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In Depth- Anticipatory Bail

The Supreme Court (SC) in Sushila Aggarwal v. State of NCT of Delhi (2020) case delivered a significant verdict, ruling that no time limit can be...

14 Feb 2020 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
PRS Capsule January 2020

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			'title' => 'In Depth- Anticipatory Bail',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aoCh38ePyf4" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> in <em><strong>Sushila Aggarwal v. State of NCT of Delhi (2020) case</strong></em> delivered a significant verdict, ruling that <strong>no time limit can be set</strong> while granting anticipatory Bail and it can continue even until the end of the trial. The Court made reference of India&rsquo;s <strong>freedom movement</strong> claiming that <strong>arbitrary arrests, indefinite detentions, and lack of institutional safeguards</strong> played an important role in rallying the people to raise the demand for Independence.</p>
<h3>Bail and its Types</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition:</strong> Bail is the conditional/provisional release of a person held under legal custody (in matters which are yet to be pronounced by the Court), by undertaking a promise to appear in the Court as and when required. It signifies a <strong>security/collateral deposited</strong> before the Court for release.</li>
<li>In<em><strong> Supt. and Remembrancer of Legal Affairs v. Amiya Kumar Roy Choudhry (1973) case,</strong> </em>the Calcutta High Court explained the <strong>principle behind giving Bail.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Types of Bail in India:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Regular Bail:</strong> It is a direction given by the Court (any Court within the country) to release a person who is <strong>already under arrest</strong> and kept in police custody. For such Bail, a person can file an application under<strong> Section 437 and 439</strong> of the CrPC.</li>
<li><strong>Interim Bail:</strong> Bail granted for a <strong>temporary and short period</strong> by the Court till the application seeking Anticipatory Bail or Regular Bail is <strong>pending</strong> before a Court.</li>
<li><strong>Anticipatory Bail:</strong> A direction issued to release a person on Bail even<strong> before</strong> the person is <strong>arrested.</strong> In this situation, there is <strong>apprehension of arrest</strong> and the person is not arrested before the Bail is granted. For such Bail, a person can file an application under <strong>Sec. 438 of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/re-imagining-cognizable-offences" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)</a>.</strong> It is <strong>issued only</strong> by the <strong>Sessions Court and High Court.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Section 438</strong> of the CrPC lays down the provisions on anticipatory Bail:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sec. 438(1):</strong> When any person anticipates that he/she may get arrested on an accusation of having committed a <strong>non-bailable offence,</strong> he/she may apply to the High Court or the Court of Session for a direction under this Section. The Court may direct (if it thinks fit) that in the event of such arrests, he/she shall be released on Bail even before an arrest is made without subjecting him/her to further restraints.</li>
<li><strong>Sec. 438(2):</strong> When the High Court or the Session Court makes a direction under Sec. 438(1), it may<strong> lay down certain conditions</strong> in the light of the facts of the particular case, as it may think fit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Historical Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Anticipatory Bail became part of the CrPC in 1973 after the <strong>41<sup>st</sup> <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/law-commission-of-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Law Commission</a> Report</strong> (1969) recommended for the inclusion of such provision. It was included to protect the arbitrary violation of the right to personal liberty of the person.</li>
<li><strong>Necessity:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sometimes influential persons try to implicate their rivals in false cases for the purpose of disgracing them or for other purposes by getting them detained in jail.</li>
<li>Apart from false cases, when there are reasonable grounds for believing that a person accused of an offence is <strong>not likely to abscond or misuse his liberty</strong> while on Bail, then there is no need to first submit him to custody, make him/her remain in prison and then apply for Bail. In such cases, Bail could be granted earlier.</li>
<li>As arbitrary arrests (often leading to harassment and humiliation of citizens) continue to be a <strong>pervasive phenomenon</strong> in the country, therefore, the protection to people should be given. And this was the underlying reason for the enactment of Sec. 438 in the CrPC, which even received the <strong>Parliamentary acceptance</strong> as<em><strong> &ldquo;crucial underpinning to shield individual&rsquo;s personal liberty in a free and democratic country.&rdquo;</strong></em></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Related Cases</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><em><strong>Gurbaksh Singh Sibbia vs State of Punjab (1980) case:</strong> </em><strong>SC</strong> ruled that &ldquo;Sec. 438(1) should be interpreted in the light of <strong>Article 21</strong> (protection of life and personal liberty) of the Constitution.&rdquo;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Granting of anticipatory Bail as a matter of right of an individual <strong>should not</strong> be limited by time.</li>
<li>The Court <strong>could impose appropriate restrictions</strong> on a case-by-case basis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><em><strong>Salauddin Abdulsamad Shaikh vs State of Maharashtra (1995) case:</strong> </em>SC overruled its earlier judgment and held that &ldquo;granting of anticipatory Bail<strong> should be limited by time.&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li><em><strong>SS Mhetre vs State of Maharashtra &amp; Ors (2010) case:</strong> </em>SC held that <strong>&ldquo;life/duration</strong> of an order granting anticipatory Bail <strong>could not be curtailed.&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li>Due to such divergent views, the Court had to decide on <strong>two questions</strong> in the recent <em><strong>Sushila Aggarwal (2020) case-</strong></em>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Should there be a<strong> fixed time period to seek</strong> anticipatory Bail, so as to enable a person to surrender before the Trial Court and seek for regular Bail? Also, should the<strong> life of anticipatory Bail</strong> end at the time of summoning by the Court?</li>
<li>Can Courts <strong>impose any conditions</strong> while granting such Bail or not?</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, recently the SC in the <em><strong>Prathvi Raj Chauhan vs Union of India (2020) case,</strong> </em>observed that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>provisions of anticipatory Bail (Sec. 438) shall not apply to the cases</strong></a> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-clears-bill-to-restore-the-provisions-of-sc-st-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 2018.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Sushila Aggarwal (2020) Case Judgment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is<strong> nothing in CrPC</strong> that indicates the grant of anticipatory Bail should be <strong>time-bound.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, under CrPC, it is <strong>discretionary power</strong> of the Court to <strong>decide</strong> on a case-to-case basis (depending upon the <strong>stage</strong> at which the Bail application has moved or prevalence of any <strong>peculiar circumstances</strong> necessitating to limit the tenure) <strong>and impose a time limit</strong> while <strong>granting</strong> pre-arrest Bail.</li>
<li>Also, this duration primarily does <strong>not end after first summoning</strong> by the Court and can continue till the end of the trial period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If any Court wants to limit the Bail, it<strong> can attach special features or circumstances</strong> warranting the same.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Court while granting anticipatory Bail, should <strong>examine the seriousness </strong>and<strong> gravity </strong>of the<strong> offence</strong> (like nature of the crime, material placed on records, etc.) to <strong>impose any condition on the petitioner,</strong> if necessary.</li>
<li>The police can reach the Court seeking permission for arrest <strong>in case of breach of such imposed conditions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Application</strong> for anticipatory Bail could be <strong>filed</strong> by a person <strong>before the FIR</strong> (First Information Report) as soon as the facts make clear there is a substantial reason for the arrest.</li>
<li><strong>Appellate jurisdiction</strong> to check the correctness of the granted Bail lies with the <strong>superior Court</strong> on the request of the investigating agency or the State.</li>
<li>The Court remarked that &ldquo;when Parliament has not thought it appropriate to curtail the rights of the citizens and the power of Courts in granting anticipatory Bails, hence, it is <strong>not in larger societal interest</strong> to curtail such powers &amp; limit the liberty of citizens. The rights of the citizens are fundamental and not the restrictions.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
<h3>Offences and Anticipatory Bail</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An application for anticipatory Bail <strong>can be filed</strong> in cases of both <strong>bailable and non-bailable offences.</strong> While in the former situation, the Bail is granted as a <strong>matter of right,</strong> the grant of Bail in the latter situation is<strong> not a matter of right but a privilege</strong> &amp; is at the behest of the discretionary power of the Court.</li>
<li><strong>Bailable Offence: Sec. 436 of the CrPC</strong> lays down provision for granting Bail to a person accused of any <strong>bailable offence</strong> under the IPC.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bailable offences are offences or crimes that are <strong>not very serious</strong> in nature and include:<strong> unlawful assembly</strong> (Sec. 144 of CrPC), payment of bribe during elections, fabrication of false evidence, participation in riots, furnishing false information, <strong>causing death by negligence</strong> (Sec. 304A), stalking, criminal defamation, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Non-bailable Offence: Sec. 437 of the CrPC</strong> lays down the power of court to grant Bail to a person accused of committing a non-bailable offence under the IPC.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Non-bailable offences are <strong>grave and serious offences</strong> which include:<strong> sedition,</strong> waging or attempting to wage war against the government, counterfeiting of Indian currency, <strong>murder</strong> (Sec. 302), <strong>dowry death</strong> (Sec. 304B), abetment of suicide, trafficking of a person, <strong>rape</strong> (Sec. 376), etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Factors &amp; Conditions for Granting Anticipatory Bail</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The anticipatory Bail is granted on the basis of the following <strong>factors:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nature and gravity of the accusation.</li>
<li>Applicant&rsquo;s possibility of fleeing from justice.</li>
<li>Previous cases against the applicant including any previous convictions or cases of a cognizable offence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cases of Bailable Offence:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If there are sufficient reasons to believe that the <strong>accused has not committed</strong> the offence.</li>
<li>As per the Court, if there are sufficient reasons<strong> to conduct further enquiry</strong> into the matter.</li>
<li>If the <strong>person is not accused of a crime</strong> which is <strong>punishable</strong> by death, life imprisonment, or imprisonment up to 10 years or more.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cases of Non-bailable Offence:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the accused is a woman or child,</li>
<li>If there is a lack of adequate evidence,</li>
<li>If there is a delay in registering the FIR by the complainant,</li>
<li>If the accused is physically or gravely sick,</li>
<li>If there is corroboration about personal animosity between accused and complainant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conditions Imposed by Court</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Person<strong> shall</strong> <strong>not leave the country and travel abroad</strong> without the prior permission of the Court.</li>
<li>If a Court<strong> rejects the anticipatory Bail</strong> a person, he/she can be <strong>arrested</strong> by the police <strong>without a warrant.</strong></li>
<li>Person shall make <strong>himself available for interrogation</strong> by a police officer (as and when required).</li>
<li>Person shall <strong>not</strong> (directly or indirectly) <strong>make any inducement, interference, threat or promise</strong> to any person acquainted with the facts of the case so as to dissuade him from disclosing such facts to the Court or to any police officer.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cancellation of Anticipatory Bail</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sec. 437(5)</strong> <strong>&amp; Sec. 439</strong> of CrPC deal with the cancellation of anticipatory Bail. They imply that a Court which has the power to grant anticipatory Bail is also <strong>empowered to cancel the Bail or recall the order</strong> related to Bail upon appropriate consideration of facts.</li>
<li>A High Court or Court of Session may direct that any person who has been released on Bail by it- be arrested, and brought under custody after filing of an application by the complainant or the prosecution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, a Court does<strong> not have the power</strong> to cancel the <strong>Bail granted by the police officer.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Over the years, anticipatory Bail has acted as the protection (granted under <strong>Sec. 438</strong> of CrPC) to safeguard a person against whom false accusation or charges have been made. It ensures the release of such falsely accused person even before they are arrested.</p>',
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'PRS Capsule January 2020',
			'catname' => 'PRS Capsule',
			'desc' => '<p><em><strong>Key Highlights of PRS</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="#1">Polity</a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="#2">New Bodo Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="#3">Disqualifications under Anti-Defection law</a></li>
<li><a href="#4">The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="#5">NHAI to set up Infrastructure Investment Trusts</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#6">Economy</a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="#7">National Strategy for Financial Inclusion</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#8">Environment</a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="#9">Guidelines for implementing Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="#10">The Mineral Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="#11">State-Wise Vehicle Tracking Under Nirbhaya Framework</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="1">Polity</h2>
<h3 id="2">New Bodo Agreement</h3>
<p>Recently, the central government, the Assam government and the Bodo groups, including all factions of the militant National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB), signed an agreement to redraw and rename the Bodoland Territorial Area District (BTAD) as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bodo-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR)</strong></a>, in Assam.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BTAD is spread over four districts of Kokrajhar, Chirang, Baksa and Udalguri.</li>
<li>The BTAD and other areas mentioned under the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/indepth-6th-schedule-and-ilp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sixth Schedule of the Constitution</strong></a> have been exempted from the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA), 2019.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/new-bodo-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Bodo agreement</strong></a> provides for a special development package of<strong> Rs 1500 crores</strong> to be given by the central government over 3 years to undertake specific projects for the development of Bodo areas.</li>
<li>Further, the central government and the Government of Assam will take measures to rehabilitate over 1500 cadres of certain factions of the National Democratic Front of Bodoland.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="3">Disqualifications under Anti-Defection law</h3>
<p>A case was filed in SC in appeal against the decision of the High Court challenging the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/disqualification-powers-of-speakers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>delay by the Speaker in deciding the disqualification petition.</strong> </a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court directed the Speaker of the Manipur Legislative Assembly to decide a disqualification petition concerning the defection of an MLA in Manipur from one political party to another, within four weeks.</li>
<li><strong>The Court also held that the Speaker should decide disqualification petitions within a reasonable time period, not exceeding three months.</strong></li>
<li>It further observed that <strong>the role of the Speaker in disqualification petitions should be re-considered</strong> since the Speaker continues to belong to a political party.</li>
<li>It recommended that Parliament may consider amending the Constitution to substitute the Speaker with an alternative adjudicating authority. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such an authority may be a permanent tribunal headed by a retired Supreme Court judge or retired Chief Justice of a High Court, or with any other external independent mechanism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="4">The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2020</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/medical-termination-of-pregnancy-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2020.</strong></a> The Bill seeks to amend the Medical Terminal of Pregnancy Act, 1971 which provides for the termination of certain pregnancies by registered medical practitioners.</p>
<p><strong>Key Features</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The amendment to the Act proposes to <strong>enhance the upper limit for termination of pregnancy from 20 weeks to 24 weeks</strong> for special categories of women. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These would include <strong>survivors of rape, victims of incest, and other vulnerable women</strong> (such as differently-abled women and minors).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, this limit of 24 weeks for termination of pregnancy will not apply in cases of substantial foetal abnormalities diagnosed by the Medical Board. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The composition, functions and other details of the Medical Board will be prescribed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The amendments recommend the requirement of the opinion of:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>one registered medical practitioner for termination of pregnancy up to 20 weeks against the earlier limit of 12 weeks, and</li>
<li>two registered medical practitioners for termination of pregnancy between 20 to 24 weeks against the earlier limit of 12 to 20 weeks</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The amendments also propose that the name and other particulars of a woman whose pregnancy has been terminated will not be revealed, except to a person authorised by the law.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="5">NHAI to set up Infrastructure Investment Trusts</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has authorised the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) to set up Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs), and monetise completed and operational National Highway (NH) projects.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These InvITs will be set up as per SEBI&rsquo;s guidelines.The NH projects to be monetised must have a toll collection track record of at least one year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NHAI will have the right to levy toll on such identified highways.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Each InvIT must have two special purpose vehicles (SPVs)<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>to hold all the identified public funded projects to be placed in the InvIT, and</li>
<li>to act as an investment manager in the proposed InvIT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NHAI will create a separate fund to keep all the sums received from such InvITs.</li>
<li>The Chairman, NHAI is empowered to select the projects to be placed in the InvITs, and operationalise these InvITs.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Infrastructure Investment Trust</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>InvIT is a collective investment scheme similar to a mutual fund, which enables direct investment of money from individual and institutional investors in infrastructure projects to earn a small portion of the income as return.</li>
<li>The InvITs are regulated by the SEBI (Infrastructure Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="6">Economy</h2>
<h3 id="7">National Strategy for Financial Inclusion</h3>
<p>RBI has released the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-strategy-for-financial-inclusion" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Strategy for Financial Inclusion 2019-2024.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Financial Inclusion:</strong> It has been defined as the process of ensuring access to financial services, and timely and adequate credit for vulnerable groups and low-income groups at an affordable cost. Financial inclusion is a key driver of economic growth and poverty alleviation in the whole world.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Key Points</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Steps taken for financial inclusion:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY):</strong> under which 34 crore accounts have been opened with deposits of Rs 89,257 crore,</li>
<li><strong>Atal Pension Yojana:</strong> to provide pension cover to subscribing bank account holders. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, it identified certain critical gaps which remain an impediment for financial inclusion, such as-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>inadequate infrastructure (in parts of the rural hinterland, far-flung areas in the Himalayan and north-eastern region),</li>
<li>poor tele and internet connectivity in rural hinterland,</li>
<li>socio-cultural barriers, and</li>
<li>lack of market players in payment product space.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic objectives for financial inclusion:</strong> RBI identified six strategic objectives of a national strategy for financial inclusion:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Universal access to financial services,</li>
<li>Providing basic bouquet of financial services,</li>
<li>Access to livelihood and skill development,</li>
<li>Financial literacy and education,</li>
<li>Customer protection and grievance redressal, and</li>
<li>Effective coordination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To achieve this vision, the RBI has identified certain milestones such as<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>providing banking access to every village (or hamlet of 500 households in hilly areas) within a five km radius by March 2020 and</li>
<li>strengthening digital financial services to create the infrastructure to move towards a cashless society by March 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measurement of financial inclusion:</strong> RBI recommended that financial inclusion should be measured through parameters across 3 key indicators. These include parameters to<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Measure access, such as the number of bank branches or ATMs for a specified population,</li>
<li>measure usage, such as percentage of adults with a savings account, insurance or pension policy, and</li>
<li>measure the quality of services, such as grievance redressal (through number of complaints received and addressed).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="8">Environment</h2>
<h3 id="9">Guidelines for implementing Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2019</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change has notified guidelines for implementing the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Rules constitute various bodies for the conservation of wetlands and define their powers and functions.</li>
<li>The guidelines support the state/Union Territory (UT) administrations in the implementation of the Rules by providing guidance on various management and administrative matters for wetlands.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Key Features</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Role of the Wetlands Authority:</strong> The Wetlands Authority within a state is the nodal authority for all wetland-specific authorities in a state/UT. Functions of this Authority include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>preparing a list of all wetlands in the state/UT and recommending wetlands for regulation under the Rules,</li>
<li>developing a comprehensive list of activities to be regulated and permitted within the notified wetlands, and</li>
<li>issuing necessary directions for the conservation and sustainable management of wetlands to the respective implementing agencies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prohibited activities:</strong> A list of activities that are prohibited on wetlands include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>setting up any industry and expansion of existing industries,</li>
<li>dumping solid waste or discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries and any human settlements, and</li>
<li>encroachment or conversion for non-wetlands uses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Integrated Management Plan:</strong> The guidelines recommend the state/UT administration to prepare a plan for the management of each notified wetland. The plan refers to a document which:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>describes strategies and actions for use of the wetland,</li>
<li>gives monitoring requirements for detecting changes in the ecological character of the wetland, and</li>
<li>ensures compliance with regulatory frameworks and policy commitments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Violations:</strong> The Wetlands Authorities are responsible for ensuring the enforcement of the Wetlands Rules and other relevant acts, rules, and regulations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Undertaking any prohibited or regulated activities beyond the thresholds (defined by the state/UT administration) in the wetlands or its zone of influence will be deemed violations under the Wetlands Rules.</li>
<li>Violation of the Rules will attract penalties as per the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="10">The Mineral Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mineral-laws-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Mineral Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020</strong></a> was promulgated on January 10, 2020. The Ordinance amends the following acts:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957:</strong> It regulates the mining sector in India and specifies the requirement for obtaining and granting mining leases for mining operations.</li>
<li><strong>Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act, 2015 (CMSP Act):</strong> It provides for the auction and allocation of mines whose allocation was canceled by the Supreme Court in 2014. Schedule I of the Act provides a list of all such mines; Schedule II and III are sub-classes of the mines listed in Schedule I.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Key Features</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Removal of restriction on end-use of coal:</strong> Currently, companies acquiring Schedule II and Schedule III coal mines through auctions can use the coal produced only for specific end-uses such as power generation and steel production. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ordinance removes this restriction on the use of coal mined by such companies.</li>
