights, duties and the Constitution&rdquo;</a> which was published in The Hindu on 26/02/2020. It talks about a balance between rights and duties of citizens as well as of State.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the terminologies like &lsquo;Duties of citizens&rsquo; and the &lsquo;anti-national&rsquo; (emanating from violation of these duties) have become the buzzwords of the political landscape. In a constitutional democracy, the State provides <strong>rights and lays down duties for the citizenry, so that society can peacefully co-exist</strong>. However, sometimes State imposes such duties on its citizenry that infringes the rights of the marginalised sections of society.</p>
<p>Thus, the major concern lies in the <strong>language of duties</strong> which is <strong>vague</strong> (as their interpretation is left at the discretion of the State). This makes &lsquo;duties&rsquo; of the citizenry prone to be misused as a tool to impose the will of the State or the social majority on vulnerable sections.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rights and Duties Go Hand in Hand</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mahatma Gandhi in Hind Swaraj</strong> observed that <strong>&ldquo;Real rights are a result of the performance of duty&rdquo;</strong>.</li>
<li>Rights and duties are closely related and cannot be separated from one another. For <strong>every right, there is a corresponding duty</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The State protects and enforces rights and it is the duty of all citizens to be loyal to the state. <strong>Thus a citizen has both Rights and Duties.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to <strong>Harold Laski, one man&rsquo;s right is also his duty</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, if the State gives the right to life to a citizen, it also imposes an obligation on him to not to expose his life to dangers, as well as to respect the life of others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Rights and Duties Follow Different Logic</h3>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Indian Constitution provides its citizens with the Fundamental Rights and lists the Fundamental Duties to be followed by them.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Constitution covers a broad spectrum of domains to protect the rights of the common man by introducing six rights as Fundamental Rights (Part III of the constitution).</li>
<li>Similarly, the Fundamental Duties are also emphasised upon by the Constitution (Part IVA of the constitution).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Concept of Duties</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As citizens, there exists a wide range of duties that bind us in everyday life. These duties are owed both to the state and to individuals.</li>
<li>There is a legal duty to pay taxes, to refrain from committing violence against fellow-citizens, and to follow other laws that Parliament has enacted.</li>
<li>Breach of these legal duties triggers financial consequences (fines), or punitive measures like imprisonment.</li>
<li>Duties follow a simple logic that, <strong>peaceful co-existence requires a degree of self-sacrifice,</strong> and that if necessary, this must be enforced through the set of sanctions.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Concept of Rights</strong></p>
<p>Rights are formulated to ascertain <strong>twin principles viz. Anti-dehumanisation and Anti-hierarchy</strong>. In India, this can be reflected in a chapter on Fundamental Rights in the constitution.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rights as a bulwark against dehumanisation:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Framers of the Indian Constitution while deliberating on Fundamental Rights were of the view that <strong>every human being should have access to basic dignity</strong> and <strong>equality</strong> that can not be taken away the State.</li>
<li>The necessity for Fundamental Rights in India originated from the experiences under the colonial regime where Indians had been treated as subjects.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For example, the colonial government declared some group of people as Criminal Tribes, who were treated as less than human.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rights as a stand against hierarchy:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian society has been divided on the lines gender, caste and religion.</li>
<li>Fundamental Rights, at a basic level, ensure the protection of all the citizens, not only from the State but from the social majorities as well.</li>
<li>For example, through guarantees against forced labour, against &ldquo;untouchability&rdquo;, against discriminatory access to public spaces, and others, fundamental rights sought to bring a transformation in the Indian society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Does this suggest that duties are unimportant?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As indicated above, duties exist in every sphere of society. However, it is the <strong>language of duties</strong> that can play an important role in a society like India that continues to be divided and unequal.</li>
<li>Any duty imposed upon the citizens must comply with <strong>due process of law</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The concept of 'due process of law' holds that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property except in accordance with the explicit provisions of law and with due regard to his rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Without the moral compass of rights and their place in the transformative constitutional scheme, the language of duties can lead to unpleasant consequences.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A good example of this is a Supreme Court judgment from the early 1980s, which upheld the differential treatment of male and female flight attendants on the ground that women had a &ldquo;duty&rdquo; to ensure the &ldquo;good upbringing of children&rdquo; and to ensure the success of the &ldquo;family planning program&rdquo; for the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>In this light, it is always critical to remember Dr B.R. Ambedkar&rsquo;s words in the Constituent Assembly that the fundamental unit of the Constitution remains the individual. Interpretation of &lsquo;Duties&rsquo; and the debate around it should include the duties of those with power. Those with power should not use it to exploit those from whom they wield it. It is only after guarantee to all the full sum of humanity, dignity, equality, and freedom promised by the Constitution, that we can ask of them to do their duty. It is only after ensuring the humanity, dignity, equality, and freedom for all, as promised by the Constitution, that the burden of &lsquo;following the duties&rsquo; should be imposed on the citizens.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #c8f4fa; border-color: #0293a6;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 933px;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question<br /><br /></strong></em>In a constitutional democracy, rights always need to be backed up by the duties of citizens as well as those of the State. Analyse.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rights-and-duties'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'National Conference on Coastal Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>first &lsquo;National Conference on Coastal Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience (CDRR&amp;R) &ndash; 2020&rsquo;</strong> was held in New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The one-day conference was organised by the <strong>National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Takeaways</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Enhancement of human capacity in terms of a better understanding of coastal disaster risks and effective collaborative actions.</li>
<li>Dissemination of information related to <strong>national and local strategies for coastal disaster risk reduction and resilience</strong> as well as to develop a network mode roadmap for addressing the gaps by engaging with the institutions, researchers and experts.</li>
<li>Implementation of the <strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s 10-point agenda</strong> and <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/disaster-management-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Prime Minister&rsquo;s 10-point Agenda</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister had listed the agenda during his inaugural speech at the <strong>Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (AMCDRR) 2016,</strong> held in New Delhi.</li>
<li>It includes the following elements namely.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All development sectors must imbibe the principles of disaster risk management.</li>
<li>Work towards risk coverage for all-starting from poor households to SMEs to multinational corporations to nation-states.</li>
<li>Encourage greater involvement and leadership of women in disaster risk management.</li>
<li>Invest in risk mapping globally. For mapping risks related to hazards like earthquakes, we have accepted standards and parameters.</li>
<li>Leverage technology to enhance the efficiency of our disaster risk management efforts.</li>
<li>Develop a network of universities to work on disaster issues.</li>
<li>Utilise the opportunities provided by social media and mobile technologies.</li>
<li>Build on local capacity and initiative.</li>
<li>Opportunity to learn from a disaster must not be wasted. After every disaster there are papers on lessons that are rarely applied.</li>
<li>Bring about greater cohesion in the international response to disasters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sendai Framework for Disaster Reduction 2015-30</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was adopted at the <strong>Third United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction,</strong> held from March 14 to 18, 2015 in Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.</li>
<li>It aims to guide the multi-hazard management of disaster risk in development at all levels as well as within and across all sectors.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)</strong> 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Institute of Disaster Management</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) was constituted underDisaster Management Act 2005 with a vision to play the role of a premier institute for capacity development in India and the region.</li>
<li>It has been assigned nodal responsibilities for human resource development, capacity building, training, research, documentation and policy advocacy in the field of disaster management.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604358" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'USA President’s Visit to India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The President of the USA, Donald Trump, visited India from 24<sup>th</sup> - 25<sup>th</sup> February, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and the USA intended to upgrade their bilateral relationship to a <strong>Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership (CGSP)</strong>.</li>
<li>The CGSP will include issues such as defence, security cooperation and revitalisation of the Indo-Pacific with quadrilateral dialogue.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Economic Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Free Trade Agreement (FTA):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The USA has proposed the <strong>Free Trade Agreement (FTA)</strong> between the two countries.</li>
<li>FTA will include the restoration of benefits of low or zero duty to certain Indian exports under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-us-trade" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Generalised System of Preferences (GSP)</a> and market access for each other&rsquo;s agricultural products.</li>
<li>The <strong>Trade Policy Forum</strong> will be set up as a joint study group to facilitate smooth framing of FTA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Proposed Totalisation Agreement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The signing of this agreement will allow <strong>Indian professionals</strong> working in the USA <strong>to get a refund of social security contribution that they make while working in the USA</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intellectual Property Rights:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and the USA have decided to come up with a <strong>comprehensive agreement on intellectual property rights (IPR)</strong>.</li>
<li>A comprehensive deal on the IPR front would be a major development as <strong>India has slipped to the 40<sup>th</sup> position</strong> on the <strong>US Chamber's International IP Index, 2020</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Energy Trade:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries intend to come with an <strong>energy deal</strong> in the future.</li>
<li>India imports a significant portion of its energy needs from the US, which has only increased in the past few years. The USA is the <strong>sixth-largest</strong> oil supplier to India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bilateral Trade:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>United States</strong> has become <strong>India's top trading partner surpassing China</strong>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-us-trade" target="_blank" rel="noopener">bilateral trade between the US and India</a> stood at nearly 88 billion dollars in 2018-19 compared to China which was at 87.1 billion dollars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Security and Terrorism</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Cross border Terrorism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both the countries condemned cross-border terrorism in all its forms.</li>
<li>They also called on Pakistan to ensure that no territory under its control is used to launch terrorist attacks and to expeditiously bring to justice the perpetrators of such attacks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kashmir Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The USA president reiterated its offer to mediate on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/external-intervention-on-kashmir-issue" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kashmir issue</a> during the visit.</li>
