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National Consumer Day

Every year, 24th of December is observed as National Consumer Day in India. The theme of 2019 is “Alternate consumer grievance/dispute...

26 Dec 2019 News Analysis
In Depth: Encounter- Supreme Court Guidelines

In the backdrop of the growing outrage in the country over the rising incidents of crimes against women, the encounter of the four accused by...

24 Dec 2019 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
Gujral Doctrine

This article is based on “Remembering Inder Kumar Gujral – and his elevated vision for India’s South Asian neighbourhood”...

24 Dec 2019 News Editorials
Chillai-Kalan

Chillai-Kalan, a traditional 40-day long period of extreme cold in Kashmir, began on December 21 and will continue till January 31 followed by...

24 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Higher Prevalence of Mental Disorders in South India

Why in News Recently, a study by the India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative was published in the Lancet Psychiatry. This is the first...

24 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth

Why in News The newly-formed Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth (CCIG) held its first meeting to discuss issues related to the slowdown in...

24 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Water Hyacinth Helps Detect Herbicide Pollution

Why in News Researchers have used invasive plant water hyacinth to produce carbon nanoparticles which can be used for detecting a commonly used...

24 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Lessons That India Can Derive From PISA

This article is based on “Lessons from PISA 2018 for India: Addressing educational inequality holds the key” which was published in The...

23 Dec 2019 News Editorials
UNCLOS Maritime Zones

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, also known as Law of the Sea divides marine areas into five main zones namely-...

23 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Assessment of Plastics Along the West Coast of India

Why in News Recently, National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) conducted a study which states that beaches in Maharashtra are more polluted with...

23 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Discom Losses and UDAY Scheme

Why in News Distribution Companies’ (Discom) losses, which had progressively reduced in the first couple of years since the rollout of Ujwal...

23 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Kisan Diwas

Why in News The 'Kisan Diwas' or National Farmers Day is observed across the country on 23rd December to celebrate the birth anniversary of...

23 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Slowdown in India: Part 2

This article is based on “A solution: Two bad banks for the Four Balance Sheet problem” which was published in The Indian Express on...

21 Dec 2019 News Editorials
EU Green Deal

Why in News In the background of the failure of the global community to reach any agreement in the recently concluded COP 25, the European Union (EU)...

21 Dec 2019 News Analysis
CST-100 Starliner

Why in News CST-100 Starliner is a space capsule of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) which failed its first test flight....

21 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Afghanistan First Country to Recognise Indian Pharmacopoeia

Why in News The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan has formally recognised the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP). It is a reputable book of standards for...

21 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Apache Helicopters for Indian Army

Why in News The deal for six AH-64E Apache attack helicopters for the Indian Army is to be signed. Currently, the Army Aviation Corps operates...

21 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Indo – US 2+2 Dialogue

Why in News India and the US have recently concluded second 2+2 ministerial dialogue in Washington. Several landmark agreements in both defence...

21 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Society of Biotechnology of India

Why in News Recently, the Society of Biotechnology of India (SBPI) was launched by former biotechnologists and technocrats of the Union Department...

21 Dec 2019 News Analysis
Slowdown in India: Part 1

This article is based on “How and why the Indian economy is losing its growth momentum” which was published in The Indian Express on...

