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Ophiocordyceps Nutans Fungi

Why in News Recently, researchers have found Ophiocordyceps nutans (fungi) for the first time in central India, while setting out on a plant survey...

11 Jul 2020 News Analysis
ASEEM Portal

Why in News The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) has launched ‘Aatamanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping...

11 Jul 2020 News Analysis
World War II

Introduction World War II, also called Second World War, was a conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the years...

10 Jul 2020 Paper 1
India’s Maritime Security Strategy

This article is based on “Shift focus to the maritime domain” which was published in The Hindustan Times on 05/07/2020. It talks about...

10 Jul 2020 News Editorials
Rabari, Bharvad and Charan of Gujarat

Why in News Recently, the Gujarat government has decided to form a five-member commission to identify members of Rabari, Bharvad and Charan...

10 Jul 2020 News Analysis
India Global Week 2020: India Inc.

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister of India has addressed the inaugural session of a three-day virtual conference of India Global Week 2020...

10 Jul 2020 News Analysis
USA, China Visa Curbs Over Tibet Issue

Why in News Recently, China has announced visa restrictions on people from the USA for behaving badly on Tibet-related issues. It is considered a...

10 Jul 2020 News Analysis
Infant Mortality Surged in Madhya Pradesh

Why in News According to the Office of the Registrar General India, the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Madhya Pradesh has surged by a single point...

10 Jul 2020 News Analysis
Australia Suspends Extradition Treaty with Hong Kong

Why in News Recently, Australia has suspended its extradition treaty with Hong Kong in response to a new national security law imposed by...

10 Jul 2020 News Analysis
Draft Rules for Code on Wages Act 2019

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Labour and Employment has published the draft rules framed for the implementation of the Code on Wages Act,...

10 Jul 2020 News Analysis
Mongolian Kanjur Being Reprinted

Why in News The Ministry of Culture has taken up the project of reprinting 108 volumes of Mongolian Kanjur by March 2022 under the National Mission...

10 Jul 2020 News Analysis
Capital Infusion for the Insurance Companies

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the capital infusion of Rs.12,450 crore in the three Public Sector General Insurance Companies...

10 Jul 2020 News Analysis
Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve

Description: Ranthambore National Park was established initially as Sawai Madhopur Game Sanctuary in 1955 by the Government of India. In 1973,...

10 Jul 2020 News Analysis
Flood Management In India

This article is based on “Evolve an integrated response to floods” which was published in The Hindustan Times on 06/07/2020. It talks...

09 Jul 2020 News Editorials
Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018

Why in News Recently, assets worth Rs. 329.66 crore of the Punjab National Bank (PNB) fraud mastermind Nirav Modi have been confiscated under...

09 Jul 2020 News Analysis
Affordable Rental Housing Complexes for Urban Migrants

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved a scheme for providing affordable rental housing to about 3 lakh urban migrants. It will be...

09 Jul 2020 News Analysis
Fishermen Issue with Sri Lanka

Why in News Recently, Sri Lanka’s northern fishermen have reported a sudden increase in the number of Indian trawlers spotted in its...

09 Jul 2020 News Analysis
Andhra Pradesh Poll Panel Chief Case

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) of India refused to pass any interim orders on the Andhra Pradesh government’s plea to stay the...

09 Jul 2020 News Analysis
Measles and Rubella in WHO SEAR

Why in News Recently, the Maldives and Sri Lanka have become the first two countries in the World Health Organisation’s South-East Asian...

09 Jul 2020 News Analysis
Open Sky Agreement

Why in News Recently, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has expressed interest to have an Open Sky Agreement with India. Key Points Significance of...