<li>However, India stated that it is a bilateral matter between India and Pakistan and there is no scope for any third-party mediation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cyber Security:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and the United States recognised the need for an innovative digital ecosystem that is secure and reliable and facilitates the flow of information and data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Defence Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>USA and India have concluded the agreement for the purchase of <strong>24 MH-6OR Seahawk, and six AH-64E attack helicopters</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582706729_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582706729_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>International Issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Quad Dialogue:</strong> U.S. and India stressed to revitalise the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quad-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">quadrilateral initiative</a> consisting of Japan, the U.S., India and Australia.</li>
<li><strong>Indo-Pacific Region:</strong> Both the countries discussed to <strong>develop and evolve the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indo-Pacific region</a> collaboratively</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>South China Sea Region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both sides took note of the efforts of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/16th-india-asean-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ASEAN</a> region to create a code of conduct in the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/south-china-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener">South China Sea region</a></strong>.</li>
<li>A code of conduct in the South China Sea region will be a set of rules outlining the norms and rules and responsibilities of, or proper practices for, an individual, party or organisation in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-us-have-finalised-defence-deals-worth-3-billion-trump-after-talks-with-modi/article30912085.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/usa-presidents-visit-to-india'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'World Air Quality Report 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India was the <strong>fifth most polluted country in 2019</strong> and accounts for almost two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s most polluted cities according to the <strong>World Air Quality Report 2019</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report was released by the <strong>pollution tracker IQAir and Greenpeace</strong>.</li>
<li>The ranking is based on a <strong>comparison of PM 2.5 levels</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>PM 2.5</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>atmospheric particulate matter</strong> of <strong>diameter of fewer than 2.5 micrometres,</strong> which is around 3% the diameter of a human hair.</li>
<li>It <strong>causes respiratory problems</strong> and also reduces visibility. It is an endocrine disruptor that can affect insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, thus contributing to diabetes.</li>
<li>It is very small and can only be detected with the help of an electron microscope.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582706250_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582706250_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="306" height="365" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bangladesh emerged as the most polluted country</strong> for PM 2.5 exposure followed by&nbsp;<strong>Pakistan, Mongolia, Afghanistan and India</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>21 of the 30 most polluted cities</strong> in the world are located in<strong> India</strong> with <strong>Ghaziabad</strong> in the National Capital Region ranked the <strong>world&rsquo;s most polluted.</strong></li>
<li>Indian cities, on average, exceed the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a> <strong>target for annual PM 2.5 exposure by 500%</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, Mumbai&rsquo;s annual PM 2.5 concentration is 45.3 micrograms/cubic metre, when it <strong>should be 10 micrograms/cubic metre</strong> according to the WHO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, <strong>national air pollution decreased by 20%</strong> from 2018 to 2019, with 98% of cities experiencing improvements.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India launched a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-lists-cities-with-no-clean-up-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)</strong></a> in 2019 that commits to reducing air pollution in 102 most polluted cities <strong>by a maximum of 30% by 2024</strong>.</li>
<li>The report, however, noted that the reduction in pollution in 2019 couldn&rsquo;t be attributed to the NCAP but to the slowing of the marketplace.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-survey-2019-20-highlights" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey 2019-20</strong></a>, the economic growth rate in India is expected to slow down to 5% in 2019-20 from 6.1% in 2018-19 and 7% in 2017-18.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Report highlights <strong>elevated air pollution levels</strong> as a <strong>result of climate change events,</strong> such as <strong>sandstorms, wildfires and pollution gains from the rapid urbanization</strong> of cities in regions such as Southeast Asia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While some achievements have been made in air quality monitoring infrastructure globally, there are still huge gaps in access to data around the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is to be noted that the World Air Quality Report is different from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-global-air-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State Of Global Air Report</strong></a> which is produced by the <strong>Boston-based Health Effects Institute (HEI)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/ghaziabad-most-polluted-city-in-the-world-report/article30917518.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Mukundara Hills Tiger Reserve',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> The Mukundra Tiger Reserve (TR) is located near Kota, <strong>Rajasthan</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The park is situated in a valley formed by <strong>two parallel mountains</strong> viz. Mukundra and Gargola.</li>
<li>The 4 rivers (Ramzan, Ahu, Kali and Chambal) form the boundary of the valley.</li>
<li>It is located on the eastern bank of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ramgarh-dam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chambal River</strong></a> and is drained by its tributaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protected Area:</strong> The Mukundra Hills was declared a <strong>Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> in <strong>1955</strong> and a National Park (Mukundra Hills (Darrah) National Park) in 2004. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was notified as a <strong>Tiger Reserve (2013)</strong> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></a> and became the <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> Tiger Reserve</strong> of Rajasthan in the form of the Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve.</li>
<li>Other Tiger Reserves in Rajasthan: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ranthambore-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ranthambore</strong></a> and <strong>Sariska</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History:</strong> In the past, the reserve was the royal hunting ground of the <strong>Maharaja of Kota</strong>. The name Darrah is taken as the <strong>&lsquo;pass&rsquo;</strong> in the local language revealing the purpose that the region served earlier. The Marathas, Rajput&rsquo;s and the British utilized the opportune position of the forest to seek asylum during war.</li>
<li><strong>Parks and Sanctuaries Included:</strong> The Mukundra TR constitutes 3 <strong>Wildlife Sanctuaries</strong> viz; <strong>Darrah, Jawahar Sagar</strong> and <strong>Chambhal</strong> and covers 4 key districts of Rajasthan (Kota, Bundi, Chittorgarh and Jhalawar). The forest of the reserve is very thick and dense.</li>
<li>Other National Parks (NP) in Rajasthan: <strong>Desert NP, Keoladeo Ghana NP, Ranthambore NP, Sariska NP</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Chambal River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chambal River originates at the <strong>Singar Chouri peak</strong> in the northern slopes of the <strong>Vindhya mountains</strong> (Indore, Madhya Pradesh). From there, it flows in the North direction in Madhya Pradesh and then follows a north-easterly direction through Rajasthan.</li>
<li>It enters Uttar Pradesh and joins the Yamuna River in Etawah District.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>rainfed</strong> river and its basin is bounded by the Vindhyan mountain ranges and the Aravallis. The Chambal and its tributaries drain the <strong>Malwa region</strong> of northwestern Madhya Pradesh.</li>
<li><strong>Tributaries:</strong> Banas, Kali Sindh, Parbati.</li>
<li>It is one of the <strong>most pollution-free</strong> rivers of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582705345_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582705345_image1.png" width="535" height="309" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Tiger Reserves in India</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582705374_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582705374_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="554" height="585" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ranthambore-tiger-that-adopted-and-reared-two-cubs-found-dead-6227039/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'INCOIS launches Products',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)</strong> has launched a trio of products to better cater to its diverse users. The Products are</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Small Vessel Advisory and Forecast Services System,</li>
<li>Swell Surge Forecast System and</li>
<li>Algal Bloom Information Service</li>
</ul>
<h3>Small Vessel Advisory and Forecast Services System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an innovative impact-based advisory and forecast service system for small vessels operating in Indian coastal waters.</li>
<li>It warns users about potential zones where <strong>vessel overturning</strong> can take place.</li>
<li>The warning system is based on the<strong> &lsquo;Boat Safety Index&rsquo; (BSI)</strong> derived from wave model forecast outputs such as significant wave height, wave steepness, directional spread and the rapid development of wind at sea which is boat-specific.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Swell Surge Forecast System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swell surge forecast system is an innovative system designed for the prediction of Kallakkadal/Swell Surge that occurs along the Indian coast, particularly the west coast.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kallakadal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Kallakadal/Swell surge are <strong>flash-flood events</strong> that take place without any noticeable advance change in local winds or any other apparent signature in the coastal environment.</li>
<li>Kallakkadal is a colloquial term used by Kerala fishermen to refer to the freaky flooding episodes and in 2012 <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO</strong></a> formally accepted this term for scientific use. They are caused by <strong>meteorological conditions</strong> in the <strong>Southern Ocean,</strong> south of 30&deg;S.</li>
<li>During Kallakkadal events, the sea surges into the land and inundates vast areas.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Algal Bloom Information Service</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ABIS provides timely information on harmful algal blooms, which are detrimental to coastal fisheries, water quality and also tend to induce respiratory problems within the coastal population from time to time.</li>
<li>The <strong>target users-</strong> fishermen, marine fishery resource managers, researchers, ecologists and environmentalists.</li>
<li>INCOIS-ABIS will provide <strong>near-real time information</strong> on <strong>spatio-temporal occurrence</strong> and <strong>spread of phytoplankton blooms</strong> over the <strong>North Indian Ocean.</strong></li>
<li>Four regions have been identified as bloom hotspots-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>North Eastern Arabian Sea</li>
<li>coastal waters off Kerala</li>
<li>Gulf of Mannar</li>
<li>coastal waters of Gopalpur.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Algal bloom</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An algal bloom or marine bloom or water bloom is a rapid increase in the population of algae in an aquatic system. They may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments.</li>
<li>Harmful Algal Blooms, or HABs, occur when colonies of algae grow out of control and produce toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals and birds.</li>
<li>Harmful Algal Blooms can:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Produce extremely dangerous toxins that can sicken or kill people and animals.</li>
<li>Create dead zones in the water.</li>
<li>Raise treatment costs for drinking water.</li>
<li>Hurt industries that depend on clean water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INCOIS is an <strong>autonomous organization</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).</strong></li>