20 Dec 2019 News Editorials

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			'title' => 'National Consumer Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Every year, <strong>24<sup>th</sup> of December</strong> is observed as <strong>National Consumer Day</strong> in India. The<strong> theme of 2019</strong> is <strong>&ldquo;Alternate consumer grievance/dispute redressal&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>On this day the <strong>Consumer Protection Act, 1986</strong> had received the assent of the President and came into effect.</li>
<li>It is observed to highlight the <strong>importance of the consumer movement</strong> and the need to make every consumer <strong>more aware of their rights and responsibilities.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>World Consumer Rights Day</strong> is observed on <strong>15 March.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/prs-capsule/prs-capsule-july-2019#9" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Consumer Protection Act, 2019</strong></a> was passed by the Parliament in August 2019 to replace the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577341662_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577341662_image2.jpg" width="498" height="391" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>',
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'In Depth: Encounter- Supreme Court Guidelines',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aPYG6H-mkRE" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>In the backdrop of the growing outrage in the country over the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/war-on-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rising incidents of crimes against women</strong></a>, the encounter of the four accused by Telangana police in the Hyderabad rape and murder case has been welcomed by political leaders, public figures and the masses. However at the same time, questions have also been raised over the <strong>legality and appropriateness o</strong>f the police action leading to the debate that<em> &lsquo;whether a democratic country should follow the <strong>constitutional norms and adhere to the due process of law</strong> or shall it adopt the measures of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/retributive-justice" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>retributive justice</strong></a> to bring instant and speedy justice to the victims&rsquo;.</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On <strong>extrajudicial killings</strong> (also referred to as <strong>encounters</strong>) the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-human-rights-commission-nhrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)</strong></a> and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> have laid down<strong> proper guidelines and procedures</strong> that must be followed in order to prevent any abuse of power by the law enforcement agencies.</li>
<li>Also, taking <strong>suo moto cognizance</strong> of the case, the NHRC has asked the Director General of investigation to send a fact finding team to probe the matter carefully and has called for a detailed report from all State governments, Union Women &amp; Child Ministry, and the police heads over rising crimes against women.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for the Guidelines</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The demand for the instant killing of the accused from all corners of the country created the public opinion for the <strong>abandonment of the rule of law (Article 14)</strong> that appears to have led to this encounter.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a widespread perception that rule of law is not giving women the due justice, and that at the very least, laws need to be amended to create a stronger deterrent. Hence, there arises a need for a <strong>time-bounded fair legal procedure.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a procedure prescribed by the law for <strong>criminal investigation</strong> which is embedded in the Constitution under <strong>Article 21</strong> as the<strong> Right to Life and Personal Liberty.</strong> It is<strong> fundamental, non-derogable and is available</strong> to <em>every person.</em> Even the State cannot violate that right.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hence, <strong>it is the responsibility of the police, being the officers of State, to follow the Constitutional principles and uphold the Right to Life</strong> of every individual whether an innocent one or a criminal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Similar extra-judicial killing</strong> took place in Andhra Pradesh in which three accused of throwing acid on the faces of two women were encountered by the police<strong> in December 2008.</strong> Parallels can be drawn between both cases- the manner in which the accused were taken to the crime spot for recreating the crime scene and later cops shooting them down in an alleged crossfire. Hence, <strong>to inhibit such repetitions,</strong> the guidelines became necessary.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Drishti Input</strong></p>
<p><strong>Do Police have the Right to take Lives?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The police force has the right to injure or kill the criminal, for the sole and only purpose of self-defense or where it is imminently necessary for the maintenance of peace and order. However, <strong>nothing must be done to settle personal feuds</strong> or with any ulterior malafide motives, which could be apparent from the facts of each case.</li>
<li><strong>NHRC guidelines in 2010</strong> highlight that <strong>if</strong> the use of <strong>force cannot be justified</strong> and the death falls outside the jurisdiction of the above mentioned reasons, <strong>it is a crime</strong> and the police officer would be guilty of <strong>culpable homicide</strong> (an act which has resulted in a person's death but is held not to amount to murder).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>What are the legal frameworks that are currently present in India?</strong></p>
<p>Although, there is<strong> no provision in the Indian law that directly authorizes</strong> the encounters of criminals, however, there are <strong>certain enabling provisions</strong> which may be interpreted differently to vest police officers with certain powers to deal with criminals.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In almost all cases where an encounter have taken place, it is done for <strong>self-defense</strong> of the police officer.</li>
<li>Under <strong>Section-96 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC),</strong> every human being has the <strong>right to private defense</strong> which is a natural and an inherent right.</li>
<li><strong>Similarly, Section-100 of IPC, exception 3 of Section 300 of IPC, Section-46 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), etc.</strong> lay down similar provisions with regard to investigations in extra-judicial killings and cases of culpable homicide.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>What if the police personnel are found guilty?</strong></p>
<p>The police personnel will be charged under <strong>Section-299 of the Indian Penal Code</strong> for <strong>culpable homicide.</strong> And, the<strong> compensation</strong> must be granted to the kin of the deceased, in case the police officers are prosecuted on the basis of investigation.</p>
</div>
<h3>Supreme Court Guidelines</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the <em><strong>PUCL vs State of Maharashtra case (2014),</strong> </em>the SC was dealing with <strong>writ petitions</strong> questioning the genuineness of <em><strong>99 encounter killings by the Mumbai Police</strong></em> in which <strong>135 alleged criminals</strong> were shot dead <em><strong>between 1995 and 1997.</strong></em></li>
<li>The Supreme Court then laid down the following <strong>16 point guidelines</strong> as the<strong> standard procedure</strong> to be followed for <em><strong>thorough, effective, and independent</strong></em> investigation in the cases of death during police encounters:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Record Tip-off:</strong> Whenever the police receives any <strong>intelligence or tip-off regarding criminal activities</strong> pertaining to the commission of a grave criminal offence, it <strong>must be recorded either in writing or electronic form.</strong> Such recording need not reveal details of the suspect or the location to which the party is headed.</li>
<li><strong>Register FIR:</strong> If in pursuance to a tip-off, the police uses firearms and this results in the death of a person, then an<strong> FIR initiating proper criminal investigation must be registered and be forwarded to the Court</strong> without any delay.</li>
<li><strong>Independent Probe: Investigation</strong> into such death must be done <strong>by an independent CID team or a police team of another police station</strong> under the supervision of a senior officer. It has to fulfil eight minimum investigation requirements like, identify the victim, recover and preserve evidentiary material, identify scene witnesses, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Magisterial Probe:</strong> Mandatory magisterial inquiry into all cases of encounter deaths must be held and a <strong>report</strong> thereof must be sent to the Judicial Magistrate.</li>
<li><strong>Inform NHRC:</strong> The NHRC or State Human Rights Commission (as the case may be) must be <strong>immediately informed</strong> of the encounter death.</li>
<li><strong>Medical Aid:</strong> It must be provided <strong>to the injured victim/criminal</strong> and a Magistrate or Medical Officer must record his statement along with the Certificate of Fitness.</li>
<li><strong>No Delay: Ensure forwarding</strong> FIR, panchnamas, sketch, and police diary entries <strong>to</strong> the concerned <strong>Court</strong> without any delay.</li>
<li><strong>Send Report to Court:</strong> After full investigation into the incident, a <strong>report</strong> must be sent to the competent <strong>Court</strong> ensuring <strong>expeditious trial.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Inform Kin:</strong> In the case of death of accused criminal, their next of kin must be<strong> informed</strong> at the earliest.</li>
<li><strong>Submit Report:</strong> <strong>Bi-annual statements</strong> of all encounter killings <strong>must be sent to the NHRC by the DGPs</strong> by a set date in set format.</li>
<li><strong>Prompt Action:</strong> Amounting to an offence under the<strong> IPC</strong>, <em><strong>disciplinary action must be initiated against the police officer found guilty</strong></em> of wrongful encounter and for the time being that officer must be suspended.</li>
<li><strong>Compensation:</strong> The <strong>compensation scheme</strong> as described under <strong>Section 357-A of the CrPC</strong> must be applied for granting compensation to the dependants of the victim.</li>
<li><strong>Surrendering Weapons:</strong> The concerned police officer(s) must <strong>surrender their weapons for forensic and ballistic analysis,</strong> subject to the rights mentioned under <strong>Article 20</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Legal Aid to Officer:</strong> An<strong> intimation</strong> about the incident must be sent<strong> to the accused police officer&rsquo;s family,</strong> offering services of lawyer/counsellor.</li>
<li><strong>Promotion: No out-of-turn promotion or instant gallantry awards</strong> shall be bestowed on the officers involved in encounter killings soon after the occurrence of such events.</li>
<li><strong>Grievance Redressal:</strong> If the family of the victim finds that the above procedure has not been followed, then it may make a <strong>complaint to the Sessions Judge</strong> having territorial jurisdiction over the place of incident. The concerned Sessions Judge must look into the merits of the complaint and <strong>address the grievances</strong> raised therein.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Court directed that these requirements/norms must be <strong>strictly observed</strong> in all cases of death and grievous injury in police encounters by treating them as <strong>law declared under Article 141</strong> of the Indian Constitution.</li>
</ul>
<h3>NHRC Guidelines</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>March 1997, Justice M. N. Venkatachaliah</strong> (the then chairperson of the NHRC), in the backdrop of increased complaints from the general public and non-governmental organisations related to instances of fake encounters by the police underlined that the police have not been conferred with any right to take away someone's life, except under<strong> two circumstances:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the death is caused in the exercise of the <strong>right to private defence,</strong></li>
<li><strong>Section-46</strong> of the CrPC that authorises the police to use <strong>force,</strong> extending up to the causing of death, as may be<strong> necessary to arrest</strong> the person accused of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the light of this notion, the NHRC asked all states and Union Territories to ensure that police follows the following set of guidelines in cases of encounter killings:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Register:</strong> When the in-charge of a Police Station receives information about the deaths in an encounter, he shall <strong>record that information in the appropriate register.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Investigation:</strong> Received information shall be regarded as <strong>sufficient to suspect and immediate steps</strong> must be undertaken to investigate the relevant facts and circumstances leading to the death so as to ascertain, if any, offence was committed and by whom.</li>
<li><strong>Compensation:</strong> It can be granted to the dependents of the deceased when the police officers are prosecuted on the basis of the results of the investigation.</li>
<li><strong>Independent Agency:</strong> Whenever the police officers belonging to the same police station are the members of the encounter party, it is appropriate that the cases for investigation are referred to some other<strong> independent investigation agency,</strong> such as State CID.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In 2010, NHRC extended these guidelines by including:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Registering FIR:</strong> When a complaint is made against police alleging committing of a criminal act recognized as cognizable case of culpable homicide, an <strong>FIR must be registered</strong> under appropriate sections of the IPC.</li>
<li><strong>Magisterial Probe:</strong> A <strong>magisterial enquiry</strong> must be held in all cases of death which occurs in the course of police action, as expeditiously as possible (preferably <strong>within three months).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reporting to Commission:</strong> All cases of deaths in police action in the states shall be preliminary<strong> reported to the Commission</strong> by the Senior Superintendent of Police/Superintendent of Police of the District <strong>within 48 hours</strong> of such death.</li>
<li>A<strong> second report</strong> must be sent in all cases to the Commission <strong>within three months</strong> providing information like post mortem report, findings of the magisterial enquiry/enquiry by senior officers, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The SC guidelines observed that the involvement of NHRC is not mandatory unless there is serious doubt that the investigation was not impartial.</p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Encounter killings must be<strong> investigated independently</strong> as they affect the credibility of Rule of Law. There is a need to ensure that there exists a rule of law in the society that needs to be adhered to by every State authority and the masses.</li>
<li>There is a dire need for complete <strong>overhauling of the criminal justice system</strong> and bringing out required <strong>police reforms.</strong></li>
<li>Ensuring proper <strong>physical custody</strong> of the accused in order to prevent any attack by them on the police personnel.</li>
<li>NHRC acknowledges that there is a <strong>lack of Standard Operating Procedure</strong> to immediately respond to panic situations by the police. Hence, the need of the hour is to lay down standard guidelines to better<strong> train the police personnel and equip them with all relevant skills</strong> so that they can effectively tackle every dreadful situation. Commission has insisted the law enforcement agencies to keep human rights angle in their mind while dealing with arrested individuals/persons.</li>
<li>For several affected families, death is the only answer to rape. But public responses that equate judicial outcomes and justice to immediate and quick retribution are neither universal nor just.</li>
</ul>
<p>According to the NHRC, although the rising crimes against women have created an atmosphere of fear and anguish, the loss of human life even of an accused might give a wrong message to the society. Hence, it is the <strong>solemn obligation of the State</strong> to encourage police force to deter antisocial elements, and at the same time restrict the blatant abuse of power.</p>',
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		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Gujral Doctrine',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/remembering-inder-kumar-gujral-and-his-elevated-vision-for-indias-south-asian-neighbourhood/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Remembering Inder Kumar Gujral &ndash; and his elevated vision for India&rsquo;s South Asian neighbourhood&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Times of India on 04/12/2019. It talks about the applicability of Gujral Doctrine in contemporary times.</p>
</div>
<p>The Indian Prime Minister had launched the&nbsp;<strong>Neighbourhood First Policy</strong> in 2014, which envisaged <strong>actively focussing on improving ties with India's immediate neighbours.</strong> However, relations between India and its neighbours currently are not as good as it needs to be in order to propel the South Asian region into a state of prosperity.</p>
<p>In this context, the<strong> Gujral doctrine</strong> can play a significant role in shaping South Asia.</p>
<h3>IK Gujral</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inder Kumar Gujral was sworn in as the<strong> 12<sup>th</sup> Prime Minister of India</strong> from April 1997 to May 1998.</li>
<li>IK Gujral can be remembered for <strong>two significant contributions to Indian foreign policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One, he propounded the<strong> 'Gujral doctrine'</strong> when he was the union minister of External Affairs in the HD Deve Gowda Government. It is considered a milestone in India's foreign policy.</li>
<li>Two, despite international pressure, Gujral firmly <strong>refused to sign the</strong> <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/india-s-prospects-as-a-nuclear-power" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)</strong></a> in October 1996.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is the Gujral Doctrine?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Gujral Doctrine is a set of<strong> five principles</strong> to guide the conduct of foreign relations with India&rsquo;s immediate neighbours.</li>
<li>These five principles arise from the belief that<strong> India&rsquo;s stature and strength cannot be isolated from the quality of its relations with its neighbours.</strong></li>
<li>It, thus, recognises the <strong>supreme importance of friendly, cordial relations with neighbours.</strong></li>
<li>These principles are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With neighbours like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka, India <strong>does not ask for reciprocity</strong> but gives and accommodates what it can in good faith and trust.</li>
<li>No South Asian country should allow its territory to be used against the interest of another country of the region.</li>
<li>No country should interfere in the internal affairs of another.</li>
<li>All South Asian countries must respect each other&rsquo;s territorial integrity and sovereignty.</li>
<li>They should settle all their disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Application of Gujral Doctrine</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The resolution of the <strong>water-sharing dispute</strong> with Bangladesh in just three months in 1996-97.</li>
<li>This almost coincided with the treaty with Nepal for taming the Mahakali river for the generation of hydel power.</li>
<li>It was followed by agreements with Sri Lanka for expanding development cooperation.</li>
<li>Also, it led to the starting of <strong>composite dialogue</strong> with Pakistan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The composite dialogue was based on the principle that while entire spectrums of relationships came under <strong>sincere problem-solving dialogues.</strong></li>
<li>Cooperation must begin on agreed terms in agreed areas (trade, travel, culture etc.) even as certain disputes remained unresolved (Kashmir, terrorism).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Relevance of Gujral Doctrine</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pakistan:</strong> For 200 years, Britain practised the <strong>principle of divide and rule</strong> in its empire.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Pakistan were born as two sovereign nations into a pool of mutual hatred, hostility distrust and suspicion.</li>
<li>To this inherited pool, new tensions and confrontations over religion (the two nations theory), territory ( Kashmir ) and national aspirations were added.</li>
<li>Further, the creation of Bangladesh sharpened the strategic conflict between India and Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nepal: Domestic politics in Nepal</strong> has led to a strategic deadlock between the two close neighbours.</li>
<li><strong>Srilanka:</strong> The outbreak of the <strong>armed insurgency of Tamil Tigers</strong> in Jaffna created an almost inevitable chasm between India and SriLanka.</li>
<li><strong>Bangladesh: Illegal migration</strong> has always been a contentious issue between India and Bangladesh.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges to Gujral Doctrine</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s footprint</strong> in the subcontinent has expanded <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/belt-and-road-initiative-perspectives-from-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Belt and Road initiative)</strong></a> and the logic of improved connectivity within the subcontinent is often trumped by heightened security concerns.</li>
<li><strong>Development cooperation</strong> as an instrument of India&rsquo;s neighbourhood policy is weakened by the paucity of resources.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is unable to match the scale of resources China is able to deploy in our neighbourhood to win influence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> current slowdown in the Indian economy</strong> has meant that there is less willingness on India's part to further open its market to its neighbours.</li>
<li>India's borders become <strong>transmission belts for security threats</strong> such as cross-border terrorism, contraband trade or drug trafficking.</li>
<li>November 2008 Mumbai attacks, reflected the weakness of this doctrine: <strong>that 'inherent goodwill' may not work with openly hostile neighbours.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is no doubt that the challenges which India must deal with in its neighbourhood have become more complex and even threatening compared to two decades ago.</li>
<li>In an age of shifting geopolitics and altered the balance of power, India will need to re-strategise its neighbourhood policy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Connectivity must be pursued with greater vigour while security concerns are addressed through cost-effective, efficient and reliable technological measures which are in use in other parts of the world.</li>
<li>India should become a <strong>transit country</strong> of choice for all its neighbours by extending national treatment on its transport network and ports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Above all,<strong> &ldquo;neighbourhood first&rdquo;</strong> must be anchored in the sustained engagement at all levels of the political and people to people levels, building upon the deep cultural affinities which are unique to India&rsquo;s relations with its neighbours.</p>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f3fad2;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Gujral Doctrine recognises the supreme importance of friendly, cordial relations with neighbours. Analyse the relevance and challenges associated with the application of Gujral Doctrine in the neighbourhood of India in present times.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/gujral-doctrine'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Chillai-Kalan',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chillai-Kalan, a <strong>traditional 40-day long period of extreme cold in Kashmir,</strong> began on December 21 and will continue till January 31 followed by <strong>Chillai-Khurd</strong> and <strong>Chillai-Bachha.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Chillai-Khurd (small cold), a 20-day long</strong> period which starts from January 31 to February 19.</li>
<li><strong>Chillai-Bachha (baby cold), a 10-day long</strong> period follows which occurs between February 20 and March 2.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per <strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD),</strong> the period mostly remains wet as the upper part of the Kashmir Valley receives heavy snowfall and the minimum temperature drops considerably.</li>
<li>During this period, water bodies like lakes, rivers and streams get frozen with a thick layer of ice.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established in <strong>1875</strong> as an agency of the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences</strong> of the Government of India.</li>
<li>It is the principal agency responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chillai-kalan'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Higher Prevalence of Mental Disorders in South India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a study by the <strong>India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative</strong> was published in the <strong>Lancet Psychiatry.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the <strong>first comprehensive estimate</strong> of<strong> disease burden</strong> due to <strong>mental disorders</strong> and their trends in every state of India from 1990.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a public private initiative launched in <strong>October 2015.</strong></li>
