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Day 18

Modern History-1 (Government of India Acts) Questions from modern history remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked...

06 Aug 2020 60 days refresher
IMD Forecasts Surplus Rains

Why in News According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD) rainfall in the “second half of the monsoon” is likely to be 104% of...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Constitution Bench for EWS Quota

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court of India referred the petitions challenging the 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019 to a five-judge...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Beirut Explosion

Why in News Recently, a massive explosion took place in Beirut, capital of Lebanon, which left more than hundred people dead and more than 4,000...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Sahakar Cooptube NCDC Channel

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare launched the two initiatives of the National Cooperative...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Pokkali Rice: Kerala

Why in News Farmers in West Bengal are experimenting with the pokkali variety of rice to tide over a crisis-like situation created by severe...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis
The Big Picture: Importance of Tiger Conservation

The tiger population across the world dropped sharply since the beginning of the 20th century but now for the first time in conservation history,...

06 Aug 2020 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
Reassessing Export-Led Growth Model

This article is based on “Top-heavy governance might be well past its expiry date already” which was published in The Live Mint on...

05 Aug 2020 News Editorials
Pakistan’s New Map

Why in News Recently, Pakistan has released a new political map that includes all of Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Sir Creek and Junagadh. The map...

05 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Thenzawl Golf Resort in Mizoram

Why in News Recently, the Thenzawl Golf Resort Project in Mizoram has been virtually inaugurated. The project was implemented under the Swadesh...

05 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Dhole Conservation

Why in News Karnataka, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh rank high in the conservation of the endangered Dhole in India, according to a new...

05 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Expansion of Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme

Why in News Recently, the government has expanded its Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) to cover loans given to larger firms as well as...

05 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Vitamin D Deficiency in India

Why in News Researchers have claimed that vitamin D deficiency can negatively affect Covid-19 high-risk patients, particularly those who are...

05 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Crisis in the Dairy Sector

This article is based on “Covid and Milk” which was published in The Indian Express on 04/08/2020. It talks about the current crisis in...

04 Aug 2020 News Editorials
Day 16

Art and Culture (Philosophical and Religious Systems) Visual and Performing Arts remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have...

04 Aug 2020 60 days refresher
Space X Capsule Returns Safely

Why in News Recently, two National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken have returned to earth in...

04 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network

Why in News The Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN) is being used by the State/UT governments in India to monitor the supply chain of...

04 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Contraction in Manufacturing: PMI

Why in News According to the recent IHS Markit India Manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI), India’s manufacturing sector...

04 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (2020)

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Defence has formulated a draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy 2020 (DPEPP 2020). The DPEPP...

04 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Phase II/III Clinical Trials of Covishield

Why in News Recently, the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) has given approval to the Serum Institute of India (SII), Pune to conduct Phase...