<li>It is located in <strong>Hyderabad &amp;</strong> was established in <strong>1999.</strong> It is a unit of the<strong> Earth System Science Organization (ESSO),&nbsp;</strong>New Delhi. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ESSO operates as an executive arm of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) for its policies and programmes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is mandated to provide the best possible ocean information and advisory services to society, industry, government agencies and the scientific community through sustained ocean observations and constant improvement through systematic and focused research.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604587" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/incois-launches-products'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'India and Myanmar Ink Various Pacts',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>India and Myanmar</strong> signed <strong>10 agreements with a focus on socio-economic development of Myanmar,</strong> during Myanmar President U Win Myint&rsquo;s visit to India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Myanmar stands at the confluence of India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/what-is-indias-neighbourhood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Neighbourhood First</strong></a> and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-act-east-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Act East Policy</strong> </a>and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/india-myanmar-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India-Myanmar partnership</strong></a> is at the heart of India&rsquo;s vision to create a connected and cooperative neighbourhood.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582887232_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582887232_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Connectivity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two countries will start a coordinated bus service between <strong>Manipur&rsquo;s Imphal </strong>and<strong> Myanmar&rsquo;s Mandalay</strong> from April 2020.</li>
<li>India will assist Myanmar in the construction of <strong>Integrated Check Point at Tamu, Myanmar, bordering Manipur.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The two countries signed the<strong> Land Border Crossing Agreement in 2018,</strong> which allowed bona fide travellers with valid documents to cross the border at two<strong> international points of entry/exit- Moreh-Tamu </strong>and <strong>Zokhawathar-Rih.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rakhine-state-development-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rakhine State Development Programme:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More projects will be added to this programme.</li>
<li>India signed a development programme for Rakhine State in Myanmar in late 2017 which was designed to assist the Myanmar government in Rakhine State to build housing infrastructure for displaced Rohingyas.</li>
<li>India had committed <strong>$25 million grant assistance to Myanmar</strong> and phase-I involved completion of 250 prefabricated houses in Rakhine State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India will also<strong> support the establishment of Myanmar&rsquo;s diplomatic academy, </strong>and<strong> extend the National Knowledge Network</strong> to Myanmar.</li>
<li>Both countries have decided to extend the <strong>Quick Impact Project schemes to Myanmar.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this, India will take up capacity development work in the form of small projects which yield quick beneficial results for the local people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both sides agreed to work together to promote principles of openness, inclusiveness, transparency, respect for international law and<a href="/burning-issues-of-the-month/association-of-southeast-asian-nations-asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Association of Southeast Asian Nations</strong></a> <strong>(ASEAN)</strong> centrality in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-Pacific.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation under other sectors:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India will offer<strong> medical radiation equipment Bhabhatron II</strong> for the treatment of cancer patients and <strong>strengthen cooperation in the health sector.</strong></li>
<li>Both countries agreed to have<strong> government-to-government cooperation in petroleum,</strong> including in refinery, stockpiling, blending and retail.</li>
<li>In governance, India will help Myanmar with the<strong> project of e-ID cards,</strong> which is modelled after the Aadhaar project.</li>
<li>The two sides showed commitment to continue negotiations on pending treaties like <strong>Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT)</strong> and <strong>Extradition Treaty.</strong></li>
<li>An MoU has also been signed on<strong> &lsquo;Cooperation for Prevention of Trafficking in Persons; Rescue, Recovery, Repatriation and Re-Integration of Victims of Trafficking&rsquo;</strong> between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are agreements between governments allowing for the exchange of evidence and information in criminal and related matters between the signing countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Extradition Treaty</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is an agreement or arrangement made by India with a Foreign State, relating to the Extradition of fugitive criminals.</li>
<li>Extradition treaties are traditionally <strong>bilateral in character.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-myanmar-ink-pact-on-bus-service-developing-rakhine-6290294/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-and-myanmar-ink-various-pacts'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => '2020 CD3: Mini-moon',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In Arizona (USA), the astronomers of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</strong></a> <strong>(NASA)-funded Catalina Sky Survey (CSS)</strong> have observed a small object orbiting Earth. It is actually an <strong>asteroid</strong> with a <strong>diameter of about 1.9-3.5 m.</strong></li>
<li>It has been named <strong>2020 CD3.</strong> It is also called <strong>&ldquo;mini-moon&rdquo;</strong> or the planet&rsquo;s <strong>&ldquo;second moon&rdquo;.</strong> It is orbiting at a distance farther from Earth.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlike earth&rsquo;s permanent Moon, the mini-moon is<strong> temporary.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When an asteroid&rsquo;s orbit crosses Earth&rsquo;s orbit, it can sometimes be captured into the latter orbit. Such an asteroid is called a <strong>Temporarily Captured Object (TCO).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>orbit of such objects is unstable.</strong></li>
<li>They have to contend with the gravitational influence of the existing permanent natural satellite (Moon in earth&rsquo;s case) as well as that of the Sun.</li>
<li>Once caught in a planet&rsquo;s orbit, such objects usually remain for a few years before they break free and go into an independent orbit around the Sun.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the researchers, 2020 CD3 was captured into Earth&rsquo;s orbit over three years ago. CSS previously discovered <strong>2006 RH120,</strong> which orbited Earth for some time in 2006 and escaped its orbit in 2007.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Catalina Sky Survey</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>NASA funded project</strong> to <strong>discover and track near-Earth objects (NEOs).</strong> It is based in <strong>Arizona</strong> in the United States of America.</li>
<li>NEOs are <strong>asteroids or comets</strong> with sizes ranging from metres to tens of kilometres that orbit the Sun and whose orbits come close to that of Earth&rsquo;s.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/express-explained-what-is-mini-moon-6290115/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2020-cd3-mini-moon'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'The Big Picture - Army: Women in Commanding Role',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cnpJzG2qvPY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>Recently, in a landmark judgment, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> has upheld a Delhi High Court order of 2010 that seeks to grant permanent commission to women officers at par with their male counterparts. Along with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/gender-parity-in-indian-army" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>granting a role to women in combat arms</strong></a>, the judgment essentially highlights the denial of equal opportunity in their existing roles for promotion to higher commands. With immediate effect, in addition to permanent commissions in ten arms and services of the Indian Army, women officers will also be eligible for &lsquo;command positions&rsquo; in their respective units, as applicable to their male counterparts.</p>
<h3>Government&rsquo;s Perspective</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Societal Issues:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Centre had told the SC that composition of male officers, predominantly drawn from a rural background, with prevailing societal norms, troops are not yet mentally schooled to accept women officers in command of units.</li>
<li>Society has low acceptance for the women officer who had been caught as a prisoner of war by an enemy country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Physiological Challenges:</strong> The Centre has informed the apex court that motherhood, child care, psychological limitations are vital factors, which have a bearing on the employment of women officers in the Army. It is a challenge for women to meet these hazards of service owing to prolonged absence during pregnancy, motherhood and domestic obligations towards their children and families especially when both husband and wife happen to be service officers.</li>
<li><strong>Family Issues:</strong> The Centre also said that the armed forces require sacrifices and commitment beyond the call of duty by the entire family of service personnel involving separation and frequent transfers, affecting the education of children and career prospects of the spouse.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Combat Role:</strong> Combat roles are those that involve engaging and fighting the enemy either in person or by using specialized equipment.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are more than 3,500 women in the military, but front-line combat roles were off-limits to them until 2015 when they were inducted into the fighter stream in <strong>Indian Air Force (IAF). Navy</strong> has women as pilots and observers onboard its maritime reconnaissance aircraft, which is a combat role. However, warships, tanks and combat positions in the<strong> infantry</strong> are still no-go zones for women.</li>
<li>The SC judgment was also silent on women&rsquo;s role in combat roles and held that the engagement of women in the Combat Arms is a policy matter of Government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Commanding Position:</strong> A position held by an officer to head a battalion or substantive command delegated to carry out independent tasks. It is generally done by an officer at the rank of Colonel in the Army.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The army, air force and navy began inducting women as Short Service Commission (SSC) officers in 1992. This was the first time women were allowed to join the military outside the medical stream. Initially, they could serve for five years but in 2006, they were allowed to serve for a maximum of 14 years as SSC officers.</li>
<li>In the duration of 14 years of service, they were unable to get to the rank of a Colonel. Hence, women were indirectly kept away from the commanding role.</li>
<li>After this judgment, women can now be inducted into permanent commissions, therefore, they are now eligible to take the Commanding position in these branches- Signals, Engineers, Army Aviation, Army Air Defence, Electronics and Mechanical Engineers, Army Service Corps, Army Ordnance Corps, and Intelligence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Issues with the Government's Decision</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>No Consultation with Women Officers:</strong> The government took the decision without consulting the women officers in the Army.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Data:</strong> No data or survey has been presented by the government which can substantiate their arguments that male troops will not accept women officers.</li>
<li><strong>Right to Choose:</strong> The government should let the women decide whether she wants to enrol in the commanding role, then it is the matter of the training and the conditioning that can be achieved.</li>
<li><strong>Against the Constitution:</strong> According to the Supreme Court, absolute exclusion of women from command appointments in the Indian Army is against Article 14 and unjustified.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why it is Needed?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Women Empowerment:</strong> Earlier women were not allowed in the Permanent Commission, which had created a glass ceiling. That ceiling has now been shattered with a Supreme Court ruling allowing permanent commission for women.</li>
<li><strong>Equality of Opportunity:</strong> Without giving the command role to women, we can not analyze that they are not competent. It is a denial of an opportunity.</li>
<li><strong>Changes in Nature of War:</strong> With changes in technologies, the nature of conventional war has also changed. Consequently, issues related to Prisoners of Wars has decreased a lot. The doors must be kept open for the women, and if they are suitable on the basis of objective criteria, they should be enrolled.</li>
<li><strong>Stronger Armed Force:</strong> The verdict will ensure that regardless of gender, the potential of the best of India&rsquo;s youth will be utilized in its Armed Forces.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data:</strong> Collection of data on the ground to analyze the sentiments of male troops regarding women's role in commanding position.</li>
<li>While the Commanding position in the combat role is controversial, women should be given a commanding role in the ten streams where they have been working since 1992 and have been provided with the permanent commission.</li>
<li><strong>Similar Training:</strong> Along with the commanding role, women should also be provided with the same level of training which male officers get. A woman should be equally equipped to handle the extraneous psychological and physical process which a male officer goes through.</li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure:</strong> Induction of more women in command force will require updating infrastructure especially in the case of Navy and Army. In naval ship space is limited and currently, Indian Naval Ships are designed to accommodate male personnel only.</li>
</ul>
