Search

Search list matched with tags “class”

Day 19

Modern History-2 (Freedom struggle- Pre Gandhian Era) Questions from modern history remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have...

07 Aug 2020 60 days refresher
Monetary Policy Report: RBI

Why in News The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has released the Monetary Policy Report for the month of August 2020. The Monetary Policy Report is...

07 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Schizophrenia and its Possible Cause

Why in News Recently, the Schizophrenia Research Foundation (SCARF) and Jeevan Stem Cell Foundation, Chennai have carried out a pilot study on...

07 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Tsunami Ready Programme: UNESCO-IOC

Why in News Recently, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO (also known as UNESCO-IOC) has approved the recognition of two...

07 Aug 2020 News Analysis
SFTS Infection in China

Why in News Recently, deaths and infections have been reported due to the Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) in East China’s...

07 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Abanindranath Tagore

Why in News The National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA), New Delhi has organised a virtual tour titled “The Great Maestro - Abanindranath...

07 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Volcanoes on Venus

Why in News According to a recent study, published in Nature Geoscience, Venus is still geologically active. Key Points The study identified 37...

07 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Stimulating the Economy Post-Covid Era

This article is based on How to pay for the stimulus which was published in The Hindu on 06/08/2020. It discusses the options for stimulating the...

06 Aug 2020 News Editorials
Issues With Home-based Learning Programme in MP

Why in News Only 30% students in government schools of Madhya Pradesh (MP) have been regularly reached through the Hamara Ghar, Humara Vidyalaya...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis
J&K Issue Raised at UNSC

Why in News Recently, China has called India’s move in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) “illegal and invalid” and raised the issue at...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Day 18

Modern History-1 (Government of India Acts) Questions from modern history remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked...

06 Aug 2020 60 days refresher
IMD Forecasts Surplus Rains

Why in News According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD) rainfall in the “second half of the monsoon” is likely to be 104% of...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Constitution Bench for EWS Quota

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court of India referred the petitions challenging the 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019 to a five-judge...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Beirut Explosion

Why in News Recently, a massive explosion took place in Beirut, capital of Lebanon, which left more than hundred people dead and more than 4,000...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Sahakar Cooptube NCDC Channel

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare launched the two initiatives of the National Cooperative...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Pokkali Rice: Kerala

Why in News Farmers in West Bengal are experimenting with the pokkali variety of rice to tide over a crisis-like situation created by severe...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis
The Big Picture: Importance of Tiger Conservation

The tiger population across the world dropped sharply since the beginning of the 20th century but now for the first time in conservation history,...

06 Aug 2020 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
Reassessing Export-Led Growth Model

This article is based on “Top-heavy governance might be well past its expiry date already” which was published in The Live Mint on...

05 Aug 2020 News Editorials
Pakistan’s New Map

Why in News Recently, Pakistan has released a new political map that includes all of Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Sir Creek and Junagadh. The map...

05 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Thenzawl Golf Resort in Mizoram

Why in News Recently, the Thenzawl Golf Resort Project in Mizoram has been virtually inaugurated. The project was implemented under the Swadesh...

05 Aug 2020 News Analysis

Warning (2): count(): Parameter must be an array or an object that implements Countable [ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100]