04 Aug 2020 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Day 18',
			'catname' => '60 days refresher',
			'desc' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Modern History-1 (Government of India Acts)</h2>
<p>Questions from modern history remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked over the years. Mostly, static questions on this topic are asked. One should go through any standard textbook.</p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-1%20(1).pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-I</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-II</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-3.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-III</strong></a></p>
<h2>Advent of Europeans and Their Policies</h2>
<p>Q. The staple commodities of export by the English East India Company from Bengal in the middle of the 18<sup>th</sup> century were: (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Raw cotton, oil-seeds and opium</p>
<p>(b) Sugar, salt, zinc and lead</p>
<p>(c) Copper, silver, gold, spices and tea</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Cotton, silk, saltpetre and opium</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following: (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>Assessment of land revenue on the basis of nature of the soil and the quality of crops</li>
<li>Use of mobile cannons in warfare</li>
<li>Cultivation of tobacco and red chillies</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above was/were introduced into India by the English?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2</p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) None</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Ryotwari Settlement, consider the following statements: (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>The rent was paid directly by the peasants to the Government.</li>
<li>The Government gave Pattas to the Ryots.</li>
<li>The lands were surveyed and assessed before being taxed.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 1, 2 and 3</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) None</p>
<h2>Charter Acts</h2>
<p>Q. Consider the following statements about &lsquo;the Charter Act of 1813&rsquo;:(2019)</p>
<ol>
<li>It ended the trade monopoly of East India Company in India except for trade in tea and trade with China.</li>
<li>It asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the Company.</li>
<li>The revenues of India were now controlled by the British Parliament.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which of the following led to the introduction of English Education in India? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Charter Act of 1813</li>
<li>General Committee of Public Instruction, 1823</li>
<li>Orientalist and Anglicist Controversy</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) 1, 2 and 3</strong></span></p>
<h2>Government of India Acts</h2>
<p>Q. In the context of Indian history, the principle of &lsquo;Dyarchy (diarchy)&rsquo; refers to (2017)</p>
<p>(a) Division of the central legislature into two houses.</p>
<p>(b) Introduction of double government i.e., Central and State governments.</p>
<p>(c) Having two sets of rulers; one in London and another in Delhi.</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories.</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The Government of India Act of 1919 clearly defined (2015)</p>
<p>(a) the separation of power between the judiciary and the legislature</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) the jurisdiction of the central and provincial governments</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) the powers of the Secretary of State for India and the Viceroy</p>
<p>(d) None of the above</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The distribution of powers between the Centre and the States in the Indian Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909</p>
<p>(b) Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Government of India Act, 1935</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) Indian Independence Act, 1947</p>
<h2>Important Legislations During the British Government</h2>
<p>Q. The distribution of powers between the Centre and the States in the Indian Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909</p>
<p>(b) Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Government of India Act, 1935</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) Indian Independence Act, 1947</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Rowlatt Satyagraha, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)</p>
<ol>
<li>The Rowlatt Act was based on the recommendations of the &lsquo;Sedition Committee&rsquo;.</li>
<li>In Rowlatt Satyagraha, Gandhiji tried to utilize the Home Rule League.</li>
<li>Demonstrations against the arrival of Simon Commission coincided with Rowlatt Satyagraha.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 1 and 2 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The Ilbert Bill controversy was related to the (2013)</p>
<p>(a) imposition of certain restrictions to carry arms by the Indians</p>
<p>(b) imposition of restrictions on newspapers and magazines published in Indian languages</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) removal of disqualifications imposed on the Indian magistrates with regard to the trial of the Europeans</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) removal of a duty on imported cotton cloth</p>
<h2>Governor Generals</h2>
<p>Q. Who among the following Governor Generals created the Covenanted Civil Service of India which later came to be known as the Indian Civil Service? (2010)</p>
<p>(a) Warren Hastings</p>
<p>(b) Wellesley</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Cornwallis</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) William Bentinck</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which one of the following statements does not apply to the system of Subsidiary Alliance introduced by Lord Wellesley? (2018)</p>
<p>(a) To maintain a large standing army at other&rsquo;s expense</p>
<p>(b) To keep India safe from Napoleonic danger</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) To secure a fixed income for the Company</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) To establish British paramountcy over the Indian States</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Who among the following was/were associated with the introduction of Ryotwari Settlement in India during the British rule? (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Lord Cornwallis</li>
<li>Alexander Read</li>
<li>Thomas Munro</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The tendency for increased litigation was visible after the introduction of the land settlement system of Lord Cornwallis in 1793. The reason for this is normally traced to which of the following provisions? (2011)</p>
<p>(a) Making Zamindar&rsquo;s position stronger vis-a-vis the ryot</p>
<p>(b) Making East India Company an overlord of Zamindars</p>
<p>(c) Making the judicial system more efficient</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) None of the (a), (b) and (c) above</strong></span></p>',
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'IMD Forecasts Surplus Rains',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the<strong> India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong> rainfall in the &ldquo;second half of the<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> monsoon</strong></a>&rdquo; is likely to be 104% of the<strong> Long Period Average (LPA).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This falls within the &ldquo;normal&rdquo; range of rainfall.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Long Period Average (LPA): It</strong> is the <strong>average rainfall recorded during the months from June to September, calculated during the 50-year period,</strong> and is kept as a <strong>benchmark</strong> while forecasting the quantitative rainfall for the monsoon season every year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IMD maintains an independent LPA for <strong>every homogeneous region</strong> of the country, which ranges from 71.6 cm to 143.83 cm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>IMD maintains five rainfall distribution categories on an all-India scale. These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Normal or Near Normal:</strong> When per cent departure of actual rainfall is +/-10% of LPA, that is, between 96-104% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Below Normal:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is less than 10% of LPA, that is 90-96% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Above Normal:</strong> When actual rainfall is 104-110% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Deficient:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is less than 90% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Excess:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is more than 110% of LPA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This year increased rainfall is attributed to the commencement of<strong> La Nina</strong> like conditions by the second half of the monsoon season.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>La Nina is a climate pattern that describes periods of<strong> below-average sea surface temperatures</strong> across the <strong>east-central Equatorial Pacific.</strong></li>
<li>La Nina is considered to be the counterpart to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-receive-normal-monsoon-imd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>El Nino</strong></a>, and its impacts tend to be <strong>opposite those of El Ni&ntilde;o.</strong></li>
<li>Together, they form the <strong>"cold" (La Nina) and "warm" (El Nino)</strong> phases of the <strong>El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596707769_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596707769_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="584" height="1125" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IMD was established in <strong>1875.</strong></li>
<li>It is an agency of the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences</strong> of the Government of India.</li>
<li>It is the principal agency responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Constitution Bench for EWS Quota',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court of India</strong></a> referred the petitions challenging the <strong>103<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019</strong> to a five-judge <strong>constitution bench,</strong> saying it involves <strong>&lsquo;substantial questions of law&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to<strong> Article 145 (3) of the Constitution, at least five judges</strong> need to hear cases that involve <strong>&lsquo;a substantial question of law as to the interpretation&rsquo;</strong> of the Constitution, or any <strong>reference under Article 143,</strong> which deals with the power of the President of India to consult the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court bench consisting of at least five judges is called the <strong>Constitution bench.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>103<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It introduced an <strong>economic reservation</strong> (10% quota) in jobs and admissions in education institutes for <strong>Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)</strong> by amending <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-sabha-passes-the-constitution-124th-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Articles 15 and 16.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It inserted <strong>Article 15 (6) and Article 16 (6).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was enacted to promote the welfare of the poor not covered by the 50% reservation policy for SCs, STs and Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC).</li>
<li>It enables both Centre and the states to provide reservation to the EWS of society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Petitioners&rsquo; Argument:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amendments <strong>run contrary to the constitutional scheme,</strong> where no segment of available seats/posts can be reserved, only on the basis of economic criterion.</li>
<li>The amendments also run contrary to the judgment pronounced in the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><em> Indra Sawhney V. Union of India 1992 case</em></strong></a>, that <strong>a backward class cannot be determined only and exclusively with reference to economic criterion.</strong></li>
<li>The amendments <strong>alter the 50% quota limit</strong> set up in <strong><em>Indra Sawhney V. Union of India</em></strong> 1992 case, which according to the petitioner is a part <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Basic Structure of the Constitution.</strong> </a></li>
<li>Reservation in unaided institutions violates the fundamental right under <strong>Article 19(1)(g)</strong> of the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Article 19 (1)(g) allows every citizen to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Government&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amendment <strong>was necessitated to benefit EWS who are not covered under existing schemes of reservation,</strong> which as per statistics, constitute a considerably large segment of the country&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>The 50% limit in the<strong> Indira Sawhney</strong> ruling cannot be applied in the present petitions as the Sawhney case dealt with memoranda issued by the government while what is under challenge now is a constitutional amendment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Substantial Question of Law Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Whether the challenged 103<sup>rd</sup> Amendment Act violates Basic Structure of the Constitution,</strong> with reference to equality provisions of the Constitution.</li>
<li>The case of the Union of India that though ordinarily 50% is the rule but same will not prevent the amendment of the Constitution itself in view of the existing special circumstances to uplift the members of the society belonging to economically weaker sections.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-refers-anti-ews-quota-pleas-to-five-judge-bench-6541439/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Beirut Explosion',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a <strong>massive explosion</strong> took place in <strong>Beirut, capital of Lebanon,</strong> which left more than hundred people dead and more than 4,000 injured, according to the reports until now.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There were two explosions in the central port area of Beirut which occurred barely within minutes of each other within nearby buildings.</li>
<li>The blast affected residents living as far as 10 kilometres away from the site and was felt upto 250 Km.</li>
<li>The blast created <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/seismometers-defunct-in-earthquake-prone-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>seismic waves</strong></a> equivalent to a magnitude 3.3 earthquake.</li>
<li>The blasts were likely triggered by over <strong>2,700 tonnes of ammonium nitrate</strong> that had been<strong> confiscated and stored</strong> by authorities near the port for over six years.</li>
<li>A <strong>two-week state emergency</strong> has been imposed in Beirut following the blast.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of the Blast</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic:</strong> Lebanon is an <strong>import-dependent country.</strong> The <strong>badly damaged port</strong> facility is Lebanon&rsquo;s largest maritime gateway and it will make <strong>essential items expensive</strong> and <strong>threaten food security</strong> in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lebanon has already been struggling with a huge <strong>economic meltdown,</strong> with the <strong>rapid devaluation of the local currency</strong> and a<strong> volatile exchange rate on the black market</strong> fueling<strong> inflation, shuttering businesses, unemployment </strong>and <strong>poverty.</strong></li>
<li>It had also <strong>defaulted on a Eurobond repayment</strong> in March 2020.</li>
<li>It is in talks with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund</strong> </a>for a $10 billion loan program.</li>
<li>The blast will pose an additional<strong> financial burden of rebuilding the city.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political:</strong> Lebanon faced <strong>nationwide protests</strong> against <strong>corruption, economic mismanagement</strong> and <strong>sectarian politics</strong> in October 2019, which forced the <strong>resignation of then-Prime Minister</strong> Saad Hariri. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This blast along with the growing economic crisis can <strong>again cause social unrest.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health:</strong> The country&rsquo;s health system is<strong> already burdened</strong> with the patients of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic</strong> and the victims of blast will add to this.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Response</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lebanon has been offered help by various countries like the <strong>USA, Germany, France , Iran, EU, Turkey etc.</strong></li>
<li>Along with giving aid, the President of <strong>France,</strong> Emmanuel Macron has decided to visit Lebanon.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This move is seen as a message of fraternity and solidarity from France.</li>
<li>Earlier, France&rsquo;s top diplomat had scolded Lebanon&rsquo;s political elite for being too &ldquo;passive&rdquo; in the face of an economic crisis and the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lebanon has also been offered humanitarian aid by its neighbour<strong> Israel,</strong> whom it has bitter relations with.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Israel sees <strong>Hezbollah, the militant group of Lebanon as a threat to its northern borders.&rsquo;</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hezbollah</strong> is one of the Middle East's<strong> most powerful and successful guerrilla organizations.</strong> It is the strongest member of Lebanon's pro-Syrian opposition bloc who pitted <strong>against the pro-Western government</strong> led by Saad Hariri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ammonium Nitrate</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ammonium Nitrate (NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>)</strong> is a <strong>nitrogen-rich white, crystalline chemical</strong> which is<strong> soluble in water.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Uses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a common chemical ingredient of <strong>agricultural fertilisers.</strong></li>
<li>It is used as an ingredient for the production of <strong>anaesthetic gases</strong> and <strong>cold packs.</strong></li>
<li>It is also the main ingredient in the manufacture of <strong>commercial explosives</strong> used in mining and construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>As Explosive:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the main component of the explosive composition known as <strong>ANFO- ammonium nitrate fuel oil.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pure</strong> ammonium nitrate is <strong>not an explosive</strong> on its own. For Ammonium nitrate to be explosive a<strong> primary explosive or detonator</strong> like <strong>RDX or TNT</strong> is required.</li>
<li>Many <strong>Improvised Explosive Devices</strong> (IEDs) used by terrorists around the world have ANFO as the main explosive.</li>
<li>Stored ammonium nitrate is a fire hazard and can explode in two ways. <br />
<ol>
<li>It may come in contact with some explosive mixture.</li>
<li>Due to the <strong>oxidation process</strong> at large scale, heat may be generated starting a fire and then explosion. This seems to be the<strong> primary likely cause of the incident at Beirut port.</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Explosions in Past:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the majority of terror attacks in India, including those in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unsc-condemns-pulwama-attack" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Pulwama</strong></a>, <strong>Varanasi,</strong> Malegaon, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Mumbai, ammonium nitrate has been used along with initiator explosives like RDX.</li>
