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Gender Parity Index: UNESCO

Gender Parity Index in primary, secondary and tertiary education is the ratio of the number of female students enrolled at primary, secondary and...

06 Mar 2020 News Analysis
Bharatnatyam

Origin Bharatanatyam is one of the oldest (considered to be over 2000 years old) and most popular forms of classical dance that originated in...

06 Mar 2020 News Analysis
Crisis in the Telecom Sector

This article is based on India's 'self-goal' in telecom, How to untangle India’s telecom mess, A telecom crisis, once again, What new govt...

05 Mar 2020 News Editorials
Gaura Devi as Part of International Women’s Day Celebrations

Why in News The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) is celebrating Women's Week from 1st March to 8th March 2020. International Women's...

05 Mar 2020 News Analysis
Increased Recycling of E-waste in India

Why in News Recently, the government has informed that E-waste recycling has doubled in the country compared to 2017-18. The government has...

05 Mar 2020 News Analysis
Black Redstart

It is a small-sized bird (14-15 cms) and it breeds across the Himalayan Range. It occurs almost throughout Europe, Asia and in the portions of...

05 Mar 2020 News Analysis
Pragyan Conclave 2020

Why in News Recently, the “Pragyan Conclave 2020”, a two-day Indian Army International Seminar was organised by Centre for Land Warfare...

05 Mar 2020 News Analysis
MAC Binding

Why in News The authorities have removed ban on social media and restored full internet access in Kashmir on 4th March 2020. Among various...

05 Mar 2020 News Analysis
Gairsain: Summer Capital of Uttarakhand

Why in News Recently, the Uttarakhand Government named Gairsain as the new summer capital of the state. A summer capital is a city used as an...

05 Mar 2020 News Analysis
Visit of UN Delegation on Palestine to India

Why in News Recently, a UN delegation on Palestine visited New Delhi to seek India’s political and diplomatic support for a peaceful...

05 Mar 2020 News Analysis
Ban on Cryptocurrency Trading Removed

Why in News The Supreme Court has struck down a ban on trading of Virtual Currencies (VC) in India, which was imposed by the Reserve Bank of India...

05 Mar 2020 News Analysis
Covid-19 and India’s Preparedness

This article is based on Growing numbers: On India’s COVID-19 preparedness, A COVID-19 response that is quick off the blocks, Boosting...

04 Mar 2020 News Editorials
Rules for Filing Complaints with Lokpal Notified

Why in News The Department of Personnel and Training has issued a notification providing the rules and prescribed format for filing complaints...

04 Mar 2020 News Analysis
The Economic Impact of Coronavirus

Why in News The Coronavirus outbreak is having a negative impact on the various sectors of the economy. Impact on Indian Economy GDP Growth...

04 Mar 2020 News Analysis
Sukhna Lake

The Punjab and Haryana High Court has declared Sukhna lake (Chandigarh) as a living entity recently. The court invoked its parens patriae...

04 Mar 2020 News Analysis
Lalit Kala Akademi Awards

Why in News The President of India conferred the 61st annual Lalit Kala Akademi Awards on 15 meritorious artists at a function held at Rashtrapati...

04 Mar 2020 News Analysis
Ink to Curb Fake Printing of Passports and Counterfeiting of Currency Notes

The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Physical Laboratory has developed a bi-luminescent security ink which glows in...

04 Mar 2020 News Analysis
Red Crowned Roofed Turtle

Red Crowned Roofed Turtle is one of the 24 species endemic to India, is characterised by the bright colours such as red, yellow, white and blue on...

04 Mar 2020 News Analysis
Communal Violence

This article is based on The message from Delhi, A tale of two communalisms, A test of governance: On Delhi violence, ‘Delhi and...

03 Mar 2020 News Editorials
Nominations for the World Heritage List 2020

Why in News Recently, the Minister of State of Culture and Tourism has informed Lok Sabha that India has submitted two nomination dossiers namely...