09 Jul 2020 News Analysis

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Ophiocordyceps Nutans Fungi',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, researchers have found <strong><em>Ophiocordyceps nutans</em></strong> (fungi) for the first time in <strong>central India,</strong> while setting out on a plant survey at the <strong>Kanger Valley National Park</strong> in <strong>Bastar, Chhattisgarh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, these have been reported in India only from the <strong>Western Ghats.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><em>Ophiocordyceps nutans</em> host on a specific insect, <strong><em>Halyomorpha halys.</em></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><em>Halyomorpha halys</em> is commonly known as the <strong>stink bug</strong> and is a <strong>pest to forest trees and agricultural crops.</strong></li>
<li>The stink bug is known to <strong>damage the flower and fruits</strong> of soybean, green beans, apple, pear, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mechanism:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594452537_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594452537_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The fungi infect the insect when alive and develop<strong> fungal mycelium</strong> (the vegetative part of a fungus) inside its <strong>thorax</strong> (chest).</li>
<li>The<strong> spores</strong> (single-celled reproductive units) <strong>sprout out</strong> from between the insect&rsquo;s thorax and head,<strong> killing the insect</strong> but it continues to take nutrition from the dead body.</li>
<li>The fungi are very <strong>host-specific,</strong> so the spores travel and infect stink bugs only.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Studies have shown that these fungi can be <strong>used as a biological pest control agent</strong> against the stink bugs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Exploring these fungi as a pesticide will help <strong>reduce the harmful effect of chemicals</strong> in fields.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Several species of the Ophiocordyceps fungi have <strong>medicinal properties.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Reports show that <strong>China has been traditionally using</strong> it.</li>
<li>In the <strong>Western Ghats,</strong> the local people use these fungi as an<strong> immune stimulator.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These are rich in <strong>biologically active metabolites, vitamin C, phenolic compounds</strong> (disinfectant in household cleaners), and also have <strong>anti-inflammatory</strong> and <strong>antioxidant properties.</strong></li>
<li>Scientists claim that it contains a component called <strong>&lsquo;cordycepin&rsquo;</strong> which has<strong> anti-cancer properties.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kanger Valley National Park</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It derives its name from the <strong>Kanger River,</strong> which flows centrally from northwest to southeast direction. Kanger River is among one of the very few <strong>perennial rivers</strong> of Bastar.</li>
<li>Kanger Valley got the <strong>status of a national park in 1982.</strong></li>
<li>With a total area of <strong>200 sq. km.,</strong> the park is a typical <strong>mixed humid deciduous</strong> type of forest, in which the Sal, Saugaun, teak and bamboo trees are available in abundance.</li>
<li>The most popular species in this area is the <strong>state bird of Chattisgarh, Bastar Hill Myna</strong> which is capable of emulating the human voices. The forest is home to other migrant and resident birds as well.</li>
<li>The park is home to <strong>three exceptional caves, Kutumbasar, Kailash and Dandak,</strong> famous for their geological structures of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icicles-stalactites-and-stalagmites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>stalagmites and stalactites.</strong></a> It is also known for the presence of <strong>underground limestone caves.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594460174_Image.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594460174_Image.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/how-a-fungus-grows-inside-a-bug-goes-on-to-kill-and-feed-on-it/article31989517.ece#:~:text=Researchers%20have%20now%20found%20these,and%20target%20the%20next%20bug.&amp;text=The%20fungus%20was%20found%20on%20its%20specific%20host%20insect%20Halyomorpha%20halys." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'ASEEM Portal',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)</strong> has launched <strong>&lsquo;Aatamanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM)&rsquo; portal</strong> to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Portal is expected to improve the information flow and bridge the demand-supply gap in the skilled workforce market.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Developed and Managed By: National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)</strong> in collaboration with Bengaluru-based company &lsquo;Betterplace&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Artificial Intelligence (AI) Based Platform:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will provide <strong>real-time data analytics</strong> about the demand and supply patterns including - industry requirements, skill gap analysis, demand per district/ state/cluster, key workforce suppliers, key consumers, migration patterns and multiple potential career prospects for candidates.</li>
<li>It will enable<strong> policymakers</strong> to take a more objective view of various sectors in the economy.</li>
<li>Driven by Prime Minister&rsquo;s assertion of &lsquo;India as a talent powerhouse&rsquo; at the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-global-week-2020-india-inc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Global Week 2020 Summit</strong></a>, it will further<strong> re-engineer the vocational training landscape</strong> in the country ensuring a skilling, up-skilling and reskilling in a more organised set up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functioning:</strong> Also available as an application (app), it consists of three IT based interfaces:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Employer Portal:</strong> Employer onboarding, demand aggregation, candidate selection.</li>
<li><strong>Dashboard:</strong> Reports, trends, analytics, and highlight gaps.</li>
<li><strong>Candidate Application:</strong> Create &amp; track candidate profile, share job suggestions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>To Skilled Workforce:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have provision for registration and data upload for workers across job roles, sectors and geographies.</li>
<li>It will help in strengthening industry-relevant skills and explore emerging job opportunities especially in the post Covid era.</li>
<li>Candidate data coming to <strong>Skill India Portal</strong> from various state and central skilling schemes will be integrated including that from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)</strong></a>, Fee-based Programs, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skoch-governance-gold-award-for-day-nulm#:~:text=and%20Urban%20Affairs.-,Deendayal%20Antyodaya%20Yojana%2DNational%20Urban%20Livelihoods%20Mission%20(DAY%2DNULM,livelihood%20opportunities%20through%20skill%20development." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Urban Livelihoods Mission</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skilling-under-mgnrega" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana</strong></a>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Migrants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Database of labour migrants</strong> in Indian states and overseas citizens, who returned to India under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vande-bharat-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vande Bharat Mission</strong></a> and filled <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swades-skill-mapping-exercise-for-returning-citizens" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SWADES Skill Card</strong></a>, has been integrated with the ASEEM portal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Employers:</strong> They will be able to assess the availability of a skilled workforce and formulate their hiring plans.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Skill Development Corporation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NSDC is a <strong>not-for-profit public limited company incorporated in 2008</strong> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/personal-protective-equipment-for-sanitation-workers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956</strong></a> (corresponding to section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013).</li>
<li>It was <strong>set up by the Ministry of Finance </strong>as a<strong> Public Private Partnership (PPP)</strong> model.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Government of India through the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development &amp; Entrepreneurship (MSDE) holds 49%</strong> of the share capital of NSDC, while the private sector has the balance 51% of the share capital.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It aims to promote skill development by catalyzing creation of large, quality and for-profit vocational institutions.</li>
<li>Its mandate is also to enable a support system which focuses on quality assurance, information systems and train the trainer academies either directly or through partnerships.</li>
<li><strong>Skill India Portal</strong> is an initiative by the NSDC.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1637755" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aseem-portal'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'World War II',
			'catname' => 'Paper 1',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>World War II, also called Second World War, was a conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the years 1939&ndash;45. </li>
<li>The principal belligerents were the Axis powers&mdash;Germany, Italy, and Japan&mdash;and the Allies&mdash;France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and, to a lesser extent, China.</li>
<li>It was the biggest conflict in history that had lasted almost six years. </li>
<li>Nearly some 100 million people had been militarised, and 50 million had been killed (around 3% of the world's population).</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594382210_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594382210_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Causes of War</h3>
<p>The major causes of World War II were numerous. They include the <strong>impact of the Treaty of Versailles following WWI, the worldwide economic depression, failure of appeasement, the rise of militarism in Germany and Japan, and the failure of the League of Nations.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Treaty of Versailles</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Following World War I, the victorious Allied Powers met to decide Germany&rsquo;s future. Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles. </li>
<li>Under this treaty, Germany had to accept guilt for the war and to pay reparations. Germany lost territory and was prohibited from having a large military.</li>
<li>The humiliation faced by Germany under this treaty, paved the way for the spread of Ultra-Nationalism in Germany.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Failure of the League of Nations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The League of Nations was an international organization set up in 1919 to keep world peace. </li>
<li>It was intended that all countries would be members and that if there were disputes between countries, they could be settled by negotiation rather than by force. </li>
<li>The League of Nations was a good idea, but ultimately a failure, as not all countries joined the league.</li>
<li>Also, the League had no army to prevent military aggression such as Italy&rsquo;s invasion of Ethiopia in Africa or Japan&rsquo;s invasion of Manchuria in China.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Great Depression of 1929</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The worldwide economic depression of the 1930s took its toll in different ways in Europe and Asia. </li>
<li>In Europe, political power shifted to totalitarian and imperialist governments in several countries, including Germany, Italy, and Spain. </li>
<li>In Asia, a resource-starved Japan began to expand aggressively, invading China and maneuvering to control a sphere of influence in the Pacific.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rise of Fascism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Victors&rsquo; stated aims in World War I had been &ldquo;to make the world safe for democracy,&rdquo; and postwar Germany was made to adopt a democratic constitution, as did most of the other states restored or created after the war. </li>
<li>In the 1920s, however, the wave of nationalistic, militaristic totalitarianism known by its Italian name, fascism.</li>
<li>It promised to minister to peoples&rsquo; wants more effectively than democracy and presented itself as the one sure defense against communism.</li>
<li>Benito Mussolini established the first Fascist, European dictatorship during the interwar period in Italy in 1922.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rise of Nazism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Adolf Hitler, the Leader of the German National Socialist (Nazi) party, preached a racist brand of fascism. </li>
<li>Hitler promised to overturn the Versailles Treaty, restore German wealth &amp; glory and secure additional Lebensraum (&ldquo;living space&rdquo;) for the German people, who he contended deserve more as members of a superior race.</li>
<li>In 1933 Hitler became the German Chancellor, and in a series of subsequent moves established himself as dictator. </li>
<li>Moreover, in 1941 the Nazi regime unleashed a war of extermination against Slavs, Jews, and other elements deemed inferior by Hitler&rsquo;s ideology.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Policy of Appeasement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hitler openly denounced the Treaty of Versailles and began secretly building up Germany&rsquo;s army and weapons. </li>
<li>Although Britain and France knew of Hitler&rsquo;s actions, they thought a stronger Germany would stop the spread of Communism from Russia. </li>
<li>An example of appeasement was the Munich Agreement of September 1938. In the Agreement, Britain and France allowed Germany to annex areas in Czechoslovakia where German-speakers lived.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Germany agreed not to invade the rest of Czechoslovakia or any other country. However, in March 1939, Germany broke its promise and invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia. </li>
<li>Even then, neither Britain nor France was prepared to take military action.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Turning Points of the World War II</h3>
<p><strong>The Start</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Three years of mounting international tension - encompassing the Spanish Civil War, the union of Germany and Austria, Hitler's occupation of the Sudetenland and the invasion of Czechoslovakia led to deterioration of ties between Axis Power and Allied Powers.</li>
<li>However, the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and subsequently two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany.</li>
<li>This marked the beginning of World War II.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Phoney War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The western Europe was very quiet during the first few months of the war.</li>
<li>This period of war is known as 'phoney war'. </li>
<li>Preparations for war continued in earnest, but there were few signs of conflict, and civilians of the western european countries (allied powers) evacuated to safe places.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ribbentrop Pact</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By the early part of 1939 the German dictator Adolf Hitler had become determined to invade and occupy Poland. </li>
<li>Poland, for its part, had guarantees of French and British military support should it be attacked by Germany. Hitler intended to invade Poland anyway, but first he had to neutralize the possibility that the Soviet Union would resist the invasion of its western neighbour.</li>
<li>Secret negotiations in August 1939, led to the signing of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact in Moscow.</li>
<li>Further, Russia followed Germany into Poland in September and Poland was carved up between the two invaders before the end of the year.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Winter War 1940</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 'winter war' between Russia and Finland concluded in March, and in the following month Germany invaded Denmark and Norway.</li>
<li>Denmark surrendered immediately, but the Norwegians fought on - with British and French assistance - surrendering in June 1940.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Fall of France 1940</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After war with scandenavian countries got over, Germany invaded France, Belgium and Holland.</li>
<li>During this phase, the western Europe encountered the Blitzkrieg - or 'lightning war'.</li>
<li><strong>Blitzkrieg:</strong> Germany's combination of fast armoured tanks on land, and superiority in the air, made a unified attacking force that was both innovative and effective.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite greater numbers of air and army personnel in Allied powers, they proved no match for German Forces.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In France an armistice was signed with Germany, with the puppet French Vichy government.</li>
<li>Having conquered France, Hitler turned his attention to Britain, and began preparations for an invasion.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Battle of Britain 1940</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lasting from July to September 1940, it was the first war to be fought solely in the air. </li>
<li>German took decisions to attack from airfields and factories to the major cities, but somehow the Royal Air Force managed to squeak a narrow victory.</li>
<li>This ensured the - ultimately indefinite - postponement of the German invasion plans.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>War Getting Global</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With continental Europe under Nazi control, and Britain safe - for the time being - the war took on a more global dimension in 1941.</li>
<li>Following the defeat of Mussolini's armies in Greece and Tobruk, German forces arrived in North Africa and invaded Greece and Yugoslavia in April 1941.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Operation Barbarossa</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After facing defeat in Britain, Hitler broke the <strong>Ribbentrop Pact</strong> and invaded Russia in 1941.</li>
<li>The initial advance was swift, with the fall of Sebastopol at the end of October, and Moscow coming under attack at the end of the year.</li>
<li>The bitter Russian winter, however, like the one that Napoleon had experienced a century and a half earlier, crippled the Germans. </li>
<li>The Soviets counterattacked in December and the Eastern Front stagnated until the spring.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Pearl Harbour</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Japanese, tired of American trade embargoes, mounted a surprise attack on the US Navy base of Pearl Harbor, in Hawaii, on 7 December 1941.</li>
<li>This ensured that global conflict commenced, with Germany declaring war on the US, a few days later. </li>
<li>Also, within a week of Pearl Harbor, Japan had invaded the Philippines, Burma and Hong Kong.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>American Entry Into the War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Through the Battle of Midway 1942, the US entered World War II. In this battle, US sea-based aircraft destroyed four Japanese carriers and a cruiser, marking the turning point in World War II.</li>
<li>Also, the news of mass murders of Jewish people by the Nazis reached the Allies, and the US pledged to avenge these crimes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Reversal of German Fortunes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By the second half of 1942, British forces gained the initiative in North Africa and Russian forces counterattacked at Stalingrad.</li>
<li>In February 1943, Germany surrendered at Stalingrad to Soviet Union. This was the first major defeat of Hitler's armies.</li>
<li>Further, German and Italian forces in North Africa surrendered to the Allies.</li>
<li>As the Russian advance on the Eastern Front gathered pace, recapturing Kharkiv and Kiev from Germany. Moreover, Allied bombers began to attack German cities in enormous daylight air raids.</li>
<li>The Russians reached Berlin (capital of Germany) on 21 April 1945. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hitler killed himself on the 30<sup>th</sup>, two days after Mussolini had been captured and hanged by Italian partisans. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Germany surrendered unconditionally on 7 May, and the following day was celebrated as VE (Victory in Europe) day. The war in Europe was over.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Nuclear Bombing And The End</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Plans were being prepared for an Allied invasion of Japan, but fears of fierce resistance and massive casualties prompted Harry Truman - the new American president to sanction the use of an atomic bomb against Japan.</li>
<li>Such bombs had been in development since 1942, and on 6 August 1945 one of them was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. </li>
<li>Three days later another was dropped on Nagasaki. </li>
<li>No country could have withstand such attacks, and the Japanese surrendered on 14 August.</li>
<li>With the surrender of Japan, World War II was finally over.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594382989_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594382989_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="600" height="215" /></a></p>
<h3>Aftermath of World War II</h3>
<p><strong>New Superpowers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>World War II brought about changes in the status of countries and continents. Britain and France lost their positions of preeminence as superpowers and yielded place to the USA and the USSR.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Start of Decolonisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After the war, Britain and France were confronted with various domestic and external problems. Both of them could no longer hold onto their respective colonies Thus, the post-war world witnessed the end of colonialism in Africa and Asia.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Birth of UN</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One of the momentous results of the war was the birth of the United Nations Organisation. </li>
<li>Although the League failed to deliver, mankind did not altogether lose its hopes of making the world a safer and happier place to live in. </li>
<li>The UN Charter enshrines the hopes and ideals of mankind on the basis of which countries can work together to maintain lasting peace.</li>
<li>However, the establishment of the UN was agreed, much before the end of World War II under the Atlantic Charter.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Start of Cold War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After the end of the war, a conference was held in Potsdam, Germany, to set up peace treaties. The countries that fought with Hitler lost territory and had to pay reparations to the Allies. Germany and its capital Berlin were divided into four parts. </li>
<li>The zones were to be controlled by Great Britain, the United States, France and the Soviet Union. </li>
<li>The three western Allies and the Soviet Union disagreed on many things and as time went on Germany was divided into two separate countries: East Germany, which had a Communist government and West Germany, which was a democratic state . </li>
<li>This laid the foundation of the Cold War.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>New Economic World Order</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bretton Woods Conference, formally United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, meeting at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire (July 1&ndash;22, 1944), during World War II to make financial arrangements for the postwar world after the expected defeat of Germany and Japan.</li>
<li>It drew up a project for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD-now known as World Bank) to make long-term capital available to states urgently needing such foreign aid, and a project for the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to finance short-term imbalances in international payments in order to stabilize exchange rates.</li>
<li>Also, the US dollar was established as a reserve currency for the world trade.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India and World II</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>World War II had taken an immense toll on the British Empire. Britain had lost a lot of capital and they were looking to their colonies to help them get the status of world power back. However, Mahatma Gandhi at this time organized Indians against the British.</li>
<li>Also, World War II broke out to contain Hitler's intention of having German colonies beyond its borders, the same colonial occupation that Britain had already been practicing for centuries. </li>
<li>Thus, after the war, people all over the world started supporting voices against British occupation over its colonies.</li>
<li>When the Labour Party came to power in 1945 in Britain it inclined towards internationalism and racial equality, among other liberal principles. </li>
<li>Soon after coming into power, Prime Minister Clement Attlee (Labour Party) began the process of granting India its independence in 1947.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-ii'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'India’s Maritime Security Strategy',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/shift-focus-to-the-maritime-domain/story-bILL54vUdPQwho5WtR0X7L.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Shift focus to the maritime domain&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on 05/07/2020. It talks about the need for India to develop a holistic maritime strategy.</p>
</div>
<p>Amid recent clashes between India and China over <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZMwufp-sAM" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Galwan valley</strong></a>, Indian Prime Minister, while addressing the armed forces, held that the<strong> &ldquo;era of expansionism is over&rdquo;.</strong> This signalled India's stance that it will not abide by the Chinese Aggressive posture at the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/transgressions-around-lac" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LAC</a></strong>.</p>
<p>Though India and China finally agreed to withdraw their troops and agreed to work for mutual peace and cooperation, India should remain wary of Chinese tactics of salami-slicing. Under this strategy, China goes for territorial expansion in small proportion through military intimidation while proclaiming its commitment to peace and tranquillity.</p>
<p>In this context, it is argued by many foreign policy experts that India should counter China not only in land frontiers but also in the maritime domain. Thus, there is a need for a comprehensive maritime doctrine for India.</p>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Stakes in Maritime Domain</h3>
<p><strong>Security Imperative:</strong> Apart from China&rsquo;s aggressive posture around land borders, its military presence is growing in the Indian Ocean too. This can be depicted by the strategy of <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/19-11-2019/print" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>String of pearls.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Further, China is modernising its military base at Djibouti, an artificial island in the Maldives and there are similar reports regarding Gwadar port in Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Geo-Economics of Indian Oceans:</strong> Geopolitics is entwined with geoeconomics and its focus on matters of control and access to economic resources.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s exports and imports remained mostly across the shipping lanes of the Indian Ocean. Consequently, secure Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOCs) have been a key security issue for India in the twenty-first century.</li>
<li>In addition, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-to-explore-ocean-deeps" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Indian Ocean Basin</strong></a> became the scene for deep sea exploration and licences for scarce mineral resources.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Geo-strategic Location:</strong> India is centrally located between the eastern and western stretches of the Indian Ocean, thereby able to deploy naval forces in both directions more easily than other littoral states in the Indian Ocean.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This maritime can be reflected by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/naval-exercise-milan-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Milan naval exercises</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Milan essentially became a political statement and networking exercise, showing India&rsquo;s ability to take an active and leading role towards other Indo-Pacific states, unaffected by the presence of larger outside powers like the United States or China</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Milan naval exercises in the Bay of Bengal have been organized by India since 1995.</li>
<li>By 2012 and 2014, these exercises involved a wide swathe of Indian Ocean actors in the shape of Mauritius, Seychelles, Maldives, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Australia, Brunei, Vietnam, and the Philippines.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p><strong>Establishing Sagar Panchayat:</strong> India can collaborate with Indian Ocean Rim countries to establish the common good order at sea. Given India&rsquo;s geostrategic location, it could sherpa a cluster of Indo-Pacific nations into a<strong> &ldquo;sagar panchayat&rdquo;</strong> and uphold the rule of law at sea.</p>
<p><strong>Strategic Alignment:</strong> In order to secure Sea Lanes of Communication, enhancing interoperability at sea, intelligence- sharing and maintaining freedom of navigation, India should work together with like-minded nations.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this context, the four-nation <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quad-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quad</strong></a> (United States, Japan, Australia and India) is a work in progress. This grouping can be expanded by including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asean-summit-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASEAN nations.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Developing Blue-water Naval Capabilities:</strong> Given India&rsquo;s stakes in Indian ocean, it is very significant for India to develop blue-water naval capabilities.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Apart from developing indigenious naval capacity, there is a need to push for development of three aircraft carrier groups, one for each Command, and set to operate in western, southern, and eastern quadrants of the Indian Ocean.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Exploiting China&rsquo;s Maritime Vulnerability:</strong> Though China has shown aggressive posture in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/china-in-south-china-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>South China Sea</strong></a> and as well as Indian ocean, it has been anxious about its vulnerability at sea &mdash; or what is referred to as the Malacca dilemma.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Taking this in cognizance, India should develop sea-denial capability mainly at choke points in Indian ocean such as Strait of Hormuz, Bab-el-Mandeb, Strait of Malacca.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sea-Denial Capability</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sea denial is a military term describing attempts to deny the enemy's ability to use the sea without necessarily attempting to control the sea for its own use.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The simultaneous rise of India and China is an important paradigm shift in the international system. This new paradigm shift will require India to focus on not only land boundaries but also maritime security.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594378692_image0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594378692_image0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="750" height="479" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #fa0000; background-color: #fff9f5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;The paradigm change in balance of power in the 21<sup>st</sup> century presents Indian Ocean as a geography of opportunity for India&rdquo;. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZIu6JwcqVAs" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-case-for-extension-the-hindu-editorial-on-rural-jobs-scheme/article32025320.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A case for extension: On rural jobs scheme&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published on July 9<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-maritime-security-strategy'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Rabari, Bharvad and Charan of Gujarat',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Gujarat government</strong> has decided to form a <strong>five-member commission</strong> to identify members of <strong>Rabari, Bharvad and Charan</strong> communities, who are eligible for benefits of <strong><a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Schedule Tribe</a> (ST) status.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>October 1956,</strong> the <strong>central government conferred ST status</strong> on people of <strong>Rabari, Bharvad and Charan</strong> communities, living in <em><strong>nesses</strong></em> (tiny, oval-shaped hutments made of mud) of <strong>Gir, Barda and Alech areas</strong> of Gujarat.</li>
<li>However, it has been alleged that a number of<strong> people not living in <em>nesses</em></strong> have managed to<strong> get ST certificates</strong> and are <strong>enjoying undue reservation benefits,</strong> mainly in government jobs.</li>
<li>Leaders of these three communities and other communities as well, have been <strong>protesting</strong> for quite some time against this.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective of the Commission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>resolve this issue and identify the legitimate beneficiaries</strong> of ST status among the members of the three communities.</li>
<li>To <strong>ensure</strong> that the eligible members of the tribes are<strong> not devoid of their right</strong> and the <strong>others do not get an undue benefit</strong> in their names.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The five-member commission will comprise a retired judge of the high court as the head, two district judges, one retired forest officer and one retired revenue officer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rabari</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They <strong>migrated from Rajasthan</strong> via Kutch and now most of them live in the Okhamandal region of Jamnagar district.</li>
<li>They speak <strong><em>&lsquo;Bhopa&rsquo;</em></strong> which is a <strong>mixture of Gujarati, Kachchi, Marwari words and Pharasi</strong> (Persian) and use <strong>Gujarati script.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Women stand in almost equal status</strong> to that of men.</li>
<li>The main economic activity is<strong> sheep breeding and selling of milk.</strong> Only a few of them own cultivable<strong> agricultural land.</strong> Recently, they have started engaging as <strong>wage labourers in industrial establishments</strong> both as skilled and unskilled labourers.</li>
<li>They profess <strong>Hinduism</strong> and are followers of <strong>Shiva and Shakti.</strong></li>
<li>Their folk songs are called <em><strong>&lsquo;Siya&rsquo;.</strong></em></li>
</ul>
<h3>Bharvad</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term Bharwad is a modified form of the word <em><strong>'Badawad&rsquo;.</strong></em><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>&lsquo;Bada' means sheep and 'Wada' refers to compound or enclosure. The person who possesses compounds or pens is known as Badawad.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They <strong>communicate in Gujarati</strong> and use<strong> Gujarati script.</strong></li>
<li>Bharwad <strong>women have a lower status.</strong></li>
<li>The Bharwads are<strong> pastorals</strong> who are permitted to graze their sheep and cattle in certain demarcated areas of the reserved forest. Some of them <strong>possess dry agricultural land</strong> and earn their livelihood as<strong> agricultural labourers.</strong></li>
<li>They profess<strong> Hinduism</strong> and <strong>Krishna</strong> is considered the supreme God.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Charan</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Charan, also called <strong>Gadhvi,</strong> is a small tribe in Gujarat and the name Charan is derived from the word <em><strong>&lsquo;Char&rsquo;</strong></em> which means <strong>grazing.</strong></li>
<li>They <strong>speak Gujarati</strong> and use <strong>Gujarati script.</strong></li>
<li>They <strong>marry within their community</strong> and<strong> practice monogamy.</strong></li>
<li>The Charans are traditionally <strong>cattle breeders.</strong> They have also<strong> adopted agriculture as their secondary occupation.</strong></li>
<li>They profess <strong>Hinduism</strong> and the main deity is <strong>Pithorai Mata.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Scheduled Tribes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per <strong>Census 1931,</strong> Schedule tribes are termed as<strong> &lsquo;backward tribes&rsquo;</strong> living in the <strong>&lsquo;Excluded&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;Partially Excluded&rsquo;</strong> areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Constitution <strong>does not define the criteria for recognition</strong> of Scheduled Tribes and hence the definition contained in 1931 Census was used in initial years after independence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Government of India Act, 1935</strong> called for the first time for representatives of &lsquo;backward tribes&rsquo; in provincial assemblies.</li>
<li><strong>Article 366 (25)</strong> of the Constitution<strong> only provides a process to define</strong> Scheduled Tribes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scheduled Tribes means such tribes, tribal communities, parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under <strong>Article 342</strong> to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Article 342 (1):</strong> The President may with respect to any State or Union Territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor, by a public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups within tribes or tribal communities as Scheduled Tribe in relation to that State or Union Territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The category of<strong> 'tribe'</strong> entails a <strong>social and cultural dimension</strong> but the<strong> &lsquo;schedule tribe&rsquo;</strong> category has <strong>political-administrative implications.</strong></li>