Code Context


<?php if(count($updates)>0){?>
  <div class="updates">

$viewFile = '/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp'
$dataForView = [
	'progress' => [],
	'bookmarks' => [],
	'notes' => [],
	'mynote' => [],
	'topdata' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'searchdata' => [],
	'searchlist' => [
		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Day 19',
			'catname' => '60 days refresher',
			'desc' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Modern History-2 (Freedom struggle- Pre Gandhian Era)</h2>
<p>Questions from modern history remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked over the years. Mostly, static questions on this topic are asked. One should go through any standard textbook.</p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-1%20(1).pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-I</strong></a></p>
<p><strong><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Class XII History Textbook Theme-II</a></strong></p>
<p><strong><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-3.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Class XII History Textbook Theme-III</a></strong></p>
<h2>Socio-Religious Movements</h2>
<p>Q. Satya Shodhak Samaj organized (2016)</p>
<p>(a) a movement for upliftment of tribals in Bihar</p>
<p>(b) a temple-entry movement in Gujarat</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) an anti-caste movement in Maharashtra</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) a peasant movement in Punjab</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following: (2016)</p>
<ol>
<li>Calcutta Unitarian Committee</li>
<li>Tabernacle of New Dispensation</li>
<li>Indian Reform Association</li>
</ol>
<p>Keshab Chandra Sen is associated with the establishment of which of the above?</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Brahmo Samaj? (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>It opposed idolatry.</li>
<li>It denied the need for a priestly class for interpreting the religious texts.</li>
<li>It popularized doctrine that the Vedas are infallible.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the codes given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<h2>Peasant and Tribal Movements</h2>
<p>Q. After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what was/were the measure/measures taken by the colonial government? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>The territories called &lsquo;Santhal Paraganas&rsquo; were created.</li>
<li>It became illegal for a Santhal to transfer land to a non-Santhal.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Both 1 and 2</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The demand for the Tebhaga Peasant Movement in Bengal was for (2013)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) the reduction of the share of the landlords from one-half of the crop to one-third</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) the grant of ownership of land to peasants as they were the actual cultivators of the land</p>
<p>(c) the uprooting of Zamindari system and the end of serfdom</p>
<p>(d) writing off all peasant debts</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which amongst the following provided a common factor for tribal insurrection in India in the 19<sup>th</sup> century? (2011)</p>
<p>(a) Introduction of a new system of land revenue and taxation of tribal products</p>
<p>(b) Influence of foreign religious missionaries in tribal areas</p>
<p>(c) Rise of a large number of money lenders, traders and revenue farmers as middlemen in tribal areas</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) The complete disruption of the old agrarian order of the tribal communities</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs:</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp; Movement/Organization</strong></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; Leader</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1. All India Anti-Untouchability League</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Mahatma Gandhi</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2. All India Kisan Sabha</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Swami Sahajanand Saraswati</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3. Self-Respect Movement</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: E.V. Ramaswami Naicker</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2 and 3</span></strong></p>
<h2>Revolt of 1857</h2>
<p>Q. What was/were the object/objects of Queen Victoria&rsquo;s Proclamation (1858)? (2014)</p>
<ol>
<li>To disclaim any intention to annex the Indian States</li>
<li>To place the Indian administration under the British Crown</li>
<li>To regulate East India Company&rsquo;s trade with India</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) 1 and 2 only</strong> </span></p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Pondicherry (now Puducherry), consider the following statements: (2010)</p>
<ol>
<li>The first European power to occupy Pondicherry were the Portuguese.</li>
<li>The second European power to occupy Pondicherry were the French.</li>
<li>The English never occupied Pondicherry.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span> </strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<h2>Swadeshi Movement and Bengal partition</h2>
<p>Q.What was the immediate cause for the launch of the Swadeshi movement? (2010)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) The partition of Bengal done by Lord Curzon</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) A sentence of 18 months rigorous imprisonment imposed on Lokmanya Tilak</p>
<p>(c) The arrest and deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh; and passing of Punjab<br />Colonization Bill</p>
<p>(d) Death sentence pronounced on the Chapekar brothers</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Four resolutions were passed at the famous Calcutta session of Indian National Congress in 1906. The question of either retention OR of rejection of these four resolutions became the cause of a split in Congress at the next Congress session held in Surat in 1907. Which one of the following was not one of those resolutions? (2010)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) Annulment of the partition of Bengal</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) Boycott</p>
<p>(c) National education</p>
<p>(d) Swadeshi</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The &lsquo;Swadeshi&rsquo; and &lsquo;Boycott&rsquo; were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the (2016)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) agitation against the Partition of Bengal</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) Home Rule Movement</p>
<p>(c) Non-Cooperation Movement</p>
<p>(d) visit of the Simon Commission to India</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The Partition of Bengal made by Lord Curzon in 1905 lasted until (2014)</p>
<p>(a) the First World War when Indian troops were needed by the British and the partition was ended</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) King George V abrogated Curzon&rsquo;s Act at the Royal Durbar in Delhi in 1911</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Gandhiji launched his Civil Disobedience Movement</p>
<p>(d) the Partition of India in 1947 when East Bengal became East Pakistan</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. In the context of the Indian freedom struggle, 16<sup>th</sup> October 1905 is well known for which one of the following reasons? (2009)</p>
<p>(a) The formal proclamation of Swadeshi Movement was made in Calcutta town hall</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) Partition of Bengal took effect</span> </strong></p>
<p>(c) Dadabhai Naoroji declared that the goal of Indian National Congress was Swaraj</p>
<p>(d) Lokmanaya Tilak started Swadeshi Movement in Poona</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Swadeshi Movement, consider the following statements:(2019)</p>
<ol>
<li>It contributed to the revival of the indigenous artisan crafts and industries.</li>
<li>The National Council of Education was established as a part of Swadeshi Movement</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Both 1 and 2</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<h2>Pre-Gandhian Movement</h2>
<p>Q. What was the purpose with which Sir William Wedderburn and W. S. Caine had set up the Indian Parliamentary Committee in 1893? (2011)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) To agitate for Indian political reforms in the House of Commons</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) To campaign for the entry of Indians into the Imperial Judiciary</p>
<p>(c) To facilitate a discussion on India&rsquo;s Independence in the British Parliament</p>
<p>(d) To agitate for the entry of eminent Indians into the British Parliament</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Radhakanta Deb &ndash; First President of the British Indian Association</li>
<li>Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty &ndash; Founder of the Madras Mahajana Sabha</li>
<li>Surendranath Banerjee &ndash; Founder of the Indian Association</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 1 and 3 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Who of the following was/were economic critic/critics of colonialism in India? (2015)</p>
<ol>
<li>Dadabhai Naoroji</li>
<li>G. Subramania Iyer</li>
<li>R.C. Dutt</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2 and 3</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following statements: (2012)</p>
<p>The most effective contribution made by Dadabhai Naoroji to the cause of Indian National Movement was that he</p>
<ol>
<li>exposed the economic exploitation of India by the British</li>
<li>interpreted the ancient Indian texts and restored the self-confidence of Indians</li>
<li>stressed the need for eradication of all the social evils before anything else</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span> </strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. During the Indian freedom struggle, the National Social Conference was formed. What was the reason for its formation? (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Different social reform groups or organizations of Bengal region united to form a single body to discuss the issues of larger interest and to prepare appropriate petitions/representations to the government.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) Indian National Congress did not want to include social reforms in its deliberations and decided to form a separate body for such a purpose.</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) Behramji Malabari and M.G. Ranade decided to bring together all the social reform groups of the country under one organization.</p>
<p>(d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct in this context.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/60-days-refresher-programme/day-19'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Monetary Policy Report: RBI',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> has released the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monetary-policy-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Monetary Policy</strong></a> Report for the month of August 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Monetary Policy Report is <strong>published by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)</strong> of RBI.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The MPC is a <strong>statutory and institutionalized framework</strong> under the <strong>RBI Act, 1934,</strong> for <strong>maintaining price stability,</strong> while keeping in mind the objective of growth.</li>
<li>The MPC determines the policy interest rate (repo rate) required to achieve the inflation target (4%).</li>
<li>The <strong>Governor of RBI is ex-officio Chairman of the MPC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596794554_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596794554_image4.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="320" height="327" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Policy Rates Unchanged:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Repo rate</strong> remains at 4% and the <strong>reverse repo rate</strong> at 3.35%.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Repo rate</strong> is the rate at which RBI lends money to commercial banks.</li>
<li><strong>Reverse repo rate</strong> is the rate at which the RBI borrows money from commercial banks within the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>RBI has kept the policy rates unchanged<strong> because of rising retail inflation levels.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/retail-inflation-growth-at-6-09" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Retail inflation (measured by the Consumer Price Index - CPI) rose to 6.09%</strong></a> in June 2020 from 5.84% in March, breaching the central bank&rsquo;s medium-term target of 4&plusmn;2%.</li>
<li>This<strong> inflation range (4% within a band of +/- 2%) was recommended by the committee headed by Urjit Patel in 2014.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Loan Restructuring:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>RBI has allowed banks <strong>to restructure loans</strong> to reduce the rising stress on incomes and balance sheets of <strong>large corporates, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)</strong> as well as <strong>individuals.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A large number of firms that otherwise maintain a good track record are facing the challenge as their debt burden is becoming disproportionate, relative to their cash flow generation abilities.</li>
<li>This can potentially impact their long-term viability and pose significant financial stability risks if it becomes widespread. It may also lead to an increase in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/warning-of-higher-npas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Performing Assets.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, <strong>only those borrowers will be eligible for restructuring</strong> whose accounts were classified as standard and not in default for more than 30 days with any lending institution as on 1<sup>st</sup> March, 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All other accounts will be considered for restructuring under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbis-debt-resolution-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prudential Framework</strong></a> issued by the RBI in 2019, or the relevant instructions as applicable to specific categories of lending institutions where the prudential framework is not applicable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The restructuring efforts may or may not include a <strong>moratorium on instalment repayments.</strong> RBI has left the decision of moratorium on banks, with an eye on averting such loans from slipping into non-performing assets.</li>
<li>The <strong>loan restructuring scheme</strong> will be worked out by a <strong>committee headed by KV Kamath</strong> (former ICICI Bank Chairman).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Liquidity Support:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An additional special liquidity facility of Rs.10,000 crore, equally to be split between <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)</strong></a> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/liquidity-boost-to-nbfcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Housing Bank (NHB)</strong></a> to help small financiers and home loan companies amid Covid-19 difficulties.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can be noted that higher share of moratoriums are being availed by the retail borrowers which has created the need for such liquidity support to lenders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The liquidity facility to both NABARD and NHB will be offered at the policy repo rate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Growth Projection:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Economic activity had started to recover from the lows of April-May 2020 following the uneven reopening of some parts of the country in June 2020.</li>
<li>However, fresh <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> infections have forced renewed lockdowns in several cities and states, and economic indicators have levelled off.</li>
<li>The recovery in the rural economy is expected to be robust, buoyed by the progress in kharif sowing.</li>
<li>Manufacturing firms responding to the RBI&rsquo;s industrial outlook survey expect domestic demand to recover gradually from the second quarter of 2020-21 and sustain through the first quarter of 2021-22.</li>
<li>For 2020-21 as a whole, real <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/base-year-for-gdp-calculations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</strong></a> growth is expected to be negative. Early containment of the pandemic may improve the outlook.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Link between Growth, Inflation and Interest rates</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In a fast-growing economy, incomes go up quickly and more and more people have the money to buy the existing bunch of goods.</li>
<li>As more and more money chases the existing set of goods, prices of such goods rise. In other words, inflation (which is nothing but the rate of increase in prices) increases.</li>
<li><strong>To contain inflation,</strong> a country&rsquo;s central bank typically<strong> increases the interest rates</strong> in the economy. By doing so, <strong>it incentivises people to spend less and save more</strong> because saving becomes more profitable as interest rates go up.</li>
<li>However, <strong>when growth contracts, people&rsquo;s incomes hit.</strong> As a result, less and less money is chasing the same quantity of goods. This results in either the <strong>inflation rate decelerating</strong> or it actually <strong>contracts (also called deflation).</strong></li>
<li>In such situations, a central bank <strong>decreases interest rates so as to incentivise spending</strong> and by that route boost economic activity in the economy.</li>
<li>In the <strong>current Monetary Policy, RBI has not raised the interest rates even when retail inflation is high</strong> because RBI is facing an odd situation at present: <strong>GDP is contracting even as inflation is rising.</strong></li>
<li>This is happening because the pandemic has reduced demand, on the one hand, and disrupted supply on the other. As a result falling growth and rising inflation are happening at the same time.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/rbi-leaves-key-rates-unchanged/article32283042.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monetary-policy-report-rbi'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Schizophrenia and its Possible Cause',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Schizophrenia Research Foundation</strong> (SCARF) and<strong> Jeevan Stem Cell Foundation, Chennai</strong> have carried out a pilot study on people of specific ethnicity with<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schizophrenia#:~:text=A%20mental%20disorder%3A%20It%20is,than%2021%20million%20people%20worldwide." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> schizophrenia</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study finds an <strong>association of specific alleles</strong> (variants of specific genes) <strong>with the disease.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Schizophrenia</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the descriptive term for a <strong>group of psychotic disorders in which personal, social and occupational functioning deteriorate </strong>as a <strong>result of disturbed thought processes, strange perceptions, unusual emotional states, and motor abnormalities.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>debilitating</strong> (making someone very weak and infirm) disorder. The <strong>social and psychological costs</strong> of schizophrenia are <strong>tremendous,</strong> both to patients as well as to their families and society.</li>
<li><strong>Onset:</strong> It typically begins in <strong>late adolescence</strong> or<strong> early adulthood.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Positive Symptoms:</strong> These are <strong>pathological excesses</strong> or<strong> bizarre additions</strong> to a person&rsquo;s behaviour like delusions, disorganised thinking and speech, heightened perception and hallucinations and inappropriate affects.</li>
<li><strong>Negative Symptoms:</strong> These are <strong>pathological deficits</strong> and include poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect (Showing less or no emotions), loss of volition (inability to start or complete a course of action) and social withdrawal.</li>
<li><strong>Psychomotor Symptoms:</strong> Less spontaneous moves or making odd grimaces (extremely distorted and particular facial expression) and gestures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Schizophrenia&rsquo;s cause is not exactly known</strong> yet. There are various studies among groups of varied ethnicities across the world, on the possible causes and other relations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These <strong>studies have shown associations of the disease with different alleles</strong> related to the <strong>Human Leukocyte Antigen</strong> (HLA).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>HLA is an important part of the immune system and related to a <strong>group of genes on chromosome six.</strong></li>
<li>HLA genes are <strong>extremely variable</strong> and are very <strong>different across human populations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the <strong>specific allele</strong> that was found to be associated with schizophrenia <strong>varied from group to group.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Therapy and support</strong> can help people learn social skills, cope with stress, identify early warning signs of relapse and prolong periods of remission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings of the Current Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It holds that HLA is important for the proper functioning of the immune system and its <strong>variations can lead to immunological abnormalities.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/celiac-disease#:~:text=of%20heart%20disease.-,Autoimmune%20Disease,body's%20own%20tissues%20and%20organs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>autoimmune diseases</strong></a>, when the body creates <strong>antibodies against the NMDA receptors</strong> in the brain, these antibodies disrupt normal brain signalling and cause brain swelling or encephalitis affecting both men and women and can lead to schizophrenia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>N-methyl-D-aspartate (NDMA) receptor</strong> is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein <strong>found in nerve cells</strong> and is <strong>important for memory functions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Researchers found a <strong>higher frequency of HLA class I alleles</strong> in individuals with schizophrenia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Individuals carrying these alleles<strong> could be susceptible</strong> to schizophrenia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They also found a <strong>negative correlation with some alleles</strong> which were found in <strong>lower frequency</strong> in individuals with schizophrenia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These could be<strong> protective alleles</strong> in schizophrenia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For the first time, the<strong> amino acids level in HLA molecules</strong> among the patients were also studied.</li>
<li>Researchers held that the <strong>reasons or causes for schizophrenia are not entirely clear,</strong> but <strong>perhaps selection and &lsquo;memory&rsquo; of past selection pressures</strong> (infections) play a role in its onset.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, there is a need for further studies of the exact factors causing the disorder. The occurrence of different alleles itself is not a problem but finding the exact allele causing it, is a challenge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Earlier studies had indicated that <strong>different alleles may be involved in different ethnic groups.</strong> For example, studies in Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Japan point to involvement of different alleles responsible for risk factor to schizophrenia.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/gene-variants-and-susceptibility-to-schizophrenia/article32249036.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schizophrenia-and-its-possible-cause'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Tsunami Ready Programme: UNESCO-IOC',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO</a></strong> (also known as UNESCO-IOC) has <strong>approved the recognition of two communities of Odisha viz., Venkatraipur and Noliasahi as Tsunami Ready Communities.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With this recognition, India has become the <strong>first country in the Indian Ocean Region</strong> to achieve the honor from the UNESCO-IOC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Odisha is the<strong> first state in India</strong> to have such recognised communities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tsunami Ready:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>community performance-based programme initiated by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO</strong> to promote tsunami preparedness through active collaboration of public, community leaders, and national and local emergency management agencies.</li>
<li>The<strong> main objective</strong> of this programme is to improve coastal community's preparedness for tsunami emergencies, to minimize the loss of life and property and to ensure a structural and systematic approach in building community preparedness through fulfilling the best-practice indicators set by the<strong> Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWMS) of UNESCO-IOC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tsunami Ready in India is implemented by the <strong>National Board (Ministry of Earth Sciences- MoES)</strong> under the <strong>Chairmanship of Director, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/incois-launches-products" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Centre (INCOIS)</a></strong> with members drawn from MoES, <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-disaster-management-authority-ndma-" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Disaster Management Authority</a> (NDMA)</strong>, Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA), Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands Directorate of Disaster Management (DDM) and INCOIS.</li>
<li><strong>INCOIS (an autonomous body under the Ministry of Earth sciences)</strong> is also <strong>providing tsunami advisories to Indian Ocean region (25 countries)</strong> as a Tsunami Service Provider as the responsibility assigned by UNESCO-IOC. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC), INCOIS is the nodal agency to provide tsunami advisories to India.</strong> It is coordinating with the Disaster Management Officials (DMOs) for implementation of Tsunami Ready programme in India.</li>
<li>It conducts <strong>IOWave Tsunami mock exercises biannually</strong> in coordination with ICG/IOTWMS and also conducts <strong>mock exercises at national level in alternative years</strong> in coordination with MHA and NDMA and State Disaster Management Agencies (SDMA) to strengthen the readiness to handle the emergency situations with stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tsunamis</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are a series of waves usually <strong>generated by movement of the sea floor.</strong> These movements are <strong>caused by different types of geophysical phenomena</strong> such as <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/earthquake-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">earthquakes</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-conference-on-landslides-risk-reduction-and-resilience" target="_blank" rel="noopener">landslides</a> and volcanic eruptions.</strong></li>
<li>The word tsunami is a <strong>Japanese word,</strong> represented by two characters: tsu, meaning, "harbor", and nami meaning, "wave".</li>
<li>The tsunami waves behave very differently in deep water than in shallow water as their<strong> speed is related to the water depth. </strong></li>
<li>They<strong> frequently occur in the Pacific,</strong> where dense oceanic plates slide under the lighter continental plates. When these plates fracture they provide a vertical movement of the seafloor that allows a quick and efficient transfer of energy from the solid earth to the ocean.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1643749#:~:text=Virtual%20Event%20on%20UNESCO%2DIOC,Communities%20on%2007%20Aug%202020.&amp;text=It%20has%20been%20observed%20that,losses%20and%20speed%20up%20response." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tsunami-ready-programme-unesco-ioc'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'SFTS Infection in China',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, deaths and infections have been reported due to the <strong>Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome</strong> (SFTS) in <strong>East China&rsquo;s Jiangsu and Anhui provinces.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new health threat emerges amidst the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> which also emerged in China first.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SFTS is caused by the <strong>Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus</strong> (SFTSV) which belongs to the <em><strong>Bunyavirus</strong></em> family and is transmitted to humans through <strong>tick bites.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596788334_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596788334_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>tick</strong> called <strong>Asian Longhorned Tick <em>(Haemaphysalis longicornis)</em></strong> is believed to be the<strong> primary vector</strong> (carrier) of the virus.</li>
<li>The virus is often <strong>transmitted to humans from animals</strong> like goats, cattle, deer and sheep and <strong>regular contact with these animals makes farmers, hunters and pet owners vulnerable</strong> to the disease.</li>
<li>Despite being infected by the virus,<strong> animals generally do not show any symptoms</strong> associated with SFTSV.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin and Spread:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The virus was <strong>first identified in China over a decade ago</strong> and the <strong>first few cases</strong> were reported in rural areas of Hubei and Henan provinces<strong> in 2009.</strong></li>
<li>Researchers identified the virus by <strong>examining blood samples obtained from a cluster of people exhibiting similar symptoms.</strong></li>
<li>The virus eventually<strong> travelled to other East Asian nations,</strong> including <strong>Japan and South Korea,</strong> significantly raising the total number of cases.</li>
<li><strong>Due to more awareness about the health risks posed by tick bites,</strong> the fatality rate of the infection has started to drop significantly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incubation Period:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>interval between being infected and showing symptoms.</strong> For SFTS, the incubation period is <strong>anywhere between 7 and 13 days.</strong></li>
<li>The disease usually <strong>spreads between March and November</strong> and the total number of infections generally <strong>peaks between April and July.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fever, fatigue, chill, headache, nausea, myalgia (muscle pain), diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain, gingival haemorrhage, conjunctival congestion, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Early warning signs</strong> include severe fever, <strong>thrombocytopenia</strong> (low platelet count) and <strong>leukocytopenia</strong> (low white blood cell count).</li>
<li>More <strong>serious cases</strong> include multi-organ failure, hemorrhagic manifestation and the appearance of symptoms related to<strong> Central Nervous System</strong> (CNS) diseases.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The CNS consists of the <strong>brain and the spinal cord</strong> and it controls most functions of the body and mind.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevention:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Avoid wearing shorts</strong> while walking through tall grass, the woods, and any other environment where ticks are likely to thrive.</li>
<li><strong>Using tick-repellent lotions and sprays</strong> on the exposed body parts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is <strong>no vaccine to treat the disease yet.</strong> However, the <strong>antiviral drug Ribavirin is known to be effective</strong> in treating the illness.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ribavirin is also used to treat <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iit-b-designs-uv-sanitiser" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever</strong></a> (CCHF) which is also <strong>transmitted by ticks.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Case Fatality Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It rests between <strong>approximately 16%-30%.</strong></li>
<li>SFTS has been <strong>listed among the top 10 priority diseases blueprint</strong> by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who#:~:text=This%20watchlist%20for%20priority%20research,that%20could%20cause%20a%20serious" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> (WHO) due to its fast spreading rate and high fatality rate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>WHO&rsquo;s Research and Development Blueprint</strong> identifies diseases and pathogens that have the <strong>potential to cause a public health emergency but lack effective treatments and vaccines.</strong></li>
<li>This watchlist for priority research and development includes <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ebola-global-health-emergency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ebola</strong></a>, several other hemorrhagic fevers, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-aedes-aegypti#:~:text=Zika%20virus%20is%20a%20mosquito,%2C%20Asia%2C%20and%20the%20Pacific." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Zika</a></strong>, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nipah-outbreak-in-kerala" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nipah</a></strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)</strong></a> and <strong>disease X</strong>, which represents the need to prepare for an <strong>unknown pathogen</strong> that could cause a serious epidemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tick-borne-virus-spreading-in-china-6543182/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sfts-infection-in-china'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Abanindranath Tagore',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA), New Delhi</strong> has organised a <strong>virtual tour</strong> titled<strong> &ldquo;The Great Maestro - Abanindranath Tagore&rdquo;</strong> to commemorate the <strong>150<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Abanindranath</strong> Tagore on 7<sup>th</sup> August 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596787291_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596787291_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> Abanindranath Tagore took birth in a <strong>family of Tagores of Jorasanko in Kolkata in 1871.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was a <strong>nephew of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rabindranath-tagore" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rabindranath Tagore</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Abanindranath Ideology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In his youth, Abanindranath <strong>received training in European and Academic style from European artists.</strong></li>
<li>However, during the last decade of the <strong>19<sup>th</sup> century,</strong> he developed <strong>distaste for the corporeality of European naturalism</strong> (which represented things closer to the way one sees them - inspired by the principles of natural science). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Mughal miniatures</strong> influenced his visual ideas deeply.</li>
<li>Another source of inspiration came from the <strong>visit of the Japanese philosopher and aesthetician Okakura Kakuzo</strong> to Kolkata in 1902.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He leaned towards painting images with historic or literary allusions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prominent Figure of Modern Indian Art:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Towards the end of the nineteenth century, a stronger connection was established between art and nationalism. Many painters tried to develop a style that could be considered both modern and Indian.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/raja-ravi-varma" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Raja Ravi Varma</strong> </a>was one of the first artists who tried to create a style that was both modern and national. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He mastered the Western art of oil painting and realistic life study, but painted themes from Indian mythology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, in <strong>Bengal,</strong> a new group of<strong> nationalist artists gathered around Abanindranath Tagore.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They <strong>rejected the art of Ravi Varma</strong> as imitative and westernised, and declared that such a style was unsuitable for depicting the nation&rsquo;s ancient myths and legends.</li>
<li>They felt that a genuine Indian style of painting had to <strong>draw inspiration from non-Western art traditions,</strong> and try to capture the <strong>spiritual essence of the East.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bengal School of Painting:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is also called the<strong> Renaissance School or the Revivalist School,</strong> as it <strong>represented the first modern movement of Indian art.</strong></li>
<li>It rediscovered the glories of Indian art and consciously tried to produce what it considered a truly Indian art inspired by the creations of the past.</li>
<li>Its <strong>leading artist was Abanindranath Tagore</strong> and its theoretician was E.B. Havell, the principal of the Calcutta School of Art.</li>
<li>They broke away from the convention of oil painting and the realistic style, and turned for inspiration to<strong> medieval Indian traditions of miniature painting</strong> and the ancient art of <strong>mural painting in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ajanta-and-ellora-caves" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ajanta caves</a>.</strong></li>