<p>The decision will encourage more women to think of a career in the military. This may begin a process of correcting the gender imbalance in India&rsquo;s forces. The judgment needs to be complemented by a change in mindsets internally as well as at the societal level, as male officers continue to see women as best suited for adjunct roles and not as equals.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-army-women-in-commanding-role'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Biofuel from Microorganisms',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Researchers at the <strong>International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)</strong> are developing a method to improve the growth rate and <strong>sugar content</strong> of a <strong>marine cyanobacterium</strong> called <strong>Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biofuel</strong></a> production is dependent on the availability of low-cost and sustainable supply of sugars and a nitrogen source. The <strong>sugars typically come from plants.</strong></li>
<li>However, <strong>some bacteria,</strong> such as the cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae), too can perform photosynthesis and <strong>produce sugar</strong> by fixing the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.</li>
<li>The yield of sugars from cyanobacteria could potentially be much higher than that of land-based crops unlike plant-based sugars.</li>
<li>Cyanobacterial biomass provides a nitrogen source in the form of proteins.</li>
<li>Use of marine cyanobacteria has been preffered as freshwater is increasingly getting scarce.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cyanobacteria</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae, are <strong>microscopic organisms found naturally in all types of water.</strong></li>
<li>These <strong>single-celled organisms</strong> live in fresh, brackish (combined salt and freshwater), and marine water.</li>
<li>These organisms use sunlight to <strong>make their own food.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>warm, nutrient-rich</strong> (high in phosphorus and nitrogen) environments, cyanobacteria can multiply quickly.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Biofuels</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Biofuels are the <strong>fuels that can be produced from organic matter,</strong> or biomass, such as corn or sugar, vegetable oils or waste feedstocks.<strong> Example:</strong> Bioethanol, Biodiesel</li>
<li>As biofuels emit less carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) than conventional fuels (eg:- Petrol) they can be blended with existing fuels as an effective way of reducing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in the transport sector.</li>
<li>The use of biofuels have grown over the past decade, driven largely by the introduction of new energy policies in Europe, the USA and Brazil that call for more renewable, lower-carbon fuels for transport. Today <strong>biofuels represent around 3% of road transport fuels in use around the world.</strong></li>
<li>In<strong> India,</strong> the National Policy on Biofuels, released by the Government of India in 2018, envisages production of biofuel from Used Cooking Oil (UCO). Also, the Policy has the objective of reaching 20% ethanol-blending and 5% biodiesel-blending by the year 2030.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582876170_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582876170_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a unique <strong>intergovernmental organisation</strong> initially established as a special project of the <strong>United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNIDO is the specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes industrial development for poverty reduction, inclusive globalization and environmental sustainability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Fully<strong> autonomous since 1994,</strong> it runs 46 state-of-the-art laboratories, in Trieste, Italy (also Headquarters of the Centre), New Delhi, India and Cape Town, South Africa and forms an interactive network with over 65 Member States.</li>
<li>It plays a <strong>key role in Biotechnology worldwide</strong> for excellence in Research, Training and Technology Transfer to industry to contribute in concrete terms to the achievement of sustainable global development and operates within the United Nations System.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604584" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>source : PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/biofuel-from-microorganisms'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'National Science Day 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>National Science Day (NSD) is celebrated every year on 28<sup>th</sup> February to commemorate the discovery of the<strong> &lsquo;Raman Effect&rsquo;.</strong> The first NSD was celebrated on 28<sup>th</sup> February, 1987.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Basic Objective:</strong> To propagate the message of the <strong>importance of science and its application among the people.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Theme:</strong> On this occasion, theme-based science communication activities are carried out all over the country. The theme of NSD 2020: <strong>&lsquo;Women In Science&rsquo;</strong></li>
<li><strong>Nodal Agency to Support Celebration: National Council for Science &amp; Technology Communication (NCSTC)</strong> of Ministry of Science and Technology.</li>
<li><strong>Awards:</strong> On the occasion of the NSD-2020, 5 women scientists received awards under two categories &ndash; <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/serb-women-excellence-award-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SERB Women excellence awards</strong></a> and National Award for Young Woman Showing Excellence through Application of Technology for Societal Benefits.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Women in Science</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Women represent only about<strong> a fifth of senior authors in all published research.</strong></li>
<li>A study, published in the journal PLOS One in 2018, assessed 293,557 research articles from 54 journals and found that only 29.8% of all research authors were women.</li>
<li>Another study by the UK&rsquo;s Intellectual Property Office (IPO) noted that women inventors account for just under <strong>13% of patent applications globally.</strong></li>
<li>In India, out of the 560 awardees of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-1st-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize</strong> </a>for Science and Technology, <strong>only 18 recipients have been women.</strong> The prize is one of the highest multidisciplinary science awards in India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Raman Effect</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Raman Effect is a phenomenon in spectroscopy <strong>discovered by the eminent physicist Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</strong> in 1928.</li>
<li>In 1930, he got a Nobel <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prizes-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prize</strong></a> for this remarkable discovery and this was the <strong>first Nobel Prize for India in the field of Science.</strong></li>
<li>The Raman Effect is a <strong>change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules.</strong> When a beam of light traverses a dust-free, transparent sample of a chemical compound, a small fraction of the light emerges in directions other than that of the incident (incoming) beam. Most of this scattered light is of unchanged wavelength. A small part, however, has wavelengths different from that of the incident light; its presence is a result of the Raman Effect.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199589" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-science-day-2020'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Counting Birds Together',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/counting-birds-together/article30915796.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Counting birds together&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 25/02/2020. It talks about the status of birds in India as highlighted by the State of India&rsquo;s Birds report.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-india-s-bird-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">State of India&rsquo;s Birds 2020</a><strong> (SoIB) report</strong> was released at the global conference (held at Gandhinagar, Gujarat) of the Convention on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cms-com-13" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals</a>. The report held that more bird species have declined in population than the species that have shown population stability. During the last two decades, over half the species assessed have declined.</p>
<p>SoIB has <strong>distinctive features</strong> that define a new approach. The report <strong>taps into citizen science for good data building its repository on the local knowledge understanding of citizens</strong>. This serves as a foundation for further collaborative work.</p>
<p>Besides collaboration, another key value that the report seeks to acknowledge is the importance of making, not just its outputs, but also the entire process open. The report&rsquo;s data and analysis are in the public domain, inviting critique and further refinement. Better public and scientific understanding of biodiversity can grow only from wider and open access not only to data but also from opening the entire process of scientific inquiry to wider peer and public scrutiny and challenge.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Highlights of the Report</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>More than 50% of birds are in clear decline since 2000,</strong> and over the last five years, 79% of birds have registered declining numbers.</li>
<li><strong>More bird species deserve immediate conservation attention</strong> than previously thought.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To the list of 67 globally threatened Indian bird species previously identified by the IUCN (as critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable), the report adds 34 more species.</li>
<li><strong>The number of species of high conservation concern in India is now 101.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Most declining groups include coastal birds, birds of prey (like eagles, kites, vultures and others) and habitat specialists.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the Western Ghats the abundance index of 12 endemic species there has dropped by 75% since 2000. The fortunes of the Nilgiri Pipit, Nilgiri Thrush and several Sholakilis are tied to the survival of the high shola forest-grasslands.</li>
<li>The population of migratory birds coming to India like Hodgson&rsquo;s bush chat (Mongolia), Bar-headed geese (Tibet), Greater Flamingos (Central Asia), has also declined.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance of Birds</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birds occupy many levels of trophic webs,</strong> from mid-level consumers to top predators.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As with other native organisms, birds <strong>help maintain sustainable population levels of their prey and predator species</strong> and, after death, provide food for scavengers and decomposers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many birds are<strong> important in plant reproduction</strong> through their services as pollinators or seed dispersers.</li>
<li>Birds also provide <strong>critical resources for their many host-specific parasites,</strong> including lice that eat only feathers, flies adapted for living on birds, and mites that hitchhike on birds from plant to plant and even between countries.</li>
<li>Some birds are considered <strong>keystone species</strong> as their presence in (or disappearance from) an ecosystem affects other species indirectly.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, woodpeckers create cavities that are then used by many other species.</li>
<li>After the extinction of the dodo, it was discovered that a tree whose fruits had been a primary food item of the dodo was unable to reproduce without its seeds passing through the dodos&rsquo; digestive tracts, which process scarified the seed coat and enabled germination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Culturally, birds have been integral to humans since prehistory. Birds have been used by humans in matters of <strong>faith, food and fashion</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for the Decline in the Bird Population</h3>
<p>Birds are under increasing pressure from human activity, struggling to survive as habitat loss, pesticides, hunting and trapping for the pet trade push them closer to the edge. For example:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>House Sparrow:</strong> Rapidly changing cities, modern infrastructure does not account for space for the <strong>sparrow</strong> to nest. Also a sharp rise in pollution levels, microwave towers has resulted in the rapid decline of the population of the house sparrow.</li>
<li><strong>Vultures:</strong> The major <strong>cause</strong> of mortality of <strong>vultures</strong> was found to be the veterinary non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug <strong>'Diclofenac'</strong>, given to cattle in pain and inflammation.</li>
<li><strong>Hornbill:</strong> Illegal trade, poaching has led to a sharp fall in numbers of hornbill.</li>
<li>Similar is the case for Great Indian Bustard, Coursers and floricans.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Finding birds poses a challenge to ornithologists, as birds exist in a wide variety of habitats like forests, wetlands, farmlands, cities, mountains and even open oceans. Also, hundreds of species migrate into and out at different times of the year.</li>
<li>Thus, policy and conservation must now look at innovative ways to conserve these varied habitats. <strong>India is a party to the Convention for Biological Diversity,</strong> the United Nations-led convention for conserving wildlife.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The convention calls for Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECM). These are tools that don&rsquo;t always find themselves in land records like national parks but comprise informally conserved places.</li>