<li>A majority of the ST population is<strong> concentrated in the eastern, central and western belt</strong> covering the nine states of <strong>Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About <strong>12%</strong> inhabit the <strong>North-eastern region,</strong> about <strong>5%</strong> in the <strong>Southern region</strong> and about <strong>3%</strong> in the <strong>Northern states.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Second Amendment) Bill, 2019</strong> will amend <strong>Part VI of the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes)</strong> Order, 1950 that specifies the tribal and tribal communities which are deemed to be Scheduled Tribes.</li>
<li><strong>Other Constitutional Provisions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 15 (4):&nbsp;</strong>Special provisions for advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the&nbsp;Scheduled Castes (SCs) or the STs.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16 (4): </strong>Enables the state to make any provision for reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the state, is not adequately represented in the services under the state.</li>
<li><strong>Article 46:</strong> Promotion of educational and economic interests of SCs, STs and other weaker sections.</li>
<li><strong>Article 330 and 332:</strong> Provides for specific representation through reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Parliament and in the State Legislative Assemblies respectively.</li>
<li><strong>Article 338 A:</strong> Gives powers to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)</strong></a> to oversee the implementation of various safeguards provided to STs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-panel-to-be-formed-to-decide-on-tribal-status-of-3-communities-6497045/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rabari-bharvad-and-charan-of-gujarat'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'India Global Week 2020: India Inc.',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister of India has addressed the inaugural session of a three-day virtual conference of<strong> India Global Week 2020</strong> organised in London, United Kingdom by <strong>India Inc.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It also marks the <strong>100<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Pandit Ravi Shankar,</strong> a great Indian musician <strong>(Sitar player,</strong> composer and singer).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Global Week</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an<strong> annual flagship event</strong> organised by <strong>India Inc., </strong>a<strong> London based media house</strong> to re-energise and ignite optimism at global level.</li>
<li>It brings about an <strong>action-oriented focus by giving a forum to global deliberations</strong> from geopolitics to business, arts &amp; culture to emerging technologies, banking and finance, pharma, defence and security, social impact and the diaspora dividend.</li>
<li>India Inc. also produces incisive contents and events on <strong>investment, trade and policy matters related to India's</strong> increasingly globalised economic and strategic agenda.</li>
<li>Its <strong>flagship publication: India Global Business.</strong></li>
<li>Diaspora news network:<strong> iGlobal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Theme:</strong> Be The Revival: India and a Better New World.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> Explore business, strategic and cultural opportunities, understand the challenges and make informed decisions as the world looks ahead to a better, brighter future beyond <a href="/pdf/1593949713-coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Significance for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Global Revival:</strong> As India is playing a leading <strong>role in the global revival,</strong> it has brought India's ancient culture <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ayush-wellness-centres-under-national-ayush-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(AYUSH)</strong></a>, universal, peaceful ethos and the beauty of classical music to the world.</li>
<li><strong>Global Audience:</strong> The event as a forum has helped to <strong>bring the opportunities in India to a global audience</strong> and made the links between India and UK stronger.</li>
<li><strong>Trade and Investment:</strong> It would focus on India&rsquo;s <strong>trade and foreign investment processes</strong> as it has done many reforms e.g. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/private-sector-participation-in-space" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>private investment in the space sector.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Reforms in agriculture would provide an opportunity to invest in storage and logistics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Invest India Programme:</strong> It will help in improving the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/invest-india-and-business-france-sign-mou-to-promote-investment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Invest India</strong></a><strong> programme.</strong> India has recently been reviewing 50 investment proposals from China under its new screening policy which is being done under the new rules.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>New rules:</strong> India announced new investment rules in April 2020. Under the new rules, all the investments by the entities based in neighbouring countries have to be approved by Indian Government. This was introduced to curb opportunistic takeovers during Covid-19-period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Battle against the Covid-19:</strong> As India is fighting a strong battle against the global pandemic it would recognise <strong>India's efforts towards revival</strong> with care, compassion and sustainability - both for the environment and the economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to fight Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>AtmaNirbhar Bharat Initiative:</strong> It is about being self-sustaining and self-generating. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AtmaNirbhar Bharat</strong> </a>merges domestic production and consumption with global supply chains.</li>
<li><strong>Economic Relief Packages:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>package</strong></a> has been targeted to help the poorest with aid of technology and providing free cooking gas, cash in the bank accounts, free food grains to millions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1637540" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-global-week-2020-india-inc'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'USA, China Visa Curbs Over Tibet Issue',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, China has announced visa restrictions on people from the USA for <strong>behaving badly on Tibet-related issues.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is considered a <strong>retaliatory step by China</strong> over USA&rsquo;s visa restrictions for a certain group of Chinese officials.</li>
<li>The moves come as relations between China and USA deteriorate over trade, technology, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coronavirus pandemic</strong> </a>and the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-hong-kong-national-security-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>national security law of Hong Kong.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tibet</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tibet is a region on the Tibetan Plateau <strong>in Asia,</strong> spanning about 2.4 million km<sup>2</sup>&ndash; nearly a <strong>quarter of China&rsquo;s territory.</strong></li>
<li>It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups.</li>
<li>Tibet is the<strong> highest region on Earth,</strong> with an average elevation of 4,900 metres. The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, Earth&rsquo;s highest mountain, rising 8,848 m above sea level.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China insists Tibet has been part of its territory for centuries. Also, it has barred foreign journalists from visiting <strong>Tibet since 2008,</strong> when the region experienced a wave of <strong>protests.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From 1912 until the founding of the People&rsquo;s Republic of China in 1949, <strong>no Chinese government exercised control</strong> over what is today China&rsquo;s Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR).</li>
<li>Many Tibetans insist they were <strong>essentially independent</strong> for most of that time and have protested what they regard as China's rule imposed after the People's Liberation Army occupied TAR in 1950.</li>
<li>Since the 1959 Uprising, the central government of China has been steadily tightening its grip on Tibet.</li>
<li>The <strong>14<sup>th</sup> Dalai Lama,</strong> continues to head the <strong>Tibetan government-in-exile</strong> from McLeod Ganj, a suburb of <strong>Dharamsala, India</strong> which coordinates political activities for Tibetans in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China has also<strong> not responded</strong> to USA&rsquo;s requests to set up a consulate in the <strong>regional capital Lhasa.</strong></li>
<li>The access to tibetan region is vital to keep track of <strong>human as well as environmental abuses by China</strong>. Also, <strong>stability of the region</strong> is important as it is the s<strong>ource for major rivers of Asia</strong> supporting civilisationa for the time immemorial.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>USA&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China has continued systematically to <strong>obstruct travel to the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) and other Tibetan areas</strong> by USA diplomats and other officials, journalists, and tourists, while Chinese officials and other citizens enjoy far greater access to the United States.</li>
<li>USA announced <strong>visa restrictions on Chinese government and Chinese Communist Party officials</strong> determined to be substantially involved in the formulation or execution of policies related to access for foreigners to Tibetan areas, pursuant to the <strong>Reciprocal Access to Tibet Act of 2018.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Reciprocal Access to Tibet Act of 2018 promotes access for diplomats, officials, journalists and others from the United States to China's Tibetan areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Furthermore, the USA has also committed to work to <strong>advance the sustainable economic development,</strong> environmental conservation, and humanitarian conditions of <strong>Tibetan communities</strong> within China and abroad.</li>
<li>The USA&rsquo;s funding for the <strong>Tibetan issues</strong> for the fiscal year 2021 has been proposed to be <strong>$17 million and $1 million for the Special Coordinator for Tibetan issues.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China has expressed firm opposition to the USA&rsquo;s visa restriction move and urged the USA to immediately stop <strong>interfering in China&rsquo;s internal affairs</strong> through Tibet-related issues.</li>
<li>China has also suggested the USA<strong> to avoid further harming China-USA relation, communication and cooperation</strong> between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>China-USA relations have been deteriorating over a number of issues but the world needs peace and collaborative efforts during this wave of pandemic .</li>
<li>Thus both the countries need to adopt ways like conciliation, diplomatic talks to create and maintain peace between two countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/us-china-trade-visa-curbs-over-tibet/article32025020.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/usa-china-visa-curbs-over-tibet-issue'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Infant Mortality Surged in Madhya Pradesh',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the Office of the Registrar General India, the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-tackling-infant-mortality#:~:text=Schemes%20like%20Janani%20Suraksha%20Yojana,reduce%20the%20prevalence%20of%20IMR." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)</strong></a> in Madhya Pradesh has surged by a single point over the previous year to 48 in 2018.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IMR is the <strong>number of deaths of children</strong> under one year of age <strong>per 1000 live births.</strong></li>
<li>The Office of the Registrar General is under the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs.</strong> It issues the <strong>Sample Registration System bulletin,</strong> which provides estimates of birth rate, death rate and infant mortality rate for states.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The country&rsquo;s average <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/declining-maternal-mortality-ratio-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IMR</a> stands at 32 per 1,000 live births</strong> which includes an average 36 deaths for rural and 23 for urban areas.</li>
<li>In Madhya Pradesh it is 52 children in rural areas and 36 in urban areas. Madhya Pradesh has the highest IMR (48) in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The IMR for boys in the State stood at 51, while for girls it was 46 in 2018.</li>
<li>As many as 26 infants of 1,000 live births in Madhya Pradesh died within the first seven days constituting more than half the infant deaths.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh</strong> has the <strong>next highest rate of 43</strong> and Kerala has 7, the lowest among the bigger States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong> Increasing premature deliveries, infections, birth asphyxiation (lack of oxygen in blood) and delay in securing treatment which lead to complicated deliveries.</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Birth Spacing</strong>: In most cases two children were born within one-one and a half years as against the advocated gap of around three years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This may result in premature deliveries of low birth weight babies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Malnutrition:</strong> High malnutrition levels in pregnant as well as lactating mothers often result in the death of infants.</li>
<li><strong>Maternal Health:</strong> It also has a bearing on the IMR. In 2015-2017, Madhya Pradesh registered a maternal mortality ratio of 188 per 1 lakh live births, against the country&rsquo;s average of 122.</li>
<li><strong>Antenatal Care:</strong> According to the<a href="/search/national%20family%20health%20survey" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Family Health Survey</strong></a> -4 (2015-16), only 11.4% mothers received full antenatal care. So, when pregnancy is not monitored properly it leads to complicated deliveries despite a high claimed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-health-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>institutional deliveries.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solutions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Response of States:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-health-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Health</strong></a> being a state subject, puts the onus of patient&rsquo;s effective care on State government. Hence, there is a need for strong commitment from the states in relation to availability of the human and financial resources.</li>
<li><strong>Antenatal and Postnatal Care:</strong> It is an important aspect in bringing down infant mortalities. There is a need for sufficient health checkups, institutional deliveries and medication in Antenatal and Postnatal Care.</li>
<li><strong>Revamping of Primary Health Care:</strong> The primary health system needs to be ramped up in terms of facilities, trained medical professionals and medical equipment.</li>
<li><strong>Paediatric Intensive Care Units:</strong> To bring down the IMR, ICUs should be set up to take care of inborn children.</li>
<li><strong>Enhancement of Manpower:</strong> Enhancement of manpower e.g. Doctors, skilled <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASHA workers</strong></a> and nurses at the primary health especially in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/governments-efforts-for-rural-healthcare" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rural areas</strong></a> would aid to institutional deliveries.</li>
<li><strong>Digitisation:</strong> The <strong>National Health Portal</strong> has been used as a single point access for institutional deliveries through Janani Suraksha Yojana.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Government Initiatives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Health Mission:</strong> The National Health Mission (NHM) encompasses two Sub-Missions, the <strong>National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)</strong> launched in 2005 and the <strong>National Urban Health Mission (NUHM)</strong> launched in 2013.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It envisages achievement of universal access to equitable, affordable &amp; quality health care services that are accountable and responsive to people's needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India Newborn Action Plan:</strong> It was launched in 2014 to make concerted efforts towards attainment of the goal of &ldquo;Single Digit Neonatal Mortality Rate&rdquo; and &ldquo;Single Digit Still-birth Rate&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Other Schemes:</strong> Schemes like Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-tool-to-reduce-maternal-mortality" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK)</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)</strong></a> etc. were started to promote institutional deliveries so as to reduce the prevalence of IMR.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Efforts are being made to bring down the infant mortality rate to the levels of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3#:~:text=To%20bring%20sustainable%20development%20in,over%20the%20next%2015%20years." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> i.e. <strong>23 per 1,000 live births by 2025.</strong></li>
<li>However, there is a need of preventive rather than only curative care.</li>
<li>The <strong>availability of funds</strong> (from Centre) as well as its judicious use by the States is vital in effective implementation of the framed policies and overhauling of the required health infrastructure.</li>
<li>Concerned ministries can <strong>collaborate with each other</strong> to ensure better coordination, convergence and holistic integration of different schemes, as done in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyan.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/infant-mortalities-surged-by-a-single-point-in-madhya-pradesh-in-2018/article31990274.ece#:~:text=The%20infant%20mortality%20rate%20(IMR,of%20the%20Registrar%20General%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/infant-mortality-surged-in-madhya-pradesh'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Australia Suspends Extradition Treaty with Hong Kong',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Australia has <strong>suspended its extradition treaty with Hong Kong</strong> in response to a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-security-law-in-hong-kong" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new national security law</strong></a> imposed by China.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The extradition treaty was in place <strong>since 1993.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Extradition</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Extradition is the formal process of one state surrendering an individual to another state for prosecution or punishment for crimes committed in the requesting country's jurisdiction.</li>
<li>It is generally enabled through a bilateral or multilateral treaty.</li>
<li>The legal basis for extradition with countries with whom India does not have an Extradition treaty is provided by Section 3 (4) of the Indian Extradition Act, 1962.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Background</h3>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594369307_image3.gif" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594369307_image3.gif" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hong Kong was formerly a British colony and was handed over to mainland China in <strong>1997,</strong> becoming one of its<strong> Special Administrative Regions (SAR).</strong></li>
<li>It is governed by a<strong> mini-constitution called the Basic Law,</strong> which affirms the principle of <strong>&ldquo;one country, two systems&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The constitutional document is a product of the <strong>1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration,</strong> under which China promised to honour Hong Kong&rsquo;s liberal policies, system of governance, independent judiciary, and individual freedoms for a period of 50 years from 1997.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issues With National Security Law:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China <strong>bypassed Hong Kong&rsquo;s Legislative Council</strong> to impose the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-hong-kong-national-security-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>national security law</strong></a> which <strong>prohibits activities which are viewed by China</strong> as secessionist, subversive or terrorist activities or foreign intervention in Hong Kong affairs.</li>
<li>Under the law, police have sweeping powers to conduct searches without warrants and order internet service providers and platforms to remove messages deemed to be in violation of the legislation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, the law is considered as an attack on <strong>human rights especially freedom of speech and freedom of assembly</strong> of the people of Hong Kong.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also violates the<strong> basic law of Hong Kong</strong> which suggests that no central government agencies can interfere in the functioning of the Special Administrative Region (Hong Kong).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 12</strong> under the basic law suggests that there will be a <strong>high degree of autonomy</strong> for administration of Hong Kong.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Australia:</strong> It has also announced a range of <strong>visa extensions</strong> from two to five years and pathways to <strong>permanent residency visas.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Earlier, Australia had offered<strong> &ldquo;safe haven&rdquo; visas to Chinese</strong> people after the crackdown on pro-democracy protesters around <strong>Beijing&rsquo;s Tiananmen Square in 1989.</strong></li>
<li>More than 27,000 Chinese students in Australia at the time were allowed to stay permanently.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Britain:</strong> It has <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-response-to-china-s-security-law-on-hong-kong"><strong>declared</strong></a> that it is extending residency rights for up to 3 million Hong Kongers eligible for British National Overseas passports, allowing them to live and work in the U.K. for five years.</li>
<li><strong>Canada:</strong> It has suspended its extradition treaty with Hong Kong and is looking at other options including migration.</li>
<li><strong>India:</strong> India is expecting relevant parties would address the concerns<strong> properly, seriously and objectively.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The large Indian community makes the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China its home and thus India has been keeping a close watch on recent developments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Response:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China has warned Australia against <strong>interfering in China&rsquo;s internal affairs with Hong Kong.</strong></li>
<li>It has also indicated that such steps will cause a <strong>huge negative impact on the Australian economy</strong> making the issue more serious.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The enactment of the national security law could undermine Hong Kong&rsquo;s position as an East Asian trading hub, and invite global disapproval for Beijing, which is already being accused of withholding key information related to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>.</li>
<li>It becomes crucial to see how Hong Kong deals with the situation. The freedoms granted to it under the Basic Law will expire in 2047 and it is not clear what Hong Kong&rsquo;s status will be.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/australia-ends-hong-kong-extradition-treaty-extends-visas/article32028108.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/australia-suspends-extradition-treaty-with-hong-kong'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Draft Rules for Code on Wages Act 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Labour and Employment</strong> has published the draft rules framed for the implementation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-code-on-wages-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code on Wages Act, 2019.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new draft rules have been circulated afresh for<strong> public comments and suggestions for a period of 45 days</strong> from the date of publishing, 7<sup>th</sup> July 2020.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The latest draft rules are <strong>similar to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/code-on-wages-1#:~:text=Code%20on%20Wages%20Act%202019,-The%20new%20wage&amp;text=It%20seeks%20to%20universalizes%20the,legislative%20protection%20of%20minimum%20wage." target="_blank" rel="noopener">preliminary draft published in November 2019</a></strong> with <strong>one major change.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry has <strong>changed the work requirement for eligibility for minimum wages and other benefits from nine hours to eight.</strong></li>
<li>The latest draft clarified the issue as the nine hours mentioned <strong>earlier included one hour of rest,</strong> which has <strong>now been mentioned separately</strong> from the eight working hours.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Code on Wages Act 2019</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Aims to <strong>transform the old and obsolete labour laws</strong> into <strong>more accountable and transparent</strong> ones and seeks to pave the way for the <strong>introduction of minimum wages and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rebooting-labour-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">labour reforms</a></strong> in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Removes the multiplicity of wage definitions,</strong> which can significantly reduce litigation as well as compliance cost for employers.</li>
<li><strong>Regulates the wages and bonus payments</strong> in all employments where any industry, trade, business, or manufacturing is being carried out.</li>
<li><strong>Links minimum wage</strong> across the country to the <strong>skills of the employee </strong>and the<strong> place of employment.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It simplifies the methodology to fix minimum wage by <strong>doing away with the &lsquo;type of employment&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It seeks to<strong> universalise the provisions of minimum wages and timely payment</strong> of wages to all employees irrespective of the sector and wage ceiling.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It seeks to ensure <strong>&lsquo;Right to Sustenance&rsquo;</strong> for every worker and intends to<strong> increase the legislative protection of minimum wage.</strong></li>
<li>Employees getting <strong>monthly salary</strong> shall get the salary by <strong>7<sup>th</sup> of next month,</strong> those working on a<strong> weekly basis</strong> shall get the salary on the <strong>last day of the week</strong> and <strong>daily wagers</strong> should get it on the <strong>same day.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Central Government is empowered to fix the floor wages</strong> by taking into account the living standards of workers. It may set different floor wages for different geographical areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>minimum wages</strong> decided by the central or state governments <strong>must be higher than the floor wage.</strong></li>
<li>Under the Constitution of India,<strong> labour</strong> is a subject in the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-article-131-special-powers-of-supreme-court" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Concurrent List of the Seventh Schedule</strong></a> where both the Central and State Governments are competent to enact legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Calculation of Minimum Wage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the draft rules, the<strong> basis for calculating the minimum wage</strong> would be a standard working-class family of one earning worker, a spouse and two children, a net intake of 2,700 calories per day each, 66 metres of cloth per year, rent expenditure equal to 10% of the food and clothing expenditure, fuel, electricity and other miscellaneous expenses of 20% of minimum wage and expenditure on children&rsquo;s education, medical care, recreation and contingencies amounting to 25% of the minimum wage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It subsumes the <strong>following four labour laws:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Payment of Wages Act, 1936.</li>
<li>The Minimum Wages Act, 1948.</li>
<li>The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965.</li>
<li>The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Centre shall constitute a <strong>technical committee</strong> which would <strong>advise on the skill categories,</strong> while an <strong>advisory board may recommend the minimum wage.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Types of Wages</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Minimum Wage:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-anniversary-of-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organisation</strong></a> defines it as &ldquo;the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work performed during a given period, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract&rdquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The minimum wage includes the bare needs of life like food, shelter and clothing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Living Wage:</strong> It is the wage needed to provide the minimum income necessary to pay for basic needs based on the cost of living in a specific community.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In addition to bare needs, a &lsquo;living wage&rsquo; includes education, health, insurance, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fair Wage:</strong> A &lsquo;fair wage&rsquo; is a mean between &lsquo;living wage&rsquo; and &lsquo;minimum wage&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Starvation Wage:</strong> It refers to the wages which are insufficient to provide the ordinary necessities of life.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/labour-ministry-notifies-draft-on-minimum-wages/article32034447.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-rules-for-code-on-wages-act-2019'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Mongolian Kanjur Being Reprinted',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Culture</strong> has taken up the project of reprinting <strong>108 volumes of Mongolian Kanjur</strong> by March 2022 under the <strong>National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Some copies were presented to the government of Mongolia on the occasion of <strong>Guru Purnima,</strong> also known as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dharma-chakra-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dharma Chakra Day</strong></a>, on 4<sup>th</sup> July, 2020.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594367804_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594367804_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mongolian Kanjur:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddhist</strong></a> <strong>canonical text in 108 volumes</strong> and is considered to be the most important religious text in Mongolia. It is a source of providing a cultural identity to Mongolia.</li>
<li>In the Mongolian language &lsquo;Kanjur&rsquo; means <strong>&lsquo;Concise Orders&rsquo;</strong>- the words of Lord Buddha in particular.</li>
<li>It has been <strong>translated from Tibetan and is written in classical mongolian.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cultural Relations Between India and Mongolia:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Buddhism was carried to Mongolia by Indian cultural and religious ambassadors during the early Christian era. As a result, today, Buddhists form the single largest religious denomination in Mongolia.</li>
<li>India established formal <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-mongolia-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>diplomatic relations</strong></a> with Mongolia in 1955. The publication of Mongolian Kanjur by the Government of India for the Government of Mongolia will act as a <strong>symbol of cultural harmony between India and Mongolia</strong> and will contribute to furtherance of bilateral relations during the coming years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Mission for Manuscripts</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) was launched in <strong>February 2003</strong> by the Government of India with the mandate of documenting, conserving and disseminating the knowledge preserved in the manuscripts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>manuscript</strong> is a handwritten composition on paper, bark, cloth, metal, palm leaf or any other material dating back at least seventy-five years that has significant scientific, historical or aesthetic value.</li>
<li>Lithographs and printed volumes are not manuscripts.</li>
<li>Manuscripts are distinct from historical records such as epigraphs on rocks, revenue records which provide direct information on events or processes in history.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>One of the objectives of the mission is to <strong>publish rare and unpublished manuscripts</strong> so that the knowledge enshrined in them is spread to researchers, scholars and the general public at large.</li>
<li>It is under the<strong> Ministry of Culture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1637551" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mongolian-kanjur-being-reprinted'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Capital Infusion for the Insurance Companies',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the <strong>capital infusion of Rs.12,450 crore in the three Public Sector General Insurance Companies (PSGICs) </strong>namely<strong> Oriental Insurance Company Limited (OlCL), National Insurance Company Limited (NICL) </strong>and<strong> United India Insurance Company Limited (UIICL).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The primary regulator for insurance in India is the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sandbox-for-fintech" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Capital Infusion:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The capital infusion of <strong>Rs. 3,475 Crore</strong> will be allocated to three PSGICs as the<strong> first tranche</strong> in the current financial year and the balance amount will be released in one or more tranches.</li>
<li>To give effect to the infusion, the authorised capital of NICL has been increased to Rs. 7,500 Crore and that of UIICL and OlCL to Rs. 5,000 Crore respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The capital infusion will enable the three PSGICs to improve their financial and solvency position.</li>
<li>It will also help to meet the insurance needs of the economy and enhance the capacity to raise resources and improve risk management.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has <strong>dropped the process of merger,</strong> which was proposed, in the 2018-19 Budget, of these three PSGICs in view of the economic crisis created due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Instead, it has decided to focus on the profitable growth of these three PSGICs.</li>
<li>The<strong> aim of the merger was to augment capital by listing the merged entity on stock exchanges,</strong> which would have brought down government equity (share).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The firms were also not in good shape. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As of the third quarter of 2019-20, NICL had a <strong>solvency ratio</strong> of 1.01, against the regulatory requirement of 1.5. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The solvency ratio examines a company's ability to meet its long-term obligations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Its<strong> combined ratio</strong> stood at 173%. If the ratio is below 100%, it indicates that the firm is making underwriting profits.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The combined ratio is a measure of profitability used by an insurance company to gauge how well it is performing in its daily operations.</li>
<li><strong>Underwriting profit</strong> consists of the earned premium remaining after losses have been paid and administrative expenses have been deducted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>OICL had a solvency ratio of 1.54 and reported a combined ratio of 132%.</li>
<li>UIICL had a solvency ratio of 0.94, much below the regulatory requirement, with combined ratio at 127.62%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Public Sector Insurance Companies are under the <strong>Department of Financial Service, Ministry of Finance. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initial-public-offer-lic" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)</a></strong> is the largest insurance company in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1637210" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/capital-infusion-for-the-insurance-companies'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Description:</strong> Ranthambore National Park was established initially as<strong> Sawai Madhopur Game Sanctuary in 1955</strong> by the Government of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1973, it was declared as a Tiger Reserve under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Tiger.</strong></a></li>
<li>In1980, Ranthambore was declared a national park, while the forests located beside it were named<strong> Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary &amp; Keladevi Sanctuary.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> Ranthambore Tiger Reserve lies in the eastern part of Rajasthan state in Karauli and Sawai Madhopur districts, at the junction of the Aravali and Vindhya hill ranges.</li>
<li>The<strong> vegetation includes grasslands</strong> on plateaus and dense forests along the seasonal streams.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The forest type is mainly<strong> tropical dry deciduous with &lsquo;dhak&rsquo;</strong> <em>(Butea monosperma)</em>, a species of tree capable of withstanding long periods of drought, being the commonest.</li>
<li>This tree is also called as <strong>'Flame of forest'</strong> and is one of the many flowering plants that add colour to the dry summers here.</li>