<li>There have been <strong>accidental explosions of ammonium nitrate</strong> causing large numbers of fatalities. Eg. China in 2015 and in Texas in 1947.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Global:</strong> It is classified as an <strong>oxidising content</strong> (Grade 5.1) under the <strong>United Nations classification of dangerous goods.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods</strong> categorizes the types of dangerous goods, under<strong> nine classes</strong> like Explosive Materials, Inflammable liquids, Easily oxidising contents etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India:</strong> In India, the manufacture, conversion, bagging, import, export, transport, possession for sale or use of ammonium nitrate is covered under <strong>The Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2012.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The Explosives Act, 1884,</strong> define ammonium nitrate as the &ldquo;compound with formula NH4NO3 including <strong>any mixture or compound having more than 45% ammonium nitrate by weight</strong> including emulsions, suspensions, melts or gels but excluding emulsion or slurry explosives and non explosives emulsion matrix and fertilizers from which the ammonium nitrate cannot be separated&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Storage of ammonium nitrate in large quantities in populated areas is illegal</strong> in India.</li>
<li>For the manufacture of ammonium nitrate, an Industrial licence is required under the <strong>Industrial Development and Regulation Act, 1951.</strong></li>
<li>A license under the Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2012 is also required for any activity related to ammonium nitrate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lebanon<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596706419_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596706419_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a country in <strong>Western Asia,</strong> bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus lies west across the Mediterranean Sea.</li>
<li>Lebanon was conquered by the <strong>Ottomans</strong> in the 16<sup>th</sup> century and remained under their rule for the next 400 years.</li>
<li>Following the empire's collapse after World War I, it came under <strong>the control of French,</strong> from which it gained independence in <strong>1943.</strong></li>
<li>Lebanon witnessed <strong>Civil war</strong> from <strong>1975-1990</strong> that was a result of conflict between various factions like the <strong>Christians,</strong> the left-wing <strong>Druze</strong> and the <strong>Muslims</strong> and was interspersed with <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/israel-palestine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Israeli invasions targeting the palestinian</strong> </a>militants in Lebanon.</li>
<li>The present government in Lebanon is <strong>confessionalist parliamentary democracy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Confessionalism</strong> is a system of government which apportions seats in its legislature to different groups of people strictly based on demographic composition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This tragedy piles yet another layer of hardship on a country already reeling from its worst financial crisis in decades along with an exasperating political turbulence and struggling to contain a burgeoning coronavirus outbreak.</li>
<li>Lebanon cannot do without containing politically extremist groups functioning in the country and maintaining healthy relationships with the international community.</li>
<li>It is time that international solidarity comes into action and extends a helping hand towards the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-ammonium-nitrate-which-caused-the-massive-explosion-in-beirut-6540646/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beirut-explosion'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Sahakar Cooptube NCDC Channel',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&rsquo; Welfare launched the two initiatives of the<strong> National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) - Sahakar Cooptube NCDC Channel </strong>and<strong> Guidance Videos </strong>on<strong> &lsquo;Formation and Registration of A Cooperative&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sahakar Cooptube NCDC Channel:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Channel <strong>aims</strong> to facilitate involvement of the youth in the cooperative movement. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cooperatives lend strength to farmers to minimize risks in agriculture and allied sectors and act as a shield against exploitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The channel will give a boost to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a> under which the government has announced a series of transformative measures and sector specific financial packages to help agriculture. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The initiatives are steps towards <strong>One Nation One Market</strong> with the objective for India to become a food factory of the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Guidance Videos:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These have been produced by the NCDC on<strong> &lsquo;Formation and Registration of A Cooperative&rsquo;</strong> for eighteen different states in Hindi and regional languages.</li>
<li>These would help strengthen and deepen the major initiatives of the government to promote and form 10,000<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Farmer-Producer Organisations (FPOs).</strong> </a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One such initiative is the formation of FPOs under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-formalization-of-micro-food-processing-enterprises-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;One-Product One-District&rdquo;</strong></a> approach.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Cooperative Development Corporation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> NCDC was established by an Act of Parliament in 1963<strong> as a statutory Corporation</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&rsquo; Welfare.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Office:</strong> NCDC functions through its <strong>Head Office at New Delhi</strong> and multiple Regional Offices.</li>
<li><strong>Functioning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The objectives of NCDC are <strong>planning and promoting programmes for agricultural produce, foodstuffs, industrial goods, livestock</strong> and certain other notified commodities and services on cooperative principles.</li>
<li>The NCDC has the <strong>unique distinction of being the sole statutory organisation</strong> functioning as an <strong>apex financial and developmental institution</strong> exclusively devoted to the <strong>cooperative sector.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mission Sahakar 22,</strong> which aims to <strong>double farmers&rsquo; income by 2022.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Scheme on Internship Programme (SIP)</strong> named <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sahakar-mitra-scheme-on-internship-programmehttps://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sahakar-mitra-scheme-on-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sahakar Mitra</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cooperatives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organisation (ILO)</strong></a>, a <strong>cooperative</strong> is an <strong>autonomous association of persons united voluntarily</strong> to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. E.g. FPOs as cooperatives.</li>
<li><strong>An FPO,</strong> formed<strong> by a group of farm producers,</strong> is a <strong>registered body with producers</strong> as shareholders in the organisation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It deals with <strong>business activities related to the farm produce</strong> and it works for the benefit of the member producers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperatives in India (Agriculture):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They largely <strong>function as an association of small and marginal farmers and rural poor.</strong> They have a huge network of over 8.50 lakh organizations and 290 million members.</li>
<li>According to the government, cooperatives in India have proven their success in improving the condition of farmers and economic development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions of Indian Constitution related to Cooperatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Constitution (97<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act, 2011</strong> added a new <strong>Part IXB</strong> right after Part IXA (Municipals) regarding the cooperatives working in India.</li>
<li>The word &ldquo;cooperatives&rdquo; was added after &ldquo;unions and associations&rdquo; in <strong>Article 19(1)(c) under Part III of the Constitution.</strong> This enables all the <strong>citizens to form cooperatives by giving it the status of fundamental right of citizens.</strong></li>
<li>A new <strong>Article 43B</strong> was added in the <strong>Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) </strong>regarding the<strong> &ldquo;promotion of cooperative societies&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643349" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sahakar-cooptube-ncdc-channel'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Pokkali Rice: Kerala',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Farmers in West Bengal are experimenting with the pokkali variety of rice</strong> to tide over a crisis-like situation created by <strong>severe seawater incursion into paddy fields</strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bon-bibi-sundarban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sundarbans</strong></a> (owing to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-amphan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyclone Amphan</strong></a>).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vyttila-11 varieties of pokkali seedlings</strong> were brought from<strong> Kerala.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pokkali variety of rice is <strong>known for its saltwater resistance</strong> and flourishes in the rice paddies of coastal <strong>Alappuzha, Ernakulam and Thrissur districts of Kerala.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>single-season paddy</strong> is raised in saltwater fields between June and November followed by a season of fish-farming.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The uniqueness of the rice has brought it the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/potential-of-gis-is-waiting-to-be-tapped" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geographical Indication (GI) tag</strong></a> and is the subject of continuing research.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Several foreign research institutes, including the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/golden-rice-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines</strong></a>, have been studying pokkali&rsquo;s gene pools and have identified a portion of DNA on one of its chromosomes that is crucial for salt tolerance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Given its ability to thrive under harsh climatic conditions and produce high yield, it can help in promoting <strong>climate-resilient agriculture.</strong></li>
<li>Pokkali has<strong> medicinal properties</strong> and its <strong>higher value of antioxidants</strong> and <strong>low carbohydrate content</strong> makes it preferable to those on a low sugar diet.</li>
<li><strong>Vyttila-11</strong> is the latest variety of pokkali developed by the <strong>Kerala Agricultural University.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It yields about <strong>5 tonnes per hectare.</strong></li>
<li>The crop duration is about <strong>110 days.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other GI Tag Registered Varieties from Kerala:</strong> Kaipad, Wayanad Jeerakasala, Wayanad Gandhakasala, Palakkadan Matta and Navara.</li>
<li>Further, the <strong>Kuttanad below-sea level farming system</strong> has been recognised by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO)</strong></a> as a <strong>Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is unique as it practices <strong>rice cultivation below sea level.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) was started by the FAO to safeguard and support the world's agricultural heritage systems.</li>
<li>GIAHS are outstanding landscapes of aesthetic beauty that combine agricultural biodiversity, resilient ecosystems and a valuable cultural heritage.</li>
<li><strong>Three recognised GIAHS sites in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pampore Saffron</strong> Heritage of <strong>Kashmir.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Koraput Traditional Agriculture</strong> of <strong>Odisha.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Kuttanad Below Sea Level</strong> Farming System of <strong>Kerala.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pokkali-rice-seedlings-travel-from-kerala-to-the-sunderbans/article32278833.ece#:~:text=Two%20farmers%20in%20South%2024,West%20Bengal%20on%20May%2020." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pokkali-rice-kerala'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'The Big Picture: Importance of Tiger Conservation',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ck91LsuizJU" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>The tiger population across the world dropped sharply since the beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> century but now for the first time in conservation history, their numbers are on the rise.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has 70% of the global tiger population.</li>
<li><strong>The International Tiger Day</strong> celebrated on 29<sup>th</sup> july is an annual event marked to raise awareness about tiger conservation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>First international Tiger&rsquo;s day was celebrated in 2010 at the<strong> St. Petersburg Tiger Summit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>St. Petersburg Declaration on Tiger Conservation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This resolution was adopted In <strong>November 2010,</strong> by the leaders of <strong>13 tiger range countries (TRCs)</strong> assembled at an International Tiger Forum in <strong>St. Petersburg, Russia</strong></li>
<li>It aimed at promoting a global system to protect the natural habitat of tigers and raise awareness among people on white tiger conservation.</li>
<li>The resolution&rsquo;s <strong>implementation mechanism</strong> is called the<strong> Global Tiger Recovery Program</strong> whose overarching goal was to double the number of wild tigers from about 3,200 to more than 7,000 by 2022.</li>
<li>13 Tiger range countries are:<strong> Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand and Vietnam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Encouraging Factors in Conservation of Tigers</h3>
<p>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tiger Census Report, 2019</strong></a>, the Tiger population has substantially increased from 2,226 in 2014 to around 2,967 in 2019.</p>
<p><strong>Key Findings</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Top Performers:</strong> Madhya Pradesh saw the highest number of tigers (526) followed by Karnataka (524) and Uttarakhand (442).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Increase in Tiger population:</strong> Madhya Pradesh (71%) &gt; Maharashtra (64%) &gt; Karnataka (29%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Worst Performers:</strong> Chhattisgarh and Mizoram saw a decline in tiger population.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chhattisgarh is the only state out of the 20 tiger-bearing states where the 2018- census counted 19 tigers, significantly fewer than the 46 of 2014.</li>
<li>Decline in Tiger numbers in Chhattisgarh can be attributed to the law and order problem as large parts of the state are hit by the Maoist insurgency.</li>
<li>Greater conservation efforts are needed in the &ldquo;critically vulnerable&rdquo; Northeast hills and Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The first ever initiative for the conservation of tigers was the <strong>Project Tiger.</strong></li>
<li>There are<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-tiger-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 50 tiger reserves</strong></a> within the country. Out of 50 tiger reserves in the country, three reserves - Mizoram&rsquo;s Dampa reserve, Bengal&rsquo;s Buxa reserve and Jharkhand&rsquo;s Palamau reserve - have no tigers left.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596697776_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596697776_image 0.png" caption="false" width="550" height="559" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Project Tiger</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Project Tiger is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change launched in 1973 to provide central assistance to the tiger States for tiger conservation in designated tiger reserves in India. The project is administered by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-tiger-conservation-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.</li>
<li>It was established in 2005 following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force.</li>
<li>It was constituted under enabling provisions of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>, as amended in 2006, for strengthening tiger conservation, as per powers and functions assigned to it.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance of Tiger Conservation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tiger is one of the prime predators on which the whole ecosystem depends; by ensuring the protection of tigers, the balance of the ecosystem is also ensured.</li>
<li>Tiger is an <strong>umbrella species</strong> whose conservation eventually leads to the conservation of many other species such as the ungulates, pollinators and other small animals.</li>
<li>In the IUCN red list, Tigers are listed in the category of <strong>endangered species.</strong></li>
<li>There is a tremendous decline in the tiger population as compared to the past 100 years and to prevent the deteriorating condition of tigers, it&rsquo;s important to conserve them.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Umbrella Species</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are species that are selected for conservation-related decisions because the conservation and protection of these species indirectly affect the conservation and protection of other species within their ecosystem. Umbrella species help in the selection of potential reserve locations, as well as the determination of the composition of the reserve.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<p>Although, we are moving progressively towards conserving more and more tigers, but few threats are still there standing as a resistance in the conservation practices:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Three tiger reserves of India: Mizoram's Dampa reserve, West Bengal's Buxa reserve and Jharkhand's Palamau reserve have no tigers left.</li>
<li>The tiger reserves are having a poor interconnectivity with each other due to which the gene exchange among the tiger population can barely take place.</li>
<li>There has occurred a human-tiger conflict as the tiger conservation practice has grown but their natural habitats are already shrinking and hence, they are seeking their habitat in the human habitation.</li>
<li>Poaching of tigers is taken as a pride and every part of tiger has a market value therefore they are being hunted indiscriminately for personal as well as commercial purpose.</li>
<li>The constrained mentality of the local communities regarding tiger poaching as their only job is a major challenge to tiger conservation.</li>
<li>The linear developments such as that of railways and roadways is a critical issue in creating the conservation ethos.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Only laws and the technical expertise are not enough, on the local communities&rsquo; part it also needs to be understood that their participation is as important.</li>
<li>These local communities need to be provided better economic opportunities so that they have a better source of income than poaching of tigers.</li>
<li>We have to make the environment and development co-exist and go hand in hand by planning our future developmental goals in such a manner that our environmental goals are not compromised.</li>