03 Mar 2020 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Gender Parity Index: UNESCO',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gender Parity Index</strong> in primary, secondary and tertiary education is the ratio of the number of female students enrolled at primary, secondary and tertiary levels of education to the number of male students in each level.</li>
<li>In short, GPI at various levels<strong> reflect equitable participation of girls</strong> in the School system.</li>
<li>GPI is <strong>released by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)</strong> as a part of its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-education-monitoring-report-2019-unesco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Education Monitoring Report.</strong></a></li>
<li>A<strong> GPI of 1 indicates parity</strong> between the sexes; a GPI that varies between 0 and 1 typically means a disparity in favour of males; whereas a GPI greater than 1 indicates a disparity in favour of females.</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s GPI for the year 2018-19</strong> at different levels of School Education is as under:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Primary Education: 1.03</li>
<li>Upper Primary Education: 1.12</li>
<li>Secondary Education: 1.04</li>
<li>Higher Secondary Education: 1.04</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s GPI indicates that the <strong>number of girls is more than the number of boys</strong> at all levels of school Education.</li>
<li>In 2018-19, the Ministry of Human Resource Development launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samagra-shiksha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Samagra Shiksha&rsquo;</strong></a> scheme. It is a <strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an overarching programme for the school education sector extending from pre-school to class XII and aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels of school education.</li>
<li>One of its objectives is to bridge social and gender gaps in school education.</li>
<li>To provide quality education to girls from disadvantaged groups, <strong>Kasturba Gandhi BalikaVidyalayas (KGBVs)</strong> have been sanctioned in Educationally Backward Blocks (EBBs) under SamagraShiksha.</li>
<li>KGBVs are residential schools from class VI to XII for girls belonging to disadvantaged groups such as SC, ST, OBC, Minority and Below Poverty Line (BPL).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> <strong>Educationally Backward Blocks</strong> are drawn on the basis of <strong>twin criteria</strong> of Female Literacy Rate and Gender Gap in Literacy. However, some blocks have been identified only on the basis of Female Literacy Rate also.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1605422" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Bharatnatyam',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Origin</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bharatanatyam</strong> is one of the <strong>oldest (considered to be over 2000 years old) and most popular forms</strong> of classical dance that originated in<strong> Tanjore district in Tamil Nadu, India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Bharatnatyam is one among the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indian-classical-dances" target="_blank" rel="noopener">eight classical dances of India.</a></strong></li>
<li>The origin of this dance can be traced to the sage <strong>Bharata Muni's Natyashastra.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Abhinaya Darpana</strong> by <strong>Nandikesvara</strong> is one of the main sources of textual material, for the study of the technique and grammar of body movement in Bharatnatyam Dance.</li>
<li>The style was kept alive by the <strong>devadasis,</strong> the young girls <strong>'gifted' by their parents to the temples and married to the gods.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Features</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bharatnatyam dance is known to be<strong> ekaharya,</strong> where <strong>one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance.</strong></li>
<li>The dance involves transitional movements of the<strong> leg, hip and arm. Expressive eye movements</strong> and <strong>hand gestures</strong> are used to <strong>convey emotions.</strong> It encompasses <strong>Bhav, Rag, Ras and Taal.</strong></li>
<li>This form of dance is <strong>slow and moving,</strong> but at times <strong>fast and fluid</strong> and hence is also called <strong>Fire Dance.</strong></li>
<li>The accompanying orchestra consists of a <strong>vocalist, a mridangam player, violinist</strong> or <strong>veena player, a flautist</strong> and <strong>a cymbal player.</strong> The person who conducts the dance recitation is the <strong>Nattuvanar.</strong></li>
</ul>
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		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Crisis in the Telecom Sector',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/india-s-self-goal-in-telecom-120030500019_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India's 'self-goal' in telecom</strong></a>, <strong><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/thomas-k-thomas/how-to-untangle-indias-telecom-mess/article29974184.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to untangle India&rsquo;s telecom mess</a></strong>, <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-telecom-crisis-once-again-120030201638_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>A telecom crisis, once again</strong></a>, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-new-govt-order-changes-in-agr-crisis-6232416/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>What new govt order changes in AGR crisis</strong></a>, <strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-royal-mess/article30844777.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A royal mess: on the turmoil in telecom industry</a></strong>. It talks about the current crisis in the telecom sector in India.</p>
</div>
<p>On October 24 2019, the Supreme Court of India upheld the Department of Telecom (DoT)'s interpretation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/challenges-in-telecom-sector-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Adjusted Gross revenue (AGR)</strong></a>. This meant a huge blow to telecom service providers, as the telcos had to pay an estimated ₹1.4 lakh crore to the government.</p>
<p>The definition of AGR has been such a contentious issue because it has huge financial implications for not only telcos, government but on the Indian economy at large.</p>
<h3>Significance of the Telecom Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Telecom sector forms a key part of the infrastructure of any economy as it provides Information and Communication Technology.</li>
<li>Services sector forms the lion's share of India's economy, the whole services sector heavily relies on ICT.</li>
<li>It plays the role of key enabler in several welfare schemes related to health, education, agriculture, transport, energy and financial inclusion.</li>
<li>Apart from it, the Telecom sector provides these services in a cost-effective and environment-friendly way.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is AGR issue?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The telecom sector was liberalised under the <strong>National Telecom Policy, 1994</strong> after which licenses were issued to companies in return for a fixed license fee.</li>
<li>To provide relief from the steep fixed license fee, the government in 1999 gave an option to the licensees to migrate to the revenue sharing fee model.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this, mobile telephone operators were required to share a percentage of their AGR with the government as <strong>annual license fee</strong> (LF) and <strong>spectrum usage charges (SUC).</strong></li>
<li>License agreements between the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and the telecom companies define the gross revenues of the latter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The definition of AGR has been under litigation for 14 years. In 2005, <strong>Cellular Operators Association of India</strong> (COAI) challenged the government&rsquo;s definition for AGR calculation.</li>
<li>However, DoT argued that AGR includes <strong>all revenues from both telecom and non-telecom services.</strong></li>
<li>The companies claimed that <strong>AGR should comprise just the revenue accrued from core services</strong> and not dividend, interest income or profit on the sale of any investment or fixed assets.</li>
<li>In 2015, the <strong>TDSAT (Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal)</strong> stayed the case in favour of telecom companies and held that AGR includes all receipts except capital receipts and revenue from non-core sources such as rent, profit on the sale of fixed assets, dividend, interest and miscellaneous income.</li>
<li>However, setting aside TDSAT&rsquo;s order, Supreme Court on October 24, 2019, upheld the definition of AGR as stipulated by the DoT.</li>
<li>Given the slowdown in the Indian economy and this huge financial liability under AGR rules, many telcos are on the verge of collapse. This may have far-reaching ramifications for various stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact on the various stakeholders</h3>
<p><strong>Telecom Sector</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>When the AGR issue, first went under litigation there were about 15 operators. However, until now 10 of them have either closed operations or are undergoing insolvency proceedings in the last 14 years.</li>
<li>Further, at the current juncture, profits for telcos are under pressure from severe competition and the falling ARPUs (Average Revenue Per User). Given this, AGR due will seriously hurt financial stability of whatever telecom companies are doing business in the Indian market.</li>
<li>Also, Telecom equipment suppliers may also go down as their dues will not be paid.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian Consumers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The failure of a few large players could lead to one or two players emerging near-monopolies. This may leave the Indian consumer vulnerable to high pricing, sub-standard products and lack of options.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Banks</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The AGR issue has triggered panic in the banking industry, given that the telecom sector is highly leveraged.</li>
<li>Failure of the cascading effect will be felt across the economy as banks face the consequences of the company going bankrupt (non-performing assets will rise).</li>
<li>The AGR issue may add to the vulnerability of an already fragile banking system.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian Economy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Apart from impacting the banking sector, the collapse of the telecom sector may increase unemployment, and reduce investment, adding to our economic and social problems.</li>
<li>The Telecom industry is critical to the government&rsquo;s plans for a digital economy, including from the upcoming 5G spectrum auctions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>5G forms the part of critical infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Government</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the positive note, If companies are ready to pay AGR dues, it will lead to a higher contribution to the public exchequer. This could help bridge gaps in the fiscal deficit and bolster government revenues to rescue the slowing economy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>In response to save stressed telecom sector, DoT has directed all government departments to not take any action against telecom operators if they failed to clear AGR-related dues as per the Supreme Court&rsquo;s order. While there was no change in the amount they had to pay, it did buy them time as they hoped for relief from the Supreme Court.</p>
<p>In this context, there is a need for a holistic set of reforms to save the telecom sector from this crisis.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government should give up demanding AGR as a lump-sum amount, rather, it can be broken in instalments to be paid over the period.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, penalty and interest on penalty can be waived, as the Supreme Court recognises that there was no willful defiance of the law that is an essential ingredient to attract the levy of penalty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As this is a commercial matter, the government and telcos should also explore <strong>Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)</strong> mechanism.</li>
<li>Since the telecom industry is crucial to India&rsquo;s next wave of growth through digitalisation and the government should not be blinded by short-term revenue considerations that imperil long-term prospects.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this light, the Government should consider accepting the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) ruling of 2015 on AGR.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, the government needs to actively facilitate shared infrastructure with policies and legislation. One way is through consortiums for network development and management, charging for usage by authorised operators.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5e9ce;">
<p><span style="color: #003366;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The telecom industry is crucial to India&rsquo;s next wave of growth through digitalisation and the government should not be blinded by short-term revenue considerations that imperil long-term prospects. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Gaura Devi as Part of International Women’s Day Celebrations',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) is celebrating Women's Week from 1<sup>st</sup> March to 8<sup>th</sup> March 2020.</li>
<li>International Women's Day is observed on 8<sup>th</sup> March every year.</li>
<li>MHRD remembered the women of history who have made significant contributions in the past and planted a sapling in memory of Gaura Devi, a <strong>Chipko Activist.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>The Chipko Movement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Chipko movement was a <strong>non-violent agitation in 1973.</strong></li>
<li>It is best remembered for the <strong>collective mobilisation of women</strong> for the cause of preserving forests, which also brought about a change in attitude regarding their own status in society.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gaura Devi<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583402263_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583402263_image5.jpg" style="float: right;" width="200" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The movement was led by Gaura Devi, who saved their communal forest from clear felling, beginning a decade of Chipko direct actions by women throughout the Uttarakhand region.</li>
<li>Gaura Devi led the first all-women action to save their community forest and mobilised the women of this region to protect their natural heritage.</li>
<li>During the activist phase of Chipko in the1970s, the courage and vigilance of Uttarakhandi women saved many forests and earned them a hallowed place in the history of the global environmental movement.</li>
<li>From this action, Chipko was to emerge as a peasant movement in defence of traditional forest rights, continuing a century-long tradition of resistance to state encroachment.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1605294" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gaura-devi-as-part-of-international-women-s-day-celebrations'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Increased Recycling of E-waste in India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government has informed that <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ngt-asks-for-action-plan-on-e-waste-in-three-months" target="_blank" rel="noopener">E-waste</a> recycling has doubled</strong> in the country compared to 2017-18.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government has reported that the <strong>recycling rate of 10% in 2017-18 has risen to 20% in 2018-19.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>E-waste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>E-Waste is short for Electronic-Waste. It is the term used to describe old, end-of-life or discarded electronic appliances. It includes computers, mobiles, consumer electronics etc.</li>
<li>It majorly includes electronic equipment, completely or in part discarded as waste by the consumer or bulk consumer as well as rejects from manufacturing, refurbishment and repair processes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why should E-waste be managed properly?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>E-waste consists of toxic elements such as Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Chromium, Polybrominated biphenyls and Polybrominated diphenyl.</li>
<li>Non-Disposal and burning of e-waste can have serious implications on human health and can cause air, soil pollution and groundwater contamination.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Production of E-waste in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <strong>Global E-Waste Monitor 2017,</strong> India generates about <strong>2 million tonnes (MT)</strong> of E-waste <strong>annually.</strong></li>
<li>India ranks<strong> fifth among E-waste producing countries,</strong> after the US, China, Japan and Germany.</li>
<li>But the government has stated that the <strong>E-waste produced in India is lower than estimates by international agencies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Management of E-waste:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Producers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government has implemented the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ineffective-ewaste-recycle-firms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>E-waste (Management) Rules (2016)</strong></a> which enforces the <strong>Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).</strong></li>
<li>Under EPR principle the producers have been made responsible to collect a certain percentage of E-waste generated from their goods once they have reached their <strong>&ldquo;end-of-life&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State Governments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They have been entrusted with the responsibility for maintaining industrial space for e-waste dismantling and recycling facilities.</li>
<li>They are also expected to establish measures for protecting the health and safety of workers engaged in the dismantling and recycling facilities for e-waste.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recycling of E-waste:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ineffective-ewaste-recycle-firms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-waste is recycled by the informal sector and under hazardous conditions.</strong></a></li>
<li>A report by the Union Environment Ministry in 2018 found that many of India&rsquo;s e-waste recyclers didn't have the capacity to <strong>handle a large quantity of waste.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-first-e-waste-clinic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s first e-waste clinic</strong></a> for segregating, processing and disposal of waste from household and commercial units will soon be set-up in<strong> Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change</strong> notified the E-Waste Management Rules, 2016 in supersession of the e-waste (Management &amp; Handling) Rules, 2011.</li>
<li>The new E-waste rules included Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and other mercury containing lamps, as well as other such equipment.</li>
<li>For the first time, the rules brought the producers under <strong>Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR),</strong> along with targets. Producers have been made responsible for the collection of E-waste and for its exchange.</li>
<li>Various producers can have a separate Producer Responsibility Organisation (PRO) and ensure collection of E-waste, as well as its disposal in an environmentally sound manner.</li>
<li><strong>Deposit Refund Scheme</strong> has been introduced as an additional economic instrument wherein the producer charges an additional amount as a deposit at the time of sale of the electrical and electronic equipment and returns it to the consumer along with interest when the end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment is returned.</li>
<li>The<strong> role of State Governments</strong> has been also introduced to ensure safety, health and skill development of the workers involved in dismantling and recycling operations.</li>
<li><strong>A provision of penalty for violation of rules</strong> has also been introduced.</li>
<li>Urban Local Bodies (Municipal Committee/Council/Corporation) has been assigned the duty to collect and channelize the <strong>orphan products</strong> to authorized dismantler or recycler.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/e-waste-recycling-has-doubled-says-centre/article30983383.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-recycling-of-e-waste-in-india'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Black Redstart',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>small-sized bird</strong> (14-15 cms) and it<strong> breeds across the Himalayan Range.</strong></li>
<li>It occurs almost throughout <strong>Europe, Asia</strong> and in the <strong>portions of Africa</strong> and breed in the high altitude areas of<strong> Kashmir, Ladakh, Tibet</strong> and the <strong>Central Himalayan Range.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, the bird sticks to areas near wetlands, open cultivation, scrubs, gardens and orchards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The bird has <strong>two races:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583400980_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583400980_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>P. phoenicuroides</strong> (in Western Himalayas)</li>
<li><strong>P. Rufiventris</strong> (in Central and Eastern Himalayas)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>primary difference</strong> between them is that the male of the former has a grey crown, nape and lower back while the latter ones are much darker.</li>
<li>Both sexes display a<strong> bright rufous-orange tail</strong> which is best seen when they fly or flash it open while shivering their tails, justifying the name Redstart (<strong>steort</strong> means <strong>&lsquo;tail&rsquo;</strong> in proto-Germanic language).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a> status-<strong> Least Concerned.</strong></li>
<li>It is protected under the <strong>Schedule IV of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/black-redstart'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Pragyan Conclave 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> &ldquo;Pragyan Conclave 2020&rdquo;,</strong> a two-day <strong>Indian Army International Seminar</strong> was organised by <strong>Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS)</strong> at New Delhi.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The event brings together cross-domain national and international experts to deliberate on the complex subject of <strong>&lsquo;Changing Characteristics of Land Warfare and its Impact on the Military&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The seminar provided a platform for deliberations on emerging ideas, perspectives and narratives that define the<strong> &lsquo;New Age Warfare&rsquo;</strong> which is increasingly witnessing a change in its character as well as battlespace with the <strong>usage of new &lsquo;means&rsquo; to pursue the &lsquo;ends&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Centre for Land Warfare Studies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS) is an <strong>autonomous think tank</strong> on strategic studies and land warfare in the Indian context.</li>