<li>It is a collaboration between the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/controlling-chikungunya-and-dengue-through-bacteria" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)</strong></a>, the <strong>Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)</strong> and other experts and stakeholders.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PHFI is a response to redress the limited institutional capacity in India for strengthening training, research and policy development in the area of Public Health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<h3>Method</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study <strong>divided States into three categories </strong>on the<strong> basis of their Socio-Demographic Index (SDI),</strong> i.e <strong>low, medium and high SDI States.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>SDI</strong> is a <strong>composite measure</strong> of per-capita income, mean education and fertility rate in women younger than 25 years and is calculated on a scale of one.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The study utilised all accessible relevant data from India over the past three decades and reports that mental disorders are the<strong> leading cause of non-fatal disease burden</strong> in India and their contribution to the total disease burden is increasing.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Most Common Mental Disorder</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Depression and anxiety</strong> disorders are the <strong>commonest mental disorders</strong> in India. Their prevalence is increasing and is <strong>relatively higher</strong> in the <strong>southern states</strong> (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Telangana, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh) and <strong>in females.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Depression accounted for 33.8%</strong> of all mental disorder DALYs in India in 2017, followed by<strong> anxiety disorders (19%), idiopathic developmental intellectual disability (10.8%) </strong>and<strong> schizophrenia (9.8%).</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>contribution of mental disorders to the total disease burden</strong> in India in terms of <strong>disability adjusted life years</strong> (DALYs) <strong>increased</strong> from 2.5% in 1990 to 4.7% in 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>DALY</strong> is the sum of total years of life lost and years lived with disability. One DALY is at least one lost year of &lsquo;healthy&rsquo; life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Prevalence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Roughly one in seven Indians</strong> or <strong>197 million</strong> people suffered from mental disorders of varying severity in 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These include <strong>depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, idiopathic developmental intellectual disability, conduct disorders, and autism.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High SDI Group:</strong> Prevalence of <strong>depressive disorders</strong> was highest in <strong>Tamil Nadu. Anxiety disorders</strong> were found to be more common in Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Telangana and Maharashtra in the high SDI State group</li>
<li><strong>Middle SDI Group:</strong> Prevalence of depressive disorders was highest in <strong>Andhra Pradesh. Anxiety disorders</strong> were found to be more common in Andhra Pradesh, Manipur and West Bengal in the middle SDI State group.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is an urgent need to<strong> strengthen mental health services,</strong> integrate these with general healthcare and remove barriers such as stigma and access to treatment.</li>
<li>The high rate of depression among older adults needs <strong>attention through wider efforts</strong> in the community and health system.</li>
<li>Community-level mental health care and<strong> integration of mental health services with other aspects</strong> of healthcare should receive high priority from state governments.</li>
<li>Health officials should have an <strong>accurate accounting</strong> of how depression, anxiety and other mental disorders are distributed across the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/south-has-higher-prevalence-of-mental-disorders-study/article30382976.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/higher-prevalence-of-mental-disorders-in-south-india'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>newly-formed Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth (CCIG)</strong></a> held its first meeting to discuss issues related to the slowdown in the economy.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The meeting also discussed about the <strong>slowing GDP growth to 4.5% (a six-year low)</strong> as<strong> investment, exports and consumption</strong> have <strong>declined</strong> in the country.</li>
<li>Alongside CCIG, a <strong>Cabinet Committee on Employment &amp; Skill Development</strong> was also constituted in response to rising unemployment in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Periodic Labour Force Survey</strong> had shown the <strong>overall unemployment rate to be 6.1%</strong> during 2017-18.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cabinet Committees</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cabinet Committees are <strong>extra-constitutional</strong> in emergence. In other words, they are <strong>not mentioned</strong> in the Constitution. However, the <strong>Rules of Business</strong> provide for their establishment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These Rules emerge out of <strong>Article 77(3)</strong> of the Constitution, which empowers the President to make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of the Government, and for the allocation among Ministers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These committees are of two types&mdash;<strong>standing and ad hoc.</strong> The <strong>standing</strong> Cabinet Committees are of a <strong>permanent</strong> nature while the <strong>ad hoc</strong> Cabinet Committees are of a<strong> temporary</strong> nature.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Prime Minister</strong> constitutes <strong>Standing Committees of the Cabinet</strong> and sets out the specific functions assigned to them. He can <strong>add or reduce</strong> the number of committees.</li>
<li>The ad hoc committees are constituted from time to time to deal with special problems. They are disbanded after their task is completed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:&nbsp;</strong>All Cabinet Committees except Cabinet Committee on Accommodation and Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs are headed by Prime Minister.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/pm-chairs-first-meet-on-investment/article30383165.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committee-on-investment-and-growth'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Water Hyacinth Helps Detect Herbicide Pollution',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Researchers have used<strong> invasive plant water hyacinth</strong> to produce <strong>carbon nanoparticles</strong> which can be used for <strong>detecting</strong> a commonly used <strong>herbicide &mdash; pretilachlor.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The nanoparticles were found to be<strong> selective and sensitive</strong> for the <strong>detection of the herbicide.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577172327_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577172327_image1.jpg" width="300" height="200" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Carbon Dots:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The water hyacinth without chlorophyll is powdered and heated at 150-degree Celsius to <strong>convert it to carbon dots</strong>.</li>
<li>When a nanoparticle is less<strong> than 10 nanometre</strong> it is known as a <strong>dot or nanodot.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Working Principle:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>carbon dots</strong> gives a<strong> green fluorescence</strong> under <strong>UltraViolet (UV)</strong> <strong>light,</strong> due to the presence of <strong>oxygen functional groups</strong> on the surface of the dot.</li>
<li>The fluorescence intensity of carbon dot <strong>increases</strong> in the <strong>presence</strong> of the <strong>herbicide.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The electron transfer between the dot and the herbicide enables the fluorescence enhancement.</li>
<li>The carbon dot is <strong>extremely sensitive</strong> to<strong> pretilachlor</strong> and could detect even very small quantity of it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The detection of herbicides through carbon dots is a <strong>commercially viable option</strong> compared to the currently available sensors in the market as the raw material i.e. water hyacinth is readily available.</li>
<li>It will help to convert waste material like the water hyacinth to produce useful technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Water Hyacinth</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Water hyacinth is a free-floating aquatic plant native to<strong> South America.</strong> It is considered as an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/invasive-weeds-threatening-tiger-habitats" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>invasive alien species.</strong></a></li>
<li>Single plant of water Hyacinth is capable of duplicating itself every <strong>nine</strong> days.</li>
<li>It is also referred to as the<strong> terror of Bengal</strong> given its effect on the local ecology and lives of the people.</li>
<li>It has an effect on irrigation, hydroelectric generation and navigation.</li>
<li>It also leads to a drastic reduction in fish production, aquatic crops and an increase in diseases caused by mosquitoes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/carbon-dots-help-detect-herbicide-pollution/article30367674.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/water-hyacinth-helps-detect-herbicide-pollution'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Lessons That India Can Derive From PISA',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/lessons-from-pisa-2018-for-india-addressing-educational-inequality-holds-the-key/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Lessons from PISA 2018 for India: Addressing educational inequality holds the key&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Times of India on 22/12/2019. It talks about the issue of educational inequality in India&rsquo;s schools.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, India has announced that students from Chandigarh, will take part in the <strong>Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) test</strong> in 2021. Before this India has participated in the PISA test only once before (in 2009), where <strong>India ranked 72<sup>nd</sup> out of 73 countries.</strong></p>
<p>In this context, India can take lessons from PISA 2018 report, to prepare itself for the 2021 test.</p>
<h3>What is PISA?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The PISA is a study done to produce comparable data on education policy and outcomes across countries <strong>(any country can voluntary opt for PISA).</strong></li>
<li>It was initiated by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development</strong></a> (OECD) in 2000.</li>
<li>It conducts a test every three years, evaluating 15-year-olds in member and non-member countries to assess the quality and inclusivity of school systems in these countries.</li>
<li>Individual schools are chosen which are approved by the PISA governing board and evaluated using stringent criteria. These schools <strong>represent the country&rsquo;s education system.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>What does the test entail?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The PISA test <strong>does not assess students on their memory</strong> but attempts to evaluate whether students can apply the knowledge they have gained through primary and secondary education.</li>
<li>Apart from subjects like math, reading comprehension and science, the test also includes an optional section on innovative subjects such as collaborative problem-solving and financial literacy.</li>
<li>The test aims to give a comprehensive analysis of how education systems are working in terms of preparing its students for higher education and subsequent employment.</li>
<li>Further, the test evaluates whether the education system in these countries teaches students adequate social and community skills, which will enable the students to excel holistically as a member of the workforce.</li>
<li>After collecting results from across the world, experts translate these results into data points which are evaluated to score the countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What lessons can be drawn from the PISA 2018 report?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Educational Inequality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite all evidence emphasizing the need for educational equity for success, many educational systems across the richest countries remain unequal.</li>
<li>On average across OECD countries, 12% of reading performance was accounted for by students&rsquo; economic, social and cultural background; students from poor and marginalized communities are less likely to succeed.</li>
<li>17.4% of advantaged students and 2.9% of disadvantaged students were top performers on reading.</li>
<li>Furthermore, disadvantaged students are less likely to be in the same school as high achievers in school systems.</li>
<li>Also, limited social diversity in schools means that disadvantaged students are enrolled in schools that have disproportionately large concentrations of low achievers &ndash; which may negatively affect their performance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian education system suffers from the same systemic issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Non-uniformity in quality standards</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Though, universalization of education has been achieved by creating a multiplicity of schools. However, these schools are of unequal quality which makes it impossible for students from different economic groups to meet and learn together.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate expenditure</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PISA results show that there is a positive relationship between investment in education and average performance (up to a threshold of $ 50,000 or Rs 35 lakhs in cumulative expenditure per student from age 6 to 15).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the Indian education system, the per-child unit cost in government-run Kendriya Vidyalaya schools is Rs 27,000.</li>
<li>The expenditure per child average cost in government schools of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (two of the most backward in India) is Rs 7,613 and Rs 9,583 respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unfulfilled RTE norms</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government&rsquo;s data suggests that <strong>18.5% of India&rsquo;s schools continue to lack the necessary minimum professional qualifications</strong> and a <strong>third of our schools (34.4%) lack the requisite number of teachers as per the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right to Education Act</a> norms.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Introduction of <strong>formula-based funding approach can be a solution,</strong> whereby the resources allocated to a school depending on its socioeconomic context.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will help to fund in remote schools to come at par with, roadside, urban and other categories of schools.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Attracting the <strong>most qualified teachers</strong> to the most challenging classrooms will play a critical role in determining the success of India's educational success.</li>
<li>India needs to do more to <strong>restore the dignity of the teaching profession.</strong> Teachers need to be supported not only in their professional and personal lives but their efforts need to be valued and publicly recognised.</li>
</ul>
<p>Investment in equitable education while addressing regional, gender and social disparities can correct historic wrongs done to India&rsquo;s poor and socially disadvantaged. Also, this will pave the way for more effective use of resources, ensure that the labour force has the skills needed to rekindle economic growth, and would be a step towards promoting social cohesion.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #5500ff; background-color: #eae1fc;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Resolving educational inequality in India is a multi-dimensional challenge. Comment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/lessons-that-india-can-derive-from-pisa'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'UNCLOS Maritime Zones',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, also</strong> known as<strong> Law of the Sea</strong> divides marine areas into <strong>five</strong> main zones namely- <strong>Internal Waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the High Seas.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UNCLOS is the <strong>only international convention</strong> which stipulates a framework for state jurisdiction in maritime spaces. It provides <strong>a different legal status to different maritime zones.</strong></li>
<li>It provides the backbone for offshore governance by coastal states and those navigating the oceans. It not only zones coastal states&rsquo; offshore areas but also provides specific guidance for states&rsquo; rights and responsibilities in the five concentric zones.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Maritime Zones</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577089572_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577089572_image2.jpg" width="594" height="330" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Baseline:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the low-water line along the coast as officially recognized by the coastal state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Internal Waters:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Internal waters are waters on the <strong>landward side</strong> of the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.</li>
<li>Each coastal state has <strong>full sovereignty over its internal waters</strong> as like its land territory. Examples of internal waters include bays, ports, inlets, rivers and even lakes that are connected to the sea.</li>
<li>There is <strong>no right of innocent passage</strong> through internal waters.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The innocent passage refers to the passing through the waters which are not prejudicial to peace and security. However, the nations have the right to suspend the same.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Territorial Sea:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The territorial sea extends<strong> seaward up to 12 nautical miles (nm)</strong> from its baselines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A nautical mile is based on the circumference of the earth and is <strong>equal to one minute of latitude.</strong> It is slightly more than a land measured mile <strong>(1 nautical mile = 1.1508 land miles or 1.85 km).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The coastal states have <strong>sovereignty and jurisdiction over the territorial sea.</strong> These rights extend not only on the <strong>surface but also to the seabed, subsoil,</strong> and even <strong>airspace.</strong></li>
<li>But the coastal states&rsquo; rights are <strong>limited</strong> by the <strong>innocent passage</strong> through the territorial sea.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contiguous Zone:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The contiguous zone extends <strong>seaward up to 24 nm from its baselines.</strong></li>
<li>It is an<strong> intermediary zone</strong> between the territorial sea and the high seas.</li>
<li>The coastal state has the right to both prevent and punish infringement of fiscal, immigration, sanitary, and customs laws within its territory and territorial sea.</li>
<li>Unlike the territorial sea, the contiguous zone <strong>only gives jurisdiction to a state on the ocean&rsquo;s surface and floor.</strong> It <strong>does not provide air and space rights.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Each coastal State may claim an EEZ beyond and adjacent to its territorial sea that extends <strong>seaward up to 200 nm from its baselines.</strong></li>
<li>Within its EEZ, a coastal state has: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving and managing natural resources, whether living or nonliving, of the seabed and subsoil.</li>
<li>Rights to carry out activities like the production of energy from the water, currents and wind.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Unlike the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the EEZ <strong>only allows for the above-mentioned resource rights.</strong> It <strong>does not give</strong> a coastal state the <strong>right to prohibit or limit freedom of navigation or overflight,</strong> subject to very limited exceptions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Seas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ocean surface and the water column beyond the EEZ are referred to as the high seas.</li>
<li>It is considered as &ldquo;the common heritage of all mankind&rdquo; and is beyond any national jurisdiction.</li>
<li>States can conduct activities in these areas as long as they are for peaceful purposes, such as transit, marine science, and undersea exploration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Assessment of Plastics Along the West Coast of India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>National Institute of Oceanography (NIO)</strong> conducted a study which states that beaches in Maharashtra are more polluted with microplastics and macroplastics than those in Goa and Karnataka.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study is titled <strong>'Assessment of macro and micro plastics along the west coast of India: abundance, distribution, polymer type and toxicity'.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The assessment of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/plastic-waste-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>macro and microplastic contamination</strong></a> was conducted for two years on 10 beaches along the western coast of India and their toxic effects on marine organisms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Plastics <strong>less than five millimeters</strong> in length are called <strong>'microplastics'</strong> and the relatively larger particles, of <strong>more than five millimeters,</strong> are classified as <strong>'macroplastics'.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Pollution:</strong> Land-based contaminants coming from near shore plastic industries, port areas, petroleum industries and high tourism activities.</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong> The government should frame policies to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-eliminating-single-use-plastic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>shun single-use plastic</strong></a>, increase its recycling and also conduct community awareness programmes to prevent the marine environment from being affected by plastic contaminants.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Institute of Oceanography</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>multi-disciplinary oceanographic research institute</strong> and is one of the constituent laboratories of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research</strong></a><strong> (CSIR), New Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>Its <strong>headquarter</strong> is at <strong>Dona Paula, Goa</strong> with <strong>regional centres</strong> at <strong>Kochi</strong> (Kerala), <strong>Mumbai</strong> (Maharashtra) and <strong>Visakhapatnam</strong> (Andhra Pradesh).</li>
<li>It was <strong>established on 1 January 1966</strong> following the<strong> International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE)</strong> in the 1960s.</li>
<li>The<strong> principal focus</strong> of research has been on observing and understanding special oceanographic characteristics of the Indian Ocean.</li>
<li>The major research areas include the <strong>four traditional branches of oceanography - biological, chemical, geological/geophysical and physical,</strong> as well as ocean engineering, marine instrumentation and marine archaeology.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Indian Ocean Expedition</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During years <strong>1962-1965,</strong> it was one of the greatest international, interdisciplinary oceanographic research efforts to explore Indian Ocean in which 40 oceanographic research vessels belonging to 13 countries surveyed the Indian Ocean and collected useful data in almost all disciplines in the marine sciences.</li>
<li>This was <strong>one of the first coordinated efforts</strong> to explore the Indian Ocean.</li>
<li>The <strong>Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2), </strong>for the period of <strong>2015-2020,</strong> is a major global scientific program which will reveal new information on the Indian Ocean which is fundamental for future sustainable development and expansion of the Indian Ocean's <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>blue economy.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/more-plastic-pollution-on-maha-beaches-than-k-taka-goa-study-119122200227_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assessment-of-plastics-along-the-west-coast-of-india'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Discom Losses and UDAY Scheme',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Distribution Companies&rsquo; (Discom) losses, which had progressively reduced in the first couple of years since the rollout of Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojana (UDAY) in November 2015, have rebounded in the financial year 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Book losses of discoms reduced from Rs 51,562 crore in the financial year 2016 to Rs 15,132 crore in 2018. However, the losses in 2019 have nearly doubled to Rs 28,036 crore vis-a-vis 2018. This points that discoms are lagging behind in eliminating the <strong>ACS-ARR gap</strong> (the gap between Average Cost of Supply and Average Revenue Realised).</li>