<li>Voluntary relocation of the communities within and around these tiger reserves by ensuring justice to them regarding compensation and employment along with the conservation of the environment.</li>
<li>The process of tiger conservation should be more dynamic and compatible with the future possibilities of climatic changes as well.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-importance-of-tiger-conservation'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Reassessing Export-Led Growth Model',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/top-heavy-governance-might-be-well-past-its-expiry-date-already-11596551174165.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Top-heavy governance might be well past its expiry date already&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Live Mint on 05/08/2020. It talks about the prospects of export-led growth for India.</p>
</div>
<p>As the global supply chains look to diversify their sources, amid <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-globalization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, India hopes to become one of the replacements for China. Moreover, the idea of turning the Indian economy into an export-led economy is not new.</p>
<p>This idea is visible in the objectives of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India program</strong></a> and<a href="/gist-of-economic-survey/gist-of-economic-survey-2019-20/gist-of-economic-survey-2019-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Economic Survey</strong></a> has proposed the creation of a Shenzhen-style Autonomous Employment Zones (China), which would be characterized by a highly entrepreneur-friendly regime with respect to land, labour, enforcing contracting and international trade.</p>
<p>China was the last country to lift itself out of poverty by becoming the factory to the world, but economic experts doubt that global demand in the post-covid era will be enough to accommodate another manufacturing giant to arise.</p>
<p>Due to the different geo-economic scenario today, it is contemplated that the export-led growth may not be viable for India.</p>
<h3>Different Geo-Economic Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The problem of Four Ds:</strong> Many global economists are of the opinions that today&rsquo;s world is unlikely to sustain export-led growth, due to the problem of four Ds viz: <strong>depopulation, declining productivity, high debt, and deglobalization.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Demand in most parts of the developed world will not grow too fast, as they are ageing (Japan, northern Europe), and demand in the developing world will also decline in the near future.</li>
<li>As the US is turning protectionist and the EU has in place many trade barriers, this will further reduce demand for developing countries&rsquo; exports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High-Tech Production Over Cheap Imports:</strong> The developed countries are increasingly turning to high tech to produce cheap consumer goods, which require fewer workers and are therefore cost-effective. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, manufactured goods in developed countries are slowly replacing the cheap imports from developing countries</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Market-Reforms, No Longer to be Panacea:</strong> The structural reforms like labour reforms would have had a significant impact in 1991, but are unlikely to provide the same growth boost today. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is because businesses have found other ways to deal with inflexible labour laws, as technology seems to have replaced all other factors of production as the main driver of growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Competition From Neighbourhood:</strong> It is thus very difficult for India to enter the global value chain, as smaller neighbours like Thailand or Sri Lanka are already producing cheaper automotive parts and electronic components for multinational companies.</li>
<li><strong>Structural Issues:</strong> Many goods in India are produced in the medium and small enterprises and have poor quality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is because the labour involved in the production is lacking adequate training in skills, education, and is less disciplined than in India&rsquo;s competitor countries.</li>
<li>Apart from this, there are other problems also like access to credit, power and water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Security Imperative for India:</strong> Geopolitically, China is turning out to be a big threat for India. This means India will have to divert scarce resources to defence and internal security.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Building Domestic Demand:</strong> No matter how bleak the global demand remains in the present times, a robust industrial architecture is crucial for a country to become self-sufficient.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, there is a need to build strong domestic demand, to sustain industrial activity in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Focus on Knowledge Power:</strong> As the population in the majority of the developed world is ageing, India can leverage its demographic dividend and export its human resource to the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For this, India needs to invest in its education, research &amp; innovation capabilities and turn into a Knowledge superpower.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Addressing Structural Issues:</strong> All countries that promoted export-led growth invested heavily in human capital and ensured very good infrastructure with ports, roads, airports and railways. Thus, India needs to: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Invest in its labour force and provide them with regular, affordable food supply and housing.</li>
<li>Build a well- functioning infrastructure and take various trade facilitation measures like easier customs clearances, less paperwork.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Decentralisation:</strong> There is also the need for economic planning to be devolved lower and lower down all levels of government so that people are empowered to take up an economic activity that suits them and develop the resilience needed to respond to new opportunities and threats.</li>
<li><strong>Providing Easy Credit:</strong> Providing easy credit remains a critical aspect of mobilising investment. Hence, India also needs cleaning up of the Non-Performing Assets. In this context, the privatisation of banks will be a step in the right direction.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The idea of the export-led economy has been very successful for many East-Asian countries (also called East-Asian Miracle). In the 1960s and 70s, these countries transformed their economies rapidly from developing countries to become middle-income countries through high export.</p>
<p>However, the viability of a new export-based economy, that India aspires to be, depends on policy restructuring, reaping demographic dividend and leveraging its domestic market.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596631644_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596631644_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcffde;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>In order to become an export-led economy, there is a need to build strong domestic demand, to sustain industrial activity in India. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XbutVpYc7zY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/toxic-brew-on-the-increase-of-liquor-tragedies/article32262642.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Toxic Brew&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on August 4<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reassessing-export-led-growth-model'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Pakistan’s New Map',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/disputed-territories-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pakistan</strong></a> has released a new political map that includes all of Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Ladakh, Sir Creek and Junagadh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The map has been released on the eve of the first anniversary of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>abrogation of special status</strong></a> to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir</strong> </a>under <strong>Article 370.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Map:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The map <strong>depicts entire Jammu &amp; Kashmir</strong> as a <strong>disputed territory</strong> and <strong>does not show any borders in the east of Kashmir.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has also<strong> renamed Kashmir Highway</strong> in Islamabad as <strong>Srinagar Highway.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It claims the <strong>Siachen, regions of Sir Creek</strong> and the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/integration-of-princely-states-after-independence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>erstwhile state of Junagadh in Gujarat</strong> </a>as part of Pakistan&rsquo;s territory.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is not the first time Pakistan has tried to portray Junagadh as part of its territory. The 2012 Atlas of Pakistan also portrayed Junagadh as a Pakistan&rsquo;s territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The map also shows the<strong> Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)</strong> as being part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has called Pakistan's move as an <strong>exercise in political absurdity,</strong> which lays untenable claims to the Indian territories.</li>
<li>These assertions have neither legal validity nor international credibility and it only confirms the reality of Pakistan&rsquo;s obsession with territorial aggrandisement supported by cross-border terrorism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the second time in the recent past where India&rsquo;s neighbouring country has published a new map claiming India&rsquo;s territories. Nepal was the first country to do so.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Nepal published its news map claiming the territories of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/downturn-in-indo-nepal-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kalapani region</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Closeness of Nepal, Pakistan towards China.</li>
<li>Recently, China also changed the status quo along the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control (LAC)</strong></a> in the western sector in its favour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sir Creek</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a 96 km long strip of water disputed between India and Pakistan in the <strong>Rann of Kutch marshlands.</strong></li>
<li>The dispute lies in the <strong>interpretation of the maritime boundary line between Kutch and Sindh.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pakistan claims the line to follow the eastern shore of the estuary while India claims a centerline (differing interpretations of paragraphs 9 and 10 of the Bombay Government Resolution of 1914 signed between the then Government of Sindh and Rao Maharaj of Kutch).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India insists the Sir Creek should be divided between the two countries according to <strong>thalweg principle.</strong> Under international law, a thalweg is the middle of the primary navigable channel of a waterway that defines the boundary line between states.</li>
<li>The International Boundary in the Sir Creek area and International Maritime Boundary line (IMBL) between India and Pakistan have not been demarcated.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Siachen Glacier</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Siachen Glacier is part of <strong>Ladakh</strong> which has now been <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>converted into a Union Territory</strong></a>. It is the <strong>Second-Longest glacier in the World's Non-Polar areas.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>located in the Eastern Karakoram range</strong> in the Himalayas, just northeast of Point NJ9842 where the Line of Control between India and Pakistan ends.</li>
<li>It lies immediately south of the great drainage divide that separates the Eurasian Plate from the Indian subcontinent in the extensively glaciated portion of the Karakoram sometimes called the<strong> "Third Pole".</strong></li>
<li>It is the world's highest battlefield.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>FATA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Federally Administered Tribal Areas</strong> was a <strong>semi-autonomous tribal region</strong> in northwestern Pakistan that existed from 1947. In 2018 it was merged with the neighboring province of <strong>Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the last one year, Pakistan has made several attempts to raise the change in Jammu and Kashmir&rsquo;s status from a state to a union territory at several international fora but hasn&rsquo;t been able to get much traction. Further, with Pakistan, India continues to maintain that terror and talks cannot go hand-in-hand.</li>
<li>With Nepal turning hostile, Sri Lanka tilted towards China, Bangladesh miffed over the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-dropped-from-chabahar-rail-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India out of Iran&rsquo;s Chabahar railway link project</strong></a> (which India was to have constructed), there is a relative decline in India&rsquo;s sphere of influence, especially in its neighbourhood and the extended neighbourhood. This demands a deeper examination of the foreign policy.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pakistan-new-map-jammu-kashmir-ladakh-junagadh-india-6539375/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pakistan-s-new-map'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Thenzawl Golf Resort in Mizoram',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Thenzawl Golf Resort</strong> <strong>Project</strong> in <strong>Mizoram</strong>&nbsp;has been virtually inaugurated.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project was implemented under the <strong>Swadesh Darshan Scheme</strong> of the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project was sanctioned under the <strong>Integrated Development of New Eco-Tourism</strong> under <strong>Swadesh Darshan-North East Circuit</strong> at Thenzawl and South Zote, District Serchhip and Reiek, Mizoram.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Eco-Tourism has been broadly defined as <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/tourism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tourism</a> which is ecologically sustainable.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A<strong> total amount of Rs. 92.25 crore</strong> was sanctioned for it, out of which Rs. 64.48 crore was sanctioned for various components at Thenzawl including the <strong>golf course which is designed to have facilities of international standards.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The competitive advantage of Thenzawl Golf Course is that it will<strong> provide quality golfing experience at a fair price.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Golf Tourism in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, India has<strong> more than 230 golf courses</strong> in all out of which several are of international standards and golf events held there <strong>attract domestic and international tourists.</strong></li>
<li>Golf tourism has a strong potential in India because the <strong>climatic condition is more favourable</strong> here as compared to most countries.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>picturesque landscapes and exceptional hospitality services</strong> add to the enhanced experience.</li>
<li>The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India endeavours to work as a<strong> catalyst and active supporter</strong> for the development of golf tourism in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For that, it is creating a <strong>comprehensive and coordinated framework for promoting golf tourism</strong> in India as a niche tourism product.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Swadesh Darshan Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2014-15</strong> for integrated development of <strong>theme-based tourist circuits</strong> in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, there are <strong>15 theme based circuits -</strong> Buddhist, Coastal, Desert, Eco, Heritage, Himalayan, Krishna, North-east, Ramayana, Rural, Spiritual, Sufi, Tirthankara, Tribal and Wildlife.</li>
<li>Theme-based tourist circuits are developed on the principles of high tourist value, competitiveness and sustainability in an integrated manner to enrich tourist experience and enhance employment opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Sector Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li>Under the scheme, the Ministry of Tourism provides <strong>Central Financial Assistance</strong> (CFA) to State Governments/Union Territory Administrations for <strong>infrastructure development of circuits.</strong></li>
<li>This scheme is <strong>envisioned to synergise with other schemes</strong> like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skill India</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india#:~:text=Make%20in%20India%20is%20designed,India%20a%20global%20manufacturing%20hub.&amp;text=To%20create%20100%20million%20additional%20manufacturing%20jobs%20in%20the%20economy%20by%202022." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a>, etc. with the idea of positioning the tourism sector as a major engine for job creation, driving force for economic growth, building synergy with various sectors to enable tourism to realise its potential.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643290" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/thenzawl-golf-resort-in-mizoram'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Dhole Conservation',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Karnataka, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh rank high in the conservation of the <strong>endangered <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-20th-july-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dhole</a></strong> in India, according to a new study.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This study was conducted by scientists from the <strong>Wildlife Conservation Society-India, the University of Florida, the Wildlife Conservation Trust, and the National Centre for Biological Sciences.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596612233_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596612233_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this study, the scientists explored the conservation tenets of <strong>retention, recovery </strong>and<strong> restoration</strong> of<strong> dholes in India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Karnataka, Maharashtra</strong> and<strong> Madhya Pradesh</strong> were found to be <strong>adequately equipped</strong> fo<strong>r consolidating forest habitats</strong> and<strong> recovering populations of Dhole</strong> by<strong> increasing prey density</strong> and<strong> reducing the pressure on forests.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Telangana</strong> and <strong>Goa</strong> are suggested to <strong>increase financial investments</strong> in the forest and wildlife sectors, and<strong> reduce the ease of granting forest clearances</strong> for infrastructure projects.</li>
<li><strong>Improving habitat conditions</strong> and <strong>prey densities</strong> in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Odisha would strengthen the link between dhole populations in the Western Ghats and central India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Dhole</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> Dhole<em> (Cuon alpinus)</em> is a <strong>wild carnivorous</strong> animal belonging to the <strong>canine</strong> family, found in <strong>Central, South, East Asia,</strong> and <strong>Southeast Asia.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are also known as <strong>Asian wild dogs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ecological role:</strong> Dholes play an important role as apex predators in forest ecosystems.</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong> It is under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for Conservation</strong></a> of Nature&rsquo;s <strong>&lsquo;endangered&rsquo;</strong> category.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The species is protected under<strong> Schedule 2 of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act 1972</a></strong> and under <strong>Appendix 2 of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).</a></strong></li>