<li>CLAWS aims to develop and promote strategic culture and futuristic thinking on security issues across the continuum of conflict affecting Land Warfare.</li>
<li>It is located in<strong> New Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>CLAWS is registered under the <strong>Societies Registration Act, 1860</strong> and is a membership-based organisation. It is governed by a Board of Governors and an Executive Council.</li>
<li>CLAWS organises seminars and conferences, round-table discussions, workshops and guest lectures and undertakes research projects on national security related issues, especially those pertaining to land warfare.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1605204" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyan-conclave-2020'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'MAC Binding',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The authorities have removed ban on social media and restored full internet access in Kashmir on 4<sup>th</sup> March 2020.</li>
<li>Among various conditions, the Internet connectivity will be made available <strong>&ldquo;with mac-binding&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Every device has a <strong>Media Access Control (MAC) address,</strong> a hardware identification number that is unique to it. While accessing the Internet, every device is assigned an <strong>Internet Protocol (IP) address.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This <strong>forces a particular device to access the internet from a specific IP address.</strong></li>
<li>If either the MAC (Media Access Control) address or the IP address changes, the device will not be able to access the internet.</li>
<li>MAC-binding will also enable authorities to <strong>trace a device on the basis of its online activity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Media Access Control (MAC) address</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Address that <strong>uniquely defines a hardware interface</strong> is called MAC (Media Access Control) Address.</li>
<li>It identifies the <strong>physical address</strong> of a computer on the internet.</li>
<li>It is <strong>48 bits (6 bytes) hexadecimal address.</strong></li>
<li>MAC Address of each computer on a network is unique.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Internet Protocol (IP) address</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The address provided to a <strong>connection in a network</strong> is called IP (Internet Protocol) address.</li>
<li>It identifies the connection of a computer on the internet.</li>
<li><strong>IPv4 is a 32-bit (4 bytes)</strong> address, and <strong>IPv6 is a 128-bits (16 bytes)</strong> address.</li>
<li>IP address <strong>does not uniquely identify a device on a network</strong> but, it specifies a particular connection in a network.</li>
<li>IP address <strong>changes each time a device is connected</strong> to the network as it is dynamically allocated to the device when it participates in the network.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mobile internet services too will be available <strong>only on postpaid connections.</strong> Prepaid connections will not have access to the internet "unless verified as per the norms applicable to postpaid connections," the order said.</li>
<li>Further, internet speed is restricted to second generation 2G networks, while the high-speed 4G networks will remain blocked.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-mac-binding-the-condition-specified-for-using-the-internet-in-jk-6299406/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mac-binding'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Gairsain: Summer Capital of Uttarakhand',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Uttarakhand Government named <strong>Gairsain as the new summer capital</strong> of the state.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>summer capital</strong> is a city used as an administrative capital during extended periods of particularly hot weather.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Uttarakhand <strong>(earlier known as Uttranchal)</strong> was <strong>carved out as a separate state from Uttar Pradesh in 1998.</strong> Those who spearheaded the movement for statehood to Uttarakhand wanted Gairsain to be made its permanent capital.</li>
<li>However, <strong>Dehradun has been the temporary capital</strong> of the state since it attained statehood and still houses the chief minister&rsquo;s residence, Raj Bhavan and MLA residences.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The state Assembly is located in Dehradun but sessions are held in Gairsain as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Statehood activists had long contended that Gairsain, a <strong>tehsil in Chamoli district,</strong> was best suited to be the capital of the mountainous state as it was a hilly region falling on the <strong>border of Kumaon and Garhwal regions.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It covers a large area <strong>suitable for the construction</strong> of the capital and accommodating people.</li>
<li>It is emerging as a <strong>tourist place</strong> and it is also a part of the <strong>major route</strong> connecting Garhwal with the Kumaon region.</li>
<li>It is the site of the source of the <strong>Ramganga River</strong> which rises near the <strong>Dudhatoli Parvat.</strong></li>
<li>The famous tourist attractions are the Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(UNESCO World Heritage Site)</strong></a>, Badrinath, Vasundhara Falls etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With the fresh announcement, there is no clarity whether Dehradun&rsquo;s current status will remain the same or it will be considered the new winter capital.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583403331_Uttarakhand%20Map (Gairsain).jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583403331_Uttarakhand Map (Gairsain).jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="694" height="370" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-govt-names-gairsain-as-new-summer-capital-of-state-6299725/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gairsain-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Visit of UN Delegation on Palestine to India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a&nbsp;<strong>UN delegation on Palestine</strong> visited New Delhi to seek India&rsquo;s political and diplomatic support for a peaceful resolution to the long-standing conflict between Israel and Palestine.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The delegation of the <strong>United Nations Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People (CEIRPP) </strong>intends <strong>to engage India in the settling of the question of Palestine.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During the visit of the UN delegation on Palestine, <strong>India has reiterated its stand and supported the Two-State solution</strong> for the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/to-the-points/Paper2/israel-palestine"><strong>Israel-Palestine issue.</strong></a></li>
<li>The visit aimed <strong>to enhance the political and diplomatic support of India for a peaceful solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict</strong> and engaging Indian counterparts on synergies in capacity building for staff and institutions of Palestine.</li>
<li>The delegation intends to involve countries like India as it <strong>shares good relations with both Israel and Palestine,</strong> and are <strong>also attached to multilateral principles,</strong> to play a bigger role in the resolution of the issue.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Two-State Solution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The &ldquo;two-state solution&rdquo; is based on a <strong>UN resolution of 1947</strong> which proposed two states - one would be a state where Zionist Jews constituted a majority, the other where the Palestinian Arabs would be a majority of the population. The idea was however rejected by the Arabs.</li>
<li>For decades, it has been held by the international community as the only realistic deal to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.</li>
<li>India has consistently voted in favour of those resolutions that<strong> promote the two-state solution</strong> with a Palestinian claim to East Jerusalem.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Stand on Israel-Palestine Issue</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>In June 2019,</strong> India voted in<strong> favour of a decision introduced by Israel</strong> in the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1"><strong>UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)</strong></a> that objected to granting consultative status to a Palestinian non-governmental organization.</li>
<li><strong>In June 2018,</strong> India had <strong>voted in favour of Palestine</strong> on the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> (UNGA) resolution to investigate an indiscriminate force usage by Israeli forces against Palestinian civilians.</li>
<li>As a part of <strong>Link West Policy,</strong> India has <strong>de-hyphenated its relationship with Israel and Palestine in 2018</strong> to treat both the countries mutually independent and exclusive.</li>
<li><strong>In December 2017,</strong> India had<strong> criticised the United States</strong> vote for recognising <strong>Jerusalem as the Israeli capital</strong> at the UNGA vote.</li>
<li><strong>In 2014,</strong> India favoured <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-news-editorials/the-relevance-of-unhrc"><strong>UNHRC&rsquo;s</strong></a> resolution to probe Israel&rsquo;s human rights violations in Gaza. Despite supporting the probe, <strong>India abstained from voting against Israel</strong> in <strong>UNHRC in 2015.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583396761_image2.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583396761_image2.jpg" class="content-img" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>CEIRPP</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>United Nations Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People (CEIRPP) was founded in 1975 by the United Nations General Assembly.</li>
<li>It aims to formulate a programme to enable the Palestinian people to exercise their right to self-determination, to national independence and sovereignty, and the right of Palestine refugees to return.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/no-dilution-in-indias-support-to-palestinian-cause-un-committee-on-palestine/article30983836.ece"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/visit-of-un-delegation-on-palestine-to-india'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Ban on Cryptocurrency Trading Removed',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court has <strong>struck down a ban on trading of Virtual Currencies (VC) in India,</strong> which was imposed by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> in April 2018.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The RBI order prohibited banks and entities regulated by it from dealing in VCs or providing services for facilitating any person or entity in dealing with or settling VCs.</li>
<li>Such services include maintaining accounts, registering, trading, settling, clearing, giving loans against virtual tokens, accepting them as collateral, opening accounts of exchanges dealing with them and transfer/receipt of money in accounts relating to purchase/ sale of VCs.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Virtual Currencies<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583396022_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583396022_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="220" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is no globally accepted definition of what exactly is virtual currency. Basically, virtual currency is the larger umbrella term for<strong> all forms of non-fiat currency being traded online.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fiat Money is a kind of currency, issued by the government and regulated by a central authority such as a central bank. Such currencies act like legal tender and are not necessarily backed by a physical commodity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Virtual currencies are mostly created, distributed and accepted in local virtual networks. Virtual Currencies <strong>also includes cryptocurrencies.</strong></li>
<li>Cryptocurrencies have an extra layer of security, in the form of encryption algorithms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most cryptocurrencies now operate on the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centre-of-excellence-in-blockchain-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> blockchain or distributed ledger technology</strong></a>, which allows everyone on the network to keep track of the transactions occurring globally.</li>
<li><strong>Popular forms of cryptocurrencies</strong> include Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Satoshi Nakamoto,</strong> widely regarded as the founder of the modern virtual currency <strong>bitcoin</strong> and the underlying technology called blockchain, defines bitcoins as &ldquo;a new electronic cash system that&rsquo;s fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party (central regulator)&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Reasons Behind Banning Virtual Currencies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of any underlying fiat, episodes of excessive volatility in their value, and their anonymous nature which <strong>goes against global money-laundering rules.</strong></li>
<li>Risks and concerns about data security and consumer protection.</li>
<li>Potential impact on the effectiveness of monetary policy.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Arguments in Support of Use of Virtual Currencies in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Digital/virtual currencies (both private or government backed) are integral part of digital economy and digital countries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>5 million Indians are engaged in virtual currency activities.</li>
<li>India is the second largest user of Pundi X&rsquo;s blockchain wallet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is at the forefront of all things digital and an inspiration to the world. Its balanced approach between risk and innovation can become a role model for the world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Highlights of the Judgement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Test of Proportionality</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ban did not pass the &ldquo;proportionality&rdquo; test. The test of proportionality of any action by the government must pass the test of <strong>Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution,</strong> which states that all citizens of the country will have the right to practise any profession, or carry on any occupation or trade and business.</li>
<li>Till date, the RBI has <strong>not come out with a stand</strong> that any of the entities regulated by it have suffered any loss or adverse effect directly or indirectly, on account of VC exchanges.</li>
<li>Besides, the court found that the RBI <strong>did not consider the availability of alternatives</strong> before issuing the order i.e. achieving the same objective by imposing a less drastic restraint.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inconsistent with the RBI&rsquo;s Stand:</strong> The RBI&rsquo;s order was disproportionate&rdquo; with an otherwise consistent stand taken by the central bank that VCs are not prohibited in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Referred to the Global Approach:</strong> Organisations across the globe have called for caution while dealing with virtual currencies, while also warning that a blanket ban of any sort could push the entire system underground, which in turn would mean no regulation.</li>
<li><strong>On RBI&rsquo;s Power:</strong> The Court held that the RBI has powers to regulate any currencies in the system.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Possible Impact of the Judgement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With the order, resumption of operations at cryptocurrency exchanges and backward linkages with the banking sector are expected. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even as virtual currency investors and businesses will welcome the Supreme Court&rsquo;s order on cryptocurrency, the relief for such players may be only temporary given that the Centre, in a draft law, has <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-bill-banning-cryptocurrency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>proposed to ban all private cryptocurrencies.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Supreme Court&rsquo;s judgment could lead to the RBI rethinking its policies surrounding virtual currencies.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-sets-aside-rbi-ban-on-cryptocurrency-transactions/article30979301.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ban-on-cryptocurrency-trading-removed'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Covid-19 and India’s Preparedness',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/growing-numbers-the-hindu-editorial-on-indias-covid-19-preparedness/article30975709.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Growing numbers: On India&rsquo;s COVID-19 preparedness</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-covid-19-response-that-is-quick-off-the-blocks/article30975752.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>A COVID-19 response that is quick off the blocks</strong></a>, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/pm-narendra-modi-on-coronavirus-infection-public-health-infrastructure-covid-19-6297775/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Boosting immunity</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/how-india-must-fight-coronavirus-ht-editorial/story-6U2w5dtE5PYEILH1SJJRDI.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>How India must fight coronavirus</strong></a>. It talks about steps that should be taken by India to combat the global health emergency of Covid-19.</p>
</div>
<p>The rapid spread of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> across the world shows that a networked world has to face networked risks. As of March 2, 2020, according to the World Health Organisation, there are around 89,000 confirmed cases from 65 countries of Covid19, with 27 countries have reported local transmission.</p>
<p>India's inadequate health infrastructure accompanied by factors like population density, poverty and illiteracy makes India highly vulnerable to Covid-19. India now has reported 6 cases of possible COVID-19 infection. The Health Ministry through its <strong>Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) network</strong> sought to trace people who have come in contact with the six people whose samples have been sent for confirmation.</p>
<p>However, since Covid-19 is a respiratory pathogen, it can spread and turn into an epidemic in no time. In this context, India needs to be adequately prepared to deal with this global emergency.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak came to light when on December 31, 2019, China informed the World Health Organisation of a cluster of cases of pneumonia of an unknown cause in Wuhan City in Hubei province.</li>
<li>Subsequently, the disease spread to more provinces of China and to the rest of the world, with the WHO declaring it a global health emergency. The virus has been named SARS-CoV-2 and the disease is now called COVID-19.</li>
<li><strong>Test for Covid-19:</strong> The first test that samples of all suspected patients are sent for is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If that is positive, the sample is sent to the National Institute of Virology in Pune, which is the only government laboratory currently doing genome sequencing, for final confirmation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India's Vulnerability vis-&agrave;-vis Covid-19</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With large numbers of people coming to India from across the world, <strong>airports are always a hotspot,</strong> the virus&rsquo;s footprint has to over 70 countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, a major section of India&rsquo;s population uses public transport which can further accelerate the spread of Covid-19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Infected people<strong> do not show symptoms during the incubation period</strong> (14 days or even greater than that) and hence thermal screening at airports and seaports will be unable to detect such cases.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, the molecular testing does not have very high sensitivity and hence may turn up false negatives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/combating-epidemics" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Healthcare infrastructure in India</strong></a> suffers from inadequacies at the physical and human resource level.</li>
<li>Rumours can spread fear and misinformation which can be damaging, stigmatising to the public interest.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What steps India should take?</h3>
<p>Until now, there is no definitive cure or a vaccine against Covid-19. Therefore, the response plan undoubtedly relies on basic measures such as risk communication, health education, social distancing, and home isolation to reduce the speed at which the outbreak might spread.</p>
<p><strong>Immediate steps that should be taken</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>National Crisis Management Committee</strong> (NCMC) which was designed to be set up in situations of large natural calamities, should be leveraged. Also, NCMC should coordinate across ministries and departments.</li>
<li>A <strong>dedicated web portal</strong> should be set up, which includes a dashboard with key indicators, current case definitions, guidelines, risk communication materials and micro plans.</li>
<li>Strict norms to be followed for people who are<strong> quarantined.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> response plan</strong> should be able to maintain ongoing regular health programmes while at the same time devoting adequate resources to the response.</li>
<li>It is essential that at least two negative tests are obtained before a person is certified as being uninfected.</li>
<li>India must also <strong>rapidly increase its operational labs for rapid diagnosis,</strong> equip hospitals, and train medical staff for isolation and treatment of those infected.</li>
<li>While India should focus on containment, it must be ready for mitigation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Long term remedies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Preparedness</strong> is neither the sole domain nor the prerogative of government; all institutions, entities, firms both private and public and even individuals and households should make contingency and advance preparedness plans.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Preparedness allows a health system to take proactive steps to mitigate or lessen the adverse impacts of an outbreak.</li>
<li>Outbreak preparedness should be seen as an investment which will pay dividends in the medium to long term.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a need to continue to develop and maintain infrastructure to respond to new novel infectious agents capable of rapid spread.</li>