<li>Companies will be allowed to carry on coal mining operations for own consumption, sale or for any other purposes, as may be specified by the central government.</li>
<li>The Ordinance also adds that companies need not possess any prior coal mining experience in India to participate in the auction of coal and lignite blocks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composite license for prospecting and mining:</strong> Currently, separate licenses are provided for prospecting and mining of coal and lignite, called prospecting license, and mining lease, respectively. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bill adds a new type of license, called <strong>prospecting license-cum-mining lease.</strong> It will be a composite license providing for both prospecting and mining activities.</li>
<li><strong>Prospecting includes exploring, locating, or finding mineral deposits.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transfer of clearances to new bidders:</strong> Currently, upon expiry, mining leases for specified minerals (minerals other than coal, lignite, and atomic minerals) are transferred to new persons through auction. The new lessee must obtain statutory clearances before starting mining operations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ordinance provides that the various approvals, licenses, and clearances given to the previous lessee will be extended to the new lessee for two years.</li>
<li>During this period, the new lessee will be allowed to continue mining operations.</li>
<li>However, the new lessee must obtain all the required clearances within this two-year period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="11">State-Wise Vehicle Tracking Under Nirbhaya Framework</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has launched a scheme for the implementation of a state-wise vehicle tracking platform for safety under the <strong>Nirbhaya Fund Framework.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nirbhaya Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The central government had set up the Nirbhaya Fund which can be utilised for projects specifically designed to improve the safety and security of women.</li>
<li>The Nirbhaya Fund Framework provides for a non-lapsable corpus fund for the safety and security of women.</li>
<li>It is administered by the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) of the Ministry of Finance (MoF) of the Government of India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Key Features</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> The proposed system seeks to enhance the safety of women and girl children. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This would be achieved by equipping all public passenger transport vehicles with location tracking devices and emergency buttons to raise alerts in case of an emergency.</li>
<li>A monitoring centre will be set up in each State/UT to monitor these calls and respond to distress calls.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>System overview:</strong> The proposed system will consist of a Vehicle Location Tracking (VLT) device with emergency buttons as specified.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This device will send the vehicle location, health status, alerts, and other data to the monitoring centre at specified intervals.</li>
<li>The Transport Department officials will be able to access the system and monitor the alerts at the centre.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> States will notify the timelines for the installation of the VLT devices in vehicles that were registered before January 1, 2019. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The VLT manufacturer will enter a unique identification number in the VAHAN database to link the VLT device with the specific vehicle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong> The total cost of the scheme will be shared between the centre and states as per the ratio mentioned in the Nirbhaya Framework.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Funding by the Ministry will include the cost of the backend software, setting up the monitoring centres, training of officials, cloud services for data storage.</li>
<li>The funding pattern under the scheme should be as per the Nirbhaya Framework guidelines, which propose 100% funds for union territories, 90% for states with difficult terrains, and 60% for other states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/prs-capsule/prs-capsule-january-2020'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Conservation Plan for Konark Temple',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Government has decided to restore and preserve the nearly 800-year-old Konark Sun Temple, Odisha.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the monument had entered into controversy over allegations that the stone carvings on the outer surface were being replaced with plain blocks of stones causing irreplaceable loss to the uniqueness of the temple.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Konark was built by King <strong>Narasimhadeva I (1238-1264AD)</strong> in the <strong>13<sup>th</sup> century</strong> and is located in Eastern Odisha near the sacred city of <strong>Puri.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>King Narasimhadeva I was a famous ruler of the <strong>Ganga Dynasty</strong> and with his accession to the throne, the Ganga Dynasty <strong>reached its zenith.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a<strong> UNESCO World Heritage Site (1984).<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581671763_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581671763_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li>Dedicated to the <strong>Sun God,</strong> Konark is the <strong>culmination of Odisha temple architecture,</strong> and one of the most outstanding monuments of religious architecture in the world.</li>
<li>Its scale, refinement and conception represent the strength and stability of the <strong>Ganga Dynasty</strong> as well as the value systems of the historic milieu.</li>
<li>The entire temple was designed in the shape of a <strong>colossal chariot</strong> with 7 horses and <strong>24 wheels,</strong> carrying the sun god, Surya, across the heavens.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>&lsquo;Konarka&rsquo;, the place bears a name composed of two world elements : <strong>KONA</strong> meaning<strong> corner</strong> and <strong>ARKA</strong> meaning the<strong> Sun.</strong></li>
<li>The Sun god worshipped in<strong> Ark Kshetra</strong> is also called Konark.</li>
<li>In <strong>'Brahma Purana'</strong> the Sun God in Ark-kshetra has been described as Konaditya.</li>
<li><strong>Surya</strong> has been a <strong>popular deity</strong> in India since the <strong>Vedic period.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/conservation-plan-for-konark-temple-soon-says-culture-minister/article30811262.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/conservation-plan-for-konark-temple'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'USTR takes India off Developing Country List',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The office of the <strong>United States Trade Representative (USTR)</strong> has taken off India from the<strong> list of developing and least-developed countries</strong> that are eligible to claim benefits for preferential treatment with respect to Countervailing duties (CVDs) investigations.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581668446_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581668446_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The preferential treatment with respect to CVDs investigations falls under the US&rsquo; <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/generalized-system-of-preference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) scheme.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is an umbrella that comprises the bulk of preferential schemes granted by industrialized nations to developing countries.</li>
<li>Countervailing duty (CVD) is an import tax imposed on certain goods in order to prevent dumping or counter export subsidies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Along with India, USTR has also eliminated other countries including Brazil, Indonesia, Hong Kong, South Africa, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Argentina from getting preferential treatment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The new lists consist of 36 developing countries and 44 least developed countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The move comes ahead of US President Donald Trump&rsquo;s visit to India to talk and potentially sign a trade deal.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The USA had come up with <strong>lists of countries classified as per their level of development</strong> to harmonise the USA preferential treatment laws with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Trade Organization&rsquo;s (WTO)</strong></a> <strong>Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) Agreement </strong>in <strong>1998.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures disciplines the use of subsidies, and it regulates the actions countries can take to counter the effects of subsidies.</li>
<li>Under the agreement, a country can use the WTO&rsquo;s dispute-settlement procedure to seek the withdrawal of the subsidy or the removal of its adverse effects. Or the country can launch its own investigation and ultimately charge extra duty (&ldquo;countervailing duty&rdquo;) on subsidized imports that are found to be hurting domestic producers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>classification of the countries</strong> (developed, developing and least-developed) is done according to the following criteria:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Per capita Gross National Income or GNI.</li>
<li>Share of world trade.</li>
<li>Other factors such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</strong></a> membership or application for membership, EU membership, and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Group of Twenty (G20) membership</strong></a>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus the country with per capita GNI above $12,375 or Rs 8.82 lakh, the share of more than 0.5% to the world trade and membership to the above-mentioned organisations is considered as a developed country by USTR.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India- As a USTR&rsquo;s Developed Country</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to USTR, India&rsquo;s share in global trade was 2.1 % for exports and 2.6% for imports in 2017.</li>
<li>Also India, along with nations like Argentina, Brazil, Indonesia, and South Africa, is part of the <strong>G20 bloc and G20 membership indicates that a country is developed.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the G20 members account for large shares of global economic output and trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, being a part of G20 India can be classified as a developed country <strong>despite having a per capita GNI below $12,375.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact on India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India</strong> is the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/us-withdraws-gsp-for-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>largest beneficiary nation under the GSP</strong></a>, with total benefits from tariff exemptions amounting to $260 million in 2018, according to the data from the USTR&rsquo;s office.</li>
<li>In 2018, India exported goods worth $6.3 billion (as per USTR figures) to the US under the GSP, accounting for around 12.1% of India&rsquo;s total export to that country.</li>
<li>India no longer in the list of developing countries allows the USA to hold a CVD investigation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CVD laws allow the US to hold an investigation into the trade policies of other countries to determine whether they are harming the US trade.</li>
<li>If the investigation finds that India&rsquo;s policies allow exporters to sell their products in the US at a lower rate the US can impose a countervailing duty, to make the Indian goods more expensive in the US markets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Despite having a <strong>minimal impact on India's overall outbound trade with the US,</strong> specific exports from India in a diverse set of sectors such as jewellery, leather, pharmaceuticals, chemicals and agricultural products <strong>may face higher costs and competition.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/ustr-takes-india-off-developing-country-list/article30813126.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ustr-takes-india-off-developing-country-list'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Apiary on Wheels',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises has flagged off &lsquo;Apiary on Wheels&rsquo;.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&lsquo;Apiary on Wheels&rsquo; is a unique concept designed by the<strong> Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)</strong> for the <strong>easy upkeep and migration of Bee Boxes</strong> having live Bee colonies.</li>
<li>It is a holistic approach to address the challenges faced by the beekeepers. It is designed so as to reduce the labour and cost of maintaining and upkeeping Bee Boxes and live bee colonies across India.</li>
<li>Apiary on Wheels is a platform which can carry 20 Bee Boxes from one place to another without any difficulty. It is like an attachment which can be easily connected with a Tractor or a Trolley and may be pulled to any suitable destination.</li>
<li>The KVIC launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Honey Mission</strong> </a>in 2017 and has been training beekeepers, distributing Bee Boxes and helping rural, educated but unemployed youth to earn extra income through beekeeping activities, at their doorstep.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>KVIC is a <strong>statutory body</strong> established under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act, 1956.</li>
<li>The KVIC is charged with the planning, promotion, organisation and implementation of programmes for the development of Khadi and other village industries in the rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development wherever necessary.</li>
<li>It functions under the<strong> Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199296" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/apiary-on-wheels'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'The Future of Earth, 2020 Report',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The South Asia Future Earth Regional Office, the Divecha Centre for Climate Change and the Indian Institute of Science have released &ldquo;The Future of Earth, 2020&rdquo; report.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report has been prepared with the aim of <strong>reducing carbon footprint </strong>and<strong> halting global warming below 2 degree Celsius by 2050.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Five Global Risks</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Climate change</li>
<li>Extreme weather</li>
<li>Biodiversity loss</li>
<li>Food crisis</li>
<li>Water crisis</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Example of Interrelation between different Global Risks</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Extreme heat waves can accelerate global warming by releasing large amounts of stored carbon from affected ecosystems, and at the same time intensify water crises and/ or food scarcity.</li>
<li>The loss of biodiversity weakens the capacity of natural and agricultural systems to cope with climate extremes, thus increasing vulnerability to food crises.</li>
<li>Strains on food production are expected to increase, as a result of various forces including climate change, biodiversity loss, and a global population on the rise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Greenhouse Gas Emissions</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite declarations of a climate crisis or climate emergency by the leaders of more than 700 cities, states and governments, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere during 2019 reached more than 415 parts per million (ppm).</li>
<li>The five years from 2014 to 2018 were the warmest recorded over land and ocean since 1880.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decline in Biodiversity</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Humans have significantly altered 75% of the planet&rsquo;s land area. About a quarter of species in assessed plant and animal groups are threatened.</li>
<li>In 2018, the world&rsquo;s last male northern <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/white-rhino" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>white rhino</strong></a> died in his Kenyan enclosure, while the Brazillian blue parrot, Spix&rsquo;s Macaw, was declared extinct in the wild.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trends Highlighted</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Right-wing populism, a breed of politics that exploits people&rsquo;s fears during times of economic decline and growing inequality, and that focuses on nationalist tendencies to clamp down on borders and reject immigrants, is on the rise around the world. This often leads to a denial of climate change facts or impacts.</li>
<li>The digital platforms such as social media, search engines and e-commerce algorithms, tend to favour the spread of information designed to engage with emotion over reason, which can cause the propagation of &ldquo;fake news&rdquo;, and can lead to social harms like an erosion of trust in vaccines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reversing the trends of loss of life on the planet will require some new ways of thinking about conservation.</li>
<li>Humans are now the main driver behind planetary change, thus human systems should be targeted. This means addressing societal systems including populism, finance, and information transmission, alongside the practices and technologies that emit greenhouse gases, from fossil-fuel burning to food production.</li>
<li>Bolstering financial resilience should go hand in hand with increasing the resilience of the communities.</li>
<li>Negative impact of migration can be avoided with pragmatic planning that anticipates inevitable demographic change, and accommodates human movements with infrastructure and targeted social inclusion programmes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>South Asia Future Earth Regional Office</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>South Asia Future Earth Regional Office is hosted by the Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Bengaluru, India. The office plays a key role in promoting solution-oriented research on environmental sustainability in the south Asian region.</li>
<li>Future Earth, established in 2015, is an international sustainability research network.</li>
<li>The Divecha Centre for Climate Change was established at Indian Institute of Science in January 2009. The primary goal of this centre is to understand climate variability and climate change and its impact on the environment.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/time-running-out-to-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions/article30814369.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-future-of-earth-2020-report'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Public Safety Act',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/jammu-kashmir-psa-detention-article-370-6261340/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Dissent as sedition&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published on The Indian Express on 11/02/2020. It talks about issues related to the Public Safety Act.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, two former Jammu and Kashmir Chief Ministers have been detained under the state&rsquo;s stringent Public Safety Act (PSA), which enables authorities to detain any individual for two years without trial.</p>
<p>The Union government argued that abrogation of Article 370 would bring in a new golden age in Jammu and Kashmir, including the extension of all rights under the Indian Constitution to the state. However, six months on, the government has continuously invoked the Public Safety Act.</p>
<h3>What is Public Safety Act?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-and-k-public-safety-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu &amp; Kashmir Public Safety Act (PSA), 1978</strong></a> is a preventive detention law, under which a person is taken into custody to prevent him or her from acting in any manner that is prejudicial to<strong> &ldquo;the security of the state or the maintenance of the public order&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is very similar to the <strong>National Security Act</strong> that is used by other state governments for preventive detention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It comes into force by an administrative order passed either by Divisional Commissioner or the District Magistrate and not by a detention order by police based on specific allegations or for a specific violation of laws.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues with Public Safety Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Detention Without Trial:</strong> The PSA allows for the detention of a person <strong>without a formal charge and without trial.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can be slapped on a person already in police custody; on someone<strong> immediately after</strong> being granted bail by a court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Unlike in normal circumstances, a person who is detained under the PSA <strong>need not be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours of the detention.</strong></li>
<li><strong>No Right to File Bail Application:</strong> The detained person <strong>does not have the right to move a bail application</strong> before the court, and cannot engage any lawyer to represent him or her the detaining authority.</li>
<li><strong>Limited legal remedies:</strong> The only way this administrative preventive detention order can be challenged is through a<strong> habeas corpus petition</strong> filed by<strong> relatives</strong> of the detained person.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The High Court and the Supreme Court have the jurisdiction to hear such petitions.</li>
<li>However, if the order is quashed, there is<strong> no bar on the government passing another detention order under the PSA</strong> and detaining the person again.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Discretionary powers:</strong> The District Magistrate who has passed the detention order has protection under the Act, which states that the order is considered<strong> &ldquo;done in good faith&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, officials are protected from any prosecutions or any legal proceedings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Section 8 of the PSA:</strong> It provides a vast number of reasons for detention, <strong>ranging from &ldquo;promoting, propagating, or attempting to create, feelings of enmity or hatred or disharmony on grounds of religion, race, caste, community, or region&rdquo; to incitement, instigation, abetment and actual commission of such acts,</strong> and leaves it to district collectors or district magistrates to decide, giving a 12-day period within which an advisory board has to approve the detention.</li>
<li><strong>No Distinction Between Minor and Major Offences:</strong> It allows detention for up to 1 year for disturbance of public order and 2 years for actions<strong> &ldquo;prejudicial to the security of the State&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>All these actions bear an unsettling resemblance to the British response to protests against the<strong> Rowlatt Act of 1919.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Supreme Court on Public Safety Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court has held that while detaining a person under the PSA, <strong>the DM has a legal obligation to analyse all the circumstances</strong> before depriving that person of his/her personal liberty.</li>
<li>It has also held that when a person already under police custody is slapped with the PSA, the DM has to record <strong>&ldquo;compelling reasons&rdquo;</strong> for detaining that person.</li>
<li>While the DM can detain a person <strong>multiple times under the PSA,</strong> he or she has to produce fresh facts while passing the subsequent detention order.</li>
<li>Also, all the material on the basis of which the detention order has been passed, the Supreme Court has held, should be provided to the detained person for making an effective representation.</li>
<li>The grounds of detention has to explain and communicate to the person in the language understood by the detained person.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report of the <strong>Group of Interlocutors for Jammu and Kashmir</strong> held that the sweeping powers in Public Safety Act make it open to misuse. It recommended:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The detention period should range from one week for minor offences to one month for major offences.</li>
<li>Assuming that actions <strong>&lsquo;prejudicial to the security of the State&rsquo;</strong> constitute far graver offences, three months&rsquo; detention should be ample for proceeding to trial.</li>
<li>Juveniles should not be held under the PSA at all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Now that the state has become a union territory, PSA should have been brought in line with the all-India legislation.</li>
<li>Regional leaders remain India&rsquo;s best bet in J&amp;K, their continuing detention will not go well in pursuance of establishing peace and finding a political solution in J&amp;K.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government should urgently release all those in custody in J&amp;K, restore the Internet, and put its actions to an accountable, political test in Kashmir.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The Supreme Court has held that in order to prevent misuse of this potentially dangerous power, the law of preventive detention has to be strictly construed and meticulous compliance with the procedural safeguards, is mandatory and vital.</p>
<p>If citizens&rsquo; right to criticise a government becomes a law and order threat, the future of the republic as a functioning democracy becomes an open question.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #faf6d7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The provisions of the Public Safety Act 1978 encroach upon the established procedure of detention. Examine.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-safety-act-1'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Government Budgeting',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Minister of Finance recently presented the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/union-budget-2020-21-highlights" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Budget 2020-21</strong></a> in the Parliament. The central theme of the Budget- <strong>&ldquo;Ease of living for all citizens&rdquo;</strong> was based on three prominent themes:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aspirational India -</strong> better standards of living with access to health, education and better jobs for all sections of the society</li>
<li><strong>Economic Development for all -</strong> &ldquo;Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Caring Society-</strong> both humane and compassionate; Antyodaya as an article of faith.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Budget and Constitutional Provisions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to <strong>Article 112</strong> of the Indian Constitution, the Union Budget of a year is referred to as the <strong>Annual Financial Statement (AFS).</strong></li>
<li>It is a statement of the <strong>estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government</strong> in a financial year (which begins on 01 April of the current year and ends on 31 March of the following year). In addition to it, the Budget contains:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Estimates of revenue and capital receipts,</li>
<li>Ways and means to raise the revenue,</li>
<li>Estimates of expenditure,</li>
<li>Details of the actual receipts and expenditure of the closing financial year and the reasons for any deficit or surplus in that year, and</li>