<li>In India, <strong>the first conservation breeding centre</strong> for dhole was built at the <strong>Indira Gandhi Zoological Park (IGZP)</strong> in 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ongoing habitat loss:</strong> Due to deforestation and fragmentation of forest corridors.</li>
<li><strong>Depletion of prey base:</strong> Ungulates are main prey of dholes whose population is rapidly decreasing due to excessive hunting and habitat loss.</li>
<li><strong>Persecution due to livestock predation </strong>and<strong> disease transfer</strong> from domestic and feral dogs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/three-states-rank-high-in-the-conservation-of-the-endangered-dhole/article32250471.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dhole-conservation'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Expansion of Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government has expanded its <strong>Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS)</strong> to cover loans given to larger firms as well as to self-employed people and professionals who have taken loans for business purposes.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ECLGS was <strong>rolled out in May 2020 as part of the Centre&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Aatmanirbhar package</a></strong> in response to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> <strong>crisis.</strong> The objective was to support<strong> small businesses</strong> struggling to meet their <strong>operational liabilities</strong> due to the imposition of a nationwide lockdown.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ECLGS provides for the<strong> Guaranteed Emergency Credit Line (GECL)</strong> facility. The GECL is <strong>a loan for which 100% guarantee is provided by the National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company (NCGTC) to Member Lending Institutions (MLIs) -</strong> banks, financial institutions and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Non-Banking Financial Companies</a> (NBFCs).</strong></li>
<li>The loans are extended in the form of additional working capital term loan facility in case of banks and additional term loan facility in case of NBFCs <strong>to eligible Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)/business enterprises and interested <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/interest-subvention-scheme-for-shishu-loan-accounts" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana</a> (PMMY) borrowers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>First-time borrowers and Non-Performing Asset (NPA) accounts cannot raise funds</strong> under the scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> tenor of loans</strong> provided under the GECL facility is<strong> four years</strong> from the date of disbursement.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>moratorium period of one year on the principal amount</strong> is provided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Interest rates</strong> of banks and financial institutions have been capped at 9.25% per annum, while NBFCs can lend at a maximum of 14% per annum.</li>
<li>The Scheme is <strong>applicable</strong> to all loans sanctioned under the GECL facility during the period from,<strong> 23<sup>rd</sup> May 2020 to 31<sup>st</sup> October, 2020, or till an amount of Rs. 3 lakh</strong> <strong>crore is sanctioned</strong> under GECL,<strong> whichever is earlier.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme<strong> has been expanded</strong> to cover:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enterprises with a turnover up to Rs. 250 crore with outstanding loans up to Rs. 50 crore</strong> (as on 29<sup>th</sup> February, 2020).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The earlier limit was Rs. 100 crore and Rs 25 crore, respectively.</li>
<li>Credit under GECL is provided up to 20% of the borrower&rsquo;s total outstanding credit up to Rs. 25 crore.</li>
<li>The expansion of the limits has<strong> increased the maximum amount of loans that can be availed under the Scheme to Rs. 10 crore</strong> (20% of 50 crore) from Rs. 5 crore (20% of 25 crore).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Individual beneficiaries</strong> including both <strong>professionals</strong> such as doctors, lawyers and chartered accountants, as well as <strong>self-employed people</strong> such as vendors or taxi drivers.</li>
<li>The changes in the ECLGS scheme are <strong>likely to make an additional Rs 1 lakh crore eligible.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Till now, a total of around <strong>Rs. 1.37 lakh crore has been sanctioned</strong> under the scheme by member lending institutions to around 40 lakh accounts, of which around Rs 87,000 crore has been disbursed.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company Ltd</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NCGTC is a <strong>private limited company</strong> incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 in 2014, established by the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance, as a <strong>wholly owned company of the Government of India,</strong> to act as a common trustee company for multiple credit guarantee funds.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Credit guarantee programmes</strong> are designed to share the lending risk of the lenders and in turn, facilitate access to finance for the prospective borrowers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/credit-guarantee-extended-to-larger-firms-self-employed/article32249835.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-emergency-credit-line-guarantee-scheme'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Vitamin D Deficiency in India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Researchers have claimed that <strong>vitamin D deficiency can negatively affect <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> high-risk patients,</strong> particularly those who are diabetic, have heart conditions, pneumonia, obesity and those who smoke.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is also associated with<strong> infections</strong> in the<strong> respiratory tract</strong> and<strong> lung injury.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has a large population suffering from vitamin D deficiency among the public <strong>irrespective of their location (urban or rural), age or gender, or whether they are poor or even rich.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is <strong>despite India being a tropical nation</strong> getting abundant sunshine, which is a precursor to Vitamin D formation in the body.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to an analysis published in the Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism in 2017, the level of vitamin D in people from different states of India ranged between 3.15 nanogram/millilitre to 52.9 ng/ml, which was <strong>considerably lower than the needed level of 30-100 ng/ml.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Vitamin D level among south Indians is 15.74&ndash;19.16 ng/ml.</li>
<li><strong>Females showed consistently lower levels</strong> than males.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Vitamin D deficiency also occurs <strong>among people of the Indian sub-continental origin settled in Great Britain.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This suggests a <strong>correlation between genetics of people of this region</strong> and Vitamin D metabolism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to data by the <strong>National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB)</strong> over the last 50 years, the<strong> calcium levels</strong> in average Indian populations has plummeted from <strong>700 units per day to 300-400.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The normal, needed level of Calcium is <strong>800-1,000 units per day. Vitamin D helps in absorption of Calcium by the body.</strong></li>
<li>The body needs calcium to <strong>maintain strong bones.</strong> It is also needed for <strong>muscles to move</strong> and <strong>for nerves to carry messages</strong> between the brain and every body part.</li>
<li>It also helps <strong>release hormones and enzymes</strong> that affect almost every function in the human body.</li>
<li>This deficiency of Calcium stands in contrast to the fact that India <strong>produces the maximum amount of milk per day</strong> in the world which is a <strong>rich source of calcium.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vitamin D</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vitamin D is a <strong>fat-soluble vitamin</strong> which is <strong>naturally present in very few foods</strong> like fatty fish, and fish liver oils, beef liver, cheese, and egg yolks.</li>
<li>It is also <strong>produced endogenously</strong> when <strong>ultraviolet rays from sunlight strike the skin</strong> and trigger vitamin D synthesis. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The sunlight triggers a chemical reaction to a cholesterol-based molecule, and converts it into <strong>calcidiol in the liver</strong> and <strong>into calcitriol in the kidney.</strong></li>
<li>These molecules technically called <strong>25-OHD are physiologically active.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Vitamin D <strong>maintains</strong> adequate <strong>calcium and phosphate concentrations in blood.</strong> It<strong> prevents weakening of bones.</strong></li>
<li>Vitamin D has other roles in the body, including <strong>cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, </strong>and<strong> reduction of inflammation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Required Amount</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The level of <strong>25-OHD</strong> in the range <strong>30-100 ng/ml</strong> is thought to be<strong> sufficient</strong> for a healthy body; levels between 21-29 ng/ml are considered insufficient, and levels below 20 ng/ml mean the individual is deficient in the vitamin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects of Deficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rickets</strong> in children and <strong>osteomalacia</strong> (softening of bones) in adults.</li>
<li><strong>Bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen (Effects of deficiency).</strong></li>
<li>Vitamin D deficiency can cause <strong>rickets</strong> in children and <strong>osteomalacia</strong> in adults.</li>
<li>Bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen (osteoporosis) Vitamin D.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Nutrition in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A major chunk of the population in India suffers from <strong>hidden hunger</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-nutrition-survey" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>malnutrition</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/dimensions-of-food-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>nutrition deficiencies.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hidden hunger occurs when the quality of food people eat does not meet their nutrient requirements, so the food is deficient in micronutrients such as the vitamins and minerals that they need for their growth and development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Over 80% adolescents in India suffer from <strong>hidden hunger</strong> according to UNICEF's report, 'Adolescents, Diets and Nutrition: Growing Well in a Changing World, 2019&rsquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, <strong>63% of children below 5 years in urban areas (72% in rural areas) are found to be anaemic and 55% of women and 24% of men are found to be anaemic.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The production, procurement and distribution system for food in India has still not been able to address the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/dimensions-of-food-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>food security issues in India.</strong> </a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, the <strong>food being provided to the poor (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana</a>)</strong> during<strong> Covid</strong> contains pulses and cereals but <strong>lacks vegetables &mdash; raw or cooked.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The balanced diet is still unaffordable for many Indians.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per<strong> FAO&rsquo;s State of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-security-and-nutrition" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020</a>, </strong>a<strong> nutrient-adequate meal </strong>costs Rs. <strong>25 per meal, </strong>and a &lsquo;healthy diet&rsquo;<strong> about Rs. 100 per day.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mid-day meal scheme</strong></a> has helped in combating nutrition deficiencies in poor school-going children.</li>
<li>The feeding programmes for preschool children and pregnant women under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Child Development Services</strong></a> through anganwadis have been vital.</li>
<li>The government is trying to ensure the food requirement of the poor section of society through the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Act (NFSA)</strong></a> and the Public Distribution System (PDS).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan</strong></a>, launched in 2017-18, aims to reduce stunting, under-nutrition, anaemia and low birth weight babies through synergy and convergence among different programmes, better monitoring and improved community mobilisation.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/an-innovative-method-for-boosting-nutrition" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biofortification</strong></a> i.e improvement of the nutritional quality of food crops through agronomic practices, conventional plant breeding, or modern biotechnology is being promoted by the government for various crops like carrots (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/madhuban-gajar-biofortified-variety" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Madhuban Gajar</strong></a>), wheat <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/macs-4028-wheat-variety" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(MACS 4028)</strong></a> etc. in order to ensure nutritional security.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central and State governments need to<strong> consult nutrition experts and institutions</strong> to advise and suggest the type of nutritive items that can be added to the current &lsquo;ration&rsquo; food given to the poor, and the meals given to school children.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>meals given to the poor or children should include vegetables</strong> like spinach and other green leafy vegetables, beans, peas, carrots, tomato, potato, milk/curd and fruits like bananas, and omega 3 and 6 fatty acids (and an egg).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides vitamin D and calcium, <strong>food rich in other micronutrients</strong> (such as B complex vitamins, plus Fe, Zn, I, Se, Zn) should be offered to the poor, so that <strong>immunity against any infection is ensured.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such an addition takes care of what is called<strong> &lsquo;hidden hunger&rsquo;</strong> in poorly nourished people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government can <strong>mass supply free-of-charge vitamin D, other vitamins and calcium,</strong> in consultation with medical and public health experts to the public.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many indian pharmaceutical companies manufacture these. Procuring these supplements from indian companies will fall in line with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Make in India&rsquo;</strong></a> initiative of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The consumption of<strong> Seaweed</strong> can be very beneficial. Seaweeds are <strong>vegetarian, and rich in vitamins, minerals, iodine and omega 3 fatty acids.</strong> As India has a <strong>long coastline,</strong> these can be affordable <strong>nutritional supplements</strong> for Indians.</li>
<li>Schools can have their <strong>students stand in sunlight</strong> for 20-30 minutes daily, and encourage physical exercise and games for an hour per day.</li>
<li>Further, it is important to<strong> raise awareness</strong> about the importance of healthy eating and nutritional requirements of the human body.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>Only when we ensure a healthy populace, we can imagine <strong>developing immunity to battle a pandemic like Covid-19.</strong> Dealing with Vitamin D and Calcium deficiency is the foremost step in meeting the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> of ending Hunger (SDG-2) and ensuring good health and well-being for all (SDG-3).</p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/arming-indias-poor-against-the-pandemic-2/article32248981.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vitamin-d-deficiency-in-india'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Crisis in the Dairy Sector',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/coronavirus-impact-on-dairy-sector-rural-business-6537837/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Covid and Milk&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 04/08/2020. It talks about the current crisis in the dairy sector.</p>
</div>
<p>India has transformed from a country of acute milk shortage to the world&rsquo;s leading milk producer. This phenomenal success is attributed to a Government initiative known as <strong>Operation Flood (1970&ndash;1996)</strong> and its intense focus on dairy development activities.</p>
<p>Over the past few decades, the Dairy sector has emerged as a lifeline of the rural economy in India. However, given the high price elasticity of milk and milk products, the demand for milk is very sensitive to price changes.</p>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong> </a>has severely affected the demand for milk, particularly in urban areas. This has severely impacted the profitability of the dairy sector as an enterprise.</p>
<p>Given the importance of dairy sectors, for both farmers and consumers, there is a need for governments at various levels to address this crisis and establish a holistic framework for the overall growth of the sector.</p>
<h3>Current Crisis in Dairy Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Production of milk is subject to <strong>seasonal fluctuations</strong> &mdash; animals, particularly buffaloes, produce more during winter-spring and less in the summer.</li>
<li>In order to cope with this fluctuation, the farmers usually convert the surplus milk of the &ldquo;flush&rdquo; season (winter) into skimmed milk powder (SMP) and ghee/butter for reconstitution in the &ldquo;lean&rdquo; months (summer).</li>
<li>The above balancing model is, however, being rendered dysfunctional by the <strong>demand destruction</strong> caused in the post-Covid shutdown of hotels, restaurants, hostels, canteens and mithai shops.</li>
<li>Apart from this, bulk sale of milk has collapsed (as nearly no marriages and other social functions taking place).</li>
<li>This has slashed milk prices by Rs 10-13 per litre.</li>
<li>Further, dairies have been accumulating powder and fat stocks through the summer and monsoon months.</li>
<li>This overstocking situation will worsen once production increases in the coming months with improved fodder availability, calving of buffaloes and drop in temperature.</li>