<li>They were <strong>also influenced by the art (wash technique) of Japanese artists</strong> who visited India at that time to develop an <strong>Asian Art movement.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Associated Pupils:</strong> Nandalal Bose and Kshitindranath Majumdar</li>
<li><strong>Popular Paintings:</strong> Bharat Mata, My Mother, Journey&rsquo;s End, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Popular Books:</strong> Rajkahini, Nalak, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong> He died on 5<sup>th</sup> December, 1951.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Gallery of Modern Art</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NGMA was established in <strong>1954,</strong> at the Jaipur House, New Delhi.</li>
<li>It is run and administered as <strong>a subordinate office to the Ministry of Culture,</strong> Government of India.</li>
<li>One of its objectives is to acquire and preserve works of modern art from the 1850s onward.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1643849#:~:text=Press%20Information%20Bureau,-Government%20of%20India&amp;text=National%20Galary%20of%20Modern%20Art,Tagore%20on%207th%20August%202020." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/abanindranath-tagore'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Volcanoes on Venus',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent study, published in Nature Geoscience, <strong>Venus is still geologically active.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study identified 37 active<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eruption-on-mount-etna" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> volcanoes</strong></a>, in the form of ring-like structures known as coronae, on the surface of Venus.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The coronae form when plumes of hot material deep inside the planet rise through the mantle layer and crust.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Earlier, it was believed that the surface of Venus had no geological activity. However, scientists have known for some time that Venus has a younger surface than planets like Mars and Mercury, which have cold interiors.</li>
<li>The new study will help to identify target areas for future missions such as<strong> Europe's EnVision</strong> that is scheduled to launch in 2032.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>EnVision aims</strong> at determining the level and nature of the geological activity and the sequence of events that generated the surface features of Venus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Venus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the<strong> second closest planet to the sun</strong> and the <strong>sixth-largest planet</strong> in the solar system. It is also known as <strong>earth's twin.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>hottest planet in the solar system</strong> and its <strong>extreme temperatures (450<sup>o</sup> C)</strong> and acidic clouds make it an <strong>unlikely place for life.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Along with Uranus </strong>it<strong> spins backwards</strong> with respect to other planets i.e. Its <strong>sun rises in the west</strong> and sets in the east.</li>
<li>Along with Mercury it has <strong>no moons and no rings.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/volcanoes-on-venus'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Stimulating the Economy Post-Covid Era',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/how-to-pay-for-the-stimulus/article32279610.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>How to pay for the stimulus</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 06/08/2020. It discusses the options for stimulating the Indian economy in post-covid era.</p>
</div>
<p>The economic impact of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> has caused unprecedented damage to the global and India is no exception. It is clear that, for the first time in many decades, India&rsquo;s economy will contract significantly.</p>
<p>Moreover, India being a developing economy, the deleterious impact of an economic contraction is long and deep, especially on the poor. There will be a significant impact on the social sphere as well, as much of weaker sections of Indian society may slip back into poverty and unemployment.</p>
<p>Thus, greater public spending by the government as the sine qua non of economic revival. In this context, several economic experts have proposed the government to explore the option of borrowing debt from international institutions or monetize the deficit.</p>
<h3>Debt vs Deficit Monetization</h3>
<p><strong>Borrowing Debt From International Institutions:</strong> India may make full use of loan programs of international institutions such as the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund (IMF)</strong></a> and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the World Bank</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s long track record as an impeccable borrower with no default, timely repayments and full transparency make us an ideal borrower for these institutions.</li>
<li>However, there are some challenges associated with this option.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The borrowed money will have to be paid back in hard currency. This would involve India having to earn hard currency by stepping up exports, but global demand will remain bleak in post-covid era.</li>
<li>Also, when considering borrowing from the World Bank and the IMF, there is the issue of conditionalities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Deficit Monetisation:</strong> Printing Money or <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/direct-monetisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deficit Monetisation</strong></a> imposes high intangible and institutional costs.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Countries like Germany, Venezuela have opted for the printing money, and have experienced Hyperinflation in the past.</li>
<li>Therefore, it is prudent to adopt deficit monetisation as the last resort when all other options are exhausted.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>The macroeconomic fundamentals of Indian economy remain strong and India may not have opted either of the above options in near future. As the present slowdown in economic activity is both a function of external factors such as the lockdown and behavioural changes of people and enterprises. Government may take the following steps.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increasing the MGNREGA funding and expanding to Urban areas:</strong> The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA) programme has proved to be a bedrock of support in the normal times and during times of difficulty (like Covid-19) and it will be a good idea to expand the scheme to urban areas.</li>
<li><strong>Transfer of Cash benefits:</strong> A meaningful cash transfer can restore confidence in these families. Money in the hands of people can provide an immediate sense of security and confidence, which is the cornerstone to restoring economic normalcy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will raise the consumption and demand of the economy and can bring back the virtuous cycle in play.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues with the Banking system:</strong> COVID-19 assistance measures undertaken by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the government such as interest rate reductions, credit guarantee and liquidity enhancement schemes are welcome steps. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Although banks have largely failed to take initiatives as they are not confident of lending.</li>
<li>Thus, reviving the health of the banking sector is the immediate need of the hour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>More importantly allowing institutions such as the RBI, public sector banks, bankruptcy boards, securities and insurance regulators to function freely and professionally is the foundational step to restoring confidence in the financial system.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fdffe0;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Greater public spending by the government is the sine qua non of economic revival. Critically discuss the statement.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RRSk0aRHeDE" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/in-kashmir-integrate-kashmiris/story-IcsK4qhdHOW4d4YSi8tQ8H.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;In Kashmir, integrate Kashmiris&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on August 8<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/stimulating-the-economy-post-covid-era'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Issues With Home-based Learning Programme in MP',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Only 30% students in government schools of Madhya Pradesh (MP) have been regularly reached through the <strong>Hamara Ghar, Humara Vidyalaya programme.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hamara Ghar, Hamara Vidyalaya Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>home-based learning programme</strong> launched by the <strong>Department of School Education, MP.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>aimed to reach 22 lakh students</strong>&nbsp;after shutting down of schools due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The idea behind the programme is to ensure that students <strong>study regularly at home and also learn life skills from their elders.</strong></li>
<li>Under it, the <strong>modular programme airs on Doordarshan Madhya Pradesh</strong> on fixed time slots. It has<strong> three parts</strong> to it which are <strong>recap, delivery of a new concept</strong> and <strong>practice</strong> of the concept.</li>
<li>Various concepts in the form of videos, practise sheets and quizzes are delivered in sync with TV programmes through <strong>WhatsApp-led Digital Learning Enhancement Program</strong> (DigiLEP).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Highlighted:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The programme was able to <strong>reach only around 30%</strong> of the total students from 18<sup>th</sup> July to 25<sup>th</sup> July.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>20% of students were reached through TV and 10% through WhatsApp.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Families of 30% of the students <strong>do not have TVs or smartphones having an internet connection</strong> to avail of the study material.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In families where smartphones with internet connections are available, <strong>parents often take them to work with them.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The remaining students were <strong>not able to avail the study modules on a regular basis breaking the learning flow.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reaching to students in the 89 tribal dominated blocks</strong> in districts such as Alirajpur, Barwani and Jhabua is a<strong> task in itself.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Students need to be <strong>divided into various groups according to the availability of TVs and phones</strong> with the working connection, in sync with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyata-guidelines-on-digital-education#:~:text=Duration%3A%20For%20kindergarten%2C%20nursery%20and,day%20for%20Classes%209%2D12." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PRAGYATA guidelines.</strong></a></li>
<li>If a family has a phone, it<strong> should be used by all of its children</strong> for their studies.</li>
<li>Those who have a TV, they<strong> must watch the telecast during fixed time slots</strong> on Doordarshan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy</strong></a> (NEP) has a section on digital education to ensure<strong> &ldquo;equitable use of technology&rdquo;.</strong> Private players can make e-resources accessible and available to students under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility</strong></a> (CSR).</li>
<li>The definition of the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education#:~:text=Feature%20of%20Right%20to%20Education,SCs%20and%20STs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> right to education</strong></a> needs to expand and promote <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>online education</strong> </a>so that it addresses the importance of connectivity and access to knowledge and information.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/issues-with-home-based-learning-programme-in-mp'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'J&K Issue Raised at UNSC',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>China</strong> has called India&rsquo;s move in <strong>Jammu and Kashmir</strong> (J&amp;K) &ldquo;illegal and invalid&rdquo; and <strong>raised the issue at the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-security-council-1#:~:text=Its%20primary%20responsibility%20is%20to,China%20and%20the%20United%20Kingdom." target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Security Council</a></strong> (UNSC) in New York (USA).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On 5<sup>th</sup> August 2019, the President of India promulgated the <strong>Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019</strong> effectively abrogating the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>special status accorded to J&amp;K</strong></a> under the provision of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 370.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>5<sup>th</sup> August 2020</strong> marks the <strong>one year anniversary</strong> of that move. On its eve, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pakistan-s-new-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pakistan released a new political map</strong></a> that includes all of J&amp;K, Ladakh, Sir Creek and Junagadh.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Stand on Kashmir:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Kashmir issue is a <strong>dispute left over from history</strong> between Pakistan and India, which is an objective fact established by the UN Charter, relevant Security Council resolutions and bilateral agreements between Pakistan and India.</li>
<li><strong>Any unilateral change</strong> to the status quo in the Kashmir region is<strong> illegal and invalid.</strong></li>
<li>Kashmir region issue should be <strong>properly and peacefully resolved through dialogue and consultation</strong> between the parties concerned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Reaction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has noted the Chinese comments and held that <strong>Beijing has &ldquo;no locus standi&rdquo; on the matter</strong> and is advised not to comment on the internal affairs of other nations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India and China</strong> are holding talks over the disengagement along the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control</strong></a> (LAC).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UN&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The J&amp;K issue has been raised at the UNSC three times in the last one year but there has been no concrete solution to it yet.</li>
<li>UN human rights experts have called on India to<strong> take urgent action to address the alarming human rights situation</strong> in the region.</li>
<li><strong>If India fails</strong> to take any genuine and immediate steps to resolve the situation, meet the obligations to investigate historic and recent cases of human rights violations and prevent future violations, then the <strong>international community should step up.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amnesty International India Report:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amnesty-international" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amnesty International</strong></a> in its report has urged the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nhrc-on-public-s-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Human Rights Commission</strong> </a>(NHRC) and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-violence-against-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Women</strong></a> (NCW) to set up offices in J&amp;K to facilitate easy access to the complaint filing process for the local people.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NHRC has been asked to appoint a special monitor for the region and to take up cases pending with the erstwhile State Commission.</li>
<li>NCW has been recommended to set up a J&amp;K cell for addressing problems faced by women.</li>
<li>The report held that people in J&amp;K do not have any way of redressal of the violations of their rights after the closure of the State Commission in 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also <strong>called on the government</strong> to release all political leaders, journalists and activists from detention; restore 4G mobile Internet; decongest prisons and start an independent investigation into attacks on journalists.</li>
<li>The report <strong>acknowledged that there may be security concerns</strong> that merit restrictions on the right to freedom of expression.</li>
<li>It suggested that <strong>curbs should be for a limited timeframe and as per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protesting-is-a-fundamental-right-un" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> (ICCPR)</strong>, to which India is a state party.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Amnesty International</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>international Non-Governmental Organization</strong> (NGO) founded in London on 28<sup>th</sup> May 1961.</li>
<li>It seeks to publicise violations by governments and other entities of rights recognized in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-human-rights-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</strong></a> (1948), especially freedom of speech and of conscience and the right against torture.</li>
<li>It also <strong>works with intergovernmental human rights bodies</strong> to expand and enforce human rights protections in international law.</li>
<li>In <strong>1977,</strong> it was awarded the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-for-peace-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Prize for Peace.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/china-raises-jk-issue-at-security-council-6541447/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-issue-raised-at-unsc'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Day 18',
			'catname' => '60 days refresher',
			'desc' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Modern History-1 (Government of India Acts)</h2>
<p>Questions from modern history remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked over the years. Mostly, static questions on this topic are asked. One should go through any standard textbook.</p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-1%20(1).pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-I</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-II</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-3.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-III</strong></a></p>
<h2>Advent of Europeans and Their Policies</h2>
<p>Q. The staple commodities of export by the English East India Company from Bengal in the middle of the 18<sup>th</sup> century were: (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Raw cotton, oil-seeds and opium</p>
<p>(b) Sugar, salt, zinc and lead</p>
<p>(c) Copper, silver, gold, spices and tea</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Cotton, silk, saltpetre and opium</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following: (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>Assessment of land revenue on the basis of nature of the soil and the quality of crops</li>
<li>Use of mobile cannons in warfare</li>
<li>Cultivation of tobacco and red chillies</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above was/were introduced into India by the English?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2</p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) None</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Ryotwari Settlement, consider the following statements: (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>The rent was paid directly by the peasants to the Government.</li>
<li>The Government gave Pattas to the Ryots.</li>
<li>The lands were surveyed and assessed before being taxed.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 1, 2 and 3</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) None</p>
<h2>Charter Acts</h2>
<p>Q. Consider the following statements about &lsquo;the Charter Act of 1813&rsquo;:(2019)</p>
<ol>
<li>It ended the trade monopoly of East India Company in India except for trade in tea and trade with China.</li>
<li>It asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the Company.</li>
<li>The revenues of India were now controlled by the British Parliament.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which of the following led to the introduction of English Education in India? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Charter Act of 1813</li>
<li>General Committee of Public Instruction, 1823</li>
<li>Orientalist and Anglicist Controversy</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) 1, 2 and 3</strong></span></p>
<h2>Government of India Acts</h2>
<p>Q. In the context of Indian history, the principle of &lsquo;Dyarchy (diarchy)&rsquo; refers to (2017)</p>
<p>(a) Division of the central legislature into two houses.</p>
<p>(b) Introduction of double government i.e., Central and State governments.</p>
<p>(c) Having two sets of rulers; one in London and another in Delhi.</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories.</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The Government of India Act of 1919 clearly defined (2015)</p>
<p>(a) the separation of power between the judiciary and the legislature</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) the jurisdiction of the central and provincial governments</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) the powers of the Secretary of State for India and the Viceroy</p>
<p>(d) None of the above</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The distribution of powers between the Centre and the States in the Indian Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909</p>
<p>(b) Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Government of India Act, 1935</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) Indian Independence Act, 1947</p>
<h2>Important Legislations During the British Government</h2>
<p>Q. The distribution of powers between the Centre and the States in the Indian Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909</p>
<p>(b) Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Government of India Act, 1935</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) Indian Independence Act, 1947</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Rowlatt Satyagraha, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)</p>
<ol>
<li>The Rowlatt Act was based on the recommendations of the &lsquo;Sedition Committee&rsquo;.</li>
<li>In Rowlatt Satyagraha, Gandhiji tried to utilize the Home Rule League.</li>
<li>Demonstrations against the arrival of Simon Commission coincided with Rowlatt Satyagraha.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 1 and 2 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The Ilbert Bill controversy was related to the (2013)</p>
<p>(a) imposition of certain restrictions to carry arms by the Indians</p>
<p>(b) imposition of restrictions on newspapers and magazines published in Indian languages</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) removal of disqualifications imposed on the Indian magistrates with regard to the trial of the Europeans</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) removal of a duty on imported cotton cloth</p>
<h2>Governor Generals</h2>
<p>Q. Who among the following Governor Generals created the Covenanted Civil Service of India which later came to be known as the Indian Civil Service? (2010)</p>
<p>(a) Warren Hastings</p>
<p>(b) Wellesley</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Cornwallis</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) William Bentinck</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which one of the following statements does not apply to the system of Subsidiary Alliance introduced by Lord Wellesley? (2018)</p>
<p>(a) To maintain a large standing army at other&rsquo;s expense</p>
<p>(b) To keep India safe from Napoleonic danger</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) To secure a fixed income for the Company</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) To establish British paramountcy over the Indian States</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Who among the following was/were associated with the introduction of Ryotwari Settlement in India during the British rule? (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Lord Cornwallis</li>
<li>Alexander Read</li>
<li>Thomas Munro</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The tendency for increased litigation was visible after the introduction of the land settlement system of Lord Cornwallis in 1793. The reason for this is normally traced to which of the following provisions? (2011)</p>
<p>(a) Making Zamindar&rsquo;s position stronger vis-a-vis the ryot</p>
<p>(b) Making East India Company an overlord of Zamindars</p>
<p>(c) Making the judicial system more efficient</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) None of the (a), (b) and (c) above</strong></span></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/60-days-refresher-programme/day-18'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'IMD Forecasts Surplus Rains',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the<strong> India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong> rainfall in the &ldquo;second half of the<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> monsoon</strong></a>&rdquo; is likely to be 104% of the<strong> Long Period Average (LPA).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This falls within the &ldquo;normal&rdquo; range of rainfall.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Long Period Average (LPA): It</strong> is the <strong>average rainfall recorded during the months from June to September, calculated during the 50-year period,</strong> and is kept as a <strong>benchmark</strong> while forecasting the quantitative rainfall for the monsoon season every year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IMD maintains an independent LPA for <strong>every homogeneous region</strong> of the country, which ranges from 71.6 cm to 143.83 cm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>IMD maintains five rainfall distribution categories on an all-India scale. These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Normal or Near Normal:</strong> When per cent departure of actual rainfall is +/-10% of LPA, that is, between 96-104% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Below Normal:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is less than 10% of LPA, that is 90-96% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Above Normal:</strong> When actual rainfall is 104-110% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Deficient:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is less than 90% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Excess:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is more than 110% of LPA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This year increased rainfall is attributed to the commencement of<strong> La Nina</strong> like conditions by the second half of the monsoon season.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>La Nina is a climate pattern that describes periods of<strong> below-average sea surface temperatures</strong> across the <strong>east-central Equatorial Pacific.</strong></li>
<li>La Nina is considered to be the counterpart to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-receive-normal-monsoon-imd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>El Nino</strong></a>, and its impacts tend to be <strong>opposite those of El Ni&ntilde;o.</strong></li>
<li>Together, they form the <strong>"cold" (La Nina) and "warm" (El Nino)</strong> phases of the <strong>El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596707769_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596707769_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="584" height="1125" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IMD was established in <strong>1875.</strong></li>
<li>It is an agency of the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences</strong> of the Government of India.</li>
<li>It is the principal agency responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/imd-forecasts-surplus-rains'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Constitution Bench for EWS Quota',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court of India</strong></a> referred the petitions challenging the <strong>103<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019</strong> to a five-judge <strong>constitution bench,</strong> saying it involves <strong>&lsquo;substantial questions of law&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to<strong> Article 145 (3) of the Constitution, at least five judges</strong> need to hear cases that involve <strong>&lsquo;a substantial question of law as to the interpretation&rsquo;</strong> of the Constitution, or any <strong>reference under Article 143,</strong> which deals with the power of the President of India to consult the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court bench consisting of at least five judges is called the <strong>Constitution bench.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>103<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It introduced an <strong>economic reservation</strong> (10% quota) in jobs and admissions in education institutes for <strong>Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)</strong> by amending <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-sabha-passes-the-constitution-124th-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Articles 15 and 16.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It inserted <strong>Article 15 (6) and Article 16 (6).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was enacted to promote the welfare of the poor not covered by the 50% reservation policy for SCs, STs and Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC).</li>
<li>It enables both Centre and the states to provide reservation to the EWS of society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Petitioners&rsquo; Argument:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amendments <strong>run contrary to the constitutional scheme,</strong> where no segment of available seats/posts can be reserved, only on the basis of economic criterion.</li>
<li>The amendments also run contrary to the judgment pronounced in the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><em> Indra Sawhney V. Union of India 1992 case</em></strong></a>, that <strong>a backward class cannot be determined only and exclusively with reference to economic criterion.</strong></li>
<li>The amendments <strong>alter the 50% quota limit</strong> set up in <strong><em>Indra Sawhney V. Union of India</em></strong> 1992 case, which according to the petitioner is a part <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Basic Structure of the Constitution.</strong> </a></li>
<li>Reservation in unaided institutions violates the fundamental right under <strong>Article 19(1)(g)</strong> of the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Article 19 (1)(g) allows every citizen to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Government&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amendment <strong>was necessitated to benefit EWS who are not covered under existing schemes of reservation,</strong> which as per statistics, constitute a considerably large segment of the country&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>The 50% limit in the<strong> Indira Sawhney</strong> ruling cannot be applied in the present petitions as the Sawhney case dealt with memoranda issued by the government while what is under challenge now is a constitutional amendment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Substantial Question of Law Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Whether the challenged 103<sup>rd</sup> Amendment Act violates Basic Structure of the Constitution,</strong> with reference to equality provisions of the Constitution.</li>
<li>The case of the Union of India that though ordinarily 50% is the rule but same will not prevent the amendment of the Constitution itself in view of the existing special circumstances to uplift the members of the society belonging to economically weaker sections.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-refers-anti-ews-quota-pleas-to-five-judge-bench-6541439/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/constitution-bench-for-ews-quota'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Beirut Explosion',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a <strong>massive explosion</strong> took place in <strong>Beirut, capital of Lebanon,</strong> which left more than hundred people dead and more than 4,000 injured, according to the reports until now.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There were two explosions in the central port area of Beirut which occurred barely within minutes of each other within nearby buildings.</li>
<li>The blast affected residents living as far as 10 kilometres away from the site and was felt upto 250 Km.</li>
<li>The blast created <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/seismometers-defunct-in-earthquake-prone-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>seismic waves</strong></a> equivalent to a magnitude 3.3 earthquake.</li>
<li>The blasts were likely triggered by over <strong>2,700 tonnes of ammonium nitrate</strong> that had been<strong> confiscated and stored</strong> by authorities near the port for over six years.</li>
<li>A <strong>two-week state emergency</strong> has been imposed in Beirut following the blast.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of the Blast</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic:</strong> Lebanon is an <strong>import-dependent country.</strong> The <strong>badly damaged port</strong> facility is Lebanon&rsquo;s largest maritime gateway and it will make <strong>essential items expensive</strong> and <strong>threaten food security</strong> in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lebanon has already been struggling with a huge <strong>economic meltdown,</strong> with the <strong>rapid devaluation of the local currency</strong> and a<strong> volatile exchange rate on the black market</strong> fueling<strong> inflation, shuttering businesses, unemployment </strong>and <strong>poverty.</strong></li>
<li>It had also <strong>defaulted on a Eurobond repayment</strong> in March 2020.</li>
<li>It is in talks with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund</strong> </a>for a $10 billion loan program.</li>
<li>The blast will pose an additional<strong> financial burden of rebuilding the city.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political:</strong> Lebanon faced <strong>nationwide protests</strong> against <strong>corruption, economic mismanagement</strong> and <strong>sectarian politics</strong> in October 2019, which forced the <strong>resignation of then-Prime Minister</strong> Saad Hariri. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This blast along with the growing economic crisis can <strong>again cause social unrest.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health:</strong> The country&rsquo;s health system is<strong> already burdened</strong> with the patients of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic</strong> and the victims of blast will add to this.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Response</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lebanon has been offered help by various countries like the <strong>USA, Germany, France , Iran, EU, Turkey etc.</strong></li>
<li>Along with giving aid, the President of <strong>France,</strong> Emmanuel Macron has decided to visit Lebanon.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This move is seen as a message of fraternity and solidarity from France.</li>
<li>Earlier, France&rsquo;s top diplomat had scolded Lebanon&rsquo;s political elite for being too &ldquo;passive&rdquo; in the face of an economic crisis and the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lebanon has also been offered humanitarian aid by its neighbour<strong> Israel,</strong> whom it has bitter relations with.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Israel sees <strong>Hezbollah, the militant group of Lebanon as a threat to its northern borders.&rsquo;</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hezbollah</strong> is one of the Middle East's<strong> most powerful and successful guerrilla organizations.</strong> It is the strongest member of Lebanon's pro-Syrian opposition bloc who pitted <strong>against the pro-Western government</strong> led by Saad Hariri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ammonium Nitrate</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ammonium Nitrate (NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>)</strong> is a <strong>nitrogen-rich white, crystalline chemical</strong> which is<strong> soluble in water.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Uses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a common chemical ingredient of <strong>agricultural fertilisers.</strong></li>
<li>It is used as an ingredient for the production of <strong>anaesthetic gases</strong> and <strong>cold packs.</strong></li>
<li>It is also the main ingredient in the manufacture of <strong>commercial explosives</strong> used in mining and construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>As Explosive:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the main component of the explosive composition known as <strong>ANFO- ammonium nitrate fuel oil.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pure</strong> ammonium nitrate is <strong>not an explosive</strong> on its own. For Ammonium nitrate to be explosive a<strong> primary explosive or detonator</strong> like <strong>RDX or TNT</strong> is required.</li>
<li>Many <strong>Improvised Explosive Devices</strong> (IEDs) used by terrorists around the world have ANFO as the main explosive.</li>
<li>Stored ammonium nitrate is a fire hazard and can explode in two ways. <br />
<ol>
<li>It may come in contact with some explosive mixture.</li>
<li>Due to the <strong>oxidation process</strong> at large scale, heat may be generated starting a fire and then explosion. This seems to be the<strong> primary likely cause of the incident at Beirut port.</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Explosions in Past:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the majority of terror attacks in India, including those in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unsc-condemns-pulwama-attack" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Pulwama</strong></a>, <strong>Varanasi,</strong> Malegaon, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Mumbai, ammonium nitrate has been used along with initiator explosives like RDX.</li>