<li>The economic and financial policy of the coming year, i.e., taxation proposals, prospects of revenue, spending programme and introduction of new schemes/projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In Parliament, the Budget goes through <strong>six stages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Presentation of Budget.</li>
<li>General discussion.</li>
<li>Scrutiny by Departmental Committees.</li>
<li>Voting on Demands for Grants.</li>
<li>Passing of Appropriation Bill.</li>
<li>Passing of Finance Bill.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Budget Division of the Department of Economic Affairs in the Finance Ministry</strong> is the<strong> nodal body</strong> responsible for preparing the Budget.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Changes Introduced in 2017</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Advancement</strong> of Budget presentation to February 1 (earlier presented on the last working day of February),</li>
<li><strong>Merger</strong> of Railway Budget with the General Budget, and</li>
<li>Doing away with <strong>plan and non-plan expenditure.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Key Words</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Receipts:</strong> It indicates the money received by the government. This includes:
<ul>
<li>the money earned by the government</li>
<li>the money it receives in the form of borrowings or repayment of loans by states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Plan Expenditure:</strong> All expenditures done in the name of planning (i.e. Five Year Plans) were called plan expenditures. For example expenditure on electricity generation, irrigation and rural developments, construction of roads, bridges, canals, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Non-plan Expenditure:</strong> All expenditures other than plan expenditure were known as non-plan expenditure. For example interest payments, pensions, statutory transfers to States and Union Territories governments, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Objectives of Government Budget</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reallocation of Resources&ndash;</strong> It helps to <strong>distribute resources</strong> keeping in view the <strong>social and economic conditions</strong> of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Reducing Inequalities in Income and Wealth&ndash;</strong> Government aims to bring economic equality by imposing taxes on the elite class and spending the collected money on the welfare of the poor.</li>
<li><strong>Contributing to Economic Growth&ndash;</strong> A country&rsquo;s economic growth is based on the<strong> rate of investment and savings.</strong> Therefore, the budgetary plan focuses on preparing adequate resources for investing in the public sector and raise the overall rate of investments and savings.</li>
<li><strong>Bringing Economic Stability&ndash;</strong> The Budget focuses on avoiding business fluctuations so as to accomplish the aim of <strong>financial stability.</strong> Policies such as Deficit Budget (during deflation) and Surplus Budget (during <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/return-of-inflation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>inflation</strong></a>) assist in balancing the prices in the economy.</li>
<li><strong>Managing Public Enterprises&ndash;</strong> Many public sector industries are built for the <strong>social welfare</strong> of the people. The Budget is planned to deliver different provisions for operating such business and imparting financial help.</li>
<li><strong>Reducing Regional Differences&ndash;</strong> It aims to <strong>reduce regional inequalities</strong> by promoting the installation of production units in the underdeveloped regions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Components of Government Budget</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581599351_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581599351_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="512" height="343" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Revenue Budget&ndash;</strong> It consists of the Revenue Expenditure and Revenue Receipts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Revenue Receipts</strong> are receipts which <strong>do not have a direct impact</strong> on the assets and liabilities of the government. It consists of the money earned by the government through tax (such as excise duty, income tax) and non-tax sources (such as dividend income, profits, interest receipts).</li>
<li><strong>Revenue Expenditure</strong> is the <strong>expenditure by the government</strong> which does not impact its assets or liabilities. For example, this includes salaries, interest payments, pension, and administrative expenses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Capital Budget&ndash;</strong> It includes the Capital Receipts and Capital Expenditure. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Capital Receipts</strong> indicate the receipts which lead to a <strong>decrease in assets or an increase in liabilities</strong> of the government. It consists of: (i) the money earned by selling assets (or disinvestment) such as shares of public enterprises, and (ii) the money received in the form of borrowings or repayment of loans by states.</li>
<li><strong>Capital expenditure</strong> is used to <strong>create assets or to reduce liabilities.</strong> It consists of: (i) the long-term investments by the government on creating assets such as roads and hospitals, and (ii) the money given by the government in the form of loans to states or repayment of its borrowings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>Other Types of Budgets</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Zero Based Budgeting:</strong> Zero-based budgeting is a method of budgeting in which all expenses are evaluated each time a Budget is made and expenses must be justified for each new period.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Zero budgeting starts from the zero base and every function of the government is analysed for its needs and cost. Budget is then made based on the needs</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Outcome Budget:</strong> Outcome Budget analyses the progress of each ministry and department and what the respected ministry has done with its Budget outlay. It measures the development outcomes of all government programs. It was first introduced in the year 2005.</li>
<li><strong>Gender Budgeting:</strong> The gender-budgeting is defined as &ldquo;gender-based assessment of Budgets, incorporating a gender perspective at all levels of the budgetary process and restructuring revenues and expenditures in order to promote gender equality&rdquo;. It is actually budgeting for gender equity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through Gender Budget, the Government declares an amount to be spent over the development, Welfare, Empowerment schemes and programmes for Females.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Balanced, Surplus and Deficit Budget</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Balanced Budget &ndash;</strong> A government Budget is assumed to be balanced if the expected expenditure is equal to the anticipated receipts for a fiscal year.</li>
<li><strong>Surplus Budget</strong> &ndash; A Budget is said to be surplus when the expected revenues surpass the estimated expenditure for a particular business year. Here, the Budget becomes surplus, when taxes imposed, are higher than the expenses.</li>
<li><strong>Deficit Budget-</strong> A Budget is in deficit if the expenditure surpasses the revenue for a designated year.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Measures of Government Deficit</h3>
<p>There are various measures that capture government Deficit:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Revenue Deficit:</strong> It refers to the excess of government&rsquo;s revenue expenditure over revenue receipts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Revenue Deficit = Revenue expenditure &ndash; Revenue receipts</strong></li>
<li>The revenue Deficit includes only such transactions that affect the current income and expenditure of the government.</li>
<li>When the government incurs a revenue deficit, it implies that the government is dissaving and is using up the savings of the other sectors of the economy to finance a part of its consumption expenditure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fiscal Deficit:</strong> It is the gap between the government&rsquo;s expenditure requirements and its receipts. This equals the money the government needs to borrow during the year. A surplus arises if receipts are more than expenditure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fiscal Deficit = Total expenditure &ndash; (Revenue receipts + Non-debt creating capital receipts).</strong></li>
<li>It indicates the total borrowing requirements of the government from all sources.</li>
<li>From the financing side: Gross fiscal deficit = Net borrowing at home + Borrowing from RBI + Borrowing from abroad</li>
<li>The gross fiscal deficit is a key variable in judging the financial health of the public sector and the stability of the economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Primary Deficit:</strong> Primary deficit equals fiscal deficit minus interest payments. This indicates the gap between the government&rsquo;s expenditure requirements and its receipts, not taking into account the expenditure incurred on interest payments on loans taken during the previous years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Primary deficit = Fiscal deficit &ndash; Interest payments</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fiscal Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fiscal policy is the use of government revenue collection (mainly taxes but also non-tax revenues such as divestment, loans) and expenditure (spending) to influence the economy.</li>
<li>Through the fiscal policy, the government of a country controls the flow of tax revenues and public expenditure to navigate the economy. If the government receives more revenue than it spends, it runs a surplus, while if it spends more than the tax and non-tax receipts, it runs a deficit. To meet additional expenditures, the government needs to borrow domestically or from overseas. Alternatively, the government may also choose to draw upon its foreign exchange reserves or print additional money.</li>
<li>Fiscal policy in India is the guiding force that helps the government decide how much money it should spend to support the economic activity, and how much revenue it must earn from the system, to keep the wheels of the economy running smoothly.</li>
<li>Attaining rapid economic growth is one of the key goals of fiscal policy formulated by the Government of India. Fiscal policy, along with monetary policy, plays a crucial role in managing a country&rsquo;s economy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Main objectives of Fiscal Policy in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic growth:</strong> It helps to maintain the economy&rsquo;s growth rate so that certain economic goals can be achieved.</li>
<li><strong>Price stability:</strong> It controls the price level in the country so that when the inflation is too high, prices can be regulated.</li>
<li><strong>Full employment:</strong> It aims to achieve full employment, or near full employment, as a tool to recover from low economic activity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of Fiscal Policy in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In a country like India, fiscal policy plays a key role in elevating the rate of capital formation both in the public and private sectors.</li>
<li>Through taxation, the fiscal policy helps to mobilise a considerable amount of resources for financing its numerous projects.</li>
<li>Fiscal policy also helps in providing stimulus to elevate the savings rate.</li>
<li>The fiscal policy gives adequate incentives to the private sector to expand its activities.</li>
<li>Fiscal policy aims to minimise the imbalance in the dispersal of income and wealth.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Deficit Financing in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Deficit financing is defined as &ldquo;borrowings from the Reserve Bank of India against the issue of Treasury Bills and running down of accumulated cash balances&rdquo;.</li>
<li>When the government borrows from the Reserve Bank of India, it merely transfers its securities to the Bank. On the basis of these securities the bank issues more currency and puts them into circulation on behalf of the government. This amounts to the creation of money.</li>
<li><strong>Rationale for Deficit Financing:</strong> sometimes the government fails to mobilise adequate resources. In this situation, the option of deficit financing is required to meet fiscal deficit targets. If the option of deficit financing is not utilized the government ends up compromising on growth targets.</li>
</ul>
<h3>FRBM Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 (FRBMA) is an Act of the Parliament of India to institutionalize financial discipline, reduce India&rsquo;s fiscal deficit, improve macroeconomic management and the overall management of the public funds by moving towards a balanced budget.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Reduction of fiscal deficit and revenue deficit;</li>
<li>To achieve inter-generational equity in fiscal management by reducing the debt burden of the future generation;</li>
<li>Achieving long-term macroeconomic stability;</li>
<li>Better coordination between fiscal and monetary policy;</li>
<li>Transparency in fiscal operations of the Government.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Provisions of the FRBM Act, 2003</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The FRBM rule set a target reduction of fiscal deficit to 3% of the GDP by 2008-09. This will be realized with an annual reduction target of 0.3% of GDP per year by the Central government.</li>
<li>Revenue deficit has to be reduced by 0.5% of the GDP per year with complete elimination by 2008-09.</li>
<li>Reduction of Public Debt</li>
<li>The government has to take appropriate measures to reduce the fiscal deficit and revenue deficit so as to eliminate revenue deficit by 2008-09 and thereafter, sizable revenue surplus has to be created.</li>
<li>It mandated setting annual targets for the reduction of fiscal deficit and revenue deficit, contingent liabilities and total liabilities.</li>
<li>The government shall end its borrowing from the RBI except for temporary advances.</li>
<li>The RBI was supposed to not subscribe to the primary issues of the central government securities after 2006.</li>
<li>The revenue deficit and fiscal deficit may exceed the targets specified in the rules only on grounds of national security, calamity and other exceptional grounds to be specified by the Central government.</li>
<li><strong>Amendments to FRBM Act:</strong> Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 was amended in 2012 that mandated the Central Government to lay before the Houses of Parliament, Macro-Economic Framework Statement, Medium Term Fiscal Policy Statement and Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement along with the Annual Financial Statement and Demands for Grants.</li>
<li><strong>NK Singh committee,</strong> that was set up in 2016 to review the FRBM Act, recommended that the government must target a fiscal deficit of 3% of the GDP in the years up to March 31, 2020, subsequently cut it to 2.8% in 2020-21 and to 2.5% by 2023.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/government-budgeting-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/government-budgeting'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Government Budgeting',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<p><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582722119_Government Budgeting (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.png" width="540" height="3236" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/government-budgeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/government-budgeting-mind-map'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Reservation Issue in AP',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court has questioned the <strong>Andhra Pradesh government&rsquo;s decision in 1988 to provide a 100% <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reservation</a> to Scheduled Tribes for teacher posts in Scheduled Areas.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court has mentioned that the 100% reservation would deprive other backward communities (including SCs, OBCs) of availing reservation benefits.</li>
<li>The notification to provide a 100% reservation to Scheduled Tribes (STs) for teacher posts in Scheduled Areas was <strong>issued by</strong> then <strong>governor of the Andhra Pradesh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution</strong> dealing with the administration of Scheduled Areas vests the Governor with legislative and administrative powers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Supreme Court also <strong>questioned</strong> the <strong>availability of data</strong> based on which the Governor of the Andhra Pradesh decided that ST is the only deprived group in the area.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 16 (4)</strong> of the Constitution empowers the state to make any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the state, is not adequately represented in the services under the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Supreme Court ruled that the Governor's <strong>decision can&rsquo;t be above the law</strong> while referring to its <strong>judgment</strong> in <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indira Sawhney case of 1992</strong></a> which mentioned that <strong>the reservation limit should not exceed 50 % except in exceptional circumstances.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Fifth Schedule of the Constitution deals with the <strong>administration and control of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes in any state except</strong> the four states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.</li>
<li>The scheduled areas are treated differently from the other areas in the country because they are inhabited by<strong> &lsquo;aboriginals&rsquo; who are socially and economically rather backwards,</strong> and special efforts need to be made to improve their condition. Therefore, the whole of the<strong> normal administrative machinery operating in a state is not extended</strong> to the scheduled areas.</li>
<li><strong>Declaration of Scheduled Areas:</strong> The <strong>President is empowered</strong> to declare an area to be a scheduled area. He can also increase or decrease its area, alter its boundary lines, rescind such designation or make fresh orders for such re-designation on an area in consultation with the governor of the state concerned.</li>
<li><strong>Administration of Scheduled Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Executive Power of State and Centre</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The executive power of a state extends to the scheduled areas therein. But the <strong>governor has a special responsibility regarding such areas.</strong> He has to submit a report to the President regarding the administration of such areas, annually or whenever so required by the President.</li>
<li>The executive power of the Centre extends to giving directions to the states regarding the administration of such areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tribes Advisory Council:</strong> Each state having scheduled areas has to establish a tribes advisory council to advise on welfare and advancement of the scheduled tribes.</li>
<li><strong>Law applicable to Scheduled Areas</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Governor is empowered to direct that any particular act of Parliament or the state legislature does not apply to a scheduled area or apply with specified modifications and exceptions.</li>
<li>He can also make regulations for the peace and good government of a scheduled area after consulting the tribes advisory council.</li>
<li>Also, a regulation may repeal or amend any act of Parliament or the state legislature, which is applicable to a scheduled area. But, all such regulations require the assent of the President.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/100-st-quota-in-teacher-posts-in-scheduled-areas-what-will-scs-obcs-do-sc-pulls-up-andhra-govt-6265242/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-issue-in-ap'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Hampi',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Supreme Court</strong> confirmed the Karnataka government&rsquo;s decision to demolish restaurants, hotels, guest houses and other buildings constructed in<strong> Virupapura Gaddi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Virupapura Gaddi is an <strong>oval islet</strong> formed by the <strong>Tungabhadra river</strong> and located west of the <strong>Hampi</strong> (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong></a>).</li>
<li>The constructions were in violation of the <strong>Mysore Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1961.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Karnataka government released a notification in 1988 under <strong>Section 19(3) of the 1961 Act</strong> indicating the entire village of Virupapura Gaddi as a protected zone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Hampi<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581589414_Image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581589414_Image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The site of Hampi comprises mainly the remnants of the capital city of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/krishnapatnam-port" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vijayanagara Empire</strong></a> (14<sup>th</sup>-16<sup>th</sup> century CE), the last great Hindu Kingdom.</li>
<li>It encompasses an area of 4187, 24 hectares, located in the <strong>Tungabhadra basin in Bellary District, Central Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li>Hampi&rsquo;s spectacular setting is dominated by river Tungabhadra, craggy hill ranges and open plains with widespread physical remains.</li>
<li>The sophistication of the varied urban, royal and sacred systems is evident from the more than 1600 surviving remains that include forts, riverside features, royal and sacred complexes, temples (e.g. Vittala Temple), shrines, pillared halls, Mandapas etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One of the unique features of temples at Hampi is the wide chariot streets flanked by the row of pillared mandapas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-backs-move-to-demolish-restaurants-near-hampi-site/article30795728.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hampi'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Pesticides Management Bill, 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Pesticides Management Bill,</strong> <strong>2020</strong> has been approved by the Union Cabinet.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill will regulate the business of pesticides and compensate farmers in case of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agrochemical-spraying-through-drones-illegal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>losses from the use of agrochemicals.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-agrochemicals-congress" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Agrochemicals</strong></a> imply chemicals used in agriculture, such as a pesticide or fertilizer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Currently, the <strong>pesticide</strong> business is regulated by rules under the <strong>Insecticides Act 1968.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Features of the Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pesticide Data:</strong> It will empower farmers by providing them with all the information about the strength and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pesticide-ban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>weakness of pesticides</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/wake-up-to-childrens-exposure-to-pesticides" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the risk</strong></a> and alternatives. All information will be available openly as data in digital format and in all languages.</li>
<li><strong>Compensation:</strong> The Bill has a <strong>unique feature</strong> in the form of a <strong>provision for compensations in case there is any loss because of the spurious or low quality of pesticides.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If required, a central fund will be formed to take care of the compensations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Organic Pesticides:</strong> The Bill also intends to promote organic pesticides.</li>
<li><strong>Registration of Pesticide Manufacturers:</strong> All pesticide manufacturers have to be registered and bound by the new Act, once it is passed. The advertisements of pesticides will be regulated so there should be no confusion or no cheating by the manufacturers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Use of Pesticides in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is<strong> among the leading producers</strong> of pesticides in <strong>Asia.</strong></li>
<li>In the domestic market,<strong> Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana</strong> are among the states with the highest recorded consumption.</li>
<li><strong>Spurious Pesticides:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They harm crop, soil fertility and the environment.</li>
<li>Spurious agrochemicals are responsible for the losses of not just farmers but also producers of genuine agrochemicals and the government, which loses revenue from the sales of the counterfeit versions of the real farm inputs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Insecticides Act, 1968</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was brought into force with effect from August 1971 with a view of regulating the import, manufacture, sale, transport, distribution and use of insecticides in order to prevent risk to human beings and animals.</li>
<li><strong>Central Insecticides Board</strong> was established under Section 4 of the Act and it works under the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The board <strong>advises the central government and state governments</strong> on technical matters arising out of the administration of the act and to carry out the other functions assigned to it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/union-cabinet-clears-bill-to-regulate-pesticide-business/article30803307.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pesticides-management-bill-2020'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'India- Sri Lanka',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>At the invitation of the Prime Minister of India, Sri Lankan Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa visited India from 8<sup>th</sup>&ndash;11<sup>th</sup> February 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister of Srilanka also went to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maha-bodhi-temple-complex" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maha Bodhi temple in Bodh Gaya</strong></a> and Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tamil Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India expressed confidence in Sri Lanka to carry forward the process of reconciliation of Tamils in Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>India has also requested to fulfil the aspirations of the Tamils for equality, justice, peace and respect in Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Development in War Affected Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sri Lanka has requested India to build more houses in the north and east.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has so far helped build 46,000 homes in the war-affected areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has also requested to provide assistance for deep-sea fishing techniques which will help to create employment opportunities to people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Joint Marine Resources Management Authority:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sri Lanka has also proposed to set up a Joint Marine Resources Management Authority between two countries.</li>
<li>The commission will have seven members from either side, including bureaucrats, researchers, fishermen&rsquo;s association representatives.</li>
<li>The proposed Authority is expected to find a lasting solution to the Palk Bay fisheries conflict.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Palk Strait is a strait between the Tamil Nadu state of India and the Jaffna District of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Debt Trap:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They also discussed <strong>countering &lsquo;debt traps&rsquo;</strong> experienced by Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>Debt-trap diplomacy refers to the strategy used by China to lure or trap developing or underdeveloped countries like in Africa to borrow money to be used for much-needed infrastructure projects. China claims it to be a simple tactic for financial strategies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Ocean Region:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both the countries agreed to provide close cooperation for peace and prosperity in the Indian Ocean Region and even in the <strong>Indo-Pacific region.</strong></li>