<li><strong>Other Common Names:</strong> Battle of Plassey tree, Bengal kino, Palash tree, parrot tree, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tree is also known as the <strong>&ldquo;Battle of Plassey&rdquo;</strong> tree because Palashi was the scene of the Battle of Plassey, a decisive victory of British forces under Robert Clive over those of the nawab (ruler) of Bengal, Sirāj al-Dawlah, in 1757.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594366738_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594366738_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;"></ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Wildlife</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The park is rich in wildlife with tigers at the apex of the food chain in mammals.</li>
<li>Other animals found here are leopards, striped hyenas, common or hanuman langurs, rhesus macaques, jackals, jungle cats, caracals, blackbuck, Blacknaped hare and chinkara, etc.</li>
<li>The park is rich in birds with about 272 species recorded so far.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This area with tigers in it represents the<strong> north-western limit of the Bengal tiger&rsquo;s distribution range</strong> and is an outstanding example of <strong>Project Tiger&rsquo;s</strong> efforts for conservation in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/probe-ordered-into-picture-with-tiger-cub-at-ranthambhore-reserve/article32024856.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ranthambhore-tiger-reserve'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Flood Management In India',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/evolve-an-integrated-response-to-floods/story-I4yySP7VXoWcNzO7eCgVhN.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Evolve an integrated response to floods&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on 06/07/2020. It talks about the need for an Holistic Flood Management framework In India.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, <strong>floods in Assam</strong> and other north-eastern states have caused devastation of life and property, which is an annual problem in the region. However, floods are not restricted to North-eastern India, rather it affects many other areas in the country.</p>
<p>Apart from natural factors like incessant and heavy rainfall during the monsoon, there are man-made factors that contribute to floods in India.</p>
<p>India is highly vulnerable, as most of its geographical area is prone to annual flooding. The high losses and damages due to floods show the poor adaptation and mitigation status of India and inadequacy in disaster management and preparedness.</p>
<p>Thus, there is a need for an<strong> Integrated flood management system.</strong></p>
<h3>Factors contributing to the increase in Floods</h3>
<p><strong>Natural Causes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Climate Change:</strong> According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-report-on-climate-change-ipcc#:~:text=The%20Intergovernmental%20Panel%20on%20Climate,underway%20in%20the%20United%20States." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Panel for Climate Change</strong></a>, the rainfall intensity, duration and frequency are going to increase in the future.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, incidence of cyclonic circulations and cloud bursts that cause flash floods are increasing due to Climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Skewed Rainfall Pattern:</strong> 80% of the precipitation takes place in the monsoon months from June to September. During this time, the rivers bring heavy sediment load from the catchments.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These, coupled with inadequate carrying capacity of the rivers and drainage congestion and erosion of river-banks are responsible for causing floods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trans-National Rivers:</strong> The fact that some of the rivers (like Brahmaputra, many tributaries of Ganga) causing damage in India originate in neighboring countries, adds another complex dimension to the problem.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, sudden change in topography from high mountains to plain areas, is also a reason for floods in northern India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Earthquakes:</strong> An Earthquake Disaster Risk Index (EDRI), prepared by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-disaster-management-authority-ndma-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA),</strong></a> showed that about 56% area of India is vulnerable to moderate to major earthquakes.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As many of the river basins in India lie in earthquake-prone areas, the course of the river is not stable and amounts to flooding.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Human Causes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unplanned Development:</strong> Unplanned development, encroachments in riparian zones, failure of flood control structures, unplanned reservoir operations, poor drainage infrastructure, deforestation, land use change and sedimentation in river beds are exacerbating floods.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When rainfall is heavy, the river breaches the embankments and destroys habitations along the banks and on the sandbars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Urban Flooding:</strong> Flooding in the cities and the towns is a recent phenomenon caused by increasing incidence of heavy rainfall in a short period of time.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The reason for this is indiscriminate encroachment of waterways and wetlands, inadequate capacity of drains and lack of maintenance of the drainage infrastructure.</li>
<li>Apart from it, poor waste management is exacerbating the problem by blocking drains, canals and lakes, while ill-planned road projects are cutting off flood flows</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Neglect of Pre-Disaster Planning:</strong> History of flood management shows that focus of disaster management has largely been on post-flood recovery and relief.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many reservoirs and Hydro-electric plants do not have enough gauging stations for measurement of flood level, which is the principal component for flood prediction and forecast.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Disaster Preparedness Plan:</strong> A comprehensive flood management plan is needed to include Disaster preparedness.This may require strengthening of the following:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Flood Hotspot Mapping at local and regional scale.</li>
<li>Management and regulation of riparian zones to prevent spilling and erosion.</li>
<li>River flood modelling to prepare for incidences like reservoir breach and emergency water release from dams.</li>
<li>Advanced techniques such as mapping based on satellite imagery and <strong>Geographic Information Systems</strong> will help in development of flood early warning systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Integrated Approach:</strong> Steps need to be taken for watershed management through an integrated approach. Often these approaches involve both hard engineering solutions and ecologically sustainable soft solutions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hard Solutions:</strong> It involves civil engineering construction such as dams, culverts and dykes, widening and deepening of river channels and diversion channels to store and divert water to increase the lag time of water reaching downstream.</li>
<li><strong>Ecological Soft Solutions</strong>: The solutions such as restoration and management of riparian zones, afforestation along the river channels which led to retention of rainwater and reduces the river discharge.</li>
<li>An integrated approach to managing floods requires a sound understanding of the patterns that rivers such as the Ganga and its tributaries display during the monsoon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prioritising Buffers, Flexibility and Adaptability:</strong> This includes reviewing safety criteria of dams and canals, re-building these with higher safety factors, creating new intermediate storages, and introducing dynamic reservoir management.</li>
<li><strong>Reducing Disaster Risk Reduction:</strong> There is a need for efficient implementation of <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/sendai-framework-report#:~:text=It%20aims%20to%20guide%20the,Nations%20and%20Communities%20to%20Disasters." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction</strong></a>, this will reduce the vulnerability of any disaster.</li>
<li><strong>Focusing on Urban Flood Management:</strong> Keeping in view the fact that the problem of Urban Flooding is becoming more severe and losses are mounting every year.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The subject of urban flooding needs exclusive attention and the proper implementation of <strong>NDMA guidelines on Urban Flooding 2016,</strong> is the need of the hour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>As floods cause major damage to life and property every year, it is time the central and the state governments prepare a long-term plan that goes beyond piecemeal measures like building embankments and dredging to control floods. Also, there is a need for an integrated basin management plan that brings all the river-basin sharing countries as well Indian states on board.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594292491_image.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594292491_image.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffce3;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;The process of flood management in India is very complex due to the influence of several socio-hydroclimatological factors&rdquo;. In light of this statement analyse the need for an integrated flood management framework in India.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nGTuSJOVFfI" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/end-of-a-dream-6494923/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;End of a dream&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on July 7<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/flood-management-in-india'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, assets worth Rs. 329.66 crore of the Punjab National Bank (PNB) fraud mastermind Nirav Modi have been confiscated under Section 12(2) and (8) of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-sabha-passes-fugitive-economic-offenders-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/money-laundering-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>money laundering</strong></a> case, the <strong>Enforcement Directorate</strong> (ED) has so far attached properties valued at Rs. 2,348 crore.</li>
<li>The properties were earlier attached under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/changes-in-the-prevention-of-money-laundering-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prevention of Money Laundering Act, (PMLA) 2002.</a></strong></li>
<li>To proactively detect such frauds, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a> (RBI) is in the process of putting together an exclusive wing for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fraud-oversight-wing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>banking fraud oversight.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This wing will have teams for meta-data processing and analysis, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>artificial intelligence</strong> </a>analysis units, as well as proactive risk assessment cells.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018:</strong> It seeks to confiscate properties of economic offenders who have left the country to avoid facing criminal prosecution or refuse to return to the country to face prosecution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fugitive economic offender:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A person against whom an arrest warrant has been issued for committing an offence listed in the Act and the value of the offence is at least Rs. 100 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some of the offences </strong>listed in the act are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Counterfeiting government stamps or currency.</li>
<li>Cheque dishonour.</li>
<li>Money laundering.</li>
<li>Transactions defrauding creditors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Declaration of a Fugitive Economic Offender:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After hearing the application, a<strong> special court</strong> (designated <strong>under the PMLA, 2002</strong>) may declare an individual as a fugitive economic offender.</li>
<li>It<strong> may confiscate properties</strong> which are proceeds of crime, Benami properties and any other property, in India or abroad.</li>
<li>Upon confiscation,<strong> all rights and titles of the property will vest in the central government,</strong> free from encumbrances (such as any charges on the property).</li>
<li>The central government may appoint an administrator to manage and dispose of these properties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bar on Filing or Defending Civil Claims:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act allows any <strong>civil court or tribunal to prohibit</strong> a declared fugitive economic offender, from<strong> filing or defending any civil claim.</strong></li>
<li>Further, any <strong>company or limited liability partnership</strong> where such a person is a majority shareholder, promoter, or a key managerial person, may also be <strong>barred from filing or defending civil claims.</strong></li>
<li>The authorities may <strong>provisionally attach properties of an accused,</strong> while the application is pending before the Special Court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Powers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The authorities under the PMLA, 2002 will exercise powers given to them under the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act.</li>
<li>These <strong>powers</strong> will be<strong> similar to those of a civil court,</strong> including the search of persons in possession of records or proceeds of crime, the search of premises on the belief that a person is an FEO and seizure of documents.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Enforcement Directorate</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a<strong> specialized financial investigation agency</strong> under the <strong>Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance.</strong></li>
<li>On <strong>1<sup>st</sup> May 1956,</strong> an &lsquo;Enforcement Unit&rsquo; was formed in the Department of Economic Affairs for handling Exchange Control Laws violations under <strong>Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947.</strong> In 1957, it was renamed as &lsquo;Enforcement Directorate&rsquo;.</li>
<li>ED enforces the following laws:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/liberalised-remittance-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999.</strong></a></li>
<li>Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirav-modi-case-assets-worth-over-329-crore-confiscated-under-fugitive-economic-offenders-act/article32023092.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fugitive-economic-offenders-act-2018'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Affordable Rental Housing Complexes for Urban Migrants',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved a scheme for providing <strong>affordable rental housing</strong> to about<strong> 3 lakh urban <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/woes-of-migrants-amid-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">migrants.</a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will be a <strong>sub-scheme of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-grameen-behind-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana- Urban</a></strong> that is implemented by the<strong> Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>The creation of<strong> Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHCs)</strong> is as a part of the government&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>economic package</strong></a> to address the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 crisis</strong></a>. The scheme is in line with the vision of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AtmaNirbhar Bharat</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Target Beneficiaries:</strong> Workers who come from rural areas or towns to work in manufacturing, hospitality, health, construction, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Affordable Rental Housing:</strong> About 1.03 lakh completed government-funded houses across cities that are yet to be allotted to beneficiaries (Urban poor) under existing schemes would be converted into the rental housing complexes.</li>
<li><strong>Concession Agreements:</strong> The conversion will be done through <strong>concession agreements</strong> for 25 years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The States and Union Territories would invite bids to select concessionaires.</li>
<li>Concessionaires will make the complexes livable by repair/retrofit and maintenance of rooms and filling up infrastructure gaps like water, sewer/ septage, sanitation, road etc.</li>
<li>Complexes will revert to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/25-years-of-local-democracy-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Local Bodies (ULB)</strong></a> <strong>after 25 years</strong> to run on their own.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Incentives to Entities:</strong> Special incentives like <strong>concessional loan at priority sector lending rate,</strong> etc. will be offered to private/ public entities to develop ARHCs on their own available vacant land for 25 years.</li>
<li><strong>Technology Innovation Grant:</strong> Under it an <strong>expenditure of Rs. 600 crore would be provided</strong> for projects using identified innovative technologies for construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Creation of New Ecosystem:</strong> It will create a<strong> new ecosystem in urban areas</strong> making housing available at affordable rent close to the place of work. Hence, cutting down unnecessary travel, congestion and pollution.</li>
<li><strong>Investment Opportunities:</strong> It would create a <strong>conducive environment for entities</strong> to develop AHRCs on their own vacant land which would enable new investment opportunities and promote entrepreneurship in the rental housing sector.</li>
<li><strong>Employment:</strong> Covid-19 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic</strong> </a>has resulted in massive reverse migration of workers/ urban poor. Investment under ARHCs is expected to create new job opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana -Urban</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched in 2015 by the <strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,</strong> in which affordable housing will be provided to the<strong> urban poor</strong> with a target of building <strong>20 million affordable houses by 31<sup>st</sup> March 2022.</strong></li>
<li>It provides central assistance to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and other implementing agencies through States/UTs.</li>
<li><strong>Eligibility:</strong> All statutory towns as per Census 2011 and towns notified subsequently would be eligible for coverage under the Mission.</li>
<li><strong>Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In-situ Rehabilitation of existing slum dwellers using land as a resource through private participation.</li>
<li>Credit Linked Subsidy.</li>
<li>Affordable Housing in Partnership.</li>
<li>Subsidy for Beneficiary-led individual house construction/enhancement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The mission promotes <strong>women empowerment</strong> by providing the ownership of houses in the name of female members or in joint name.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1637215#:~:text=Ministry%20of%20Housing%20%26%20Urban%20Affairs,Minister%20on%2014%20May%2C%202020." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB </strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/affordable-rental-housing-complexes-for-urban-migrants'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Fishermen Issue with Sri Lanka',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Sri Lanka&rsquo;s northern fishermen have reported a<strong> sudden increase in the number of Indian trawlers spotted in its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener">territorial waters</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The territorial waters extend seaward <strong>up to 12 nautical miles (nm)</strong> from baselines of a country.</li>
<li>Fishermen along the northern coast of Jaffna Peninsula have<strong> lost their nets worth lakhs of rupees in the sea,</strong> after being caught under the large Indian trawlers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These Indian trawlers are known to <strong>originate</strong> from the Indian State of <strong>Tamil Nadu.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594287180_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594287180_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Introduction of the International Maritime Boundary Line :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian boats have been fishing in the troubled waters for centuries and had a free run of the Bay of Bengal, Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar<strong> until 1974 and 1976</strong> when treaties were signed between the two countries to demarcate International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL).</li>
<li>However, the treaties failed to factor in the hardship of thousands of traditional fishermen who were forced to restrict themselves to a meagre area in their fishing forays.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Katchatheevu Island Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>small islet of Katchatheevu,</strong> hitherto used by them for sorting their catch and drying their nets, fell on the other side of the IMBL.</li>
<li>Fishermen often risk their lives and cross the IMBL rather than return empty-handed, but the Sri Lankan Navy is on alert, and have either arrested or destroyed fishing nets and vessels of those who have crossed the line.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation of Practical Agreements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries have agreed on certain practical arrangements to deal with the issue of bona fide fishermen of either side crossing the International Maritime Boundary Line.</li>
<li>Through these arrangements, it has been possible to deal with the issue of detention of fishermen in a humane manner.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-sri-lanka#:~:text=Key%20Points,and%20to%20fight%20against%20terrorism.&amp;text=India%20extended%20a%20%24400%20million,strengthen%20its%20infrastructure%20and%20economy." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and Sri Lanka</strong></a> have agreed to set up a <strong>Joint Working Group (JWG)</strong> on Fisheries between the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare of India</strong> and Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development of Sri Lanka as the mechanism to help find a<strong> permanent solution</strong> to the fishermen issue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Threat to Livelihoods:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sri lankan fishermen fear that their <strong>livelihoods will be hit due to trawlers</strong> which are already under strain due to the coronavirus pandemic induced reduction in the export.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Step Taken by Sri Lanka:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the last couple of years, Sri Lanka has introduced <strong>tougher laws banning bottom-trawling,</strong> and has also introduced <strong>heavy fines for trespassing foreign vessels.</strong></li>
<li>The Sri Lankan Navy arrested over <strong>450</strong> Indian fishermen in <strong>2017</strong> and <strong>156</strong> in <strong>2018</strong> on charges of poaching. A total of <strong>210</strong> arrests were made in <strong>2019,</strong> while<strong> 34</strong> have been made so far in <strong>2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scare of Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sri Lankan fishermen have been alleging that currently the Sri Lankan Navy is reluctant to arrest the trespassing fishermen from Tamil Nadu now, due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-globalization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> prevalence in India.</li>
<li>However, the Sri Lankan Navy claims to be very vigilant along their borders not just to monitor illegal fishing, but also to take action on any illicit activity such as narcotics trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs to focus more on its traditional and cultural ties to improve relations with Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>Starting ferry services between India and Sri Lanka can improve people to people linkages.</li>
<li>Mutual recognition of each other's concerns and interests can improve the relationship between both countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/indian-trawlers-are-back-say-sri-lankas-fishermen/article32024955.ece#:~:text=Sri%20Lanka's%20northern%20fishermen%20have,impaired%20their%20post%2Dwar%20recovery.&amp;text=%E2%80%9CThere%20is%20an%20increase%20in,complaints%2C%E2%80%9D%20the%20official%20said." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fishermen-issue-with-sri-lanka'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Andhra Pradesh Poll Panel Chief Case',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC) of India</strong> </a>refused to pass any interim orders on the Andhra Pradesh government&rsquo;s plea to stay the Andhra Pradesh High Court order, which set aside the recent ordinance passed by the Andhra Pradesh government.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj (Second Amendment) Ordinance, 2020,</strong> was brought to amend <strong>Section 200</strong> of the Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act, 1994.</li>
<li><strong>Amendments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Restricted</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/state-election-commission-s-autonomy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State Election Commissioner (SEC)</strong></a> post<strong> to only</strong> retired High Court judges.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Prior to the amendment, <strong>retired bureaucrats were also eligible for</strong>&nbsp;the post.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Curtailed the tenure</strong> of the SEC from five years to three years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This compelled the then incumbent SEC to step down and a new Commissioner was appointed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The amendments under the ordinance were challenged in the High Court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Court Ruling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The High Court (HC) had <strong>set aside the amendments on restriction of SEC post,</strong> by saying the ordinance does not qualify the <strong>test of reasonableness</strong> specified in <strong>Article 14</strong> of the Constitution of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The HC also observed that the <strong>appointment of the newly incumbent</strong> has been made by the Governor in exercise of the power <strong>under Section 200 of the Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act and not under Article 243K(1) of the Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The court also <strong>set aside the amendment on the tenure of SEC.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It ruled that the SEC is a <strong>Constitutionally defined functionary</strong> under Article 243K of the Constitution, and it has a right to function till completion of tenure.</li>
<li>According to <strong>Article 243K (2)</strong> of the Constitution, the SEC shall not be removed from his office except in like manner and on the like ground as a Judge of a High Court and the conditions of service of the State Election Commissioner shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>State Election Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The State Election Commission is a constitutional body. It has been entrusted with the function of conducting free, fair and impartial elections to the local bodies in the state.</li>
<li><strong>Article 243K (1):</strong> It states that the superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Panchayats</strong></a> (Municipalities under Article 243ZA) shall be vested in a State Election Commission consisting of a State Election Commissioner to be appointed by the Governor.</li>
<li><strong>Article 243K (2):</strong> It states that the tenure and appointment will be directed as per the law made by the state legislature. However, State Election Commissioner shall not be removed from his/her office except in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of a High Court.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Doctrine of Reasonability Test:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been propounded by the Indian Judiciary. According to it any exception to equality is permissible only if the State has justifiable reasons for treating people differently.</li>
<li>It means if the law makes a reasonable classification of a group for special treatment, it will not violate Article 14. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>E.g</strong> Affirmative actions as provided under Article 15 and Article 16 of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-poll-panel-chief-case-sc-decision-in-2-3-weeks/article32025300.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/andhra-pradesh-poll-panel-chief-case'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Measles and Rubella in WHO SEAR',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Maldives and Sri Lanka have become the first two countries in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-regional-committee-for-south-east-asia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation&rsquo;s South-East Asian Region</strong></a> (WHO SEAR) to have eliminated both measles and rubella ahead of the 2023 deadline.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In September 2019, member countries of WHO SEAR<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-and-rubella-in-south-east-asia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> set 2023 as the target</strong></a> for the elimination of measles and rubella.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The announcement came after the 5<sup>th</sup> meeting of the <strong>SEAR Verification Commission for Measles and Rubella Elimination.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Commission comprises <strong>11 independent international experts</strong> in the fields of epidemiology, virology and public health.</li>
<li><strong>Bhutan, DPR Korea and Timor-Leste</strong> are countries in the region which have <strong>eliminated measles.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste </strong>have<strong> controlled Rubella.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criteria:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A country is verified as having eliminated measles and rubella when there is no evidence of endemic transmission of the respective viruses for over three years in the presence of a well-performing surveillance system.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Maldives reported its last endemic case of measles in 2009 and of rubella in October 2015.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka reported the last endemic case of measles in May 2016 and of rubella in March 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All countries in the region<strong> introduced two doses of measles-containing vaccine</strong> and<strong> at least one dose of rubella-containing vaccine</strong> in their routine immunisation programme.</li>
<li>Since 2017, nearly <strong>500 million additional children have been vaccinated</strong> with measles and rubella-containing vaccines.</li>
<li><strong>Surveillance</strong> for measles and rubella has been<strong> strengthened further.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The announcement comes amidst the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic</a> and the success demonstrates the importance of joint efforts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Globally, more than half of all countries <strong>reported moderate-to-severe disruptions</strong> or a <strong>total <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-halts-global-vaccination-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">suspension of vaccination</a></strong> services in March and April.</li>
<li>Regionally, <strong>both immunisation coverage and surveillance were impacted.</strong></li>
<li>However, SEAR countries made<strong> coordinated efforts to resume immunisation and surveillance</strong> activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Measles</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>highly contagious viral disease</strong> and is a cause of death among young children globally.</li>
<li>It is particularly<strong> dangerous for children</strong> from the economically weaker background, as it <strong>attacks malnourished children and those with reduced immunity.</strong></li>
<li>It can cause <strong>serious complications,</strong> including <strong>blindness, encephalitis, severe diarrhoea, ear infection and pneumonia.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rubella</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is also called<strong> German Measles.</strong></li>
<li>Rubella is a <strong>contagious, generally mild viral infection</strong> that occurs most often in <strong>children and young adults.</strong></li>
<li>Rubella infection in <strong>pregnant women may cause death</strong> or <strong>congenital defects</strong> known as <strong>Congenital Rubella Syndrome</strong> (CRS) which causes irreversible birth defects.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Measures and Vaccinations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-measles-cases-up-by-300-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Measles and Rubella Initiative</strong></a> is a global program which aims at eliminating both these diseases.</li>
<li>The<strong> vaccine</strong> for the diseases are provided in the form of <strong>measles-rubella</strong> (MR), <strong>measles-mumps-rubella</strong> (MMR) or <strong>measles-mumps-rubella-varicella</strong> (MMRV) combination.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India and Measles</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Incidence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine since the 1960s, both measles and rubella are <strong>major public health concerns</strong> in India.</li>
<li>More than 1.3 million children acquire <strong>measles infection</strong> and around 49000 infected children die each year, contributing nearly 36% to the global figures.</li>
<li><strong>Rubella infection</strong> in pregnant women may cause fetal death or congenital defects. It leads to the development of birth defects in almost 40,000 children annually in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Measles-Rubella Vaccination</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong> launched the MR Vaccination program in 2017.</li>
<li>The MR campaign<strong> targets around 41 crore children</strong> across the country, the largest ever in any campaign.</li>
<li>All <strong>children aged between 9 months and less than 15 years</strong> are given a single shot of MR vaccination irrespective of their previous measles/rubella vaccination status or measles/rubella disease status.</li>
<li>MR vaccines are <strong>provided free-of-cost</strong> across the states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other Initiatives include<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intensified-mission-indradhanush-best-practice-in-the-world-bmj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), Mission Indradhanush and Intensified Mission Indradhanush.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/world/maldives-sri-lanka-eliminate-measles-and-rubella-ahead-of-2023-deadline/article32020469.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BL</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-and-rubella-in-who-sear'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Open Sky Agreement',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has expressed interest to have an Open Sky Agreement with India.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594279695_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594279695_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of the Open Sky Agreement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Open Sky Agreements are <strong>bilateral agreements</strong> that the two countries negotiate to provide <strong>rights for airlines to offer international passenger and cargo services.</strong> It <strong>expands</strong> international passenger and cargo flights.</li>
<li>India has Air Service Agreements (ASA) with 109 countries including UAE covering aspects relating to the number of flights, seats, landing points and code-share. But does not allow unlimited number of flights between two countries.</li>
<li>Open skies between India and UAE will allow unlimited number of flights to the selected cities of each other's countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Open Sky Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>National Civil Aviation Policy (2016)</strong> allows the government to enter into an 'open sky' air services agreement on a reciprocal basis with<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/south-asian-association-for-regional-cooperation-saarc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</strong></a> nations as well as countries <strong>beyond a 5,000 kilometre radius from New Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>It implies that <strong>nations within 5,000 kilometer of distance</strong> need to enter into a bilateral agreement and mutually determine the number of flights that their airlines can operate between the two countries.</li>
<li>India has open sky agreements with Greece, Jamaica, Guyana, Finland, USA, Japan, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fifth and Sixth Freedom of Air:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UAE also mentioned that it <strong>does not intend to implement fifth and six freedoms of air,</strong> and where the interest of Indian airlines will be threatened by other air carriers.</li>
<li>The Freedom of air was formulated as a result of <strong>disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation</strong> in the Convention on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-civil-aviation-organisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Civil Aviation</strong></a> of 1944, known as the <strong>Chicago Convention.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The freedoms of the air are a <strong>set of commercial aviation rights</strong> granting a country's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country's airspace.</li>
<li>The<strong> fifth freedom of air</strong> includes the right to fly between two foreign countries on a flight originating or ending in one's own country.</li>
<li>The <strong>sixth freedom of air</strong> includes the right to fly from a foreign country to another while stopping in one's own country for non-technical reasons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Currently, about 1,068 flights a week are operated between India and the UAE under the bilateral Air Service Agreement (ASA). India and UAE need to have an open sky policy which in turn will help India to become a commercial hub in the future.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uae-in-support-of-open-skies-agreement-with-india/article32024879.ece#:~:text=The%20UAE%20is%20keen%20to,Albanna%20said%20on%20Wednesday.&amp;text=%E2%80%9CYou%20need%20to%20have%20an%20open%20sky%20policy.&amp;text=Open%20sky%20policy%20and%20fifth,Chamber%20of%20Commerce%20and%20Industry." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Ophiocordyceps Nutans Fungi',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, researchers have found <strong><em>Ophiocordyceps nutans</em></strong> (fungi) for the first time in <strong>central India,</strong> while setting out on a plant survey at the <strong>Kanger Valley National Park</strong> in <strong>Bastar, Chhattisgarh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, these have been reported in India only from the <strong>Western Ghats.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><em>Ophiocordyceps nutans</em> host on a specific insect, <strong><em>Halyomorpha halys.</em></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><em>Halyomorpha halys</em> is commonly known as the <strong>stink bug</strong> and is a <strong>pest to forest trees and agricultural crops.</strong></li>