<li>There have been <strong>accidental explosions of ammonium nitrate</strong> causing large numbers of fatalities. Eg. China in 2015 and in Texas in 1947.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Global:</strong> It is classified as an <strong>oxidising content</strong> (Grade 5.1) under the <strong>United Nations classification of dangerous goods.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods</strong> categorizes the types of dangerous goods, under<strong> nine classes</strong> like Explosive Materials, Inflammable liquids, Easily oxidising contents etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India:</strong> In India, the manufacture, conversion, bagging, import, export, transport, possession for sale or use of ammonium nitrate is covered under <strong>The Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2012.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The Explosives Act, 1884,</strong> define ammonium nitrate as the &ldquo;compound with formula NH4NO3 including <strong>any mixture or compound having more than 45% ammonium nitrate by weight</strong> including emulsions, suspensions, melts or gels but excluding emulsion or slurry explosives and non explosives emulsion matrix and fertilizers from which the ammonium nitrate cannot be separated&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Storage of ammonium nitrate in large quantities in populated areas is illegal</strong> in India.</li>
<li>For the manufacture of ammonium nitrate, an Industrial licence is required under the <strong>Industrial Development and Regulation Act, 1951.</strong></li>
<li>A license under the Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2012 is also required for any activity related to ammonium nitrate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lebanon<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596706419_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596706419_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a country in <strong>Western Asia,</strong> bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus lies west across the Mediterranean Sea.</li>
<li>Lebanon was conquered by the <strong>Ottomans</strong> in the 16<sup>th</sup> century and remained under their rule for the next 400 years.</li>
<li>Following the empire's collapse after World War I, it came under <strong>the control of French,</strong> from which it gained independence in <strong>1943.</strong></li>
<li>Lebanon witnessed <strong>Civil war</strong> from <strong>1975-1990</strong> that was a result of conflict between various factions like the <strong>Christians,</strong> the left-wing <strong>Druze</strong> and the <strong>Muslims</strong> and was interspersed with <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/israel-palestine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Israeli invasions targeting the palestinian</strong> </a>militants in Lebanon.</li>
<li>The present government in Lebanon is <strong>confessionalist parliamentary democracy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Confessionalism</strong> is a system of government which apportions seats in its legislature to different groups of people strictly based on demographic composition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This tragedy piles yet another layer of hardship on a country already reeling from its worst financial crisis in decades along with an exasperating political turbulence and struggling to contain a burgeoning coronavirus outbreak.</li>
<li>Lebanon cannot do without containing politically extremist groups functioning in the country and maintaining healthy relationships with the international community.</li>
<li>It is time that international solidarity comes into action and extends a helping hand towards the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-ammonium-nitrate-which-caused-the-massive-explosion-in-beirut-6540646/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beirut-explosion'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Sahakar Cooptube NCDC Channel',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&rsquo; Welfare launched the two initiatives of the<strong> National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) - Sahakar Cooptube NCDC Channel </strong>and<strong> Guidance Videos </strong>on<strong> &lsquo;Formation and Registration of A Cooperative&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sahakar Cooptube NCDC Channel:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Channel <strong>aims</strong> to facilitate involvement of the youth in the cooperative movement. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cooperatives lend strength to farmers to minimize risks in agriculture and allied sectors and act as a shield against exploitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The channel will give a boost to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a> under which the government has announced a series of transformative measures and sector specific financial packages to help agriculture. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The initiatives are steps towards <strong>One Nation One Market</strong> with the objective for India to become a food factory of the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Guidance Videos:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These have been produced by the NCDC on<strong> &lsquo;Formation and Registration of A Cooperative&rsquo;</strong> for eighteen different states in Hindi and regional languages.</li>
<li>These would help strengthen and deepen the major initiatives of the government to promote and form 10,000<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Farmer-Producer Organisations (FPOs).</strong> </a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One such initiative is the formation of FPOs under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-formalization-of-micro-food-processing-enterprises-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;One-Product One-District&rdquo;</strong></a> approach.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Cooperative Development Corporation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> NCDC was established by an Act of Parliament in 1963<strong> as a statutory Corporation</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&rsquo; Welfare.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Office:</strong> NCDC functions through its <strong>Head Office at New Delhi</strong> and multiple Regional Offices.</li>
<li><strong>Functioning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The objectives of NCDC are <strong>planning and promoting programmes for agricultural produce, foodstuffs, industrial goods, livestock</strong> and certain other notified commodities and services on cooperative principles.</li>
<li>The NCDC has the <strong>unique distinction of being the sole statutory organisation</strong> functioning as an <strong>apex financial and developmental institution</strong> exclusively devoted to the <strong>cooperative sector.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mission Sahakar 22,</strong> which aims to <strong>double farmers&rsquo; income by 2022.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Scheme on Internship Programme (SIP)</strong> named <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sahakar-mitra-scheme-on-internship-programmehttps://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sahakar-mitra-scheme-on-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sahakar Mitra</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cooperatives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organisation (ILO)</strong></a>, a <strong>cooperative</strong> is an <strong>autonomous association of persons united voluntarily</strong> to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. E.g. FPOs as cooperatives.</li>
<li><strong>An FPO,</strong> formed<strong> by a group of farm producers,</strong> is a <strong>registered body with producers</strong> as shareholders in the organisation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It deals with <strong>business activities related to the farm produce</strong> and it works for the benefit of the member producers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperatives in India (Agriculture):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They largely <strong>function as an association of small and marginal farmers and rural poor.</strong> They have a huge network of over 8.50 lakh organizations and 290 million members.</li>
<li>According to the government, cooperatives in India have proven their success in improving the condition of farmers and economic development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions of Indian Constitution related to Cooperatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Constitution (97<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act, 2011</strong> added a new <strong>Part IXB</strong> right after Part IXA (Municipals) regarding the cooperatives working in India.</li>
<li>The word &ldquo;cooperatives&rdquo; was added after &ldquo;unions and associations&rdquo; in <strong>Article 19(1)(c) under Part III of the Constitution.</strong> This enables all the <strong>citizens to form cooperatives by giving it the status of fundamental right of citizens.</strong></li>
<li>A new <strong>Article 43B</strong> was added in the <strong>Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) </strong>regarding the<strong> &ldquo;promotion of cooperative societies&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643349" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sahakar-cooptube-ncdc-channel'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Pokkali Rice: Kerala',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Farmers in West Bengal are experimenting with the pokkali variety of rice</strong> to tide over a crisis-like situation created by <strong>severe seawater incursion into paddy fields</strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bon-bibi-sundarban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sundarbans</strong></a> (owing to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-amphan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyclone Amphan</strong></a>).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vyttila-11 varieties of pokkali seedlings</strong> were brought from<strong> Kerala.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pokkali variety of rice is <strong>known for its saltwater resistance</strong> and flourishes in the rice paddies of coastal <strong>Alappuzha, Ernakulam and Thrissur districts of Kerala.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>single-season paddy</strong> is raised in saltwater fields between June and November followed by a season of fish-farming.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The uniqueness of the rice has brought it the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/potential-of-gis-is-waiting-to-be-tapped" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geographical Indication (GI) tag</strong></a> and is the subject of continuing research.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Several foreign research institutes, including the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/golden-rice-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines</strong></a>, have been studying pokkali&rsquo;s gene pools and have identified a portion of DNA on one of its chromosomes that is crucial for salt tolerance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Given its ability to thrive under harsh climatic conditions and produce high yield, it can help in promoting <strong>climate-resilient agriculture.</strong></li>
<li>Pokkali has<strong> medicinal properties</strong> and its <strong>higher value of antioxidants</strong> and <strong>low carbohydrate content</strong> makes it preferable to those on a low sugar diet.</li>
<li><strong>Vyttila-11</strong> is the latest variety of pokkali developed by the <strong>Kerala Agricultural University.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It yields about <strong>5 tonnes per hectare.</strong></li>
<li>The crop duration is about <strong>110 days.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other GI Tag Registered Varieties from Kerala:</strong> Kaipad, Wayanad Jeerakasala, Wayanad Gandhakasala, Palakkadan Matta and Navara.</li>
<li>Further, the <strong>Kuttanad below-sea level farming system</strong> has been recognised by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO)</strong></a> as a <strong>Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is unique as it practices <strong>rice cultivation below sea level.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) was started by the FAO to safeguard and support the world's agricultural heritage systems.</li>
<li>GIAHS are outstanding landscapes of aesthetic beauty that combine agricultural biodiversity, resilient ecosystems and a valuable cultural heritage.</li>
<li><strong>Three recognised GIAHS sites in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pampore Saffron</strong> Heritage of <strong>Kashmir.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Koraput Traditional Agriculture</strong> of <strong>Odisha.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Kuttanad Below Sea Level</strong> Farming System of <strong>Kerala.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pokkali-rice-seedlings-travel-from-kerala-to-the-sunderbans/article32278833.ece#:~:text=Two%20farmers%20in%20South%2024,West%20Bengal%20on%20May%2020." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pokkali-rice-kerala'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'The Big Picture: Importance of Tiger Conservation',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ck91LsuizJU" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>The tiger population across the world dropped sharply since the beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> century but now for the first time in conservation history, their numbers are on the rise.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has 70% of the global tiger population.</li>
<li><strong>The International Tiger Day</strong> celebrated on 29<sup>th</sup> july is an annual event marked to raise awareness about tiger conservation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>First international Tiger&rsquo;s day was celebrated in 2010 at the<strong> St. Petersburg Tiger Summit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>St. Petersburg Declaration on Tiger Conservation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This resolution was adopted In <strong>November 2010,</strong> by the leaders of <strong>13 tiger range countries (TRCs)</strong> assembled at an International Tiger Forum in <strong>St. Petersburg, Russia</strong></li>
<li>It aimed at promoting a global system to protect the natural habitat of tigers and raise awareness among people on white tiger conservation.</li>
<li>The resolution&rsquo;s <strong>implementation mechanism</strong> is called the<strong> Global Tiger Recovery Program</strong> whose overarching goal was to double the number of wild tigers from about 3,200 to more than 7,000 by 2022.</li>
<li>13 Tiger range countries are:<strong> Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand and Vietnam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Encouraging Factors in Conservation of Tigers</h3>
<p>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tiger Census Report, 2019</strong></a>, the Tiger population has substantially increased from 2,226 in 2014 to around 2,967 in 2019.</p>
<p><strong>Key Findings</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Top Performers:</strong> Madhya Pradesh saw the highest number of tigers (526) followed by Karnataka (524) and Uttarakhand (442).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Increase in Tiger population:</strong> Madhya Pradesh (71%) &gt; Maharashtra (64%) &gt; Karnataka (29%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Worst Performers:</strong> Chhattisgarh and Mizoram saw a decline in tiger population.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chhattisgarh is the only state out of the 20 tiger-bearing states where the 2018- census counted 19 tigers, significantly fewer than the 46 of 2014.</li>
<li>Decline in Tiger numbers in Chhattisgarh can be attributed to the law and order problem as large parts of the state are hit by the Maoist insurgency.</li>
<li>Greater conservation efforts are needed in the &ldquo;critically vulnerable&rdquo; Northeast hills and Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The first ever initiative for the conservation of tigers was the <strong>Project Tiger.</strong></li>
<li>There are<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-tiger-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 50 tiger reserves</strong></a> within the country. Out of 50 tiger reserves in the country, three reserves - Mizoram&rsquo;s Dampa reserve, Bengal&rsquo;s Buxa reserve and Jharkhand&rsquo;s Palamau reserve - have no tigers left.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596697776_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596697776_image 0.png" caption="false" width="550" height="559" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Project Tiger</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Project Tiger is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change launched in 1973 to provide central assistance to the tiger States for tiger conservation in designated tiger reserves in India. The project is administered by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-tiger-conservation-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.</li>
<li>It was established in 2005 following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force.</li>
<li>It was constituted under enabling provisions of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>, as amended in 2006, for strengthening tiger conservation, as per powers and functions assigned to it.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance of Tiger Conservation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tiger is one of the prime predators on which the whole ecosystem depends; by ensuring the protection of tigers, the balance of the ecosystem is also ensured.</li>
<li>Tiger is an <strong>umbrella species</strong> whose conservation eventually leads to the conservation of many other species such as the ungulates, pollinators and other small animals.</li>
<li>In the IUCN red list, Tigers are listed in the category of <strong>endangered species.</strong></li>
<li>There is a tremendous decline in the tiger population as compared to the past 100 years and to prevent the deteriorating condition of tigers, it&rsquo;s important to conserve them.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Umbrella Species</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are species that are selected for conservation-related decisions because the conservation and protection of these species indirectly affect the conservation and protection of other species within their ecosystem. Umbrella species help in the selection of potential reserve locations, as well as the determination of the composition of the reserve.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<p>Although, we are moving progressively towards conserving more and more tigers, but few threats are still there standing as a resistance in the conservation practices:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Three tiger reserves of India: Mizoram's Dampa reserve, West Bengal's Buxa reserve and Jharkhand's Palamau reserve have no tigers left.</li>
<li>The tiger reserves are having a poor interconnectivity with each other due to which the gene exchange among the tiger population can barely take place.</li>
<li>There has occurred a human-tiger conflict as the tiger conservation practice has grown but their natural habitats are already shrinking and hence, they are seeking their habitat in the human habitation.</li>
<li>Poaching of tigers is taken as a pride and every part of tiger has a market value therefore they are being hunted indiscriminately for personal as well as commercial purpose.</li>
<li>The constrained mentality of the local communities regarding tiger poaching as their only job is a major challenge to tiger conservation.</li>
<li>The linear developments such as that of railways and roadways is a critical issue in creating the conservation ethos.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Only laws and the technical expertise are not enough, on the local communities&rsquo; part it also needs to be understood that their participation is as important.</li>
<li>These local communities need to be provided better economic opportunities so that they have a better source of income than poaching of tigers.</li>
<li>We have to make the environment and development co-exist and go hand in hand by planning our future developmental goals in such a manner that our environmental goals are not compromised.</li>
<li>Voluntary relocation of the communities within and around these tiger reserves by ensuring justice to them regarding compensation and employment along with the conservation of the environment.</li>
<li>The process of tiger conservation should be more dynamic and compatible with the future possibilities of climatic changes as well.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-importance-of-tiger-conservation'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Reassessing Export-Led Growth Model',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/top-heavy-governance-might-be-well-past-its-expiry-date-already-11596551174165.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Top-heavy governance might be well past its expiry date already&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Live Mint on 05/08/2020. It talks about the prospects of export-led growth for India.</p>
</div>
<p>As the global supply chains look to diversify their sources, amid <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-globalization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, India hopes to become one of the replacements for China. Moreover, the idea of turning the Indian economy into an export-led economy is not new.</p>
<p>This idea is visible in the objectives of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India program</strong></a> and<a href="/gist-of-economic-survey/gist-of-economic-survey-2019-20/gist-of-economic-survey-2019-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Economic Survey</strong></a> has proposed the creation of a Shenzhen-style Autonomous Employment Zones (China), which would be characterized by a highly entrepreneur-friendly regime with respect to land, labour, enforcing contracting and international trade.</p>
<p>China was the last country to lift itself out of poverty by becoming the factory to the world, but economic experts doubt that global demand in the post-covid era will be enough to accommodate another manufacturing giant to arise.</p>
<p>Due to the different geo-economic scenario today, it is contemplated that the export-led growth may not be viable for India.</p>
<h3>Different Geo-Economic Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The problem of Four Ds:</strong> Many global economists are of the opinions that today&rsquo;s world is unlikely to sustain export-led growth, due to the problem of four Ds viz: <strong>depopulation, declining productivity, high debt, and deglobalization.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Demand in most parts of the developed world will not grow too fast, as they are ageing (Japan, northern Europe), and demand in the developing world will also decline in the near future.</li>
<li>As the US is turning protectionist and the EU has in place many trade barriers, this will further reduce demand for developing countries&rsquo; exports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High-Tech Production Over Cheap Imports:</strong> The developed countries are increasingly turning to high tech to produce cheap consumer goods, which require fewer workers and are therefore cost-effective. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, manufactured goods in developed countries are slowly replacing the cheap imports from developing countries</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Market-Reforms, No Longer to be Panacea:</strong> The structural reforms like labour reforms would have had a significant impact in 1991, but are unlikely to provide the same growth boost today. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is because businesses have found other ways to deal with inflexible labour laws, as technology seems to have replaced all other factors of production as the main driver of growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Competition From Neighbourhood:</strong> It is thus very difficult for India to enter the global value chain, as smaller neighbours like Thailand or Sri Lanka are already producing cheaper automotive parts and electronic components for multinational companies.</li>
<li><strong>Structural Issues:</strong> Many goods in India are produced in the medium and small enterprises and have poor quality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is because the labour involved in the production is lacking adequate training in skills, education, and is less disciplined than in India&rsquo;s competitor countries.</li>
<li>Apart from this, there are other problems also like access to credit, power and water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Security Imperative for India:</strong> Geopolitically, China is turning out to be a big threat for India. This means India will have to divert scarce resources to defence and internal security.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Building Domestic Demand:</strong> No matter how bleak the global demand remains in the present times, a robust industrial architecture is crucial for a country to become self-sufficient.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, there is a need to build strong domestic demand, to sustain industrial activity in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Focus on Knowledge Power:</strong> As the population in the majority of the developed world is ageing, India can leverage its demographic dividend and export its human resource to the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For this, India needs to invest in its education, research &amp; innovation capabilities and turn into a Knowledge superpower.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Addressing Structural Issues:</strong> All countries that promoted export-led growth invested heavily in human capital and ensured very good infrastructure with ports, roads, airports and railways. Thus, India needs to: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Invest in its labour force and provide them with regular, affordable food supply and housing.</li>
<li>Build a well- functioning infrastructure and take various trade facilitation measures like easier customs clearances, less paperwork.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Decentralisation:</strong> There is also the need for economic planning to be devolved lower and lower down all levels of government so that people are empowered to take up an economic activity that suits them and develop the resilience needed to respond to new opportunities and threats.</li>
<li><strong>Providing Easy Credit:</strong> Providing easy credit remains a critical aspect of mobilising investment. Hence, India also needs cleaning up of the Non-Performing Assets. In this context, the privatisation of banks will be a step in the right direction.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The idea of the export-led economy has been very successful for many East-Asian countries (also called East-Asian Miracle). In the 1960s and 70s, these countries transformed their economies rapidly from developing countries to become middle-income countries through high export.</p>
<p>However, the viability of a new export-based economy, that India aspires to be, depends on policy restructuring, reaping demographic dividend and leveraging its domestic market.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596631644_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596631644_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcffde;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>In order to become an export-led economy, there is a need to build strong domestic demand, to sustain industrial activity in India. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XbutVpYc7zY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/toxic-brew-on-the-increase-of-liquor-tragedies/article32262642.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Toxic Brew&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on August 4<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reassessing-export-led-growth-model'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Pakistan’s New Map',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/disputed-territories-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pakistan</strong></a> has released a new political map that includes all of Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Ladakh, Sir Creek and Junagadh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The map has been released on the eve of the first anniversary of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>abrogation of special status</strong></a> to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir</strong> </a>under <strong>Article 370.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Map:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The map <strong>depicts entire Jammu &amp; Kashmir</strong> as a <strong>disputed territory</strong> and <strong>does not show any borders in the east of Kashmir.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has also<strong> renamed Kashmir Highway</strong> in Islamabad as <strong>Srinagar Highway.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It claims the <strong>Siachen, regions of Sir Creek</strong> and the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/integration-of-princely-states-after-independence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>erstwhile state of Junagadh in Gujarat</strong> </a>as part of Pakistan&rsquo;s territory.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is not the first time Pakistan has tried to portray Junagadh as part of its territory. The 2012 Atlas of Pakistan also portrayed Junagadh as a Pakistan&rsquo;s territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The map also shows the<strong> Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)</strong> as being part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has called Pakistan's move as an <strong>exercise in political absurdity,</strong> which lays untenable claims to the Indian territories.</li>
<li>These assertions have neither legal validity nor international credibility and it only confirms the reality of Pakistan&rsquo;s obsession with territorial aggrandisement supported by cross-border terrorism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the second time in the recent past where India&rsquo;s neighbouring country has published a new map claiming India&rsquo;s territories. Nepal was the first country to do so.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Nepal published its news map claiming the territories of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/downturn-in-indo-nepal-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kalapani region</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Closeness of Nepal, Pakistan towards China.</li>
<li>Recently, China also changed the status quo along the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control (LAC)</strong></a> in the western sector in its favour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sir Creek</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a 96 km long strip of water disputed between India and Pakistan in the <strong>Rann of Kutch marshlands.</strong></li>
<li>The dispute lies in the <strong>interpretation of the maritime boundary line between Kutch and Sindh.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pakistan claims the line to follow the eastern shore of the estuary while India claims a centerline (differing interpretations of paragraphs 9 and 10 of the Bombay Government Resolution of 1914 signed between the then Government of Sindh and Rao Maharaj of Kutch).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India insists the Sir Creek should be divided between the two countries according to <strong>thalweg principle.</strong> Under international law, a thalweg is the middle of the primary navigable channel of a waterway that defines the boundary line between states.</li>
<li>The International Boundary in the Sir Creek area and International Maritime Boundary line (IMBL) between India and Pakistan have not been demarcated.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Siachen Glacier</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Siachen Glacier is part of <strong>Ladakh</strong> which has now been <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>converted into a Union Territory</strong></a>. It is the <strong>Second-Longest glacier in the World's Non-Polar areas.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>located in the Eastern Karakoram range</strong> in the Himalayas, just northeast of Point NJ9842 where the Line of Control between India and Pakistan ends.</li>
<li>It lies immediately south of the great drainage divide that separates the Eurasian Plate from the Indian subcontinent in the extensively glaciated portion of the Karakoram sometimes called the<strong> "Third Pole".</strong></li>
<li>It is the world's highest battlefield.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>FATA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Federally Administered Tribal Areas</strong> was a <strong>semi-autonomous tribal region</strong> in northwestern Pakistan that existed from 1947. In 2018 it was merged with the neighboring province of <strong>Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the last one year, Pakistan has made several attempts to raise the change in Jammu and Kashmir&rsquo;s status from a state to a union territory at several international fora but hasn&rsquo;t been able to get much traction. Further, with Pakistan, India continues to maintain that terror and talks cannot go hand-in-hand.</li>
<li>With Nepal turning hostile, Sri Lanka tilted towards China, Bangladesh miffed over the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-dropped-from-chabahar-rail-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India out of Iran&rsquo;s Chabahar railway link project</strong></a> (which India was to have constructed), there is a relative decline in India&rsquo;s sphere of influence, especially in its neighbourhood and the extended neighbourhood. This demands a deeper examination of the foreign policy.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pakistan-new-map-jammu-kashmir-ladakh-junagadh-india-6539375/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pakistan-s-new-map'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Thenzawl Golf Resort in Mizoram',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Thenzawl Golf Resort</strong> <strong>Project</strong> in <strong>Mizoram</strong>&nbsp;has been virtually inaugurated.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project was implemented under the <strong>Swadesh Darshan Scheme</strong> of the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project was sanctioned under the <strong>Integrated Development of New Eco-Tourism</strong> under <strong>Swadesh Darshan-North East Circuit</strong> at Thenzawl and South Zote, District Serchhip and Reiek, Mizoram.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Eco-Tourism has been broadly defined as <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/tourism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tourism</a> which is ecologically sustainable.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A<strong> total amount of Rs. 92.25 crore</strong> was sanctioned for it, out of which Rs. 64.48 crore was sanctioned for various components at Thenzawl including the <strong>golf course which is designed to have facilities of international standards.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The competitive advantage of Thenzawl Golf Course is that it will<strong> provide quality golfing experience at a fair price.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Golf Tourism in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, India has<strong> more than 230 golf courses</strong> in all out of which several are of international standards and golf events held there <strong>attract domestic and international tourists.</strong></li>
<li>Golf tourism has a strong potential in India because the <strong>climatic condition is more favourable</strong> here as compared to most countries.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>picturesque landscapes and exceptional hospitality services</strong> add to the enhanced experience.</li>
<li>The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India endeavours to work as a<strong> catalyst and active supporter</strong> for the development of golf tourism in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For that, it is creating a <strong>comprehensive and coordinated framework for promoting golf tourism</strong> in India as a niche tourism product.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Swadesh Darshan Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2014-15</strong> for integrated development of <strong>theme-based tourist circuits</strong> in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, there are <strong>15 theme based circuits -</strong> Buddhist, Coastal, Desert, Eco, Heritage, Himalayan, Krishna, North-east, Ramayana, Rural, Spiritual, Sufi, Tirthankara, Tribal and Wildlife.</li>
<li>Theme-based tourist circuits are developed on the principles of high tourist value, competitiveness and sustainability in an integrated manner to enrich tourist experience and enhance employment opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Sector Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li>Under the scheme, the Ministry of Tourism provides <strong>Central Financial Assistance</strong> (CFA) to State Governments/Union Territory Administrations for <strong>infrastructure development of circuits.</strong></li>
<li>This scheme is <strong>envisioned to synergise with other schemes</strong> like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skill India</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india#:~:text=Make%20in%20India%20is%20designed,India%20a%20global%20manufacturing%20hub.&amp;text=To%20create%20100%20million%20additional%20manufacturing%20jobs%20in%20the%20economy%20by%202022." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a>, etc. with the idea of positioning the tourism sector as a major engine for job creation, driving force for economic growth, building synergy with various sectors to enable tourism to realise its potential.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643290" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/thenzawl-golf-resort-in-mizoram'
		]
	],
	'updates' => object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