<li>Discoms have also missed the year 2019 UDAY target to bring down their <strong>Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&amp;C)</strong> losses to 15%.</li>
<li>The primary reason is the failure of discoms to collect the full cost that they pay for power &mdash; the same issue that had led to the floundering of the previous two schemes - <strong>Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme (APDRP)</strong> and <strong>Restructured APDRP (R-APDRP).</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&amp;C) Losses</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>It has two components</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Technical Loss:</strong> It is due to the flow of power in transmission and distribution system.</li>
<li><strong>Commercial Loss:</strong> It is due to theft of electricity, deficiencies in metering, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>UDAY Scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojana (UDAY) was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Power in November 2015</strong> to help turn around the poor financial situation of state discoms.</li>
<li><strong>Critical Components</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Takeover of 75% of discom debt by state governments,</li>
<li>Reduction in AT&amp;C losses,</li>
<li>Timely tariff revisions and elimination of the gap between the Average Cost of Supply (ACS) and Average Revenue Realised (ARR) by the financial year 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also envisages development of renewable energy sector and availability of 24*7 Power For All at an affordable price.</li>
<li>There are several other operational efficiency targets under UDAY, such as feeder metering, smart metering and feeder segregation etc.</li>
<li>The Scheme will wind up in March 2020.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/uday-scheme-power-discom-losses-6180263/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/discom-losses-and-uday-scheme'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Kisan Diwas',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The 'Kisan Diwas' or National Farmers Day is observed across the country on<strong> 23<sup>rd</sup> December</strong> to celebrate the birth anniversary of <strong>Chaudhary Charan Singh,</strong> the former Prime Minister of India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is celebrated to promote awareness among the citizens to understand the importance of the contributions of the farmers to the society and overall economic and social development of a country.</li>
<li>Government also aims to encourage the farmers across the country by organizing various activities like debates and seminars on agriculture.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Chaudhary Charan Singh<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577085706_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577085706_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="143" height="231" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He was born in <strong>1902</strong> at Noorpur in<strong> Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh</strong> and was the Prime Minister of India from 28 July 1979 to 14 January 1980.</li>
<li>Being a <strong>proponent of rural and agricultural development</strong> he made continuous efforts for keeping agriculture at the centre of planning for India.</li>
<li>He took a leading part in formulation and finalisation of the <strong>Debt Redemption Bill 1939,</strong> in order to give relief to the peasantry from moneylenders.</li>
<li>He was instrumental in bringing about the <strong>Land Holding Act, 1960</strong> which was aimed at lowering the ceiling on land holdings to make it uniform throughout the State.</li>
<li>He was the <strong>author of several books and pamphlets,</strong> including &lsquo;Abolition of Zamindari&rsquo;, &lsquo;Co-operative Farming X-rayed&rsquo;, &lsquo;India&rsquo;s Poverty and its Solution&rsquo;, &lsquo;Peasant Proprietorship or Land to the Workers&rsquo; and &lsquo;Prevention of Division of Holdings Below a Certain Minimum&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/will-make-all-efforts-to-secure-farmers-future-rahul-gandhi-on-kisan-diwas-5506386/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kisan-diwas'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Slowdown in India: Part 2',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/indian-economy-gdp-slowdown-modi-government-6175652/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A solution: Two bad banks for the Four Balance Sheet problem&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 21/12/2019. It talks about measures that should be taken to revive the growth in the Indian Economy.</p>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/slowdown-in-india-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>first part of this article</strong></a> showed that slowdown in India <strong>arrived in two waves.</strong> The <strong>first wave,</strong> the <strong>Twin Balance Sheet crisis,</strong> encompassing<strong> banks</strong> and <strong>corporates</strong> arrived after the global financial crisis in 2009. The<strong> second wave</strong> is centred around the crisis in <strong>NBFCs</strong> and <strong>real estate sector</strong> (because of unsustainable financing and rising inventory of unsold housing).</p>
<p>As a result, the economy now confronts a <strong>Four Balance Sheet (FBS) problem.</strong> This can be resolved by the following steps:</p>
<h3>Resolving the Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) crisis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Two bad banks</strong> (for Real estate and power sectors) to resolve the Four Balance Sheet problem might be one critical element of the solution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Creation of<strong> special resolution mechanisms</strong> for these two sectors is important because:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Majority of NPAs</strong> are in these two sectors.</li>
<li>These sectors are <strong>socially and commercially very important.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In this context, a <strong>holding company or public-sector asset rehabilitation agency (bad bank) can be created.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Holding company would buy stressed assets, based on the recommendations of independent parties, such as investment banks. This would allow the transaction to be seen as fair by all stakeholders.</li>
<li>This would free up balance sheets and management attention of banks and allowing them to focus on their core business of supporting economic growth.</li>
<li>The holding company can be mandated to sell off the assets within five years, after which it would be dissolved.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>A New asset quality review</strong> will be needed to get a more honest recognition of the magnitude of stressed assets.</li>
<li><strong>Efficient implementation</strong> of policies like<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-tackling-npas-the-new-strategy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Project &lsquo;Sashakt&rsquo;</strong> </a>should be done to effectively tackle the problem of rising NPAs.</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)</strong> </a><strong>needs</strong> further strengthening.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Competitive Financial Market</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government must ensure that banks run in the larger national interest but <strong>commercial decisions are best left to bank boards.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Banks&rsquo; Boards</strong> must be empowered to decide on<strong> capital raising plans</strong> from the market within a well-defined framework.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> promotion of corporate debt markets</strong> both for performing loans as well as distressed loans needs special attention.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Raising Exports and Demand in Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Government intervention should <strong>comprise steps to spur demand</strong> in the economy, by <strong>raising the purchasing power of the masses,</strong> especially in rural India.</li>
<li>India still has nearly half of its workforce engaged in agriculture. Therefore, <strong>investment in agriculture will serve twin benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One, of raising rural demand and purchasing power.</li>
<li>Two, agricultural exports can check India's unfavourable balance of payment and can emerge as an important source of foreign exchange.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Liberalised foreign direct investment norms in the manufacturing sector,</strong> will result in the generation of employment in India and increase the competitiveness of <strong>India's exports.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>India should view current slowdown, not as a crisis but as an opportunity to carry out much-needed reforms, only then it can achieve the goal of becoming a $5 trillion economy.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffbd9;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question<br /><br /></strong></em></span>India should view current slowdown, not as a crisis but as an opportunity to carry out much-needed reforms, only then it can achieve the goal of becoming a $5 trillion economy. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/getting-the-indian-economy-back-on-track'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'EU Green Deal',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In the background of the failure of the global community to reach any agreement in the recently concluded <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop-25-ends-without-concrete-outcome" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COP 25</strong></a>, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union</strong></a> (EU) has come up with a climate action plan known as the<strong> European Green Deal.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The European Union is the <strong>third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases</strong> in the world after <strong>China</strong> and the <strong>United States.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Decisions under Green Deal</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Achieving Climate Neutrality</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To become <strong>&ldquo;climate neutral&rdquo; by 2050</strong> and to achieve this, a law will be brought which will be binding on all member countries. A law will turn the political commitment into a legal obligation and will trigger the investments as well.</li>
<li>The <strong>EU is now the first major emitter</strong> to agree to the 2050 climate neutrality target laid down in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cop24" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Climate neutrality</strong> is achieved when a <strong>country&rsquo;s emissions are balanced by absorptions and removal of greenhouse gases</strong> from the atmosphere. It is also expressed as a state of net-zero emissions.</li>
<li><strong>Absorption</strong> can be increased by creating more carbon sinks like forests, while <strong>removal</strong> involves technologies like carbon capture and storage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> Bhutan and Suriname are the only carbon neutral countries in the world.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increasing 2030 Emission Reduction Targets</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Increase the reduction in its emissions to at least 50%</strong> and work towards 55% in the near future.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Earlier, the EU had committed to reduce its emissions by 40% by 2030 from 1990 levels under the Paris Agreement. This was already the most ambitious emission reduction targets among developed countries.</li>
<li>For example, USA had agreed to cut emissions by 26-28% by 2030 from 2005 levels but after withdrawing from the Paris Agreement, it is under no obligations now.</li>
<li>The EU is one of the major emitters to retain the 1990 baseline for emission cuts which were originally mandated under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/how-markets-can-serve-climate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kyoto Protocol</strong></a> for all developed countries. Most other countries have shifted their baselines to 2005 or even later under the 2015 Paris Agreement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sectoral Plans:</strong> It <strong>includes sectoral plans</strong> to achieve these targets which include making the steel industry carbon-free by 2030, new strategies for transport and energy sectors, a revision of management of railway and shipping to make them more efficient and more stringent air pollution emission standards for vehicles.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Achievements</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The EU has been <strong>doing better than other developed countries on reducing emissions.</strong></li>
<li>In terms of emission reductions, it probably is on track to meet the <strong>target of 20% by 2020,</strong> unlike any developed country outside the EU. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Canada reported a 4% reduction from 2005 levels. Japan reported an 8% reduction from the 2013 baseline.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>EU has not been fulfilling all its climate obligations</strong> because Kyoto Protocol requires rich and developed countries to provide finance and technology to developing countries to help them fight climate change. EU is <strong>helping very less, especially for adaptation needs of developing countries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the main reason why developing countries like India and China, have been repeatedly raising the issue of unfulfilled obligations of developed countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Green Deal is <strong>inadequate</strong> for achieving the emission reductions because big emitters and large developing countries like China and India are not immediately scaling up their climate actions. Withdrawal of the USA has also negatively impacted the step towards climate change mitigation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Other countries need to raise their ambitions and the reduction targets and their policies should be in line with the global environmental agreements.</li>
<li>EU should be more helpful towards developing nations so that its efforts do not get wasted and every nation is equally contributing towards conservation of the planet.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-eu-green-deal-matters-6177509/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eu-green-deal'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'CST-100 Starliner',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>CST-100 Starliner</strong> is a space capsule of&nbsp;<strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</strong> which failed its first test flight. Its objective was to <strong>ferry astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The capsule <strong>CST-100 Starliner</strong> was built by <strong>Boieng.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</strong></a> relies on Russia to get its astronauts on the space station.This failure is likely to <strong>push back</strong> further <strong>NASA&rsquo;s attempt at resuming human spaceflight</strong> from the United States.</li>
<li><strong>NASA</strong> has <strong>contracts</strong> with <strong>Boeing and SpaceX</strong> to build spacecraft to ferry astronauts to and from the ISS.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SpaceX&rsquo;s <strong>Crew Dragon</strong> capsule is scheduled to launch in 2020. It will be a crewless flight, and if it succeeds, SpaceX could be in a position to send astronauts into space.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Space Station</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Space Station (ISS) is a habitable artificial satellite - the single <strong>largest man-made structure in low earth orbit.</strong></li>
<li>It circles the Earth in roughly <strong>92 minutes</strong> and completes <strong>15.5 orbits per day.</strong></li>
<li>The ISS programme is a <strong>joint project</strong> between five participating space agencies: <strong>NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada)</strong> but its ownership and use has been established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements.</li>
<li>Its first component was launched into orbit in <strong>1998</strong> and its development and assembly still continues.</li>
<li>It serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and other fields.</li>
<li>Continuous presence at ISS has resulted into the longest continuous human presence in the low earth orbit.</li>
<li>It is expected to operate until 2030.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/blow-to-nasa-iss-mission-what-happened-6177521/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cst-100-starliner'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Afghanistan First Country to Recognise Indian Pharmacopoeia',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</strong> has <strong>formally recognised</strong> the <strong>Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP)</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a reputable book of standards for drugs. Now it will be used in Afghanistan to ensure quality of health products.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Pharmacopoeia</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an officially recognized book of standards as per the <strong>Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940</strong> and <strong>Rules 1945</strong> thereunder.</li>
<li>As per the <strong>Second Schedule of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act,</strong> IP is designated as the <strong>official book of standards for drugs imported and/or manufactured for sale, stock or exhibition for sale or distribution in India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It specifies the <strong>standards of drugs manufactured and marketed in India</strong> in terms of their<strong> identity, purity and strength.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Standards prescribed in the IP are authoritative in nature and are enforced by the regulatory authorities for quality control of medicines in India.</li>
<li>It is being <strong>published</strong> as an official document for improving quality of medicines by way of adding new and updating existing monographs by the<strong> Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an<strong> autonomous institution</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong> which is responsible to set standards of drugs in the country.</li>
<li>It <strong>promotes public and animal health in India</strong> by bringing out authoritative and officially accepted standards for quality of drugs including active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients and dosage forms, used by health professionals, patients and consumers.</li>
<li>It also develops <strong>IP Reference Substances (IPRS)</strong> that act as fingerprints for identification of an article under test and its purity as prescribed in the IP monographs.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>act of Parliament</strong> which regulates the import, manufacturing and distribution of drugs in India.</li>
<li>Its <strong>objective</strong> is to ensure that the drugs and cosmetics sold in India are safe, effective and fulfils the safety standards and parameters.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1597016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/afghanistan-first-country-to-recognise-indian-pharmacopoeia'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Apache Helicopters for Indian Army',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The deal for<strong> six AH-64E Apache attack helicopters</strong> for the <strong>Indian Army</strong> is to be signed.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Currently, the Army Aviation Corps operates only smaller <strong>Cheetah and ALH (Advanced Light Helicopters)</strong> that weigh <strong>less than five tonnes.</strong></li>
<li>These are in addition to 22 Apaches being inducted by the<strong> Indian Air Force (IAF)</strong> which will <strong>replace</strong> the <strong>Russian Mi-35</strong> attack helicopters in service.</li>
</ul>
<h3>AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopter<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576913202_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576913202_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="300" height="200" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Better known as an attack helicopter are received from the <strong>Boeing production</strong> facility in <strong>Mesa, Arizona, USA.</strong></li>
<li>These are all-weather capable, easily maintainable and have high agility and survivability against battle damage.</li>
<li>The <strong>capabilities</strong> of the AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopter includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can carry out precision attacks at standoff ranges and operate in hostile airspace with threats from the ground.</li>
<li>It can transmit and receive battlefield picture through data uplinking and networking.</li>
<li>It can also shoot fire and forget anti-tank guided missiles, air to air missiles, rockets while providing versatility to helicopter in network-centric aerial warfare.</li>
<li>It also carries fire control radar, which has a 360&deg; coverage and nose-mounted sensor suite for target acquisition and night vision systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The addition of the Apache Attack Helicopter is a significant step towards modernisation of Indian Air Force helicopter fleet and the Indian Army.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cheetah Helicopters<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576913240_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576913240_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="300" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cheetah Helicopter is a <strong>high-performance</strong> helicopter designed by <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-need-to-modernise-indian-air-force" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).</strong></a></li>
<li>It is <strong>identical to LAMA SA 315B</strong> Helicopter of Eurocopter, <strong>France.</strong></li>
<li>It is a five-seater multi-role, multi-purpose, highly manoeuvrable helicopter.</li>
<li>It holds the <strong>world record in high altitude flying</strong> among all categories of Helicopters.</li>
<li>The helicopter is suitable for commuting, observation, surveillance, logistics support, rescue operations and high altitude missions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH-DHRUV)<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576913274_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576913274_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="300" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The indigenously designed and developed Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH-DHRUV) is a <strong>twin-engine,</strong> multi-role, multi-mission new generation helicopter in the <strong>5.5-ton weight class.</strong></li>
<li>The major variants of Dhruv are classified as Dhruv Mk-I, Mk-II, Mk-III &amp; Mk-IV.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-to-sign-deal-for-six-apache-attack-helicopters/article30361497.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Indo – US 2+2 Dialogue ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India and the US have recently concluded <strong>second</strong> <strong>2+2 ministerial dialogue</strong> in <strong>Washington.&nbsp;</strong>Several landmark agreements in both <strong>defence and Civilian sectors</strong> were signed.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Industrial Security Annex (ISA)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ISA to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-us-2-plus-2-talks" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>General Security Of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA)</strong></a> will provide a framework for exchange and protection of <strong>classified</strong> military information <strong>between the U.S. and Indian defence industries.</strong></li>
<li>Currently, under GSOMIA, such information is exchanged between the Government authorities of the two countries but not between <strong>private parties.</strong></li>
<li>This will further promote <strong>&ldquo;Make in India&rdquo;</strong> in the defence sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In accordance with the budget announcement (2018-19), the government has already decided to set up <strong>two Defence Industrial Corridors</strong> in the country, <strong>one in Uttar Pradesh and another in Tamil Nadu.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Peacekeeping for Indo-Pacific</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cooperation in <strong>capacity-building</strong> of UN peacekeepers from Indo-Pacific countries, based on demands from the countries concerned.</li>
<li>Counter-terrorism efforts were also discussed including dangers of of cross border terrorism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tiger Triumph Exercise</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To hold the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-triumph" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India-U.S. joint tri-services &lsquo;Tiger Triumph&rsquo;</strong></a> on an <strong>annual</strong> basis.</li>
<li><strong>The first edition</strong> was held in <strong>November 2019</strong> as a Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief <strong>(HADR)&nbsp;</strong>exercise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CDRI</strong></a> was launched at the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/un-climate-action-summit-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Climate Action Summit</strong></a> in <strong>New York, USA</strong> in September 2019. It is<strong> headquartered in New Delhi, India.</strong></li>