<li><strong>Large-scale behaviour change</strong> will be the cornerstone of a successful response. It requires proper risk communication and adoption of an integrated approach towards <strong>WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene), Cough hygiene (proposed by WHO) and community health programs.</strong></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7f0d2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Combating coronavirus requires getting basics right, creating awareness, investing in public health infrastructure. Discuss</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-s-preparedness'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Rules for Filing Complaints with Lokpal Notified',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Department of Personnel and Training</strong> has issued a notification providing the rules and prescribed format for filing complaints with the Lokpal.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The notification, under the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/lokpal-lokayukta-ombudsman-upsc-governance-transparency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lokpal and Lokayuktas</strong></a> <strong>Act,</strong> lays down the rules called <strong>the Lokpal (Complaint) Rules, 2020.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Identity Proof:</strong> According to the complaint form, a complainant has to give a valid proof of identity, as specified therein.</li>
<li><strong>Foreign nationals</strong> can also lodge complaints.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only a <strong>copy of their passports</strong> will be accepted as proof of identity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mode of Complaint:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The complaint can be filed <strong>electronically, by post or in person.</strong></li>
<li>In case the complaint is filed electronically, it's hard copy has to be submitted to the Lokpal within 15 days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No complaints</strong> can be filed against a public servant <strong>under the Army Act, Navy Act, Air Force Act and the Coast Guard Act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Language:</strong> A complaint may ordinarily be made in English, provided that the Lokpal may also entertain a complaint in any of the languages referred to in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution.</li>
<li>The complaints, whose contents are illegible, vague or ambiguous, which are trivial or frivolous, do not contain any allegation, are not filed within the limitation period of seven years, or are pending before any other court, tribunal or authority, will have to be disposed of within 30 days.</li>
<li><strong>Protection:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The identity of the complainant or the accused official <strong>will be protected by the Lokpal till the conclusion of inquiry or investigation.</strong></li>
<li>However, the protection will not be applicable in cases where the complainant herself reveals her identity to any other office or authority while making the complaint to Lokpal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Lokpal Act</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This Act provides for the establishment of a body of <strong>Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States</strong> to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.</li>
<li>It was passed in <strong>2013.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Lokpal is an apex body</strong> to deal with cases of corruption at the national level. It has to enquire into allegations of corruption against public functionaries of the central government in a time bound manner.</li>
<li><strong>Jurisdiction:</strong> The Prime Minister, Ministers, Members of Parliament and officers and officials of the Central Government.</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Lokpal consists of a <strong>Chairperson with a maximum of 8 members of which 50% shall be judicial members.</strong></li>
<li>50% of the members of the Lokpal shall come from amongst the <strong>SCs, the STs, the OBCs, minorities and women.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Selection:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The selection of the Chairperson and the members of Lokpal shall be through a <strong>Selection Committee</strong> consisting of the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, the Chief Justice of India or a sitting Supreme Court Judge nominated by the Chief Justice of India and an eminent jurist to be nominated by the President of India on the basis of recommendations of the first four members of the selection committee.</li>
<li><strong>A Search Committee</strong> will assist the Selection Committee in the process of selection. 50% of the members of the Search Committee shall also be from amongst the SCs, the STs, the OBCs, minorities and women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Prime Minister</strong> has been brought under the purview of the Lokpal with subject matter exclusions and specific process for handling complaints against the Prime Minister.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rules-and-format-for-filing-complaints-with-lokpal-issued/article30972414.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source :TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rules-for-filing-complaints-with-lokpal-notified'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'The Economic Impact of Coronavirus',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coronavirus outbreak</strong></a> is having a negative impact on the various sectors of the economy.</p>
<h3>Impact on Indian Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>GDP Growth Rate</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</strong></a> has slashed India&rsquo;s growth forecast for 2020-21 by 110 basis points (bps) to 5.1%, warning that the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on business confidence, financial markets and the travel sector, including disruption to supply chains, could shave 50 bps off global growth in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pharmaceuticals:</strong> Given the pharmaceutical industry&rsquo;s deep linkages to China, the supply chain of raw materials of drugs has taken a hit. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The production facilities in Himachal Pradesh &mdash; largest pharma hub of Asia &mdash; have warned of suspension.</li>
<li>Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), also called bulk drugs, are significant ingredients in the manufacture of drugs. The Hubei province of China, the epicentre of the coronavirus, is the hub of the API manufacturing industry.</li>
<li>India is heavily import-dependent for APIs from China. India&rsquo;s API imports stand at around $3.5 billion per year, and around 70%, or $2.5 billion, come from China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Automobile Industry</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China is one of the leading suppliers of auto components in India, accounting for 27% of the total imports.</li>
<li>The coronavirus is expected to have an impact on the Indian automotive industry and therefore also on the automobile component and forging industries, which had already reduced their production rate due to the market conditions and on account of the impending change over to BS-VI emission norms from BS-IV from April 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stock Market</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On 28<sup>th</sup> February, the Indian stock market registered one of its worst crashes in a single day. Indian indices fell over 3.5%, marking the second biggest fall in Sensex history.</li>
<li>The Sensex plunged 1,448.37 points to close at 38,297.29, while the Nifty tanked 3.711% or 431.55 points to settle a little above the 11,200 mark.</li>
<li>The Sensex's worst fall in history was on 24th August, 2015, when the indices fell 1,624 points on the back of a slump in the Chinese markets and rising crude oil prices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Currency</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The month of March is typically good for the Indian currency as remittances, from both overseas citizens and companies, tend to boost the exchange rate.</li>
<li>In the past decade, the rupee has appreciated seven times against the dollar in March. But March 2020 could be hard on the exchange rate and the rupee&rsquo;s sharp drop to 73.25 per dollar on 3rd March, 2020 is evidence of this. One of the reasons is an increase in the number of reported cases of coronavirus in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Global Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Growth:</strong> The world's economy could grow at its slowest rate since 2009 this year due to the coronavirus outbreak, according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD has forecast growth of just 2.4% in 2020, down from 2.9% in November 2019</li>
<li><strong>Fall in Customer Demand:</strong> Some people are choosing to avoid activities that might expose them to the risk of infection, such as going out shopping. Restaurants, car dealerships and shops have all reported a fall in customer demand.</li>
<li><strong>Travel Industry:</strong> The number of cases diagnosed is increasing around the world every day. Thus, many countries have introduced travel restrictions to try to contain the virus's spread, impacting the travel industry massively.</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consumer goods giant Reckitt Benckiser, for example, has seen a boost in sales for its Dettol and Lysol products.The disinfectant is seen as providing protection against the spread of the disease, although its effectiveness has not yet been scientifically proven.</li>
<li>The price of gold - which is often considered a "safe haven" in times of uncertainty - has also increased. Its spot price hit a seven-year high of $1,682.35 per ounce in February 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Global Response</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The COVID-19 outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO on 30th January 2020.</li>
<li>According to recommendations by the World Health Organization, the diagnosis of COVID-19 must be confirmed by the Real Time- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCRT-PCR) or gene sequencing for respiratory or blood specimens, as the key indicator for hospitalisation.</li>
<li>$15 million dollars has been released from the UN&rsquo;s Central Emergency Fund to help fund global efforts to contain the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus, particularly vulnerable countries with weak health care systems.</li>
<li>Vaccines are being developed.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Response</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian government arranged for the evacuation of 366 Indian citizens from Wuhan in a special Air India flight on 31<sup>st</sup> January 2020. The passengers were placed under quarantine for a period of 14 days.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A second batch of passengers, including seven Maldivan citizens evacuated by the government, arrived from Wuhan on 1st February 2020. The repatriated passengers were also monitored.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government has already introduced travel restrictions and suspended visas from affected countries.</li>
<li>A detailed containment plan has been shared with states. States have been asked to identify possible isolation areas in hospitals that can accommodate larger numbers.</li>
<li>The Indian health minister advised people to approach the government helpline numbers regarding the doubts related to symptoms of the deadly disease. The situation is being monitored at the highest level.</li>
<li>PCR Test: If PCR test is positive, the sample is sent to the National Institute of Virology in Pune, which is the only government laboratory currently doing genome sequencing, for final confirmation.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Institute of Virology</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Institute of Virology is one of the major Institutes of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).</li>
<li>It was established at Pune, Maharashtra State in 1952 as Virus Research Centre (VRC) under the auspices of the ICMR and the Rockefeller Foundation (RF), USA.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is critical to mount a coordinated and coherent response. This not only means involvement of both public and private sectors but also allopathic and non-allopathic medical systems, different departments such as police, fire, transportation, tourism, food supplies and other sectors.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/sensex-sheds-more-than-900-points-on-virus-alarm-in-india/article30965635.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-economic-impact-of-coronavirus'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Sukhna Lake',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>Punjab and Haryana High Court</strong> has declared <strong>Sukhna lake (Chandigarh)</strong> as a <strong>living entity</strong> recently.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The court invoked its <strong>parens patriae</strong> jurisdiction to declare the lake as a <strong>legal entity</strong> for its<strong> survival, preservation and conservation</strong> having a distinct persona with corresponding rights, duties and liabilities of a living person.</li>
<li>All the citizens of Union Territory, Chandigarh, are hereby declared as <strong>loco parentis (in the place of a parent)</strong> to save the lake from extinction.</li>
<li>Sukhna Lake is a <strong>rain-fed lake,</strong> located within Chandigarh and its catchment area falls both in Punjab and Haryana.</li>
<li>The lake was <strong>constructed in 1958</strong> and is spread over 3 sq km.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An area of 2 km to 2.75 km around the lake has been declared as <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/eco-sensitive-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>an eco-sensitive zone</strong> </a>by the Chandigarh Administration.</li>
<li>All activities in this area fall under provisions of the<strong> Environment Protection Act.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The court has completely banned new construction in the catchment areas falling in the states of Punjab, Haryana and Union Territory Chandigarh as well as in the <strong>Sukhna <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-wetlands-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wetland</a></strong> and <strong>Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, <strong>Uttarakhand High Court</strong> declared the rivers <strong>Yamuna and Ganga as legal or juridical persons,</strong> enjoying all the rights, duties and liabilities of a living person.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The HC bench was hearing a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) petition filed in 2014 and gave a landmark judgment stating that the Ganga and the Yamuna must be treated as living entities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583314864_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583314864_image2.png" width="420" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Environment Protection Act, 1986</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It empowers the government of India to lay down standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources whatsoever, provided that different standards for emission or discharge may be laid down under this clause from different sources having regard to the quality or composition of the emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from such sources.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hc-declares-chandigarhs-sukhna-lake-living-entity-fines-punjab-haryana-100-cr-each-for-damaging-catchment-area/article30969711.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sukhna-lake'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Lalit Kala Akademi Awards',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The President of India conferred the<strong> 61<sup>st</sup> annual Lalit Kala Akademi Awards</strong> on 15 meritorious artists at a function held at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 4<sup>th</sup> March, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Lalit Kala Akademi nominated seven member selection Jury of eminent art practitioners, artists and critics from all over the country to finalise the list of artists to be awarded.</li>
<li>Lalit Kala Akademi organises art exhibitions and award ceremonies every year to promote art as well as to honour talents.</li>
<li>Artwork of the award-winning artists will be on display till March 22, 2020, at the 61<sup>st</sup> National Exhibition of Art at the Lalit Kala Akademi galleries in New Delhi.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lalit Kala Academy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Akademi was inaugurated on August 5, 1954, by the then Honourable Minister for Education, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.</li>
<li>The Akademi was given <strong>statutory authority in 1957,</strong> under the Societies Registration Act 1860.</li>
<li>Since its establishment it has been serving the entire country by promoting the creative endeavours of Indian artists and bringing their arts to bear upon a large number of people, thereby playing an important role in defining and redefining the sensibility of an entire culture, falling under the visual arts spectrum.</li>
<li>It is <strong>headquartered in New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1605081" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lalit-kala-akademi-awards'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Ink to Curb Fake Printing of Passports and Counterfeiting of Currency Notes',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Physical Laboratory has developed a <strong>bi-luminescent security ink</strong> which <strong>glows in red and green colours</strong> when illuminated by two different excitation sources.</li>
<li>The ink was given to <strong>Bank Note Press (BNP),</strong> Dewas, a unit of <strong>Security Printing Minting Corporation of India Ltd.</strong> (SPMCIL), New Delhi.</li>
<li>The formulation can be used to <strong>check the authenticity of passports, Government documents, tamper evident labels, identity cards,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SPMCIL is a wholly owned <strong>Miniratna</strong> company of Government of India, incorporated on 13<sup>th</sup> January, 2006.</li>
<li><strong>The Ministry of Finance exercises its administrative control</strong> over SPMCIL through the Board of Directors.</li>
<li>SPMCIL is engaged in the manufacture/ production of Currency and Bank Notes, Security Paper, Non-Judicial Stamp Papers, Postal Stamps &amp; Stationary, Travel Documents viz. Passport and Visa, Security certificates, Cheques, Bonds, Warrant, Special Certificates with security features, Security Inks, Circulation &amp; Commemorative Coins, Medallions, Refining of Gold &amp; Silver, and Assay of Precious Metals.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CSIR was established by the Government of India in <strong>September 1942 as an autonomous body.</strong></li>
<li>It is known for its cutting edge R&amp;D knowledge base in diverse S&amp;T areas.</li>
<li>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has been ranked <strong>first in the Nature Ranking Index-2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nature Index provides a close to real-time proxy of high-quality research output and collaboration at the institutional, national and regional level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604966" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source : PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ink-to-curb-fake-printing-of-passports-and-counterfeiting-of-currency-notes'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Red Crowned Roofed Turtle',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Red Crowned Roofed Turtle</strong> is <strong>one of the 24 species endemic to India,</strong> is characterised by the bright colours such as red, yellow, white and blue on the faces and necks of the males.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583309757_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583309757_image1.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="212" height="237" /></a></li>
<li><strong>Common Names: Bengal roof turtle, Red-crowned roofed turtle.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Distribution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a freshwater turtle species found in <strong>deep flowing rivers with terrestrial nesting sites.</strong></li>
<li>The Red-crowned roofed turtle is native to<strong> India, Bangladesh and Nepal.</strong></li>
<li>Historically, the species was widespread in the<strong> Ganga River,</strong> both in India and Bangladesh. It also occurs in the <strong>Brahmaputra basin.</strong></li>
<li>Currently in India, the <strong>National Chambal River Gharial Sanctuary</strong> is the only area with substantial population of the species, but even this <strong>Protected Area</strong> and habitat are under threat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Loss or degradation of habitat due to<strong> pollution</strong> and <strong>large scale development activities</strong> like water extraction for human consumption and irrigation and irregular flow from the upstream dams and reservoirs.</li>
<li><strong>Sand mining</strong> and growing of <strong>seasonal crops</strong> along Ganga River are majorly affecting the sandbars along the river that are used by the species for nesting.</li>
<li>Drowning by<strong> illegal fishing nets.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Poaching and illegal trade.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) :</strong> Critically Endangered</li>
<li><strong>Wildlife Protection Act (IWPA) :</strong> Schedule I</li>
<li><strong>The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) :</strong> Appendix II</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/this-world-wildlife-day-we-look-at-a-family-that-adopted-a-turtle-in-another-continent/article30972323.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source : TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/red-crowned-roofed-turtle'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Communal Violence',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-message-from-delhi/article30965452.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The message from Delhi</a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-tale-of-two-communalisms/article8332198.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A tale of two communalisms</a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-test-of-governance-on-delhi-violence/article30915943.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A test of governance: On Delhi violence</a>, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/delhi-violence-riots-death-toll-6294461/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Delhi and after&rsquo;</a>, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/new-delhi-violence-deaths-maujpur-trump-6288300/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">27 too many</a>, <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/this-vicious-cycle-must-end/story-5ci0W6IeP3zv66E0LTKWOP.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">This vicious cycle must end</a>. It talks about growing communalism in India.</p>
</div>
<p>New Delhi witnessed one of the worst <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/communalism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>communal violence</strong></a> in the history of the national capital. The premise of the New Delhi 2020 riots is based on growing animosity and destabilisation of communal harmony in the background of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Citizenship (Amendment) Act</a> and the National Register of Citizens (NRC).</p>
<p>Communalism refers to a politics that seeks to unify one community around a religious identity in hostile opposition to another community. It seeks to define this community identity as fundamental and fixed. It attempts to consolidate this identity and present it as natural &ndash; as if people were born into the identity, as if the identities do not evolve through history over time. In order to unify the community, communalism suppresses distinctions within the community and emphasises the essential unity of the community against other communities.</p>