		'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
		'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive`, articles.star_rating AS `articles__star_rating`, articles.display_in_states AS `articles__display_in_states` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
		'params' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'defaultTypes' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'decorators' => (int) 0,
		'executed' => false,
		'hydrate' => true,
		'buffered' => true,
		'formatters' => (int) 0,
		'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
		'contain' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'matching' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'extraOptions' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}
	
	},
	'page' => (int) 110,
	'search' => 'class',
	'totalPages' => (float) 336,
	'title' => 'Search'
]
$progress = []
$bookmarks = []
$notes = []
$mynote = []
$topdata = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/careers',
		'title' => 'We are hiring Full Time Content Developers, to know more, please click here.',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	}
]
$searchdata = []
$searchlist = [
	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Day 19',
		'catname' => '60 days refresher',
		'desc' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Modern History-2 (Freedom struggle- Pre Gandhian Era)</h2>
<p>Questions from modern history remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked over the years. Mostly, static questions on this topic are asked. One should go through any standard textbook.</p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-1%20(1).pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-I</strong></a></p>
<p><strong><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Class XII History Textbook Theme-II</a></strong></p>
<p><strong><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-3.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Class XII History Textbook Theme-III</a></strong></p>
<h2>Socio-Religious Movements</h2>
<p>Q. Satya Shodhak Samaj organized (2016)</p>
<p>(a) a movement for upliftment of tribals in Bihar</p>
<p>(b) a temple-entry movement in Gujarat</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) an anti-caste movement in Maharashtra</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) a peasant movement in Punjab</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following: (2016)</p>
<ol>
<li>Calcutta Unitarian Committee</li>
<li>Tabernacle of New Dispensation</li>
<li>Indian Reform Association</li>
</ol>
<p>Keshab Chandra Sen is associated with the establishment of which of the above?</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Brahmo Samaj? (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>It opposed idolatry.</li>
<li>It denied the need for a priestly class for interpreting the religious texts.</li>
<li>It popularized doctrine that the Vedas are infallible.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the codes given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<h2>Peasant and Tribal Movements</h2>
<p>Q. After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what was/were the measure/measures taken by the colonial government? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>The territories called &lsquo;Santhal Paraganas&rsquo; were created.</li>
<li>It became illegal for a Santhal to transfer land to a non-Santhal.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Both 1 and 2</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The demand for the Tebhaga Peasant Movement in Bengal was for (2013)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) the reduction of the share of the landlords from one-half of the crop to one-third</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) the grant of ownership of land to peasants as they were the actual cultivators of the land</p>
<p>(c) the uprooting of Zamindari system and the end of serfdom</p>
<p>(d) writing off all peasant debts</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which amongst the following provided a common factor for tribal insurrection in India in the 19<sup>th</sup> century? (2011)</p>
<p>(a) Introduction of a new system of land revenue and taxation of tribal products</p>
<p>(b) Influence of foreign religious missionaries in tribal areas</p>
<p>(c) Rise of a large number of money lenders, traders and revenue farmers as middlemen in tribal areas</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) The complete disruption of the old agrarian order of the tribal communities</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs:</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp; Movement/Organization</strong></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; Leader</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1. All India Anti-Untouchability League</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Mahatma Gandhi</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2. All India Kisan Sabha</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Swami Sahajanand Saraswati</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3. Self-Respect Movement</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: E.V. Ramaswami Naicker</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2 and 3</span></strong></p>
<h2>Revolt of 1857</h2>
<p>Q. What was/were the object/objects of Queen Victoria&rsquo;s Proclamation (1858)? (2014)</p>
<ol>
<li>To disclaim any intention to annex the Indian States</li>
<li>To place the Indian administration under the British Crown</li>
<li>To regulate East India Company&rsquo;s trade with India</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) 1 and 2 only</strong> </span></p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Pondicherry (now Puducherry), consider the following statements: (2010)</p>
<ol>
<li>The first European power to occupy Pondicherry were the Portuguese.</li>
<li>The second European power to occupy Pondicherry were the French.</li>
<li>The English never occupied Pondicherry.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span> </strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<h2>Swadeshi Movement and Bengal partition</h2>
<p>Q.What was the immediate cause for the launch of the Swadeshi movement? (2010)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) The partition of Bengal done by Lord Curzon</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) A sentence of 18 months rigorous imprisonment imposed on Lokmanya Tilak</p>
<p>(c) The arrest and deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh; and passing of Punjab<br />Colonization Bill</p>
<p>(d) Death sentence pronounced on the Chapekar brothers</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Four resolutions were passed at the famous Calcutta session of Indian National Congress in 1906. The question of either retention OR of rejection of these four resolutions became the cause of a split in Congress at the next Congress session held in Surat in 1907. Which one of the following was not one of those resolutions? (2010)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) Annulment of the partition of Bengal</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) Boycott</p>
<p>(c) National education</p>
<p>(d) Swadeshi</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The &lsquo;Swadeshi&rsquo; and &lsquo;Boycott&rsquo; were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the (2016)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) agitation against the Partition of Bengal</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) Home Rule Movement</p>
<p>(c) Non-Cooperation Movement</p>
<p>(d) visit of the Simon Commission to India</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The Partition of Bengal made by Lord Curzon in 1905 lasted until (2014)</p>
<p>(a) the First World War when Indian troops were needed by the British and the partition was ended</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) King George V abrogated Curzon&rsquo;s Act at the Royal Durbar in Delhi in 1911</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Gandhiji launched his Civil Disobedience Movement</p>
<p>(d) the Partition of India in 1947 when East Bengal became East Pakistan</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. In the context of the Indian freedom struggle, 16<sup>th</sup> October 1905 is well known for which one of the following reasons? (2009)</p>
<p>(a) The formal proclamation of Swadeshi Movement was made in Calcutta town hall</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) Partition of Bengal took effect</span> </strong></p>
<p>(c) Dadabhai Naoroji declared that the goal of Indian National Congress was Swaraj</p>
<p>(d) Lokmanaya Tilak started Swadeshi Movement in Poona</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Swadeshi Movement, consider the following statements:(2019)</p>
<ol>
<li>It contributed to the revival of the indigenous artisan crafts and industries.</li>
<li>The National Council of Education was established as a part of Swadeshi Movement</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Both 1 and 2</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<h2>Pre-Gandhian Movement</h2>
<p>Q. What was the purpose with which Sir William Wedderburn and W. S. Caine had set up the Indian Parliamentary Committee in 1893? (2011)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) To agitate for Indian political reforms in the House of Commons</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) To campaign for the entry of Indians into the Imperial Judiciary</p>
<p>(c) To facilitate a discussion on India&rsquo;s Independence in the British Parliament</p>
<p>(d) To agitate for the entry of eminent Indians into the British Parliament</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Radhakanta Deb &ndash; First President of the British Indian Association</li>
<li>Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty &ndash; Founder of the Madras Mahajana Sabha</li>
<li>Surendranath Banerjee &ndash; Founder of the Indian Association</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 1 and 3 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Who of the following was/were economic critic/critics of colonialism in India? (2015)</p>
<ol>
<li>Dadabhai Naoroji</li>
<li>G. Subramania Iyer</li>
<li>R.C. Dutt</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2 and 3</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following statements: (2012)</p>
<p>The most effective contribution made by Dadabhai Naoroji to the cause of Indian National Movement was that he</p>
<ol>
<li>exposed the economic exploitation of India by the British</li>
<li>interpreted the ancient Indian texts and restored the self-confidence of Indians</li>
<li>stressed the need for eradication of all the social evils before anything else</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span> </strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. During the Indian freedom struggle, the National Social Conference was formed. What was the reason for its formation? (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Different social reform groups or organizations of Bengal region united to form a single body to discuss the issues of larger interest and to prepare appropriate petitions/representations to the government.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) Indian National Congress did not want to include social reforms in its deliberations and decided to form a separate body for such a purpose.</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) Behramji Malabari and M.G. Ranade decided to bring together all the social reform groups of the country under one organization.</p>
<p>(d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct in this context.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/60-days-refresher-programme/day-19'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Monetary Policy Report: RBI',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> has released the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monetary-policy-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Monetary Policy</strong></a> Report for the month of August 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Monetary Policy Report is <strong>published by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)</strong> of RBI.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The MPC is a <strong>statutory and institutionalized framework</strong> under the <strong>RBI Act, 1934,</strong> for <strong>maintaining price stability,</strong> while keeping in mind the objective of growth.</li>
<li>The MPC determines the policy interest rate (repo rate) required to achieve the inflation target (4%).</li>
<li>The <strong>Governor of RBI is ex-officio Chairman of the MPC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596794554_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596794554_image4.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="320" height="327" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Policy Rates Unchanged:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Repo rate</strong> remains at 4% and the <strong>reverse repo rate</strong> at 3.35%.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Repo rate</strong> is the rate at which RBI lends money to commercial banks.</li>
<li><strong>Reverse repo rate</strong> is the rate at which the RBI borrows money from commercial banks within the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>RBI has kept the policy rates unchanged<strong> because of rising retail inflation levels.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/retail-inflation-growth-at-6-09" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Retail inflation (measured by the Consumer Price Index - CPI) rose to 6.09%</strong></a> in June 2020 from 5.84% in March, breaching the central bank&rsquo;s medium-term target of 4&plusmn;2%.</li>
<li>This<strong> inflation range (4% within a band of +/- 2%) was recommended by the committee headed by Urjit Patel in 2014.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Loan Restructuring:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>RBI has allowed banks <strong>to restructure loans</strong> to reduce the rising stress on incomes and balance sheets of <strong>large corporates, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)</strong> as well as <strong>individuals.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A large number of firms that otherwise maintain a good track record are facing the challenge as their debt burden is becoming disproportionate, relative to their cash flow generation abilities.</li>
<li>This can potentially impact their long-term viability and pose significant financial stability risks if it becomes widespread. It may also lead to an increase in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/warning-of-higher-npas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Performing Assets.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, <strong>only those borrowers will be eligible for restructuring</strong> whose accounts were classified as standard and not in default for more than 30 days with any lending institution as on 1<sup>st</sup> March, 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All other accounts will be considered for restructuring under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbis-debt-resolution-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prudential Framework</strong></a> issued by the RBI in 2019, or the relevant instructions as applicable to specific categories of lending institutions where the prudential framework is not applicable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The restructuring efforts may or may not include a <strong>moratorium on instalment repayments.</strong> RBI has left the decision of moratorium on banks, with an eye on averting such loans from slipping into non-performing assets.</li>
<li>The <strong>loan restructuring scheme</strong> will be worked out by a <strong>committee headed by KV Kamath</strong> (former ICICI Bank Chairman).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Liquidity Support:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An additional special liquidity facility of Rs.10,000 crore, equally to be split between <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)</strong></a> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/liquidity-boost-to-nbfcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Housing Bank (NHB)</strong></a> to help small financiers and home loan companies amid Covid-19 difficulties.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can be noted that higher share of moratoriums are being availed by the retail borrowers which has created the need for such liquidity support to lenders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The liquidity facility to both NABARD and NHB will be offered at the policy repo rate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Growth Projection:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Economic activity had started to recover from the lows of April-May 2020 following the uneven reopening of some parts of the country in June 2020.</li>
<li>However, fresh <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> infections have forced renewed lockdowns in several cities and states, and economic indicators have levelled off.</li>
<li>The recovery in the rural economy is expected to be robust, buoyed by the progress in kharif sowing.</li>
<li>Manufacturing firms responding to the RBI&rsquo;s industrial outlook survey expect domestic demand to recover gradually from the second quarter of 2020-21 and sustain through the first quarter of 2021-22.</li>
<li>For 2020-21 as a whole, real <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/base-year-for-gdp-calculations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</strong></a> growth is expected to be negative. Early containment of the pandemic may improve the outlook.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Link between Growth, Inflation and Interest rates</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In a fast-growing economy, incomes go up quickly and more and more people have the money to buy the existing bunch of goods.</li>
<li>As more and more money chases the existing set of goods, prices of such goods rise. In other words, inflation (which is nothing but the rate of increase in prices) increases.</li>
<li><strong>To contain inflation,</strong> a country&rsquo;s central bank typically<strong> increases the interest rates</strong> in the economy. By doing so, <strong>it incentivises people to spend less and save more</strong> because saving becomes more profitable as interest rates go up.</li>
<li>However, <strong>when growth contracts, people&rsquo;s incomes hit.</strong> As a result, less and less money is chasing the same quantity of goods. This results in either the <strong>inflation rate decelerating</strong> or it actually <strong>contracts (also called deflation).</strong></li>
<li>In such situations, a central bank <strong>decreases interest rates so as to incentivise spending</strong> and by that route boost economic activity in the economy.</li>
<li>In the <strong>current Monetary Policy, RBI has not raised the interest rates even when retail inflation is high</strong> because RBI is facing an odd situation at present: <strong>GDP is contracting even as inflation is rising.</strong></li>
<li>This is happening because the pandemic has reduced demand, on the one hand, and disrupted supply on the other. As a result falling growth and rising inflation are happening at the same time.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/rbi-leaves-key-rates-unchanged/article32283042.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monetary-policy-report-rbi'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Schizophrenia and its Possible Cause',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Schizophrenia Research Foundation</strong> (SCARF) and<strong> Jeevan Stem Cell Foundation, Chennai</strong> have carried out a pilot study on people of specific ethnicity with<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schizophrenia#:~:text=A%20mental%20disorder%3A%20It%20is,than%2021%20million%20people%20worldwide." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> schizophrenia</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study finds an <strong>association of specific alleles</strong> (variants of specific genes) <strong>with the disease.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Schizophrenia</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the descriptive term for a <strong>group of psychotic disorders in which personal, social and occupational functioning deteriorate </strong>as a <strong>result of disturbed thought processes, strange perceptions, unusual emotional states, and motor abnormalities.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>debilitating</strong> (making someone very weak and infirm) disorder. The <strong>social and psychological costs</strong> of schizophrenia are <strong>tremendous,</strong> both to patients as well as to their families and society.</li>
<li><strong>Onset:</strong> It typically begins in <strong>late adolescence</strong> or<strong> early adulthood.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Positive Symptoms:</strong> These are <strong>pathological excesses</strong> or<strong> bizarre additions</strong> to a person&rsquo;s behaviour like delusions, disorganised thinking and speech, heightened perception and hallucinations and inappropriate affects.</li>
<li><strong>Negative Symptoms:</strong> These are <strong>pathological deficits</strong> and include poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect (Showing less or no emotions), loss of volition (inability to start or complete a course of action) and social withdrawal.</li>
<li><strong>Psychomotor Symptoms:</strong> Less spontaneous moves or making odd grimaces (extremely distorted and particular facial expression) and gestures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Schizophrenia&rsquo;s cause is not exactly known</strong> yet. There are various studies among groups of varied ethnicities across the world, on the possible causes and other relations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These <strong>studies have shown associations of the disease with different alleles</strong> related to the <strong>Human Leukocyte Antigen</strong> (HLA).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>HLA is an important part of the immune system and related to a <strong>group of genes on chromosome six.</strong></li>
<li>HLA genes are <strong>extremely variable</strong> and are very <strong>different across human populations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the <strong>specific allele</strong> that was found to be associated with schizophrenia <strong>varied from group to group.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Therapy and support</strong> can help people learn social skills, cope with stress, identify early warning signs of relapse and prolong periods of remission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings of the Current Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It holds that HLA is important for the proper functioning of the immune system and its <strong>variations can lead to immunological abnormalities.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/celiac-disease#:~:text=of%20heart%20disease.-,Autoimmune%20Disease,body's%20own%20tissues%20and%20organs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>autoimmune diseases</strong></a>, when the body creates <strong>antibodies against the NMDA receptors</strong> in the brain, these antibodies disrupt normal brain signalling and cause brain swelling or encephalitis affecting both men and women and can lead to schizophrenia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>N-methyl-D-aspartate (NDMA) receptor</strong> is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein <strong>found in nerve cells</strong> and is <strong>important for memory functions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Researchers found a <strong>higher frequency of HLA class I alleles</strong> in individuals with schizophrenia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Individuals carrying these alleles<strong> could be susceptible</strong> to schizophrenia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They also found a <strong>negative correlation with some alleles</strong> which were found in <strong>lower frequency</strong> in individuals with schizophrenia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These could be<strong> protective alleles</strong> in schizophrenia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For the first time, the<strong> amino acids level in HLA molecules</strong> among the patients were also studied.</li>
<li>Researchers held that the <strong>reasons or causes for schizophrenia are not entirely clear,</strong> but <strong>perhaps selection and &lsquo;memory&rsquo; of past selection pressures</strong> (infections) play a role in its onset.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, there is a need for further studies of the exact factors causing the disorder. The occurrence of different alleles itself is not a problem but finding the exact allele causing it, is a challenge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Earlier studies had indicated that <strong>different alleles may be involved in different ethnic groups.</strong> For example, studies in Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Japan point to involvement of different alleles responsible for risk factor to schizophrenia.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/gene-variants-and-susceptibility-to-schizophrenia/article32249036.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schizophrenia-and-its-possible-cause'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Tsunami Ready Programme: UNESCO-IOC',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO</a></strong> (also known as UNESCO-IOC) has <strong>approved the recognition of two communities of Odisha viz., Venkatraipur and Noliasahi as Tsunami Ready Communities.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With this recognition, India has become the <strong>first country in the Indian Ocean Region</strong> to achieve the honor from the UNESCO-IOC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Odisha is the<strong> first state in India</strong> to have such recognised communities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tsunami Ready:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>community performance-based programme initiated by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO</strong> to promote tsunami preparedness through active collaboration of public, community leaders, and national and local emergency management agencies.</li>
<li>The<strong> main objective</strong> of this programme is to improve coastal community's preparedness for tsunami emergencies, to minimize the loss of life and property and to ensure a structural and systematic approach in building community preparedness through fulfilling the best-practice indicators set by the<strong> Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWMS) of UNESCO-IOC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tsunami Ready in India is implemented by the <strong>National Board (Ministry of Earth Sciences- MoES)</strong> under the <strong>Chairmanship of Director, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/incois-launches-products" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Centre (INCOIS)</a></strong> with members drawn from MoES, <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-disaster-management-authority-ndma-" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Disaster Management Authority</a> (NDMA)</strong>, Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA), Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands Directorate of Disaster Management (DDM) and INCOIS.</li>
<li><strong>INCOIS (an autonomous body under the Ministry of Earth sciences)</strong> is also <strong>providing tsunami advisories to Indian Ocean region (25 countries)</strong> as a Tsunami Service Provider as the responsibility assigned by UNESCO-IOC. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC), INCOIS is the nodal agency to provide tsunami advisories to India.</strong> It is coordinating with the Disaster Management Officials (DMOs) for implementation of Tsunami Ready programme in India.</li>
<li>It conducts <strong>IOWave Tsunami mock exercises biannually</strong> in coordination with ICG/IOTWMS and also conducts <strong>mock exercises at national level in alternative years</strong> in coordination with MHA and NDMA and State Disaster Management Agencies (SDMA) to strengthen the readiness to handle the emergency situations with stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tsunamis</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are a series of waves usually <strong>generated by movement of the sea floor.</strong> These movements are <strong>caused by different types of geophysical phenomena</strong> such as <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/earthquake-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">earthquakes</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-conference-on-landslides-risk-reduction-and-resilience" target="_blank" rel="noopener">landslides</a> and volcanic eruptions.</strong></li>
<li>The word tsunami is a <strong>Japanese word,</strong> represented by two characters: tsu, meaning, "harbor", and nami meaning, "wave".</li>
<li>The tsunami waves behave very differently in deep water than in shallow water as their<strong> speed is related to the water depth. </strong></li>
<li>They<strong> frequently occur in the Pacific,</strong> where dense oceanic plates slide under the lighter continental plates. When these plates fracture they provide a vertical movement of the seafloor that allows a quick and efficient transfer of energy from the solid earth to the ocean.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1643749#:~:text=Virtual%20Event%20on%20UNESCO%2DIOC,Communities%20on%2007%20Aug%202020.&amp;text=It%20has%20been%20observed%20that,losses%20and%20speed%20up%20response." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tsunami-ready-programme-unesco-ioc'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'SFTS Infection in China',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, deaths and infections have been reported due to the <strong>Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome</strong> (SFTS) in <strong>East China&rsquo;s Jiangsu and Anhui provinces.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new health threat emerges amidst the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> which also emerged in China first.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SFTS is caused by the <strong>Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus</strong> (SFTSV) which belongs to the <em><strong>Bunyavirus</strong></em> family and is transmitted to humans through <strong>tick bites.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596788334_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596788334_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>tick</strong> called <strong>Asian Longhorned Tick <em>(Haemaphysalis longicornis)</em></strong> is believed to be the<strong> primary vector</strong> (carrier) of the virus.</li>
<li>The virus is often <strong>transmitted to humans from animals</strong> like goats, cattle, deer and sheep and <strong>regular contact with these animals makes farmers, hunters and pet owners vulnerable</strong> to the disease.</li>
<li>Despite being infected by the virus,<strong> animals generally do not show any symptoms</strong> associated with SFTSV.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin and Spread:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The virus was <strong>first identified in China over a decade ago</strong> and the <strong>first few cases</strong> were reported in rural areas of Hubei and Henan provinces<strong> in 2009.</strong></li>
<li>Researchers identified the virus by <strong>examining blood samples obtained from a cluster of people exhibiting similar symptoms.</strong></li>
<li>The virus eventually<strong> travelled to other East Asian nations,</strong> including <strong>Japan and South Korea,</strong> significantly raising the total number of cases.</li>
<li><strong>Due to more awareness about the health risks posed by tick bites,</strong> the fatality rate of the infection has started to drop significantly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incubation Period:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>interval between being infected and showing symptoms.</strong> For SFTS, the incubation period is <strong>anywhere between 7 and 13 days.</strong></li>
<li>The disease usually <strong>spreads between March and November</strong> and the total number of infections generally <strong>peaks between April and July.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fever, fatigue, chill, headache, nausea, myalgia (muscle pain), diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain, gingival haemorrhage, conjunctival congestion, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Early warning signs</strong> include severe fever, <strong>thrombocytopenia</strong> (low platelet count) and <strong>leukocytopenia</strong> (low white blood cell count).</li>
<li>More <strong>serious cases</strong> include multi-organ failure, hemorrhagic manifestation and the appearance of symptoms related to<strong> Central Nervous System</strong> (CNS) diseases.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The CNS consists of the <strong>brain and the spinal cord</strong> and it controls most functions of the body and mind.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevention:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Avoid wearing shorts</strong> while walking through tall grass, the woods, and any other environment where ticks are likely to thrive.</li>
<li><strong>Using tick-repellent lotions and sprays</strong> on the exposed body parts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is <strong>no vaccine to treat the disease yet.</strong> However, the <strong>antiviral drug Ribavirin is known to be effective</strong> in treating the illness.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ribavirin is also used to treat <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iit-b-designs-uv-sanitiser" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever</strong></a> (CCHF) which is also <strong>transmitted by ticks.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Case Fatality Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It rests between <strong>approximately 16%-30%.</strong></li>
<li>SFTS has been <strong>listed among the top 10 priority diseases blueprint</strong> by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who#:~:text=This%20watchlist%20for%20priority%20research,that%20could%20cause%20a%20serious" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> (WHO) due to its fast spreading rate and high fatality rate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>WHO&rsquo;s Research and Development Blueprint</strong> identifies diseases and pathogens that have the <strong>potential to cause a public health emergency but lack effective treatments and vaccines.</strong></li>
<li>This watchlist for priority research and development includes <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ebola-global-health-emergency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ebola</strong></a>, several other hemorrhagic fevers, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-aedes-aegypti#:~:text=Zika%20virus%20is%20a%20mosquito,%2C%20Asia%2C%20and%20the%20Pacific." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Zika</a></strong>, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nipah-outbreak-in-kerala" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nipah</a></strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)</strong></a> and <strong>disease X</strong>, which represents the need to prepare for an <strong>unknown pathogen</strong> that could cause a serious epidemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tick-borne-virus-spreading-in-china-6543182/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sfts-infection-in-china'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Abanindranath Tagore',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA), New Delhi</strong> has organised a <strong>virtual tour</strong> titled<strong> &ldquo;The Great Maestro - Abanindranath Tagore&rdquo;</strong> to commemorate the <strong>150<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Abanindranath</strong> Tagore on 7<sup>th</sup> August 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596787291_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596787291_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> Abanindranath Tagore took birth in a <strong>family of Tagores of Jorasanko in Kolkata in 1871.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was a <strong>nephew of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rabindranath-tagore" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rabindranath Tagore</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Abanindranath Ideology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In his youth, Abanindranath <strong>received training in European and Academic style from European artists.</strong></li>
<li>However, during the last decade of the <strong>19<sup>th</sup> century,</strong> he developed <strong>distaste for the corporeality of European naturalism</strong> (which represented things closer to the way one sees them - inspired by the principles of natural science). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Mughal miniatures</strong> influenced his visual ideas deeply.</li>
<li>Another source of inspiration came from the <strong>visit of the Japanese philosopher and aesthetician Okakura Kakuzo</strong> to Kolkata in 1902.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He leaned towards painting images with historic or literary allusions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prominent Figure of Modern Indian Art:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Towards the end of the nineteenth century, a stronger connection was established between art and nationalism. Many painters tried to develop a style that could be considered both modern and Indian.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/raja-ravi-varma" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Raja Ravi Varma</strong> </a>was one of the first artists who tried to create a style that was both modern and national. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He mastered the Western art of oil painting and realistic life study, but painted themes from Indian mythology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, in <strong>Bengal,</strong> a new group of<strong> nationalist artists gathered around Abanindranath Tagore.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They <strong>rejected the art of Ravi Varma</strong> as imitative and westernised, and declared that such a style was unsuitable for depicting the nation&rsquo;s ancient myths and legends.</li>
<li>They felt that a genuine Indian style of painting had to <strong>draw inspiration from non-Western art traditions,</strong> and try to capture the <strong>spiritual essence of the East.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bengal School of Painting:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is also called the<strong> Renaissance School or the Revivalist School,</strong> as it <strong>represented the first modern movement of Indian art.</strong></li>