<li>India also reinforced the security of Indian ocean with its <strong>&lsquo;Neighbourhood First&rsquo;</strong> policy and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lucknow-declaration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAGAR (Security and Growth for all in the Region).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SAGAR is an articulation of India&rsquo;s vision for the Indian Ocean.</li>
<li>SAGAR has elements such as enhancement of capacities to safeguard land and maritime territories &amp; interests; deepening economic and security cooperation in the littoral; action to deal with natural disasters and maritime threats like piracy, terrorism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Terrorism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries aimed to strengthen the contacts and cooperation between the counter-terrorism agencies of the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India - Sri Lanka Relations<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581581963_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581581963_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is Sri Lanka's closest neighbour. The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-sri-lanka" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>relationship</strong></a> between the two countries is more than 2,500 years old and both sides have built upon a legacy of intellectual, cultural, religious and linguistic intercourse.</li>
<li>During the course of the civil war, India supported the right of the Government of Sri Lanka to act against terrorist forces.</li>
<li>The <strong>Indian Housing Project</strong> is Government of India&rsquo;s flagship project of developmental assistance to Sri Lanka. Its initial commitment is to build 50,000 houses for those affected by the civil war as well as for the estate workers in the plantation areas.</li>
<li>Given the proximity of the territorial waters of both countries, especially in the Palk Straits and the Gulf of Mannar, incidents of straying of fishermen are common. Both countries have agreed on certain practical arrangements to deal with the issue of bona fide fishermen of either side crossing the International Maritime Boundary Line.</li>
<li>India and Sri Lanka conduct joint Military ( 'Mitra Shakti') and Naval exercise (SLINEX).</li>
<li>Recently, the Chennai (India) -Jaffna (Sri Lanka) flight service has resumed after a gap of 41 years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The flight operations were suspended during the decades-old civil war in Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1602509" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-sri-lanka-3'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Wainganga River',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Wainganga River is one of the<strong> key tributaries of the river Godavari.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Source:</strong> The river rises in the<strong> Mahadeo Hills</strong> in the Seoni District of <strong>Madhya Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Drainage Basin:</strong> It drains Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.</li>
<li><strong>Longest Tributary: Kanhan River,</strong> which rises in the hills at the southern edge of the <strong>Satpura Range</strong> in the Chhindwara District (Madhya Pradesh).</li>
<li>The Wainganga after joining the <strong>Wardha River</strong> at<strong> Chaprala</strong> in Gadchiroli district (Maharashtra) is known as the <strong>Pranahita River</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Wardha river</strong> originates in Satpura Range in Betul District, Madhya Pradesh.</li>
<li><strong>Penganga river</strong> is a <strong>major tributary</strong> of the<strong> Wardha river</strong> and rises in the<strong> Ajanta range.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pranahita river</strong> empties into the Godavari River at Kaleshwaram, Telangana.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pranahita river is the <strong>largest tributary of the Godavari river</strong> covering about 34% of its drainage basin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gosekhurdh irrigation project</strong> is being constructed on the <strong>Wainganga River.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Godavari River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is India's second longest river after the Ganga. Its source is in Trimbakeshwar, Maharashtra. It flows east for 1,465 kilometres, draining the states of Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Karnataka.</li>
<li><strong>Major Tributaries:</strong> Indravati, Pravara, Wardha, Wainganga, Kanhan, Purna, Pranhita, Sabari, Manjira, Bindusara River etc.</li>
<li>The<strong> Kaleshwaram</strong> lift irrigation project is an under-construction multi-purpose irrigation project on the Godavari River in Kaleshwaram, Bhoopalpally, Telangana.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The project starts at the<strong> confluence</strong> point of <strong>Pranahita River</strong> and <strong>Godavari River.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/seven-firs-lodged-against-12-officials-in-irrigation-project/article30806259.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong> </a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wainganga-river'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Nilgiri Tahr',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Scientific Name:</strong> Nilgiritragus hylocrius<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581576334_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581576334_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> Western Ghats in southern India (Tamil Nadu and Kerala), Nilgiri Tahr is the state animal of Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li><strong>Threatened By:</strong> Hunting, habitat loss (mainly from domestic livestock and spread of invasive plants), climate change</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IUCN Red List: Endangered</li>
<li>Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nilgiri-tahr-1'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Yaravirus',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Researchers have discovered <strong>an unusually small virus</strong> in a lake in <strong>Brazil.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The virus has been named<strong> Yaravirus</strong> after &lsquo;Yara&rsquo;, a water-queen figure in Brazilian mythology.</li>
<li>The Yaravirus infects amoeba and has genes that have not been described before, something that could<strong> challenge how Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) viruses are classified.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DNA viruses are classified based on the protein that makes up their shell, or capsid. The Yaravirus' capsid doesn't resemble any previously known protein.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Yaravirus <strong>does not infect human cells.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Virus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A virus is a small<strong> parasite</strong> that <strong>cannot reproduce by itself.</strong> Once it infects a susceptible cell, however, a virus can direct the cell machinery to produce more viruses.</li>
<li>Most viruses have either Ribonucleic acid (RNA) or Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) as their genetic material.</li>
<li><strong>Diseases caused by Virus:</strong> HIV/AIDS, smallpox, Ebola, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-yaravirus-6265066/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/yaravirus'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Death Penalty',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/legally-speaking/does-death-penalty-deter-crime/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Does death penalty deter crime?&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Times of India on 12/02/2020. It talks about the ongoing debate on the death penalty.</p>
</div>
<p>Capital punishment, also called the death penalty, is the execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offence. It is the highest penalty awardable to an accused. Generally, it is awarded in extremely severe cases of murder, rapes, treason etc.</p>
<p>The death penalty is seen as the most suitable punishment and effective deterrent for the worst crimes. Those who oppose it, however, see it as inhumane. Thus, the morality of the death penalty is debatable and many criminologists and socialists all across the globe, have been long demanding abolition of the death penalty.</p>
<h3>Arguments: In Favour of the Death Penalty</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Retribution:</strong> One of the key principles of retribution is that people should get what they deserve in proportion to the severity of their crime.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This argument states that real justice requires people to suffer for their wrongdoing and to suffer in a way appropriate for the crime.</li>
<li>Each criminal should get what their crime deserves and in the case of a murder, criminal deserves death.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Deterrence:</strong> Capital punishment is often justified with the argument that by executing convicted murderers, we will deter would-be murderers from killing people.</li>
<li>It is often argued that the death penalty provides<strong> closure for victims' families.</strong></li>
<li>There are many examples of persons condemned to death taking the opportunity of the time before execution to repent, express remorse, and very often experience profound<strong> spiritual rehabilitation.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Thomas Aquinas</strong> noted that by accepting the punishment of death, the offender was able to expiate his evil deeds and so escape punishment in the next life. It demonstrates that the death penalty can lead to some forms of rehabilitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arguments: Against the Death Penalty</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>statistical evidence doesn&rsquo;t confirm that deterrence works.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some of those executed may not have been capable of being deterred because of mental illness or defect.</li>
<li>Some capital crimes are committed in such an emotional state that the perpetrator did not think about the possible consequences.</li>
<li>Death has been prescribed in rape cases since 2013 (Sec. 376A of IPC), still, rapes continue to happen and in fact, the brutality of rapes has increased manifold. This compels one to think of the death penalty is an effective deterrent to crime.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Execution of the Innocent:</strong> The most common argument against capital punishment is that sooner or later, innocent people may get killed, because of mistakes or flaws in the justice system.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to <strong>Amnesty International:</strong> As long as human justice remains fallible, the risk of executing the innocent can never be eliminated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>People who oppose Capital punishment are of the view that retribution is immoral, and it is just a <strong>sanitised form of vengeance.</strong></li>
<li>Death has been abolished as a form of punishment in most of the developed countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The UN Secretary General's report on the death penalty presented to the Human Rights Council held that <strong>"some 170 States have abolished</strong> or introduced a moratorium on the death penalty either in law or in practice, or have suspended executions for more than 10 years".</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Capital punishment doesn't rehabilitate the prisoner and return them to society.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Death Penalty in the Indian Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Prior to the Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act (Cr PC) of 1955, the death penalty was the rule and life imprisonment an exception in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, the courts were bound to give an explanation for awarding a lighter penalty than death for capital offences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>After the amendment of 1955 courts were at liberty to grant either death or life imprisonment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per <strong>Section 354 (3) of the Cr PC, 1973</strong> the courts are required to state reasons in writing for awarding the maximum penalty.</li>
<li>The situation has been reversed and a life sentence is the rule and death penalty an exception in capital offences.</li>
<li>Moreover, despite a <strong>global moratorium against the death penalty by the UN</strong>, India retains the death penalty.</li>
<li>India is of view that allowing criminals guilty of having committed intentional, cold-blooded, deliberate and brutal murders to escape with a lesser punishment will deprive the law of its<strong> effectiveness and result in travesty of justice.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In concurrence of this, a proposal for the scrapping of the death penalty was rejected by the<strong> Law Commission in its 35<sup>th</sup> report 1967.</strong></li>
<li>In India as per official statistics, <strong>720 executions</strong> have taken place in India after it became independent in the year 1947, which is a minuscule fraction of the people who were awarded death penalty by the trial courts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the majority of the cases, death was commuted to life imprisonment and some were acquitted by the higher courts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Indian Penal Code prescribes &lsquo;death&rsquo; for offences such as</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Waging war against the Government of India. (Sec. 121);</li>
<li>Abetting mutiny actually committed (Sec. 132);</li>
<li>Giving or fabricating false evidence upon which an innocent person suffers death. (Sec. 194);</li>
<li>Murder (Sec. 302);</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Some other criminal statutes that provide for the death penalty as a form of punishment.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Direct or indirect abetment of sati is punishable with Death penalty under the Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987.</li>
<li>Under SC and ST (Prevention of Atrocities Act), 1989 giving false evidence leading to the execution of an innocent member belonging to the SC or ST would attract the death penalty.</li>
<li>Besides these, rape of a minor below 12 years of age is punishable with death under Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012.</li>
<li>Financing, producing, manufacturing as well as the sale of certain drugs attracts the death penalty for repeat offenders under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985.</li>
<li>Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967; Army, Navy and Air Force Acts also provide the death penalty for certain specified offences committed by members of the armed forces.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Supreme Court on the Death Penalty</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Jagmohan Singh v. State of UP 1973 case:</strong> The Supreme Court held that according to Article 21 deprivation of life is constitutionally permissible if that is done according to the<strong> procedure established by law.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus the death sentence imposed after a trial in accordance with legally established procedures under Cr.PC and the Indian Evidence Act is not unconstitutional under Art. 21.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rajendra Prasad v. State of UP 1979 case:</strong> The Supreme Court held that, if the murderous operation of a criminal jeopardizes social security in a persistent, planned and perilous fashion then his enjoyment of fundamental rights may be rightly annihilated.</li>
<li><strong>Bachan Singh v. the State of Punjab 1980 case:</strong> A Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court propounded the <strong>dictum of &lsquo;rarest of rare cases&rsquo;</strong> according to which death penalty is not to be awarded except in the <strong>&lsquo;rarest of rare cases&rsquo;</strong> when the alternative option is unquestionably foreclosed.</li>
<li><strong>Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab 1983 case:</strong> The Supreme Court laid down certain considerations for determining whether a case falls under the category of rarest of rare cases or not.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rarest of Rare Cases</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>When the murder is committed in an extremely brutal, ridiculous, diabolical, revolting, or reprehensible manner so as to awaken intense and extreme indignation of the community.</strong></li>
<li><strong>When total depravity and cruelty are the motives behind a murder.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Deterrence is most effective when the punishment happens soon after the crime. The more the legal process distances the punishment from the crime - either in time, or certainty - the less effective a deterrent the punishment will probably be.</p>
<p>India is awaiting execution of Nirbhaya&rsquo;s rapists, the inordinate delay in the execution of the death penalty has taken the sting out of the punishment. This is the reason why Hyderabad police encounter in Disha&rsquo;s case was hailed by a large populace.</p>
<p>In this context, there is a need to expedite investigations at the hands of a well trained and equipped police system ably supported by fast track trials to reinforce the faith of the public in our legal system.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5f0d7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>It is not the severity, but the certainty of punishment which can act as deterrent. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Medical Equipment Notified as ‘Drugs’',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has notified that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/medical-devices-in-india-issues-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>medical equipment</strong></a> would qualify as<strong> &lsquo;drugs&rsquo;</strong> under Section 3 of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/medical-devices-in-india-issues-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drugs and Cosmetics Act (D &amp; CA), 1940</strong></a> from 1<sup>st</sup> April, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Medical Devices Amendment Rules, 2020</strong> were also released. The rules will also come into force from 1<sup>st</sup> April, 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Rules state that the medical devices shall be registered with the Central Licensing Authority through an identified online portal established by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO).</li>
<li>Such registration is voluntary for a period of 18 months, after which it will be mandatory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The move comes in the wake of years of controversy about faulty hip implants of Johnson &amp; Johnson (J&amp;J).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DePuy, a subsidiary of Johnson &amp; Johnson, engineered a hip replacement device that used metal in prosthetic components, commonly called &ldquo;Articular Surface Replacement or ASR hip implant&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Section 3 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central Government, after consultation with the Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB), specifies the devices intended for<strong> use in human beings or animals as drugs.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Drugs Technical Advisory Board</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Drugs Technical Advisory Board is a <strong>statutory body</strong> constituted under the <strong>Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.</strong></li>
<li>The function of DTAB is to advise the Central government and State government on technical matters related to drugs and cosmetics.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At present, only <strong>23 medical devices</strong> have been classified as drugs. The latest notification gives a wide definition of the term medical devices.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The devices used for diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, assistance for any injury or disability, investigation, replacement or modification or support of the anatomy or of a physiological process will come within the scope of the definition of &lsquo;Drugs&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Medical equipment under this definition include<strong> implantable medical devices </strong>such as<strong> knee implants, CT scan, MRI equipment, defibrillators, dialysis machine, PET equipment, X-ray machine </strong>etc.</li>
<li>Primary intended action of the device in or on human body or animals should not be pharmacological or immunological or metabolic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The aim is to regulate all medical devices so that they meet certain standards of quality. Besides it will also make medical device companies accountable for quality and safety of their products.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The manufacture, import and sale of<strong> all</strong> <strong>medical devices</strong> will now <strong>need to be certified</strong> by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-notification-for-medical-implants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation.</strong> </a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Possible Impact</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The decision is going to have a major impact on the small and marginal players, largely<strong> unorganised,</strong> in the low-value high volume segment of the medical devices industry.</li>
<li>The hi-tech diagnostic imaging sector is dominated by large players and will be the least impacted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Concerns are being raised that the rules are very rigid and any non-conformity can be treated as a <strong>criminal offence</strong> by any drug inspector under the Act at his <strong>discretion.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>Merely expanding the scope of regulation to all devices is not enough in a moment of growing number of safety disasters involving devices. Hence,there is a pressing need for framing of a new medical devices act.</p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/health-ministry-notifies-medical-equipment-as-drugs-6263291/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Scheduled Tribes in Karnataka',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Lok Sabha passed the <strong>Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Second Amendment) Bill, 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It seeks to include the <strong>Parivara</strong> and the <strong>Taliwara</strong> communities in the <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes</strong></a> <strong>(ST) category</strong> to ensure they get a reservation and other benefits provided by the government.</li>
<li>The <strong>Siddi</strong> tribes of Belagavi and Dharwad would also be included in the category apart from those living in the Uttar Kannada districts of <strong>Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li>The Bill was passed in the Rajya Sabha in 2019 and it will amend <strong>Part VI</strong> of the <strong>Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950,</strong> that specifies the <strong>tribal and tribal communities which are deemed to be Scheduled Tribes.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Part VI of the order contains the list of Scheduled Tribes in Karnataka.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Parivara and Taliwara</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is estimated that the population of the Parivara community at roughly 2.58 lakh and that of the Taliwara community at 8.6 lakh.</li>
<li>It added that most people from these communities live in <strong>Mysore, Chamrajanagara, Mandya and Tumkur</strong> districts and a &ldquo;thin population&rdquo; resides in <strong>Udupi, South Canara and North Canara districts of Karnataka</strong> with a majority of them employed as coolies, engaged in collecting firewood, husbandry and the cottage industry, thereby leading a life of lower status.</li>
<li>The study states that the communities&rsquo; life cycle rituals, language, lifestyle, the standard of living, physical features, socio-economic and educational status and their geographical isolation are similar to that of Beda, Nayaka and Valmiki which are already included in the ST category in the state of Karnataka.</li>
<li>As per the government, Pariwara and Taliwara are <strong>socially, politically, economically and educationally backwards.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Siddi Tribe</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Siddi community is also known by different synonyms such as <strong>Habshi and Badsha.</strong></li>
<li>It is believed that they are of <strong>African origin</strong> because they clearly show the <strong>Negroid racial strain</strong> in their physical features.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Descendants of Bantu people of East Africa,</strong> Siddi ancestors were largely brought to India as slaves by Arabs as early as the 7<sup>th</sup> Century, followed by the Portuguese and the British later on.</li>
<li>When slavery was abolished in the 18<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries, Siddis fled into the country&rsquo;s thick jungles, fearing recapture and torture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At present, the Siddis are living on the <strong>western coast of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka states.</strong> In Karnataka, they mainly live in Dharwad, Belagavi and Uttar Kannada districts.</li>
<li>In India, the Union government in <strong>2003, classified Siddis under the list of Scheduled Tribes.</strong></li>
<li>They are included in the Centre&rsquo;s list of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Previously</strong> they depended on<strong> hunting and gathering</strong> but<strong> at present,</strong> their main source of livelihood is <strong>labour and agriculture.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-clears-bill-to-include-more-tribes-in-karnataka-in-st-category/article30793694.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Dinosaur Fossil -Thanatotheristes',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The scientists have revealed that a <strong>dinosaur fossil,</strong> found in <strong>Alberta in Canada (2010),</strong> belongs to a <strong>new species of tyrannosaur.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The new species has been</strong> named<strong> &lsquo;Thanatotheristes degrootorum&rsquo;</strong> (means<strong> &ldquo;reaper of death&rdquo;).</strong></li>
<li>The species is the <strong>oldest tyrannosaur</strong> known from<strong> northern North America.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581501122_Image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581501122_Image5.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tyrannosaurs were one of the largest meat-eating dinosaurs to have ever lived, with very large and high skulls.</li>
<li>They did not have one general body type; rather different tyrannosaur species evolved distinct body sizes, skull forms and other such physical features.</li>
<li>The found fossils are important to understand the <strong>Late Cretaceous period,</strong> which is the period when tyrannosaurs roamed the Earth.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cretaceous Period, in geologic time, is the last of the three periods of the Mesozoic Era. The Cretaceous began 145.0 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago; it followed the Jurassic Period and was succeeded by the Paleogene Period .</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-thanatotheristes-reaper-of-death-6263368/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'In Depth- Anticipatory Bail',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aoCh38ePyf4" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> in <em><strong>Sushila Aggarwal v. State of NCT of Delhi (2020) case</strong></em> delivered a significant verdict, ruling that <strong>no time limit can be set</strong> while granting anticipatory Bail and it can continue even until the end of the trial. The Court made reference of India&rsquo;s <strong>freedom movement</strong> claiming that <strong>arbitrary arrests, indefinite detentions, and lack of institutional safeguards</strong> played an important role in rallying the people to raise the demand for Independence.</p>