<li>The stink bug is known to <strong>damage the flower and fruits</strong> of soybean, green beans, apple, pear, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mechanism:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594452537_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594452537_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The fungi infect the insect when alive and develop<strong> fungal mycelium</strong> (the vegetative part of a fungus) inside its <strong>thorax</strong> (chest).</li>
<li>The<strong> spores</strong> (single-celled reproductive units) <strong>sprout out</strong> from between the insect&rsquo;s thorax and head,<strong> killing the insect</strong> but it continues to take nutrition from the dead body.</li>
<li>The fungi are very <strong>host-specific,</strong> so the spores travel and infect stink bugs only.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Studies have shown that these fungi can be <strong>used as a biological pest control agent</strong> against the stink bugs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Exploring these fungi as a pesticide will help <strong>reduce the harmful effect of chemicals</strong> in fields.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Several species of the Ophiocordyceps fungi have <strong>medicinal properties.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Reports show that <strong>China has been traditionally using</strong> it.</li>
<li>In the <strong>Western Ghats,</strong> the local people use these fungi as an<strong> immune stimulator.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These are rich in <strong>biologically active metabolites, vitamin C, phenolic compounds</strong> (disinfectant in household cleaners), and also have <strong>anti-inflammatory</strong> and <strong>antioxidant properties.</strong></li>
<li>Scientists claim that it contains a component called <strong>&lsquo;cordycepin&rsquo;</strong> which has<strong> anti-cancer properties.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kanger Valley National Park</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It derives its name from the <strong>Kanger River,</strong> which flows centrally from northwest to southeast direction. Kanger River is among one of the very few <strong>perennial rivers</strong> of Bastar.</li>
<li>Kanger Valley got the <strong>status of a national park in 1982.</strong></li>
<li>With a total area of <strong>200 sq. km.,</strong> the park is a typical <strong>mixed humid deciduous</strong> type of forest, in which the Sal, Saugaun, teak and bamboo trees are available in abundance.</li>
<li>The most popular species in this area is the <strong>state bird of Chattisgarh, Bastar Hill Myna</strong> which is capable of emulating the human voices. The forest is home to other migrant and resident birds as well.</li>
<li>The park is home to <strong>three exceptional caves, Kutumbasar, Kailash and Dandak,</strong> famous for their geological structures of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icicles-stalactites-and-stalagmites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>stalagmites and stalactites.</strong></a> It is also known for the presence of <strong>underground limestone caves.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594460174_Image.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594460174_Image.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/how-a-fungus-grows-inside-a-bug-goes-on-to-kill-and-feed-on-it/article31989517.ece#:~:text=Researchers%20have%20now%20found%20these,and%20target%20the%20next%20bug.&amp;text=The%20fungus%20was%20found%20on%20its%20specific%20host%20insect%20Halyomorpha%20halys." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>
</div>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'ASEEM Portal',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)</strong> has launched <strong>&lsquo;Aatamanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM)&rsquo; portal</strong> to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Portal is expected to improve the information flow and bridge the demand-supply gap in the skilled workforce market.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Developed and Managed By: National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)</strong> in collaboration with Bengaluru-based company &lsquo;Betterplace&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Artificial Intelligence (AI) Based Platform:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will provide <strong>real-time data analytics</strong> about the demand and supply patterns including - industry requirements, skill gap analysis, demand per district/ state/cluster, key workforce suppliers, key consumers, migration patterns and multiple potential career prospects for candidates.</li>
<li>It will enable<strong> policymakers</strong> to take a more objective view of various sectors in the economy.</li>
<li>Driven by Prime Minister&rsquo;s assertion of &lsquo;India as a talent powerhouse&rsquo; at the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-global-week-2020-india-inc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Global Week 2020 Summit</strong></a>, it will further<strong> re-engineer the vocational training landscape</strong> in the country ensuring a skilling, up-skilling and reskilling in a more organised set up.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functioning:</strong> Also available as an application (app), it consists of three IT based interfaces:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Employer Portal:</strong> Employer onboarding, demand aggregation, candidate selection.</li>
<li><strong>Dashboard:</strong> Reports, trends, analytics, and highlight gaps.</li>
<li><strong>Candidate Application:</strong> Create &amp; track candidate profile, share job suggestions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>To Skilled Workforce:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have provision for registration and data upload for workers across job roles, sectors and geographies.</li>
<li>It will help in strengthening industry-relevant skills and explore emerging job opportunities especially in the post Covid era.</li>
<li>Candidate data coming to <strong>Skill India Portal</strong> from various state and central skilling schemes will be integrated including that from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)</strong></a>, Fee-based Programs, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skoch-governance-gold-award-for-day-nulm#:~:text=and%20Urban%20Affairs.-,Deendayal%20Antyodaya%20Yojana%2DNational%20Urban%20Livelihoods%20Mission%20(DAY%2DNULM,livelihood%20opportunities%20through%20skill%20development." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Urban Livelihoods Mission</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skilling-under-mgnrega" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana</strong></a>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Migrants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Database of labour migrants</strong> in Indian states and overseas citizens, who returned to India under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vande-bharat-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vande Bharat Mission</strong></a> and filled <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swades-skill-mapping-exercise-for-returning-citizens" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SWADES Skill Card</strong></a>, has been integrated with the ASEEM portal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Employers:</strong> They will be able to assess the availability of a skilled workforce and formulate their hiring plans.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Skill Development Corporation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NSDC is a <strong>not-for-profit public limited company incorporated in 2008</strong> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/personal-protective-equipment-for-sanitation-workers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956</strong></a> (corresponding to section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013).</li>
<li>It was <strong>set up by the Ministry of Finance </strong>as a<strong> Public Private Partnership (PPP)</strong> model.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Government of India through the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development &amp; Entrepreneurship (MSDE) holds 49%</strong> of the share capital of NSDC, while the private sector has the balance 51% of the share capital.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It aims to promote skill development by catalyzing creation of large, quality and for-profit vocational institutions.</li>
<li>Its mandate is also to enable a support system which focuses on quality assurance, information systems and train the trainer academies either directly or through partnerships.</li>
<li><strong>Skill India Portal</strong> is an initiative by the NSDC.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1637755" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'World War II',
		'catname' => 'Paper 1',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>World War II, also called Second World War, was a conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the years 1939&ndash;45. </li>
<li>The principal belligerents were the Axis powers&mdash;Germany, Italy, and Japan&mdash;and the Allies&mdash;France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and, to a lesser extent, China.</li>
<li>It was the biggest conflict in history that had lasted almost six years. </li>
<li>Nearly some 100 million people had been militarised, and 50 million had been killed (around 3% of the world's population).</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594382210_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594382210_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Causes of War</h3>
<p>The major causes of World War II were numerous. They include the <strong>impact of the Treaty of Versailles following WWI, the worldwide economic depression, failure of appeasement, the rise of militarism in Germany and Japan, and the failure of the League of Nations.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Treaty of Versailles</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Following World War I, the victorious Allied Powers met to decide Germany&rsquo;s future. Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles. </li>
<li>Under this treaty, Germany had to accept guilt for the war and to pay reparations. Germany lost territory and was prohibited from having a large military.</li>
<li>The humiliation faced by Germany under this treaty, paved the way for the spread of Ultra-Nationalism in Germany.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Failure of the League of Nations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The League of Nations was an international organization set up in 1919 to keep world peace. </li>
<li>It was intended that all countries would be members and that if there were disputes between countries, they could be settled by negotiation rather than by force. </li>
<li>The League of Nations was a good idea, but ultimately a failure, as not all countries joined the league.</li>
<li>Also, the League had no army to prevent military aggression such as Italy&rsquo;s invasion of Ethiopia in Africa or Japan&rsquo;s invasion of Manchuria in China.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Great Depression of 1929</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The worldwide economic depression of the 1930s took its toll in different ways in Europe and Asia. </li>
<li>In Europe, political power shifted to totalitarian and imperialist governments in several countries, including Germany, Italy, and Spain. </li>
<li>In Asia, a resource-starved Japan began to expand aggressively, invading China and maneuvering to control a sphere of influence in the Pacific.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rise of Fascism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Victors&rsquo; stated aims in World War I had been &ldquo;to make the world safe for democracy,&rdquo; and postwar Germany was made to adopt a democratic constitution, as did most of the other states restored or created after the war. </li>
<li>In the 1920s, however, the wave of nationalistic, militaristic totalitarianism known by its Italian name, fascism.</li>
<li>It promised to minister to peoples&rsquo; wants more effectively than democracy and presented itself as the one sure defense against communism.</li>
<li>Benito Mussolini established the first Fascist, European dictatorship during the interwar period in Italy in 1922.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rise of Nazism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Adolf Hitler, the Leader of the German National Socialist (Nazi) party, preached a racist brand of fascism. </li>
<li>Hitler promised to overturn the Versailles Treaty, restore German wealth &amp; glory and secure additional Lebensraum (&ldquo;living space&rdquo;) for the German people, who he contended deserve more as members of a superior race.</li>
<li>In 1933 Hitler became the German Chancellor, and in a series of subsequent moves established himself as dictator. </li>
<li>Moreover, in 1941 the Nazi regime unleashed a war of extermination against Slavs, Jews, and other elements deemed inferior by Hitler&rsquo;s ideology.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Policy of Appeasement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hitler openly denounced the Treaty of Versailles and began secretly building up Germany&rsquo;s army and weapons. </li>
<li>Although Britain and France knew of Hitler&rsquo;s actions, they thought a stronger Germany would stop the spread of Communism from Russia. </li>
<li>An example of appeasement was the Munich Agreement of September 1938. In the Agreement, Britain and France allowed Germany to annex areas in Czechoslovakia where German-speakers lived.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Germany agreed not to invade the rest of Czechoslovakia or any other country. However, in March 1939, Germany broke its promise and invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia. </li>
<li>Even then, neither Britain nor France was prepared to take military action.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Turning Points of the World War II</h3>
<p><strong>The Start</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Three years of mounting international tension - encompassing the Spanish Civil War, the union of Germany and Austria, Hitler's occupation of the Sudetenland and the invasion of Czechoslovakia led to deterioration of ties between Axis Power and Allied Powers.</li>
<li>However, the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and subsequently two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany.</li>
<li>This marked the beginning of World War II.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Phoney War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The western Europe was very quiet during the first few months of the war.</li>
<li>This period of war is known as 'phoney war'. </li>
<li>Preparations for war continued in earnest, but there were few signs of conflict, and civilians of the western european countries (allied powers) evacuated to safe places.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ribbentrop Pact</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By the early part of 1939 the German dictator Adolf Hitler had become determined to invade and occupy Poland. </li>
<li>Poland, for its part, had guarantees of French and British military support should it be attacked by Germany. Hitler intended to invade Poland anyway, but first he had to neutralize the possibility that the Soviet Union would resist the invasion of its western neighbour.</li>
<li>Secret negotiations in August 1939, led to the signing of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact in Moscow.</li>
<li>Further, Russia followed Germany into Poland in September and Poland was carved up between the two invaders before the end of the year.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Winter War 1940</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 'winter war' between Russia and Finland concluded in March, and in the following month Germany invaded Denmark and Norway.</li>
<li>Denmark surrendered immediately, but the Norwegians fought on - with British and French assistance - surrendering in June 1940.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Fall of France 1940</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After war with scandenavian countries got over, Germany invaded France, Belgium and Holland.</li>
<li>During this phase, the western Europe encountered the Blitzkrieg - or 'lightning war'.</li>
<li><strong>Blitzkrieg:</strong> Germany's combination of fast armoured tanks on land, and superiority in the air, made a unified attacking force that was both innovative and effective.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite greater numbers of air and army personnel in Allied powers, they proved no match for German Forces.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In France an armistice was signed with Germany, with the puppet French Vichy government.</li>
<li>Having conquered France, Hitler turned his attention to Britain, and began preparations for an invasion.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Battle of Britain 1940</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lasting from July to September 1940, it was the first war to be fought solely in the air. </li>
<li>German took decisions to attack from airfields and factories to the major cities, but somehow the Royal Air Force managed to squeak a narrow victory.</li>
<li>This ensured the - ultimately indefinite - postponement of the German invasion plans.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>War Getting Global</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With continental Europe under Nazi control, and Britain safe - for the time being - the war took on a more global dimension in 1941.</li>
<li>Following the defeat of Mussolini's armies in Greece and Tobruk, German forces arrived in North Africa and invaded Greece and Yugoslavia in April 1941.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Operation Barbarossa</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After facing defeat in Britain, Hitler broke the <strong>Ribbentrop Pact</strong> and invaded Russia in 1941.</li>
<li>The initial advance was swift, with the fall of Sebastopol at the end of October, and Moscow coming under attack at the end of the year.</li>
<li>The bitter Russian winter, however, like the one that Napoleon had experienced a century and a half earlier, crippled the Germans. </li>
<li>The Soviets counterattacked in December and the Eastern Front stagnated until the spring.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Pearl Harbour</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Japanese, tired of American trade embargoes, mounted a surprise attack on the US Navy base of Pearl Harbor, in Hawaii, on 7 December 1941.</li>
<li>This ensured that global conflict commenced, with Germany declaring war on the US, a few days later. </li>
<li>Also, within a week of Pearl Harbor, Japan had invaded the Philippines, Burma and Hong Kong.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>American Entry Into the War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Through the Battle of Midway 1942, the US entered World War II. In this battle, US sea-based aircraft destroyed four Japanese carriers and a cruiser, marking the turning point in World War II.</li>
<li>Also, the news of mass murders of Jewish people by the Nazis reached the Allies, and the US pledged to avenge these crimes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Reversal of German Fortunes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By the second half of 1942, British forces gained the initiative in North Africa and Russian forces counterattacked at Stalingrad.</li>
<li>In February 1943, Germany surrendered at Stalingrad to Soviet Union. This was the first major defeat of Hitler's armies.</li>
<li>Further, German and Italian forces in North Africa surrendered to the Allies.</li>
<li>As the Russian advance on the Eastern Front gathered pace, recapturing Kharkiv and Kiev from Germany. Moreover, Allied bombers began to attack German cities in enormous daylight air raids.</li>
<li>The Russians reached Berlin (capital of Germany) on 21 April 1945. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hitler killed himself on the 30<sup>th</sup>, two days after Mussolini had been captured and hanged by Italian partisans. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Germany surrendered unconditionally on 7 May, and the following day was celebrated as VE (Victory in Europe) day. The war in Europe was over.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Nuclear Bombing And The End</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Plans were being prepared for an Allied invasion of Japan, but fears of fierce resistance and massive casualties prompted Harry Truman - the new American president to sanction the use of an atomic bomb against Japan.</li>
<li>Such bombs had been in development since 1942, and on 6 August 1945 one of them was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. </li>
<li>Three days later another was dropped on Nagasaki. </li>
<li>No country could have withstand such attacks, and the Japanese surrendered on 14 August.</li>
<li>With the surrender of Japan, World War II was finally over.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594382989_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594382989_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="600" height="215" /></a></p>
<h3>Aftermath of World War II</h3>
<p><strong>New Superpowers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>World War II brought about changes in the status of countries and continents. Britain and France lost their positions of preeminence as superpowers and yielded place to the USA and the USSR.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Start of Decolonisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After the war, Britain and France were confronted with various domestic and external problems. Both of them could no longer hold onto their respective colonies Thus, the post-war world witnessed the end of colonialism in Africa and Asia.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Birth of UN</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One of the momentous results of the war was the birth of the United Nations Organisation. </li>
<li>Although the League failed to deliver, mankind did not altogether lose its hopes of making the world a safer and happier place to live in. </li>
<li>The UN Charter enshrines the hopes and ideals of mankind on the basis of which countries can work together to maintain lasting peace.</li>
<li>However, the establishment of the UN was agreed, much before the end of World War II under the Atlantic Charter.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Start of Cold War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After the end of the war, a conference was held in Potsdam, Germany, to set up peace treaties. The countries that fought with Hitler lost territory and had to pay reparations to the Allies. Germany and its capital Berlin were divided into four parts. </li>
<li>The zones were to be controlled by Great Britain, the United States, France and the Soviet Union. </li>
<li>The three western Allies and the Soviet Union disagreed on many things and as time went on Germany was divided into two separate countries: East Germany, which had a Communist government and West Germany, which was a democratic state . </li>
<li>This laid the foundation of the Cold War.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>New Economic World Order</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bretton Woods Conference, formally United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, meeting at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire (July 1&ndash;22, 1944), during World War II to make financial arrangements for the postwar world after the expected defeat of Germany and Japan.</li>
<li>It drew up a project for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD-now known as World Bank) to make long-term capital available to states urgently needing such foreign aid, and a project for the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to finance short-term imbalances in international payments in order to stabilize exchange rates.</li>
<li>Also, the US dollar was established as a reserve currency for the world trade.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India and World II</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>World War II had taken an immense toll on the British Empire. Britain had lost a lot of capital and they were looking to their colonies to help them get the status of world power back. However, Mahatma Gandhi at this time organized Indians against the British.</li>
<li>Also, World War II broke out to contain Hitler's intention of having German colonies beyond its borders, the same colonial occupation that Britain had already been practicing for centuries. </li>
<li>Thus, after the war, people all over the world started supporting voices against British occupation over its colonies.</li>
<li>When the Labour Party came to power in 1945 in Britain it inclined towards internationalism and racial equality, among other liberal principles. </li>
<li>Soon after coming into power, Prime Minister Clement Attlee (Labour Party) began the process of granting India its independence in 1947.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-ii'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'India’s Maritime Security Strategy',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/shift-focus-to-the-maritime-domain/story-bILL54vUdPQwho5WtR0X7L.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Shift focus to the maritime domain&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on 05/07/2020. It talks about the need for India to develop a holistic maritime strategy.</p>
</div>
<p>Amid recent clashes between India and China over <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZMwufp-sAM" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Galwan valley</strong></a>, Indian Prime Minister, while addressing the armed forces, held that the<strong> &ldquo;era of expansionism is over&rdquo;.</strong> This signalled India's stance that it will not abide by the Chinese Aggressive posture at the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/transgressions-around-lac" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LAC</a></strong>.</p>
<p>Though India and China finally agreed to withdraw their troops and agreed to work for mutual peace and cooperation, India should remain wary of Chinese tactics of salami-slicing. Under this strategy, China goes for territorial expansion in small proportion through military intimidation while proclaiming its commitment to peace and tranquillity.</p>
<p>In this context, it is argued by many foreign policy experts that India should counter China not only in land frontiers but also in the maritime domain. Thus, there is a need for a comprehensive maritime doctrine for India.</p>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Stakes in Maritime Domain</h3>
<p><strong>Security Imperative:</strong> Apart from China&rsquo;s aggressive posture around land borders, its military presence is growing in the Indian Ocean too. This can be depicted by the strategy of <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/19-11-2019/print" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>String of pearls.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Further, China is modernising its military base at Djibouti, an artificial island in the Maldives and there are similar reports regarding Gwadar port in Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Geo-Economics of Indian Oceans:</strong> Geopolitics is entwined with geoeconomics and its focus on matters of control and access to economic resources.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s exports and imports remained mostly across the shipping lanes of the Indian Ocean. Consequently, secure Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOCs) have been a key security issue for India in the twenty-first century.</li>
<li>In addition, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-to-explore-ocean-deeps" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Indian Ocean Basin</strong></a> became the scene for deep sea exploration and licences for scarce mineral resources.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Geo-strategic Location:</strong> India is centrally located between the eastern and western stretches of the Indian Ocean, thereby able to deploy naval forces in both directions more easily than other littoral states in the Indian Ocean.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This maritime can be reflected by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/naval-exercise-milan-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Milan naval exercises</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Milan essentially became a political statement and networking exercise, showing India&rsquo;s ability to take an active and leading role towards other Indo-Pacific states, unaffected by the presence of larger outside powers like the United States or China</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Milan naval exercises in the Bay of Bengal have been organized by India since 1995.</li>
<li>By 2012 and 2014, these exercises involved a wide swathe of Indian Ocean actors in the shape of Mauritius, Seychelles, Maldives, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Australia, Brunei, Vietnam, and the Philippines.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p><strong>Establishing Sagar Panchayat:</strong> India can collaborate with Indian Ocean Rim countries to establish the common good order at sea. Given India&rsquo;s geostrategic location, it could sherpa a cluster of Indo-Pacific nations into a<strong> &ldquo;sagar panchayat&rdquo;</strong> and uphold the rule of law at sea.</p>
<p><strong>Strategic Alignment:</strong> In order to secure Sea Lanes of Communication, enhancing interoperability at sea, intelligence- sharing and maintaining freedom of navigation, India should work together with like-minded nations.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this context, the four-nation <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quad-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quad</strong></a> (United States, Japan, Australia and India) is a work in progress. This grouping can be expanded by including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asean-summit-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASEAN nations.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Developing Blue-water Naval Capabilities:</strong> Given India&rsquo;s stakes in Indian ocean, it is very significant for India to develop blue-water naval capabilities.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Apart from developing indigenious naval capacity, there is a need to push for development of three aircraft carrier groups, one for each Command, and set to operate in western, southern, and eastern quadrants of the Indian Ocean.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Exploiting China&rsquo;s Maritime Vulnerability:</strong> Though China has shown aggressive posture in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/china-in-south-china-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>South China Sea</strong></a> and as well as Indian ocean, it has been anxious about its vulnerability at sea &mdash; or what is referred to as the Malacca dilemma.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Taking this in cognizance, India should develop sea-denial capability mainly at choke points in Indian ocean such as Strait of Hormuz, Bab-el-Mandeb, Strait of Malacca.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sea-Denial Capability</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sea denial is a military term describing attempts to deny the enemy's ability to use the sea without necessarily attempting to control the sea for its own use.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The simultaneous rise of India and China is an important paradigm shift in the international system. This new paradigm shift will require India to focus on not only land boundaries but also maritime security.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594378692_image0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594378692_image0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="750" height="479" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #fa0000; background-color: #fff9f5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;The paradigm change in balance of power in the 21<sup>st</sup> century presents Indian Ocean as a geography of opportunity for India&rdquo;. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZIu6JwcqVAs" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-case-for-extension-the-hindu-editorial-on-rural-jobs-scheme/article32025320.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A case for extension: On rural jobs scheme&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published on July 9<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-maritime-security-strategy'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Rabari, Bharvad and Charan of Gujarat',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Gujarat government</strong> has decided to form a <strong>five-member commission</strong> to identify members of <strong>Rabari, Bharvad and Charan</strong> communities, who are eligible for benefits of <strong><a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Schedule Tribe</a> (ST) status.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>October 1956,</strong> the <strong>central government conferred ST status</strong> on people of <strong>Rabari, Bharvad and Charan</strong> communities, living in <em><strong>nesses</strong></em> (tiny, oval-shaped hutments made of mud) of <strong>Gir, Barda and Alech areas</strong> of Gujarat.</li>
<li>However, it has been alleged that a number of<strong> people not living in <em>nesses</em></strong> have managed to<strong> get ST certificates</strong> and are <strong>enjoying undue reservation benefits,</strong> mainly in government jobs.</li>
<li>Leaders of these three communities and other communities as well, have been <strong>protesting</strong> for quite some time against this.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective of the Commission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>resolve this issue and identify the legitimate beneficiaries</strong> of ST status among the members of the three communities.</li>
<li>To <strong>ensure</strong> that the eligible members of the tribes are<strong> not devoid of their right</strong> and the <strong>others do not get an undue benefit</strong> in their names.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The five-member commission will comprise a retired judge of the high court as the head, two district judges, one retired forest officer and one retired revenue officer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rabari</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They <strong>migrated from Rajasthan</strong> via Kutch and now most of them live in the Okhamandal region of Jamnagar district.</li>
<li>They speak <strong><em>&lsquo;Bhopa&rsquo;</em></strong> which is a <strong>mixture of Gujarati, Kachchi, Marwari words and Pharasi</strong> (Persian) and use <strong>Gujarati script.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Women stand in almost equal status</strong> to that of men.</li>
<li>The main economic activity is<strong> sheep breeding and selling of milk.</strong> Only a few of them own cultivable<strong> agricultural land.</strong> Recently, they have started engaging as <strong>wage labourers in industrial establishments</strong> both as skilled and unskilled labourers.</li>
<li>They profess <strong>Hinduism</strong> and are followers of <strong>Shiva and Shakti.</strong></li>
<li>Their folk songs are called <em><strong>&lsquo;Siya&rsquo;.</strong></em></li>
</ul>
<h3>Bharvad</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term Bharwad is a modified form of the word <em><strong>'Badawad&rsquo;.</strong></em><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>&lsquo;Bada' means sheep and 'Wada' refers to compound or enclosure. The person who possesses compounds or pens is known as Badawad.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They <strong>communicate in Gujarati</strong> and use<strong> Gujarati script.</strong></li>
<li>Bharwad <strong>women have a lower status.</strong></li>
<li>The Bharwads are<strong> pastorals</strong> who are permitted to graze their sheep and cattle in certain demarcated areas of the reserved forest. Some of them <strong>possess dry agricultural land</strong> and earn their livelihood as<strong> agricultural labourers.</strong></li>
<li>They profess<strong> Hinduism</strong> and <strong>Krishna</strong> is considered the supreme God.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Charan</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Charan, also called <strong>Gadhvi,</strong> is a small tribe in Gujarat and the name Charan is derived from the word <em><strong>&lsquo;Char&rsquo;</strong></em> which means <strong>grazing.</strong></li>
<li>They <strong>speak Gujarati</strong> and use <strong>Gujarati script.</strong></li>
<li>They <strong>marry within their community</strong> and<strong> practice monogamy.</strong></li>
<li>The Charans are traditionally <strong>cattle breeders.</strong> They have also<strong> adopted agriculture as their secondary occupation.</strong></li>
<li>They profess <strong>Hinduism</strong> and the main deity is <strong>Pithorai Mata.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Scheduled Tribes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per <strong>Census 1931,</strong> Schedule tribes are termed as<strong> &lsquo;backward tribes&rsquo;</strong> living in the <strong>&lsquo;Excluded&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;Partially Excluded&rsquo;</strong> areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Constitution <strong>does not define the criteria for recognition</strong> of Scheduled Tribes and hence the definition contained in 1931 Census was used in initial years after independence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Government of India Act, 1935</strong> called for the first time for representatives of &lsquo;backward tribes&rsquo; in provincial assemblies.</li>
<li><strong>Article 366 (25)</strong> of the Constitution<strong> only provides a process to define</strong> Scheduled Tribes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scheduled Tribes means such tribes, tribal communities, parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under <strong>Article 342</strong> to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Article 342 (1):</strong> The President may with respect to any State or Union Territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor, by a public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups within tribes or tribal communities as Scheduled Tribe in relation to that State or Union Territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The category of<strong> 'tribe'</strong> entails a <strong>social and cultural dimension</strong> but the<strong> &lsquo;schedule tribe&rsquo;</strong> category has <strong>political-administrative implications.</strong></li>