<li>This demand and supply mismatch has led to a crisis in the Dairy sector.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Issues Ailing Dairy Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Slowdown in Dairy Sector:</strong> Even as India&rsquo;s milk output has more than doubled in the last 15 years, the growth has slumped to less than 3 % in recent years, raising cause for concern. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The slowdown is attributed to the decline in investment in the dairy sector since the end of the Operation Flood initiative.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Budgetary Allocation:</strong> Dairy is currently the top-ranking commodity in India, with the value of output almost equal to the combined output value of rice and wheat.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite the importance of the dairy sector in overall GDP, it receives less government budgeting than the agriculture sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Informal Dairy Economy:</strong> The most basic feature of the Indian dairy sector is that it is still predominantly unorganized. Of the total milk produced in India, only 18-20% is channelized via the organized sector. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The unorganised sector accounts for about 75% of the marketable surplus of milk. Due to this, the unorganized sector is yet to participate in the modern processing infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poor Breeding Infrastructure and Genetics:</strong> The success of Indian dairy was mostly due to the rising number of animals, not productivity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are storages of breeding infrastructure and advanced breeding methods such as artificial insemination, embryo transfer etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Animal Feed and Fodder:</strong> There is an acute and ever-growing shortage of green fodder and good quality feed.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Cold Chain Infrastructure:</strong> There is a lack of required infrastructure of chilling plants and bulk coolers to prevent contamination and spoilage at village level. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, the existing chilling plants suffer due to shortage of electricity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p><strong>Short-Term Measure</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government should consider temporary procurement of milk, directly by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/milk-fortification-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NDDB may create a buffer stock of processed dairy products like skimmed milk powder (SMP) and butter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, state governments may consider distributing these dairy products in Mid-May Meal, when schools reopen.</li>
<li>By this way, the crisis in the dairy sector and nutritional security both can be addressed.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Long-Term Measures</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increasing Productivity:</strong> There is a need to increase the productivity of animals, better health care and breeding facilities and management of dairy animals. This can reduce the cost of milk production. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, milk production and productivity can be enhanced by ensuring the availability of veterinary services, artificial insemination (AI), feed and farmer education.</li>
<li>The Government and dairy industry can play a vital role in this direction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Augmenting Production, Processing and Marketing Infrastructure:</strong> If India has to emerge as a dairy exporting country, it is imperative to develop proper production, processing and marketing infrastructure, which is capable of meeting international quality requirements. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, there is a need for a comprehensive strategy for producing quality and safe dairy products that should be formulated with suitable legal backup.</li>
<li>Further, to address the infrastructure deficit in rural areas and address the power shortage, there is a need to invest in solar powered dairy processing units.</li>
<li>Also, there is a need to strengthen dairy cooperatives. In this pursuit, the government should promote farmer producer organisations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Demand for dairy products in India is likely to grow significantly in the coming years, driven by more consumers, higher incomes and greater interest in nutrition. Further, the dairy industry is critical for realising the goal of doubling the farmer&rsquo;s income. Therefore, supply-demand balancing remains the issue of utmost importance for the dairy sector.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596545609_image%200.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596545609_image 0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9fff2;">
<p><span style="color: #003366;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;Milk is a unique crop that farmers harvest daily&rdquo;. In light of the statement, discuss the issues with the dairy sector in India.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crisis-in-the-dairy-sector'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Day 16',
			'catname' => '60 days refresher',
			'desc' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Art and Culture (Philosophical and Religious Systems)</h2>
<p>Visual and Performing Arts remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked over the years. Even the static questions on this topic are generally taken from the current happenings which have been in the recent news. Thus, the important news events of the year have been given below.</p>
<h2>Buddhism</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddhism in India</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper1/buddhism-in-india-mindmap" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddhism (Mind Map)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/mains-practice-question/question-105" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rise of Jainism and Buddhism</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maha-bodhi-temple-complex" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maha Bodhi Temple Complex</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intach-efforts-to-protect-buddhist-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>INTACH Efforts to Protect Buddhist Site</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions Buddhism</span></h3>
<p>Q. With reference to Indian history, who among the following is a future Buddha, yet to come to save the world? (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Avalokiteshvara</p>
<p>(b) Lokesvara</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) Maitreya</strong> </span></p>
<p>(d) Padmapani</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements: (2016)</p>
<ol>
<li>The concept of Bodhisattva is central to the Hinayana sect of Buddhism.</li>
<li>Bodhisattva is a compassionate one on his way to enlightenment.</li>
<li>Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation to help all sentient beings on their path to it.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 2 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which one of the following describes best the concept of Nirvana in Buddhism? (2013)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) The extinction of the flame of desire</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) The complete annihilation of self</p>
<p>(c) A state of bliss and rest</p>
<p>(d) A mental stage beyond all comprehension</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Lord Buddha&rsquo;s image is sometimes shown with the hand gesture called &lsquo;Bhumisparsha Mudra&rsquo;. It symbolizes (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Buddha&rsquo;s calling of the Earth to watch over Mara and to prevent Mara from disturbing his meditation</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) Buddha&rsquo;s calling of the Earth to witness his purity and chastity despite the temptations of Mara</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Buddha&rsquo;s reminder to his followers that they all arise from the Earth and finally dissolve into the Earth, and thus this life is transitory</p>
<p>(d) Both the statements (a) and (b) are correct in this context</p>
<h2>Jainism</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/jainism-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jainism</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahavir-jayanti-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahavir Jayanti</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahamastakabhisheka-celebrations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahamastakabhisheka Celebrations</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/naya-jain-mandir-jains-in-mughal-administration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Naya Jain Mandir (Jains in Mughal Administration)</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous year on Jainism</span></h3>
<p>Q. With reference to the religious practices in India, the &ldquo;Sthanakvasi&rdquo; sect belongs to (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Buddhism</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) Jainism</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Vaishnavism</p>
<p>(d) Shaivism</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements: (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Sautrantika and Sammitiya were the sects of Jainism.</li>
<li>Sarvastivadin held that the constituents of phenomena were not wholly momentary, but existed forever in a latent form.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) Both 1 and 2</p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which of the following statements is/are applicable to Jain doctrine? (2013)</p>
<ol>
<li>The surest way of annihilating Karma is to practice penance.</li>
<li>Every object, even the smallest particle has a soul.</li>
<li>Karma is the bane of the soul and must be ended.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the codes given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) 1, 2 and 3</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to the history of ancient India, which of the following was/were common to both Buddhism and Jainism? (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>Avoidance of extremities of penance and enjoyment</li>
<li>Indifference to the authority of the Vedas</li>
<li>Denial of efficacy of rituals</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the codes given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Anekantavada is a core theory and philosophy of which one of the following? (2009)</p>
<p>(a) Buddhism</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) Jainism</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Sikhism</p>
<p>(d) Vaishnavism</p>
<h2>Vedic and Indian Philosophy</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/schools-of-indian-philosophy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Schools of Indian Philosophy</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/mains-practice-question/question-638" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shramana Tradition Mains Answer</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous year on Vedic and Indian Philosophy</span></h3>
<p>Q. Which one of the following pairs does not form part of the six systems of Indian Philosophy? (2014)</p>
<p>(a) Mimamsa and Vedanta</p>
<p>(b) Nyaya and Vaisheshika</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) Lokayata and Kapalika</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) Sankhya and Yoga</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to the history of philosophical thought in India, consider the following statements regarding Sankhya school: (2013)</p>
<p>Sankhya does not accept the theory of rebirth or transmigration of soul.</p>
<p>Sankhya holds that it is the self-knowledge that leads to liberation and not any exterior influence or agent.</p>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Both 1 and 2</p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following Bhakti Saints: (2013)</p>
<ol>
<li>Dadu Dayal</li>
<li>Guru Nanak</li>
<li>Tyagaraja</li>
</ol>
<p>Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 3</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3</p>
<p>(d) 1 and 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The religion of early Vedic Aryans was primarily of (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Bhakti</p>
<p>(b) image worship and Yajnas</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) worship of nature and Yajnas</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) worship of nature and Bhakti</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The &ldquo;Dharma&rdquo; and &ldquo;Rita&rdquo; depict a central idea of ancient Vedic civilization of India. In this context, consider the following statements: (2011)</p>
<ol>
<li>Dharma was a conception of obligations and of the discharge of one&rsquo;s duties to oneself and to others.</li>
<li>Rita was the fundamental moral law governing the functioning of the universe and all it contained.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) Both 1 and 2</strong> </span></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Among the following, who was not a proponent of bhakti cult? (2010)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) Nagarjuna</strong> </span></p>
<p>(b) Tukaram</p>
<p>(c) Tyagaraja</p>
<p>(d) Vallabhacharya</p>
<h2>South Indian Culture</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/sangam-age-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sangam Age</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/excavation-sites-of-sangam-age" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Excavation Sites of Sangam Age</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/keeladi-findings" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Keeladi Findings</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kutiyattam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kutiyattam</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chola-dynasty-port-poompuhar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chola Dynasty Port-Poompuhar</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/thiruvalluvar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Thiruvalluvar</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chalukyan-rulers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chalukyan Rulers</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jallikattu-event-held-in-tamil-nadu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jallikattu Event Held in Tamil Nadu</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous year on South Indian Culture</span></h3>
<p>Q. With reference to the cultural history of medieval India, consider the following statements: (2016)</p>
<ol>
<li>Siddhas (Sittars) of Tamil region were monotheistic and condemned idolatry.</li>
<li>Lingayats of Kannada region questioned the theory of rebirth and rejected the caste hierarchy.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) Both 1 and 2</strong> </span></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<h2>Language and Literature</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tulu-language" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tulu Language</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/earliest-sanskrit-inscriptions-in-south-india-found-in-a-p" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Earliest Sanskrit Inscriptions in South India found in A.P.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/purandara-dasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Purandara Dasa</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classical-languages" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Classical Languages</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kiliki-language" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kiliki Language</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bill-to-change-stature-of-official-languages" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bill to Change Stature of Official Languages</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous year on Language and Literature</span></h3>
<p>Q. Who of the following had first deciphered the edicts of Emperor Ashoka? (2016)</p>
<p>(a) Georg Buhler</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) James Prinsep</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Max Muller</p>
<p>(d) William Jones</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which one of the following books of ancient India has the love story of the son of the founder of Sunga dynasty? (2016)</p>
<p>(a) Swapnavasavadatta</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) Malavikagnimitra</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Meghadoota</p>
<p>(d) Ratnavali</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which one of the following was given classical language status recently? (2015)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) Odia</strong> </span></p>
<p>(b) Konkani</p>
<p>(c) Bhojpuri</p>
<p>(d) Assamese</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The national motto of India, &lsquo;Satyameva Jayate&rsquo; inscribed below the Emblem of India is taken from (2014)</p>
<p>(a) Katha Upanishad</p>
<p>(b) Chandogya Upanishad</p>
<p>(c) Aitareya Upanishad</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Mundaka Upanishad</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following statements: (2014)</p>
<ol>
<li>&lsquo;Bijak&rsquo; is a composition of the teachings of Saint Dadu Dayal.</li>
<li>The Philosophy of Pushti Marg was propounded by Madhvacharya.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) Both 1 and 2</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The national motto of India, &lsquo;Satyameva Jayate&rsquo; inscribed below the Emblem of India is taken from (2014)</p>
<p>(a) Katha Upanishad</p>
<p>(b) Chandogya Upanishad</p>
<p>(c) Aitareya Upanishad</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Mundaka Upanishad</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following languages: (2014)</p>
<ol>
<li>Gujarati</li>
<li>Kannada</li>
<li>Telugu</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above has/have been declared as &lsquo;Classical Language/Languages&rsquo; by the Government?</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(b) 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 2 and 3 only</strong> </span></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Who of the following is the author of a collection of poems called &ldquo;Golden Threshold&rdquo;? (2009)</p>
<p>(a) Aruna Asaf Ali</p>
<p>(b) Annie Besant</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) Sarojini Naidu</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) Vijayalakshmi Pandit</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following statements: (2009)</p>
<ol>
<li>The National School of Drama was set up by Sangeet Natak Akademi in 1959.</li>
<li>The highest honour conferred by the Sahitya Akademi on a writer is by electing him its fellow.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) Both 1 and 2</strong> </span></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. What does Baudhayan theorem (Baudhayan Sulva Sutra) relate to? (2008)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) Lengths of sides of a right-angled triangle</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) Calculation of the value of pi</p>
<p>(c) Logarithmic calculations</p>
<p>(d) Normal distribution curve</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/60-days-refresher-programme/day-16'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Space X Capsule Returns Safely',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, two <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</strong> </a>(NASA) astronauts <strong>Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken</strong> have returned to earth in their <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/spacex-crew-dragon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SpaceX Dragon</strong></a> capsule named <strong>Endeavour,</strong> in less than a day after departing the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cst-100-starliner" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Space Station</strong> </a>(ISS).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Their capsule parachuted into the <strong>Gulf of Mexico</strong> about <strong>40 miles off the coast of Pensacola, Florida Panhandle</strong> (USA), which was one of the approximate locations.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596534454_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596534454_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was the<strong> first splashdown by the USA astronauts in 45 years,</strong> with the <strong>first commercially built and operated spacecraft</strong> to carry people to and from orbit.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The last time NASA astronauts returned from space to water was on<strong> 24<sup>th</sup> July 1975,</strong> in the Pacific to end a<strong> joint USA-Soviet mission</strong> known as the<strong> Apollo-Soyuz.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was the <strong>first spaceflight to include two participating nations</strong> working together with their own national spacecraft.</li>