<h3>Bail and its Types</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition:</strong> Bail is the conditional/provisional release of a person held under legal custody (in matters which are yet to be pronounced by the Court), by undertaking a promise to appear in the Court as and when required. It signifies a <strong>security/collateral deposited</strong> before the Court for release.</li>
<li>In<em><strong> Supt. and Remembrancer of Legal Affairs v. Amiya Kumar Roy Choudhry (1973) case,</strong> </em>the Calcutta High Court explained the <strong>principle behind giving Bail.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Types of Bail in India:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Regular Bail:</strong> It is a direction given by the Court (any Court within the country) to release a person who is <strong>already under arrest</strong> and kept in police custody. For such Bail, a person can file an application under<strong> Section 437 and 439</strong> of the CrPC.</li>
<li><strong>Interim Bail:</strong> Bail granted for a <strong>temporary and short period</strong> by the Court till the application seeking Anticipatory Bail or Regular Bail is <strong>pending</strong> before a Court.</li>
<li><strong>Anticipatory Bail:</strong> A direction issued to release a person on Bail even<strong> before</strong> the person is <strong>arrested.</strong> In this situation, there is <strong>apprehension of arrest</strong> and the person is not arrested before the Bail is granted. For such Bail, a person can file an application under <strong>Sec. 438 of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/re-imagining-cognizable-offences" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)</a>.</strong> It is <strong>issued only</strong> by the <strong>Sessions Court and High Court.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Section 438</strong> of the CrPC lays down the provisions on anticipatory Bail:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sec. 438(1):</strong> When any person anticipates that he/she may get arrested on an accusation of having committed a <strong>non-bailable offence,</strong> he/she may apply to the High Court or the Court of Session for a direction under this Section. The Court may direct (if it thinks fit) that in the event of such arrests, he/she shall be released on Bail even before an arrest is made without subjecting him/her to further restraints.</li>
<li><strong>Sec. 438(2):</strong> When the High Court or the Session Court makes a direction under Sec. 438(1), it may<strong> lay down certain conditions</strong> in the light of the facts of the particular case, as it may think fit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Historical Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Anticipatory Bail became part of the CrPC in 1973 after the <strong>41<sup>st</sup> <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/law-commission-of-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Law Commission</a> Report</strong> (1969) recommended for the inclusion of such provision. It was included to protect the arbitrary violation of the right to personal liberty of the person.</li>
<li><strong>Necessity:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sometimes influential persons try to implicate their rivals in false cases for the purpose of disgracing them or for other purposes by getting them detained in jail.</li>
<li>Apart from false cases, when there are reasonable grounds for believing that a person accused of an offence is <strong>not likely to abscond or misuse his liberty</strong> while on Bail, then there is no need to first submit him to custody, make him/her remain in prison and then apply for Bail. In such cases, Bail could be granted earlier.</li>
<li>As arbitrary arrests (often leading to harassment and humiliation of citizens) continue to be a <strong>pervasive phenomenon</strong> in the country, therefore, the protection to people should be given. And this was the underlying reason for the enactment of Sec. 438 in the CrPC, which even received the <strong>Parliamentary acceptance</strong> as<em><strong> &ldquo;crucial underpinning to shield individual&rsquo;s personal liberty in a free and democratic country.&rdquo;</strong></em></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Related Cases</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><em><strong>Gurbaksh Singh Sibbia vs State of Punjab (1980) case:</strong> </em><strong>SC</strong> ruled that &ldquo;Sec. 438(1) should be interpreted in the light of <strong>Article 21</strong> (protection of life and personal liberty) of the Constitution.&rdquo;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Granting of anticipatory Bail as a matter of right of an individual <strong>should not</strong> be limited by time.</li>
<li>The Court <strong>could impose appropriate restrictions</strong> on a case-by-case basis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><em><strong>Salauddin Abdulsamad Shaikh vs State of Maharashtra (1995) case:</strong> </em>SC overruled its earlier judgment and held that &ldquo;granting of anticipatory Bail<strong> should be limited by time.&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li><em><strong>SS Mhetre vs State of Maharashtra &amp; Ors (2010) case:</strong> </em>SC held that <strong>&ldquo;life/duration</strong> of an order granting anticipatory Bail <strong>could not be curtailed.&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li>Due to such divergent views, the Court had to decide on <strong>two questions</strong> in the recent <em><strong>Sushila Aggarwal (2020) case-</strong></em>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Should there be a<strong> fixed time period to seek</strong> anticipatory Bail, so as to enable a person to surrender before the Trial Court and seek for regular Bail? Also, should the<strong> life of anticipatory Bail</strong> end at the time of summoning by the Court?</li>
<li>Can Courts <strong>impose any conditions</strong> while granting such Bail or not?</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, recently the SC in the <em><strong>Prathvi Raj Chauhan vs Union of India (2020) case,</strong> </em>observed that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>provisions of anticipatory Bail (Sec. 438) shall not apply to the cases</strong></a> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-clears-bill-to-restore-the-provisions-of-sc-st-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 2018.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Sushila Aggarwal (2020) Case Judgment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is<strong> nothing in CrPC</strong> that indicates the grant of anticipatory Bail should be <strong>time-bound.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, under CrPC, it is <strong>discretionary power</strong> of the Court to <strong>decide</strong> on a case-to-case basis (depending upon the <strong>stage</strong> at which the Bail application has moved or prevalence of any <strong>peculiar circumstances</strong> necessitating to limit the tenure) <strong>and impose a time limit</strong> while <strong>granting</strong> pre-arrest Bail.</li>
<li>Also, this duration primarily does <strong>not end after first summoning</strong> by the Court and can continue till the end of the trial period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If any Court wants to limit the Bail, it<strong> can attach special features or circumstances</strong> warranting the same.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Court while granting anticipatory Bail, should <strong>examine the seriousness </strong>and<strong> gravity </strong>of the<strong> offence</strong> (like nature of the crime, material placed on records, etc.) to <strong>impose any condition on the petitioner,</strong> if necessary.</li>
<li>The police can reach the Court seeking permission for arrest <strong>in case of breach of such imposed conditions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Application</strong> for anticipatory Bail could be <strong>filed</strong> by a person <strong>before the FIR</strong> (First Information Report) as soon as the facts make clear there is a substantial reason for the arrest.</li>
<li><strong>Appellate jurisdiction</strong> to check the correctness of the granted Bail lies with the <strong>superior Court</strong> on the request of the investigating agency or the State.</li>
<li>The Court remarked that &ldquo;when Parliament has not thought it appropriate to curtail the rights of the citizens and the power of Courts in granting anticipatory Bails, hence, it is <strong>not in larger societal interest</strong> to curtail such powers &amp; limit the liberty of citizens. The rights of the citizens are fundamental and not the restrictions.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
<h3>Offences and Anticipatory Bail</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An application for anticipatory Bail <strong>can be filed</strong> in cases of both <strong>bailable and non-bailable offences.</strong> While in the former situation, the Bail is granted as a <strong>matter of right,</strong> the grant of Bail in the latter situation is<strong> not a matter of right but a privilege</strong> &amp; is at the behest of the discretionary power of the Court.</li>
<li><strong>Bailable Offence: Sec. 436 of the CrPC</strong> lays down provision for granting Bail to a person accused of any <strong>bailable offence</strong> under the IPC.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bailable offences are offences or crimes that are <strong>not very serious</strong> in nature and include:<strong> unlawful assembly</strong> (Sec. 144 of CrPC), payment of bribe during elections, fabrication of false evidence, participation in riots, furnishing false information, <strong>causing death by negligence</strong> (Sec. 304A), stalking, criminal defamation, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Non-bailable Offence: Sec. 437 of the CrPC</strong> lays down the power of court to grant Bail to a person accused of committing a non-bailable offence under the IPC.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Non-bailable offences are <strong>grave and serious offences</strong> which include:<strong> sedition,</strong> waging or attempting to wage war against the government, counterfeiting of Indian currency, <strong>murder</strong> (Sec. 302), <strong>dowry death</strong> (Sec. 304B), abetment of suicide, trafficking of a person, <strong>rape</strong> (Sec. 376), etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Factors &amp; Conditions for Granting Anticipatory Bail</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The anticipatory Bail is granted on the basis of the following <strong>factors:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nature and gravity of the accusation.</li>
<li>Applicant&rsquo;s possibility of fleeing from justice.</li>
<li>Previous cases against the applicant including any previous convictions or cases of a cognizable offence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cases of Bailable Offence:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If there are sufficient reasons to believe that the <strong>accused has not committed</strong> the offence.</li>
<li>As per the Court, if there are sufficient reasons<strong> to conduct further enquiry</strong> into the matter.</li>
<li>If the <strong>person is not accused of a crime</strong> which is <strong>punishable</strong> by death, life imprisonment, or imprisonment up to 10 years or more.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cases of Non-bailable Offence:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the accused is a woman or child,</li>
<li>If there is a lack of adequate evidence,</li>
<li>If there is a delay in registering the FIR by the complainant,</li>
<li>If the accused is physically or gravely sick,</li>
<li>If there is corroboration about personal animosity between accused and complainant.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conditions Imposed by Court</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Person<strong> shall</strong> <strong>not leave the country and travel abroad</strong> without the prior permission of the Court.</li>
<li>If a Court<strong> rejects the anticipatory Bail</strong> a person, he/she can be <strong>arrested</strong> by the police <strong>without a warrant.</strong></li>
<li>Person shall make <strong>himself available for interrogation</strong> by a police officer (as and when required).</li>
<li>Person shall <strong>not</strong> (directly or indirectly) <strong>make any inducement, interference, threat or promise</strong> to any person acquainted with the facts of the case so as to dissuade him from disclosing such facts to the Court or to any police officer.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cancellation of Anticipatory Bail</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sec. 437(5)</strong> <strong>&amp; Sec. 439</strong> of CrPC deal with the cancellation of anticipatory Bail. They imply that a Court which has the power to grant anticipatory Bail is also <strong>empowered to cancel the Bail or recall the order</strong> related to Bail upon appropriate consideration of facts.</li>
<li>A High Court or Court of Session may direct that any person who has been released on Bail by it- be arrested, and brought under custody after filing of an application by the complainant or the prosecution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, a Court does<strong> not have the power</strong> to cancel the <strong>Bail granted by the police officer.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Over the years, anticipatory Bail has acted as the protection (granted under <strong>Sec. 438</strong> of CrPC) to safeguard a person against whom false accusation or charges have been made. It ensures the release of such falsely accused person even before they are arrested.</p>',
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	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'PRS Capsule January 2020',
		'catname' => 'PRS Capsule',
		'desc' => '<p><em><strong>Key Highlights of PRS</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="#1">Polity</a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="#2">New Bodo Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="#3">Disqualifications under Anti-Defection law</a></li>
<li><a href="#4">The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="#5">NHAI to set up Infrastructure Investment Trusts</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#6">Economy</a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="#7">National Strategy for Financial Inclusion</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#8">Environment</a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="#9">Guidelines for implementing Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="#10">The Mineral Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="#11">State-Wise Vehicle Tracking Under Nirbhaya Framework</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="1">Polity</h2>
<h3 id="2">New Bodo Agreement</h3>
<p>Recently, the central government, the Assam government and the Bodo groups, including all factions of the militant National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB), signed an agreement to redraw and rename the Bodoland Territorial Area District (BTAD) as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bodo-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR)</strong></a>, in Assam.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BTAD is spread over four districts of Kokrajhar, Chirang, Baksa and Udalguri.</li>
<li>The BTAD and other areas mentioned under the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/indepth-6th-schedule-and-ilp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sixth Schedule of the Constitution</strong></a> have been exempted from the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA), 2019.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/new-bodo-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Bodo agreement</strong></a> provides for a special development package of<strong> Rs 1500 crores</strong> to be given by the central government over 3 years to undertake specific projects for the development of Bodo areas.</li>
<li>Further, the central government and the Government of Assam will take measures to rehabilitate over 1500 cadres of certain factions of the National Democratic Front of Bodoland.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="3">Disqualifications under Anti-Defection law</h3>
<p>A case was filed in SC in appeal against the decision of the High Court challenging the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/disqualification-powers-of-speakers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>delay by the Speaker in deciding the disqualification petition.</strong> </a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court directed the Speaker of the Manipur Legislative Assembly to decide a disqualification petition concerning the defection of an MLA in Manipur from one political party to another, within four weeks.</li>
<li><strong>The Court also held that the Speaker should decide disqualification petitions within a reasonable time period, not exceeding three months.</strong></li>
<li>It further observed that <strong>the role of the Speaker in disqualification petitions should be re-considered</strong> since the Speaker continues to belong to a political party.</li>
<li>It recommended that Parliament may consider amending the Constitution to substitute the Speaker with an alternative adjudicating authority. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such an authority may be a permanent tribunal headed by a retired Supreme Court judge or retired Chief Justice of a High Court, or with any other external independent mechanism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="4">The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2020</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/medical-termination-of-pregnancy-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2020.</strong></a> The Bill seeks to amend the Medical Terminal of Pregnancy Act, 1971 which provides for the termination of certain pregnancies by registered medical practitioners.</p>
<p><strong>Key Features</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The amendment to the Act proposes to <strong>enhance the upper limit for termination of pregnancy from 20 weeks to 24 weeks</strong> for special categories of women. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These would include <strong>survivors of rape, victims of incest, and other vulnerable women</strong> (such as differently-abled women and minors).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, this limit of 24 weeks for termination of pregnancy will not apply in cases of substantial foetal abnormalities diagnosed by the Medical Board. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The composition, functions and other details of the Medical Board will be prescribed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The amendments recommend the requirement of the opinion of:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>one registered medical practitioner for termination of pregnancy up to 20 weeks against the earlier limit of 12 weeks, and</li>
<li>two registered medical practitioners for termination of pregnancy between 20 to 24 weeks against the earlier limit of 12 to 20 weeks</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The amendments also propose that the name and other particulars of a woman whose pregnancy has been terminated will not be revealed, except to a person authorised by the law.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="5">NHAI to set up Infrastructure Investment Trusts</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has authorised the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) to set up Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs), and monetise completed and operational National Highway (NH) projects.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These InvITs will be set up as per SEBI&rsquo;s guidelines.The NH projects to be monetised must have a toll collection track record of at least one year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NHAI will have the right to levy toll on such identified highways.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Each InvIT must have two special purpose vehicles (SPVs)<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>to hold all the identified public funded projects to be placed in the InvIT, and</li>
<li>to act as an investment manager in the proposed InvIT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NHAI will create a separate fund to keep all the sums received from such InvITs.</li>
<li>The Chairman, NHAI is empowered to select the projects to be placed in the InvITs, and operationalise these InvITs.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Infrastructure Investment Trust</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>InvIT is a collective investment scheme similar to a mutual fund, which enables direct investment of money from individual and institutional investors in infrastructure projects to earn a small portion of the income as return.</li>
<li>The InvITs are regulated by the SEBI (Infrastructure Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="6">Economy</h2>
<h3 id="7">National Strategy for Financial Inclusion</h3>
<p>RBI has released the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-strategy-for-financial-inclusion" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Strategy for Financial Inclusion 2019-2024.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Financial Inclusion:</strong> It has been defined as the process of ensuring access to financial services, and timely and adequate credit for vulnerable groups and low-income groups at an affordable cost. Financial inclusion is a key driver of economic growth and poverty alleviation in the whole world.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Key Points</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Steps taken for financial inclusion:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY):</strong> under which 34 crore accounts have been opened with deposits of Rs 89,257 crore,</li>
<li><strong>Atal Pension Yojana:</strong> to provide pension cover to subscribing bank account holders. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, it identified certain critical gaps which remain an impediment for financial inclusion, such as-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>inadequate infrastructure (in parts of the rural hinterland, far-flung areas in the Himalayan and north-eastern region),</li>
<li>poor tele and internet connectivity in rural hinterland,</li>
<li>socio-cultural barriers, and</li>
<li>lack of market players in payment product space.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic objectives for financial inclusion:</strong> RBI identified six strategic objectives of a national strategy for financial inclusion:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Universal access to financial services,</li>
<li>Providing basic bouquet of financial services,</li>
<li>Access to livelihood and skill development,</li>
<li>Financial literacy and education,</li>
<li>Customer protection and grievance redressal, and</li>
<li>Effective coordination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To achieve this vision, the RBI has identified certain milestones such as<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>providing banking access to every village (or hamlet of 500 households in hilly areas) within a five km radius by March 2020 and</li>
<li>strengthening digital financial services to create the infrastructure to move towards a cashless society by March 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measurement of financial inclusion:</strong> RBI recommended that financial inclusion should be measured through parameters across 3 key indicators. These include parameters to<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Measure access, such as the number of bank branches or ATMs for a specified population,</li>
<li>measure usage, such as percentage of adults with a savings account, insurance or pension policy, and</li>
<li>measure the quality of services, such as grievance redressal (through number of complaints received and addressed).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="8">Environment</h2>
<h3 id="9">Guidelines for implementing Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2019</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change has notified guidelines for implementing the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Rules constitute various bodies for the conservation of wetlands and define their powers and functions.</li>
<li>The guidelines support the state/Union Territory (UT) administrations in the implementation of the Rules by providing guidance on various management and administrative matters for wetlands.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Key Features</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Role of the Wetlands Authority:</strong> The Wetlands Authority within a state is the nodal authority for all wetland-specific authorities in a state/UT. Functions of this Authority include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>preparing a list of all wetlands in the state/UT and recommending wetlands for regulation under the Rules,</li>
<li>developing a comprehensive list of activities to be regulated and permitted within the notified wetlands, and</li>
<li>issuing necessary directions for the conservation and sustainable management of wetlands to the respective implementing agencies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prohibited activities:</strong> A list of activities that are prohibited on wetlands include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>setting up any industry and expansion of existing industries,</li>
<li>dumping solid waste or discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries and any human settlements, and</li>
<li>encroachment or conversion for non-wetlands uses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Integrated Management Plan:</strong> The guidelines recommend the state/UT administration to prepare a plan for the management of each notified wetland. The plan refers to a document which:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>describes strategies and actions for use of the wetland,</li>
<li>gives monitoring requirements for detecting changes in the ecological character of the wetland, and</li>
<li>ensures compliance with regulatory frameworks and policy commitments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Violations:</strong> The Wetlands Authorities are responsible for ensuring the enforcement of the Wetlands Rules and other relevant acts, rules, and regulations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Undertaking any prohibited or regulated activities beyond the thresholds (defined by the state/UT administration) in the wetlands or its zone of influence will be deemed violations under the Wetlands Rules.</li>
<li>Violation of the Rules will attract penalties as per the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="10">The Mineral Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mineral-laws-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Mineral Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020</strong></a> was promulgated on January 10, 2020. The Ordinance amends the following acts:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957:</strong> It regulates the mining sector in India and specifies the requirement for obtaining and granting mining leases for mining operations.</li>
<li><strong>Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act, 2015 (CMSP Act):</strong> It provides for the auction and allocation of mines whose allocation was canceled by the Supreme Court in 2014. Schedule I of the Act provides a list of all such mines; Schedule II and III are sub-classes of the mines listed in Schedule I.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Key Features</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Removal of restriction on end-use of coal:</strong> Currently, companies acquiring Schedule II and Schedule III coal mines through auctions can use the coal produced only for specific end-uses such as power generation and steel production. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ordinance removes this restriction on the use of coal mined by such companies.</li>
<li>Companies will be allowed to carry on coal mining operations for own consumption, sale or for any other purposes, as may be specified by the central government.</li>