<li>It rediscovered the glories of Indian art and consciously tried to produce what it considered a truly Indian art inspired by the creations of the past.</li>
<li>Its <strong>leading artist was Abanindranath Tagore</strong> and its theoretician was E.B. Havell, the principal of the Calcutta School of Art.</li>
<li>They broke away from the convention of oil painting and the realistic style, and turned for inspiration to<strong> medieval Indian traditions of miniature painting</strong> and the ancient art of <strong>mural painting in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ajanta-and-ellora-caves" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ajanta caves</a>.</strong></li>
<li>They were <strong>also influenced by the art (wash technique) of Japanese artists</strong> who visited India at that time to develop an <strong>Asian Art movement.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Associated Pupils:</strong> Nandalal Bose and Kshitindranath Majumdar</li>
<li><strong>Popular Paintings:</strong> Bharat Mata, My Mother, Journey&rsquo;s End, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Popular Books:</strong> Rajkahini, Nalak, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong> He died on 5<sup>th</sup> December, 1951.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Gallery of Modern Art</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NGMA was established in <strong>1954,</strong> at the Jaipur House, New Delhi.</li>
<li>It is run and administered as <strong>a subordinate office to the Ministry of Culture,</strong> Government of India.</li>
<li>One of its objectives is to acquire and preserve works of modern art from the 1850s onward.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1643849#:~:text=Press%20Information%20Bureau,-Government%20of%20India&amp;text=National%20Galary%20of%20Modern%20Art,Tagore%20on%207th%20August%202020." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/abanindranath-tagore'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Volcanoes on Venus',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent study, published in Nature Geoscience, <strong>Venus is still geologically active.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study identified 37 active<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eruption-on-mount-etna" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> volcanoes</strong></a>, in the form of ring-like structures known as coronae, on the surface of Venus.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The coronae form when plumes of hot material deep inside the planet rise through the mantle layer and crust.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Earlier, it was believed that the surface of Venus had no geological activity. However, scientists have known for some time that Venus has a younger surface than planets like Mars and Mercury, which have cold interiors.</li>
<li>The new study will help to identify target areas for future missions such as<strong> Europe's EnVision</strong> that is scheduled to launch in 2032.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>EnVision aims</strong> at determining the level and nature of the geological activity and the sequence of events that generated the surface features of Venus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Venus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the<strong> second closest planet to the sun</strong> and the <strong>sixth-largest planet</strong> in the solar system. It is also known as <strong>earth's twin.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>hottest planet in the solar system</strong> and its <strong>extreme temperatures (450<sup>o</sup> C)</strong> and acidic clouds make it an <strong>unlikely place for life.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Along with Uranus </strong>it<strong> spins backwards</strong> with respect to other planets i.e. Its <strong>sun rises in the west</strong> and sets in the east.</li>
<li>Along with Mercury it has <strong>no moons and no rings.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/volcanoes-on-venus'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Stimulating the Economy Post-Covid Era',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/how-to-pay-for-the-stimulus/article32279610.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>How to pay for the stimulus</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 06/08/2020. It discusses the options for stimulating the Indian economy in post-covid era.</p>
</div>
<p>The economic impact of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> has caused unprecedented damage to the global and India is no exception. It is clear that, for the first time in many decades, India&rsquo;s economy will contract significantly.</p>
<p>Moreover, India being a developing economy, the deleterious impact of an economic contraction is long and deep, especially on the poor. There will be a significant impact on the social sphere as well, as much of weaker sections of Indian society may slip back into poverty and unemployment.</p>
<p>Thus, greater public spending by the government as the sine qua non of economic revival. In this context, several economic experts have proposed the government to explore the option of borrowing debt from international institutions or monetize the deficit.</p>
<h3>Debt vs Deficit Monetization</h3>
<p><strong>Borrowing Debt From International Institutions:</strong> India may make full use of loan programs of international institutions such as the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund (IMF)</strong></a> and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the World Bank</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s long track record as an impeccable borrower with no default, timely repayments and full transparency make us an ideal borrower for these institutions.</li>
<li>However, there are some challenges associated with this option.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The borrowed money will have to be paid back in hard currency. This would involve India having to earn hard currency by stepping up exports, but global demand will remain bleak in post-covid era.</li>
<li>Also, when considering borrowing from the World Bank and the IMF, there is the issue of conditionalities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Deficit Monetisation:</strong> Printing Money or <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/direct-monetisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deficit Monetisation</strong></a> imposes high intangible and institutional costs.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Countries like Germany, Venezuela have opted for the printing money, and have experienced Hyperinflation in the past.</li>
<li>Therefore, it is prudent to adopt deficit monetisation as the last resort when all other options are exhausted.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>The macroeconomic fundamentals of Indian economy remain strong and India may not have opted either of the above options in near future. As the present slowdown in economic activity is both a function of external factors such as the lockdown and behavioural changes of people and enterprises. Government may take the following steps.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increasing the MGNREGA funding and expanding to Urban areas:</strong> The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA) programme has proved to be a bedrock of support in the normal times and during times of difficulty (like Covid-19) and it will be a good idea to expand the scheme to urban areas.</li>
<li><strong>Transfer of Cash benefits:</strong> A meaningful cash transfer can restore confidence in these families. Money in the hands of people can provide an immediate sense of security and confidence, which is the cornerstone to restoring economic normalcy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will raise the consumption and demand of the economy and can bring back the virtuous cycle in play.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues with the Banking system:</strong> COVID-19 assistance measures undertaken by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the government such as interest rate reductions, credit guarantee and liquidity enhancement schemes are welcome steps. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Although banks have largely failed to take initiatives as they are not confident of lending.</li>
<li>Thus, reviving the health of the banking sector is the immediate need of the hour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>More importantly allowing institutions such as the RBI, public sector banks, bankruptcy boards, securities and insurance regulators to function freely and professionally is the foundational step to restoring confidence in the financial system.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fdffe0;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Greater public spending by the government is the sine qua non of economic revival. Critically discuss the statement.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RRSk0aRHeDE" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/in-kashmir-integrate-kashmiris/story-IcsK4qhdHOW4d4YSi8tQ8H.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;In Kashmir, integrate Kashmiris&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on August 8<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/stimulating-the-economy-post-covid-era'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Issues With Home-based Learning Programme in MP',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Only 30% students in government schools of Madhya Pradesh (MP) have been regularly reached through the <strong>Hamara Ghar, Humara Vidyalaya programme.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hamara Ghar, Hamara Vidyalaya Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>home-based learning programme</strong> launched by the <strong>Department of School Education, MP.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>aimed to reach 22 lakh students</strong>&nbsp;after shutting down of schools due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The idea behind the programme is to ensure that students <strong>study regularly at home and also learn life skills from their elders.</strong></li>
<li>Under it, the <strong>modular programme airs on Doordarshan Madhya Pradesh</strong> on fixed time slots. It has<strong> three parts</strong> to it which are <strong>recap, delivery of a new concept</strong> and <strong>practice</strong> of the concept.</li>
<li>Various concepts in the form of videos, practise sheets and quizzes are delivered in sync with TV programmes through <strong>WhatsApp-led Digital Learning Enhancement Program</strong> (DigiLEP).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Highlighted:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The programme was able to <strong>reach only around 30%</strong> of the total students from 18<sup>th</sup> July to 25<sup>th</sup> July.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>20% of students were reached through TV and 10% through WhatsApp.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Families of 30% of the students <strong>do not have TVs or smartphones having an internet connection</strong> to avail of the study material.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In families where smartphones with internet connections are available, <strong>parents often take them to work with them.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The remaining students were <strong>not able to avail the study modules on a regular basis breaking the learning flow.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reaching to students in the 89 tribal dominated blocks</strong> in districts such as Alirajpur, Barwani and Jhabua is a<strong> task in itself.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Students need to be <strong>divided into various groups according to the availability of TVs and phones</strong> with the working connection, in sync with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyata-guidelines-on-digital-education#:~:text=Duration%3A%20For%20kindergarten%2C%20nursery%20and,day%20for%20Classes%209%2D12." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PRAGYATA guidelines.</strong></a></li>
<li>If a family has a phone, it<strong> should be used by all of its children</strong> for their studies.</li>
<li>Those who have a TV, they<strong> must watch the telecast during fixed time slots</strong> on Doordarshan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy</strong></a> (NEP) has a section on digital education to ensure<strong> &ldquo;equitable use of technology&rdquo;.</strong> Private players can make e-resources accessible and available to students under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility</strong></a> (CSR).</li>
<li>The definition of the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education#:~:text=Feature%20of%20Right%20to%20Education,SCs%20and%20STs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> right to education</strong></a> needs to expand and promote <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>online education</strong> </a>so that it addresses the importance of connectivity and access to knowledge and information.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/issues-with-home-based-learning-programme-in-mp'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'J&K Issue Raised at UNSC',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>China</strong> has called India&rsquo;s move in <strong>Jammu and Kashmir</strong> (J&amp;K) &ldquo;illegal and invalid&rdquo; and <strong>raised the issue at the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-security-council-1#:~:text=Its%20primary%20responsibility%20is%20to,China%20and%20the%20United%20Kingdom." target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Security Council</a></strong> (UNSC) in New York (USA).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On 5<sup>th</sup> August 2019, the President of India promulgated the <strong>Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019</strong> effectively abrogating the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>special status accorded to J&amp;K</strong></a> under the provision of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 370.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>5<sup>th</sup> August 2020</strong> marks the <strong>one year anniversary</strong> of that move. On its eve, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pakistan-s-new-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pakistan released a new political map</strong></a> that includes all of J&amp;K, Ladakh, Sir Creek and Junagadh.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Stand on Kashmir:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Kashmir issue is a <strong>dispute left over from history</strong> between Pakistan and India, which is an objective fact established by the UN Charter, relevant Security Council resolutions and bilateral agreements between Pakistan and India.</li>
<li><strong>Any unilateral change</strong> to the status quo in the Kashmir region is<strong> illegal and invalid.</strong></li>
<li>Kashmir region issue should be <strong>properly and peacefully resolved through dialogue and consultation</strong> between the parties concerned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Reaction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has noted the Chinese comments and held that <strong>Beijing has &ldquo;no locus standi&rdquo; on the matter</strong> and is advised not to comment on the internal affairs of other nations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India and China</strong> are holding talks over the disengagement along the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control</strong></a> (LAC).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UN&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The J&amp;K issue has been raised at the UNSC three times in the last one year but there has been no concrete solution to it yet.</li>
<li>UN human rights experts have called on India to<strong> take urgent action to address the alarming human rights situation</strong> in the region.</li>
<li><strong>If India fails</strong> to take any genuine and immediate steps to resolve the situation, meet the obligations to investigate historic and recent cases of human rights violations and prevent future violations, then the <strong>international community should step up.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amnesty International India Report:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amnesty-international" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amnesty International</strong></a> in its report has urged the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nhrc-on-public-s-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Human Rights Commission</strong> </a>(NHRC) and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-violence-against-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Women</strong></a> (NCW) to set up offices in J&amp;K to facilitate easy access to the complaint filing process for the local people.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NHRC has been asked to appoint a special monitor for the region and to take up cases pending with the erstwhile State Commission.</li>
<li>NCW has been recommended to set up a J&amp;K cell for addressing problems faced by women.</li>
<li>The report held that people in J&amp;K do not have any way of redressal of the violations of their rights after the closure of the State Commission in 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also <strong>called on the government</strong> to release all political leaders, journalists and activists from detention; restore 4G mobile Internet; decongest prisons and start an independent investigation into attacks on journalists.</li>
<li>The report <strong>acknowledged that there may be security concerns</strong> that merit restrictions on the right to freedom of expression.</li>
<li>It suggested that <strong>curbs should be for a limited timeframe and as per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protesting-is-a-fundamental-right-un" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> (ICCPR)</strong>, to which India is a state party.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Amnesty International</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>international Non-Governmental Organization</strong> (NGO) founded in London on 28<sup>th</sup> May 1961.</li>
<li>It seeks to publicise violations by governments and other entities of rights recognized in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-human-rights-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</strong></a> (1948), especially freedom of speech and of conscience and the right against torture.</li>
<li>It also <strong>works with intergovernmental human rights bodies</strong> to expand and enforce human rights protections in international law.</li>
<li>In <strong>1977,</strong> it was awarded the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-for-peace-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Prize for Peace.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/china-raises-jk-issue-at-security-council-6541447/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-issue-raised-at-unsc'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Day 18',
		'catname' => '60 days refresher',
		'desc' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Modern History-1 (Government of India Acts)</h2>
<p>Questions from modern history remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked over the years. Mostly, static questions on this topic are asked. One should go through any standard textbook.</p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-1%20(1).pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-I</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-II</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-3.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-III</strong></a></p>
<h2>Advent of Europeans and Their Policies</h2>
<p>Q. The staple commodities of export by the English East India Company from Bengal in the middle of the 18<sup>th</sup> century were: (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Raw cotton, oil-seeds and opium</p>
<p>(b) Sugar, salt, zinc and lead</p>
<p>(c) Copper, silver, gold, spices and tea</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Cotton, silk, saltpetre and opium</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following: (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>Assessment of land revenue on the basis of nature of the soil and the quality of crops</li>
<li>Use of mobile cannons in warfare</li>
<li>Cultivation of tobacco and red chillies</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above was/were introduced into India by the English?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2</p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) None</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Ryotwari Settlement, consider the following statements: (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>The rent was paid directly by the peasants to the Government.</li>
<li>The Government gave Pattas to the Ryots.</li>
<li>The lands were surveyed and assessed before being taxed.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 1, 2 and 3</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) None</p>
<h2>Charter Acts</h2>
<p>Q. Consider the following statements about &lsquo;the Charter Act of 1813&rsquo;:(2019)</p>
<ol>
<li>It ended the trade monopoly of East India Company in India except for trade in tea and trade with China.</li>
<li>It asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the Company.</li>
<li>The revenues of India were now controlled by the British Parliament.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which of the following led to the introduction of English Education in India? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Charter Act of 1813</li>
<li>General Committee of Public Instruction, 1823</li>
<li>Orientalist and Anglicist Controversy</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) 1, 2 and 3</strong></span></p>
<h2>Government of India Acts</h2>
<p>Q. In the context of Indian history, the principle of &lsquo;Dyarchy (diarchy)&rsquo; refers to (2017)</p>
<p>(a) Division of the central legislature into two houses.</p>
<p>(b) Introduction of double government i.e., Central and State governments.</p>
<p>(c) Having two sets of rulers; one in London and another in Delhi.</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories.</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The Government of India Act of 1919 clearly defined (2015)</p>
<p>(a) the separation of power between the judiciary and the legislature</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) the jurisdiction of the central and provincial governments</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) the powers of the Secretary of State for India and the Viceroy</p>
<p>(d) None of the above</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The distribution of powers between the Centre and the States in the Indian Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909</p>
<p>(b) Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Government of India Act, 1935</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) Indian Independence Act, 1947</p>
<h2>Important Legislations During the British Government</h2>
<p>Q. The distribution of powers between the Centre and the States in the Indian Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909</p>
<p>(b) Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Government of India Act, 1935</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) Indian Independence Act, 1947</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Rowlatt Satyagraha, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)</p>
<ol>
<li>The Rowlatt Act was based on the recommendations of the &lsquo;Sedition Committee&rsquo;.</li>
<li>In Rowlatt Satyagraha, Gandhiji tried to utilize the Home Rule League.</li>
<li>Demonstrations against the arrival of Simon Commission coincided with Rowlatt Satyagraha.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 1 and 2 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The Ilbert Bill controversy was related to the (2013)</p>
<p>(a) imposition of certain restrictions to carry arms by the Indians</p>
<p>(b) imposition of restrictions on newspapers and magazines published in Indian languages</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) removal of disqualifications imposed on the Indian magistrates with regard to the trial of the Europeans</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) removal of a duty on imported cotton cloth</p>
<h2>Governor Generals</h2>
<p>Q. Who among the following Governor Generals created the Covenanted Civil Service of India which later came to be known as the Indian Civil Service? (2010)</p>
<p>(a) Warren Hastings</p>
<p>(b) Wellesley</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Cornwallis</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) William Bentinck</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which one of the following statements does not apply to the system of Subsidiary Alliance introduced by Lord Wellesley? (2018)</p>
<p>(a) To maintain a large standing army at other&rsquo;s expense</p>
<p>(b) To keep India safe from Napoleonic danger</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) To secure a fixed income for the Company</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) To establish British paramountcy over the Indian States</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Who among the following was/were associated with the introduction of Ryotwari Settlement in India during the British rule? (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Lord Cornwallis</li>
<li>Alexander Read</li>
<li>Thomas Munro</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The tendency for increased litigation was visible after the introduction of the land settlement system of Lord Cornwallis in 1793. The reason for this is normally traced to which of the following provisions? (2011)</p>
<p>(a) Making Zamindar&rsquo;s position stronger vis-a-vis the ryot</p>
<p>(b) Making East India Company an overlord of Zamindars</p>
<p>(c) Making the judicial system more efficient</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) None of the (a), (b) and (c) above</strong></span></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/60-days-refresher-programme/day-18'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'IMD Forecasts Surplus Rains',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the<strong> India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong> rainfall in the &ldquo;second half of the<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> monsoon</strong></a>&rdquo; is likely to be 104% of the<strong> Long Period Average (LPA).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This falls within the &ldquo;normal&rdquo; range of rainfall.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Long Period Average (LPA): It</strong> is the <strong>average rainfall recorded during the months from June to September, calculated during the 50-year period,</strong> and is kept as a <strong>benchmark</strong> while forecasting the quantitative rainfall for the monsoon season every year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IMD maintains an independent LPA for <strong>every homogeneous region</strong> of the country, which ranges from 71.6 cm to 143.83 cm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>IMD maintains five rainfall distribution categories on an all-India scale. These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Normal or Near Normal:</strong> When per cent departure of actual rainfall is +/-10% of LPA, that is, between 96-104% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Below Normal:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is less than 10% of LPA, that is 90-96% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Above Normal:</strong> When actual rainfall is 104-110% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Deficient:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is less than 90% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Excess:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is more than 110% of LPA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This year increased rainfall is attributed to the commencement of<strong> La Nina</strong> like conditions by the second half of the monsoon season.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>La Nina is a climate pattern that describes periods of<strong> below-average sea surface temperatures</strong> across the <strong>east-central Equatorial Pacific.</strong></li>
<li>La Nina is considered to be the counterpart to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-receive-normal-monsoon-imd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>El Nino</strong></a>, and its impacts tend to be <strong>opposite those of El Ni&ntilde;o.</strong></li>
<li>Together, they form the <strong>"cold" (La Nina) and "warm" (El Nino)</strong> phases of the <strong>El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596707769_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596707769_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="584" height="1125" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IMD was established in <strong>1875.</strong></li>
<li>It is an agency of the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences</strong> of the Government of India.</li>
<li>It is the principal agency responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/imd-forecasts-surplus-rains'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Constitution Bench for EWS Quota',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court of India</strong></a> referred the petitions challenging the <strong>103<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019</strong> to a five-judge <strong>constitution bench,</strong> saying it involves <strong>&lsquo;substantial questions of law&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to<strong> Article 145 (3) of the Constitution, at least five judges</strong> need to hear cases that involve <strong>&lsquo;a substantial question of law as to the interpretation&rsquo;</strong> of the Constitution, or any <strong>reference under Article 143,</strong> which deals with the power of the President of India to consult the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court bench consisting of at least five judges is called the <strong>Constitution bench.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>103<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It introduced an <strong>economic reservation</strong> (10% quota) in jobs and admissions in education institutes for <strong>Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)</strong> by amending <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-sabha-passes-the-constitution-124th-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Articles 15 and 16.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It inserted <strong>Article 15 (6) and Article 16 (6).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was enacted to promote the welfare of the poor not covered by the 50% reservation policy for SCs, STs and Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC).</li>
<li>It enables both Centre and the states to provide reservation to the EWS of society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Petitioners&rsquo; Argument:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amendments <strong>run contrary to the constitutional scheme,</strong> where no segment of available seats/posts can be reserved, only on the basis of economic criterion.</li>
<li>The amendments also run contrary to the judgment pronounced in the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><em> Indra Sawhney V. Union of India 1992 case</em></strong></a>, that <strong>a backward class cannot be determined only and exclusively with reference to economic criterion.</strong></li>
<li>The amendments <strong>alter the 50% quota limit</strong> set up in <strong><em>Indra Sawhney V. Union of India</em></strong> 1992 case, which according to the petitioner is a part <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Basic Structure of the Constitution.</strong> </a></li>
<li>Reservation in unaided institutions violates the fundamental right under <strong>Article 19(1)(g)</strong> of the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Article 19 (1)(g) allows every citizen to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Government&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amendment <strong>was necessitated to benefit EWS who are not covered under existing schemes of reservation,</strong> which as per statistics, constitute a considerably large segment of the country&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>The 50% limit in the<strong> Indira Sawhney</strong> ruling cannot be applied in the present petitions as the Sawhney case dealt with memoranda issued by the government while what is under challenge now is a constitutional amendment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Substantial Question of Law Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Whether the challenged 103<sup>rd</sup> Amendment Act violates Basic Structure of the Constitution,</strong> with reference to equality provisions of the Constitution.</li>
<li>The case of the Union of India that though ordinarily 50% is the rule but same will not prevent the amendment of the Constitution itself in view of the existing special circumstances to uplift the members of the society belonging to economically weaker sections.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-refers-anti-ews-quota-pleas-to-five-judge-bench-6541439/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/constitution-bench-for-ews-quota'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Beirut Explosion',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a <strong>massive explosion</strong> took place in <strong>Beirut, capital of Lebanon,</strong> which left more than hundred people dead and more than 4,000 injured, according to the reports until now.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There were two explosions in the central port area of Beirut which occurred barely within minutes of each other within nearby buildings.</li>
<li>The blast affected residents living as far as 10 kilometres away from the site and was felt upto 250 Km.</li>
<li>The blast created <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/seismometers-defunct-in-earthquake-prone-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>seismic waves</strong></a> equivalent to a magnitude 3.3 earthquake.</li>
<li>The blasts were likely triggered by over <strong>2,700 tonnes of ammonium nitrate</strong> that had been<strong> confiscated and stored</strong> by authorities near the port for over six years.</li>
<li>A <strong>two-week state emergency</strong> has been imposed in Beirut following the blast.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of the Blast</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic:</strong> Lebanon is an <strong>import-dependent country.</strong> The <strong>badly damaged port</strong> facility is Lebanon&rsquo;s largest maritime gateway and it will make <strong>essential items expensive</strong> and <strong>threaten food security</strong> in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lebanon has already been struggling with a huge <strong>economic meltdown,</strong> with the <strong>rapid devaluation of the local currency</strong> and a<strong> volatile exchange rate on the black market</strong> fueling<strong> inflation, shuttering businesses, unemployment </strong>and <strong>poverty.</strong></li>
<li>It had also <strong>defaulted on a Eurobond repayment</strong> in March 2020.</li>
<li>It is in talks with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund</strong> </a>for a $10 billion loan program.</li>
<li>The blast will pose an additional<strong> financial burden of rebuilding the city.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political:</strong> Lebanon faced <strong>nationwide protests</strong> against <strong>corruption, economic mismanagement</strong> and <strong>sectarian politics</strong> in October 2019, which forced the <strong>resignation of then-Prime Minister</strong> Saad Hariri. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This blast along with the growing economic crisis can <strong>again cause social unrest.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health:</strong> The country&rsquo;s health system is<strong> already burdened</strong> with the patients of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic</strong> and the victims of blast will add to this.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Response</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lebanon has been offered help by various countries like the <strong>USA, Germany, France , Iran, EU, Turkey etc.</strong></li>
<li>Along with giving aid, the President of <strong>France,</strong> Emmanuel Macron has decided to visit Lebanon.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This move is seen as a message of fraternity and solidarity from France.</li>
<li>Earlier, France&rsquo;s top diplomat had scolded Lebanon&rsquo;s political elite for being too &ldquo;passive&rdquo; in the face of an economic crisis and the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lebanon has also been offered humanitarian aid by its neighbour<strong> Israel,</strong> whom it has bitter relations with.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Israel sees <strong>Hezbollah, the militant group of Lebanon as a threat to its northern borders.&rsquo;</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hezbollah</strong> is one of the Middle East's<strong> most powerful and successful guerrilla organizations.</strong> It is the strongest member of Lebanon's pro-Syrian opposition bloc who pitted <strong>against the pro-Western government</strong> led by Saad Hariri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ammonium Nitrate</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ammonium Nitrate (NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>)</strong> is a <strong>nitrogen-rich white, crystalline chemical</strong> which is<strong> soluble in water.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Uses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a common chemical ingredient of <strong>agricultural fertilisers.</strong></li>
<li>It is used as an ingredient for the production of <strong>anaesthetic gases</strong> and <strong>cold packs.</strong></li>
<li>It is also the main ingredient in the manufacture of <strong>commercial explosives</strong> used in mining and construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>As Explosive:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the main component of the explosive composition known as <strong>ANFO- ammonium nitrate fuel oil.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pure</strong> ammonium nitrate is <strong>not an explosive</strong> on its own. For Ammonium nitrate to be explosive a<strong> primary explosive or detonator</strong> like <strong>RDX or TNT</strong> is required.</li>
<li>Many <strong>Improvised Explosive Devices</strong> (IEDs) used by terrorists around the world have ANFO as the main explosive.</li>
<li>Stored ammonium nitrate is a fire hazard and can explode in two ways. <br />
<ol>
<li>It may come in contact with some explosive mixture.</li>