<li>The <strong>Americans sent up an Apollo command module,</strong> while the <strong>Soviet launched a Soyuz spacecraft.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Space X Crew Dragon:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>reusable spacecraft</strong> developed and manufactured by American aerospace manufacturer <strong>SpaceX.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SpaceX is a <strong>private company founded in 2002 by Elon Musk.</strong> Its <strong>headquarters</strong> is located in <strong>Hawthorne, California</strong> (USA).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the <strong>fifth class of the USA spacecraft</strong> to take human beings into orbit, after the <strong>Mercury, Gemini, Apollo and Space Shuttle programs.</strong></li>
<li>The rocket <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/spacex-s-falcon-heavy-rocket" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Falcon 9</strong> </a>was launched from <strong>NASA's Kennedy Space Center</strong> on <strong>31<sup>st</sup> May 2020</strong> and carried the spaceship into the orbit.</li>
<li>The whole mission was carried out under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/demo-2-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Demo-2 Mission</strong></a> of NASA and SpaceX.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It clears the way for <strong>another SpaceX crew</strong> <strong>launch</strong> and<strong> possible tourist flights</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>SpaceX has now become the <strong>first private company to send humans to orbit</strong> who have spent more than two months on the space station.</li>
<li>The landmark mission <strong>marked the first time the USA space agency launched humans from American soil</strong> since its <strong>shuttle program retired in 2011.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since then, the USA has <strong>relied on Russia's space program</strong> to launch its astronauts to the space station.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/spacex-capsule-with-nasa-crew-safely-home/article32262212.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/space-x-capsule-returns-safely'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN)</strong> is being used by the State/UT governments in India <strong>to monitor the supply chain of Covid response material.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This has been used <strong>with the requisite customization</strong> during the Covid pandemic for <strong>ensuring continuation of the essential immunization services.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> It is an<strong> indigenously developed technology system</strong> that <strong>digitizes vaccine stocks</strong> and monitors the temperature of the cold chain through a smartphone application.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> It is <strong>aimed at strengthening immunization supply chain systems</strong> across the country.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>eVIN aims to support the Government of India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Immunization Programme</strong></a> by providing <strong>real-time information on vaccine stocks and flows, and storage temperatures</strong> across all cold chain points in these states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implemented by:</strong> It is being implemented under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission (NHM)</strong></a> by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in partnership with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).</strong></a></li>
<li>The integrated solution combines:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Technology :</strong> Online real-time information on vaccine stocks and storage temperature to facilitate <strong>evidence-based decision-making.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Governance:</strong> Systemizing record keeping, upgrading logistics and encouraging good practices to <strong>ensure efficient vaccine logistics management.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Human Resources:</strong> To <strong>empower the state cold chain network</strong> by building the capacities of handlers and managers at each stage of vaccine supply.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Universal Immunization Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched by <strong>the government in 1985,</strong> to prevent mortality and morbidity in children and pregnant women against<strong> 12 vaccine-preventable diseases.</strong></li>
<li>Under UIP free of cost vaccination is provided against twelve vaccine-preventable diseases i.e. Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio, Hepatitis B, Pneumonia , Meningitis due to Haemophilus Influenzae type b (Hib), Measles, Rubella, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) and Rotavirus diarrhoea.</li>
<li>The programme is one of the largest health programmes in the world. Despite being operational for many years, UIP has been able to fully immunize only 65% of children under 1 year of age.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This strong platform has the potential to be leveraged for <strong>any new vaccine including COVID-19 vaccine,</strong> as and when available.</li>
<li>eVIN can be a powerful contribution to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-health-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>strengthening health systems</strong> </a>and <strong>ensuring equity</strong> through easy and<strong> timely availability of vaccines to all children, pregnant mothers and other vulnerable groups.</strong></li>
<li>eVIN can be upscaled to build <strong>VALUE (Vaccine and Logistics Utilisation Evaluator),</strong> which is a <strong>held device for capturing the data of vaccines administered,</strong> to monitor<a href="/mains-practice-question/question-328" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> reach till the last-mile beneficiaries.</strong></a></li>
<li>It can help to <strong>fully automate the process of indenting and supplying vaccines</strong> based on <strong>historic actual consumption of vaccines </strong>and<strong> forecasting.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643172" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electronic-vaccine-intelligence-network'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Contraction in Manufacturing: PMI',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the recent <strong>IHS Markit India Manufacturing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/purchasing-manager-s-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Purchasing Managers&rsquo; Index (PMI)</a></strong>, India&rsquo;s manufacturing sector activity contracted at a faster pace in July 2020 than in June 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Manufacturing PMI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It stood at 46 in July 2020, down from 47.2 in June 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In PMI parlance, a score above 50 means <strong>growth,</strong> while a score below that denotes <strong>contraction.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is the <strong>fourth straight month of contraction</strong> for the Indian manufacturing sector. In April, the PMI had slipped into contraction mode, after remaining in growth territory for 32 consecutive months.</li>
<li>The manufacturing PMI showed some recovery in May, and further in June 2020, but it once again slipped in July 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Contraction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The demand conditions remained subdued with some businesses still closed amid lockdown extensions due to emergence of new epicentres of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Export orders have also witnessed a decline.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The re-acceleration of declines in the manufacturing sector is <strong>undermining the trend towards economic stabilisation</strong> seen over the past two months. The <strong>firms have reduced both staff numbers as well as purchasing activity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Purchasing Managers' Index</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PMI is an index of the <strong>prevailing direction of economic trends</strong> in the <strong>manufacturing and service sectors.</strong></li>
<li>It consists of a diffusion index that summarizes whether market conditions, as viewed by purchasing managers, are expanding, staying the same, or contracting.</li>
<li>The purpose of the PMI is to provide information about<strong> current and future business conditions</strong> to company decision makers, analysts, and investors.</li>
<li>It is <strong>different from the Index of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contraction-in-core-sector-industries" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industrial Production (IIP)</a>,</strong> which also gauges the level of activity in the economy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IIP covers the <strong>broader industrial sector</strong> compared to PMI.</li>
<li>However, PMI is<strong> more dynamic</strong> compared to a standard industrial production index.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>In India the positive impact from unlock is not as strong as the negative impact of the lockdown. Therefore the government needs to contain the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic on a priority to make economic recovery sustainable.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/manufacturing-contracts-for-fourth-straight-month-july-pmi/article32262101.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contraction-in-manufacturing-pmi'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (2020)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Defence has formulated a <strong>draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy 2020 (DPEPP 2020).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The DPEPP 2020 is envisaged as an overarching guiding document to provide a <strong>focused, structured</strong> and significant thrust to<strong> defence production capabilities</strong> of the country for <strong>self-reliance and exports.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Goals and Objectives:<a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596530031_image3.png"><img width="400" style="float: right;" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596530031_image3.png" class="content-img" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To achieve a <strong>turnover</strong> of <strong>Rs. 1,75,000 crore</strong>&nbsp;including <strong>export of Rs. 35,000 crore</strong> in Aerospace and Defence goods and services by <strong>2025.</strong></li>
<li>To develop a <strong>dynamic, robust and competitive Defence industry,</strong> including <strong>Aerospace and Naval Shipbuilding industry</strong> to cater to the needs of Armed forces with quality products.</li>
<li>To <strong>reduce dependence on imports</strong> and take forward<a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india"><strong> "Make in India"</strong> </a>initiatives through domestic design and development.</li>
<li>To <strong>promote the export of defence products</strong> and become part of the global defence value chains.</li>
<li>To create an environment that encourages research and development (R&amp;D), rewards innovation, create Indian <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/to-the-points/paper3/intellectual-property-rights#:~:text=Intellectual%20property%20rights%20(IPR)%20are,and%20images%20used%20in%20commerce."><strong>Intellectual Property (IP)</strong> </a>ownership and promotes a robust and self-reliant defence industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Outlined Strategies:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Procurement Reforms:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/self-reliance-in-defence-manufacturing"><strong>Project Management Unit (PMU)</strong> </a>will be set up for the development and production of technologies involved, life cycle costs and maintenance requirements of platforms, equipment and weapon systems.</li>
<li>It also aims to <strong>move away from licensed production to design, develop and produce indigenously.</strong></li>
<li>It also aims to own the design rights and IP of the systems projected in<strong>&nbsp;the Long Term Integrated Perspective Plan (LTIPP)</strong> and a<strong> Technology Assessment Cell (TAC)</strong> would be created.</li>
<li>The TAC would also assess the industrial capability for design, development and production, including re-engineering for production of major systems such as armoured vehicles, submarines, fighter aircraft, helicopters and radars with the major industries in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indigenisation And Support to MSMEs/Startups:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/to-the-points/paper3/indigenisation-of-defence"><strong>indigenisation policy</strong></a> aims to create an industry ecosystem to indigenise the imported components (including alloys and special materials) and sub-assemblies for defence equipment and platforms manufactured in India. 5,000 such items are proposed to be indigenised by 2025.</li>
<li>More than 50 startups are currently developing new <strong>&lsquo;fit-for-military-use&rsquo;</strong> technologies/products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Optimise Resource Allocation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The share of domestic procurement in overall Defence procurement is about<strong> 60%.</strong></li>
<li>To enhance procurement from domestic industry, the procurement needs to be <strong>doubled from the current Rs. 70,000 crore to Rs. 1,40,000 crore by 2025.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Investment Promotion and Ease of Doing Business:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is already a <strong>large aerospace market</strong> with rising passenger traffic and increasing military expenditure, as a result of which the demand for aircraft (fixed and rotary wings) is rising.</li>
<li>The opportunities in the aerospace industry have been identified in the following segments - aircraft build work, aircraft Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO), helicopters, engine manufacturing and MRO work, line replaceable units, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and upgrades and retrofits.</li>
<li>The <strong>improvement in market size, demographic dividend and availability of diverse skill sets</strong> are evident from<strong> India's ranking in the World Bank&rsquo;s <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020">&lsquo;Ease of Doing Business&rsquo; (EoDB) report.</a></strong></li>
<li>The<strong> investments in the defence sector</strong> need to regularly sustain the steady supply of orders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Innovation and R&amp;D:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/innovations-for-defence-excellence-idex-initiative#:~:text=iDEX%20aims%20to%20promote%20innovation,to%20carry%20out%20Research%20%26%20Development."><strong>Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)</strong> </a>has been operationalised to provide necessary incubation and infrastructure support to the startups in the defence area.</li>
<li>iDEX would be further scaled up to engage with <strong>300 more startups</strong> and develop 60 new technologies/products during the <strong>next five years.</strong></li>
<li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-raksha-gyan-shakti-1"><strong>Mission Raksha Gyan Shakti</strong> </a>was launched to promote a greater culture of innovation and technology development and file a higher number of patents in Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs), Ordnance Factory Board (OFB). It would be scaled up for promoting the creation of Intellectual Property in the sector and its commercial utilisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Self-reliance in defence manufacturing is a crucial component of effective defence capability and to maintain national sovereignty and achieve military superiority.</li>
<li>The attainment of this will ensure strategic independence, cost-effective defence equipment and may lead to saving on defence import bill, which can subsequently finance the physical and social infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
<p><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643194#:~:text=MoD%20releases%20draft%20Defence%20Production%20and%20Export%20Promotion%20Policy%202020&amp;text=To%20promote%20export%20of%20defence,and%20self%2Dreliant%20defence%20industry."><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Phase II/III Clinical Trials of Covishield',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-clinical-trials-in-india-for-new-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drugs Controller General of India</strong> </a>(DCGI) has given approval to the <strong>Serum Institute of India (SII), Pune</strong> to conduct <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/drugs-and-clinical-trials-rules-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Phase II/III clinical trials</strong></a> <strong>of Covishield</strong> in India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SII is the world&rsquo;s largest maker of vaccines</strong> and it has a<strong> tie-up with AstraZeneca,</strong> the <strong>Swedish-British pharma giant,</strong> to manufacture the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a>vaccine for <strong>low- and middle-income countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Covishield:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the name given to an<strong> Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine candidate</strong> which is technically referred to as <strong>AZD1222</strong> or <strong>ChAdOx 1 nCoV-19.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>already being tested in the UK, South Africa and Brazil,</strong> where participants are being administered two doses nearly a month apart.</li>
<li>It had <strong>triggered an immune response</strong> in humans against the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>novel coronavirus</strong></a> in early trials and is considered to be one of the global frontrunners for the Covid-19 vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Subject Expert Committee</strong> (SEC) for<strong> Covid-19 related therapies</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/regulatory-issues-in-indian-pharmaceutical-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation</strong></a> (CDSCO) felt that the<strong> SII needed to take a &lsquo;pan India&rsquo; approach</strong> while considering trial sites.</li>
<li>It recommended that <strong>authorisation</strong> to market Covishield<strong> should be granted after considering clinical data generated from both the India and international trials.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trials:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SII can now start its larger phase II/III trials, ahead of other vaccine candidates like <strong>Bharat Biotech&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covaxin</a></strong> and <strong>Zydus Cadila&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/clinical-trial-of-covid-19-vaccine-zycov-d" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ZyCov-D</a></strong> which are still in<strong> phase I/II trials.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the <strong>exact timings of trial beginning are not clear</strong> yet. It would take at least a week to get the ethics committee&rsquo;s approval before starting the trials. If everything goes well, the vaccine could be out by the end of 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The trials for Covishield will have<strong> around 1,600 participants at 18-odd sites across the country</strong> including those identified by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-biopharma-mission#:~:text=The%20National%20Biopharma%20Mission%20(NBM,funded%20by%20World%20Bank%20loan." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Biopharma Mission</strong> </a><strong>and Grand Challenges India Programme.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Trend in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India continues to improve the <strong>Case Fatality Rate</strong> (CFR-number of deaths per positive case) and maintain its global position of having <strong>one of the lowest Covid-19 fatalities rates.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> current CFR is 2.11%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Grand Challenges India Programm</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>partnership framework</strong> for the<strong> Department of Biotechnology</strong> (DBT) in India, its <strong>Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council</strong> (BIRAC) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>BIRAC is a Public Sector Enterprise,</strong> set up by the DBT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To launch <strong>joint initiatives aimed at catalyzing innovative health and development research</strong> within India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Biopharma Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an<strong> industry-academia collaborative mission</strong> for <strong>accelerating biopharmaceutical development</strong> in the country.</li>