<li>A majority of the ST population is<strong> concentrated in the eastern, central and western belt</strong> covering the nine states of <strong>Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About <strong>12%</strong> inhabit the <strong>North-eastern region,</strong> about <strong>5%</strong> in the <strong>Southern region</strong> and about <strong>3%</strong> in the <strong>Northern states.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Second Amendment) Bill, 2019</strong> will amend <strong>Part VI of the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes)</strong> Order, 1950 that specifies the tribal and tribal communities which are deemed to be Scheduled Tribes.</li>
<li><strong>Other Constitutional Provisions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 15 (4):&nbsp;</strong>Special provisions for advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the&nbsp;Scheduled Castes (SCs) or the STs.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16 (4): </strong>Enables the state to make any provision for reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the state, is not adequately represented in the services under the state.</li>
<li><strong>Article 46:</strong> Promotion of educational and economic interests of SCs, STs and other weaker sections.</li>
<li><strong>Article 330 and 332:</strong> Provides for specific representation through reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Parliament and in the State Legislative Assemblies respectively.</li>
<li><strong>Article 338 A:</strong> Gives powers to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)</strong></a> to oversee the implementation of various safeguards provided to STs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-panel-to-be-formed-to-decide-on-tribal-status-of-3-communities-6497045/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rabari-bharvad-and-charan-of-gujarat'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'India Global Week 2020: India Inc.',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister of India has addressed the inaugural session of a three-day virtual conference of<strong> India Global Week 2020</strong> organised in London, United Kingdom by <strong>India Inc.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It also marks the <strong>100<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Pandit Ravi Shankar,</strong> a great Indian musician <strong>(Sitar player,</strong> composer and singer).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Global Week</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an<strong> annual flagship event</strong> organised by <strong>India Inc., </strong>a<strong> London based media house</strong> to re-energise and ignite optimism at global level.</li>
<li>It brings about an <strong>action-oriented focus by giving a forum to global deliberations</strong> from geopolitics to business, arts &amp; culture to emerging technologies, banking and finance, pharma, defence and security, social impact and the diaspora dividend.</li>
<li>India Inc. also produces incisive contents and events on <strong>investment, trade and policy matters related to India's</strong> increasingly globalised economic and strategic agenda.</li>
<li>Its <strong>flagship publication: India Global Business.</strong></li>
<li>Diaspora news network:<strong> iGlobal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Theme:</strong> Be The Revival: India and a Better New World.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> Explore business, strategic and cultural opportunities, understand the challenges and make informed decisions as the world looks ahead to a better, brighter future beyond <a href="/pdf/1593949713-coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Significance for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Global Revival:</strong> As India is playing a leading <strong>role in the global revival,</strong> it has brought India's ancient culture <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ayush-wellness-centres-under-national-ayush-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(AYUSH)</strong></a>, universal, peaceful ethos and the beauty of classical music to the world.</li>
<li><strong>Global Audience:</strong> The event as a forum has helped to <strong>bring the opportunities in India to a global audience</strong> and made the links between India and UK stronger.</li>
<li><strong>Trade and Investment:</strong> It would focus on India&rsquo;s <strong>trade and foreign investment processes</strong> as it has done many reforms e.g. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/private-sector-participation-in-space" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>private investment in the space sector.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Reforms in agriculture would provide an opportunity to invest in storage and logistics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Invest India Programme:</strong> It will help in improving the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/invest-india-and-business-france-sign-mou-to-promote-investment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Invest India</strong></a><strong> programme.</strong> India has recently been reviewing 50 investment proposals from China under its new screening policy which is being done under the new rules.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>New rules:</strong> India announced new investment rules in April 2020. Under the new rules, all the investments by the entities based in neighbouring countries have to be approved by Indian Government. This was introduced to curb opportunistic takeovers during Covid-19-period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Battle against the Covid-19:</strong> As India is fighting a strong battle against the global pandemic it would recognise <strong>India's efforts towards revival</strong> with care, compassion and sustainability - both for the environment and the economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to fight Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>AtmaNirbhar Bharat Initiative:</strong> It is about being self-sustaining and self-generating. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AtmaNirbhar Bharat</strong> </a>merges domestic production and consumption with global supply chains.</li>
<li><strong>Economic Relief Packages:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>package</strong></a> has been targeted to help the poorest with aid of technology and providing free cooking gas, cash in the bank accounts, free food grains to millions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1637540" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-global-week-2020-india-inc'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'USA, China Visa Curbs Over Tibet Issue',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, China has announced visa restrictions on people from the USA for <strong>behaving badly on Tibet-related issues.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is considered a <strong>retaliatory step by China</strong> over USA&rsquo;s visa restrictions for a certain group of Chinese officials.</li>
<li>The moves come as relations between China and USA deteriorate over trade, technology, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coronavirus pandemic</strong> </a>and the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-hong-kong-national-security-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>national security law of Hong Kong.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tibet</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tibet is a region on the Tibetan Plateau <strong>in Asia,</strong> spanning about 2.4 million km<sup>2</sup>&ndash; nearly a <strong>quarter of China&rsquo;s territory.</strong></li>
<li>It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups.</li>
<li>Tibet is the<strong> highest region on Earth,</strong> with an average elevation of 4,900 metres. The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, Earth&rsquo;s highest mountain, rising 8,848 m above sea level.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China insists Tibet has been part of its territory for centuries. Also, it has barred foreign journalists from visiting <strong>Tibet since 2008,</strong> when the region experienced a wave of <strong>protests.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From 1912 until the founding of the People&rsquo;s Republic of China in 1949, <strong>no Chinese government exercised control</strong> over what is today China&rsquo;s Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR).</li>
<li>Many Tibetans insist they were <strong>essentially independent</strong> for most of that time and have protested what they regard as China's rule imposed after the People's Liberation Army occupied TAR in 1950.</li>
<li>Since the 1959 Uprising, the central government of China has been steadily tightening its grip on Tibet.</li>
<li>The <strong>14<sup>th</sup> Dalai Lama,</strong> continues to head the <strong>Tibetan government-in-exile</strong> from McLeod Ganj, a suburb of <strong>Dharamsala, India</strong> which coordinates political activities for Tibetans in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China has also<strong> not responded</strong> to USA&rsquo;s requests to set up a consulate in the <strong>regional capital Lhasa.</strong></li>
<li>The access to tibetan region is vital to keep track of <strong>human as well as environmental abuses by China</strong>. Also, <strong>stability of the region</strong> is important as it is the s<strong>ource for major rivers of Asia</strong> supporting civilisationa for the time immemorial.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>USA&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China has continued systematically to <strong>obstruct travel to the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) and other Tibetan areas</strong> by USA diplomats and other officials, journalists, and tourists, while Chinese officials and other citizens enjoy far greater access to the United States.</li>
<li>USA announced <strong>visa restrictions on Chinese government and Chinese Communist Party officials</strong> determined to be substantially involved in the formulation or execution of policies related to access for foreigners to Tibetan areas, pursuant to the <strong>Reciprocal Access to Tibet Act of 2018.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Reciprocal Access to Tibet Act of 2018 promotes access for diplomats, officials, journalists and others from the United States to China's Tibetan areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Furthermore, the USA has also committed to work to <strong>advance the sustainable economic development,</strong> environmental conservation, and humanitarian conditions of <strong>Tibetan communities</strong> within China and abroad.</li>
<li>The USA&rsquo;s funding for the <strong>Tibetan issues</strong> for the fiscal year 2021 has been proposed to be <strong>$17 million and $1 million for the Special Coordinator for Tibetan issues.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China has expressed firm opposition to the USA&rsquo;s visa restriction move and urged the USA to immediately stop <strong>interfering in China&rsquo;s internal affairs</strong> through Tibet-related issues.</li>
<li>China has also suggested the USA<strong> to avoid further harming China-USA relation, communication and cooperation</strong> between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>China-USA relations have been deteriorating over a number of issues but the world needs peace and collaborative efforts during this wave of pandemic .</li>
<li>Thus both the countries need to adopt ways like conciliation, diplomatic talks to create and maintain peace between two countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/us-china-trade-visa-curbs-over-tibet/article32025020.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/usa-china-visa-curbs-over-tibet-issue'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Infant Mortality Surged in Madhya Pradesh',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the Office of the Registrar General India, the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-tackling-infant-mortality#:~:text=Schemes%20like%20Janani%20Suraksha%20Yojana,reduce%20the%20prevalence%20of%20IMR." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)</strong></a> in Madhya Pradesh has surged by a single point over the previous year to 48 in 2018.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IMR is the <strong>number of deaths of children</strong> under one year of age <strong>per 1000 live births.</strong></li>
<li>The Office of the Registrar General is under the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs.</strong> It issues the <strong>Sample Registration System bulletin,</strong> which provides estimates of birth rate, death rate and infant mortality rate for states.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The country&rsquo;s average <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/declining-maternal-mortality-ratio-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IMR</a> stands at 32 per 1,000 live births</strong> which includes an average 36 deaths for rural and 23 for urban areas.</li>
<li>In Madhya Pradesh it is 52 children in rural areas and 36 in urban areas. Madhya Pradesh has the highest IMR (48) in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The IMR for boys in the State stood at 51, while for girls it was 46 in 2018.</li>
<li>As many as 26 infants of 1,000 live births in Madhya Pradesh died within the first seven days constituting more than half the infant deaths.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Uttar Pradesh</strong> has the <strong>next highest rate of 43</strong> and Kerala has 7, the lowest among the bigger States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong> Increasing premature deliveries, infections, birth asphyxiation (lack of oxygen in blood) and delay in securing treatment which lead to complicated deliveries.</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Birth Spacing</strong>: In most cases two children were born within one-one and a half years as against the advocated gap of around three years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This may result in premature deliveries of low birth weight babies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Malnutrition:</strong> High malnutrition levels in pregnant as well as lactating mothers often result in the death of infants.</li>
<li><strong>Maternal Health:</strong> It also has a bearing on the IMR. In 2015-2017, Madhya Pradesh registered a maternal mortality ratio of 188 per 1 lakh live births, against the country&rsquo;s average of 122.</li>
<li><strong>Antenatal Care:</strong> According to the<a href="/search/national%20family%20health%20survey" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Family Health Survey</strong></a> -4 (2015-16), only 11.4% mothers received full antenatal care. So, when pregnancy is not monitored properly it leads to complicated deliveries despite a high claimed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-health-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>institutional deliveries.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solutions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Response of States:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-health-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Health</strong></a> being a state subject, puts the onus of patient&rsquo;s effective care on State government. Hence, there is a need for strong commitment from the states in relation to availability of the human and financial resources.</li>
<li><strong>Antenatal and Postnatal Care:</strong> It is an important aspect in bringing down infant mortalities. There is a need for sufficient health checkups, institutional deliveries and medication in Antenatal and Postnatal Care.</li>
<li><strong>Revamping of Primary Health Care:</strong> The primary health system needs to be ramped up in terms of facilities, trained medical professionals and medical equipment.</li>
<li><strong>Paediatric Intensive Care Units:</strong> To bring down the IMR, ICUs should be set up to take care of inborn children.</li>
<li><strong>Enhancement of Manpower:</strong> Enhancement of manpower e.g. Doctors, skilled <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASHA workers</strong></a> and nurses at the primary health especially in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/governments-efforts-for-rural-healthcare" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rural areas</strong></a> would aid to institutional deliveries.</li>
<li><strong>Digitisation:</strong> The <strong>National Health Portal</strong> has been used as a single point access for institutional deliveries through Janani Suraksha Yojana.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Government Initiatives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Health Mission:</strong> The National Health Mission (NHM) encompasses two Sub-Missions, the <strong>National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)</strong> launched in 2005 and the <strong>National Urban Health Mission (NUHM)</strong> launched in 2013.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It envisages achievement of universal access to equitable, affordable &amp; quality health care services that are accountable and responsive to people's needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India Newborn Action Plan:</strong> It was launched in 2014 to make concerted efforts towards attainment of the goal of &ldquo;Single Digit Neonatal Mortality Rate&rdquo; and &ldquo;Single Digit Still-birth Rate&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Other Schemes:</strong> Schemes like Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-tool-to-reduce-maternal-mortality" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK)</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)</strong></a> etc. were started to promote institutional deliveries so as to reduce the prevalence of IMR.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Efforts are being made to bring down the infant mortality rate to the levels of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3#:~:text=To%20bring%20sustainable%20development%20in,over%20the%20next%2015%20years." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> i.e. <strong>23 per 1,000 live births by 2025.</strong></li>
<li>However, there is a need of preventive rather than only curative care.</li>
<li>The <strong>availability of funds</strong> (from Centre) as well as its judicious use by the States is vital in effective implementation of the framed policies and overhauling of the required health infrastructure.</li>
<li>Concerned ministries can <strong>collaborate with each other</strong> to ensure better coordination, convergence and holistic integration of different schemes, as done in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyan.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/infant-mortalities-surged-by-a-single-point-in-madhya-pradesh-in-2018/article31990274.ece#:~:text=The%20infant%20mortality%20rate%20(IMR,of%20the%20Registrar%20General%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/infant-mortality-surged-in-madhya-pradesh'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Australia Suspends Extradition Treaty with Hong Kong',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Australia has <strong>suspended its extradition treaty with Hong Kong</strong> in response to a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-security-law-in-hong-kong" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new national security law</strong></a> imposed by China.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The extradition treaty was in place <strong>since 1993.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Extradition</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Extradition is the formal process of one state surrendering an individual to another state for prosecution or punishment for crimes committed in the requesting country's jurisdiction.</li>
<li>It is generally enabled through a bilateral or multilateral treaty.</li>
<li>The legal basis for extradition with countries with whom India does not have an Extradition treaty is provided by Section 3 (4) of the Indian Extradition Act, 1962.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Background</h3>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594369307_image3.gif" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594369307_image3.gif" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hong Kong was formerly a British colony and was handed over to mainland China in <strong>1997,</strong> becoming one of its<strong> Special Administrative Regions (SAR).</strong></li>
<li>It is governed by a<strong> mini-constitution called the Basic Law,</strong> which affirms the principle of <strong>&ldquo;one country, two systems&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The constitutional document is a product of the <strong>1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration,</strong> under which China promised to honour Hong Kong&rsquo;s liberal policies, system of governance, independent judiciary, and individual freedoms for a period of 50 years from 1997.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issues With National Security Law:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China <strong>bypassed Hong Kong&rsquo;s Legislative Council</strong> to impose the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-hong-kong-national-security-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>national security law</strong></a> which <strong>prohibits activities which are viewed by China</strong> as secessionist, subversive or terrorist activities or foreign intervention in Hong Kong affairs.</li>
<li>Under the law, police have sweeping powers to conduct searches without warrants and order internet service providers and platforms to remove messages deemed to be in violation of the legislation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, the law is considered as an attack on <strong>human rights especially freedom of speech and freedom of assembly</strong> of the people of Hong Kong.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also violates the<strong> basic law of Hong Kong</strong> which suggests that no central government agencies can interfere in the functioning of the Special Administrative Region (Hong Kong).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 12</strong> under the basic law suggests that there will be a <strong>high degree of autonomy</strong> for administration of Hong Kong.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Australia:</strong> It has also announced a range of <strong>visa extensions</strong> from two to five years and pathways to <strong>permanent residency visas.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Earlier, Australia had offered<strong> &ldquo;safe haven&rdquo; visas to Chinese</strong> people after the crackdown on pro-democracy protesters around <strong>Beijing&rsquo;s Tiananmen Square in 1989.</strong></li>
<li>More than 27,000 Chinese students in Australia at the time were allowed to stay permanently.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Britain:</strong> It has <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-response-to-china-s-security-law-on-hong-kong"><strong>declared</strong></a> that it is extending residency rights for up to 3 million Hong Kongers eligible for British National Overseas passports, allowing them to live and work in the U.K. for five years.</li>
<li><strong>Canada:</strong> It has suspended its extradition treaty with Hong Kong and is looking at other options including migration.</li>
<li><strong>India:</strong> India is expecting relevant parties would address the concerns<strong> properly, seriously and objectively.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The large Indian community makes the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China its home and thus India has been keeping a close watch on recent developments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Response:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China has warned Australia against <strong>interfering in China&rsquo;s internal affairs with Hong Kong.</strong></li>
<li>It has also indicated that such steps will cause a <strong>huge negative impact on the Australian economy</strong> making the issue more serious.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The enactment of the national security law could undermine Hong Kong&rsquo;s position as an East Asian trading hub, and invite global disapproval for Beijing, which is already being accused of withholding key information related to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>.</li>
<li>It becomes crucial to see how Hong Kong deals with the situation. The freedoms granted to it under the Basic Law will expire in 2047 and it is not clear what Hong Kong&rsquo;s status will be.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/australia-ends-hong-kong-extradition-treaty-extends-visas/article32028108.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/australia-suspends-extradition-treaty-with-hong-kong'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Draft Rules for Code on Wages Act 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Labour and Employment</strong> has published the draft rules framed for the implementation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-code-on-wages-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code on Wages Act, 2019.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new draft rules have been circulated afresh for<strong> public comments and suggestions for a period of 45 days</strong> from the date of publishing, 7<sup>th</sup> July 2020.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The latest draft rules are <strong>similar to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/code-on-wages-1#:~:text=Code%20on%20Wages%20Act%202019,-The%20new%20wage&amp;text=It%20seeks%20to%20universalizes%20the,legislative%20protection%20of%20minimum%20wage." target="_blank" rel="noopener">preliminary draft published in November 2019</a></strong> with <strong>one major change.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ministry has <strong>changed the work requirement for eligibility for minimum wages and other benefits from nine hours to eight.</strong></li>
<li>The latest draft clarified the issue as the nine hours mentioned <strong>earlier included one hour of rest,</strong> which has <strong>now been mentioned separately</strong> from the eight working hours.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Code on Wages Act 2019</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Aims to <strong>transform the old and obsolete labour laws</strong> into <strong>more accountable and transparent</strong> ones and seeks to pave the way for the <strong>introduction of minimum wages and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rebooting-labour-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">labour reforms</a></strong> in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Removes the multiplicity of wage definitions,</strong> which can significantly reduce litigation as well as compliance cost for employers.</li>
<li><strong>Regulates the wages and bonus payments</strong> in all employments where any industry, trade, business, or manufacturing is being carried out.</li>
<li><strong>Links minimum wage</strong> across the country to the <strong>skills of the employee </strong>and the<strong> place of employment.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It simplifies the methodology to fix minimum wage by <strong>doing away with the &lsquo;type of employment&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It seeks to<strong> universalise the provisions of minimum wages and timely payment</strong> of wages to all employees irrespective of the sector and wage ceiling.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It seeks to ensure <strong>&lsquo;Right to Sustenance&rsquo;</strong> for every worker and intends to<strong> increase the legislative protection of minimum wage.</strong></li>
<li>Employees getting <strong>monthly salary</strong> shall get the salary by <strong>7<sup>th</sup> of next month,</strong> those working on a<strong> weekly basis</strong> shall get the salary on the <strong>last day of the week</strong> and <strong>daily wagers</strong> should get it on the <strong>same day.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Central Government is empowered to fix the floor wages</strong> by taking into account the living standards of workers. It may set different floor wages for different geographical areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>minimum wages</strong> decided by the central or state governments <strong>must be higher than the floor wage.</strong></li>
<li>Under the Constitution of India,<strong> labour</strong> is a subject in the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-article-131-special-powers-of-supreme-court" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Concurrent List of the Seventh Schedule</strong></a> where both the Central and State Governments are competent to enact legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Calculation of Minimum Wage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the draft rules, the<strong> basis for calculating the minimum wage</strong> would be a standard working-class family of one earning worker, a spouse and two children, a net intake of 2,700 calories per day each, 66 metres of cloth per year, rent expenditure equal to 10% of the food and clothing expenditure, fuel, electricity and other miscellaneous expenses of 20% of minimum wage and expenditure on children&rsquo;s education, medical care, recreation and contingencies amounting to 25% of the minimum wage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It subsumes the <strong>following four labour laws:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Payment of Wages Act, 1936.</li>
<li>The Minimum Wages Act, 1948.</li>
<li>The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965.</li>
<li>The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Centre shall constitute a <strong>technical committee</strong> which would <strong>advise on the skill categories,</strong> while an <strong>advisory board may recommend the minimum wage.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Types of Wages</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Minimum Wage:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-anniversary-of-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organisation</strong></a> defines it as &ldquo;the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work performed during a given period, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract&rdquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The minimum wage includes the bare needs of life like food, shelter and clothing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Living Wage:</strong> It is the wage needed to provide the minimum income necessary to pay for basic needs based on the cost of living in a specific community.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In addition to bare needs, a &lsquo;living wage&rsquo; includes education, health, insurance, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fair Wage:</strong> A &lsquo;fair wage&rsquo; is a mean between &lsquo;living wage&rsquo; and &lsquo;minimum wage&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Starvation Wage:</strong> It refers to the wages which are insufficient to provide the ordinary necessities of life.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/labour-ministry-notifies-draft-on-minimum-wages/article32034447.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-rules-for-code-on-wages-act-2019'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Mongolian Kanjur Being Reprinted',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Culture</strong> has taken up the project of reprinting <strong>108 volumes of Mongolian Kanjur</strong> by March 2022 under the <strong>National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Some copies were presented to the government of Mongolia on the occasion of <strong>Guru Purnima,</strong> also known as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dharma-chakra-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dharma Chakra Day</strong></a>, on 4<sup>th</sup> July, 2020.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594367804_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594367804_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mongolian Kanjur:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddhist</strong></a> <strong>canonical text in 108 volumes</strong> and is considered to be the most important religious text in Mongolia. It is a source of providing a cultural identity to Mongolia.</li>
<li>In the Mongolian language &lsquo;Kanjur&rsquo; means <strong>&lsquo;Concise Orders&rsquo;</strong>- the words of Lord Buddha in particular.</li>
<li>It has been <strong>translated from Tibetan and is written in classical mongolian.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cultural Relations Between India and Mongolia:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Buddhism was carried to Mongolia by Indian cultural and religious ambassadors during the early Christian era. As a result, today, Buddhists form the single largest religious denomination in Mongolia.</li>
<li>India established formal <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-mongolia-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>diplomatic relations</strong></a> with Mongolia in 1955. The publication of Mongolian Kanjur by the Government of India for the Government of Mongolia will act as a <strong>symbol of cultural harmony between India and Mongolia</strong> and will contribute to furtherance of bilateral relations during the coming years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Mission for Manuscripts</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) was launched in <strong>February 2003</strong> by the Government of India with the mandate of documenting, conserving and disseminating the knowledge preserved in the manuscripts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>manuscript</strong> is a handwritten composition on paper, bark, cloth, metal, palm leaf or any other material dating back at least seventy-five years that has significant scientific, historical or aesthetic value.</li>
<li>Lithographs and printed volumes are not manuscripts.</li>
<li>Manuscripts are distinct from historical records such as epigraphs on rocks, revenue records which provide direct information on events or processes in history.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>One of the objectives of the mission is to <strong>publish rare and unpublished manuscripts</strong> so that the knowledge enshrined in them is spread to researchers, scholars and the general public at large.</li>
<li>It is under the<strong> Ministry of Culture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1637551" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mongolian-kanjur-being-reprinted'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Capital Infusion for the Insurance Companies',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the <strong>capital infusion of Rs.12,450 crore in the three Public Sector General Insurance Companies (PSGICs) </strong>namely<strong> Oriental Insurance Company Limited (OlCL), National Insurance Company Limited (NICL) </strong>and<strong> United India Insurance Company Limited (UIICL).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The primary regulator for insurance in India is the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sandbox-for-fintech" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Capital Infusion:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The capital infusion of <strong>Rs. 3,475 Crore</strong> will be allocated to three PSGICs as the<strong> first tranche</strong> in the current financial year and the balance amount will be released in one or more tranches.</li>
<li>To give effect to the infusion, the authorised capital of NICL has been increased to Rs. 7,500 Crore and that of UIICL and OlCL to Rs. 5,000 Crore respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The capital infusion will enable the three PSGICs to improve their financial and solvency position.</li>
<li>It will also help to meet the insurance needs of the economy and enhance the capacity to raise resources and improve risk management.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has <strong>dropped the process of merger,</strong> which was proposed, in the 2018-19 Budget, of these three PSGICs in view of the economic crisis created due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Instead, it has decided to focus on the profitable growth of these three PSGICs.</li>
<li>The<strong> aim of the merger was to augment capital by listing the merged entity on stock exchanges,</strong> which would have brought down government equity (share).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The firms were also not in good shape. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As of the third quarter of 2019-20, NICL had a <strong>solvency ratio</strong> of 1.01, against the regulatory requirement of 1.5. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The solvency ratio examines a company's ability to meet its long-term obligations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Its<strong> combined ratio</strong> stood at 173%. If the ratio is below 100%, it indicates that the firm is making underwriting profits.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The combined ratio is a measure of profitability used by an insurance company to gauge how well it is performing in its daily operations.</li>
<li><strong>Underwriting profit</strong> consists of the earned premium remaining after losses have been paid and administrative expenses have been deducted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>OICL had a solvency ratio of 1.54 and reported a combined ratio of 132%.</li>
<li>UIICL had a solvency ratio of 0.94, much below the regulatory requirement, with combined ratio at 127.62%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Public Sector Insurance Companies are under the <strong>Department of Financial Service, Ministry of Finance. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initial-public-offer-lic" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)</a></strong> is the largest insurance company in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1637210" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/capital-infusion-for-the-insurance-companies'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Description:</strong> Ranthambore National Park was established initially as<strong> Sawai Madhopur Game Sanctuary in 1955</strong> by the Government of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1973, it was declared as a Tiger Reserve under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Tiger.</strong></a></li>
<li>In1980, Ranthambore was declared a national park, while the forests located beside it were named<strong> Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary &amp; Keladevi Sanctuary.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> Ranthambore Tiger Reserve lies in the eastern part of Rajasthan state in Karauli and Sawai Madhopur districts, at the junction of the Aravali and Vindhya hill ranges.</li>
<li>The<strong> vegetation includes grasslands</strong> on plateaus and dense forests along the seasonal streams.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The forest type is mainly<strong> tropical dry deciduous with &lsquo;dhak&rsquo;</strong> <em>(Butea monosperma)</em>, a species of tree capable of withstanding long periods of drought, being the commonest.</li>
<li>This tree is also called as <strong>'Flame of forest'</strong> and is one of the many flowering plants that add colour to the dry summers here.</li>
<li><strong>Other Common Names:</strong> Battle of Plassey tree, Bengal kino, Palash tree, parrot tree, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tree is also known as the <strong>&ldquo;Battle of Plassey&rdquo;</strong> tree because Palashi was the scene of the Battle of Plassey, a decisive victory of British forces under Robert Clive over those of the nawab (ruler) of Bengal, Sirāj al-Dawlah, in 1757.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594366738_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594366738_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;"></ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Wildlife</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The park is rich in wildlife with tigers at the apex of the food chain in mammals.</li>