<li>For a country as diverse and complex as India, OECMs should form a bulwark for conservation. Sacred groves, private land, community areas and institutional campuses can all form OECMs.</li>
<li>There is a need for a renewed appreciation for native habitats like open scrub and thorn forest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>India is the largest landmass before the Indian Ocean and holds 90% of stopover sites for birds that migrate in this region. Once-thriving endemic or migrant bird populations have been decimated over the past quarter-century in India. Since bird diversity is necessary for cultural and ecological reasons. Therefore, proactive measures should be taken to address the dwindling population of birds.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #e0f6ff; border-color: #0374a1;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em><br /><br />Bird diversity is necessary for cultural and ecological reasons. Analyse the statement in light of the recently released State of India&rsquo;s Birds 2020 (SoIB) report.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/counting-birds-together'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Hindustani Music',
		'catname' => 'Paper 1',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hindustani Music is one of the two distinct schools of Indian Classical Music practiced mainly in North India. The other school of Indian Classical Music is <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/carnatic-music" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Carnatic music</strong></a> which is practiced mainly in Southern India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Origin of Hindustani Music</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While the historical roots of both the music types belong to the <strong>Bharata&rsquo;s Natyasastra,</strong> they diverged in the 14<sup>th</sup> century. The Hindustani branch of music focuses more on the musical structure and the <strong>possibilities of improvisation in it.</strong> The Hindustani branch adopted a scale of <strong>Shudha Swara Saptaka or the &lsquo;Octave of Natural notes&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The Hindustani music <strong>has elements of ancient Hindu tradition, Vedic philosophy and Persian tradition</strong> as well. It has been influenced by various elements such as Arab, Persian and Afghan elements which have added a new dimension to Hindustani music.</li>
<li>In ancient times, it has been passed from one to another through the <strong>Guru-Shishya Parampara.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Musical instruments used in Hindustani are Tabla, Sarangi, Sitar, Santoor, Flute and violin.</strong></li>
<li>It is based on the Raga system. The Raga is a melodic scale comprising of basic seven notes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hindustani Music is vocal-centric. The major vocal forms associated with Hindustani classical music are the khayal, Ghazal, dhrupad, dhammar, Tarana and thumri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Most of the Hindustani musicians trace their descent to Tansen.</li>
<li>There are<strong> ten main styles of singing in Hindustani music</strong> like the Dhrupad, Khayal, Tappa, Chaturanga, Tarana, Sargam, Thumri and Ragasagar, Hori and Dhamar.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Styles of Hindustani Music</h3>
<p><strong>Dhrupad</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One of the oldest and grandest forms of Hindustani classical music. Finds mention even in Natyashastra (200 BC&ndash;200 AD).</li>
<li>Reached its zenith in the court of emperor Akbar. He employed and patronised musical masters like Baba Gopal Das, Swami Haridas and Tansen, who was considered to be one of the Navaratna or nine gems of the Mughal court.</li>
<li>A poetic form incorporated into an extended presentation style marked by precise &amp; orderly elaboration of a raga.</li>
<li>The exposition preceding the composed verses is called alap and is usually the longest portion of the performance.</li>
<li>Dhrupad became a major form of singing in the medieval period but fell in a state of decline in the 18<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>Dhrupad singing can be further divided into four forms on the basis of vanis or banis:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Dagari Gharana:</strong> The Dagar family sings in the Dagar Vani. This style puts great emphasis on alap.</li>
<li><strong>Darbhanga Gharana</strong>: They sing the Khandar Vani and Gauhar Vani. They emphasise on the raga alap as well as composed songs over an improvised alap.</li>
<li><strong>Bettiah Gharana:</strong> They perform the Nauhar and Khandar vani styles with some unique techniques that only those trained within the families know.</li>
<li><strong>Talwandi Gharana:</strong> They sing the Khandar vani but as the family is based in Pakistan it has become difficult to keep that within the system of Indian music.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Khayal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Word &lsquo;Khayal&rsquo; is derived from Persian and means &ldquo;idea or imagination&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Origin of this style was attributed to Amir Khusrau.</li>
<li>Is popular amongst the artists as this provides greater scope for improvisation.</li>
<li>Based on the repertoire of short songs ranging from two to eight lines. Is also referred to as a &lsquo;Bandish&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Khayal is also composed in a particular raga and tala and has a brief text.</li>
<li>Texts mainly include Praise of kings, Description of seasons, Pranks of Lord Krishna, Divine love &amp; Sorrow of separation</li>
<li><strong>Major gharanas in khayal:</strong> Gwalior, Kirana, Patiala, Agra, and Bhendibazaar Gharana</li>
<li>Gwalior Gharana is the oldest and is also considered the mother of all other gharanas.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tarana Style</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this style the rhythm plays a very crucial role. The structure consists of melody.</li>
<li>It uses many words that are sung at a fast tempo.</li>
<li>It focuses on producing rhythmic matters and hence, the singers need specialised training and skills in rhythmic manipulation.</li>
<li>Currently, the Worlds Fastest Tarana Singer is Pandit Rattan Mohan Sharma of the Mewati Gharana.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Thumri</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Originated in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, mainly in Lucknow &amp; Benares, around 18th century.</li>
<li>A romantic &amp; erotic style of singing; also called &ldquo;the lyric of Indian classical music&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Compositions are mostly on love, separation and devotion.</li>
<li><strong>Distinct feature:</strong> Erotic subject matter portrayed picturesquely from the various episodes of the lives of Lord Krishna &amp; Radha.</li>
<li>Lyrics are typically in Brij Bhasha and are usually romantic &amp; religious.</li>
<li>A Thumri is usually performed as the last item of a Khayal concert.</li>
<li><strong>Three main gharanas of thumri &mdash;</strong> Benaras, Lucknow and Patiala.</li>
<li>Begum Akhtar is one of the most popular singers of thumri style.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tappa</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this style the rhythm plays a very important role as the compositions are based on fast, subtle and knotty constructions.</li>
<li>Developed in the late 18<sup>th</sup> Century AD <strong>from the folk songs of camel riders of North-West India.</strong></li>
<li>Great use of very quick turn of phrases.</li>
<li><strong>Some of the expounders of this style:</strong> Mian Sodi, Pandit Laxman Rao of Gwalior and Shanno Khurana.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ghazal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A poetic expression of both the pain of loss or separation and the beauty of love in spite of that pain.</li>
<li>Originated in Iran in the 10<sup>th</sup> century AD.</li>
<li>A Ghazal never exceeds the 12 ashaar or couplets.</li>
<li>Spread in South Asia in the 12<sup>th</sup> century due to the influence of Sufi mystics and the courts of the new Islamic Sultanate. Reached its zenith in the Mughal period.</li>
<li><strong>Amir Khusrau</strong> was one of the first expounders of the art of making Ghazal.</li>
<li><strong>Some of the famous persons associated with Ghazals:</strong> Muhammad Iqbal, Mirza Ghalib, Rumi (13<sup>th</sup> century), Hafez (14<sup>th</sup> century), Kazi Nazrul Islam, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Hindustani Music Gharanas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A Gharana is a system of social organisation linking musicians or dancers by lineage or apprenticeship, and by adherence to a particular musical style.</li>
<li>Function in guru-shishya parampara, i.e. disciples learning under a particular guru, transmitting his musical knowledge and style.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #ff0505; border-color: #ff0000; width: 100px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Gharana</strong></span></td>
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #ff0505; border-color: #ff0000; width: 100px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Place</strong></span></td>
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #ff0505; border-color: #ff0000; width: 100px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Founder</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Gwalior</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Gwalior</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Nanthan Khan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Agra</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Agra</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Hajisujan Khan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Rangeela</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Agra</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Faiyyaz Khan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Jaipur Atrauli</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Jaipur</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Alladiya Khan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Kirana</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Awadh</td>
<td style="height: 19px; background-color: #fceecf; width: 100px;">Abdul Wahid Khan</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Hindustani vs. Carnatic Style</h3>
<p><strong>Similarities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although there are stylistic differences, the basic elements of swara, raga and tala as the foundation of both Carnatic and Hindustani are same.</li>
<li>Hindustani music originated in the Vedic period, while Carnatic music originated during the Bhakti movement. Thus, both have a deep association with religion.</li>
<li>Carnatic is one of two main sub-genres of India classical music that evolved from ancient Hindu traditions, the other sub-genre being Hindustani music, which emerged as a distinct form due to Persian and Islamic influences in North India.</li>
<li>Both the music evolved with Sanskrit language scripts in itself and through Vedic traditions.</li>
<li>The central notions in both these systems are that of a melodic mode or raga, sung to a rhythmic cycle or tala.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Differences</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Origin of Hindustani music is earlier than Carnatic music. It synthesizes with Vedic chants, Islamic traditions and Persian Musiqu-e-Assil style. Carnatic is comparatively pure and was developed in the 15<sup>th</sup> 16<sup>th</sup> century during the Bhakti movement and also got a boost in the 19<sup>th</sup> -20<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>The main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music and most compositions are to be sung, involving gayaki style. In Hindustani music vocal- centric group is required. Many instruments are designed to accompany the singer.</li>
<li>The major vocal forms of Hindustani music are Dhrupad, khayal, Tarana, Thumri, Dadra and Gazals. While Carnatic music embraces several varieties of improvisation consist of Alpana, Niraval, kalpanaswaram and Ragam Thana pallavi.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/hindustani-music-1'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'International Conference on Standardisation of AYUSH Terminologies',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Two day International Conference on Standardisation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-indian-system-of-medicine-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AYUSH</strong></a> Terminologies <strong>(ICoSDiTAUS-2020)</strong> was held in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It adopted the <strong>&lsquo;New Delhi Declaration</strong> on Collection and Classification of Traditional Medicine (TM) Diagnostic Data&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>AYUSH</strong> is an abbreviation of <strong>Ayurveda, Yoga &amp; Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ICoSDiTAUS-2020 is the <strong>biggest</strong> ever <strong>international event dedicated to standardisation of Diagnosis and Terminologies of Traditional Medicine</strong> in terms of the broad level of participation covering virtually<strong> all the continents.</strong></li>
<li><strong>16 countries</strong> which came together for the cause of Traditional Medicine at this conference are Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Serbia, Curacao, Cuba, Myanmar, Equatorial Guinea, Qatar, Ghana, Bhutan, Uzbekistan, India, Switzerland, Iran, Jamaica and Japan.</li>
<li><strong>Issues Discussed</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Challenges in counting and classification of TM.</li>
<li>Potential of strategic use of data and evidence to advance TM systems into public health.</li>
<li>Adapting <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization&rsquo;s (WHO)</strong></a> <strong>International Classification of Diseases (ICD)</strong> to TM Systems and their implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Classification of Diseases</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ICD provides<strong> a method of classifying diseases, injuries, and causes of death.</strong></li>
<li>The World Health Organization (WHO) has published the ICDs to standardize the methods of recording and tracking instances of diagnosed disease all over the world, making it possible to conduct research on diseases, their causes, and their treatments.</li>