<h3>Factors Contributing to Communal Violence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Disruptive Effect of Social Media:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Social Media played a critical role in circulating fake news at break-neck speed, as the copious audio-visual documentation of violence, hate messages are delivered to the masses almost immediately.</li>
<li>However, these graphic depictions of inhumanity have not elicited remorse or changed minds; rather, they have deepened biases and hardened stances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of Mainstream Media:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Instead of adhering to media ethics and neutrality, most of the media houses show an inclination towards particular political ideology, which in turn widens the societal cleavage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Value-Based Education:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People are not equipped to think for themselves and this leads them to blindly follow the 'trends' instead of being able to differentiate the good from the bad themselves.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Majoritarian Hegemony and Minority Insecurities:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A group in majority often believes that it has the sole say in the progress of the country. This leads to acts of violence when smaller groups oppose the majoritarian ideas of progress.</li>
<li>On the contrary, minority groups often find themselves blamed for being 'anti-national' whenever they try to protect their way of life from transgression. This often creates violence in society.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of Communal Violence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Violation of Human Rights:</strong> During the communal violence, the innocent ordinary people get caught into the circumstances beyond their control. This leads to the violation of human rights.</li>
<li><strong>Economic Loss:</strong> Communal violence leads to loss of life and public property. It leads to exploitation by way of plundering and indulgence in activities only for personal gains.</li>
<li><strong>Social Dissonance:</strong> Communal Violence strengthens vote banks of ideologically aligned political parties and further disrupts the cohesiveness in society.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It causes serious damage to communal harmony for a long period.</li>
<li>It also tarnishes the country&rsquo;s image as a pluralistic society in front of the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Erosion of Constitutional Values:</strong> Communal violence dampens constitutional values like secularism and fraternity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The police need to be well equipped to curb communal violence. Local&nbsp;intelligence network can be strengthened to preempt such events.</li>
<li>Peace Committees can be set up in which individuals belonging to different religious communities can work together to spread goodwill and fellow-feeling and remove feelings of fear and hatred in the riot-affected areas.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will be effective not only in dif&shy;fusing communal tensions but also in preventing riots from breaking out.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a need to initiate the process of de-communalising the people at all levels via education.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Values-based education can instil compassion and empathy which can minimise the possibilities of the impact that any kind of communal polarisation can have on people.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Pluralism and unity witnessed from the struggle for India's independence can be emphasised upon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Leaders with communal ideas and ideologies pressurise the government to act in a manner which is always against the principle of secularism.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is here that intellectuals and voluntary organi&shy;sations can be most effective.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a need to strengthen cybersecurity architecture.o Social media platforms should be asked to regulate hateful content and generate awareness about rumours and any kind of content that can incite communal tension.</li>
</ul>
<p>Maintaining communal harmony and respecting pluralism in a country as diverse as India can be a challenge. However, it is important to address the collective conscience of people of the country to uphold the constitutional values like fraternity and secularism. While on the one hand, this can take into consideration the insecurities of the people, on the other hand, it can significantly contribute to the nation-building process. A strong nation, which is built by the contribution of communities working together for its prosperity can further contribute to the maintenance of global peace and harmony.&nbsp;</p>
<table border="1" style="width: 79.3025%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #c5f3fc; border-color: #047a91;" height="32">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em><br /><br />Communalism was and continues to be one of the major challenges to democracy in our country. Critically examine.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Nominations for the World Heritage List 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the Minister of State of Culture and Tourism has informed Lok Sabha that India has submitted two nomination dossiers namely <strong>&lsquo;Dholavira: A Harappan City&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;Monuments and Forts of Deccan Sultanate&rsquo;</strong> for inclusion in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jaipur-a-world-heritage-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Heritage List</strong></a> <strong>for the year 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Dholavira: A Harappan City</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The City of Dholavira located in <strong>Khadir island of the Rann of Kutch (Gujarat)</strong> belonged to the mature <strong>Harappan phase.</strong></li>
<li>It was excavated by <strong>R.S Bisht in 1985.</strong></li>
<li>It demonstrates a<strong> highly organised system of town planning with perfected proportions, street-pattern</strong> and<strong> an efficient water conservation system</strong> that supported life for <strong>more than 1200 years (3000 BCE to 1800 BCE)</strong> against harsh hot arid climate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The water conservation methods of Dholavira are unique and measures as one of the most efficient systems of the ancient world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The presence of a three-tier zonation comprising of a distinct upper (citadel, bailey) and middle (having a distinct street-pattern, large scale enclosure and a ceremonial ground) towns enclosed by a lower town (with narrower streets, smaller enclosures and industrial area) &ndash; <strong>distinguishes the city of Dholavira from other metropolises of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indus Valley Civilisation.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Monuments and Forts of Deccan Sultanate</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The &lsquo;Monuments of the Deccan Sultanate&rsquo; demonstrates the <strong>convergence of national and international styles of Islamic architecture and their intersections with the prevalent Hindu architecture</strong> of the period southern Indian in present-day Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh,</li>
<li>It comprises of <strong>four components</strong> namely, <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bahmani Monuments at Gulbarga, Karnataka</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It primarily comprises the <strong>Gulbarga Fort with the Great Mosque</strong> in the Fort, Jami Masjid and the <strong>Haft Gumbad complex with seven tombs.</strong></li>
<li>Gulbarga was the<strong> first capital of the Bahmani dynasty.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bahmani and Barid Shahi Monuments at Bidar, Karnataka</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes monuments at Bidar dating from late <strong>15<sup>th</sup> to the early 16<sup>th</sup> centuries</strong> comprise of the Bidar Fort, the Madrasa Mahmud Gawan, the Bahamani tombs at Ashtur and the Barid Shahi tombs.</li>
<li>The significant feature of Bidar is the <strong>sophisticated system of gates and sluices</strong> (A sluice is a water channel controlled at its head by a gate.) that could be used when required to flood segments of the moat and thus preserve water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adil Shahi Monuments at Bijapur, Karnataka</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These monuments date from the late <strong>15<sup>th</sup> to the late 17<sup>th</sup> centuries.</strong></li>
<li>These are an ensemble of 80 small and big monuments including the fortifications, gates, water systems and tanks, several mosques and tombs and palatial structures.</li>
<li>The most remarkable monuments within the fort include the <strong>Gol Gumbaz</strong> which is the <strong>second largest dome in the world.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Qutb Shahi Monuments at Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It comprises of Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs and Charminar that symbolize the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/qutb-shahi-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Qutb Shahi Dynasty.</strong></a></li>
<li>Golconda is a fortified citadel and an early capital city of the Qutb Shahi dynasty.</li>
<li>The tombs of Qutb Shahis are a mausoleum complex comprised of the tombs of the Royal family and the officials who faithfully served them.</li>
<li>Charminar is a ceremonial Gateway built to celebrate the foundation of Hyderabad, a new Millennial City, in 1591 A.D.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indus Valley Civilisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indus Valley Civilisation <strong>(IVC),</strong> which is now more popularly referred to as the Harappan civilisation after Harappa, the<strong> first of its sites</strong> to be excavated in the 1920s by British archaeologist <strong>Sir Mortimer Wheeler.</strong></li>
<li>Harappan civilisation emerged on the <strong>banks of the river Indus</strong> in the second half of the third millennium BCE and spread across large parts of western India.</li>
<li><strong>Harappa and Mohenjo&ndash;Daro &ndash; the two major sites of this civilization &ndash;</strong> are among the earliest and finest examples of urban civic planning.</li>
<li>The planned network of roads, houses and drainage systems indicate the planning and engineering skills that developed during those times.</li>
<li>The Harappan Civilisation was widespread as it <strong>covered parts of India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.</strong></li>
<li>Harappan civilisation was a <strong>trade based civilization</strong> which had overseas trade links with Mesopotamia attested by the discovery of Harappan seals there and Mesopotamian carnelian beads here.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>UNESCO&rsquo;s World Heritage Site List</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) seeks to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity.</li>
<li>This is embodied in an international treaty called the <strong>Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage,</strong> adopted by UNESCO in <strong>1972.</strong></li>
<li>A World Heritage Site is a place that is listed by UNESCO for its special cultural or physical significance. The list of World Heritage Sites is maintained by the international <strong>'World Heritage Programme', administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604891" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Gender Parity Index: UNESCO',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gender Parity Index</strong> in primary, secondary and tertiary education is the ratio of the number of female students enrolled at primary, secondary and tertiary levels of education to the number of male students in each level.</li>
<li>In short, GPI at various levels<strong> reflect equitable participation of girls</strong> in the School system.</li>
<li>GPI is <strong>released by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)</strong> as a part of its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-education-monitoring-report-2019-unesco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Education Monitoring Report.</strong></a></li>
<li>A<strong> GPI of 1 indicates parity</strong> between the sexes; a GPI that varies between 0 and 1 typically means a disparity in favour of males; whereas a GPI greater than 1 indicates a disparity in favour of females.</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s GPI for the year 2018-19</strong> at different levels of School Education is as under:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Primary Education: 1.03</li>
<li>Upper Primary Education: 1.12</li>
<li>Secondary Education: 1.04</li>
<li>Higher Secondary Education: 1.04</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s GPI indicates that the <strong>number of girls is more than the number of boys</strong> at all levels of school Education.</li>
<li>In 2018-19, the Ministry of Human Resource Development launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samagra-shiksha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Samagra Shiksha&rsquo;</strong></a> scheme. It is a <strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an overarching programme for the school education sector extending from pre-school to class XII and aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels of school education.</li>
<li>One of its objectives is to bridge social and gender gaps in school education.</li>
<li>To provide quality education to girls from disadvantaged groups, <strong>Kasturba Gandhi BalikaVidyalayas (KGBVs)</strong> have been sanctioned in Educationally Backward Blocks (EBBs) under SamagraShiksha.</li>
<li>KGBVs are residential schools from class VI to XII for girls belonging to disadvantaged groups such as SC, ST, OBC, Minority and Below Poverty Line (BPL).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> <strong>Educationally Backward Blocks</strong> are drawn on the basis of <strong>twin criteria</strong> of Female Literacy Rate and Gender Gap in Literacy. However, some blocks have been identified only on the basis of Female Literacy Rate also.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1605422" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Bharatnatyam',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Origin</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bharatanatyam</strong> is one of the <strong>oldest (considered to be over 2000 years old) and most popular forms</strong> of classical dance that originated in<strong> Tanjore district in Tamil Nadu, India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Bharatnatyam is one among the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indian-classical-dances" target="_blank" rel="noopener">eight classical dances of India.</a></strong></li>
<li>The origin of this dance can be traced to the sage <strong>Bharata Muni's Natyashastra.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Abhinaya Darpana</strong> by <strong>Nandikesvara</strong> is one of the main sources of textual material, for the study of the technique and grammar of body movement in Bharatnatyam Dance.</li>
<li>The style was kept alive by the <strong>devadasis,</strong> the young girls <strong>'gifted' by their parents to the temples and married to the gods.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Features</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bharatnatyam dance is known to be<strong> ekaharya,</strong> where <strong>one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance.</strong></li>
<li>The dance involves transitional movements of the<strong> leg, hip and arm. Expressive eye movements</strong> and <strong>hand gestures</strong> are used to <strong>convey emotions.</strong> It encompasses <strong>Bhav, Rag, Ras and Taal.</strong></li>
<li>This form of dance is <strong>slow and moving,</strong> but at times <strong>fast and fluid</strong> and hence is also called <strong>Fire Dance.</strong></li>
<li>The accompanying orchestra consists of a <strong>vocalist, a mridangam player, violinist</strong> or <strong>veena player, a flautist</strong> and <strong>a cymbal player.</strong> The person who conducts the dance recitation is the <strong>Nattuvanar.</strong></li>
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	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Crisis in the Telecom Sector',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/india-s-self-goal-in-telecom-120030500019_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India's 'self-goal' in telecom</strong></a>, <strong><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/thomas-k-thomas/how-to-untangle-indias-telecom-mess/article29974184.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to untangle India&rsquo;s telecom mess</a></strong>, <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-telecom-crisis-once-again-120030201638_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>A telecom crisis, once again</strong></a>, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-new-govt-order-changes-in-agr-crisis-6232416/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>What new govt order changes in AGR crisis</strong></a>, <strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-royal-mess/article30844777.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A royal mess: on the turmoil in telecom industry</a></strong>. It talks about the current crisis in the telecom sector in India.</p>
</div>
<p>On October 24 2019, the Supreme Court of India upheld the Department of Telecom (DoT)'s interpretation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/challenges-in-telecom-sector-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Adjusted Gross revenue (AGR)</strong></a>. This meant a huge blow to telecom service providers, as the telcos had to pay an estimated ₹1.4 lakh crore to the government.</p>
<p>The definition of AGR has been such a contentious issue because it has huge financial implications for not only telcos, government but on the Indian economy at large.</p>
<h3>Significance of the Telecom Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Telecom sector forms a key part of the infrastructure of any economy as it provides Information and Communication Technology.</li>
<li>Services sector forms the lion's share of India's economy, the whole services sector heavily relies on ICT.</li>
<li>It plays the role of key enabler in several welfare schemes related to health, education, agriculture, transport, energy and financial inclusion.</li>
<li>Apart from it, the Telecom sector provides these services in a cost-effective and environment-friendly way.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is AGR issue?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The telecom sector was liberalised under the <strong>National Telecom Policy, 1994</strong> after which licenses were issued to companies in return for a fixed license fee.</li>
<li>To provide relief from the steep fixed license fee, the government in 1999 gave an option to the licensees to migrate to the revenue sharing fee model.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this, mobile telephone operators were required to share a percentage of their AGR with the government as <strong>annual license fee</strong> (LF) and <strong>spectrum usage charges (SUC).</strong></li>
<li>License agreements between the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and the telecom companies define the gross revenues of the latter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The definition of AGR has been under litigation for 14 years. In 2005, <strong>Cellular Operators Association of India</strong> (COAI) challenged the government&rsquo;s definition for AGR calculation.</li>
<li>However, DoT argued that AGR includes <strong>all revenues from both telecom and non-telecom services.</strong></li>
<li>The companies claimed that <strong>AGR should comprise just the revenue accrued from core services</strong> and not dividend, interest income or profit on the sale of any investment or fixed assets.</li>
<li>In 2015, the <strong>TDSAT (Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal)</strong> stayed the case in favour of telecom companies and held that AGR includes all receipts except capital receipts and revenue from non-core sources such as rent, profit on the sale of fixed assets, dividend, interest and miscellaneous income.</li>
<li>However, setting aside TDSAT&rsquo;s order, Supreme Court on October 24, 2019, upheld the definition of AGR as stipulated by the DoT.</li>
<li>Given the slowdown in the Indian economy and this huge financial liability under AGR rules, many telcos are on the verge of collapse. This may have far-reaching ramifications for various stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact on the various stakeholders</h3>
<p><strong>Telecom Sector</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>When the AGR issue, first went under litigation there were about 15 operators. However, until now 10 of them have either closed operations or are undergoing insolvency proceedings in the last 14 years.</li>
<li>Further, at the current juncture, profits for telcos are under pressure from severe competition and the falling ARPUs (Average Revenue Per User). Given this, AGR due will seriously hurt financial stability of whatever telecom companies are doing business in the Indian market.</li>
<li>Also, Telecom equipment suppliers may also go down as their dues will not be paid.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian Consumers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The failure of a few large players could lead to one or two players emerging near-monopolies. This may leave the Indian consumer vulnerable to high pricing, sub-standard products and lack of options.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Banks</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The AGR issue has triggered panic in the banking industry, given that the telecom sector is highly leveraged.</li>
<li>Failure of the cascading effect will be felt across the economy as banks face the consequences of the company going bankrupt (non-performing assets will rise).</li>
<li>The AGR issue may add to the vulnerability of an already fragile banking system.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian Economy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Apart from impacting the banking sector, the collapse of the telecom sector may increase unemployment, and reduce investment, adding to our economic and social problems.</li>
<li>The Telecom industry is critical to the government&rsquo;s plans for a digital economy, including from the upcoming 5G spectrum auctions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>5G forms the part of critical infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Government</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the positive note, If companies are ready to pay AGR dues, it will lead to a higher contribution to the public exchequer. This could help bridge gaps in the fiscal deficit and bolster government revenues to rescue the slowing economy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>In response to save stressed telecom sector, DoT has directed all government departments to not take any action against telecom operators if they failed to clear AGR-related dues as per the Supreme Court&rsquo;s order. While there was no change in the amount they had to pay, it did buy them time as they hoped for relief from the Supreme Court.</p>