<li>Due to the <strong>oxidation process</strong> at large scale, heat may be generated starting a fire and then explosion. This seems to be the<strong> primary likely cause of the incident at Beirut port.</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Explosions in Past:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the majority of terror attacks in India, including those in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unsc-condemns-pulwama-attack" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Pulwama</strong></a>, <strong>Varanasi,</strong> Malegaon, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Mumbai, ammonium nitrate has been used along with initiator explosives like RDX.</li>
<li>There have been <strong>accidental explosions of ammonium nitrate</strong> causing large numbers of fatalities. Eg. China in 2015 and in Texas in 1947.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Global:</strong> It is classified as an <strong>oxidising content</strong> (Grade 5.1) under the <strong>United Nations classification of dangerous goods.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods</strong> categorizes the types of dangerous goods, under<strong> nine classes</strong> like Explosive Materials, Inflammable liquids, Easily oxidising contents etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India:</strong> In India, the manufacture, conversion, bagging, import, export, transport, possession for sale or use of ammonium nitrate is covered under <strong>The Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2012.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The Explosives Act, 1884,</strong> define ammonium nitrate as the &ldquo;compound with formula NH4NO3 including <strong>any mixture or compound having more than 45% ammonium nitrate by weight</strong> including emulsions, suspensions, melts or gels but excluding emulsion or slurry explosives and non explosives emulsion matrix and fertilizers from which the ammonium nitrate cannot be separated&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Storage of ammonium nitrate in large quantities in populated areas is illegal</strong> in India.</li>
<li>For the manufacture of ammonium nitrate, an Industrial licence is required under the <strong>Industrial Development and Regulation Act, 1951.</strong></li>
<li>A license under the Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2012 is also required for any activity related to ammonium nitrate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lebanon<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596706419_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596706419_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a country in <strong>Western Asia,</strong> bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus lies west across the Mediterranean Sea.</li>
<li>Lebanon was conquered by the <strong>Ottomans</strong> in the 16<sup>th</sup> century and remained under their rule for the next 400 years.</li>
<li>Following the empire's collapse after World War I, it came under <strong>the control of French,</strong> from which it gained independence in <strong>1943.</strong></li>
<li>Lebanon witnessed <strong>Civil war</strong> from <strong>1975-1990</strong> that was a result of conflict between various factions like the <strong>Christians,</strong> the left-wing <strong>Druze</strong> and the <strong>Muslims</strong> and was interspersed with <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/israel-palestine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Israeli invasions targeting the palestinian</strong> </a>militants in Lebanon.</li>
<li>The present government in Lebanon is <strong>confessionalist parliamentary democracy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Confessionalism</strong> is a system of government which apportions seats in its legislature to different groups of people strictly based on demographic composition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This tragedy piles yet another layer of hardship on a country already reeling from its worst financial crisis in decades along with an exasperating political turbulence and struggling to contain a burgeoning coronavirus outbreak.</li>
<li>Lebanon cannot do without containing politically extremist groups functioning in the country and maintaining healthy relationships with the international community.</li>
<li>It is time that international solidarity comes into action and extends a helping hand towards the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-ammonium-nitrate-which-caused-the-massive-explosion-in-beirut-6540646/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beirut-explosion'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Sahakar Cooptube NCDC Channel',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&rsquo; Welfare launched the two initiatives of the<strong> National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) - Sahakar Cooptube NCDC Channel </strong>and<strong> Guidance Videos </strong>on<strong> &lsquo;Formation and Registration of A Cooperative&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sahakar Cooptube NCDC Channel:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Channel <strong>aims</strong> to facilitate involvement of the youth in the cooperative movement. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cooperatives lend strength to farmers to minimize risks in agriculture and allied sectors and act as a shield against exploitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The channel will give a boost to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a> under which the government has announced a series of transformative measures and sector specific financial packages to help agriculture. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The initiatives are steps towards <strong>One Nation One Market</strong> with the objective for India to become a food factory of the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Guidance Videos:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These have been produced by the NCDC on<strong> &lsquo;Formation and Registration of A Cooperative&rsquo;</strong> for eighteen different states in Hindi and regional languages.</li>
<li>These would help strengthen and deepen the major initiatives of the government to promote and form 10,000<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Farmer-Producer Organisations (FPOs).</strong> </a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One such initiative is the formation of FPOs under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-formalization-of-micro-food-processing-enterprises-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;One-Product One-District&rdquo;</strong></a> approach.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Cooperative Development Corporation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> NCDC was established by an Act of Parliament in 1963<strong> as a statutory Corporation</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&rsquo; Welfare.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Office:</strong> NCDC functions through its <strong>Head Office at New Delhi</strong> and multiple Regional Offices.</li>
<li><strong>Functioning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The objectives of NCDC are <strong>planning and promoting programmes for agricultural produce, foodstuffs, industrial goods, livestock</strong> and certain other notified commodities and services on cooperative principles.</li>
<li>The NCDC has the <strong>unique distinction of being the sole statutory organisation</strong> functioning as an <strong>apex financial and developmental institution</strong> exclusively devoted to the <strong>cooperative sector.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mission Sahakar 22,</strong> which aims to <strong>double farmers&rsquo; income by 2022.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Scheme on Internship Programme (SIP)</strong> named <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sahakar-mitra-scheme-on-internship-programmehttps://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sahakar-mitra-scheme-on-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sahakar Mitra</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cooperatives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organisation (ILO)</strong></a>, a <strong>cooperative</strong> is an <strong>autonomous association of persons united voluntarily</strong> to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. E.g. FPOs as cooperatives.</li>
<li><strong>An FPO,</strong> formed<strong> by a group of farm producers,</strong> is a <strong>registered body with producers</strong> as shareholders in the organisation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It deals with <strong>business activities related to the farm produce</strong> and it works for the benefit of the member producers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperatives in India (Agriculture):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They largely <strong>function as an association of small and marginal farmers and rural poor.</strong> They have a huge network of over 8.50 lakh organizations and 290 million members.</li>
<li>According to the government, cooperatives in India have proven their success in improving the condition of farmers and economic development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions of Indian Constitution related to Cooperatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Constitution (97<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act, 2011</strong> added a new <strong>Part IXB</strong> right after Part IXA (Municipals) regarding the cooperatives working in India.</li>
<li>The word &ldquo;cooperatives&rdquo; was added after &ldquo;unions and associations&rdquo; in <strong>Article 19(1)(c) under Part III of the Constitution.</strong> This enables all the <strong>citizens to form cooperatives by giving it the status of fundamental right of citizens.</strong></li>
<li>A new <strong>Article 43B</strong> was added in the <strong>Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) </strong>regarding the<strong> &ldquo;promotion of cooperative societies&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643349" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sahakar-cooptube-ncdc-channel'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Pokkali Rice: Kerala',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Farmers in West Bengal are experimenting with the pokkali variety of rice</strong> to tide over a crisis-like situation created by <strong>severe seawater incursion into paddy fields</strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bon-bibi-sundarban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sundarbans</strong></a> (owing to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-amphan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyclone Amphan</strong></a>).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vyttila-11 varieties of pokkali seedlings</strong> were brought from<strong> Kerala.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pokkali variety of rice is <strong>known for its saltwater resistance</strong> and flourishes in the rice paddies of coastal <strong>Alappuzha, Ernakulam and Thrissur districts of Kerala.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>single-season paddy</strong> is raised in saltwater fields between June and November followed by a season of fish-farming.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The uniqueness of the rice has brought it the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/potential-of-gis-is-waiting-to-be-tapped" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geographical Indication (GI) tag</strong></a> and is the subject of continuing research.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Several foreign research institutes, including the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/golden-rice-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines</strong></a>, have been studying pokkali&rsquo;s gene pools and have identified a portion of DNA on one of its chromosomes that is crucial for salt tolerance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Given its ability to thrive under harsh climatic conditions and produce high yield, it can help in promoting <strong>climate-resilient agriculture.</strong></li>
<li>Pokkali has<strong> medicinal properties</strong> and its <strong>higher value of antioxidants</strong> and <strong>low carbohydrate content</strong> makes it preferable to those on a low sugar diet.</li>
<li><strong>Vyttila-11</strong> is the latest variety of pokkali developed by the <strong>Kerala Agricultural University.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It yields about <strong>5 tonnes per hectare.</strong></li>
<li>The crop duration is about <strong>110 days.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other GI Tag Registered Varieties from Kerala:</strong> Kaipad, Wayanad Jeerakasala, Wayanad Gandhakasala, Palakkadan Matta and Navara.</li>
<li>Further, the <strong>Kuttanad below-sea level farming system</strong> has been recognised by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO)</strong></a> as a <strong>Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is unique as it practices <strong>rice cultivation below sea level.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) was started by the FAO to safeguard and support the world's agricultural heritage systems.</li>
<li>GIAHS are outstanding landscapes of aesthetic beauty that combine agricultural biodiversity, resilient ecosystems and a valuable cultural heritage.</li>
<li><strong>Three recognised GIAHS sites in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pampore Saffron</strong> Heritage of <strong>Kashmir.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Koraput Traditional Agriculture</strong> of <strong>Odisha.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Kuttanad Below Sea Level</strong> Farming System of <strong>Kerala.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pokkali-rice-seedlings-travel-from-kerala-to-the-sunderbans/article32278833.ece#:~:text=Two%20farmers%20in%20South%2024,West%20Bengal%20on%20May%2020." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pokkali-rice-kerala'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Importance of Tiger Conservation',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ck91LsuizJU" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>The tiger population across the world dropped sharply since the beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> century but now for the first time in conservation history, their numbers are on the rise.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has 70% of the global tiger population.</li>
<li><strong>The International Tiger Day</strong> celebrated on 29<sup>th</sup> july is an annual event marked to raise awareness about tiger conservation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>First international Tiger&rsquo;s day was celebrated in 2010 at the<strong> St. Petersburg Tiger Summit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>St. Petersburg Declaration on Tiger Conservation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This resolution was adopted In <strong>November 2010,</strong> by the leaders of <strong>13 tiger range countries (TRCs)</strong> assembled at an International Tiger Forum in <strong>St. Petersburg, Russia</strong></li>
<li>It aimed at promoting a global system to protect the natural habitat of tigers and raise awareness among people on white tiger conservation.</li>
<li>The resolution&rsquo;s <strong>implementation mechanism</strong> is called the<strong> Global Tiger Recovery Program</strong> whose overarching goal was to double the number of wild tigers from about 3,200 to more than 7,000 by 2022.</li>
<li>13 Tiger range countries are:<strong> Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand and Vietnam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Encouraging Factors in Conservation of Tigers</h3>
<p>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tiger Census Report, 2019</strong></a>, the Tiger population has substantially increased from 2,226 in 2014 to around 2,967 in 2019.</p>
<p><strong>Key Findings</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Top Performers:</strong> Madhya Pradesh saw the highest number of tigers (526) followed by Karnataka (524) and Uttarakhand (442).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Increase in Tiger population:</strong> Madhya Pradesh (71%) &gt; Maharashtra (64%) &gt; Karnataka (29%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Worst Performers:</strong> Chhattisgarh and Mizoram saw a decline in tiger population.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chhattisgarh is the only state out of the 20 tiger-bearing states where the 2018- census counted 19 tigers, significantly fewer than the 46 of 2014.</li>
<li>Decline in Tiger numbers in Chhattisgarh can be attributed to the law and order problem as large parts of the state are hit by the Maoist insurgency.</li>
<li>Greater conservation efforts are needed in the &ldquo;critically vulnerable&rdquo; Northeast hills and Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The first ever initiative for the conservation of tigers was the <strong>Project Tiger.</strong></li>
<li>There are<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-tiger-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 50 tiger reserves</strong></a> within the country. Out of 50 tiger reserves in the country, three reserves - Mizoram&rsquo;s Dampa reserve, Bengal&rsquo;s Buxa reserve and Jharkhand&rsquo;s Palamau reserve - have no tigers left.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596697776_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596697776_image 0.png" caption="false" width="550" height="559" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Project Tiger</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Project Tiger is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change launched in 1973 to provide central assistance to the tiger States for tiger conservation in designated tiger reserves in India. The project is administered by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-tiger-conservation-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.</li>
<li>It was established in 2005 following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force.</li>
<li>It was constituted under enabling provisions of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>, as amended in 2006, for strengthening tiger conservation, as per powers and functions assigned to it.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance of Tiger Conservation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tiger is one of the prime predators on which the whole ecosystem depends; by ensuring the protection of tigers, the balance of the ecosystem is also ensured.</li>
<li>Tiger is an <strong>umbrella species</strong> whose conservation eventually leads to the conservation of many other species such as the ungulates, pollinators and other small animals.</li>
<li>In the IUCN red list, Tigers are listed in the category of <strong>endangered species.</strong></li>
<li>There is a tremendous decline in the tiger population as compared to the past 100 years and to prevent the deteriorating condition of tigers, it&rsquo;s important to conserve them.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Umbrella Species</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are species that are selected for conservation-related decisions because the conservation and protection of these species indirectly affect the conservation and protection of other species within their ecosystem. Umbrella species help in the selection of potential reserve locations, as well as the determination of the composition of the reserve.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<p>Although, we are moving progressively towards conserving more and more tigers, but few threats are still there standing as a resistance in the conservation practices:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Three tiger reserves of India: Mizoram's Dampa reserve, West Bengal's Buxa reserve and Jharkhand's Palamau reserve have no tigers left.</li>
<li>The tiger reserves are having a poor interconnectivity with each other due to which the gene exchange among the tiger population can barely take place.</li>
<li>There has occurred a human-tiger conflict as the tiger conservation practice has grown but their natural habitats are already shrinking and hence, they are seeking their habitat in the human habitation.</li>
<li>Poaching of tigers is taken as a pride and every part of tiger has a market value therefore they are being hunted indiscriminately for personal as well as commercial purpose.</li>
<li>The constrained mentality of the local communities regarding tiger poaching as their only job is a major challenge to tiger conservation.</li>
<li>The linear developments such as that of railways and roadways is a critical issue in creating the conservation ethos.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Only laws and the technical expertise are not enough, on the local communities&rsquo; part it also needs to be understood that their participation is as important.</li>
<li>These local communities need to be provided better economic opportunities so that they have a better source of income than poaching of tigers.</li>
<li>We have to make the environment and development co-exist and go hand in hand by planning our future developmental goals in such a manner that our environmental goals are not compromised.</li>
<li>Voluntary relocation of the communities within and around these tiger reserves by ensuring justice to them regarding compensation and employment along with the conservation of the environment.</li>
<li>The process of tiger conservation should be more dynamic and compatible with the future possibilities of climatic changes as well.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-importance-of-tiger-conservation'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Reassessing Export-Led Growth Model',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/top-heavy-governance-might-be-well-past-its-expiry-date-already-11596551174165.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Top-heavy governance might be well past its expiry date already&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Live Mint on 05/08/2020. It talks about the prospects of export-led growth for India.</p>
</div>
<p>As the global supply chains look to diversify their sources, amid <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-globalization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, India hopes to become one of the replacements for China. Moreover, the idea of turning the Indian economy into an export-led economy is not new.</p>
<p>This idea is visible in the objectives of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India program</strong></a> and<a href="/gist-of-economic-survey/gist-of-economic-survey-2019-20/gist-of-economic-survey-2019-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Economic Survey</strong></a> has proposed the creation of a Shenzhen-style Autonomous Employment Zones (China), which would be characterized by a highly entrepreneur-friendly regime with respect to land, labour, enforcing contracting and international trade.</p>
<p>China was the last country to lift itself out of poverty by becoming the factory to the world, but economic experts doubt that global demand in the post-covid era will be enough to accommodate another manufacturing giant to arise.</p>
<p>Due to the different geo-economic scenario today, it is contemplated that the export-led growth may not be viable for India.</p>
<h3>Different Geo-Economic Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The problem of Four Ds:</strong> Many global economists are of the opinions that today&rsquo;s world is unlikely to sustain export-led growth, due to the problem of four Ds viz: <strong>depopulation, declining productivity, high debt, and deglobalization.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Demand in most parts of the developed world will not grow too fast, as they are ageing (Japan, northern Europe), and demand in the developing world will also decline in the near future.</li>
<li>As the US is turning protectionist and the EU has in place many trade barriers, this will further reduce demand for developing countries&rsquo; exports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High-Tech Production Over Cheap Imports:</strong> The developed countries are increasingly turning to high tech to produce cheap consumer goods, which require fewer workers and are therefore cost-effective. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, manufactured goods in developed countries are slowly replacing the cheap imports from developing countries</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Market-Reforms, No Longer to be Panacea:</strong> The structural reforms like labour reforms would have had a significant impact in 1991, but are unlikely to provide the same growth boost today. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is because businesses have found other ways to deal with inflexible labour laws, as technology seems to have replaced all other factors of production as the main driver of growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Competition From Neighbourhood:</strong> It is thus very difficult for India to enter the global value chain, as smaller neighbours like Thailand or Sri Lanka are already producing cheaper automotive parts and electronic components for multinational companies.</li>
<li><strong>Structural Issues:</strong> Many goods in India are produced in the medium and small enterprises and have poor quality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is because the labour involved in the production is lacking adequate training in skills, education, and is less disciplined than in India&rsquo;s competitor countries.</li>
<li>Apart from this, there are other problems also like access to credit, power and water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Security Imperative for India:</strong> Geopolitically, China is turning out to be a big threat for India. This means India will have to divert scarce resources to defence and internal security.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Building Domestic Demand:</strong> No matter how bleak the global demand remains in the present times, a robust industrial architecture is crucial for a country to become self-sufficient.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, there is a need to build strong domestic demand, to sustain industrial activity in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Focus on Knowledge Power:</strong> As the population in the majority of the developed world is ageing, India can leverage its demographic dividend and export its human resource to the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For this, India needs to invest in its education, research &amp; innovation capabilities and turn into a Knowledge superpower.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Addressing Structural Issues:</strong> All countries that promoted export-led growth invested heavily in human capital and ensured very good infrastructure with ports, roads, airports and railways. Thus, India needs to: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Invest in its labour force and provide them with regular, affordable food supply and housing.</li>
<li>Build a well- functioning infrastructure and take various trade facilitation measures like easier customs clearances, less paperwork.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Decentralisation:</strong> There is also the need for economic planning to be devolved lower and lower down all levels of government so that people are empowered to take up an economic activity that suits them and develop the resilience needed to respond to new opportunities and threats.</li>
<li><strong>Providing Easy Credit:</strong> Providing easy credit remains a critical aspect of mobilising investment. Hence, India also needs cleaning up of the Non-Performing Assets. In this context, the privatisation of banks will be a step in the right direction.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The idea of the export-led economy has been very successful for many East-Asian countries (also called East-Asian Miracle). In the 1960s and 70s, these countries transformed their economies rapidly from developing countries to become middle-income countries through high export.</p>
<p>However, the viability of a new export-based economy, that India aspires to be, depends on policy restructuring, reaping demographic dividend and leveraging its domestic market.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596631644_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596631644_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcffde;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>In order to become an export-led economy, there is a need to build strong domestic demand, to sustain industrial activity in India. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XbutVpYc7zY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/toxic-brew-on-the-increase-of-liquor-tragedies/article32262642.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Toxic Brew&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on August 4<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reassessing-export-led-growth-model'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Pakistan’s New Map',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/disputed-territories-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pakistan</strong></a> has released a new political map that includes all of Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Ladakh, Sir Creek and Junagadh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The map has been released on the eve of the first anniversary of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>abrogation of special status</strong></a> to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir</strong> </a>under <strong>Article 370.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Map:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The map <strong>depicts entire Jammu &amp; Kashmir</strong> as a <strong>disputed territory</strong> and <strong>does not show any borders in the east of Kashmir.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has also<strong> renamed Kashmir Highway</strong> in Islamabad as <strong>Srinagar Highway.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It claims the <strong>Siachen, regions of Sir Creek</strong> and the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/integration-of-princely-states-after-independence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>erstwhile state of Junagadh in Gujarat</strong> </a>as part of Pakistan&rsquo;s territory.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is not the first time Pakistan has tried to portray Junagadh as part of its territory. The 2012 Atlas of Pakistan also portrayed Junagadh as a Pakistan&rsquo;s territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The map also shows the<strong> Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)</strong> as being part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has called Pakistan's move as an <strong>exercise in political absurdity,</strong> which lays untenable claims to the Indian territories.</li>
<li>These assertions have neither legal validity nor international credibility and it only confirms the reality of Pakistan&rsquo;s obsession with territorial aggrandisement supported by cross-border terrorism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the second time in the recent past where India&rsquo;s neighbouring country has published a new map claiming India&rsquo;s territories. Nepal was the first country to do so.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Nepal published its news map claiming the territories of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/downturn-in-indo-nepal-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kalapani region</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Closeness of Nepal, Pakistan towards China.</li>
<li>Recently, China also changed the status quo along the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control (LAC)</strong></a> in the western sector in its favour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sir Creek</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a 96 km long strip of water disputed between India and Pakistan in the <strong>Rann of Kutch marshlands.</strong></li>
<li>The dispute lies in the <strong>interpretation of the maritime boundary line between Kutch and Sindh.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pakistan claims the line to follow the eastern shore of the estuary while India claims a centerline (differing interpretations of paragraphs 9 and 10 of the Bombay Government Resolution of 1914 signed between the then Government of Sindh and Rao Maharaj of Kutch).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India insists the Sir Creek should be divided between the two countries according to <strong>thalweg principle.</strong> Under international law, a thalweg is the middle of the primary navigable channel of a waterway that defines the boundary line between states.</li>
<li>The International Boundary in the Sir Creek area and International Maritime Boundary line (IMBL) between India and Pakistan have not been demarcated.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Siachen Glacier</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Siachen Glacier is part of <strong>Ladakh</strong> which has now been <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>converted into a Union Territory</strong></a>. It is the <strong>Second-Longest glacier in the World's Non-Polar areas.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>located in the Eastern Karakoram range</strong> in the Himalayas, just northeast of Point NJ9842 where the Line of Control between India and Pakistan ends.</li>
<li>It lies immediately south of the great drainage divide that separates the Eurasian Plate from the Indian subcontinent in the extensively glaciated portion of the Karakoram sometimes called the<strong> "Third Pole".</strong></li>
<li>It is the world's highest battlefield.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>FATA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Federally Administered Tribal Areas</strong> was a <strong>semi-autonomous tribal region</strong> in northwestern Pakistan that existed from 1947. In 2018 it was merged with the neighboring province of <strong>Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the last one year, Pakistan has made several attempts to raise the change in Jammu and Kashmir&rsquo;s status from a state to a union territory at several international fora but hasn&rsquo;t been able to get much traction. Further, with Pakistan, India continues to maintain that terror and talks cannot go hand-in-hand.</li>
<li>With Nepal turning hostile, Sri Lanka tilted towards China, Bangladesh miffed over the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-dropped-from-chabahar-rail-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India out of Iran&rsquo;s Chabahar railway link project</strong></a> (which India was to have constructed), there is a relative decline in India&rsquo;s sphere of influence, especially in its neighbourhood and the extended neighbourhood. This demands a deeper examination of the foreign policy.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pakistan-new-map-jammu-kashmir-ladakh-junagadh-india-6539375/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pakistan-s-new-map'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Thenzawl Golf Resort in Mizoram',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Thenzawl Golf Resort</strong> <strong>Project</strong> in <strong>Mizoram</strong>&nbsp;has been virtually inaugurated.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project was implemented under the <strong>Swadesh Darshan Scheme</strong> of the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project was sanctioned under the <strong>Integrated Development of New Eco-Tourism</strong> under <strong>Swadesh Darshan-North East Circuit</strong> at Thenzawl and South Zote, District Serchhip and Reiek, Mizoram.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Eco-Tourism has been broadly defined as <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/tourism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tourism</a> which is ecologically sustainable.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A<strong> total amount of Rs. 92.25 crore</strong> was sanctioned for it, out of which Rs. 64.48 crore was sanctioned for various components at Thenzawl including the <strong>golf course which is designed to have facilities of international standards.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The competitive advantage of Thenzawl Golf Course is that it will<strong> provide quality golfing experience at a fair price.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Golf Tourism in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, India has<strong> more than 230 golf courses</strong> in all out of which several are of international standards and golf events held there <strong>attract domestic and international tourists.</strong></li>
<li>Golf tourism has a strong potential in India because the <strong>climatic condition is more favourable</strong> here as compared to most countries.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>picturesque landscapes and exceptional hospitality services</strong> add to the enhanced experience.</li>
<li>The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India endeavours to work as a<strong> catalyst and active supporter</strong> for the development of golf tourism in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For that, it is creating a <strong>comprehensive and coordinated framework for promoting golf tourism</strong> in India as a niche tourism product.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Swadesh Darshan Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2014-15</strong> for integrated development of <strong>theme-based tourist circuits</strong> in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, there are <strong>15 theme based circuits -</strong> Buddhist, Coastal, Desert, Eco, Heritage, Himalayan, Krishna, North-east, Ramayana, Rural, Spiritual, Sufi, Tirthankara, Tribal and Wildlife.</li>
<li>Theme-based tourist circuits are developed on the principles of high tourist value, competitiveness and sustainability in an integrated manner to enrich tourist experience and enhance employment opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Sector Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li>Under the scheme, the Ministry of Tourism provides <strong>Central Financial Assistance</strong> (CFA) to State Governments/Union Territory Administrations for <strong>infrastructure development of circuits.</strong></li>
<li>This scheme is <strong>envisioned to synergise with other schemes</strong> like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skill India</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india#:~:text=Make%20in%20India%20is%20designed,India%20a%20global%20manufacturing%20hub.&amp;text=To%20create%20100%20million%20additional%20manufacturing%20jobs%20in%20the%20economy%20by%202022." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a>, etc. with the idea of positioning the tourism sector as a major engine for job creation, driving force for economic growth, building synergy with various sectors to enable tourism to realise its potential.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643290" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/thenzawl-golf-resort-in-mizoram'
	]
]
$updates = object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