<li>The US is now part of it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Water Resource Management</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed between Ministry of <strong>Jal Shakti</strong> and the <strong>U.S. Geological Survey</strong> to promote <strong>technical cooperation</strong> in water resources management and water technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Space Situational Awareness (SSA)</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cooperation for <strong>exchange</strong> of information including <strong>space debris and space traffic management.</strong></li>
<li>It ensures <strong>navigational safety of our space assets.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Young Innovators Internship Programme (YIIP)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Create <strong>internship</strong> opportunities in <strong>key areas of science and economy.</strong></li>
<li>New opportunities for<strong> young entrepreneurs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary Exchange and Judicial cooperation</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reciprocal visits</strong> by Parliamentarians from both countries.</li>
<li>The U.S. Federal Judicial Center and <strong>India&rsquo;s National Judicial Academy in Bhopal</strong> to cooperate in the area of <strong>counter-terrorism jurisprudence</strong> to <strong>new</strong> areas of<strong> criminal jurisprudence</strong> including<strong> money laundering, drug trafficking</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>&lsquo;2+2&rsquo; Dialogue</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a format of dialogue where the <strong>defense and foreign ministers or secretaries</strong> meet with their counterparts from another country. 2+2 Ministerial is the highest-level institutional mechanism between the two countries.</li>
<li>India holds such talks with <strong>Australia,</strong> at the foreign secretary and defense secretary level but with<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-japan-2-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Japan</strong> </a>and the <strong>US</strong> at the <strong>ministerial level.</strong></li>
<li>With the US this was the<strong> second 2+2 meeting (Washington),</strong> first was held in New Delhi in September 2018.</li>
<li>US holds such ministerial dialogues with <strong>Australia and Japan</strong> also.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-ties-with-us-set-to-deepen-rajnath-singh/article30344918.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Society of Biotechnology of India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Society of Biotechnology of India (SBPI)</strong> was launched by former biotechnologists and technocrats of the <strong>Union Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>non-profit organisation.</strong></li>
<li>It would <strong>promote transformation changes</strong> and approaches towards<strong> core research in modern biotechnology</strong> so that the outcome could lead to more products and technologies for economic and social gain.</li>
<li>It would complement India's efforts towards <strong>enhancing research funding of &ldquo;gap areas&rdquo;</strong> in infrastructure, human resources, regulatory frameworks and converting research and development leads into applications.</li>
<li><strong>Members</strong> of the SBPI have experience in promoting biotechnology in areas such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/bt-cotton-in-india-problems-and-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BT cotton</strong></a>, introduction of recombinant therapeutic proteins and vaccines and fostering international collaborations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are <strong>produced from recombinant DNA</strong> using<strong> biomolecular engineering,</strong> which involves inserting the gene encoding of a protein into expression systems such as bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells cultures.</li>
<li>Recombinant therapeutic proteins have gained importance for clinical applications and they have replaced the original animal-derived version used in medicine.</li>
<li>Therapeutic proteins are quite <strong>diverse in the application treatments</strong> such as human insulin for diabetes, erythropoietin for anemia and chronic renal failure, vaccines for Hepatitis B etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/society-of-biotechnology-of-india-launched/article30362739.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Slowdown in India: Part 1',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/indian-economy-lose-growth-momentum-four-balance-sheet-challenge-6171838/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;How and why the Indian economy is losing its growth momentum&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 18/12/2019. It talks about the reasons for the current slowdown in the Indian economy.</p>
</div>
<p>The recent collapse of India&rsquo;s economic growth momentum is nothing short of a mystery. This is because until just a few years ago (until March 2017) the Indian economy was not only growing at a progressively rapid pace but was also the fastest-growing major economy in the world.</p>
<p>In order to scrutinise what led to the slowdown in India, there is a need to analyse four drivers that determine a country&rsquo;s GDP.</p>
<h3>GDP can be stated as a sum of four factors, i.e. GDP = C + G + I + (NX).</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The total expenditure (demand) by private individuals (represented by C).</li>
<li>The total expenditure (demand) by the Government (represented by G).</li>
<li>The total expenditure (demand) on investments made by businesses in the country (represented by I).</li>
<li>The net effect of imports and exports (represented by NX).</li>
<li>A country&rsquo;s GDP can grow by one or all of these factors.</li>
</ul>
<p>The whole story of India&rsquo;s economic rise and slowdown can be explained by looking at how each of these variables performed over the past decade.</p>
<h3>The fast growth of the Indian economy even after the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2009 can be attributed to various factors:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian economy appears to have largely avoided the GFC as the GDP growth rate dipped in 2009 but it was soon back up to 9% - 10% in the succeeding years (2010 and 2011).</li>
<li>Between 2009 and 2013, companies were in no position to invest and India&rsquo;s exports were reduced because of a decline in global demand.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>So, the &ldquo;I&rdquo; and &ldquo;NX&rdquo; component of the above equation became weak.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, <strong>robust demand from the other two components</strong> &ndash; C and G, buoyed up the economy during this phase.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During 2015 and 2016, <strong>international crude oil prices fell to a third</strong> of what they were in 2014.</li>
<li>This essentially meant that <strong>Indians could spend more</strong> and the &ldquo;C&rdquo; component of the equation boosted the GDP.</li>
<li>This gave a <strong>1-1.5 % boost to India's GDP.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2017 world demand increased accompanied by a<strong> real depreciation of the rupee,</strong> amounting to about <strong>13% in real effective terms</strong> by late 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a result, non-oil export growth rose from -<strong>8.6 % in 2015-16 to 8.9 % in 2017-18.</strong></li>
<li>Therefore, the &ldquo;NX&rdquo; component helped bump up the GDP growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, the GDP growth boosted by<strong> increased government spending</strong> (the &ldquo;G&rdquo; component) on many social sectors schemes.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s growth was boosted by a <strong>lending spree provided by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/shadow-banking-and-the-crisis-in-the-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">non-banking financial companies (NBFCs)</a> like IL&amp;FS and DHFL.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NBFCs took over the <strong>leading role of lending to the economy</strong> because banks were still struggling with NPAs and were largely unwilling to lend directly to businesses.</li>
<li>The credit provided by NBFCs fuelled both private consumption (C) and business investment (I), and through this route fuelled GDP growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What derailed the Indian economy after 2017?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Former Chief Economic Advisor, Arvind Subramanian</strong>, argued that the Indian economy is facing both structural and cyclical challenges.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Structural challenges:</strong> Long-term issues related to the overall framework of the economy such as the flexibility or inflexibility of labour laws etc.</li>
<li><strong>Cyclical challenges:</strong> Short-term issues such as a bad monsoon that disrupts the production of food articles etc.</li>
<li>Since the causes are both structural and cyclical, arresting this economic slowdown is proving to be so difficult.</li>
<li>The <strong>measures that would have alleviated a cyclical slowdown fall flat because structural reasons</strong> are also involved.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He also held that the <strong>unresolved Twin-Balance Sheet (TBS) Problem</strong> accompanied by the <strong>fall of NBFCs</strong> and the <strong>real estate sector,</strong> together make for the <strong>Four Balance Sheet Challenge</strong> of the Indian economy (i.e Banks, Corporates, NBFC, Real estate).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This four balance sheet<strong> challenge suppressed the I component in the country.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Four Balance Sheet Challenge</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Twin-Balance Sheet problem</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Economic Survey of 2017-18 noted that the economy was facing a TBS problem.</li>
<li>The two balance sheets it referred to belonged to the<strong> Indian banks</strong> (especially public sector banks or the government-owned banks) and the <strong>corporate sector,</strong> respectively.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Balance sheets of Indian banks were burdened by a <strong>high proportion of non-performing loans</strong> and the balance sheet of corporates were<strong> clogged because they had over-borrowed</strong> and were unable to pay.</li>
<li>The origins of India&rsquo;s TBS can be traced to the economic boom that happened between 2005 and 2009 (the period when the Indian economy was growing at near double-digit growth rates).</li>
<li>The banks, especially the government-owned ones, ignored prudential norms and lent a lot of money to companies in the hope that this would help boost economic growth.</li>
<li>Companies borrowed heavily in the hope of making profits in the future.</li>
<li>However, the economic prospects collapsed quite sharply after the Global Financial Crisis of 2009 and a high proportion of companies found that their projects were no longer viable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The end result was that the companies were left with huge loans that they could not pay back in time and the banks were left with huge loans that had turned into NPAs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-what-ails-nbfcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IL&amp;FS crisis</strong> </a>was a setback for the <strong>whole NBFC sector.</strong> With Rs 90,000 crores of debt, its failure sent shockwaves throughout the financial system.</li>
<li><strong>The real estate sector also suffered as</strong> builders launched numerous projects since the start of the mid-2000s in the hope that these flats would be sold up eagerly.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, after the Global Financial Crisis, the demand for flats, as well as bank funding for builders, collapsed.</li>
<li>By June-end 2019, the real estate sector reached a breaking point with close to 10 lakh unsold units (as against an annual demand of just 2 lakh units) in just the top 8 cities in the country.</li>
<li>The real estate sector was unable to pay back to the NBFCs, which, in turn, started defaulting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The trade component (NX) was weak because the global demand for India&rsquo;s goods was down.</li>
<li><strong>Consumption (C component) which has been the major driver</strong> of growth in the Indian economy is facing a slowdown due to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/consumption-conundrum-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Income stagnation in India.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 54px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 54px; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #faffd1;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Discuss the factors responsible for the current slowdown of the Indian economy.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;<em>Kindly follow the subsequent part of this article in the second part of &ldquo;Slowdown in India&rdquo;.</em></p>',
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		'title' => 'National Consumer Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Every year, <strong>24<sup>th</sup> of December</strong> is observed as <strong>National Consumer Day</strong> in India. The<strong> theme of 2019</strong> is <strong>&ldquo;Alternate consumer grievance/dispute redressal&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>On this day the <strong>Consumer Protection Act, 1986</strong> had received the assent of the President and came into effect.</li>
<li>It is observed to highlight the <strong>importance of the consumer movement</strong> and the need to make every consumer <strong>more aware of their rights and responsibilities.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>World Consumer Rights Day</strong> is observed on <strong>15 March.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/prs-capsule/prs-capsule-july-2019#9" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Consumer Protection Act, 2019</strong></a> was passed by the Parliament in August 2019 to replace the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577341662_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577341662_image2.jpg" width="498" height="391" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-consumer-day'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'In Depth: Encounter- Supreme Court Guidelines',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aPYG6H-mkRE" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>In the backdrop of the growing outrage in the country over the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/war-on-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rising incidents of crimes against women</strong></a>, the encounter of the four accused by Telangana police in the Hyderabad rape and murder case has been welcomed by political leaders, public figures and the masses. However at the same time, questions have also been raised over the <strong>legality and appropriateness o</strong>f the police action leading to the debate that<em> &lsquo;whether a democratic country should follow the <strong>constitutional norms and adhere to the due process of law</strong> or shall it adopt the measures of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/retributive-justice" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>retributive justice</strong></a> to bring instant and speedy justice to the victims&rsquo;.</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On <strong>extrajudicial killings</strong> (also referred to as <strong>encounters</strong>) the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-human-rights-commission-nhrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)</strong></a> and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> have laid down<strong> proper guidelines and procedures</strong> that must be followed in order to prevent any abuse of power by the law enforcement agencies.</li>
<li>Also, taking <strong>suo moto cognizance</strong> of the case, the NHRC has asked the Director General of investigation to send a fact finding team to probe the matter carefully and has called for a detailed report from all State governments, Union Women &amp; Child Ministry, and the police heads over rising crimes against women.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for the Guidelines</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The demand for the instant killing of the accused from all corners of the country created the public opinion for the <strong>abandonment of the rule of law (Article 14)</strong> that appears to have led to this encounter.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a widespread perception that rule of law is not giving women the due justice, and that at the very least, laws need to be amended to create a stronger deterrent. Hence, there arises a need for a <strong>time-bounded fair legal procedure.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a procedure prescribed by the law for <strong>criminal investigation</strong> which is embedded in the Constitution under <strong>Article 21</strong> as the<strong> Right to Life and Personal Liberty.</strong> It is<strong> fundamental, non-derogable and is available</strong> to <em>every person.</em> Even the State cannot violate that right.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hence, <strong>it is the responsibility of the police, being the officers of State, to follow the Constitutional principles and uphold the Right to Life</strong> of every individual whether an innocent one or a criminal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Similar extra-judicial killing</strong> took place in Andhra Pradesh in which three accused of throwing acid on the faces of two women were encountered by the police<strong> in December 2008.</strong> Parallels can be drawn between both cases- the manner in which the accused were taken to the crime spot for recreating the crime scene and later cops shooting them down in an alleged crossfire. Hence, <strong>to inhibit such repetitions,</strong> the guidelines became necessary.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Drishti Input</strong></p>
<p><strong>Do Police have the Right to take Lives?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The police force has the right to injure or kill the criminal, for the sole and only purpose of self-defense or where it is imminently necessary for the maintenance of peace and order. However, <strong>nothing must be done to settle personal feuds</strong> or with any ulterior malafide motives, which could be apparent from the facts of each case.</li>
<li><strong>NHRC guidelines in 2010</strong> highlight that <strong>if</strong> the use of <strong>force cannot be justified</strong> and the death falls outside the jurisdiction of the above mentioned reasons, <strong>it is a crime</strong> and the police officer would be guilty of <strong>culpable homicide</strong> (an act which has resulted in a person's death but is held not to amount to murder).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>What are the legal frameworks that are currently present in India?</strong></p>
<p>Although, there is<strong> no provision in the Indian law that directly authorizes</strong> the encounters of criminals, however, there are <strong>certain enabling provisions</strong> which may be interpreted differently to vest police officers with certain powers to deal with criminals.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In almost all cases where an encounter have taken place, it is done for <strong>self-defense</strong> of the police officer.</li>
<li>Under <strong>Section-96 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC),</strong> every human being has the <strong>right to private defense</strong> which is a natural and an inherent right.</li>
<li><strong>Similarly, Section-100 of IPC, exception 3 of Section 300 of IPC, Section-46 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), etc.</strong> lay down similar provisions with regard to investigations in extra-judicial killings and cases of culpable homicide.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>What if the police personnel are found guilty?</strong></p>
<p>The police personnel will be charged under <strong>Section-299 of the Indian Penal Code</strong> for <strong>culpable homicide.</strong> And, the<strong> compensation</strong> must be granted to the kin of the deceased, in case the police officers are prosecuted on the basis of investigation.</p>
</div>
<h3>Supreme Court Guidelines</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the <em><strong>PUCL vs State of Maharashtra case (2014),</strong> </em>the SC was dealing with <strong>writ petitions</strong> questioning the genuineness of <em><strong>99 encounter killings by the Mumbai Police</strong></em> in which <strong>135 alleged criminals</strong> were shot dead <em><strong>between 1995 and 1997.</strong></em></li>
<li>The Supreme Court then laid down the following <strong>16 point guidelines</strong> as the<strong> standard procedure</strong> to be followed for <em><strong>thorough, effective, and independent</strong></em> investigation in the cases of death during police encounters:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Record Tip-off:</strong> Whenever the police receives any <strong>intelligence or tip-off regarding criminal activities</strong> pertaining to the commission of a grave criminal offence, it <strong>must be recorded either in writing or electronic form.</strong> Such recording need not reveal details of the suspect or the location to which the party is headed.</li>
<li><strong>Register FIR:</strong> If in pursuance to a tip-off, the police uses firearms and this results in the death of a person, then an<strong> FIR initiating proper criminal investigation must be registered and be forwarded to the Court</strong> without any delay.</li>
<li><strong>Independent Probe: Investigation</strong> into such death must be done <strong>by an independent CID team or a police team of another police station</strong> under the supervision of a senior officer. It has to fulfil eight minimum investigation requirements like, identify the victim, recover and preserve evidentiary material, identify scene witnesses, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Magisterial Probe:</strong> Mandatory magisterial inquiry into all cases of encounter deaths must be held and a <strong>report</strong> thereof must be sent to the Judicial Magistrate.</li>
<li><strong>Inform NHRC:</strong> The NHRC or State Human Rights Commission (as the case may be) must be <strong>immediately informed</strong> of the encounter death.</li>
<li><strong>Medical Aid:</strong> It must be provided <strong>to the injured victim/criminal</strong> and a Magistrate or Medical Officer must record his statement along with the Certificate of Fitness.</li>
<li><strong>No Delay: Ensure forwarding</strong> FIR, panchnamas, sketch, and police diary entries <strong>to</strong> the concerned <strong>Court</strong> without any delay.</li>
<li><strong>Send Report to Court:</strong> After full investigation into the incident, a <strong>report</strong> must be sent to the competent <strong>Court</strong> ensuring <strong>expeditious trial.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Inform Kin:</strong> In the case of death of accused criminal, their next of kin must be<strong> informed</strong> at the earliest.</li>
<li><strong>Submit Report:</strong> <strong>Bi-annual statements</strong> of all encounter killings <strong>must be sent to the NHRC by the DGPs</strong> by a set date in set format.</li>
<li><strong>Prompt Action:</strong> Amounting to an offence under the<strong> IPC</strong>, <em><strong>disciplinary action must be initiated against the police officer found guilty</strong></em> of wrongful encounter and for the time being that officer must be suspended.</li>
<li><strong>Compensation:</strong> The <strong>compensation scheme</strong> as described under <strong>Section 357-A of the CrPC</strong> must be applied for granting compensation to the dependants of the victim.</li>
<li><strong>Surrendering Weapons:</strong> The concerned police officer(s) must <strong>surrender their weapons for forensic and ballistic analysis,</strong> subject to the rights mentioned under <strong>Article 20</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Legal Aid to Officer:</strong> An<strong> intimation</strong> about the incident must be sent<strong> to the accused police officer&rsquo;s family,</strong> offering services of lawyer/counsellor.</li>
<li><strong>Promotion: No out-of-turn promotion or instant gallantry awards</strong> shall be bestowed on the officers involved in encounter killings soon after the occurrence of such events.</li>
<li><strong>Grievance Redressal:</strong> If the family of the victim finds that the above procedure has not been followed, then it may make a <strong>complaint to the Sessions Judge</strong> having territorial jurisdiction over the place of incident. The concerned Sessions Judge must look into the merits of the complaint and <strong>address the grievances</strong> raised therein.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Court directed that these requirements/norms must be <strong>strictly observed</strong> in all cases of death and grievous injury in police encounters by treating them as <strong>law declared under Article 141</strong> of the Indian Constitution.</li>
</ul>
<h3>NHRC Guidelines</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>March 1997, Justice M. N. Venkatachaliah</strong> (the then chairperson of the NHRC), in the backdrop of increased complaints from the general public and non-governmental organisations related to instances of fake encounters by the police underlined that the police have not been conferred with any right to take away someone's life, except under<strong> two circumstances:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the death is caused in the exercise of the <strong>right to private defence,</strong></li>
<li><strong>Section-46</strong> of the CrPC that authorises the police to use <strong>force,</strong> extending up to the causing of death, as may be<strong> necessary to arrest</strong> the person accused of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the light of this notion, the NHRC asked all states and Union Territories to ensure that police follows the following set of guidelines in cases of encounter killings:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Register:</strong> When the in-charge of a Police Station receives information about the deaths in an encounter, he shall <strong>record that information in the appropriate register.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Investigation:</strong> Received information shall be regarded as <strong>sufficient to suspect and immediate steps</strong> must be undertaken to investigate the relevant facts and circumstances leading to the death so as to ascertain, if any, offence was committed and by whom.</li>