<p>In this context, there is a need for a holistic set of reforms to save the telecom sector from this crisis.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government should give up demanding AGR as a lump-sum amount, rather, it can be broken in instalments to be paid over the period.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, penalty and interest on penalty can be waived, as the Supreme Court recognises that there was no willful defiance of the law that is an essential ingredient to attract the levy of penalty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As this is a commercial matter, the government and telcos should also explore <strong>Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)</strong> mechanism.</li>
<li>Since the telecom industry is crucial to India&rsquo;s next wave of growth through digitalisation and the government should not be blinded by short-term revenue considerations that imperil long-term prospects.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this light, the Government should consider accepting the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) ruling of 2015 on AGR.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, the government needs to actively facilitate shared infrastructure with policies and legislation. One way is through consortiums for network development and management, charging for usage by authorised operators.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5e9ce;">
<p><span style="color: #003366;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The telecom industry is crucial to India&rsquo;s next wave of growth through digitalisation and the government should not be blinded by short-term revenue considerations that imperil long-term prospects. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crisis-in-the-telecom-sector'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Gaura Devi as Part of International Women’s Day Celebrations',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) is celebrating Women's Week from 1<sup>st</sup> March to 8<sup>th</sup> March 2020.</li>
<li>International Women's Day is observed on 8<sup>th</sup> March every year.</li>
<li>MHRD remembered the women of history who have made significant contributions in the past and planted a sapling in memory of Gaura Devi, a <strong>Chipko Activist.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>The Chipko Movement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Chipko movement was a <strong>non-violent agitation in 1973.</strong></li>
<li>It is best remembered for the <strong>collective mobilisation of women</strong> for the cause of preserving forests, which also brought about a change in attitude regarding their own status in society.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gaura Devi<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583402263_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583402263_image5.jpg" style="float: right;" width="200" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The movement was led by Gaura Devi, who saved their communal forest from clear felling, beginning a decade of Chipko direct actions by women throughout the Uttarakhand region.</li>
<li>Gaura Devi led the first all-women action to save their community forest and mobilised the women of this region to protect their natural heritage.</li>
<li>During the activist phase of Chipko in the1970s, the courage and vigilance of Uttarakhandi women saved many forests and earned them a hallowed place in the history of the global environmental movement.</li>
<li>From this action, Chipko was to emerge as a peasant movement in defence of traditional forest rights, continuing a century-long tradition of resistance to state encroachment.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1605294" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gaura-devi-as-part-of-international-women-s-day-celebrations'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Increased Recycling of E-waste in India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government has informed that <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ngt-asks-for-action-plan-on-e-waste-in-three-months" target="_blank" rel="noopener">E-waste</a> recycling has doubled</strong> in the country compared to 2017-18.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government has reported that the <strong>recycling rate of 10% in 2017-18 has risen to 20% in 2018-19.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>E-waste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>E-Waste is short for Electronic-Waste. It is the term used to describe old, end-of-life or discarded electronic appliances. It includes computers, mobiles, consumer electronics etc.</li>
<li>It majorly includes electronic equipment, completely or in part discarded as waste by the consumer or bulk consumer as well as rejects from manufacturing, refurbishment and repair processes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why should E-waste be managed properly?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>E-waste consists of toxic elements such as Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Chromium, Polybrominated biphenyls and Polybrominated diphenyl.</li>
<li>Non-Disposal and burning of e-waste can have serious implications on human health and can cause air, soil pollution and groundwater contamination.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Production of E-waste in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <strong>Global E-Waste Monitor 2017,</strong> India generates about <strong>2 million tonnes (MT)</strong> of E-waste <strong>annually.</strong></li>
<li>India ranks<strong> fifth among E-waste producing countries,</strong> after the US, China, Japan and Germany.</li>
<li>But the government has stated that the <strong>E-waste produced in India is lower than estimates by international agencies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Management of E-waste:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Producers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government has implemented the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ineffective-ewaste-recycle-firms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>E-waste (Management) Rules (2016)</strong></a> which enforces the <strong>Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).</strong></li>
<li>Under EPR principle the producers have been made responsible to collect a certain percentage of E-waste generated from their goods once they have reached their <strong>&ldquo;end-of-life&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State Governments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They have been entrusted with the responsibility for maintaining industrial space for e-waste dismantling and recycling facilities.</li>
<li>They are also expected to establish measures for protecting the health and safety of workers engaged in the dismantling and recycling facilities for e-waste.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recycling of E-waste:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ineffective-ewaste-recycle-firms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-waste is recycled by the informal sector and under hazardous conditions.</strong></a></li>
<li>A report by the Union Environment Ministry in 2018 found that many of India&rsquo;s e-waste recyclers didn't have the capacity to <strong>handle a large quantity of waste.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-first-e-waste-clinic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s first e-waste clinic</strong></a> for segregating, processing and disposal of waste from household and commercial units will soon be set-up in<strong> Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change</strong> notified the E-Waste Management Rules, 2016 in supersession of the e-waste (Management &amp; Handling) Rules, 2011.</li>
<li>The new E-waste rules included Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and other mercury containing lamps, as well as other such equipment.</li>
<li>For the first time, the rules brought the producers under <strong>Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR),</strong> along with targets. Producers have been made responsible for the collection of E-waste and for its exchange.</li>
<li>Various producers can have a separate Producer Responsibility Organisation (PRO) and ensure collection of E-waste, as well as its disposal in an environmentally sound manner.</li>
<li><strong>Deposit Refund Scheme</strong> has been introduced as an additional economic instrument wherein the producer charges an additional amount as a deposit at the time of sale of the electrical and electronic equipment and returns it to the consumer along with interest when the end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment is returned.</li>
<li>The<strong> role of State Governments</strong> has been also introduced to ensure safety, health and skill development of the workers involved in dismantling and recycling operations.</li>
<li><strong>A provision of penalty for violation of rules</strong> has also been introduced.</li>
<li>Urban Local Bodies (Municipal Committee/Council/Corporation) has been assigned the duty to collect and channelize the <strong>orphan products</strong> to authorized dismantler or recycler.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/e-waste-recycling-has-doubled-says-centre/article30983383.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-recycling-of-e-waste-in-india'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Black Redstart',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>small-sized bird</strong> (14-15 cms) and it<strong> breeds across the Himalayan Range.</strong></li>
<li>It occurs almost throughout <strong>Europe, Asia</strong> and in the <strong>portions of Africa</strong> and breed in the high altitude areas of<strong> Kashmir, Ladakh, Tibet</strong> and the <strong>Central Himalayan Range.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, the bird sticks to areas near wetlands, open cultivation, scrubs, gardens and orchards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The bird has <strong>two races:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583400980_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583400980_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>P. phoenicuroides</strong> (in Western Himalayas)</li>
<li><strong>P. Rufiventris</strong> (in Central and Eastern Himalayas)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>primary difference</strong> between them is that the male of the former has a grey crown, nape and lower back while the latter ones are much darker.</li>
<li>Both sexes display a<strong> bright rufous-orange tail</strong> which is best seen when they fly or flash it open while shivering their tails, justifying the name Redstart (<strong>steort</strong> means <strong>&lsquo;tail&rsquo;</strong> in proto-Germanic language).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a> status-<strong> Least Concerned.</strong></li>
<li>It is protected under the <strong>Schedule IV of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/black-redstart'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Pragyan Conclave 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> &ldquo;Pragyan Conclave 2020&rdquo;,</strong> a two-day <strong>Indian Army International Seminar</strong> was organised by <strong>Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS)</strong> at New Delhi.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The event brings together cross-domain national and international experts to deliberate on the complex subject of <strong>&lsquo;Changing Characteristics of Land Warfare and its Impact on the Military&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The seminar provided a platform for deliberations on emerging ideas, perspectives and narratives that define the<strong> &lsquo;New Age Warfare&rsquo;</strong> which is increasingly witnessing a change in its character as well as battlespace with the <strong>usage of new &lsquo;means&rsquo; to pursue the &lsquo;ends&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Centre for Land Warfare Studies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS) is an <strong>autonomous think tank</strong> on strategic studies and land warfare in the Indian context.</li>
<li>CLAWS aims to develop and promote strategic culture and futuristic thinking on security issues across the continuum of conflict affecting Land Warfare.</li>
<li>It is located in<strong> New Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>CLAWS is registered under the <strong>Societies Registration Act, 1860</strong> and is a membership-based organisation. It is governed by a Board of Governors and an Executive Council.</li>
<li>CLAWS organises seminars and conferences, round-table discussions, workshops and guest lectures and undertakes research projects on national security related issues, especially those pertaining to land warfare.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1605204" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyan-conclave-2020'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'MAC Binding',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The authorities have removed ban on social media and restored full internet access in Kashmir on 4<sup>th</sup> March 2020.</li>
<li>Among various conditions, the Internet connectivity will be made available <strong>&ldquo;with mac-binding&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Every device has a <strong>Media Access Control (MAC) address,</strong> a hardware identification number that is unique to it. While accessing the Internet, every device is assigned an <strong>Internet Protocol (IP) address.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This <strong>forces a particular device to access the internet from a specific IP address.</strong></li>
<li>If either the MAC (Media Access Control) address or the IP address changes, the device will not be able to access the internet.</li>
<li>MAC-binding will also enable authorities to <strong>trace a device on the basis of its online activity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Media Access Control (MAC) address</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Address that <strong>uniquely defines a hardware interface</strong> is called MAC (Media Access Control) Address.</li>
<li>It identifies the <strong>physical address</strong> of a computer on the internet.</li>
<li>It is <strong>48 bits (6 bytes) hexadecimal address.</strong></li>
<li>MAC Address of each computer on a network is unique.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Internet Protocol (IP) address</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The address provided to a <strong>connection in a network</strong> is called IP (Internet Protocol) address.</li>
<li>It identifies the connection of a computer on the internet.</li>
<li><strong>IPv4 is a 32-bit (4 bytes)</strong> address, and <strong>IPv6 is a 128-bits (16 bytes)</strong> address.</li>
<li>IP address <strong>does not uniquely identify a device on a network</strong> but, it specifies a particular connection in a network.</li>
<li>IP address <strong>changes each time a device is connected</strong> to the network as it is dynamically allocated to the device when it participates in the network.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mobile internet services too will be available <strong>only on postpaid connections.</strong> Prepaid connections will not have access to the internet "unless verified as per the norms applicable to postpaid connections," the order said.</li>
<li>Further, internet speed is restricted to second generation 2G networks, while the high-speed 4G networks will remain blocked.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-mac-binding-the-condition-specified-for-using-the-internet-in-jk-6299406/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mac-binding'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Gairsain: Summer Capital of Uttarakhand',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Uttarakhand Government named <strong>Gairsain as the new summer capital</strong> of the state.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>summer capital</strong> is a city used as an administrative capital during extended periods of particularly hot weather.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Uttarakhand <strong>(earlier known as Uttranchal)</strong> was <strong>carved out as a separate state from Uttar Pradesh in 1998.</strong> Those who spearheaded the movement for statehood to Uttarakhand wanted Gairsain to be made its permanent capital.</li>
<li>However, <strong>Dehradun has been the temporary capital</strong> of the state since it attained statehood and still houses the chief minister&rsquo;s residence, Raj Bhavan and MLA residences.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The state Assembly is located in Dehradun but sessions are held in Gairsain as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Statehood activists had long contended that Gairsain, a <strong>tehsil in Chamoli district,</strong> was best suited to be the capital of the mountainous state as it was a hilly region falling on the <strong>border of Kumaon and Garhwal regions.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It covers a large area <strong>suitable for the construction</strong> of the capital and accommodating people.</li>
<li>It is emerging as a <strong>tourist place</strong> and it is also a part of the <strong>major route</strong> connecting Garhwal with the Kumaon region.</li>
<li>It is the site of the source of the <strong>Ramganga River</strong> which rises near the <strong>Dudhatoli Parvat.</strong></li>
<li>The famous tourist attractions are the Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(UNESCO World Heritage Site)</strong></a>, Badrinath, Vasundhara Falls etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With the fresh announcement, there is no clarity whether Dehradun&rsquo;s current status will remain the same or it will be considered the new winter capital.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583403331_Uttarakhand%20Map (Gairsain).jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583403331_Uttarakhand Map (Gairsain).jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="694" height="370" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-govt-names-gairsain-as-new-summer-capital-of-state-6299725/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gairsain-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Visit of UN Delegation on Palestine to India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a&nbsp;<strong>UN delegation on Palestine</strong> visited New Delhi to seek India&rsquo;s political and diplomatic support for a peaceful resolution to the long-standing conflict between Israel and Palestine.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The delegation of the <strong>United Nations Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People (CEIRPP) </strong>intends <strong>to engage India in the settling of the question of Palestine.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During the visit of the UN delegation on Palestine, <strong>India has reiterated its stand and supported the Two-State solution</strong> for the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/to-the-points/Paper2/israel-palestine"><strong>Israel-Palestine issue.</strong></a></li>
<li>The visit aimed <strong>to enhance the political and diplomatic support of India for a peaceful solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict</strong> and engaging Indian counterparts on synergies in capacity building for staff and institutions of Palestine.</li>
<li>The delegation intends to involve countries like India as it <strong>shares good relations with both Israel and Palestine,</strong> and are <strong>also attached to multilateral principles,</strong> to play a bigger role in the resolution of the issue.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Two-State Solution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The &ldquo;two-state solution&rdquo; is based on a <strong>UN resolution of 1947</strong> which proposed two states - one would be a state where Zionist Jews constituted a majority, the other where the Palestinian Arabs would be a majority of the population. The idea was however rejected by the Arabs.</li>
<li>For decades, it has been held by the international community as the only realistic deal to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.</li>
<li>India has consistently voted in favour of those resolutions that<strong> promote the two-state solution</strong> with a Palestinian claim to East Jerusalem.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Stand on Israel-Palestine Issue</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>In June 2019,</strong> India voted in<strong> favour of a decision introduced by Israel</strong> in the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1"><strong>UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)</strong></a> that objected to granting consultative status to a Palestinian non-governmental organization.</li>
<li><strong>In June 2018,</strong> India had <strong>voted in favour of Palestine</strong> on the <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> (UNGA) resolution to investigate an indiscriminate force usage by Israeli forces against Palestinian civilians.</li>
<li>As a part of <strong>Link West Policy,</strong> India has <strong>de-hyphenated its relationship with Israel and Palestine in 2018</strong> to treat both the countries mutually independent and exclusive.</li>
<li><strong>In December 2017,</strong> India had<strong> criticised the United States</strong> vote for recognising <strong>Jerusalem as the Israeli capital</strong> at the UNGA vote.</li>
<li><strong>In 2014,</strong> India favoured <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-news-editorials/the-relevance-of-unhrc"><strong>UNHRC&rsquo;s</strong></a> resolution to probe Israel&rsquo;s human rights violations in Gaza. Despite supporting the probe, <strong>India abstained from voting against Israel</strong> in <strong>UNHRC in 2015.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583396761_image2.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583396761_image2.jpg" class="content-img" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>CEIRPP</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>United Nations Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People (CEIRPP) was founded in 1975 by the United Nations General Assembly.</li>
<li>It aims to formulate a programme to enable the Palestinian people to exercise their right to self-determination, to national independence and sovereignty, and the right of Palestine refugees to return.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/no-dilution-in-indias-support-to-palestinian-cause-un-committee-on-palestine/article30983836.ece"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/visit-of-un-delegation-on-palestine-to-india'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Ban on Cryptocurrency Trading Removed',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court has <strong>struck down a ban on trading of Virtual Currencies (VC) in India,</strong> which was imposed by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> in April 2018.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The RBI order prohibited banks and entities regulated by it from dealing in VCs or providing services for facilitating any person or entity in dealing with or settling VCs.</li>
<li>Such services include maintaining accounts, registering, trading, settling, clearing, giving loans against virtual tokens, accepting them as collateral, opening accounts of exchanges dealing with them and transfer/receipt of money in accounts relating to purchase/ sale of VCs.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Virtual Currencies<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583396022_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583396022_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="220" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is no globally accepted definition of what exactly is virtual currency. Basically, virtual currency is the larger umbrella term for<strong> all forms of non-fiat currency being traded online.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fiat Money is a kind of currency, issued by the government and regulated by a central authority such as a central bank. Such currencies act like legal tender and are not necessarily backed by a physical commodity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Virtual currencies are mostly created, distributed and accepted in local virtual networks. Virtual Currencies <strong>also includes cryptocurrencies.</strong></li>