<li>The ICD is currently in its 10<sup>th</sup> revision <strong>(ICD-10).</strong> However, the WHO also publishes annual minor updates and triennial major updates.</li>
<li>The <strong>11<sup>th</sup> revision</strong> of the ICD <strong>(ICD-11)</strong> was accepted by WHO's World Health Assembly (WHA) on 25 May 2019 and will come into <strong>effect on 1 January 2022.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This new version is <strong>fully electronic, allows more details to be recorded and is significantly easier to use and to implement,</strong> which will lead to fewer mistakes and lower costs, and make it more accessible, particularly for low-resource settings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>More than 100 countries use the system to report mortality data, a primary indicator of health status.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199587" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-conference-on-standardisation-of-ayush-terminologies'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Henneguya Salminicola',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scientists have discovered an animal <strong>Henneguya Salminicola</strong> which <strong>does not need oxygen</strong> to produce the energy needed for its survival.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582797436_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582797436_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>It is a <strong>tiny, less than 10-celled parasite</strong> which <strong>lives in the muscles of salmon fish.</strong></li>
<li>It does not not have a <strong>mitochondrial genome.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mitochondria is the <strong>&ldquo;powerhouse&rdquo;</strong> of the cell, which captures oxygen to make energy.</li>
<li>Its absence indicates that the parasite does not breathe oxygen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a<strong> relative of jellyfish and corals</strong> and as it evolved, it gave up breathing and consuming oxygen or <strong>became anaerobic</strong> to produce energy.</li>
<li>However, it is <strong>not yet clear how the parasite generates energy.</strong> It may be drawing it from the surrounding fish cells or it may have a different type of respiration such as oxygen-free breathing, which typically characterises <strong>anaerobic non-animal organisms</strong> like <strong>fungi, amoebas or ciliate lineages.</strong></li>
<li>The discovery bears enormous <strong>significance for evolutionary research.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aerobic respiration</strong> was thought to be prevalent in animals but now it is confirmed that animals can survive with anaerobic respiration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-henneguya-salminicola-6289506/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/henneguya-salminicola'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'UKIERI- UGC Higher Education Leadership Development Programme',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Human Resource Development <strong>(MHRD)</strong> has <strong>launched</strong> &lsquo;Higher Education Leadership Development Programme for Administrators&rsquo; in New Delhi.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The programme is a <strong>joint initiative</strong> of <strong>University Grants Commission (UGC) and the British Council</strong> under the auspices of UK India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI).</li>
<li><strong>Objective: To train the senior and middle level academic administrators</strong> to enable them to bring about<strong> systemic changes</strong> with renewed approaches, capacity, tools and skill in Universities in India.</li>
<li>The programme is a step towards institutional development in line with Governments&rsquo; commitment<strong> to improve the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-higher-education-quality-mandate" target="_blank" rel="noopener">quality of education</a> being imparted in Universities.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UK-India Education and Research Initiative</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UK-India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI) was started in April, 2006 with the aim of enhancing educational linkages between India and the UK.</li>
<li>UKIERI has been recognized as a key <strong>multi stakeholder programme</strong> that has <strong>strengthened the research, leadership, education and now skill sector relations</strong> between the two countries.</li>
<li><strong>UKIERI Phase 3 (2016-2021)</strong> aims to promote <strong>institutional and individual excellence in educational practices, research, and employability.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>University Grants Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It came into existence on 28<sup>th</sup> December, <strong>1953</strong> and became a <strong>statutory</strong> body by an <strong>Act of Parliament in 1956,</strong> for the <strong>coordination, determination and maintenance of standards</strong> of teaching, examination and research in university education.</li>
<li>The head office of the UGC is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199573" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ukieri-ugc-higher-education-leadership-development-programme'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'National Technical Textiles Mission',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-nutrient-based-subsidy-rates" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs</strong></a> <strong>(CCEA)</strong> has approved the setting up of a <strong>National Technical Textiles Mission</strong> at a total outlay of ₹1,480 crores.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to position the country as a <strong>global leader in technical textiles</strong> and <strong>increase the use</strong> of technical textiles<strong> in the domestic market.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Mission will aim at taking <strong>domestic market size to $40 billion to $50 billion by 2024.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>Mission Directorate</strong> will be operational in the <strong>Ministry of Textiles.</strong></li>
<li>It will be implemented for <strong>four years starting from 2020-2021</strong> and will have<strong> four components-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>First component:</strong> It will focus on<strong> research, development and innovation</strong> with an outlay of ₹1,000 crores.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> research</strong> will be at both<strong> fibre level and application-based</strong> in geo, agro, medical, sports and mobile textiles and development of bio-degradable technical textiles.</li>
<li>Research activities will also focus on the <strong>development of indigenous machinery and process equipment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Second component:</strong> It will be for the <strong>promotion and development of the market</strong> for technical textiles.</li>
<li><strong>Third component:</strong> It will focus on<strong> export promotion</strong> so that technical textile exports from the country reach from the ₹14,000 crores to ₹20,000 crores by 2021-2022 and <strong>ensure 10% average growth every year</strong> till the Mission ends.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An <strong>export promotion</strong> council for technical textiles will be set up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fourth component:</strong> It will focus on <strong>education, training and skill development.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Mission will <strong>promote technical education at higher engineering</strong> and technology levels related to technical textiles and its application areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data on the Indian Technical Textiles Segment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is estimated at $16 billion which is approximately 6% of the $250 billion global technical textiles market.</li>
<li>The penetration level of technical textiles in India varies between 5% and 10% against the level of 30% to 70% in developed countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Technical Textiles</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Technical textiles are <strong>functional fabrics</strong> that have applications across various industries including automobiles, civil engineering and construction, agriculture, healthcare, industrial safety, personal protection etc.</li>
<li>Based on usage, there are <strong>12 technical textile segments</strong>; Agrotech, Meditech, Buildtech, Mobiltech, Clothtech, Oekotech, Geotech, Packtech, Hometech, Protech, Indutech and Sportech.</li>
<li><strong>For example</strong>, &lsquo;mobiltech&rsquo; refers to products in vehicles such as seat belts and airbags, airplane seats; geotech, which is incidentally the fastest growing sub-segment, used to hold back soil, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/cabinet-gives-clearance-fortechnical-textiles-mission/article30925160.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technical-textiles-mission'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Cabinet Approves Bill to Regulate Surrogacy',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/surrogacy-regulation-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill</strong></a>, <strong>2020.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cabinet <strong>incorporated all the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha Select Committee</strong> before approving the Bill.</li>
<li>The latest Bill is a<strong> reformed version</strong> of the draft legislation, which was passed by the Lok Sabha in August 2019. The <strong>2019 Bill was referred to the Select Committee.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2020 aims at <strong>banning commercial surrogacy and allowing altruistic surrogacy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While commercial surrogacy will be prohibited including sale and purchase of human embryo and gametes, ethical surrogacy to Indian married couples, Indian-origin married couples and Indian single woman will be allowed on fulfillment of certain conditions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Bill <strong>allows a willing woman to be a surrogate mother</strong> and would benefit widows and divorced women besides infertile Indian couples.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recommendations of the Committee</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition of &ldquo;infertility&rdquo;</strong> as the inability to conceive after five years of unprotected intercourse <strong>should be deleted.</strong> It is too long a period for a couple to wait for a child.</li>
<li>It was recommended that a <strong>surrogate mother need not be a &ldquo;close relative&rdquo;.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Requiring the surrogate mother to be a &ldquo;close relative&rdquo; potentially restricts the availability of surrogate mothers, affecting people in genuine need.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Single women (widow or a divorcee) should be allowed</strong> to avail of surrogacy.</li>
<li>The <strong>insurance cover</strong> for a surrogate mother<strong> should be increased to 36 months from 16 months.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Features of the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2020</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It provides for the constitution <strong>of</strong> <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-new-surrogacy-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>surrogacy</strong></a> <strong>boards</strong> at the national as well as state levels to ensure effective regulation.</li>
<li>It seeks to <strong>allow ethical altruistic surrogacy</strong> to the intending infertile Indian married couple between the age of 23-50 years for females and 26-55 years for males.</li>
<li><strong>Only Indian couples</strong> can opt for surrogacy in the country.</li>
<li>It makes it mandatory for the couple to <strong>obtain a certificate of essentiality</strong> and also a <strong>certificate of eligibility</strong> before going ahead with surrogacy.</li>
<li>It also provides that intending couples should not abandon the child born out of surrogacy under any condition. The newborn child shall be entitled to all rights and privileges that are available to a natural child.</li>
<li>The Bill also<strong> seeks to regulate the functioning of surrogacy clinics.</strong> All surrogacy clinics in the country need to be registered by the appropriate authority in order to undertake surrogacy or its related procedures.</li>
<li>The Bill provides for various safeguards for surrogate mothers. One of them is<strong> insurance coverage.</strong></li>
<li>It also specifies that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pre-conception-and-pre-natal-diagnostic-techniques-pcpndt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>no sex selection</strong></a> <strong>can be done</strong> when it comes to surrogacy.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-clears-surrogacy-regulation-bill/article30921456.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-bill-to-regulate-surrogacy'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Analysis of Water in Ulsoor lake',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in news?</h3>
<p>The<strong> National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong> has directed the <strong>constitution of a joint committee </strong>to take<strong> samples of water from Bengaluru&rsquo;s Ulsoor lake</strong> and neighbouring areas.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been reported that the water quality has come down due to illegal activities being carried out while discharging untreated sewage, effluents and the dumping of garbage into the water body.</li>
<li>Such activities affect the quality of the water and the ecology and aquatic life, much required for ecological sustenance.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Components of Water Analysis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Biochemical Oxygen Demand</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen used by microorganisms in the biological process of metabolizing organic matter in water.</li>