<li><strong>Compensation:</strong> It can be granted to the dependents of the deceased when the police officers are prosecuted on the basis of the results of the investigation.</li>
<li><strong>Independent Agency:</strong> Whenever the police officers belonging to the same police station are the members of the encounter party, it is appropriate that the cases for investigation are referred to some other<strong> independent investigation agency,</strong> such as State CID.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In 2010, NHRC extended these guidelines by including:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Registering FIR:</strong> When a complaint is made against police alleging committing of a criminal act recognized as cognizable case of culpable homicide, an <strong>FIR must be registered</strong> under appropriate sections of the IPC.</li>
<li><strong>Magisterial Probe:</strong> A <strong>magisterial enquiry</strong> must be held in all cases of death which occurs in the course of police action, as expeditiously as possible (preferably <strong>within three months).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reporting to Commission:</strong> All cases of deaths in police action in the states shall be preliminary<strong> reported to the Commission</strong> by the Senior Superintendent of Police/Superintendent of Police of the District <strong>within 48 hours</strong> of such death.</li>
<li>A<strong> second report</strong> must be sent in all cases to the Commission <strong>within three months</strong> providing information like post mortem report, findings of the magisterial enquiry/enquiry by senior officers, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The SC guidelines observed that the involvement of NHRC is not mandatory unless there is serious doubt that the investigation was not impartial.</p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Encounter killings must be<strong> investigated independently</strong> as they affect the credibility of Rule of Law. There is a need to ensure that there exists a rule of law in the society that needs to be adhered to by every State authority and the masses.</li>
<li>There is a dire need for complete <strong>overhauling of the criminal justice system</strong> and bringing out required <strong>police reforms.</strong></li>
<li>Ensuring proper <strong>physical custody</strong> of the accused in order to prevent any attack by them on the police personnel.</li>
<li>NHRC acknowledges that there is a <strong>lack of Standard Operating Procedure</strong> to immediately respond to panic situations by the police. Hence, the need of the hour is to lay down standard guidelines to better<strong> train the police personnel and equip them with all relevant skills</strong> so that they can effectively tackle every dreadful situation. Commission has insisted the law enforcement agencies to keep human rights angle in their mind while dealing with arrested individuals/persons.</li>
<li>For several affected families, death is the only answer to rape. But public responses that equate judicial outcomes and justice to immediate and quick retribution are neither universal nor just.</li>
</ul>
<p>According to the NHRC, although the rising crimes against women have created an atmosphere of fear and anguish, the loss of human life even of an accused might give a wrong message to the society. Hence, it is the <strong>solemn obligation of the State</strong> to encourage police force to deter antisocial elements, and at the same time restrict the blatant abuse of power.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-encounter-supreme-court-guidelines'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Gujral Doctrine',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/remembering-inder-kumar-gujral-and-his-elevated-vision-for-indias-south-asian-neighbourhood/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Remembering Inder Kumar Gujral &ndash; and his elevated vision for India&rsquo;s South Asian neighbourhood&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Times of India on 04/12/2019. It talks about the applicability of Gujral Doctrine in contemporary times.</p>
</div>
<p>The Indian Prime Minister had launched the&nbsp;<strong>Neighbourhood First Policy</strong> in 2014, which envisaged <strong>actively focussing on improving ties with India's immediate neighbours.</strong> However, relations between India and its neighbours currently are not as good as it needs to be in order to propel the South Asian region into a state of prosperity.</p>
<p>In this context, the<strong> Gujral doctrine</strong> can play a significant role in shaping South Asia.</p>
<h3>IK Gujral</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inder Kumar Gujral was sworn in as the<strong> 12<sup>th</sup> Prime Minister of India</strong> from April 1997 to May 1998.</li>
<li>IK Gujral can be remembered for <strong>two significant contributions to Indian foreign policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One, he propounded the<strong> 'Gujral doctrine'</strong> when he was the union minister of External Affairs in the HD Deve Gowda Government. It is considered a milestone in India's foreign policy.</li>
<li>Two, despite international pressure, Gujral firmly <strong>refused to sign the</strong> <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/india-s-prospects-as-a-nuclear-power" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)</strong></a> in October 1996.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is the Gujral Doctrine?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Gujral Doctrine is a set of<strong> five principles</strong> to guide the conduct of foreign relations with India&rsquo;s immediate neighbours.</li>
<li>These five principles arise from the belief that<strong> India&rsquo;s stature and strength cannot be isolated from the quality of its relations with its neighbours.</strong></li>
<li>It, thus, recognises the <strong>supreme importance of friendly, cordial relations with neighbours.</strong></li>
<li>These principles are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With neighbours like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka, India <strong>does not ask for reciprocity</strong> but gives and accommodates what it can in good faith and trust.</li>
<li>No South Asian country should allow its territory to be used against the interest of another country of the region.</li>
<li>No country should interfere in the internal affairs of another.</li>
<li>All South Asian countries must respect each other&rsquo;s territorial integrity and sovereignty.</li>
<li>They should settle all their disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Application of Gujral Doctrine</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The resolution of the <strong>water-sharing dispute</strong> with Bangladesh in just three months in 1996-97.</li>
<li>This almost coincided with the treaty with Nepal for taming the Mahakali river for the generation of hydel power.</li>
<li>It was followed by agreements with Sri Lanka for expanding development cooperation.</li>
<li>Also, it led to the starting of <strong>composite dialogue</strong> with Pakistan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The composite dialogue was based on the principle that while entire spectrums of relationships came under <strong>sincere problem-solving dialogues.</strong></li>
<li>Cooperation must begin on agreed terms in agreed areas (trade, travel, culture etc.) even as certain disputes remained unresolved (Kashmir, terrorism).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Relevance of Gujral Doctrine</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pakistan:</strong> For 200 years, Britain practised the <strong>principle of divide and rule</strong> in its empire.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Pakistan were born as two sovereign nations into a pool of mutual hatred, hostility distrust and suspicion.</li>
<li>To this inherited pool, new tensions and confrontations over religion (the two nations theory), territory ( Kashmir ) and national aspirations were added.</li>
<li>Further, the creation of Bangladesh sharpened the strategic conflict between India and Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nepal: Domestic politics in Nepal</strong> has led to a strategic deadlock between the two close neighbours.</li>
<li><strong>Srilanka:</strong> The outbreak of the <strong>armed insurgency of Tamil Tigers</strong> in Jaffna created an almost inevitable chasm between India and SriLanka.</li>
<li><strong>Bangladesh: Illegal migration</strong> has always been a contentious issue between India and Bangladesh.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges to Gujral Doctrine</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s footprint</strong> in the subcontinent has expanded <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/belt-and-road-initiative-perspectives-from-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Belt and Road initiative)</strong></a> and the logic of improved connectivity within the subcontinent is often trumped by heightened security concerns.</li>
<li><strong>Development cooperation</strong> as an instrument of India&rsquo;s neighbourhood policy is weakened by the paucity of resources.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is unable to match the scale of resources China is able to deploy in our neighbourhood to win influence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> current slowdown in the Indian economy</strong> has meant that there is less willingness on India's part to further open its market to its neighbours.</li>
<li>India's borders become <strong>transmission belts for security threats</strong> such as cross-border terrorism, contraband trade or drug trafficking.</li>
<li>November 2008 Mumbai attacks, reflected the weakness of this doctrine: <strong>that 'inherent goodwill' may not work with openly hostile neighbours.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is no doubt that the challenges which India must deal with in its neighbourhood have become more complex and even threatening compared to two decades ago.</li>
<li>In an age of shifting geopolitics and altered the balance of power, India will need to re-strategise its neighbourhood policy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Connectivity must be pursued with greater vigour while security concerns are addressed through cost-effective, efficient and reliable technological measures which are in use in other parts of the world.</li>
<li>India should become a <strong>transit country</strong> of choice for all its neighbours by extending national treatment on its transport network and ports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Above all,<strong> &ldquo;neighbourhood first&rdquo;</strong> must be anchored in the sustained engagement at all levels of the political and people to people levels, building upon the deep cultural affinities which are unique to India&rsquo;s relations with its neighbours.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f3fad2;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Gujral Doctrine recognises the supreme importance of friendly, cordial relations with neighbours. Analyse the relevance and challenges associated with the application of Gujral Doctrine in the neighbourhood of India in present times.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/gujral-doctrine'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Chillai-Kalan',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chillai-Kalan, a <strong>traditional 40-day long period of extreme cold in Kashmir,</strong> began on December 21 and will continue till January 31 followed by <strong>Chillai-Khurd</strong> and <strong>Chillai-Bachha.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Chillai-Khurd (small cold), a 20-day long</strong> period which starts from January 31 to February 19.</li>
<li><strong>Chillai-Bachha (baby cold), a 10-day long</strong> period follows which occurs between February 20 and March 2.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per <strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD),</strong> the period mostly remains wet as the upper part of the Kashmir Valley receives heavy snowfall and the minimum temperature drops considerably.</li>
<li>During this period, water bodies like lakes, rivers and streams get frozen with a thick layer of ice.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established in <strong>1875</strong> as an agency of the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences</strong> of the Government of India.</li>
<li>It is the principal agency responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chillai-kalan'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Higher Prevalence of Mental Disorders in South India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a study by the <strong>India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative</strong> was published in the <strong>Lancet Psychiatry.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the <strong>first comprehensive estimate</strong> of<strong> disease burden</strong> due to <strong>mental disorders</strong> and their trends in every state of India from 1990.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a public private initiative launched in <strong>October 2015.</strong></li>
<li>It is a collaboration between the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/controlling-chikungunya-and-dengue-through-bacteria" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)</strong></a>, the <strong>Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)</strong> and other experts and stakeholders.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PHFI is a response to redress the limited institutional capacity in India for strengthening training, research and policy development in the area of Public Health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<h3>Method</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study <strong>divided States into three categories </strong>on the<strong> basis of their Socio-Demographic Index (SDI),</strong> i.e <strong>low, medium and high SDI States.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>SDI</strong> is a <strong>composite measure</strong> of per-capita income, mean education and fertility rate in women younger than 25 years and is calculated on a scale of one.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The study utilised all accessible relevant data from India over the past three decades and reports that mental disorders are the<strong> leading cause of non-fatal disease burden</strong> in India and their contribution to the total disease burden is increasing.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Most Common Mental Disorder</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Depression and anxiety</strong> disorders are the <strong>commonest mental disorders</strong> in India. Their prevalence is increasing and is <strong>relatively higher</strong> in the <strong>southern states</strong> (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Telangana, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh) and <strong>in females.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Depression accounted for 33.8%</strong> of all mental disorder DALYs in India in 2017, followed by<strong> anxiety disorders (19%), idiopathic developmental intellectual disability (10.8%) </strong>and<strong> schizophrenia (9.8%).</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>contribution of mental disorders to the total disease burden</strong> in India in terms of <strong>disability adjusted life years</strong> (DALYs) <strong>increased</strong> from 2.5% in 1990 to 4.7% in 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>DALY</strong> is the sum of total years of life lost and years lived with disability. One DALY is at least one lost year of &lsquo;healthy&rsquo; life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Prevalence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Roughly one in seven Indians</strong> or <strong>197 million</strong> people suffered from mental disorders of varying severity in 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These include <strong>depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, idiopathic developmental intellectual disability, conduct disorders, and autism.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High SDI Group:</strong> Prevalence of <strong>depressive disorders</strong> was highest in <strong>Tamil Nadu. Anxiety disorders</strong> were found to be more common in Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Telangana and Maharashtra in the high SDI State group</li>
<li><strong>Middle SDI Group:</strong> Prevalence of depressive disorders was highest in <strong>Andhra Pradesh. Anxiety disorders</strong> were found to be more common in Andhra Pradesh, Manipur and West Bengal in the middle SDI State group.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is an urgent need to<strong> strengthen mental health services,</strong> integrate these with general healthcare and remove barriers such as stigma and access to treatment.</li>
<li>The high rate of depression among older adults needs <strong>attention through wider efforts</strong> in the community and health system.</li>
<li>Community-level mental health care and<strong> integration of mental health services with other aspects</strong> of healthcare should receive high priority from state governments.</li>
<li>Health officials should have an <strong>accurate accounting</strong> of how depression, anxiety and other mental disorders are distributed across the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/south-has-higher-prevalence-of-mental-disorders-study/article30382976.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/higher-prevalence-of-mental-disorders-in-south-india'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>newly-formed Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth (CCIG)</strong></a> held its first meeting to discuss issues related to the slowdown in the economy.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The meeting also discussed about the <strong>slowing GDP growth to 4.5% (a six-year low)</strong> as<strong> investment, exports and consumption</strong> have <strong>declined</strong> in the country.</li>
<li>Alongside CCIG, a <strong>Cabinet Committee on Employment &amp; Skill Development</strong> was also constituted in response to rising unemployment in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Periodic Labour Force Survey</strong> had shown the <strong>overall unemployment rate to be 6.1%</strong> during 2017-18.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cabinet Committees</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cabinet Committees are <strong>extra-constitutional</strong> in emergence. In other words, they are <strong>not mentioned</strong> in the Constitution. However, the <strong>Rules of Business</strong> provide for their establishment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These Rules emerge out of <strong>Article 77(3)</strong> of the Constitution, which empowers the President to make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of the Government, and for the allocation among Ministers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These committees are of two types&mdash;<strong>standing and ad hoc.</strong> The <strong>standing</strong> Cabinet Committees are of a <strong>permanent</strong> nature while the <strong>ad hoc</strong> Cabinet Committees are of a<strong> temporary</strong> nature.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Prime Minister</strong> constitutes <strong>Standing Committees of the Cabinet</strong> and sets out the specific functions assigned to them. He can <strong>add or reduce</strong> the number of committees.</li>
<li>The ad hoc committees are constituted from time to time to deal with special problems. They are disbanded after their task is completed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:&nbsp;</strong>All Cabinet Committees except Cabinet Committee on Accommodation and Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs are headed by Prime Minister.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/pm-chairs-first-meet-on-investment/article30383165.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committee-on-investment-and-growth'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Water Hyacinth Helps Detect Herbicide Pollution',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Researchers have used<strong> invasive plant water hyacinth</strong> to produce <strong>carbon nanoparticles</strong> which can be used for <strong>detecting</strong> a commonly used <strong>herbicide &mdash; pretilachlor.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The nanoparticles were found to be<strong> selective and sensitive</strong> for the <strong>detection of the herbicide.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577172327_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577172327_image1.jpg" width="300" height="200" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Carbon Dots:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The water hyacinth without chlorophyll is powdered and heated at 150-degree Celsius to <strong>convert it to carbon dots</strong>.</li>
<li>When a nanoparticle is less<strong> than 10 nanometre</strong> it is known as a <strong>dot or nanodot.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Working Principle:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>carbon dots</strong> gives a<strong> green fluorescence</strong> under <strong>UltraViolet (UV)</strong> <strong>light,</strong> due to the presence of <strong>oxygen functional groups</strong> on the surface of the dot.</li>
<li>The fluorescence intensity of carbon dot <strong>increases</strong> in the <strong>presence</strong> of the <strong>herbicide.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The electron transfer between the dot and the herbicide enables the fluorescence enhancement.</li>
<li>The carbon dot is <strong>extremely sensitive</strong> to<strong> pretilachlor</strong> and could detect even very small quantity of it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The detection of herbicides through carbon dots is a <strong>commercially viable option</strong> compared to the currently available sensors in the market as the raw material i.e. water hyacinth is readily available.</li>
<li>It will help to convert waste material like the water hyacinth to produce useful technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Water Hyacinth</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Water hyacinth is a free-floating aquatic plant native to<strong> South America.</strong> It is considered as an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/invasive-weeds-threatening-tiger-habitats" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>invasive alien species.</strong></a></li>
<li>Single plant of water Hyacinth is capable of duplicating itself every <strong>nine</strong> days.</li>
<li>It is also referred to as the<strong> terror of Bengal</strong> given its effect on the local ecology and lives of the people.</li>
<li>It has an effect on irrigation, hydroelectric generation and navigation.</li>
<li>It also leads to a drastic reduction in fish production, aquatic crops and an increase in diseases caused by mosquitoes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/carbon-dots-help-detect-herbicide-pollution/article30367674.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/water-hyacinth-helps-detect-herbicide-pollution'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Lessons That India Can Derive From PISA',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/lessons-from-pisa-2018-for-india-addressing-educational-inequality-holds-the-key/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Lessons from PISA 2018 for India: Addressing educational inequality holds the key&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Times of India on 22/12/2019. It talks about the issue of educational inequality in India&rsquo;s schools.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, India has announced that students from Chandigarh, will take part in the <strong>Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) test</strong> in 2021. Before this India has participated in the PISA test only once before (in 2009), where <strong>India ranked 72<sup>nd</sup> out of 73 countries.</strong></p>
<p>In this context, India can take lessons from PISA 2018 report, to prepare itself for the 2021 test.</p>
<h3>What is PISA?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The PISA is a study done to produce comparable data on education policy and outcomes across countries <strong>(any country can voluntary opt for PISA).</strong></li>
<li>It was initiated by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development</strong></a> (OECD) in 2000.</li>
<li>It conducts a test every three years, evaluating 15-year-olds in member and non-member countries to assess the quality and inclusivity of school systems in these countries.</li>
<li>Individual schools are chosen which are approved by the PISA governing board and evaluated using stringent criteria. These schools <strong>represent the country&rsquo;s education system.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>What does the test entail?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The PISA test <strong>does not assess students on their memory</strong> but attempts to evaluate whether students can apply the knowledge they have gained through primary and secondary education.</li>
<li>Apart from subjects like math, reading comprehension and science, the test also includes an optional section on innovative subjects such as collaborative problem-solving and financial literacy.</li>
<li>The test aims to give a comprehensive analysis of how education systems are working in terms of preparing its students for higher education and subsequent employment.</li>
<li>Further, the test evaluates whether the education system in these countries teaches students adequate social and community skills, which will enable the students to excel holistically as a member of the workforce.</li>
<li>After collecting results from across the world, experts translate these results into data points which are evaluated to score the countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What lessons can be drawn from the PISA 2018 report?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Educational Inequality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite all evidence emphasizing the need for educational equity for success, many educational systems across the richest countries remain unequal.</li>