<li>The Ordinance also adds that companies need not possess any prior coal mining experience in India to participate in the auction of coal and lignite blocks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composite license for prospecting and mining:</strong> Currently, separate licenses are provided for prospecting and mining of coal and lignite, called prospecting license, and mining lease, respectively. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bill adds a new type of license, called <strong>prospecting license-cum-mining lease.</strong> It will be a composite license providing for both prospecting and mining activities.</li>
<li><strong>Prospecting includes exploring, locating, or finding mineral deposits.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transfer of clearances to new bidders:</strong> Currently, upon expiry, mining leases for specified minerals (minerals other than coal, lignite, and atomic minerals) are transferred to new persons through auction. The new lessee must obtain statutory clearances before starting mining operations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Ordinance provides that the various approvals, licenses, and clearances given to the previous lessee will be extended to the new lessee for two years.</li>
<li>During this period, the new lessee will be allowed to continue mining operations.</li>
<li>However, the new lessee must obtain all the required clearances within this two-year period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="11">State-Wise Vehicle Tracking Under Nirbhaya Framework</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has launched a scheme for the implementation of a state-wise vehicle tracking platform for safety under the <strong>Nirbhaya Fund Framework.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nirbhaya Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The central government had set up the Nirbhaya Fund which can be utilised for projects specifically designed to improve the safety and security of women.</li>
<li>The Nirbhaya Fund Framework provides for a non-lapsable corpus fund for the safety and security of women.</li>
<li>It is administered by the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) of the Ministry of Finance (MoF) of the Government of India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Key Features</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> The proposed system seeks to enhance the safety of women and girl children. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This would be achieved by equipping all public passenger transport vehicles with location tracking devices and emergency buttons to raise alerts in case of an emergency.</li>
<li>A monitoring centre will be set up in each State/UT to monitor these calls and respond to distress calls.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>System overview:</strong> The proposed system will consist of a Vehicle Location Tracking (VLT) device with emergency buttons as specified.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This device will send the vehicle location, health status, alerts, and other data to the monitoring centre at specified intervals.</li>
<li>The Transport Department officials will be able to access the system and monitor the alerts at the centre.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong> States will notify the timelines for the installation of the VLT devices in vehicles that were registered before January 1, 2019. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The VLT manufacturer will enter a unique identification number in the VAHAN database to link the VLT device with the specific vehicle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong> The total cost of the scheme will be shared between the centre and states as per the ratio mentioned in the Nirbhaya Framework.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Funding by the Ministry will include the cost of the backend software, setting up the monitoring centres, training of officials, cloud services for data storage.</li>
<li>The funding pattern under the scheme should be as per the Nirbhaya Framework guidelines, which propose 100% funds for union territories, 90% for states with difficult terrains, and 60% for other states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
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	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Conservation Plan for Konark Temple',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Government has decided to restore and preserve the nearly 800-year-old Konark Sun Temple, Odisha.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the monument had entered into controversy over allegations that the stone carvings on the outer surface were being replaced with plain blocks of stones causing irreplaceable loss to the uniqueness of the temple.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Konark was built by King <strong>Narasimhadeva I (1238-1264AD)</strong> in the <strong>13<sup>th</sup> century</strong> and is located in Eastern Odisha near the sacred city of <strong>Puri.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>King Narasimhadeva I was a famous ruler of the <strong>Ganga Dynasty</strong> and with his accession to the throne, the Ganga Dynasty <strong>reached its zenith.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a<strong> UNESCO World Heritage Site (1984).<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581671763_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581671763_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li>Dedicated to the <strong>Sun God,</strong> Konark is the <strong>culmination of Odisha temple architecture,</strong> and one of the most outstanding monuments of religious architecture in the world.</li>
<li>Its scale, refinement and conception represent the strength and stability of the <strong>Ganga Dynasty</strong> as well as the value systems of the historic milieu.</li>
<li>The entire temple was designed in the shape of a <strong>colossal chariot</strong> with 7 horses and <strong>24 wheels,</strong> carrying the sun god, Surya, across the heavens.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>&lsquo;Konarka&rsquo;, the place bears a name composed of two world elements : <strong>KONA</strong> meaning<strong> corner</strong> and <strong>ARKA</strong> meaning the<strong> Sun.</strong></li>
<li>The Sun god worshipped in<strong> Ark Kshetra</strong> is also called Konark.</li>
<li>In <strong>'Brahma Purana'</strong> the Sun God in Ark-kshetra has been described as Konaditya.</li>
<li><strong>Surya</strong> has been a <strong>popular deity</strong> in India since the <strong>Vedic period.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/conservation-plan-for-konark-temple-soon-says-culture-minister/article30811262.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/conservation-plan-for-konark-temple'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'USTR takes India off Developing Country List',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The office of the <strong>United States Trade Representative (USTR)</strong> has taken off India from the<strong> list of developing and least-developed countries</strong> that are eligible to claim benefits for preferential treatment with respect to Countervailing duties (CVDs) investigations.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581668446_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581668446_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The preferential treatment with respect to CVDs investigations falls under the US&rsquo; <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/generalized-system-of-preference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) scheme.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is an umbrella that comprises the bulk of preferential schemes granted by industrialized nations to developing countries.</li>
<li>Countervailing duty (CVD) is an import tax imposed on certain goods in order to prevent dumping or counter export subsidies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Along with India, USTR has also eliminated other countries including Brazil, Indonesia, Hong Kong, South Africa, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Argentina from getting preferential treatment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The new lists consist of 36 developing countries and 44 least developed countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The move comes ahead of US President Donald Trump&rsquo;s visit to India to talk and potentially sign a trade deal.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The USA had come up with <strong>lists of countries classified as per their level of development</strong> to harmonise the USA preferential treatment laws with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Trade Organization&rsquo;s (WTO)</strong></a> <strong>Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) Agreement </strong>in <strong>1998.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures disciplines the use of subsidies, and it regulates the actions countries can take to counter the effects of subsidies.</li>
<li>Under the agreement, a country can use the WTO&rsquo;s dispute-settlement procedure to seek the withdrawal of the subsidy or the removal of its adverse effects. Or the country can launch its own investigation and ultimately charge extra duty (&ldquo;countervailing duty&rdquo;) on subsidized imports that are found to be hurting domestic producers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>classification of the countries</strong> (developed, developing and least-developed) is done according to the following criteria:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Per capita Gross National Income or GNI.</li>
<li>Share of world trade.</li>
<li>Other factors such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</strong></a> membership or application for membership, EU membership, and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Group of Twenty (G20) membership</strong></a>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus the country with per capita GNI above $12,375 or Rs 8.82 lakh, the share of more than 0.5% to the world trade and membership to the above-mentioned organisations is considered as a developed country by USTR.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India- As a USTR&rsquo;s Developed Country</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to USTR, India&rsquo;s share in global trade was 2.1 % for exports and 2.6% for imports in 2017.</li>
<li>Also India, along with nations like Argentina, Brazil, Indonesia, and South Africa, is part of the <strong>G20 bloc and G20 membership indicates that a country is developed.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the G20 members account for large shares of global economic output and trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, being a part of G20 India can be classified as a developed country <strong>despite having a per capita GNI below $12,375.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact on India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India</strong> is the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/us-withdraws-gsp-for-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>largest beneficiary nation under the GSP</strong></a>, with total benefits from tariff exemptions amounting to $260 million in 2018, according to the data from the USTR&rsquo;s office.</li>
<li>In 2018, India exported goods worth $6.3 billion (as per USTR figures) to the US under the GSP, accounting for around 12.1% of India&rsquo;s total export to that country.</li>
<li>India no longer in the list of developing countries allows the USA to hold a CVD investigation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CVD laws allow the US to hold an investigation into the trade policies of other countries to determine whether they are harming the US trade.</li>
<li>If the investigation finds that India&rsquo;s policies allow exporters to sell their products in the US at a lower rate the US can impose a countervailing duty, to make the Indian goods more expensive in the US markets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Despite having a <strong>minimal impact on India's overall outbound trade with the US,</strong> specific exports from India in a diverse set of sectors such as jewellery, leather, pharmaceuticals, chemicals and agricultural products <strong>may face higher costs and competition.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/ustr-takes-india-off-developing-country-list/article30813126.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ustr-takes-india-off-developing-country-list'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Apiary on Wheels',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises has flagged off &lsquo;Apiary on Wheels&rsquo;.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&lsquo;Apiary on Wheels&rsquo; is a unique concept designed by the<strong> Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)</strong> for the <strong>easy upkeep and migration of Bee Boxes</strong> having live Bee colonies.</li>
<li>It is a holistic approach to address the challenges faced by the beekeepers. It is designed so as to reduce the labour and cost of maintaining and upkeeping Bee Boxes and live bee colonies across India.</li>
<li>Apiary on Wheels is a platform which can carry 20 Bee Boxes from one place to another without any difficulty. It is like an attachment which can be easily connected with a Tractor or a Trolley and may be pulled to any suitable destination.</li>
<li>The KVIC launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Honey Mission</strong> </a>in 2017 and has been training beekeepers, distributing Bee Boxes and helping rural, educated but unemployed youth to earn extra income through beekeeping activities, at their doorstep.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>KVIC is a <strong>statutory body</strong> established under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act, 1956.</li>
<li>The KVIC is charged with the planning, promotion, organisation and implementation of programmes for the development of Khadi and other village industries in the rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development wherever necessary.</li>
<li>It functions under the<strong> Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199296" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/apiary-on-wheels'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'The Future of Earth, 2020 Report',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The South Asia Future Earth Regional Office, the Divecha Centre for Climate Change and the Indian Institute of Science have released &ldquo;The Future of Earth, 2020&rdquo; report.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report has been prepared with the aim of <strong>reducing carbon footprint </strong>and<strong> halting global warming below 2 degree Celsius by 2050.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Five Global Risks</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Climate change</li>
<li>Extreme weather</li>
<li>Biodiversity loss</li>
<li>Food crisis</li>
<li>Water crisis</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Example of Interrelation between different Global Risks</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Extreme heat waves can accelerate global warming by releasing large amounts of stored carbon from affected ecosystems, and at the same time intensify water crises and/ or food scarcity.</li>
<li>The loss of biodiversity weakens the capacity of natural and agricultural systems to cope with climate extremes, thus increasing vulnerability to food crises.</li>
<li>Strains on food production are expected to increase, as a result of various forces including climate change, biodiversity loss, and a global population on the rise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Greenhouse Gas Emissions</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite declarations of a climate crisis or climate emergency by the leaders of more than 700 cities, states and governments, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere during 2019 reached more than 415 parts per million (ppm).</li>
<li>The five years from 2014 to 2018 were the warmest recorded over land and ocean since 1880.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decline in Biodiversity</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Humans have significantly altered 75% of the planet&rsquo;s land area. About a quarter of species in assessed plant and animal groups are threatened.</li>
<li>In 2018, the world&rsquo;s last male northern <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/white-rhino" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>white rhino</strong></a> died in his Kenyan enclosure, while the Brazillian blue parrot, Spix&rsquo;s Macaw, was declared extinct in the wild.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trends Highlighted</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Right-wing populism, a breed of politics that exploits people&rsquo;s fears during times of economic decline and growing inequality, and that focuses on nationalist tendencies to clamp down on borders and reject immigrants, is on the rise around the world. This often leads to a denial of climate change facts or impacts.</li>
<li>The digital platforms such as social media, search engines and e-commerce algorithms, tend to favour the spread of information designed to engage with emotion over reason, which can cause the propagation of &ldquo;fake news&rdquo;, and can lead to social harms like an erosion of trust in vaccines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reversing the trends of loss of life on the planet will require some new ways of thinking about conservation.</li>
<li>Humans are now the main driver behind planetary change, thus human systems should be targeted. This means addressing societal systems including populism, finance, and information transmission, alongside the practices and technologies that emit greenhouse gases, from fossil-fuel burning to food production.</li>
<li>Bolstering financial resilience should go hand in hand with increasing the resilience of the communities.</li>
<li>Negative impact of migration can be avoided with pragmatic planning that anticipates inevitable demographic change, and accommodates human movements with infrastructure and targeted social inclusion programmes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>South Asia Future Earth Regional Office</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>South Asia Future Earth Regional Office is hosted by the Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Bengaluru, India. The office plays a key role in promoting solution-oriented research on environmental sustainability in the south Asian region.</li>
<li>Future Earth, established in 2015, is an international sustainability research network.</li>
<li>The Divecha Centre for Climate Change was established at Indian Institute of Science in January 2009. The primary goal of this centre is to understand climate variability and climate change and its impact on the environment.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/time-running-out-to-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions/article30814369.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-future-of-earth-2020-report'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Public Safety Act',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/jammu-kashmir-psa-detention-article-370-6261340/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Dissent as sedition&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published on The Indian Express on 11/02/2020. It talks about issues related to the Public Safety Act.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, two former Jammu and Kashmir Chief Ministers have been detained under the state&rsquo;s stringent Public Safety Act (PSA), which enables authorities to detain any individual for two years without trial.</p>
<p>The Union government argued that abrogation of Article 370 would bring in a new golden age in Jammu and Kashmir, including the extension of all rights under the Indian Constitution to the state. However, six months on, the government has continuously invoked the Public Safety Act.</p>
<h3>What is Public Safety Act?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-and-k-public-safety-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu &amp; Kashmir Public Safety Act (PSA), 1978</strong></a> is a preventive detention law, under which a person is taken into custody to prevent him or her from acting in any manner that is prejudicial to<strong> &ldquo;the security of the state or the maintenance of the public order&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is very similar to the <strong>National Security Act</strong> that is used by other state governments for preventive detention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It comes into force by an administrative order passed either by Divisional Commissioner or the District Magistrate and not by a detention order by police based on specific allegations or for a specific violation of laws.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues with Public Safety Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Detention Without Trial:</strong> The PSA allows for the detention of a person <strong>without a formal charge and without trial.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can be slapped on a person already in police custody; on someone<strong> immediately after</strong> being granted bail by a court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Unlike in normal circumstances, a person who is detained under the PSA <strong>need not be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours of the detention.</strong></li>
<li><strong>No Right to File Bail Application:</strong> The detained person <strong>does not have the right to move a bail application</strong> before the court, and cannot engage any lawyer to represent him or her the detaining authority.</li>
<li><strong>Limited legal remedies:</strong> The only way this administrative preventive detention order can be challenged is through a<strong> habeas corpus petition</strong> filed by<strong> relatives</strong> of the detained person.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The High Court and the Supreme Court have the jurisdiction to hear such petitions.</li>
<li>However, if the order is quashed, there is<strong> no bar on the government passing another detention order under the PSA</strong> and detaining the person again.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Discretionary powers:</strong> The District Magistrate who has passed the detention order has protection under the Act, which states that the order is considered<strong> &ldquo;done in good faith&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, officials are protected from any prosecutions or any legal proceedings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Section 8 of the PSA:</strong> It provides a vast number of reasons for detention, <strong>ranging from &ldquo;promoting, propagating, or attempting to create, feelings of enmity or hatred or disharmony on grounds of religion, race, caste, community, or region&rdquo; to incitement, instigation, abetment and actual commission of such acts,</strong> and leaves it to district collectors or district magistrates to decide, giving a 12-day period within which an advisory board has to approve the detention.</li>
<li><strong>No Distinction Between Minor and Major Offences:</strong> It allows detention for up to 1 year for disturbance of public order and 2 years for actions<strong> &ldquo;prejudicial to the security of the State&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>All these actions bear an unsettling resemblance to the British response to protests against the<strong> Rowlatt Act of 1919.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Supreme Court on Public Safety Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court has held that while detaining a person under the PSA, <strong>the DM has a legal obligation to analyse all the circumstances</strong> before depriving that person of his/her personal liberty.</li>
<li>It has also held that when a person already under police custody is slapped with the PSA, the DM has to record <strong>&ldquo;compelling reasons&rdquo;</strong> for detaining that person.</li>
<li>While the DM can detain a person <strong>multiple times under the PSA,</strong> he or she has to produce fresh facts while passing the subsequent detention order.</li>
<li>Also, all the material on the basis of which the detention order has been passed, the Supreme Court has held, should be provided to the detained person for making an effective representation.</li>
<li>The grounds of detention has to explain and communicate to the person in the language understood by the detained person.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report of the <strong>Group of Interlocutors for Jammu and Kashmir</strong> held that the sweeping powers in Public Safety Act make it open to misuse. It recommended:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The detention period should range from one week for minor offences to one month for major offences.</li>
<li>Assuming that actions <strong>&lsquo;prejudicial to the security of the State&rsquo;</strong> constitute far graver offences, three months&rsquo; detention should be ample for proceeding to trial.</li>
<li>Juveniles should not be held under the PSA at all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Now that the state has become a union territory, PSA should have been brought in line with the all-India legislation.</li>
<li>Regional leaders remain India&rsquo;s best bet in J&amp;K, their continuing detention will not go well in pursuance of establishing peace and finding a political solution in J&amp;K.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government should urgently release all those in custody in J&amp;K, restore the Internet, and put its actions to an accountable, political test in Kashmir.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The Supreme Court has held that in order to prevent misuse of this potentially dangerous power, the law of preventive detention has to be strictly construed and meticulous compliance with the procedural safeguards, is mandatory and vital.</p>
<p>If citizens&rsquo; right to criticise a government becomes a law and order threat, the future of the republic as a functioning democracy becomes an open question.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #faf6d7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The provisions of the Public Safety Act 1978 encroach upon the established procedure of detention. Examine.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-safety-act-1'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Government Budgeting',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Minister of Finance recently presented the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/union-budget-2020-21-highlights" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Budget 2020-21</strong></a> in the Parliament. The central theme of the Budget- <strong>&ldquo;Ease of living for all citizens&rdquo;</strong> was based on three prominent themes:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aspirational India -</strong> better standards of living with access to health, education and better jobs for all sections of the society</li>
<li><strong>Economic Development for all -</strong> &ldquo;Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Caring Society-</strong> both humane and compassionate; Antyodaya as an article of faith.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Budget and Constitutional Provisions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to <strong>Article 112</strong> of the Indian Constitution, the Union Budget of a year is referred to as the <strong>Annual Financial Statement (AFS).</strong></li>
<li>It is a statement of the <strong>estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government</strong> in a financial year (which begins on 01 April of the current year and ends on 31 March of the following year). In addition to it, the Budget contains:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Estimates of revenue and capital receipts,</li>
<li>Ways and means to raise the revenue,</li>
<li>Estimates of expenditure,</li>
<li>Details of the actual receipts and expenditure of the closing financial year and the reasons for any deficit or surplus in that year, and</li>
<li>The economic and financial policy of the coming year, i.e., taxation proposals, prospects of revenue, spending programme and introduction of new schemes/projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In Parliament, the Budget goes through <strong>six stages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Presentation of Budget.</li>
<li>General discussion.</li>
<li>Scrutiny by Departmental Committees.</li>
<li>Voting on Demands for Grants.</li>
<li>Passing of Appropriation Bill.</li>