<li>The more organic matter there is (e.g., in sewage and polluted bodies of water), the greater the BOD; and the greater the BOD, the lower the amount of dissolved oxygen available for higher animals such as fishes.</li>
<li>The BOD is therefore a reliable gauge of the organic pollution of a body of water.</li>
<li>One of the main reasons for treating wastewater prior to its discharge into a water resource is to lower its BOD&mdash;i.e., reduce its need of oxygen and thereby lessen its demand from the streams, lakes, rivers, or estuaries into which it is released.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chemical Oxygen Demand</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>COD is a method of estimating how much oxygen would be depleted from a body of receiving water as a result of bacterial action.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coliforms</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Water pollution caused by fecal contamination is a serious problem due to the potential for contracting diseases from pathogens (disease causing organisms).</li>
<li>The presence of pathogens in the water is determined with indirect evidence by testing for an "indicator" organism such as coliform bacteria.</li>
<li>Coliforms are bacteria that are always present in the digestive tracts of animals, including humans, and are found in their wastes. They are also found in plant and soil material.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Presence of any heavy metals like Arsenic, Phosphorus, etc.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Heavy metals are known to induce cardiovascular diseases, developmental abnormalities, neurologic and neurobehavioral disorders, diabetes, hearing loss, hematologic and immunologic disorders.</li>
<li>Studies have shown that toxic heavy metals can interfere with absorption and use of nutritionally essential metals such as iron, calcium, copper, and zinc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The National Green Tribunal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NGT</strong></a> was established in the year <strong>2010</strong> under the <strong>National Green Tribunal Act 2010.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>established for</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources.</li>
<li>Enforcement of any legal right relating to environment.</li>
<li>Giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a specialized body equipped with the necessary expertise to handle environmental disputes involving multi-disciplinary issues.</li>
<li>The Tribunal is guided by <strong>principles</strong> of<strong> natural justice.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/panel-to-study-ulsoor-lake-pollution/article30926931.ec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/analysis-of-water-in-ulsoor-lake'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Exercise Indradhanush',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582787401_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582787401_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>The 5<sup>th</sup> edition of <strong>India-UK joint Air Force Exercise &lsquo;Indradhanush&rsquo;</strong> began at Air Force Station, Hindan (Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh) on 24<sup>th</sup> February, 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The theme of this edition of the exercise is <strong>'Base Defence and Force Protection'.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This theme is of significance considering the recent threats to military establishments from terror elements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ex Indradhanush provides a platform for the air forces of both the countries to share and jointly validate strategies and tactics to <strong>counter terror threats to their installations.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Other joint exercises between India and UK:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Navy: Konkan</li>
<li>Army: <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-ajeya-warrior-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ajeya Warrior</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199574" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-indradhanush'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Rights And Duties',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/rights-duties-and-the-constitution/article30915951.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Rights, duties and the Constitution&rdquo;</a> which was published in The Hindu on 26/02/2020. It talks about a balance between rights and duties of citizens as well as of State.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the terminologies like &lsquo;Duties of citizens&rsquo; and the &lsquo;anti-national&rsquo; (emanating from violation of these duties) have become the buzzwords of the political landscape. In a constitutional democracy, the State provides <strong>rights and lays down duties for the citizenry, so that society can peacefully co-exist</strong>. However, sometimes State imposes such duties on its citizenry that infringes the rights of the marginalised sections of society.</p>
<p>Thus, the major concern lies in the <strong>language of duties</strong> which is <strong>vague</strong> (as their interpretation is left at the discretion of the State). This makes &lsquo;duties&rsquo; of the citizenry prone to be misused as a tool to impose the will of the State or the social majority on vulnerable sections.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rights and Duties Go Hand in Hand</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mahatma Gandhi in Hind Swaraj</strong> observed that <strong>&ldquo;Real rights are a result of the performance of duty&rdquo;</strong>.</li>
<li>Rights and duties are closely related and cannot be separated from one another. For <strong>every right, there is a corresponding duty</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The State protects and enforces rights and it is the duty of all citizens to be loyal to the state. <strong>Thus a citizen has both Rights and Duties.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to <strong>Harold Laski, one man&rsquo;s right is also his duty</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, if the State gives the right to life to a citizen, it also imposes an obligation on him to not to expose his life to dangers, as well as to respect the life of others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Rights and Duties Follow Different Logic</h3>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Indian Constitution provides its citizens with the Fundamental Rights and lists the Fundamental Duties to be followed by them.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Constitution covers a broad spectrum of domains to protect the rights of the common man by introducing six rights as Fundamental Rights (Part III of the constitution).</li>
<li>Similarly, the Fundamental Duties are also emphasised upon by the Constitution (Part IVA of the constitution).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Concept of Duties</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As citizens, there exists a wide range of duties that bind us in everyday life. These duties are owed both to the state and to individuals.</li>
<li>There is a legal duty to pay taxes, to refrain from committing violence against fellow-citizens, and to follow other laws that Parliament has enacted.</li>
<li>Breach of these legal duties triggers financial consequences (fines), or punitive measures like imprisonment.</li>
<li>Duties follow a simple logic that, <strong>peaceful co-existence requires a degree of self-sacrifice,</strong> and that if necessary, this must be enforced through the set of sanctions.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Concept of Rights</strong></p>
<p>Rights are formulated to ascertain <strong>twin principles viz. Anti-dehumanisation and Anti-hierarchy</strong>. In India, this can be reflected in a chapter on Fundamental Rights in the constitution.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rights as a bulwark against dehumanisation:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Framers of the Indian Constitution while deliberating on Fundamental Rights were of the view that <strong>every human being should have access to basic dignity</strong> and <strong>equality</strong> that can not be taken away the State.</li>
<li>The necessity for Fundamental Rights in India originated from the experiences under the colonial regime where Indians had been treated as subjects.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For example, the colonial government declared some group of people as Criminal Tribes, who were treated as less than human.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rights as a stand against hierarchy:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian society has been divided on the lines gender, caste and religion.</li>
<li>Fundamental Rights, at a basic level, ensure the protection of all the citizens, not only from the State but from the social majorities as well.</li>
<li>For example, through guarantees against forced labour, against &ldquo;untouchability&rdquo;, against discriminatory access to public spaces, and others, fundamental rights sought to bring a transformation in the Indian society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Does this suggest that duties are unimportant?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As indicated above, duties exist in every sphere of society. However, it is the <strong>language of duties</strong> that can play an important role in a society like India that continues to be divided and unequal.</li>
<li>Any duty imposed upon the citizens must comply with <strong>due process of law</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The concept of 'due process of law' holds that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property except in accordance with the explicit provisions of law and with due regard to his rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Without the moral compass of rights and their place in the transformative constitutional scheme, the language of duties can lead to unpleasant consequences.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A good example of this is a Supreme Court judgment from the early 1980s, which upheld the differential treatment of male and female flight attendants on the ground that women had a &ldquo;duty&rdquo; to ensure the &ldquo;good upbringing of children&rdquo; and to ensure the success of the &ldquo;family planning program&rdquo; for the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>In this light, it is always critical to remember Dr B.R. Ambedkar&rsquo;s words in the Constituent Assembly that the fundamental unit of the Constitution remains the individual. Interpretation of &lsquo;Duties&rsquo; and the debate around it should include the duties of those with power. Those with power should not use it to exploit those from whom they wield it. It is only after guarantee to all the full sum of humanity, dignity, equality, and freedom promised by the Constitution, that we can ask of them to do their duty. It is only after ensuring the humanity, dignity, equality, and freedom for all, as promised by the Constitution, that the burden of &lsquo;following the duties&rsquo; should be imposed on the citizens.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #c8f4fa; border-color: #0293a6;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 933px;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question<br /><br /></strong></em>In a constitutional democracy, rights always need to be backed up by the duties of citizens as well as those of the State. Analyse.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rights-and-duties'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'National Conference on Coastal Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>first &lsquo;National Conference on Coastal Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience (CDRR&amp;R) &ndash; 2020&rsquo;</strong> was held in New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The one-day conference was organised by the <strong>National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Takeaways</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Enhancement of human capacity in terms of a better understanding of coastal disaster risks and effective collaborative actions.</li>
<li>Dissemination of information related to <strong>national and local strategies for coastal disaster risk reduction and resilience</strong> as well as to develop a network mode roadmap for addressing the gaps by engaging with the institutions, researchers and experts.</li>
<li>Implementation of the <strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s 10-point agenda</strong> and <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/disaster-management-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Prime Minister&rsquo;s 10-point Agenda</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister had listed the agenda during his inaugural speech at the <strong>Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (AMCDRR) 2016,</strong> held in New Delhi.</li>
<li>It includes the following elements namely.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All development sectors must imbibe the principles of disaster risk management.</li>
<li>Work towards risk coverage for all-starting from poor households to SMEs to multinational corporations to nation-states.</li>
<li>Encourage greater involvement and leadership of women in disaster risk management.</li>
<li>Invest in risk mapping globally. For mapping risks related to hazards like earthquakes, we have accepted standards and parameters.</li>
<li>Leverage technology to enhance the efficiency of our disaster risk management efforts.</li>
<li>Develop a network of universities to work on disaster issues.</li>
<li>Utilise the opportunities provided by social media and mobile technologies.</li>
<li>Build on local capacity and initiative.</li>
<li>Opportunity to learn from a disaster must not be wasted. After every disaster there are papers on lessons that are rarely applied.</li>
<li>Bring about greater cohesion in the international response to disasters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sendai Framework for Disaster Reduction 2015-30</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was adopted at the <strong>Third United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction,</strong> held from March 14 to 18, 2015 in Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.</li>