<li>Other animals found here are leopards, striped hyenas, common or hanuman langurs, rhesus macaques, jackals, jungle cats, caracals, blackbuck, Blacknaped hare and chinkara, etc.</li>
<li>The park is rich in birds with about 272 species recorded so far.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This area with tigers in it represents the<strong> north-western limit of the Bengal tiger&rsquo;s distribution range</strong> and is an outstanding example of <strong>Project Tiger&rsquo;s</strong> efforts for conservation in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/probe-ordered-into-picture-with-tiger-cub-at-ranthambhore-reserve/article32024856.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ranthambhore-tiger-reserve'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Flood Management In India',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/evolve-an-integrated-response-to-floods/story-I4yySP7VXoWcNzO7eCgVhN.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Evolve an integrated response to floods&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on 06/07/2020. It talks about the need for an Holistic Flood Management framework In India.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, <strong>floods in Assam</strong> and other north-eastern states have caused devastation of life and property, which is an annual problem in the region. However, floods are not restricted to North-eastern India, rather it affects many other areas in the country.</p>
<p>Apart from natural factors like incessant and heavy rainfall during the monsoon, there are man-made factors that contribute to floods in India.</p>
<p>India is highly vulnerable, as most of its geographical area is prone to annual flooding. The high losses and damages due to floods show the poor adaptation and mitigation status of India and inadequacy in disaster management and preparedness.</p>
<p>Thus, there is a need for an<strong> Integrated flood management system.</strong></p>
<h3>Factors contributing to the increase in Floods</h3>
<p><strong>Natural Causes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Climate Change:</strong> According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-report-on-climate-change-ipcc#:~:text=The%20Intergovernmental%20Panel%20on%20Climate,underway%20in%20the%20United%20States." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Panel for Climate Change</strong></a>, the rainfall intensity, duration and frequency are going to increase in the future.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, incidence of cyclonic circulations and cloud bursts that cause flash floods are increasing due to Climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Skewed Rainfall Pattern:</strong> 80% of the precipitation takes place in the monsoon months from June to September. During this time, the rivers bring heavy sediment load from the catchments.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These, coupled with inadequate carrying capacity of the rivers and drainage congestion and erosion of river-banks are responsible for causing floods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trans-National Rivers:</strong> The fact that some of the rivers (like Brahmaputra, many tributaries of Ganga) causing damage in India originate in neighboring countries, adds another complex dimension to the problem.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, sudden change in topography from high mountains to plain areas, is also a reason for floods in northern India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Earthquakes:</strong> An Earthquake Disaster Risk Index (EDRI), prepared by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-disaster-management-authority-ndma-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA),</strong></a> showed that about 56% area of India is vulnerable to moderate to major earthquakes.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As many of the river basins in India lie in earthquake-prone areas, the course of the river is not stable and amounts to flooding.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Human Causes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unplanned Development:</strong> Unplanned development, encroachments in riparian zones, failure of flood control structures, unplanned reservoir operations, poor drainage infrastructure, deforestation, land use change and sedimentation in river beds are exacerbating floods.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When rainfall is heavy, the river breaches the embankments and destroys habitations along the banks and on the sandbars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Urban Flooding:</strong> Flooding in the cities and the towns is a recent phenomenon caused by increasing incidence of heavy rainfall in a short period of time.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The reason for this is indiscriminate encroachment of waterways and wetlands, inadequate capacity of drains and lack of maintenance of the drainage infrastructure.</li>
<li>Apart from it, poor waste management is exacerbating the problem by blocking drains, canals and lakes, while ill-planned road projects are cutting off flood flows</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Neglect of Pre-Disaster Planning:</strong> History of flood management shows that focus of disaster management has largely been on post-flood recovery and relief.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many reservoirs and Hydro-electric plants do not have enough gauging stations for measurement of flood level, which is the principal component for flood prediction and forecast.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Disaster Preparedness Plan:</strong> A comprehensive flood management plan is needed to include Disaster preparedness.This may require strengthening of the following:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Flood Hotspot Mapping at local and regional scale.</li>
<li>Management and regulation of riparian zones to prevent spilling and erosion.</li>
<li>River flood modelling to prepare for incidences like reservoir breach and emergency water release from dams.</li>
<li>Advanced techniques such as mapping based on satellite imagery and <strong>Geographic Information Systems</strong> will help in development of flood early warning systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Integrated Approach:</strong> Steps need to be taken for watershed management through an integrated approach. Often these approaches involve both hard engineering solutions and ecologically sustainable soft solutions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hard Solutions:</strong> It involves civil engineering construction such as dams, culverts and dykes, widening and deepening of river channels and diversion channels to store and divert water to increase the lag time of water reaching downstream.</li>
<li><strong>Ecological Soft Solutions</strong>: The solutions such as restoration and management of riparian zones, afforestation along the river channels which led to retention of rainwater and reduces the river discharge.</li>
<li>An integrated approach to managing floods requires a sound understanding of the patterns that rivers such as the Ganga and its tributaries display during the monsoon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prioritising Buffers, Flexibility and Adaptability:</strong> This includes reviewing safety criteria of dams and canals, re-building these with higher safety factors, creating new intermediate storages, and introducing dynamic reservoir management.</li>
<li><strong>Reducing Disaster Risk Reduction:</strong> There is a need for efficient implementation of <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/sendai-framework-report#:~:text=It%20aims%20to%20guide%20the,Nations%20and%20Communities%20to%20Disasters." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction</strong></a>, this will reduce the vulnerability of any disaster.</li>
<li><strong>Focusing on Urban Flood Management:</strong> Keeping in view the fact that the problem of Urban Flooding is becoming more severe and losses are mounting every year.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The subject of urban flooding needs exclusive attention and the proper implementation of <strong>NDMA guidelines on Urban Flooding 2016,</strong> is the need of the hour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>As floods cause major damage to life and property every year, it is time the central and the state governments prepare a long-term plan that goes beyond piecemeal measures like building embankments and dredging to control floods. Also, there is a need for an integrated basin management plan that brings all the river-basin sharing countries as well Indian states on board.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594292491_image.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594292491_image.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffce3;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;The process of flood management in India is very complex due to the influence of several socio-hydroclimatological factors&rdquo;. In light of this statement analyse the need for an integrated flood management framework in India.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nGTuSJOVFfI" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/end-of-a-dream-6494923/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;End of a dream&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on July 7<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/flood-management-in-india'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, assets worth Rs. 329.66 crore of the Punjab National Bank (PNB) fraud mastermind Nirav Modi have been confiscated under Section 12(2) and (8) of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-sabha-passes-fugitive-economic-offenders-bill" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/money-laundering-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>money laundering</strong></a> case, the <strong>Enforcement Directorate</strong> (ED) has so far attached properties valued at Rs. 2,348 crore.</li>
<li>The properties were earlier attached under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/changes-in-the-prevention-of-money-laundering-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prevention of Money Laundering Act, (PMLA) 2002.</a></strong></li>
<li>To proactively detect such frauds, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a> (RBI) is in the process of putting together an exclusive wing for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fraud-oversight-wing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>banking fraud oversight.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This wing will have teams for meta-data processing and analysis, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>artificial intelligence</strong> </a>analysis units, as well as proactive risk assessment cells.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018:</strong> It seeks to confiscate properties of economic offenders who have left the country to avoid facing criminal prosecution or refuse to return to the country to face prosecution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fugitive economic offender:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A person against whom an arrest warrant has been issued for committing an offence listed in the Act and the value of the offence is at least Rs. 100 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some of the offences </strong>listed in the act are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Counterfeiting government stamps or currency.</li>
<li>Cheque dishonour.</li>
<li>Money laundering.</li>
<li>Transactions defrauding creditors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Declaration of a Fugitive Economic Offender:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After hearing the application, a<strong> special court</strong> (designated <strong>under the PMLA, 2002</strong>) may declare an individual as a fugitive economic offender.</li>
<li>It<strong> may confiscate properties</strong> which are proceeds of crime, Benami properties and any other property, in India or abroad.</li>
<li>Upon confiscation,<strong> all rights and titles of the property will vest in the central government,</strong> free from encumbrances (such as any charges on the property).</li>
<li>The central government may appoint an administrator to manage and dispose of these properties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bar on Filing or Defending Civil Claims:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act allows any <strong>civil court or tribunal to prohibit</strong> a declared fugitive economic offender, from<strong> filing or defending any civil claim.</strong></li>
<li>Further, any <strong>company or limited liability partnership</strong> where such a person is a majority shareholder, promoter, or a key managerial person, may also be <strong>barred from filing or defending civil claims.</strong></li>
<li>The authorities may <strong>provisionally attach properties of an accused,</strong> while the application is pending before the Special Court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Powers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The authorities under the PMLA, 2002 will exercise powers given to them under the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act.</li>
<li>These <strong>powers</strong> will be<strong> similar to those of a civil court,</strong> including the search of persons in possession of records or proceeds of crime, the search of premises on the belief that a person is an FEO and seizure of documents.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Enforcement Directorate</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a<strong> specialized financial investigation agency</strong> under the <strong>Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance.</strong></li>
<li>On <strong>1<sup>st</sup> May 1956,</strong> an &lsquo;Enforcement Unit&rsquo; was formed in the Department of Economic Affairs for handling Exchange Control Laws violations under <strong>Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947.</strong> In 1957, it was renamed as &lsquo;Enforcement Directorate&rsquo;.</li>
<li>ED enforces the following laws:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/liberalised-remittance-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999.</strong></a></li>
<li>Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirav-modi-case-assets-worth-over-329-crore-confiscated-under-fugitive-economic-offenders-act/article32023092.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fugitive-economic-offenders-act-2018'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Affordable Rental Housing Complexes for Urban Migrants',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved a scheme for providing <strong>affordable rental housing</strong> to about<strong> 3 lakh urban <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/woes-of-migrants-amid-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">migrants.</a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will be a <strong>sub-scheme of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-grameen-behind-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana- Urban</a></strong> that is implemented by the<strong> Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>The creation of<strong> Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHCs)</strong> is as a part of the government&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>economic package</strong></a> to address the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 crisis</strong></a>. The scheme is in line with the vision of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AtmaNirbhar Bharat</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Target Beneficiaries:</strong> Workers who come from rural areas or towns to work in manufacturing, hospitality, health, construction, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Affordable Rental Housing:</strong> About 1.03 lakh completed government-funded houses across cities that are yet to be allotted to beneficiaries (Urban poor) under existing schemes would be converted into the rental housing complexes.</li>
<li><strong>Concession Agreements:</strong> The conversion will be done through <strong>concession agreements</strong> for 25 years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The States and Union Territories would invite bids to select concessionaires.</li>
<li>Concessionaires will make the complexes livable by repair/retrofit and maintenance of rooms and filling up infrastructure gaps like water, sewer/ septage, sanitation, road etc.</li>
<li>Complexes will revert to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/25-years-of-local-democracy-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Local Bodies (ULB)</strong></a> <strong>after 25 years</strong> to run on their own.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Incentives to Entities:</strong> Special incentives like <strong>concessional loan at priority sector lending rate,</strong> etc. will be offered to private/ public entities to develop ARHCs on their own available vacant land for 25 years.</li>
<li><strong>Technology Innovation Grant:</strong> Under it an <strong>expenditure of Rs. 600 crore would be provided</strong> for projects using identified innovative technologies for construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Creation of New Ecosystem:</strong> It will create a<strong> new ecosystem in urban areas</strong> making housing available at affordable rent close to the place of work. Hence, cutting down unnecessary travel, congestion and pollution.</li>
<li><strong>Investment Opportunities:</strong> It would create a <strong>conducive environment for entities</strong> to develop AHRCs on their own vacant land which would enable new investment opportunities and promote entrepreneurship in the rental housing sector.</li>
<li><strong>Employment:</strong> Covid-19 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic</strong> </a>has resulted in massive reverse migration of workers/ urban poor. Investment under ARHCs is expected to create new job opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana -Urban</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched in 2015 by the <strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,</strong> in which affordable housing will be provided to the<strong> urban poor</strong> with a target of building <strong>20 million affordable houses by 31<sup>st</sup> March 2022.</strong></li>
<li>It provides central assistance to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and other implementing agencies through States/UTs.</li>
<li><strong>Eligibility:</strong> All statutory towns as per Census 2011 and towns notified subsequently would be eligible for coverage under the Mission.</li>
<li><strong>Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In-situ Rehabilitation of existing slum dwellers using land as a resource through private participation.</li>
<li>Credit Linked Subsidy.</li>
<li>Affordable Housing in Partnership.</li>
<li>Subsidy for Beneficiary-led individual house construction/enhancement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The mission promotes <strong>women empowerment</strong> by providing the ownership of houses in the name of female members or in joint name.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1637215#:~:text=Ministry%20of%20Housing%20%26%20Urban%20Affairs,Minister%20on%2014%20May%2C%202020." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB </strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/affordable-rental-housing-complexes-for-urban-migrants'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Fishermen Issue with Sri Lanka',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Sri Lanka&rsquo;s northern fishermen have reported a<strong> sudden increase in the number of Indian trawlers spotted in its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener">territorial waters</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The territorial waters extend seaward <strong>up to 12 nautical miles (nm)</strong> from baselines of a country.</li>
<li>Fishermen along the northern coast of Jaffna Peninsula have<strong> lost their nets worth lakhs of rupees in the sea,</strong> after being caught under the large Indian trawlers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These Indian trawlers are known to <strong>originate</strong> from the Indian State of <strong>Tamil Nadu.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594287180_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594287180_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Introduction of the International Maritime Boundary Line :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian boats have been fishing in the troubled waters for centuries and had a free run of the Bay of Bengal, Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar<strong> until 1974 and 1976</strong> when treaties were signed between the two countries to demarcate International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL).</li>
<li>However, the treaties failed to factor in the hardship of thousands of traditional fishermen who were forced to restrict themselves to a meagre area in their fishing forays.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Katchatheevu Island Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>small islet of Katchatheevu,</strong> hitherto used by them for sorting their catch and drying their nets, fell on the other side of the IMBL.</li>
<li>Fishermen often risk their lives and cross the IMBL rather than return empty-handed, but the Sri Lankan Navy is on alert, and have either arrested or destroyed fishing nets and vessels of those who have crossed the line.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation of Practical Agreements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries have agreed on certain practical arrangements to deal with the issue of bona fide fishermen of either side crossing the International Maritime Boundary Line.</li>
<li>Through these arrangements, it has been possible to deal with the issue of detention of fishermen in a humane manner.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-sri-lanka#:~:text=Key%20Points,and%20to%20fight%20against%20terrorism.&amp;text=India%20extended%20a%20%24400%20million,strengthen%20its%20infrastructure%20and%20economy." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and Sri Lanka</strong></a> have agreed to set up a <strong>Joint Working Group (JWG)</strong> on Fisheries between the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare of India</strong> and Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development of Sri Lanka as the mechanism to help find a<strong> permanent solution</strong> to the fishermen issue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Threat to Livelihoods:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sri lankan fishermen fear that their <strong>livelihoods will be hit due to trawlers</strong> which are already under strain due to the coronavirus pandemic induced reduction in the export.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Step Taken by Sri Lanka:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the last couple of years, Sri Lanka has introduced <strong>tougher laws banning bottom-trawling,</strong> and has also introduced <strong>heavy fines for trespassing foreign vessels.</strong></li>
<li>The Sri Lankan Navy arrested over <strong>450</strong> Indian fishermen in <strong>2017</strong> and <strong>156</strong> in <strong>2018</strong> on charges of poaching. A total of <strong>210</strong> arrests were made in <strong>2019,</strong> while<strong> 34</strong> have been made so far in <strong>2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scare of Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sri Lankan fishermen have been alleging that currently the Sri Lankan Navy is reluctant to arrest the trespassing fishermen from Tamil Nadu now, due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-globalization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> prevalence in India.</li>
<li>However, the Sri Lankan Navy claims to be very vigilant along their borders not just to monitor illegal fishing, but also to take action on any illicit activity such as narcotics trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs to focus more on its traditional and cultural ties to improve relations with Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>Starting ferry services between India and Sri Lanka can improve people to people linkages.</li>
<li>Mutual recognition of each other's concerns and interests can improve the relationship between both countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/indian-trawlers-are-back-say-sri-lankas-fishermen/article32024955.ece#:~:text=Sri%20Lanka's%20northern%20fishermen%20have,impaired%20their%20post%2Dwar%20recovery.&amp;text=%E2%80%9CThere%20is%20an%20increase%20in,complaints%2C%E2%80%9D%20the%20official%20said." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fishermen-issue-with-sri-lanka'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Andhra Pradesh Poll Panel Chief Case',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC) of India</strong> </a>refused to pass any interim orders on the Andhra Pradesh government&rsquo;s plea to stay the Andhra Pradesh High Court order, which set aside the recent ordinance passed by the Andhra Pradesh government.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj (Second Amendment) Ordinance, 2020,</strong> was brought to amend <strong>Section 200</strong> of the Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act, 1994.</li>
<li><strong>Amendments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Restricted</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/state-election-commission-s-autonomy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State Election Commissioner (SEC)</strong></a> post<strong> to only</strong> retired High Court judges.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Prior to the amendment, <strong>retired bureaucrats were also eligible for</strong>&nbsp;the post.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Curtailed the tenure</strong> of the SEC from five years to three years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This compelled the then incumbent SEC to step down and a new Commissioner was appointed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The amendments under the ordinance were challenged in the High Court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Court Ruling:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The High Court (HC) had <strong>set aside the amendments on restriction of SEC post,</strong> by saying the ordinance does not qualify the <strong>test of reasonableness</strong> specified in <strong>Article 14</strong> of the Constitution of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The HC also observed that the <strong>appointment of the newly incumbent</strong> has been made by the Governor in exercise of the power <strong>under Section 200 of the Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act and not under Article 243K(1) of the Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The court also <strong>set aside the amendment on the tenure of SEC.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It ruled that the SEC is a <strong>Constitutionally defined functionary</strong> under Article 243K of the Constitution, and it has a right to function till completion of tenure.</li>
<li>According to <strong>Article 243K (2)</strong> of the Constitution, the SEC shall not be removed from his office except in like manner and on the like ground as a Judge of a High Court and the conditions of service of the State Election Commissioner shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>State Election Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The State Election Commission is a constitutional body. It has been entrusted with the function of conducting free, fair and impartial elections to the local bodies in the state.</li>
<li><strong>Article 243K (1):</strong> It states that the superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Panchayats</strong></a> (Municipalities under Article 243ZA) shall be vested in a State Election Commission consisting of a State Election Commissioner to be appointed by the Governor.</li>
<li><strong>Article 243K (2):</strong> It states that the tenure and appointment will be directed as per the law made by the state legislature. However, State Election Commissioner shall not be removed from his/her office except in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of a High Court.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Doctrine of Reasonability Test:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been propounded by the Indian Judiciary. According to it any exception to equality is permissible only if the State has justifiable reasons for treating people differently.</li>
<li>It means if the law makes a reasonable classification of a group for special treatment, it will not violate Article 14. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>E.g</strong> Affirmative actions as provided under Article 15 and Article 16 of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-poll-panel-chief-case-sc-decision-in-2-3-weeks/article32025300.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/andhra-pradesh-poll-panel-chief-case'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Measles and Rubella in WHO SEAR',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Maldives and Sri Lanka have become the first two countries in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-regional-committee-for-south-east-asia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation&rsquo;s South-East Asian Region</strong></a> (WHO SEAR) to have eliminated both measles and rubella ahead of the 2023 deadline.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In September 2019, member countries of WHO SEAR<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-and-rubella-in-south-east-asia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> set 2023 as the target</strong></a> for the elimination of measles and rubella.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The announcement came after the 5<sup>th</sup> meeting of the <strong>SEAR Verification Commission for Measles and Rubella Elimination.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Commission comprises <strong>11 independent international experts</strong> in the fields of epidemiology, virology and public health.</li>
<li><strong>Bhutan, DPR Korea and Timor-Leste</strong> are countries in the region which have <strong>eliminated measles.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste </strong>have<strong> controlled Rubella.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criteria:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A country is verified as having eliminated measles and rubella when there is no evidence of endemic transmission of the respective viruses for over three years in the presence of a well-performing surveillance system.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Maldives reported its last endemic case of measles in 2009 and of rubella in October 2015.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka reported the last endemic case of measles in May 2016 and of rubella in March 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All countries in the region<strong> introduced two doses of measles-containing vaccine</strong> and<strong> at least one dose of rubella-containing vaccine</strong> in their routine immunisation programme.</li>
<li>Since 2017, nearly <strong>500 million additional children have been vaccinated</strong> with measles and rubella-containing vaccines.</li>
<li><strong>Surveillance</strong> for measles and rubella has been<strong> strengthened further.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The announcement comes amidst the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic</a> and the success demonstrates the importance of joint efforts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Globally, more than half of all countries <strong>reported moderate-to-severe disruptions</strong> or a <strong>total <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-halts-global-vaccination-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">suspension of vaccination</a></strong> services in March and April.</li>
<li>Regionally, <strong>both immunisation coverage and surveillance were impacted.</strong></li>
<li>However, SEAR countries made<strong> coordinated efforts to resume immunisation and surveillance</strong> activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Measles</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>highly contagious viral disease</strong> and is a cause of death among young children globally.</li>
<li>It is particularly<strong> dangerous for children</strong> from the economically weaker background, as it <strong>attacks malnourished children and those with reduced immunity.</strong></li>
<li>It can cause <strong>serious complications,</strong> including <strong>blindness, encephalitis, severe diarrhoea, ear infection and pneumonia.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rubella</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is also called<strong> German Measles.</strong></li>
<li>Rubella is a <strong>contagious, generally mild viral infection</strong> that occurs most often in <strong>children and young adults.</strong></li>
<li>Rubella infection in <strong>pregnant women may cause death</strong> or <strong>congenital defects</strong> known as <strong>Congenital Rubella Syndrome</strong> (CRS) which causes irreversible birth defects.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Measures and Vaccinations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-measles-cases-up-by-300-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Measles and Rubella Initiative</strong></a> is a global program which aims at eliminating both these diseases.</li>
<li>The<strong> vaccine</strong> for the diseases are provided in the form of <strong>measles-rubella</strong> (MR), <strong>measles-mumps-rubella</strong> (MMR) or <strong>measles-mumps-rubella-varicella</strong> (MMRV) combination.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India and Measles</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Incidence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine since the 1960s, both measles and rubella are <strong>major public health concerns</strong> in India.</li>
<li>More than 1.3 million children acquire <strong>measles infection</strong> and around 49000 infected children die each year, contributing nearly 36% to the global figures.</li>
<li><strong>Rubella infection</strong> in pregnant women may cause fetal death or congenital defects. It leads to the development of birth defects in almost 40,000 children annually in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Measles-Rubella Vaccination</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</strong> launched the MR Vaccination program in 2017.</li>
<li>The MR campaign<strong> targets around 41 crore children</strong> across the country, the largest ever in any campaign.</li>
<li>All <strong>children aged between 9 months and less than 15 years</strong> are given a single shot of MR vaccination irrespective of their previous measles/rubella vaccination status or measles/rubella disease status.</li>
<li>MR vaccines are <strong>provided free-of-cost</strong> across the states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other Initiatives include<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intensified-mission-indradhanush-best-practice-in-the-world-bmj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), Mission Indradhanush and Intensified Mission Indradhanush.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/world/maldives-sri-lanka-eliminate-measles-and-rubella-ahead-of-2023-deadline/article32020469.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BL</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-and-rubella-in-who-sear'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Open Sky Agreement',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has expressed interest to have an Open Sky Agreement with India.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594279695_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594279695_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of the Open Sky Agreement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Open Sky Agreements are <strong>bilateral agreements</strong> that the two countries negotiate to provide <strong>rights for airlines to offer international passenger and cargo services.</strong> It <strong>expands</strong> international passenger and cargo flights.</li>
<li>India has Air Service Agreements (ASA) with 109 countries including UAE covering aspects relating to the number of flights, seats, landing points and code-share. But does not allow unlimited number of flights between two countries.</li>
<li>Open skies between India and UAE will allow unlimited number of flights to the selected cities of each other's countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Open Sky Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>National Civil Aviation Policy (2016)</strong> allows the government to enter into an 'open sky' air services agreement on a reciprocal basis with<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/south-asian-association-for-regional-cooperation-saarc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</strong></a> nations as well as countries <strong>beyond a 5,000 kilometre radius from New Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>It implies that <strong>nations within 5,000 kilometer of distance</strong> need to enter into a bilateral agreement and mutually determine the number of flights that their airlines can operate between the two countries.</li>
<li>India has open sky agreements with Greece, Jamaica, Guyana, Finland, USA, Japan, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fifth and Sixth Freedom of Air:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UAE also mentioned that it <strong>does not intend to implement fifth and six freedoms of air,</strong> and where the interest of Indian airlines will be threatened by other air carriers.</li>
<li>The Freedom of air was formulated as a result of <strong>disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation</strong> in the Convention on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-civil-aviation-organisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Civil Aviation</strong></a> of 1944, known as the <strong>Chicago Convention.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The freedoms of the air are a <strong>set of commercial aviation rights</strong> granting a country's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country's airspace.</li>
<li>The<strong> fifth freedom of air</strong> includes the right to fly between two foreign countries on a flight originating or ending in one's own country.</li>
<li>The <strong>sixth freedom of air</strong> includes the right to fly from a foreign country to another while stopping in one's own country for non-technical reasons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Currently, about 1,068 flights a week are operated between India and the UAE under the bilateral Air Service Agreement (ASA). India and UAE need to have an open sky policy which in turn will help India to become a commercial hub in the future.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uae-in-support-of-open-skies-agreement-with-india/article32024879.ece#:~:text=The%20UAE%20is%20keen%20to,Albanna%20said%20on%20Wednesday.&amp;text=%E2%80%9CYou%20need%20to%20have%20an%20open%20sky%20policy.&amp;text=Open%20sky%20policy%20and%20fifth,Chamber%20of%20Commerce%20and%20Industry." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/open-sky-agreement'
	]
]
$updates = object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