<li>Passing of Finance Bill.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Budget Division of the Department of Economic Affairs in the Finance Ministry</strong> is the<strong> nodal body</strong> responsible for preparing the Budget.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Changes Introduced in 2017</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Advancement</strong> of Budget presentation to February 1 (earlier presented on the last working day of February),</li>
<li><strong>Merger</strong> of Railway Budget with the General Budget, and</li>
<li>Doing away with <strong>plan and non-plan expenditure.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Key Words</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Receipts:</strong> It indicates the money received by the government. This includes:
<ul>
<li>the money earned by the government</li>
<li>the money it receives in the form of borrowings or repayment of loans by states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Plan Expenditure:</strong> All expenditures done in the name of planning (i.e. Five Year Plans) were called plan expenditures. For example expenditure on electricity generation, irrigation and rural developments, construction of roads, bridges, canals, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Non-plan Expenditure:</strong> All expenditures other than plan expenditure were known as non-plan expenditure. For example interest payments, pensions, statutory transfers to States and Union Territories governments, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Objectives of Government Budget</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reallocation of Resources&ndash;</strong> It helps to <strong>distribute resources</strong> keeping in view the <strong>social and economic conditions</strong> of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Reducing Inequalities in Income and Wealth&ndash;</strong> Government aims to bring economic equality by imposing taxes on the elite class and spending the collected money on the welfare of the poor.</li>
<li><strong>Contributing to Economic Growth&ndash;</strong> A country&rsquo;s economic growth is based on the<strong> rate of investment and savings.</strong> Therefore, the budgetary plan focuses on preparing adequate resources for investing in the public sector and raise the overall rate of investments and savings.</li>
<li><strong>Bringing Economic Stability&ndash;</strong> The Budget focuses on avoiding business fluctuations so as to accomplish the aim of <strong>financial stability.</strong> Policies such as Deficit Budget (during deflation) and Surplus Budget (during <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/return-of-inflation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>inflation</strong></a>) assist in balancing the prices in the economy.</li>
<li><strong>Managing Public Enterprises&ndash;</strong> Many public sector industries are built for the <strong>social welfare</strong> of the people. The Budget is planned to deliver different provisions for operating such business and imparting financial help.</li>
<li><strong>Reducing Regional Differences&ndash;</strong> It aims to <strong>reduce regional inequalities</strong> by promoting the installation of production units in the underdeveloped regions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Components of Government Budget</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581599351_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581599351_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="512" height="343" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Revenue Budget&ndash;</strong> It consists of the Revenue Expenditure and Revenue Receipts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Revenue Receipts</strong> are receipts which <strong>do not have a direct impact</strong> on the assets and liabilities of the government. It consists of the money earned by the government through tax (such as excise duty, income tax) and non-tax sources (such as dividend income, profits, interest receipts).</li>
<li><strong>Revenue Expenditure</strong> is the <strong>expenditure by the government</strong> which does not impact its assets or liabilities. For example, this includes salaries, interest payments, pension, and administrative expenses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Capital Budget&ndash;</strong> It includes the Capital Receipts and Capital Expenditure. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Capital Receipts</strong> indicate the receipts which lead to a <strong>decrease in assets or an increase in liabilities</strong> of the government. It consists of: (i) the money earned by selling assets (or disinvestment) such as shares of public enterprises, and (ii) the money received in the form of borrowings or repayment of loans by states.</li>
<li><strong>Capital expenditure</strong> is used to <strong>create assets or to reduce liabilities.</strong> It consists of: (i) the long-term investments by the government on creating assets such as roads and hospitals, and (ii) the money given by the government in the form of loans to states or repayment of its borrowings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>Other Types of Budgets</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Zero Based Budgeting:</strong> Zero-based budgeting is a method of budgeting in which all expenses are evaluated each time a Budget is made and expenses must be justified for each new period.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Zero budgeting starts from the zero base and every function of the government is analysed for its needs and cost. Budget is then made based on the needs</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Outcome Budget:</strong> Outcome Budget analyses the progress of each ministry and department and what the respected ministry has done with its Budget outlay. It measures the development outcomes of all government programs. It was first introduced in the year 2005.</li>
<li><strong>Gender Budgeting:</strong> The gender-budgeting is defined as &ldquo;gender-based assessment of Budgets, incorporating a gender perspective at all levels of the budgetary process and restructuring revenues and expenditures in order to promote gender equality&rdquo;. It is actually budgeting for gender equity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through Gender Budget, the Government declares an amount to be spent over the development, Welfare, Empowerment schemes and programmes for Females.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Balanced, Surplus and Deficit Budget</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Balanced Budget &ndash;</strong> A government Budget is assumed to be balanced if the expected expenditure is equal to the anticipated receipts for a fiscal year.</li>
<li><strong>Surplus Budget</strong> &ndash; A Budget is said to be surplus when the expected revenues surpass the estimated expenditure for a particular business year. Here, the Budget becomes surplus, when taxes imposed, are higher than the expenses.</li>
<li><strong>Deficit Budget-</strong> A Budget is in deficit if the expenditure surpasses the revenue for a designated year.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Measures of Government Deficit</h3>
<p>There are various measures that capture government Deficit:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Revenue Deficit:</strong> It refers to the excess of government&rsquo;s revenue expenditure over revenue receipts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Revenue Deficit = Revenue expenditure &ndash; Revenue receipts</strong></li>
<li>The revenue Deficit includes only such transactions that affect the current income and expenditure of the government.</li>
<li>When the government incurs a revenue deficit, it implies that the government is dissaving and is using up the savings of the other sectors of the economy to finance a part of its consumption expenditure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fiscal Deficit:</strong> It is the gap between the government&rsquo;s expenditure requirements and its receipts. This equals the money the government needs to borrow during the year. A surplus arises if receipts are more than expenditure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fiscal Deficit = Total expenditure &ndash; (Revenue receipts + Non-debt creating capital receipts).</strong></li>
<li>It indicates the total borrowing requirements of the government from all sources.</li>
<li>From the financing side: Gross fiscal deficit = Net borrowing at home + Borrowing from RBI + Borrowing from abroad</li>
<li>The gross fiscal deficit is a key variable in judging the financial health of the public sector and the stability of the economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Primary Deficit:</strong> Primary deficit equals fiscal deficit minus interest payments. This indicates the gap between the government&rsquo;s expenditure requirements and its receipts, not taking into account the expenditure incurred on interest payments on loans taken during the previous years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Primary deficit = Fiscal deficit &ndash; Interest payments</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fiscal Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fiscal policy is the use of government revenue collection (mainly taxes but also non-tax revenues such as divestment, loans) and expenditure (spending) to influence the economy.</li>
<li>Through the fiscal policy, the government of a country controls the flow of tax revenues and public expenditure to navigate the economy. If the government receives more revenue than it spends, it runs a surplus, while if it spends more than the tax and non-tax receipts, it runs a deficit. To meet additional expenditures, the government needs to borrow domestically or from overseas. Alternatively, the government may also choose to draw upon its foreign exchange reserves or print additional money.</li>
<li>Fiscal policy in India is the guiding force that helps the government decide how much money it should spend to support the economic activity, and how much revenue it must earn from the system, to keep the wheels of the economy running smoothly.</li>
<li>Attaining rapid economic growth is one of the key goals of fiscal policy formulated by the Government of India. Fiscal policy, along with monetary policy, plays a crucial role in managing a country&rsquo;s economy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Main objectives of Fiscal Policy in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic growth:</strong> It helps to maintain the economy&rsquo;s growth rate so that certain economic goals can be achieved.</li>
<li><strong>Price stability:</strong> It controls the price level in the country so that when the inflation is too high, prices can be regulated.</li>
<li><strong>Full employment:</strong> It aims to achieve full employment, or near full employment, as a tool to recover from low economic activity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of Fiscal Policy in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In a country like India, fiscal policy plays a key role in elevating the rate of capital formation both in the public and private sectors.</li>
<li>Through taxation, the fiscal policy helps to mobilise a considerable amount of resources for financing its numerous projects.</li>
<li>Fiscal policy also helps in providing stimulus to elevate the savings rate.</li>
<li>The fiscal policy gives adequate incentives to the private sector to expand its activities.</li>
<li>Fiscal policy aims to minimise the imbalance in the dispersal of income and wealth.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Deficit Financing in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Deficit financing is defined as &ldquo;borrowings from the Reserve Bank of India against the issue of Treasury Bills and running down of accumulated cash balances&rdquo;.</li>
<li>When the government borrows from the Reserve Bank of India, it merely transfers its securities to the Bank. On the basis of these securities the bank issues more currency and puts them into circulation on behalf of the government. This amounts to the creation of money.</li>
<li><strong>Rationale for Deficit Financing:</strong> sometimes the government fails to mobilise adequate resources. In this situation, the option of deficit financing is required to meet fiscal deficit targets. If the option of deficit financing is not utilized the government ends up compromising on growth targets.</li>
</ul>
<h3>FRBM Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 (FRBMA) is an Act of the Parliament of India to institutionalize financial discipline, reduce India&rsquo;s fiscal deficit, improve macroeconomic management and the overall management of the public funds by moving towards a balanced budget.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Reduction of fiscal deficit and revenue deficit;</li>
<li>To achieve inter-generational equity in fiscal management by reducing the debt burden of the future generation;</li>
<li>Achieving long-term macroeconomic stability;</li>
<li>Better coordination between fiscal and monetary policy;</li>
<li>Transparency in fiscal operations of the Government.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Provisions of the FRBM Act, 2003</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The FRBM rule set a target reduction of fiscal deficit to 3% of the GDP by 2008-09. This will be realized with an annual reduction target of 0.3% of GDP per year by the Central government.</li>
<li>Revenue deficit has to be reduced by 0.5% of the GDP per year with complete elimination by 2008-09.</li>
<li>Reduction of Public Debt</li>
<li>The government has to take appropriate measures to reduce the fiscal deficit and revenue deficit so as to eliminate revenue deficit by 2008-09 and thereafter, sizable revenue surplus has to be created.</li>
<li>It mandated setting annual targets for the reduction of fiscal deficit and revenue deficit, contingent liabilities and total liabilities.</li>
<li>The government shall end its borrowing from the RBI except for temporary advances.</li>
<li>The RBI was supposed to not subscribe to the primary issues of the central government securities after 2006.</li>
<li>The revenue deficit and fiscal deficit may exceed the targets specified in the rules only on grounds of national security, calamity and other exceptional grounds to be specified by the Central government.</li>
<li><strong>Amendments to FRBM Act:</strong> Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 was amended in 2012 that mandated the Central Government to lay before the Houses of Parliament, Macro-Economic Framework Statement, Medium Term Fiscal Policy Statement and Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement along with the Annual Financial Statement and Demands for Grants.</li>
<li><strong>NK Singh committee,</strong> that was set up in 2016 to review the FRBM Act, recommended that the government must target a fiscal deficit of 3% of the GDP in the years up to March 31, 2020, subsequently cut it to 2.8% in 2020-21 and to 2.5% by 2023.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/government-budgeting-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/government-budgeting'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Government Budgeting',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<p><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582722119_Government Budgeting (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.png" width="540" height="3236" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/government-budgeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/government-budgeting-mind-map'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Reservation Issue in AP',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court has questioned the <strong>Andhra Pradesh government&rsquo;s decision in 1988 to provide a 100% <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reservation</a> to Scheduled Tribes for teacher posts in Scheduled Areas.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court has mentioned that the 100% reservation would deprive other backward communities (including SCs, OBCs) of availing reservation benefits.</li>
<li>The notification to provide a 100% reservation to Scheduled Tribes (STs) for teacher posts in Scheduled Areas was <strong>issued by</strong> then <strong>governor of the Andhra Pradesh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution</strong> dealing with the administration of Scheduled Areas vests the Governor with legislative and administrative powers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Supreme Court also <strong>questioned</strong> the <strong>availability of data</strong> based on which the Governor of the Andhra Pradesh decided that ST is the only deprived group in the area.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 16 (4)</strong> of the Constitution empowers the state to make any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the state, is not adequately represented in the services under the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Supreme Court ruled that the Governor's <strong>decision can&rsquo;t be above the law</strong> while referring to its <strong>judgment</strong> in <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indira Sawhney case of 1992</strong></a> which mentioned that <strong>the reservation limit should not exceed 50 % except in exceptional circumstances.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Fifth Schedule of the Constitution deals with the <strong>administration and control of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes in any state except</strong> the four states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.</li>
<li>The scheduled areas are treated differently from the other areas in the country because they are inhabited by<strong> &lsquo;aboriginals&rsquo; who are socially and economically rather backwards,</strong> and special efforts need to be made to improve their condition. Therefore, the whole of the<strong> normal administrative machinery operating in a state is not extended</strong> to the scheduled areas.</li>
<li><strong>Declaration of Scheduled Areas:</strong> The <strong>President is empowered</strong> to declare an area to be a scheduled area. He can also increase or decrease its area, alter its boundary lines, rescind such designation or make fresh orders for such re-designation on an area in consultation with the governor of the state concerned.</li>
<li><strong>Administration of Scheduled Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Executive Power of State and Centre</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The executive power of a state extends to the scheduled areas therein. But the <strong>governor has a special responsibility regarding such areas.</strong> He has to submit a report to the President regarding the administration of such areas, annually or whenever so required by the President.</li>
<li>The executive power of the Centre extends to giving directions to the states regarding the administration of such areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tribes Advisory Council:</strong> Each state having scheduled areas has to establish a tribes advisory council to advise on welfare and advancement of the scheduled tribes.</li>
<li><strong>Law applicable to Scheduled Areas</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Governor is empowered to direct that any particular act of Parliament or the state legislature does not apply to a scheduled area or apply with specified modifications and exceptions.</li>
<li>He can also make regulations for the peace and good government of a scheduled area after consulting the tribes advisory council.</li>
<li>Also, a regulation may repeal or amend any act of Parliament or the state legislature, which is applicable to a scheduled area. But, all such regulations require the assent of the President.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/100-st-quota-in-teacher-posts-in-scheduled-areas-what-will-scs-obcs-do-sc-pulls-up-andhra-govt-6265242/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-issue-in-ap'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Hampi',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Supreme Court</strong> confirmed the Karnataka government&rsquo;s decision to demolish restaurants, hotels, guest houses and other buildings constructed in<strong> Virupapura Gaddi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Virupapura Gaddi is an <strong>oval islet</strong> formed by the <strong>Tungabhadra river</strong> and located west of the <strong>Hampi</strong> (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kailash-mansarovar-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong></a>).</li>
<li>The constructions were in violation of the <strong>Mysore Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1961.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Karnataka government released a notification in 1988 under <strong>Section 19(3) of the 1961 Act</strong> indicating the entire village of Virupapura Gaddi as a protected zone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Hampi<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581589414_Image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581589414_Image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The site of Hampi comprises mainly the remnants of the capital city of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/krishnapatnam-port" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vijayanagara Empire</strong></a> (14<sup>th</sup>-16<sup>th</sup> century CE), the last great Hindu Kingdom.</li>
<li>It encompasses an area of 4187, 24 hectares, located in the <strong>Tungabhadra basin in Bellary District, Central Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li>Hampi&rsquo;s spectacular setting is dominated by river Tungabhadra, craggy hill ranges and open plains with widespread physical remains.</li>
<li>The sophistication of the varied urban, royal and sacred systems is evident from the more than 1600 surviving remains that include forts, riverside features, royal and sacred complexes, temples (e.g. Vittala Temple), shrines, pillared halls, Mandapas etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One of the unique features of temples at Hampi is the wide chariot streets flanked by the row of pillared mandapas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-backs-move-to-demolish-restaurants-near-hampi-site/article30795728.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hampi'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Pesticides Management Bill, 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Pesticides Management Bill,</strong> <strong>2020</strong> has been approved by the Union Cabinet.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill will regulate the business of pesticides and compensate farmers in case of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agrochemical-spraying-through-drones-illegal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>losses from the use of agrochemicals.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-agrochemicals-congress" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Agrochemicals</strong></a> imply chemicals used in agriculture, such as a pesticide or fertilizer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Currently, the <strong>pesticide</strong> business is regulated by rules under the <strong>Insecticides Act 1968.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Features of the Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pesticide Data:</strong> It will empower farmers by providing them with all the information about the strength and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pesticide-ban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>weakness of pesticides</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/wake-up-to-childrens-exposure-to-pesticides" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the risk</strong></a> and alternatives. All information will be available openly as data in digital format and in all languages.</li>
<li><strong>Compensation:</strong> The Bill has a <strong>unique feature</strong> in the form of a <strong>provision for compensations in case there is any loss because of the spurious or low quality of pesticides.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If required, a central fund will be formed to take care of the compensations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Organic Pesticides:</strong> The Bill also intends to promote organic pesticides.</li>
<li><strong>Registration of Pesticide Manufacturers:</strong> All pesticide manufacturers have to be registered and bound by the new Act, once it is passed. The advertisements of pesticides will be regulated so there should be no confusion or no cheating by the manufacturers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Use of Pesticides in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is<strong> among the leading producers</strong> of pesticides in <strong>Asia.</strong></li>
<li>In the domestic market,<strong> Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana</strong> are among the states with the highest recorded consumption.</li>
<li><strong>Spurious Pesticides:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They harm crop, soil fertility and the environment.</li>
<li>Spurious agrochemicals are responsible for the losses of not just farmers but also producers of genuine agrochemicals and the government, which loses revenue from the sales of the counterfeit versions of the real farm inputs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Insecticides Act, 1968</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was brought into force with effect from August 1971 with a view of regulating the import, manufacture, sale, transport, distribution and use of insecticides in order to prevent risk to human beings and animals.</li>
<li><strong>Central Insecticides Board</strong> was established under Section 4 of the Act and it works under the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The board <strong>advises the central government and state governments</strong> on technical matters arising out of the administration of the act and to carry out the other functions assigned to it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/union-cabinet-clears-bill-to-regulate-pesticide-business/article30803307.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pesticides-management-bill-2020'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'India- Sri Lanka',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>At the invitation of the Prime Minister of India, Sri Lankan Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa visited India from 8<sup>th</sup>&ndash;11<sup>th</sup> February 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister of Srilanka also went to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maha-bodhi-temple-complex" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maha Bodhi temple in Bodh Gaya</strong></a> and Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tamil Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India expressed confidence in Sri Lanka to carry forward the process of reconciliation of Tamils in Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>India has also requested to fulfil the aspirations of the Tamils for equality, justice, peace and respect in Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Development in War Affected Areas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sri Lanka has requested India to build more houses in the north and east.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has so far helped build 46,000 homes in the war-affected areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has also requested to provide assistance for deep-sea fishing techniques which will help to create employment opportunities to people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Joint Marine Resources Management Authority:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sri Lanka has also proposed to set up a Joint Marine Resources Management Authority between two countries.</li>
<li>The commission will have seven members from either side, including bureaucrats, researchers, fishermen&rsquo;s association representatives.</li>
<li>The proposed Authority is expected to find a lasting solution to the Palk Bay fisheries conflict.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Palk Strait is a strait between the Tamil Nadu state of India and the Jaffna District of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Debt Trap:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They also discussed <strong>countering &lsquo;debt traps&rsquo;</strong> experienced by Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>Debt-trap diplomacy refers to the strategy used by China to lure or trap developing or underdeveloped countries like in Africa to borrow money to be used for much-needed infrastructure projects. China claims it to be a simple tactic for financial strategies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Ocean Region:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both the countries agreed to provide close cooperation for peace and prosperity in the Indian Ocean Region and even in the <strong>Indo-Pacific region.</strong></li>