<li>It aims to guide the multi-hazard management of disaster risk in development at all levels as well as within and across all sectors.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)</strong> 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Institute of Disaster Management</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) was constituted underDisaster Management Act 2005 with a vision to play the role of a premier institute for capacity development in India and the region.</li>
<li>It has been assigned nodal responsibilities for human resource development, capacity building, training, research, documentation and policy advocacy in the field of disaster management.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604358" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-conference-on-coastal-disaster-risk-reduction-and-resilience'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'USA President’s Visit to India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The President of the USA, Donald Trump, visited India from 24<sup>th</sup> - 25<sup>th</sup> February, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and the USA intended to upgrade their bilateral relationship to a <strong>Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership (CGSP)</strong>.</li>
<li>The CGSP will include issues such as defence, security cooperation and revitalisation of the Indo-Pacific with quadrilateral dialogue.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Economic Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Free Trade Agreement (FTA):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The USA has proposed the <strong>Free Trade Agreement (FTA)</strong> between the two countries.</li>
<li>FTA will include the restoration of benefits of low or zero duty to certain Indian exports under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-us-trade" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Generalised System of Preferences (GSP)</a> and market access for each other&rsquo;s agricultural products.</li>
<li>The <strong>Trade Policy Forum</strong> will be set up as a joint study group to facilitate smooth framing of FTA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Proposed Totalisation Agreement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The signing of this agreement will allow <strong>Indian professionals</strong> working in the USA <strong>to get a refund of social security contribution that they make while working in the USA</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intellectual Property Rights:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and the USA have decided to come up with a <strong>comprehensive agreement on intellectual property rights (IPR)</strong>.</li>
<li>A comprehensive deal on the IPR front would be a major development as <strong>India has slipped to the 40<sup>th</sup> position</strong> on the <strong>US Chamber's International IP Index, 2020</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Energy Trade:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries intend to come with an <strong>energy deal</strong> in the future.</li>
<li>India imports a significant portion of its energy needs from the US, which has only increased in the past few years. The USA is the <strong>sixth-largest</strong> oil supplier to India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bilateral Trade:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>United States</strong> has become <strong>India's top trading partner surpassing China</strong>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-us-trade" target="_blank" rel="noopener">bilateral trade between the US and India</a> stood at nearly 88 billion dollars in 2018-19 compared to China which was at 87.1 billion dollars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Security and Terrorism</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Cross border Terrorism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both the countries condemned cross-border terrorism in all its forms.</li>
<li>They also called on Pakistan to ensure that no territory under its control is used to launch terrorist attacks and to expeditiously bring to justice the perpetrators of such attacks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kashmir Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The USA president reiterated its offer to mediate on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/external-intervention-on-kashmir-issue" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kashmir issue</a> during the visit.</li>
<li>However, India stated that it is a bilateral matter between India and Pakistan and there is no scope for any third-party mediation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cyber Security:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and the United States recognised the need for an innovative digital ecosystem that is secure and reliable and facilitates the flow of information and data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Defence Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>USA and India have concluded the agreement for the purchase of <strong>24 MH-6OR Seahawk, and six AH-64E attack helicopters</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582706729_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582706729_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>International Issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Quad Dialogue:</strong> U.S. and India stressed to revitalise the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quad-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">quadrilateral initiative</a> consisting of Japan, the U.S., India and Australia.</li>
<li><strong>Indo-Pacific Region:</strong> Both the countries discussed to <strong>develop and evolve the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indo-Pacific region</a> collaboratively</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>South China Sea Region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both sides took note of the efforts of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/16th-india-asean-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ASEAN</a> region to create a code of conduct in the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/south-china-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener">South China Sea region</a></strong>.</li>
<li>A code of conduct in the South China Sea region will be a set of rules outlining the norms and rules and responsibilities of, or proper practices for, an individual, party or organisation in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-us-have-finalised-defence-deals-worth-3-billion-trump-after-talks-with-modi/article30912085.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/usa-presidents-visit-to-india'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'World Air Quality Report 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India was the <strong>fifth most polluted country in 2019</strong> and accounts for almost two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s most polluted cities according to the <strong>World Air Quality Report 2019</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report was released by the <strong>pollution tracker IQAir and Greenpeace</strong>.</li>
<li>The ranking is based on a <strong>comparison of PM 2.5 levels</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>PM 2.5</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>atmospheric particulate matter</strong> of <strong>diameter of fewer than 2.5 micrometres,</strong> which is around 3% the diameter of a human hair.</li>
<li>It <strong>causes respiratory problems</strong> and also reduces visibility. It is an endocrine disruptor that can affect insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, thus contributing to diabetes.</li>
<li>It is very small and can only be detected with the help of an electron microscope.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582706250_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582706250_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="306" height="365" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bangladesh emerged as the most polluted country</strong> for PM 2.5 exposure followed by&nbsp;<strong>Pakistan, Mongolia, Afghanistan and India</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>21 of the 30 most polluted cities</strong> in the world are located in<strong> India</strong> with <strong>Ghaziabad</strong> in the National Capital Region ranked the <strong>world&rsquo;s most polluted.</strong></li>
<li>Indian cities, on average, exceed the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a> <strong>target for annual PM 2.5 exposure by 500%</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, Mumbai&rsquo;s annual PM 2.5 concentration is 45.3 micrograms/cubic metre, when it <strong>should be 10 micrograms/cubic metre</strong> according to the WHO.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, <strong>national air pollution decreased by 20%</strong> from 2018 to 2019, with 98% of cities experiencing improvements.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India launched a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-lists-cities-with-no-clean-up-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)</strong></a> in 2019 that commits to reducing air pollution in 102 most polluted cities <strong>by a maximum of 30% by 2024</strong>.</li>
<li>The report, however, noted that the reduction in pollution in 2019 couldn&rsquo;t be attributed to the NCAP but to the slowing of the marketplace.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-survey-2019-20-highlights" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey 2019-20</strong></a>, the economic growth rate in India is expected to slow down to 5% in 2019-20 from 6.1% in 2018-19 and 7% in 2017-18.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Report highlights <strong>elevated air pollution levels</strong> as a <strong>result of climate change events,</strong> such as <strong>sandstorms, wildfires and pollution gains from the rapid urbanization</strong> of cities in regions such as Southeast Asia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While some achievements have been made in air quality monitoring infrastructure globally, there are still huge gaps in access to data around the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is to be noted that the World Air Quality Report is different from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-global-air-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State Of Global Air Report</strong></a> which is produced by the <strong>Boston-based Health Effects Institute (HEI)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/ghaziabad-most-polluted-city-in-the-world-report/article30917518.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Mukundara Hills Tiger Reserve',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> The Mukundra Tiger Reserve (TR) is located near Kota, <strong>Rajasthan</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The park is situated in a valley formed by <strong>two parallel mountains</strong> viz. Mukundra and Gargola.</li>
<li>The 4 rivers (Ramzan, Ahu, Kali and Chambal) form the boundary of the valley.</li>
<li>It is located on the eastern bank of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ramgarh-dam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chambal River</strong></a> and is drained by its tributaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protected Area:</strong> The Mukundra Hills was declared a <strong>Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> in <strong>1955</strong> and a National Park (Mukundra Hills (Darrah) National Park) in 2004. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was notified as a <strong>Tiger Reserve (2013)</strong> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></a> and became the <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> Tiger Reserve</strong> of Rajasthan in the form of the Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve.</li>
<li>Other Tiger Reserves in Rajasthan: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ranthambore-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ranthambore</strong></a> and <strong>Sariska</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History:</strong> In the past, the reserve was the royal hunting ground of the <strong>Maharaja of Kota</strong>. The name Darrah is taken as the <strong>&lsquo;pass&rsquo;</strong> in the local language revealing the purpose that the region served earlier. The Marathas, Rajput&rsquo;s and the British utilized the opportune position of the forest to seek asylum during war.</li>
<li><strong>Parks and Sanctuaries Included:</strong> The Mukundra TR constitutes 3 <strong>Wildlife Sanctuaries</strong> viz; <strong>Darrah, Jawahar Sagar</strong> and <strong>Chambhal</strong> and covers 4 key districts of Rajasthan (Kota, Bundi, Chittorgarh and Jhalawar). The forest of the reserve is very thick and dense.</li>
<li>Other National Parks (NP) in Rajasthan: <strong>Desert NP, Keoladeo Ghana NP, Ranthambore NP, Sariska NP</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Chambal River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chambal River originates at the <strong>Singar Chouri peak</strong> in the northern slopes of the <strong>Vindhya mountains</strong> (Indore, Madhya Pradesh). From there, it flows in the North direction in Madhya Pradesh and then follows a north-easterly direction through Rajasthan.</li>
<li>It enters Uttar Pradesh and joins the Yamuna River in Etawah District.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>rainfed</strong> river and its basin is bounded by the Vindhyan mountain ranges and the Aravallis. The Chambal and its tributaries drain the <strong>Malwa region</strong> of northwestern Madhya Pradesh.</li>
<li><strong>Tributaries:</strong> Banas, Kali Sindh, Parbati.</li>
<li>It is one of the <strong>most pollution-free</strong> rivers of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582705345_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582705345_image1.png" width="535" height="309" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Tiger Reserves in India</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582705374_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582705374_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="554" height="585" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ranthambore-tiger-that-adopted-and-reared-two-cubs-found-dead-6227039/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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