<li>On average across OECD countries, 12% of reading performance was accounted for by students&rsquo; economic, social and cultural background; students from poor and marginalized communities are less likely to succeed.</li>
<li>17.4% of advantaged students and 2.9% of disadvantaged students were top performers on reading.</li>
<li>Furthermore, disadvantaged students are less likely to be in the same school as high achievers in school systems.</li>
<li>Also, limited social diversity in schools means that disadvantaged students are enrolled in schools that have disproportionately large concentrations of low achievers &ndash; which may negatively affect their performance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian education system suffers from the same systemic issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Non-uniformity in quality standards</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Though, universalization of education has been achieved by creating a multiplicity of schools. However, these schools are of unequal quality which makes it impossible for students from different economic groups to meet and learn together.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate expenditure</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PISA results show that there is a positive relationship between investment in education and average performance (up to a threshold of $ 50,000 or Rs 35 lakhs in cumulative expenditure per student from age 6 to 15).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the Indian education system, the per-child unit cost in government-run Kendriya Vidyalaya schools is Rs 27,000.</li>
<li>The expenditure per child average cost in government schools of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (two of the most backward in India) is Rs 7,613 and Rs 9,583 respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unfulfilled RTE norms</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government&rsquo;s data suggests that <strong>18.5% of India&rsquo;s schools continue to lack the necessary minimum professional qualifications</strong> and a <strong>third of our schools (34.4%) lack the requisite number of teachers as per the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right to Education Act</a> norms.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Introduction of <strong>formula-based funding approach can be a solution,</strong> whereby the resources allocated to a school depending on its socioeconomic context.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will help to fund in remote schools to come at par with, roadside, urban and other categories of schools.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Attracting the <strong>most qualified teachers</strong> to the most challenging classrooms will play a critical role in determining the success of India's educational success.</li>
<li>India needs to do more to <strong>restore the dignity of the teaching profession.</strong> Teachers need to be supported not only in their professional and personal lives but their efforts need to be valued and publicly recognised.</li>
</ul>
<p>Investment in equitable education while addressing regional, gender and social disparities can correct historic wrongs done to India&rsquo;s poor and socially disadvantaged. Also, this will pave the way for more effective use of resources, ensure that the labour force has the skills needed to rekindle economic growth, and would be a step towards promoting social cohesion.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #5500ff; background-color: #eae1fc;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Resolving educational inequality in India is a multi-dimensional challenge. Comment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/lessons-that-india-can-derive-from-pisa'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'UNCLOS Maritime Zones',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, also</strong> known as<strong> Law of the Sea</strong> divides marine areas into <strong>five</strong> main zones namely- <strong>Internal Waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the High Seas.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UNCLOS is the <strong>only international convention</strong> which stipulates a framework for state jurisdiction in maritime spaces. It provides <strong>a different legal status to different maritime zones.</strong></li>
<li>It provides the backbone for offshore governance by coastal states and those navigating the oceans. It not only zones coastal states&rsquo; offshore areas but also provides specific guidance for states&rsquo; rights and responsibilities in the five concentric zones.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Maritime Zones</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577089572_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577089572_image2.jpg" width="594" height="330" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Baseline:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the low-water line along the coast as officially recognized by the coastal state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Internal Waters:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Internal waters are waters on the <strong>landward side</strong> of the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.</li>
<li>Each coastal state has <strong>full sovereignty over its internal waters</strong> as like its land territory. Examples of internal waters include bays, ports, inlets, rivers and even lakes that are connected to the sea.</li>
<li>There is <strong>no right of innocent passage</strong> through internal waters.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The innocent passage refers to the passing through the waters which are not prejudicial to peace and security. However, the nations have the right to suspend the same.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Territorial Sea:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The territorial sea extends<strong> seaward up to 12 nautical miles (nm)</strong> from its baselines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A nautical mile is based on the circumference of the earth and is <strong>equal to one minute of latitude.</strong> It is slightly more than a land measured mile <strong>(1 nautical mile = 1.1508 land miles or 1.85 km).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The coastal states have <strong>sovereignty and jurisdiction over the territorial sea.</strong> These rights extend not only on the <strong>surface but also to the seabed, subsoil,</strong> and even <strong>airspace.</strong></li>
<li>But the coastal states&rsquo; rights are <strong>limited</strong> by the <strong>innocent passage</strong> through the territorial sea.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contiguous Zone:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The contiguous zone extends <strong>seaward up to 24 nm from its baselines.</strong></li>
<li>It is an<strong> intermediary zone</strong> between the territorial sea and the high seas.</li>
<li>The coastal state has the right to both prevent and punish infringement of fiscal, immigration, sanitary, and customs laws within its territory and territorial sea.</li>
<li>Unlike the territorial sea, the contiguous zone <strong>only gives jurisdiction to a state on the ocean&rsquo;s surface and floor.</strong> It <strong>does not provide air and space rights.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Each coastal State may claim an EEZ beyond and adjacent to its territorial sea that extends <strong>seaward up to 200 nm from its baselines.</strong></li>
<li>Within its EEZ, a coastal state has: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving and managing natural resources, whether living or nonliving, of the seabed and subsoil.</li>
<li>Rights to carry out activities like the production of energy from the water, currents and wind.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Unlike the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the EEZ <strong>only allows for the above-mentioned resource rights.</strong> It <strong>does not give</strong> a coastal state the <strong>right to prohibit or limit freedom of navigation or overflight,</strong> subject to very limited exceptions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Seas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ocean surface and the water column beyond the EEZ are referred to as the high seas.</li>
<li>It is considered as &ldquo;the common heritage of all mankind&rdquo; and is beyond any national jurisdiction.</li>
<li>States can conduct activities in these areas as long as they are for peaceful purposes, such as transit, marine science, and undersea exploration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Assessment of Plastics Along the West Coast of India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>National Institute of Oceanography (NIO)</strong> conducted a study which states that beaches in Maharashtra are more polluted with microplastics and macroplastics than those in Goa and Karnataka.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study is titled <strong>'Assessment of macro and micro plastics along the west coast of India: abundance, distribution, polymer type and toxicity'.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The assessment of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/plastic-waste-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>macro and microplastic contamination</strong></a> was conducted for two years on 10 beaches along the western coast of India and their toxic effects on marine organisms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Plastics <strong>less than five millimeters</strong> in length are called <strong>'microplastics'</strong> and the relatively larger particles, of <strong>more than five millimeters,</strong> are classified as <strong>'macroplastics'.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Pollution:</strong> Land-based contaminants coming from near shore plastic industries, port areas, petroleum industries and high tourism activities.</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong> The government should frame policies to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-eliminating-single-use-plastic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>shun single-use plastic</strong></a>, increase its recycling and also conduct community awareness programmes to prevent the marine environment from being affected by plastic contaminants.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Institute of Oceanography</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>multi-disciplinary oceanographic research institute</strong> and is one of the constituent laboratories of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research</strong></a><strong> (CSIR), New Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>Its <strong>headquarter</strong> is at <strong>Dona Paula, Goa</strong> with <strong>regional centres</strong> at <strong>Kochi</strong> (Kerala), <strong>Mumbai</strong> (Maharashtra) and <strong>Visakhapatnam</strong> (Andhra Pradesh).</li>
<li>It was <strong>established on 1 January 1966</strong> following the<strong> International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE)</strong> in the 1960s.</li>
<li>The<strong> principal focus</strong> of research has been on observing and understanding special oceanographic characteristics of the Indian Ocean.</li>
<li>The major research areas include the <strong>four traditional branches of oceanography - biological, chemical, geological/geophysical and physical,</strong> as well as ocean engineering, marine instrumentation and marine archaeology.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Indian Ocean Expedition</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During years <strong>1962-1965,</strong> it was one of the greatest international, interdisciplinary oceanographic research efforts to explore Indian Ocean in which 40 oceanographic research vessels belonging to 13 countries surveyed the Indian Ocean and collected useful data in almost all disciplines in the marine sciences.</li>
<li>This was <strong>one of the first coordinated efforts</strong> to explore the Indian Ocean.</li>
<li>The <strong>Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2), </strong>for the period of <strong>2015-2020,</strong> is a major global scientific program which will reveal new information on the Indian Ocean which is fundamental for future sustainable development and expansion of the Indian Ocean's <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>blue economy.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/more-plastic-pollution-on-maha-beaches-than-k-taka-goa-study-119122200227_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assessment-of-plastics-along-the-west-coast-of-india'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Discom Losses and UDAY Scheme',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Distribution Companies&rsquo; (Discom) losses, which had progressively reduced in the first couple of years since the rollout of Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojana (UDAY) in November 2015, have rebounded in the financial year 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Book losses of discoms reduced from Rs 51,562 crore in the financial year 2016 to Rs 15,132 crore in 2018. However, the losses in 2019 have nearly doubled to Rs 28,036 crore vis-a-vis 2018. This points that discoms are lagging behind in eliminating the <strong>ACS-ARR gap</strong> (the gap between Average Cost of Supply and Average Revenue Realised).</li>
<li>Discoms have also missed the year 2019 UDAY target to bring down their <strong>Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&amp;C)</strong> losses to 15%.</li>
<li>The primary reason is the failure of discoms to collect the full cost that they pay for power &mdash; the same issue that had led to the floundering of the previous two schemes - <strong>Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme (APDRP)</strong> and <strong>Restructured APDRP (R-APDRP).</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&amp;C) Losses</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>It has two components</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Technical Loss:</strong> It is due to the flow of power in transmission and distribution system.</li>
<li><strong>Commercial Loss:</strong> It is due to theft of electricity, deficiencies in metering, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>UDAY Scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojana (UDAY) was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Power in November 2015</strong> to help turn around the poor financial situation of state discoms.</li>
<li><strong>Critical Components</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Takeover of 75% of discom debt by state governments,</li>
<li>Reduction in AT&amp;C losses,</li>
<li>Timely tariff revisions and elimination of the gap between the Average Cost of Supply (ACS) and Average Revenue Realised (ARR) by the financial year 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also envisages development of renewable energy sector and availability of 24*7 Power For All at an affordable price.</li>
<li>There are several other operational efficiency targets under UDAY, such as feeder metering, smart metering and feeder segregation etc.</li>
<li>The Scheme will wind up in March 2020.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/uday-scheme-power-discom-losses-6180263/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/discom-losses-and-uday-scheme'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Kisan Diwas',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The 'Kisan Diwas' or National Farmers Day is observed across the country on<strong> 23<sup>rd</sup> December</strong> to celebrate the birth anniversary of <strong>Chaudhary Charan Singh,</strong> the former Prime Minister of India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is celebrated to promote awareness among the citizens to understand the importance of the contributions of the farmers to the society and overall economic and social development of a country.</li>
<li>Government also aims to encourage the farmers across the country by organizing various activities like debates and seminars on agriculture.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Chaudhary Charan Singh<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577085706_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577085706_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="143" height="231" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He was born in <strong>1902</strong> at Noorpur in<strong> Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh</strong> and was the Prime Minister of India from 28 July 1979 to 14 January 1980.</li>
<li>Being a <strong>proponent of rural and agricultural development</strong> he made continuous efforts for keeping agriculture at the centre of planning for India.</li>
<li>He took a leading part in formulation and finalisation of the <strong>Debt Redemption Bill 1939,</strong> in order to give relief to the peasantry from moneylenders.</li>
<li>He was instrumental in bringing about the <strong>Land Holding Act, 1960</strong> which was aimed at lowering the ceiling on land holdings to make it uniform throughout the State.</li>
<li>He was the <strong>author of several books and pamphlets,</strong> including &lsquo;Abolition of Zamindari&rsquo;, &lsquo;Co-operative Farming X-rayed&rsquo;, &lsquo;India&rsquo;s Poverty and its Solution&rsquo;, &lsquo;Peasant Proprietorship or Land to the Workers&rsquo; and &lsquo;Prevention of Division of Holdings Below a Certain Minimum&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/will-make-all-efforts-to-secure-farmers-future-rahul-gandhi-on-kisan-diwas-5506386/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kisan-diwas'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Slowdown in India: Part 2',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/indian-economy-gdp-slowdown-modi-government-6175652/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A solution: Two bad banks for the Four Balance Sheet problem&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 21/12/2019. It talks about measures that should be taken to revive the growth in the Indian Economy.</p>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/slowdown-in-india-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>first part of this article</strong></a> showed that slowdown in India <strong>arrived in two waves.</strong> The <strong>first wave,</strong> the <strong>Twin Balance Sheet crisis,</strong> encompassing<strong> banks</strong> and <strong>corporates</strong> arrived after the global financial crisis in 2009. The<strong> second wave</strong> is centred around the crisis in <strong>NBFCs</strong> and <strong>real estate sector</strong> (because of unsustainable financing and rising inventory of unsold housing).</p>
<p>As a result, the economy now confronts a <strong>Four Balance Sheet (FBS) problem.</strong> This can be resolved by the following steps:</p>
<h3>Resolving the Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) crisis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Two bad banks</strong> (for Real estate and power sectors) to resolve the Four Balance Sheet problem might be one critical element of the solution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Creation of<strong> special resolution mechanisms</strong> for these two sectors is important because:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Majority of NPAs</strong> are in these two sectors.</li>
<li>These sectors are <strong>socially and commercially very important.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In this context, a <strong>holding company or public-sector asset rehabilitation agency (bad bank) can be created.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Holding company would buy stressed assets, based on the recommendations of independent parties, such as investment banks. This would allow the transaction to be seen as fair by all stakeholders.</li>
<li>This would free up balance sheets and management attention of banks and allowing them to focus on their core business of supporting economic growth.</li>
<li>The holding company can be mandated to sell off the assets within five years, after which it would be dissolved.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>A New asset quality review</strong> will be needed to get a more honest recognition of the magnitude of stressed assets.</li>
<li><strong>Efficient implementation</strong> of policies like<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-tackling-npas-the-new-strategy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Project &lsquo;Sashakt&rsquo;</strong> </a>should be done to effectively tackle the problem of rising NPAs.</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)</strong> </a><strong>needs</strong> further strengthening.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Competitive Financial Market</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government must ensure that banks run in the larger national interest but <strong>commercial decisions are best left to bank boards.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Banks&rsquo; Boards</strong> must be empowered to decide on<strong> capital raising plans</strong> from the market within a well-defined framework.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> promotion of corporate debt markets</strong> both for performing loans as well as distressed loans needs special attention.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Raising Exports and Demand in Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Government intervention should <strong>comprise steps to spur demand</strong> in the economy, by <strong>raising the purchasing power of the masses,</strong> especially in rural India.</li>
<li>India still has nearly half of its workforce engaged in agriculture. Therefore, <strong>investment in agriculture will serve twin benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One, of raising rural demand and purchasing power.</li>
<li>Two, agricultural exports can check India's unfavourable balance of payment and can emerge as an important source of foreign exchange.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Liberalised foreign direct investment norms in the manufacturing sector,</strong> will result in the generation of employment in India and increase the competitiveness of <strong>India's exports.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>India should view current slowdown, not as a crisis but as an opportunity to carry out much-needed reforms, only then it can achieve the goal of becoming a $5 trillion economy.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffbd9;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question<br /><br /></strong></em></span>India should view current slowdown, not as a crisis but as an opportunity to carry out much-needed reforms, only then it can achieve the goal of becoming a $5 trillion economy. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/getting-the-indian-economy-back-on-track'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'EU Green Deal',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In the background of the failure of the global community to reach any agreement in the recently concluded <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop-25-ends-without-concrete-outcome" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COP 25</strong></a>, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union</strong></a> (EU) has come up with a climate action plan known as the<strong> European Green Deal.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The European Union is the <strong>third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases</strong> in the world after <strong>China</strong> and the <strong>United States.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Decisions under Green Deal</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Achieving Climate Neutrality</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To become <strong>&ldquo;climate neutral&rdquo; by 2050</strong> and to achieve this, a law will be brought which will be binding on all member countries. A law will turn the political commitment into a legal obligation and will trigger the investments as well.</li>
<li>The <strong>EU is now the first major emitter</strong> to agree to the 2050 climate neutrality target laid down in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cop24" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Climate neutrality</strong> is achieved when a <strong>country&rsquo;s emissions are balanced by absorptions and removal of greenhouse gases</strong> from the atmosphere. It is also expressed as a state of net-zero emissions.</li>
<li><strong>Absorption</strong> can be increased by creating more carbon sinks like forests, while <strong>removal</strong> involves technologies like carbon capture and storage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> Bhutan and Suriname are the only carbon neutral countries in the world.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increasing 2030 Emission Reduction Targets</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Increase the reduction in its emissions to at least 50%</strong> and work towards 55% in the near future.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Earlier, the EU had committed to reduce its emissions by 40% by 2030 from 1990 levels under the Paris Agreement. This was already the most ambitious emission reduction targets among developed countries.</li>
<li>For example, USA had agreed to cut emissions by 26-28% by 2030 from 2005 levels but after withdrawing from the Paris Agreement, it is under no obligations now.</li>
<li>The EU is one of the major emitters to retain the 1990 baseline for emission cuts which were originally mandated under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/how-markets-can-serve-climate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kyoto Protocol</strong></a> for all developed countries. Most other countries have shifted their baselines to 2005 or even later under the 2015 Paris Agreement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sectoral Plans:</strong> It <strong>includes sectoral plans</strong> to achieve these targets which include making the steel industry carbon-free by 2030, new strategies for transport and energy sectors, a revision of management of railway and shipping to make them more efficient and more stringent air pollution emission standards for vehicles.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Achievements</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The EU has been <strong>doing better than other developed countries on reducing emissions.</strong></li>