	'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
	'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive`, articles.star_rating AS `articles__star_rating`, articles.display_in_states AS `articles__display_in_states` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
	'params' => [
		':c0' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	],
	'defaultTypes' => [
		'articles__article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.article_id' => 'integer',
		'article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.category_id' => 'integer',
		'category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__title' => 'string',
		'articles.title' => 'string',
		'title' => 'string',
		'articles__description' => 'text',
		'articles.description' => 'text',
		'description' => 'text',
		'articles__shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles.shortdescription' => 'string',
		'shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles__featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles.featuredimage' => 'string',
		'featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles__tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.tag_id' => 'integer',
		'tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles.secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles__type' => 'integer',
		'articles.type' => 'integer',
		'type' => 'integer',
		'articles__publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles.publishon' => 'datetime',
		'publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles__posturl' => 'string',
		'articles.posturl' => 'string',
		'posturl' => 'string',
		'articles__metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles.metatitle' => 'string',
		'metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles__metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles.metadescription' => 'string',
		'metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles__metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles.metakeyword' => 'text',
		'metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles__status' => 'integer',
		'articles.status' => 'integer',
		'status' => 'integer',
		'articles__sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles.sort_order' => 'integer',
		'sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles__addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.addedby' => 'integer',
		'addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.updatedby' => 'integer',
		'updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.added' => 'timestamp',
		'added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.modified' => 'timestamp',
		'modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles.whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_comments' => 'integer',
		'display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles__pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles.pdf_name' => 'string',
		'pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles__display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_archive' => 'integer',
		'display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles__star_rating' => 'integer',
		'articles.star_rating' => 'integer',
		'star_rating' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_in_states' => 'string',
		'articles.display_in_states' => 'string',
		'display_in_states' => 'string'
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	'decorators' => (int) 0,
	'executed' => false,
	'hydrate' => true,
	'buffered' => true,
	'formatters' => (int) 0,
	'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
	'contain' => [],
	'matching' => [],
	'extraOptions' => [],
	'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}

}
$page = (int) 119
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 336
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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