<li>India also reinforced the security of Indian ocean with its <strong>&lsquo;Neighbourhood First&rsquo;</strong> policy and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lucknow-declaration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAGAR (Security and Growth for all in the Region).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SAGAR is an articulation of India&rsquo;s vision for the Indian Ocean.</li>
<li>SAGAR has elements such as enhancement of capacities to safeguard land and maritime territories &amp; interests; deepening economic and security cooperation in the littoral; action to deal with natural disasters and maritime threats like piracy, terrorism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Terrorism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries aimed to strengthen the contacts and cooperation between the counter-terrorism agencies of the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India - Sri Lanka Relations<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581581963_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581581963_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is Sri Lanka's closest neighbour. The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-sri-lanka" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>relationship</strong></a> between the two countries is more than 2,500 years old and both sides have built upon a legacy of intellectual, cultural, religious and linguistic intercourse.</li>
<li>During the course of the civil war, India supported the right of the Government of Sri Lanka to act against terrorist forces.</li>
<li>The <strong>Indian Housing Project</strong> is Government of India&rsquo;s flagship project of developmental assistance to Sri Lanka. Its initial commitment is to build 50,000 houses for those affected by the civil war as well as for the estate workers in the plantation areas.</li>
<li>Given the proximity of the territorial waters of both countries, especially in the Palk Straits and the Gulf of Mannar, incidents of straying of fishermen are common. Both countries have agreed on certain practical arrangements to deal with the issue of bona fide fishermen of either side crossing the International Maritime Boundary Line.</li>
<li>India and Sri Lanka conduct joint Military ( 'Mitra Shakti') and Naval exercise (SLINEX).</li>
<li>Recently, the Chennai (India) -Jaffna (Sri Lanka) flight service has resumed after a gap of 41 years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The flight operations were suspended during the decades-old civil war in Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1602509" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-sri-lanka-3'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Wainganga River',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Wainganga River is one of the<strong> key tributaries of the river Godavari.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Source:</strong> The river rises in the<strong> Mahadeo Hills</strong> in the Seoni District of <strong>Madhya Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Drainage Basin:</strong> It drains Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.</li>
<li><strong>Longest Tributary: Kanhan River,</strong> which rises in the hills at the southern edge of the <strong>Satpura Range</strong> in the Chhindwara District (Madhya Pradesh).</li>
<li>The Wainganga after joining the <strong>Wardha River</strong> at<strong> Chaprala</strong> in Gadchiroli district (Maharashtra) is known as the <strong>Pranahita River</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Wardha river</strong> originates in Satpura Range in Betul District, Madhya Pradesh.</li>
<li><strong>Penganga river</strong> is a <strong>major tributary</strong> of the<strong> Wardha river</strong> and rises in the<strong> Ajanta range.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pranahita river</strong> empties into the Godavari River at Kaleshwaram, Telangana.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pranahita river is the <strong>largest tributary of the Godavari river</strong> covering about 34% of its drainage basin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gosekhurdh irrigation project</strong> is being constructed on the <strong>Wainganga River.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Godavari River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is India's second longest river after the Ganga. Its source is in Trimbakeshwar, Maharashtra. It flows east for 1,465 kilometres, draining the states of Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Karnataka.</li>
<li><strong>Major Tributaries:</strong> Indravati, Pravara, Wardha, Wainganga, Kanhan, Purna, Pranhita, Sabari, Manjira, Bindusara River etc.</li>
<li>The<strong> Kaleshwaram</strong> lift irrigation project is an under-construction multi-purpose irrigation project on the Godavari River in Kaleshwaram, Bhoopalpally, Telangana.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The project starts at the<strong> confluence</strong> point of <strong>Pranahita River</strong> and <strong>Godavari River.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/seven-firs-lodged-against-12-officials-in-irrigation-project/article30806259.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong> </a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wainganga-river'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Nilgiri Tahr',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Scientific Name:</strong> Nilgiritragus hylocrius<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581576334_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581576334_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> Western Ghats in southern India (Tamil Nadu and Kerala), Nilgiri Tahr is the state animal of Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li><strong>Threatened By:</strong> Hunting, habitat loss (mainly from domestic livestock and spread of invasive plants), climate change</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IUCN Red List: Endangered</li>
<li>Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nilgiri-tahr-1'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Yaravirus',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Researchers have discovered <strong>an unusually small virus</strong> in a lake in <strong>Brazil.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The virus has been named<strong> Yaravirus</strong> after &lsquo;Yara&rsquo;, a water-queen figure in Brazilian mythology.</li>
<li>The Yaravirus infects amoeba and has genes that have not been described before, something that could<strong> challenge how Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) viruses are classified.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DNA viruses are classified based on the protein that makes up their shell, or capsid. The Yaravirus' capsid doesn't resemble any previously known protein.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Yaravirus <strong>does not infect human cells.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Virus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A virus is a small<strong> parasite</strong> that <strong>cannot reproduce by itself.</strong> Once it infects a susceptible cell, however, a virus can direct the cell machinery to produce more viruses.</li>
<li>Most viruses have either Ribonucleic acid (RNA) or Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) as their genetic material.</li>
<li><strong>Diseases caused by Virus:</strong> HIV/AIDS, smallpox, Ebola, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-yaravirus-6265066/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/yaravirus'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Death Penalty',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/legally-speaking/does-death-penalty-deter-crime/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Does death penalty deter crime?&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Times of India on 12/02/2020. It talks about the ongoing debate on the death penalty.</p>
</div>
<p>Capital punishment, also called the death penalty, is the execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offence. It is the highest penalty awardable to an accused. Generally, it is awarded in extremely severe cases of murder, rapes, treason etc.</p>
<p>The death penalty is seen as the most suitable punishment and effective deterrent for the worst crimes. Those who oppose it, however, see it as inhumane. Thus, the morality of the death penalty is debatable and many criminologists and socialists all across the globe, have been long demanding abolition of the death penalty.</p>
<h3>Arguments: In Favour of the Death Penalty</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Retribution:</strong> One of the key principles of retribution is that people should get what they deserve in proportion to the severity of their crime.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This argument states that real justice requires people to suffer for their wrongdoing and to suffer in a way appropriate for the crime.</li>
<li>Each criminal should get what their crime deserves and in the case of a murder, criminal deserves death.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Deterrence:</strong> Capital punishment is often justified with the argument that by executing convicted murderers, we will deter would-be murderers from killing people.</li>
<li>It is often argued that the death penalty provides<strong> closure for victims' families.</strong></li>
<li>There are many examples of persons condemned to death taking the opportunity of the time before execution to repent, express remorse, and very often experience profound<strong> spiritual rehabilitation.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Thomas Aquinas</strong> noted that by accepting the punishment of death, the offender was able to expiate his evil deeds and so escape punishment in the next life. It demonstrates that the death penalty can lead to some forms of rehabilitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arguments: Against the Death Penalty</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>statistical evidence doesn&rsquo;t confirm that deterrence works.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some of those executed may not have been capable of being deterred because of mental illness or defect.</li>
<li>Some capital crimes are committed in such an emotional state that the perpetrator did not think about the possible consequences.</li>
<li>Death has been prescribed in rape cases since 2013 (Sec. 376A of IPC), still, rapes continue to happen and in fact, the brutality of rapes has increased manifold. This compels one to think of the death penalty is an effective deterrent to crime.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Execution of the Innocent:</strong> The most common argument against capital punishment is that sooner or later, innocent people may get killed, because of mistakes or flaws in the justice system.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to <strong>Amnesty International:</strong> As long as human justice remains fallible, the risk of executing the innocent can never be eliminated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>People who oppose Capital punishment are of the view that retribution is immoral, and it is just a <strong>sanitised form of vengeance.</strong></li>
<li>Death has been abolished as a form of punishment in most of the developed countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The UN Secretary General's report on the death penalty presented to the Human Rights Council held that <strong>"some 170 States have abolished</strong> or introduced a moratorium on the death penalty either in law or in practice, or have suspended executions for more than 10 years".</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Capital punishment doesn't rehabilitate the prisoner and return them to society.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Death Penalty in the Indian Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Prior to the Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act (Cr PC) of 1955, the death penalty was the rule and life imprisonment an exception in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, the courts were bound to give an explanation for awarding a lighter penalty than death for capital offences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>After the amendment of 1955 courts were at liberty to grant either death or life imprisonment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per <strong>Section 354 (3) of the Cr PC, 1973</strong> the courts are required to state reasons in writing for awarding the maximum penalty.</li>
<li>The situation has been reversed and a life sentence is the rule and death penalty an exception in capital offences.</li>
<li>Moreover, despite a <strong>global moratorium against the death penalty by the UN</strong>, India retains the death penalty.</li>
<li>India is of view that allowing criminals guilty of having committed intentional, cold-blooded, deliberate and brutal murders to escape with a lesser punishment will deprive the law of its<strong> effectiveness and result in travesty of justice.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In concurrence of this, a proposal for the scrapping of the death penalty was rejected by the<strong> Law Commission in its 35<sup>th</sup> report 1967.</strong></li>
<li>In India as per official statistics, <strong>720 executions</strong> have taken place in India after it became independent in the year 1947, which is a minuscule fraction of the people who were awarded death penalty by the trial courts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the majority of the cases, death was commuted to life imprisonment and some were acquitted by the higher courts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Indian Penal Code prescribes &lsquo;death&rsquo; for offences such as</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Waging war against the Government of India. (Sec. 121);</li>
<li>Abetting mutiny actually committed (Sec. 132);</li>
<li>Giving or fabricating false evidence upon which an innocent person suffers death. (Sec. 194);</li>
<li>Murder (Sec. 302);</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Some other criminal statutes that provide for the death penalty as a form of punishment.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Direct or indirect abetment of sati is punishable with Death penalty under the Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987.</li>
<li>Under SC and ST (Prevention of Atrocities Act), 1989 giving false evidence leading to the execution of an innocent member belonging to the SC or ST would attract the death penalty.</li>
<li>Besides these, rape of a minor below 12 years of age is punishable with death under Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012.</li>
<li>Financing, producing, manufacturing as well as the sale of certain drugs attracts the death penalty for repeat offenders under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985.</li>
<li>Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967; Army, Navy and Air Force Acts also provide the death penalty for certain specified offences committed by members of the armed forces.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Supreme Court on the Death Penalty</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Jagmohan Singh v. State of UP 1973 case:</strong> The Supreme Court held that according to Article 21 deprivation of life is constitutionally permissible if that is done according to the<strong> procedure established by law.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus the death sentence imposed after a trial in accordance with legally established procedures under Cr.PC and the Indian Evidence Act is not unconstitutional under Art. 21.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rajendra Prasad v. State of UP 1979 case:</strong> The Supreme Court held that, if the murderous operation of a criminal jeopardizes social security in a persistent, planned and perilous fashion then his enjoyment of fundamental rights may be rightly annihilated.</li>
<li><strong>Bachan Singh v. the State of Punjab 1980 case:</strong> A Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court propounded the <strong>dictum of &lsquo;rarest of rare cases&rsquo;</strong> according to which death penalty is not to be awarded except in the <strong>&lsquo;rarest of rare cases&rsquo;</strong> when the alternative option is unquestionably foreclosed.</li>
<li><strong>Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab 1983 case:</strong> The Supreme Court laid down certain considerations for determining whether a case falls under the category of rarest of rare cases or not.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rarest of Rare Cases</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>When the murder is committed in an extremely brutal, ridiculous, diabolical, revolting, or reprehensible manner so as to awaken intense and extreme indignation of the community.</strong></li>
<li><strong>When total depravity and cruelty are the motives behind a murder.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Deterrence is most effective when the punishment happens soon after the crime. The more the legal process distances the punishment from the crime - either in time, or certainty - the less effective a deterrent the punishment will probably be.</p>
<p>India is awaiting execution of Nirbhaya&rsquo;s rapists, the inordinate delay in the execution of the death penalty has taken the sting out of the punishment. This is the reason why Hyderabad police encounter in Disha&rsquo;s case was hailed by a large populace.</p>
<p>In this context, there is a need to expedite investigations at the hands of a well trained and equipped police system ably supported by fast track trials to reinforce the faith of the public in our legal system.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5f0d7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>It is not the severity, but the certainty of punishment which can act as deterrent. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/death-penalty-2'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Medical Equipment Notified as ‘Drugs’',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has notified that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/medical-devices-in-india-issues-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>medical equipment</strong></a> would qualify as<strong> &lsquo;drugs&rsquo;</strong> under Section 3 of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/medical-devices-in-india-issues-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drugs and Cosmetics Act (D &amp; CA), 1940</strong></a> from 1<sup>st</sup> April, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Medical Devices Amendment Rules, 2020</strong> were also released. The rules will also come into force from 1<sup>st</sup> April, 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Rules state that the medical devices shall be registered with the Central Licensing Authority through an identified online portal established by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO).</li>
<li>Such registration is voluntary for a period of 18 months, after which it will be mandatory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The move comes in the wake of years of controversy about faulty hip implants of Johnson &amp; Johnson (J&amp;J).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DePuy, a subsidiary of Johnson &amp; Johnson, engineered a hip replacement device that used metal in prosthetic components, commonly called &ldquo;Articular Surface Replacement or ASR hip implant&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Section 3 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central Government, after consultation with the Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB), specifies the devices intended for<strong> use in human beings or animals as drugs.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Drugs Technical Advisory Board</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Drugs Technical Advisory Board is a <strong>statutory body</strong> constituted under the <strong>Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.</strong></li>
<li>The function of DTAB is to advise the Central government and State government on technical matters related to drugs and cosmetics.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At present, only <strong>23 medical devices</strong> have been classified as drugs. The latest notification gives a wide definition of the term medical devices.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The devices used for diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, assistance for any injury or disability, investigation, replacement or modification or support of the anatomy or of a physiological process will come within the scope of the definition of &lsquo;Drugs&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Medical equipment under this definition include<strong> implantable medical devices </strong>such as<strong> knee implants, CT scan, MRI equipment, defibrillators, dialysis machine, PET equipment, X-ray machine </strong>etc.</li>
<li>Primary intended action of the device in or on human body or animals should not be pharmacological or immunological or metabolic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The aim is to regulate all medical devices so that they meet certain standards of quality. Besides it will also make medical device companies accountable for quality and safety of their products.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The manufacture, import and sale of<strong> all</strong> <strong>medical devices</strong> will now <strong>need to be certified</strong> by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-notification-for-medical-implants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation.</strong> </a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Possible Impact</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The decision is going to have a major impact on the small and marginal players, largely<strong> unorganised,</strong> in the low-value high volume segment of the medical devices industry.</li>
<li>The hi-tech diagnostic imaging sector is dominated by large players and will be the least impacted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Concerns are being raised that the rules are very rigid and any non-conformity can be treated as a <strong>criminal offence</strong> by any drug inspector under the Act at his <strong>discretion.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>Merely expanding the scope of regulation to all devices is not enough in a moment of growing number of safety disasters involving devices. Hence,there is a pressing need for framing of a new medical devices act.</p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/health-ministry-notifies-medical-equipment-as-drugs-6263291/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/medical-equipment-notified-as-drugs'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Scheduled Tribes in Karnataka',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Lok Sabha passed the <strong>Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Second Amendment) Bill, 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It seeks to include the <strong>Parivara</strong> and the <strong>Taliwara</strong> communities in the <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes</strong></a> <strong>(ST) category</strong> to ensure they get a reservation and other benefits provided by the government.</li>
<li>The <strong>Siddi</strong> tribes of Belagavi and Dharwad would also be included in the category apart from those living in the Uttar Kannada districts of <strong>Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li>The Bill was passed in the Rajya Sabha in 2019 and it will amend <strong>Part VI</strong> of the <strong>Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950,</strong> that specifies the <strong>tribal and tribal communities which are deemed to be Scheduled Tribes.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Part VI of the order contains the list of Scheduled Tribes in Karnataka.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Parivara and Taliwara</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is estimated that the population of the Parivara community at roughly 2.58 lakh and that of the Taliwara community at 8.6 lakh.</li>
<li>It added that most people from these communities live in <strong>Mysore, Chamrajanagara, Mandya and Tumkur</strong> districts and a &ldquo;thin population&rdquo; resides in <strong>Udupi, South Canara and North Canara districts of Karnataka</strong> with a majority of them employed as coolies, engaged in collecting firewood, husbandry and the cottage industry, thereby leading a life of lower status.</li>
<li>The study states that the communities&rsquo; life cycle rituals, language, lifestyle, the standard of living, physical features, socio-economic and educational status and their geographical isolation are similar to that of Beda, Nayaka and Valmiki which are already included in the ST category in the state of Karnataka.</li>
<li>As per the government, Pariwara and Taliwara are <strong>socially, politically, economically and educationally backwards.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Siddi Tribe</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Siddi community is also known by different synonyms such as <strong>Habshi and Badsha.</strong></li>
<li>It is believed that they are of <strong>African origin</strong> because they clearly show the <strong>Negroid racial strain</strong> in their physical features.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Descendants of Bantu people of East Africa,</strong> Siddi ancestors were largely brought to India as slaves by Arabs as early as the 7<sup>th</sup> Century, followed by the Portuguese and the British later on.</li>
<li>When slavery was abolished in the 18<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries, Siddis fled into the country&rsquo;s thick jungles, fearing recapture and torture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At present, the Siddis are living on the <strong>western coast of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka states.</strong> In Karnataka, they mainly live in Dharwad, Belagavi and Uttar Kannada districts.</li>
<li>In India, the Union government in <strong>2003, classified Siddis under the list of Scheduled Tribes.</strong></li>
<li>They are included in the Centre&rsquo;s list of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Previously</strong> they depended on<strong> hunting and gathering</strong> but<strong> at present,</strong> their main source of livelihood is <strong>labour and agriculture.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-clears-bill-to-include-more-tribes-in-karnataka-in-st-category/article30793694.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheduled-tribes-in-karnataka'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Dinosaur Fossil -Thanatotheristes',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The scientists have revealed that a <strong>dinosaur fossil,</strong> found in <strong>Alberta in Canada (2010),</strong> belongs to a <strong>new species of tyrannosaur.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The new species has been</strong> named<strong> &lsquo;Thanatotheristes degrootorum&rsquo;</strong> (means<strong> &ldquo;reaper of death&rdquo;).</strong></li>
<li>The species is the <strong>oldest tyrannosaur</strong> known from<strong> northern North America.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581501122_Image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1581501122_Image5.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tyrannosaurs were one of the largest meat-eating dinosaurs to have ever lived, with very large and high skulls.</li>
<li>They did not have one general body type; rather different tyrannosaur species evolved distinct body sizes, skull forms and other such physical features.</li>
<li>The found fossils are important to understand the <strong>Late Cretaceous period,</strong> which is the period when tyrannosaurs roamed the Earth.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cretaceous Period, in geologic time, is the last of the three periods of the Mesozoic Era. The Cretaceous began 145.0 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago; it followed the Jurassic Period and was succeeded by the Paleogene Period .</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-thanatotheristes-reaper-of-death-6263368/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dinosaur-fossil-thanatotheristes'
	]
]
$updates = object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

	'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
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		'articles.whatsnewid' => 'integer',
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	'decorators' => (int) 0,
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$page = (int) 110
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 275
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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