<li>In terms of emission reductions, it probably is on track to meet the <strong>target of 20% by 2020,</strong> unlike any developed country outside the EU. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Canada reported a 4% reduction from 2005 levels. Japan reported an 8% reduction from the 2013 baseline.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>EU has not been fulfilling all its climate obligations</strong> because Kyoto Protocol requires rich and developed countries to provide finance and technology to developing countries to help them fight climate change. EU is <strong>helping very less, especially for adaptation needs of developing countries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the main reason why developing countries like India and China, have been repeatedly raising the issue of unfulfilled obligations of developed countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Green Deal is <strong>inadequate</strong> for achieving the emission reductions because big emitters and large developing countries like China and India are not immediately scaling up their climate actions. Withdrawal of the USA has also negatively impacted the step towards climate change mitigation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Other countries need to raise their ambitions and the reduction targets and their policies should be in line with the global environmental agreements.</li>
<li>EU should be more helpful towards developing nations so that its efforts do not get wasted and every nation is equally contributing towards conservation of the planet.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-eu-green-deal-matters-6177509/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eu-green-deal'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'CST-100 Starliner',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>CST-100 Starliner</strong> is a space capsule of&nbsp;<strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</strong> which failed its first test flight. Its objective was to <strong>ferry astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The capsule <strong>CST-100 Starliner</strong> was built by <strong>Boieng.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)</strong></a> relies on Russia to get its astronauts on the space station.This failure is likely to <strong>push back</strong> further <strong>NASA&rsquo;s attempt at resuming human spaceflight</strong> from the United States.</li>
<li><strong>NASA</strong> has <strong>contracts</strong> with <strong>Boeing and SpaceX</strong> to build spacecraft to ferry astronauts to and from the ISS.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SpaceX&rsquo;s <strong>Crew Dragon</strong> capsule is scheduled to launch in 2020. It will be a crewless flight, and if it succeeds, SpaceX could be in a position to send astronauts into space.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Space Station</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Space Station (ISS) is a habitable artificial satellite - the single <strong>largest man-made structure in low earth orbit.</strong></li>
<li>It circles the Earth in roughly <strong>92 minutes</strong> and completes <strong>15.5 orbits per day.</strong></li>
<li>The ISS programme is a <strong>joint project</strong> between five participating space agencies: <strong>NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada)</strong> but its ownership and use has been established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements.</li>
<li>Its first component was launched into orbit in <strong>1998</strong> and its development and assembly still continues.</li>
<li>It serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and other fields.</li>
<li>Continuous presence at ISS has resulted into the longest continuous human presence in the low earth orbit.</li>
<li>It is expected to operate until 2030.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/blow-to-nasa-iss-mission-what-happened-6177521/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cst-100-starliner'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Afghanistan First Country to Recognise Indian Pharmacopoeia',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</strong> has <strong>formally recognised</strong> the <strong>Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP)</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a reputable book of standards for drugs. Now it will be used in Afghanistan to ensure quality of health products.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Pharmacopoeia</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an officially recognized book of standards as per the <strong>Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940</strong> and <strong>Rules 1945</strong> thereunder.</li>
<li>As per the <strong>Second Schedule of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act,</strong> IP is designated as the <strong>official book of standards for drugs imported and/or manufactured for sale, stock or exhibition for sale or distribution in India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It specifies the <strong>standards of drugs manufactured and marketed in India</strong> in terms of their<strong> identity, purity and strength.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Standards prescribed in the IP are authoritative in nature and are enforced by the regulatory authorities for quality control of medicines in India.</li>
<li>It is being <strong>published</strong> as an official document for improving quality of medicines by way of adding new and updating existing monographs by the<strong> Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an<strong> autonomous institution</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong> which is responsible to set standards of drugs in the country.</li>
<li>It <strong>promotes public and animal health in India</strong> by bringing out authoritative and officially accepted standards for quality of drugs including active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients and dosage forms, used by health professionals, patients and consumers.</li>
<li>It also develops <strong>IP Reference Substances (IPRS)</strong> that act as fingerprints for identification of an article under test and its purity as prescribed in the IP monographs.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>act of Parliament</strong> which regulates the import, manufacturing and distribution of drugs in India.</li>
<li>Its <strong>objective</strong> is to ensure that the drugs and cosmetics sold in India are safe, effective and fulfils the safety standards and parameters.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1597016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/afghanistan-first-country-to-recognise-indian-pharmacopoeia'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Apache Helicopters for Indian Army',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The deal for<strong> six AH-64E Apache attack helicopters</strong> for the <strong>Indian Army</strong> is to be signed.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Currently, the Army Aviation Corps operates only smaller <strong>Cheetah and ALH (Advanced Light Helicopters)</strong> that weigh <strong>less than five tonnes.</strong></li>
<li>These are in addition to 22 Apaches being inducted by the<strong> Indian Air Force (IAF)</strong> which will <strong>replace</strong> the <strong>Russian Mi-35</strong> attack helicopters in service.</li>
</ul>
<h3>AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopter<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576913202_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576913202_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="300" height="200" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Better known as an attack helicopter are received from the <strong>Boeing production</strong> facility in <strong>Mesa, Arizona, USA.</strong></li>
<li>These are all-weather capable, easily maintainable and have high agility and survivability against battle damage.</li>
<li>The <strong>capabilities</strong> of the AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopter includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can carry out precision attacks at standoff ranges and operate in hostile airspace with threats from the ground.</li>
<li>It can transmit and receive battlefield picture through data uplinking and networking.</li>
<li>It can also shoot fire and forget anti-tank guided missiles, air to air missiles, rockets while providing versatility to helicopter in network-centric aerial warfare.</li>
<li>It also carries fire control radar, which has a 360&deg; coverage and nose-mounted sensor suite for target acquisition and night vision systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The addition of the Apache Attack Helicopter is a significant step towards modernisation of Indian Air Force helicopter fleet and the Indian Army.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cheetah Helicopters<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576913240_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576913240_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="300" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cheetah Helicopter is a <strong>high-performance</strong> helicopter designed by <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-need-to-modernise-indian-air-force" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).</strong></a></li>
<li>It is <strong>identical to LAMA SA 315B</strong> Helicopter of Eurocopter, <strong>France.</strong></li>
<li>It is a five-seater multi-role, multi-purpose, highly manoeuvrable helicopter.</li>
<li>It holds the <strong>world record in high altitude flying</strong> among all categories of Helicopters.</li>
<li>The helicopter is suitable for commuting, observation, surveillance, logistics support, rescue operations and high altitude missions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH-DHRUV)<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576913274_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576913274_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="300" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The indigenously designed and developed Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH-DHRUV) is a <strong>twin-engine,</strong> multi-role, multi-mission new generation helicopter in the <strong>5.5-ton weight class.</strong></li>
<li>The major variants of Dhruv are classified as Dhruv Mk-I, Mk-II, Mk-III &amp; Mk-IV.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-to-sign-deal-for-six-apache-attack-helicopters/article30361497.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/apache-helicopters-for-indian-army'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Indo – US 2+2 Dialogue ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India and the US have recently concluded <strong>second</strong> <strong>2+2 ministerial dialogue</strong> in <strong>Washington.&nbsp;</strong>Several landmark agreements in both <strong>defence and Civilian sectors</strong> were signed.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Industrial Security Annex (ISA)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ISA to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-us-2-plus-2-talks" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>General Security Of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA)</strong></a> will provide a framework for exchange and protection of <strong>classified</strong> military information <strong>between the U.S. and Indian defence industries.</strong></li>
<li>Currently, under GSOMIA, such information is exchanged between the Government authorities of the two countries but not between <strong>private parties.</strong></li>
<li>This will further promote <strong>&ldquo;Make in India&rdquo;</strong> in the defence sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In accordance with the budget announcement (2018-19), the government has already decided to set up <strong>two Defence Industrial Corridors</strong> in the country, <strong>one in Uttar Pradesh and another in Tamil Nadu.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Peacekeeping for Indo-Pacific</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cooperation in <strong>capacity-building</strong> of UN peacekeepers from Indo-Pacific countries, based on demands from the countries concerned.</li>
<li>Counter-terrorism efforts were also discussed including dangers of of cross border terrorism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tiger Triumph Exercise</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To hold the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-triumph" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India-U.S. joint tri-services &lsquo;Tiger Triumph&rsquo;</strong></a> on an <strong>annual</strong> basis.</li>
<li><strong>The first edition</strong> was held in <strong>November 2019</strong> as a Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief <strong>(HADR)&nbsp;</strong>exercise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CDRI</strong></a> was launched at the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/un-climate-action-summit-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Climate Action Summit</strong></a> in <strong>New York, USA</strong> in September 2019. It is<strong> headquartered in New Delhi, India.</strong></li>
<li>The US is now part of it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Water Resource Management</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed between Ministry of <strong>Jal Shakti</strong> and the <strong>U.S. Geological Survey</strong> to promote <strong>technical cooperation</strong> in water resources management and water technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Space Situational Awareness (SSA)</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cooperation for <strong>exchange</strong> of information including <strong>space debris and space traffic management.</strong></li>
<li>It ensures <strong>navigational safety of our space assets.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Young Innovators Internship Programme (YIIP)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Create <strong>internship</strong> opportunities in <strong>key areas of science and economy.</strong></li>
<li>New opportunities for<strong> young entrepreneurs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary Exchange and Judicial cooperation</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reciprocal visits</strong> by Parliamentarians from both countries.</li>
<li>The U.S. Federal Judicial Center and <strong>India&rsquo;s National Judicial Academy in Bhopal</strong> to cooperate in the area of <strong>counter-terrorism jurisprudence</strong> to <strong>new</strong> areas of<strong> criminal jurisprudence</strong> including<strong> money laundering, drug trafficking</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>&lsquo;2+2&rsquo; Dialogue</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a format of dialogue where the <strong>defense and foreign ministers or secretaries</strong> meet with their counterparts from another country. 2+2 Ministerial is the highest-level institutional mechanism between the two countries.</li>
<li>India holds such talks with <strong>Australia,</strong> at the foreign secretary and defense secretary level but with<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-japan-2-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Japan</strong> </a>and the <strong>US</strong> at the <strong>ministerial level.</strong></li>
<li>With the US this was the<strong> second 2+2 meeting (Washington),</strong> first was held in New Delhi in September 2018.</li>
<li>US holds such ministerial dialogues with <strong>Australia and Japan</strong> also.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-ties-with-us-set-to-deepen-rajnath-singh/article30344918.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indo-us-2-2-dialogue'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Society of Biotechnology of India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Society of Biotechnology of India (SBPI)</strong> was launched by former biotechnologists and technocrats of the <strong>Union Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>non-profit organisation.</strong></li>
<li>It would <strong>promote transformation changes</strong> and approaches towards<strong> core research in modern biotechnology</strong> so that the outcome could lead to more products and technologies for economic and social gain.</li>
<li>It would complement India's efforts towards <strong>enhancing research funding of &ldquo;gap areas&rdquo;</strong> in infrastructure, human resources, regulatory frameworks and converting research and development leads into applications.</li>
<li><strong>Members</strong> of the SBPI have experience in promoting biotechnology in areas such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/bt-cotton-in-india-problems-and-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BT cotton</strong></a>, introduction of recombinant therapeutic proteins and vaccines and fostering international collaborations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are <strong>produced from recombinant DNA</strong> using<strong> biomolecular engineering,</strong> which involves inserting the gene encoding of a protein into expression systems such as bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells cultures.</li>
<li>Recombinant therapeutic proteins have gained importance for clinical applications and they have replaced the original animal-derived version used in medicine.</li>
<li>Therapeutic proteins are quite <strong>diverse in the application treatments</strong> such as human insulin for diabetes, erythropoietin for anemia and chronic renal failure, vaccines for Hepatitis B etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/society-of-biotechnology-of-india-launched/article30362739.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Slowdown in India: Part 1',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/indian-economy-lose-growth-momentum-four-balance-sheet-challenge-6171838/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;How and why the Indian economy is losing its growth momentum&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 18/12/2019. It talks about the reasons for the current slowdown in the Indian economy.</p>
</div>
<p>The recent collapse of India&rsquo;s economic growth momentum is nothing short of a mystery. This is because until just a few years ago (until March 2017) the Indian economy was not only growing at a progressively rapid pace but was also the fastest-growing major economy in the world.</p>
<p>In order to scrutinise what led to the slowdown in India, there is a need to analyse four drivers that determine a country&rsquo;s GDP.</p>
<h3>GDP can be stated as a sum of four factors, i.e. GDP = C + G + I + (NX).</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The total expenditure (demand) by private individuals (represented by C).</li>
<li>The total expenditure (demand) by the Government (represented by G).</li>
<li>The total expenditure (demand) on investments made by businesses in the country (represented by I).</li>
<li>The net effect of imports and exports (represented by NX).</li>
<li>A country&rsquo;s GDP can grow by one or all of these factors.</li>
</ul>
<p>The whole story of India&rsquo;s economic rise and slowdown can be explained by looking at how each of these variables performed over the past decade.</p>
<h3>The fast growth of the Indian economy even after the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2009 can be attributed to various factors:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian economy appears to have largely avoided the GFC as the GDP growth rate dipped in 2009 but it was soon back up to 9% - 10% in the succeeding years (2010 and 2011).</li>
<li>Between 2009 and 2013, companies were in no position to invest and India&rsquo;s exports were reduced because of a decline in global demand.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>So, the &ldquo;I&rdquo; and &ldquo;NX&rdquo; component of the above equation became weak.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, <strong>robust demand from the other two components</strong> &ndash; C and G, buoyed up the economy during this phase.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During 2015 and 2016, <strong>international crude oil prices fell to a third</strong> of what they were in 2014.</li>
<li>This essentially meant that <strong>Indians could spend more</strong> and the &ldquo;C&rdquo; component of the equation boosted the GDP.</li>
<li>This gave a <strong>1-1.5 % boost to India's GDP.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2017 world demand increased accompanied by a<strong> real depreciation of the rupee,</strong> amounting to about <strong>13% in real effective terms</strong> by late 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a result, non-oil export growth rose from -<strong>8.6 % in 2015-16 to 8.9 % in 2017-18.</strong></li>
<li>Therefore, the &ldquo;NX&rdquo; component helped bump up the GDP growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, the GDP growth boosted by<strong> increased government spending</strong> (the &ldquo;G&rdquo; component) on many social sectors schemes.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s growth was boosted by a <strong>lending spree provided by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/shadow-banking-and-the-crisis-in-the-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">non-banking financial companies (NBFCs)</a> like IL&amp;FS and DHFL.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NBFCs took over the <strong>leading role of lending to the economy</strong> because banks were still struggling with NPAs and were largely unwilling to lend directly to businesses.</li>
<li>The credit provided by NBFCs fuelled both private consumption (C) and business investment (I), and through this route fuelled GDP growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What derailed the Indian economy after 2017?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Former Chief Economic Advisor, Arvind Subramanian</strong>, argued that the Indian economy is facing both structural and cyclical challenges.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Structural challenges:</strong> Long-term issues related to the overall framework of the economy such as the flexibility or inflexibility of labour laws etc.</li>
<li><strong>Cyclical challenges:</strong> Short-term issues such as a bad monsoon that disrupts the production of food articles etc.</li>
<li>Since the causes are both structural and cyclical, arresting this economic slowdown is proving to be so difficult.</li>
<li>The <strong>measures that would have alleviated a cyclical slowdown fall flat because structural reasons</strong> are also involved.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He also held that the <strong>unresolved Twin-Balance Sheet (TBS) Problem</strong> accompanied by the <strong>fall of NBFCs</strong> and the <strong>real estate sector,</strong> together make for the <strong>Four Balance Sheet Challenge</strong> of the Indian economy (i.e Banks, Corporates, NBFC, Real estate).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This four balance sheet<strong> challenge suppressed the I component in the country.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Four Balance Sheet Challenge</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Twin-Balance Sheet problem</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Economic Survey of 2017-18 noted that the economy was facing a TBS problem.</li>
<li>The two balance sheets it referred to belonged to the<strong> Indian banks</strong> (especially public sector banks or the government-owned banks) and the <strong>corporate sector,</strong> respectively.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Balance sheets of Indian banks were burdened by a <strong>high proportion of non-performing loans</strong> and the balance sheet of corporates were<strong> clogged because they had over-borrowed</strong> and were unable to pay.</li>
<li>The origins of India&rsquo;s TBS can be traced to the economic boom that happened between 2005 and 2009 (the period when the Indian economy was growing at near double-digit growth rates).</li>
<li>The banks, especially the government-owned ones, ignored prudential norms and lent a lot of money to companies in the hope that this would help boost economic growth.</li>
<li>Companies borrowed heavily in the hope of making profits in the future.</li>
<li>However, the economic prospects collapsed quite sharply after the Global Financial Crisis of 2009 and a high proportion of companies found that their projects were no longer viable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The end result was that the companies were left with huge loans that they could not pay back in time and the banks were left with huge loans that had turned into NPAs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-what-ails-nbfcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IL&amp;FS crisis</strong> </a>was a setback for the <strong>whole NBFC sector.</strong> With Rs 90,000 crores of debt, its failure sent shockwaves throughout the financial system.</li>
<li><strong>The real estate sector also suffered as</strong> builders launched numerous projects since the start of the mid-2000s in the hope that these flats would be sold up eagerly.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, after the Global Financial Crisis, the demand for flats, as well as bank funding for builders, collapsed.</li>
<li>By June-end 2019, the real estate sector reached a breaking point with close to 10 lakh unsold units (as against an annual demand of just 2 lakh units) in just the top 8 cities in the country.</li>
<li>The real estate sector was unable to pay back to the NBFCs, which, in turn, started defaulting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The trade component (NX) was weak because the global demand for India&rsquo;s goods was down.</li>
<li><strong>Consumption (C component) which has been the major driver</strong> of growth in the Indian economy is facing a slowdown due to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/consumption-conundrum-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Income stagnation in India.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 54px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 54px; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #faffd1;"><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Discuss the factors responsible for the current slowdown of the Indian economy.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;<em>Kindly follow the subsequent part of this article in the second part of &ldquo;Slowdown in India&rdquo;.</em></p>',
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