	'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
	'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive`, articles.star_rating AS `articles__star_rating`, articles.display_in_states AS `articles__display_in_states` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
	'params' => [
		':c0' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	],
	'defaultTypes' => [
		'articles__article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.article_id' => 'integer',
		'article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.category_id' => 'integer',
		'category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__title' => 'string',
		'articles.title' => 'string',
		'title' => 'string',
		'articles__description' => 'text',
		'articles.description' => 'text',
		'description' => 'text',
		'articles__shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles.shortdescription' => 'string',
		'shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles__featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles.featuredimage' => 'string',
		'featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles__tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.tag_id' => 'integer',
		'tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles.secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles__type' => 'integer',
		'articles.type' => 'integer',
		'type' => 'integer',
		'articles__publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles.publishon' => 'datetime',
		'publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles__posturl' => 'string',
		'articles.posturl' => 'string',
		'posturl' => 'string',
		'articles__metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles.metatitle' => 'string',
		'metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles__metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles.metadescription' => 'string',
		'metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles__metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles.metakeyword' => 'text',
		'metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles__status' => 'integer',
		'articles.status' => 'integer',
		'status' => 'integer',
		'articles__sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles.sort_order' => 'integer',
		'sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles__addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.addedby' => 'integer',
		'addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.updatedby' => 'integer',
		'updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.added' => 'timestamp',
		'added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.modified' => 'timestamp',
		'modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles.whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_comments' => 'integer',
		'display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles__pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles.pdf_name' => 'string',
		'pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles__display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_archive' => 'integer',
		'display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles__star_rating' => 'integer',
		'articles.star_rating' => 'integer',
		'star_rating' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_in_states' => 'string',
		'articles.display_in_states' => 'string',
		'display_in_states' => 'string'
	],
	'decorators' => (int) 0,
	'executed' => false,
	'hydrate' => true,
	'buffered' => true,
	'formatters' => (int) 0,
	'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
	'contain' => [],
	'matching' => [],
	'extraOptions' => [],
	'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}

}
$page = (int) 110
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 336
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

Achievers Corner

Prelims

Mains & Interview

Current Affairs

Drishti Specials

Free Downloads

Test Series

Videos

Search

Search list matched with tags “class”