<li>Cryptocurrencies have an extra layer of security, in the form of encryption algorithms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most cryptocurrencies now operate on the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centre-of-excellence-in-blockchain-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> blockchain or distributed ledger technology</strong></a>, which allows everyone on the network to keep track of the transactions occurring globally.</li>
<li><strong>Popular forms of cryptocurrencies</strong> include Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Satoshi Nakamoto,</strong> widely regarded as the founder of the modern virtual currency <strong>bitcoin</strong> and the underlying technology called blockchain, defines bitcoins as &ldquo;a new electronic cash system that&rsquo;s fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party (central regulator)&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Reasons Behind Banning Virtual Currencies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of any underlying fiat, episodes of excessive volatility in their value, and their anonymous nature which <strong>goes against global money-laundering rules.</strong></li>
<li>Risks and concerns about data security and consumer protection.</li>
<li>Potential impact on the effectiveness of monetary policy.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Arguments in Support of Use of Virtual Currencies in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Digital/virtual currencies (both private or government backed) are integral part of digital economy and digital countries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>5 million Indians are engaged in virtual currency activities.</li>
<li>India is the second largest user of Pundi X&rsquo;s blockchain wallet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is at the forefront of all things digital and an inspiration to the world. Its balanced approach between risk and innovation can become a role model for the world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Highlights of the Judgement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Test of Proportionality</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ban did not pass the &ldquo;proportionality&rdquo; test. The test of proportionality of any action by the government must pass the test of <strong>Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution,</strong> which states that all citizens of the country will have the right to practise any profession, or carry on any occupation or trade and business.</li>
<li>Till date, the RBI has <strong>not come out with a stand</strong> that any of the entities regulated by it have suffered any loss or adverse effect directly or indirectly, on account of VC exchanges.</li>
<li>Besides, the court found that the RBI <strong>did not consider the availability of alternatives</strong> before issuing the order i.e. achieving the same objective by imposing a less drastic restraint.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inconsistent with the RBI&rsquo;s Stand:</strong> The RBI&rsquo;s order was disproportionate&rdquo; with an otherwise consistent stand taken by the central bank that VCs are not prohibited in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Referred to the Global Approach:</strong> Organisations across the globe have called for caution while dealing with virtual currencies, while also warning that a blanket ban of any sort could push the entire system underground, which in turn would mean no regulation.</li>
<li><strong>On RBI&rsquo;s Power:</strong> The Court held that the RBI has powers to regulate any currencies in the system.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Possible Impact of the Judgement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With the order, resumption of operations at cryptocurrency exchanges and backward linkages with the banking sector are expected. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even as virtual currency investors and businesses will welcome the Supreme Court&rsquo;s order on cryptocurrency, the relief for such players may be only temporary given that the Centre, in a draft law, has <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-bill-banning-cryptocurrency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>proposed to ban all private cryptocurrencies.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Supreme Court&rsquo;s judgment could lead to the RBI rethinking its policies surrounding virtual currencies.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-sets-aside-rbi-ban-on-cryptocurrency-transactions/article30979301.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ban-on-cryptocurrency-trading-removed'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Covid-19 and India’s Preparedness',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/growing-numbers-the-hindu-editorial-on-indias-covid-19-preparedness/article30975709.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Growing numbers: On India&rsquo;s COVID-19 preparedness</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-covid-19-response-that-is-quick-off-the-blocks/article30975752.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>A COVID-19 response that is quick off the blocks</strong></a>, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/pm-narendra-modi-on-coronavirus-infection-public-health-infrastructure-covid-19-6297775/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Boosting immunity</strong></a>, <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/how-india-must-fight-coronavirus-ht-editorial/story-6U2w5dtE5PYEILH1SJJRDI.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>How India must fight coronavirus</strong></a>. It talks about steps that should be taken by India to combat the global health emergency of Covid-19.</p>
</div>
<p>The rapid spread of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> across the world shows that a networked world has to face networked risks. As of March 2, 2020, according to the World Health Organisation, there are around 89,000 confirmed cases from 65 countries of Covid19, with 27 countries have reported local transmission.</p>
<p>India's inadequate health infrastructure accompanied by factors like population density, poverty and illiteracy makes India highly vulnerable to Covid-19. India now has reported 6 cases of possible COVID-19 infection. The Health Ministry through its <strong>Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) network</strong> sought to trace people who have come in contact with the six people whose samples have been sent for confirmation.</p>
<p>However, since Covid-19 is a respiratory pathogen, it can spread and turn into an epidemic in no time. In this context, India needs to be adequately prepared to deal with this global emergency.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak came to light when on December 31, 2019, China informed the World Health Organisation of a cluster of cases of pneumonia of an unknown cause in Wuhan City in Hubei province.</li>
<li>Subsequently, the disease spread to more provinces of China and to the rest of the world, with the WHO declaring it a global health emergency. The virus has been named SARS-CoV-2 and the disease is now called COVID-19.</li>
<li><strong>Test for Covid-19:</strong> The first test that samples of all suspected patients are sent for is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If that is positive, the sample is sent to the National Institute of Virology in Pune, which is the only government laboratory currently doing genome sequencing, for final confirmation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India's Vulnerability vis-&agrave;-vis Covid-19</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With large numbers of people coming to India from across the world, <strong>airports are always a hotspot,</strong> the virus&rsquo;s footprint has to over 70 countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, a major section of India&rsquo;s population uses public transport which can further accelerate the spread of Covid-19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Infected people<strong> do not show symptoms during the incubation period</strong> (14 days or even greater than that) and hence thermal screening at airports and seaports will be unable to detect such cases.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, the molecular testing does not have very high sensitivity and hence may turn up false negatives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/combating-epidemics" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Healthcare infrastructure in India</strong></a> suffers from inadequacies at the physical and human resource level.</li>
<li>Rumours can spread fear and misinformation which can be damaging, stigmatising to the public interest.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What steps India should take?</h3>
<p>Until now, there is no definitive cure or a vaccine against Covid-19. Therefore, the response plan undoubtedly relies on basic measures such as risk communication, health education, social distancing, and home isolation to reduce the speed at which the outbreak might spread.</p>
<p><strong>Immediate steps that should be taken</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>National Crisis Management Committee</strong> (NCMC) which was designed to be set up in situations of large natural calamities, should be leveraged. Also, NCMC should coordinate across ministries and departments.</li>
<li>A <strong>dedicated web portal</strong> should be set up, which includes a dashboard with key indicators, current case definitions, guidelines, risk communication materials and micro plans.</li>
<li>Strict norms to be followed for people who are<strong> quarantined.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> response plan</strong> should be able to maintain ongoing regular health programmes while at the same time devoting adequate resources to the response.</li>
<li>It is essential that at least two negative tests are obtained before a person is certified as being uninfected.</li>
<li>India must also <strong>rapidly increase its operational labs for rapid diagnosis,</strong> equip hospitals, and train medical staff for isolation and treatment of those infected.</li>
<li>While India should focus on containment, it must be ready for mitigation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Long term remedies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Preparedness</strong> is neither the sole domain nor the prerogative of government; all institutions, entities, firms both private and public and even individuals and households should make contingency and advance preparedness plans.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Preparedness allows a health system to take proactive steps to mitigate or lessen the adverse impacts of an outbreak.</li>
<li>Outbreak preparedness should be seen as an investment which will pay dividends in the medium to long term.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a need to continue to develop and maintain infrastructure to respond to new novel infectious agents capable of rapid spread.</li>
<li><strong>Large-scale behaviour change</strong> will be the cornerstone of a successful response. It requires proper risk communication and adoption of an integrated approach towards <strong>WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene), Cough hygiene (proposed by WHO) and community health programs.</strong></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7f0d2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Combating coronavirus requires getting basics right, creating awareness, investing in public health infrastructure. Discuss</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-s-preparedness'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Rules for Filing Complaints with Lokpal Notified',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Department of Personnel and Training</strong> has issued a notification providing the rules and prescribed format for filing complaints with the Lokpal.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The notification, under the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/lokpal-lokayukta-ombudsman-upsc-governance-transparency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lokpal and Lokayuktas</strong></a> <strong>Act,</strong> lays down the rules called <strong>the Lokpal (Complaint) Rules, 2020.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Identity Proof:</strong> According to the complaint form, a complainant has to give a valid proof of identity, as specified therein.</li>
<li><strong>Foreign nationals</strong> can also lodge complaints.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only a <strong>copy of their passports</strong> will be accepted as proof of identity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mode of Complaint:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The complaint can be filed <strong>electronically, by post or in person.</strong></li>
<li>In case the complaint is filed electronically, it's hard copy has to be submitted to the Lokpal within 15 days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No complaints</strong> can be filed against a public servant <strong>under the Army Act, Navy Act, Air Force Act and the Coast Guard Act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Language:</strong> A complaint may ordinarily be made in English, provided that the Lokpal may also entertain a complaint in any of the languages referred to in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution.</li>
<li>The complaints, whose contents are illegible, vague or ambiguous, which are trivial or frivolous, do not contain any allegation, are not filed within the limitation period of seven years, or are pending before any other court, tribunal or authority, will have to be disposed of within 30 days.</li>
<li><strong>Protection:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The identity of the complainant or the accused official <strong>will be protected by the Lokpal till the conclusion of inquiry or investigation.</strong></li>
<li>However, the protection will not be applicable in cases where the complainant herself reveals her identity to any other office or authority while making the complaint to Lokpal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Lokpal Act</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This Act provides for the establishment of a body of <strong>Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States</strong> to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.</li>
<li>It was passed in <strong>2013.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Lokpal is an apex body</strong> to deal with cases of corruption at the national level. It has to enquire into allegations of corruption against public functionaries of the central government in a time bound manner.</li>
<li><strong>Jurisdiction:</strong> The Prime Minister, Ministers, Members of Parliament and officers and officials of the Central Government.</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Lokpal consists of a <strong>Chairperson with a maximum of 8 members of which 50% shall be judicial members.</strong></li>
<li>50% of the members of the Lokpal shall come from amongst the <strong>SCs, the STs, the OBCs, minorities and women.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Selection:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The selection of the Chairperson and the members of Lokpal shall be through a <strong>Selection Committee</strong> consisting of the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, the Chief Justice of India or a sitting Supreme Court Judge nominated by the Chief Justice of India and an eminent jurist to be nominated by the President of India on the basis of recommendations of the first four members of the selection committee.</li>
<li><strong>A Search Committee</strong> will assist the Selection Committee in the process of selection. 50% of the members of the Search Committee shall also be from amongst the SCs, the STs, the OBCs, minorities and women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Prime Minister</strong> has been brought under the purview of the Lokpal with subject matter exclusions and specific process for handling complaints against the Prime Minister.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rules-and-format-for-filing-complaints-with-lokpal-issued/article30972414.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source :TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rules-for-filing-complaints-with-lokpal-notified'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'The Economic Impact of Coronavirus',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coronavirus outbreak</strong></a> is having a negative impact on the various sectors of the economy.</p>
<h3>Impact on Indian Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>GDP Growth Rate</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</strong></a> has slashed India&rsquo;s growth forecast for 2020-21 by 110 basis points (bps) to 5.1%, warning that the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on business confidence, financial markets and the travel sector, including disruption to supply chains, could shave 50 bps off global growth in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pharmaceuticals:</strong> Given the pharmaceutical industry&rsquo;s deep linkages to China, the supply chain of raw materials of drugs has taken a hit. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The production facilities in Himachal Pradesh &mdash; largest pharma hub of Asia &mdash; have warned of suspension.</li>
<li>Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), also called bulk drugs, are significant ingredients in the manufacture of drugs. The Hubei province of China, the epicentre of the coronavirus, is the hub of the API manufacturing industry.</li>
<li>India is heavily import-dependent for APIs from China. India&rsquo;s API imports stand at around $3.5 billion per year, and around 70%, or $2.5 billion, come from China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Automobile Industry</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China is one of the leading suppliers of auto components in India, accounting for 27% of the total imports.</li>
<li>The coronavirus is expected to have an impact on the Indian automotive industry and therefore also on the automobile component and forging industries, which had already reduced their production rate due to the market conditions and on account of the impending change over to BS-VI emission norms from BS-IV from April 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stock Market</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On 28<sup>th</sup> February, the Indian stock market registered one of its worst crashes in a single day. Indian indices fell over 3.5%, marking the second biggest fall in Sensex history.</li>
<li>The Sensex plunged 1,448.37 points to close at 38,297.29, while the Nifty tanked 3.711% or 431.55 points to settle a little above the 11,200 mark.</li>
<li>The Sensex's worst fall in history was on 24th August, 2015, when the indices fell 1,624 points on the back of a slump in the Chinese markets and rising crude oil prices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Currency</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The month of March is typically good for the Indian currency as remittances, from both overseas citizens and companies, tend to boost the exchange rate.</li>
<li>In the past decade, the rupee has appreciated seven times against the dollar in March. But March 2020 could be hard on the exchange rate and the rupee&rsquo;s sharp drop to 73.25 per dollar on 3rd March, 2020 is evidence of this. One of the reasons is an increase in the number of reported cases of coronavirus in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Global Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Growth:</strong> The world's economy could grow at its slowest rate since 2009 this year due to the coronavirus outbreak, according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD has forecast growth of just 2.4% in 2020, down from 2.9% in November 2019</li>
<li><strong>Fall in Customer Demand:</strong> Some people are choosing to avoid activities that might expose them to the risk of infection, such as going out shopping. Restaurants, car dealerships and shops have all reported a fall in customer demand.</li>
<li><strong>Travel Industry:</strong> The number of cases diagnosed is increasing around the world every day. Thus, many countries have introduced travel restrictions to try to contain the virus's spread, impacting the travel industry massively.</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consumer goods giant Reckitt Benckiser, for example, has seen a boost in sales for its Dettol and Lysol products.The disinfectant is seen as providing protection against the spread of the disease, although its effectiveness has not yet been scientifically proven.</li>
<li>The price of gold - which is often considered a "safe haven" in times of uncertainty - has also increased. Its spot price hit a seven-year high of $1,682.35 per ounce in February 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Global Response</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The COVID-19 outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO on 30th January 2020.</li>
<li>According to recommendations by the World Health Organization, the diagnosis of COVID-19 must be confirmed by the Real Time- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCRT-PCR) or gene sequencing for respiratory or blood specimens, as the key indicator for hospitalisation.</li>
<li>$15 million dollars has been released from the UN&rsquo;s Central Emergency Fund to help fund global efforts to contain the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus, particularly vulnerable countries with weak health care systems.</li>
<li>Vaccines are being developed.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Response</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian government arranged for the evacuation of 366 Indian citizens from Wuhan in a special Air India flight on 31<sup>st</sup> January 2020. The passengers were placed under quarantine for a period of 14 days.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A second batch of passengers, including seven Maldivan citizens evacuated by the government, arrived from Wuhan on 1st February 2020. The repatriated passengers were also monitored.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government has already introduced travel restrictions and suspended visas from affected countries.</li>
<li>A detailed containment plan has been shared with states. States have been asked to identify possible isolation areas in hospitals that can accommodate larger numbers.</li>
<li>The Indian health minister advised people to approach the government helpline numbers regarding the doubts related to symptoms of the deadly disease. The situation is being monitored at the highest level.</li>
<li>PCR Test: If PCR test is positive, the sample is sent to the National Institute of Virology in Pune, which is the only government laboratory currently doing genome sequencing, for final confirmation.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Institute of Virology</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Institute of Virology is one of the major Institutes of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).</li>
<li>It was established at Pune, Maharashtra State in 1952 as Virus Research Centre (VRC) under the auspices of the ICMR and the Rockefeller Foundation (RF), USA.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is critical to mount a coordinated and coherent response. This not only means involvement of both public and private sectors but also allopathic and non-allopathic medical systems, different departments such as police, fire, transportation, tourism, food supplies and other sectors.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/sensex-sheds-more-than-900-points-on-virus-alarm-in-india/article30965635.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-economic-impact-of-coronavirus'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Sukhna Lake',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>Punjab and Haryana High Court</strong> has declared <strong>Sukhna lake (Chandigarh)</strong> as a <strong>living entity</strong> recently.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The court invoked its <strong>parens patriae</strong> jurisdiction to declare the lake as a <strong>legal entity</strong> for its<strong> survival, preservation and conservation</strong> having a distinct persona with corresponding rights, duties and liabilities of a living person.</li>
<li>All the citizens of Union Territory, Chandigarh, are hereby declared as <strong>loco parentis (in the place of a parent)</strong> to save the lake from extinction.</li>
<li>Sukhna Lake is a <strong>rain-fed lake,</strong> located within Chandigarh and its catchment area falls both in Punjab and Haryana.</li>
<li>The lake was <strong>constructed in 1958</strong> and is spread over 3 sq km.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An area of 2 km to 2.75 km around the lake has been declared as <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/eco-sensitive-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>an eco-sensitive zone</strong> </a>by the Chandigarh Administration.</li>
<li>All activities in this area fall under provisions of the<strong> Environment Protection Act.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The court has completely banned new construction in the catchment areas falling in the states of Punjab, Haryana and Union Territory Chandigarh as well as in the <strong>Sukhna <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-wetlands-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wetland</a></strong> and <strong>Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, <strong>Uttarakhand High Court</strong> declared the rivers <strong>Yamuna and Ganga as legal or juridical persons,</strong> enjoying all the rights, duties and liabilities of a living person.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The HC bench was hearing a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) petition filed in 2014 and gave a landmark judgment stating that the Ganga and the Yamuna must be treated as living entities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583314864_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583314864_image2.png" width="420" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Environment Protection Act, 1986</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It empowers the government of India to lay down standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources whatsoever, provided that different standards for emission or discharge may be laid down under this clause from different sources having regard to the quality or composition of the emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from such sources.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hc-declares-chandigarhs-sukhna-lake-living-entity-fines-punjab-haryana-100-cr-each-for-damaging-catchment-area/article30969711.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sukhna-lake'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Lalit Kala Akademi Awards',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The President of India conferred the<strong> 61<sup>st</sup> annual Lalit Kala Akademi Awards</strong> on 15 meritorious artists at a function held at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 4<sup>th</sup> March, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Lalit Kala Akademi nominated seven member selection Jury of eminent art practitioners, artists and critics from all over the country to finalise the list of artists to be awarded.</li>
<li>Lalit Kala Akademi organises art exhibitions and award ceremonies every year to promote art as well as to honour talents.</li>
<li>Artwork of the award-winning artists will be on display till March 22, 2020, at the 61<sup>st</sup> National Exhibition of Art at the Lalit Kala Akademi galleries in New Delhi.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lalit Kala Academy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Akademi was inaugurated on August 5, 1954, by the then Honourable Minister for Education, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.</li>
<li>The Akademi was given <strong>statutory authority in 1957,</strong> under the Societies Registration Act 1860.</li>
<li>Since its establishment it has been serving the entire country by promoting the creative endeavours of Indian artists and bringing their arts to bear upon a large number of people, thereby playing an important role in defining and redefining the sensibility of an entire culture, falling under the visual arts spectrum.</li>
<li>It is <strong>headquartered in New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1605081" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lalit-kala-akademi-awards'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Ink to Curb Fake Printing of Passports and Counterfeiting of Currency Notes',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-National Physical Laboratory has developed a <strong>bi-luminescent security ink</strong> which <strong>glows in red and green colours</strong> when illuminated by two different excitation sources.</li>
<li>The ink was given to <strong>Bank Note Press (BNP),</strong> Dewas, a unit of <strong>Security Printing Minting Corporation of India Ltd.</strong> (SPMCIL), New Delhi.</li>
<li>The formulation can be used to <strong>check the authenticity of passports, Government documents, tamper evident labels, identity cards,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SPMCIL is a wholly owned <strong>Miniratna</strong> company of Government of India, incorporated on 13<sup>th</sup> January, 2006.</li>
<li><strong>The Ministry of Finance exercises its administrative control</strong> over SPMCIL through the Board of Directors.</li>
<li>SPMCIL is engaged in the manufacture/ production of Currency and Bank Notes, Security Paper, Non-Judicial Stamp Papers, Postal Stamps &amp; Stationary, Travel Documents viz. Passport and Visa, Security certificates, Cheques, Bonds, Warrant, Special Certificates with security features, Security Inks, Circulation &amp; Commemorative Coins, Medallions, Refining of Gold &amp; Silver, and Assay of Precious Metals.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CSIR was established by the Government of India in <strong>September 1942 as an autonomous body.</strong></li>
<li>It is known for its cutting edge R&amp;D knowledge base in diverse S&amp;T areas.</li>
<li>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has been ranked <strong>first in the Nature Ranking Index-2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nature Index provides a close to real-time proxy of high-quality research output and collaboration at the institutional, national and regional level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604966" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source : PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ink-to-curb-fake-printing-of-passports-and-counterfeiting-of-currency-notes'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Red Crowned Roofed Turtle',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Red Crowned Roofed Turtle</strong> is <strong>one of the 24 species endemic to India,</strong> is characterised by the bright colours such as red, yellow, white and blue on the faces and necks of the males.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583309757_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1583309757_image1.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="212" height="237" /></a></li>
<li><strong>Common Names: Bengal roof turtle, Red-crowned roofed turtle.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Distribution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a freshwater turtle species found in <strong>deep flowing rivers with terrestrial nesting sites.</strong></li>
<li>The Red-crowned roofed turtle is native to<strong> India, Bangladesh and Nepal.</strong></li>
<li>Historically, the species was widespread in the<strong> Ganga River,</strong> both in India and Bangladesh. It also occurs in the <strong>Brahmaputra basin.</strong></li>
<li>Currently in India, the <strong>National Chambal River Gharial Sanctuary</strong> is the only area with substantial population of the species, but even this <strong>Protected Area</strong> and habitat are under threat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Loss or degradation of habitat due to<strong> pollution</strong> and <strong>large scale development activities</strong> like water extraction for human consumption and irrigation and irregular flow from the upstream dams and reservoirs.</li>
<li><strong>Sand mining</strong> and growing of <strong>seasonal crops</strong> along Ganga River are majorly affecting the sandbars along the river that are used by the species for nesting.</li>
<li>Drowning by<strong> illegal fishing nets.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Poaching and illegal trade.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) :</strong> Critically Endangered</li>
<li><strong>Wildlife Protection Act (IWPA) :</strong> Schedule I</li>
<li><strong>The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) :</strong> Appendix II</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/this-world-wildlife-day-we-look-at-a-family-that-adopted-a-turtle-in-another-continent/article30972323.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source : TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/red-crowned-roofed-turtle'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Communal Violence',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-message-from-delhi/article30965452.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The message from Delhi</a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-tale-of-two-communalisms/article8332198.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A tale of two communalisms</a>, <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-test-of-governance-on-delhi-violence/article30915943.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A test of governance: On Delhi violence</a>, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/delhi-violence-riots-death-toll-6294461/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Delhi and after&rsquo;</a>, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/new-delhi-violence-deaths-maujpur-trump-6288300/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">27 too many</a>, <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/this-vicious-cycle-must-end/story-5ci0W6IeP3zv66E0LTKWOP.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">This vicious cycle must end</a>. It talks about growing communalism in India.</p>
</div>
<p>New Delhi witnessed one of the worst <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/communalism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>communal violence</strong></a> in the history of the national capital. The premise of the New Delhi 2020 riots is based on growing animosity and destabilisation of communal harmony in the background of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Citizenship (Amendment) Act</a> and the National Register of Citizens (NRC).</p>
<p>Communalism refers to a politics that seeks to unify one community around a religious identity in hostile opposition to another community. It seeks to define this community identity as fundamental and fixed. It attempts to consolidate this identity and present it as natural &ndash; as if people were born into the identity, as if the identities do not evolve through history over time. In order to unify the community, communalism suppresses distinctions within the community and emphasises the essential unity of the community against other communities.</p>
<h3>Factors Contributing to Communal Violence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Disruptive Effect of Social Media:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Social Media played a critical role in circulating fake news at break-neck speed, as the copious audio-visual documentation of violence, hate messages are delivered to the masses almost immediately.</li>
<li>However, these graphic depictions of inhumanity have not elicited remorse or changed minds; rather, they have deepened biases and hardened stances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of Mainstream Media:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Instead of adhering to media ethics and neutrality, most of the media houses show an inclination towards particular political ideology, which in turn widens the societal cleavage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Value-Based Education:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People are not equipped to think for themselves and this leads them to blindly follow the 'trends' instead of being able to differentiate the good from the bad themselves.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Majoritarian Hegemony and Minority Insecurities:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A group in majority often believes that it has the sole say in the progress of the country. This leads to acts of violence when smaller groups oppose the majoritarian ideas of progress.</li>
<li>On the contrary, minority groups often find themselves blamed for being 'anti-national' whenever they try to protect their way of life from transgression. This often creates violence in society.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of Communal Violence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Violation of Human Rights:</strong> During the communal violence, the innocent ordinary people get caught into the circumstances beyond their control. This leads to the violation of human rights.</li>
<li><strong>Economic Loss:</strong> Communal violence leads to loss of life and public property. It leads to exploitation by way of plundering and indulgence in activities only for personal gains.</li>
<li><strong>Social Dissonance:</strong> Communal Violence strengthens vote banks of ideologically aligned political parties and further disrupts the cohesiveness in society.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It causes serious damage to communal harmony for a long period.</li>
<li>It also tarnishes the country&rsquo;s image as a pluralistic society in front of the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Erosion of Constitutional Values:</strong> Communal violence dampens constitutional values like secularism and fraternity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The police need to be well equipped to curb communal violence. Local&nbsp;intelligence network can be strengthened to preempt such events.</li>
<li>Peace Committees can be set up in which individuals belonging to different religious communities can work together to spread goodwill and fellow-feeling and remove feelings of fear and hatred in the riot-affected areas.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will be effective not only in dif&shy;fusing communal tensions but also in preventing riots from breaking out.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a need to initiate the process of de-communalising the people at all levels via education.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Values-based education can instil compassion and empathy which can minimise the possibilities of the impact that any kind of communal polarisation can have on people.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Pluralism and unity witnessed from the struggle for India's independence can be emphasised upon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Leaders with communal ideas and ideologies pressurise the government to act in a manner which is always against the principle of secularism.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is here that intellectuals and voluntary organi&shy;sations can be most effective.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a need to strengthen cybersecurity architecture.o Social media platforms should be asked to regulate hateful content and generate awareness about rumours and any kind of content that can incite communal tension.</li>
</ul>
<p>Maintaining communal harmony and respecting pluralism in a country as diverse as India can be a challenge. However, it is important to address the collective conscience of people of the country to uphold the constitutional values like fraternity and secularism. While on the one hand, this can take into consideration the insecurities of the people, on the other hand, it can significantly contribute to the nation-building process. A strong nation, which is built by the contribution of communities working together for its prosperity can further contribute to the maintenance of global peace and harmony.&nbsp;</p>
<table border="1" style="width: 79.3025%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #c5f3fc; border-color: #047a91;" height="32">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em><br /><br />Communalism was and continues to be one of the major challenges to democracy in our country. Critically examine.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/communal-violence-1'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Nominations for the World Heritage List 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the Minister of State of Culture and Tourism has informed Lok Sabha that India has submitted two nomination dossiers namely <strong>&lsquo;Dholavira: A Harappan City&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;Monuments and Forts of Deccan Sultanate&rsquo;</strong> for inclusion in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jaipur-a-world-heritage-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Heritage List</strong></a> <strong>for the year 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Dholavira: A Harappan City</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The City of Dholavira located in <strong>Khadir island of the Rann of Kutch (Gujarat)</strong> belonged to the mature <strong>Harappan phase.</strong></li>
<li>It was excavated by <strong>R.S Bisht in 1985.</strong></li>
<li>It demonstrates a<strong> highly organised system of town planning with perfected proportions, street-pattern</strong> and<strong> an efficient water conservation system</strong> that supported life for <strong>more than 1200 years (3000 BCE to 1800 BCE)</strong> against harsh hot arid climate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The water conservation methods of Dholavira are unique and measures as one of the most efficient systems of the ancient world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The presence of a three-tier zonation comprising of a distinct upper (citadel, bailey) and middle (having a distinct street-pattern, large scale enclosure and a ceremonial ground) towns enclosed by a lower town (with narrower streets, smaller enclosures and industrial area) &ndash; <strong>distinguishes the city of Dholavira from other metropolises of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indus Valley Civilisation.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Monuments and Forts of Deccan Sultanate</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The &lsquo;Monuments of the Deccan Sultanate&rsquo; demonstrates the <strong>convergence of national and international styles of Islamic architecture and their intersections with the prevalent Hindu architecture</strong> of the period southern Indian in present-day Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh,</li>
<li>It comprises of <strong>four components</strong> namely, <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bahmani Monuments at Gulbarga, Karnataka</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It primarily comprises the <strong>Gulbarga Fort with the Great Mosque</strong> in the Fort, Jami Masjid and the <strong>Haft Gumbad complex with seven tombs.</strong></li>
<li>Gulbarga was the<strong> first capital of the Bahmani dynasty.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bahmani and Barid Shahi Monuments at Bidar, Karnataka</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes monuments at Bidar dating from late <strong>15<sup>th</sup> to the early 16<sup>th</sup> centuries</strong> comprise of the Bidar Fort, the Madrasa Mahmud Gawan, the Bahamani tombs at Ashtur and the Barid Shahi tombs.</li>
<li>The significant feature of Bidar is the <strong>sophisticated system of gates and sluices</strong> (A sluice is a water channel controlled at its head by a gate.) that could be used when required to flood segments of the moat and thus preserve water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adil Shahi Monuments at Bijapur, Karnataka</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These monuments date from the late <strong>15<sup>th</sup> to the late 17<sup>th</sup> centuries.</strong></li>
<li>These are an ensemble of 80 small and big monuments including the fortifications, gates, water systems and tanks, several mosques and tombs and palatial structures.</li>
<li>The most remarkable monuments within the fort include the <strong>Gol Gumbaz</strong> which is the <strong>second largest dome in the world.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Qutb Shahi Monuments at Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It comprises of Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs and Charminar that symbolize the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/qutb-shahi-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Qutb Shahi Dynasty.</strong></a></li>
<li>Golconda is a fortified citadel and an early capital city of the Qutb Shahi dynasty.</li>
<li>The tombs of Qutb Shahis are a mausoleum complex comprised of the tombs of the Royal family and the officials who faithfully served them.</li>
<li>Charminar is a ceremonial Gateway built to celebrate the foundation of Hyderabad, a new Millennial City, in 1591 A.D.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indus Valley Civilisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indus Valley Civilisation <strong>(IVC),</strong> which is now more popularly referred to as the Harappan civilisation after Harappa, the<strong> first of its sites</strong> to be excavated in the 1920s by British archaeologist <strong>Sir Mortimer Wheeler.</strong></li>
<li>Harappan civilisation emerged on the <strong>banks of the river Indus</strong> in the second half of the third millennium BCE and spread across large parts of western India.</li>
<li><strong>Harappa and Mohenjo&ndash;Daro &ndash; the two major sites of this civilization &ndash;</strong> are among the earliest and finest examples of urban civic planning.</li>
<li>The planned network of roads, houses and drainage systems indicate the planning and engineering skills that developed during those times.</li>
<li>The Harappan Civilisation was widespread as it <strong>covered parts of India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.</strong></li>
<li>Harappan civilisation was a <strong>trade based civilization</strong> which had overseas trade links with Mesopotamia attested by the discovery of Harappan seals there and Mesopotamian carnelian beads here.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>UNESCO&rsquo;s World Heritage Site List</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) seeks to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity.</li>
<li>This is embodied in an international treaty called the <strong>Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage,</strong> adopted by UNESCO in <strong>1972.</strong></li>
<li>A World Heritage Site is a place that is listed by UNESCO for its special cultural or physical significance. The list of World Heritage Sites is maintained by the international <strong>'World Heritage Programme', administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1604891" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
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Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
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Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
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