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2017</strong> at a total cost of <strong>Rs. 1500 crore</strong> and is<strong> 50% co-funded</strong> by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> loan.</li>
<li>It is being<strong> implemented by the BIRAC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-vaccine-oxford-india-trial-6538061/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Day 18',
		'catname' => '60 days refresher',
		'desc' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Modern History-1 (Government of India Acts)</h2>
<p>Questions from modern history remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked over the years. Mostly, static questions on this topic are asked. One should go through any standard textbook.</p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-1%20(1).pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-I</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-II</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-3.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-III</strong></a></p>
<h2>Advent of Europeans and Their Policies</h2>
<p>Q. The staple commodities of export by the English East India Company from Bengal in the middle of the 18<sup>th</sup> century were: (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Raw cotton, oil-seeds and opium</p>
<p>(b) Sugar, salt, zinc and lead</p>
<p>(c) Copper, silver, gold, spices and tea</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Cotton, silk, saltpetre and opium</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following: (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>Assessment of land revenue on the basis of nature of the soil and the quality of crops</li>
<li>Use of mobile cannons in warfare</li>
<li>Cultivation of tobacco and red chillies</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above was/were introduced into India by the English?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2</p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) None</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Ryotwari Settlement, consider the following statements: (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>The rent was paid directly by the peasants to the Government.</li>
<li>The Government gave Pattas to the Ryots.</li>
<li>The lands were surveyed and assessed before being taxed.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 1, 2 and 3</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) None</p>
<h2>Charter Acts</h2>
<p>Q. Consider the following statements about &lsquo;the Charter Act of 1813&rsquo;:(2019)</p>
<ol>
<li>It ended the trade monopoly of East India Company in India except for trade in tea and trade with China.</li>
<li>It asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the Company.</li>
<li>The revenues of India were now controlled by the British Parliament.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which of the following led to the introduction of English Education in India? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Charter Act of 1813</li>
<li>General Committee of Public Instruction, 1823</li>
<li>Orientalist and Anglicist Controversy</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) 1, 2 and 3</strong></span></p>
<h2>Government of India Acts</h2>
<p>Q. In the context of Indian history, the principle of &lsquo;Dyarchy (diarchy)&rsquo; refers to (2017)</p>
<p>(a) Division of the central legislature into two houses.</p>
<p>(b) Introduction of double government i.e., Central and State governments.</p>
<p>(c) Having two sets of rulers; one in London and another in Delhi.</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories.</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The Government of India Act of 1919 clearly defined (2015)</p>
<p>(a) the separation of power between the judiciary and the legislature</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) the jurisdiction of the central and provincial governments</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) the powers of the Secretary of State for India and the Viceroy</p>
<p>(d) None of the above</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The distribution of powers between the Centre and the States in the Indian Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909</p>
<p>(b) Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Government of India Act, 1935</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) Indian Independence Act, 1947</p>
<h2>Important Legislations During the British Government</h2>
<p>Q. The distribution of powers between the Centre and the States in the Indian Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909</p>
<p>(b) Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Government of India Act, 1935</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) Indian Independence Act, 1947</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Rowlatt Satyagraha, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)</p>
<ol>
<li>The Rowlatt Act was based on the recommendations of the &lsquo;Sedition Committee&rsquo;.</li>
<li>In Rowlatt Satyagraha, Gandhiji tried to utilize the Home Rule League.</li>
<li>Demonstrations against the arrival of Simon Commission coincided with Rowlatt Satyagraha.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 1 and 2 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The Ilbert Bill controversy was related to the (2013)</p>
<p>(a) imposition of certain restrictions to carry arms by the Indians</p>
<p>(b) imposition of restrictions on newspapers and magazines published in Indian languages</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) removal of disqualifications imposed on the Indian magistrates with regard to the trial of the Europeans</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) removal of a duty on imported cotton cloth</p>
<h2>Governor Generals</h2>
<p>Q. Who among the following Governor Generals created the Covenanted Civil Service of India which later came to be known as the Indian Civil Service? (2010)</p>
<p>(a) Warren Hastings</p>
<p>(b) Wellesley</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Cornwallis</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) William Bentinck</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which one of the following statements does not apply to the system of Subsidiary Alliance introduced by Lord Wellesley? (2018)</p>
<p>(a) To maintain a large standing army at other&rsquo;s expense</p>
<p>(b) To keep India safe from Napoleonic danger</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) To secure a fixed income for the Company</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) To establish British paramountcy over the Indian States</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Who among the following was/were associated with the introduction of Ryotwari Settlement in India during the British rule? (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Lord Cornwallis</li>
<li>Alexander Read</li>
<li>Thomas Munro</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The tendency for increased litigation was visible after the introduction of the land settlement system of Lord Cornwallis in 1793. The reason for this is normally traced to which of the following provisions? (2011)</p>
<p>(a) Making Zamindar&rsquo;s position stronger vis-a-vis the ryot</p>
<p>(b) Making East India Company an overlord of Zamindars</p>
<p>(c) Making the judicial system more efficient</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) None of the (a), (b) and (c) above</strong></span></p>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'IMD Forecasts Surplus Rains',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the<strong> India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong> rainfall in the &ldquo;second half of the<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> monsoon</strong></a>&rdquo; is likely to be 104% of the<strong> Long Period Average (LPA).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This falls within the &ldquo;normal&rdquo; range of rainfall.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Long Period Average (LPA): It</strong> is the <strong>average rainfall recorded during the months from June to September, calculated during the 50-year period,</strong> and is kept as a <strong>benchmark</strong> while forecasting the quantitative rainfall for the monsoon season every year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IMD maintains an independent LPA for <strong>every homogeneous region</strong> of the country, which ranges from 71.6 cm to 143.83 cm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>IMD maintains five rainfall distribution categories on an all-India scale. These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Normal or Near Normal:</strong> When per cent departure of actual rainfall is +/-10% of LPA, that is, between 96-104% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Below Normal:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is less than 10% of LPA, that is 90-96% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Above Normal:</strong> When actual rainfall is 104-110% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Deficient:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is less than 90% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Excess:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is more than 110% of LPA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This year increased rainfall is attributed to the commencement of<strong> La Nina</strong> like conditions by the second half of the monsoon season.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>La Nina is a climate pattern that describes periods of<strong> below-average sea surface temperatures</strong> across the <strong>east-central Equatorial Pacific.</strong></li>
<li>La Nina is considered to be the counterpart to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-receive-normal-monsoon-imd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>El Nino</strong></a>, and its impacts tend to be <strong>opposite those of El Ni&ntilde;o.</strong></li>
<li>Together, they form the <strong>"cold" (La Nina) and "warm" (El Nino)</strong> phases of the <strong>El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596707769_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596707769_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="584" height="1125" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IMD was established in <strong>1875.</strong></li>
<li>It is an agency of the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences</strong> of the Government of India.</li>
<li>It is the principal agency responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/imd-forecasts-surplus-rains'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Constitution Bench for EWS Quota',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court of India</strong></a> referred the petitions challenging the <strong>103<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019</strong> to a five-judge <strong>constitution bench,</strong> saying it involves <strong>&lsquo;substantial questions of law&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to<strong> Article 145 (3) of the Constitution, at least five judges</strong> need to hear cases that involve <strong>&lsquo;a substantial question of law as to the interpretation&rsquo;</strong> of the Constitution, or any <strong>reference under Article 143,</strong> which deals with the power of the President of India to consult the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court bench consisting of at least five judges is called the <strong>Constitution bench.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>103<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It introduced an <strong>economic reservation</strong> (10% quota) in jobs and admissions in education institutes for <strong>Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)</strong> by amending <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-sabha-passes-the-constitution-124th-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Articles 15 and 16.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It inserted <strong>Article 15 (6) and Article 16 (6).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was enacted to promote the welfare of the poor not covered by the 50% reservation policy for SCs, STs and Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC).</li>
<li>It enables both Centre and the states to provide reservation to the EWS of society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Petitioners&rsquo; Argument:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amendments <strong>run contrary to the constitutional scheme,</strong> where no segment of available seats/posts can be reserved, only on the basis of economic criterion.</li>
<li>The amendments also run contrary to the judgment pronounced in the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><em> Indra Sawhney V. Union of India 1992 case</em></strong></a>, that <strong>a backward class cannot be determined only and exclusively with reference to economic criterion.</strong></li>
<li>The amendments <strong>alter the 50% quota limit</strong> set up in <strong><em>Indra Sawhney V. Union of India</em></strong> 1992 case, which according to the petitioner is a part <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Basic Structure of the Constitution.</strong> </a></li>
<li>Reservation in unaided institutions violates the fundamental right under <strong>Article 19(1)(g)</strong> of the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Article 19 (1)(g) allows every citizen to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Government&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amendment <strong>was necessitated to benefit EWS who are not covered under existing schemes of reservation,</strong> which as per statistics, constitute a considerably large segment of the country&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>The 50% limit in the<strong> Indira Sawhney</strong> ruling cannot be applied in the present petitions as the Sawhney case dealt with memoranda issued by the government while what is under challenge now is a constitutional amendment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Substantial Question of Law Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Whether the challenged 103<sup>rd</sup> Amendment Act violates Basic Structure of the Constitution,</strong> with reference to equality provisions of the Constitution.</li>
<li>The case of the Union of India that though ordinarily 50% is the rule but same will not prevent the amendment of the Constitution itself in view of the existing special circumstances to uplift the members of the society belonging to economically weaker sections.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-refers-anti-ews-quota-pleas-to-five-judge-bench-6541439/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/constitution-bench-for-ews-quota'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Beirut Explosion',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a <strong>massive explosion</strong> took place in <strong>Beirut, capital of Lebanon,</strong> which left more than hundred people dead and more than 4,000 injured, according to the reports until now.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There were two explosions in the central port area of Beirut which occurred barely within minutes of each other within nearby buildings.</li>
<li>The blast affected residents living as far as 10 kilometres away from the site and was felt upto 250 Km.</li>
<li>The blast created <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/seismometers-defunct-in-earthquake-prone-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>seismic waves</strong></a> equivalent to a magnitude 3.3 earthquake.</li>
<li>The blasts were likely triggered by over <strong>2,700 tonnes of ammonium nitrate</strong> that had been<strong> confiscated and stored</strong> by authorities near the port for over six years.</li>
<li>A <strong>two-week state emergency</strong> has been imposed in Beirut following the blast.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of the Blast</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic:</strong> Lebanon is an <strong>import-dependent country.</strong> The <strong>badly damaged port</strong> facility is Lebanon&rsquo;s largest maritime gateway and it will make <strong>essential items expensive</strong> and <strong>threaten food security</strong> in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lebanon has already been struggling with a huge <strong>economic meltdown,</strong> with the <strong>rapid devaluation of the local currency</strong> and a<strong> volatile exchange rate on the black market</strong> fueling<strong> inflation, shuttering businesses, unemployment </strong>and <strong>poverty.</strong></li>
<li>It had also <strong>defaulted on a Eurobond repayment</strong> in March 2020.</li>
<li>It is in talks with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund</strong> </a>for a $10 billion loan program.</li>
<li>The blast will pose an additional<strong> financial burden of rebuilding the city.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political:</strong> Lebanon faced <strong>nationwide protests</strong> against <strong>corruption, economic mismanagement</strong> and <strong>sectarian politics</strong> in October 2019, which forced the <strong>resignation of then-Prime Minister</strong> Saad Hariri. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This blast along with the growing economic crisis can <strong>again cause social unrest.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health:</strong> The country&rsquo;s health system is<strong> already burdened</strong> with the patients of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic</strong> and the victims of blast will add to this.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Response</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lebanon has been offered help by various countries like the <strong>USA, Germany, France , Iran, EU, Turkey etc.</strong></li>
<li>Along with giving aid, the President of <strong>France,</strong> Emmanuel Macron has decided to visit Lebanon.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This move is seen as a message of fraternity and solidarity from France.</li>
<li>Earlier, France&rsquo;s top diplomat had scolded Lebanon&rsquo;s political elite for being too &ldquo;passive&rdquo; in the face of an economic crisis and the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lebanon has also been offered humanitarian aid by its neighbour<strong> Israel,</strong> whom it has bitter relations with.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Israel sees <strong>Hezbollah, the militant group of Lebanon as a threat to its northern borders.&rsquo;</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hezbollah</strong> is one of the Middle East's<strong> most powerful and successful guerrilla organizations.</strong> It is the strongest member of Lebanon's pro-Syrian opposition bloc who pitted <strong>against the pro-Western government</strong> led by Saad Hariri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ammonium Nitrate</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ammonium Nitrate (NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>)</strong> is a <strong>nitrogen-rich white, crystalline chemical</strong> which is<strong> soluble in water.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Uses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a common chemical ingredient of <strong>agricultural fertilisers.</strong></li>
<li>It is used as an ingredient for the production of <strong>anaesthetic gases</strong> and <strong>cold packs.</strong></li>
<li>It is also the main ingredient in the manufacture of <strong>commercial explosives</strong> used in mining and construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>As Explosive:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the main component of the explosive composition known as <strong>ANFO- ammonium nitrate fuel oil.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pure</strong> ammonium nitrate is <strong>not an explosive</strong> on its own. For Ammonium nitrate to be explosive a<strong> primary explosive or detonator</strong> like <strong>RDX or TNT</strong> is required.</li>
<li>Many <strong>Improvised Explosive Devices</strong> (IEDs) used by terrorists around the world have ANFO as the main explosive.</li>
<li>Stored ammonium nitrate is a fire hazard and can explode in two ways. <br />
<ol>
<li>It may come in contact with some explosive mixture.</li>
<li>Due to the <strong>oxidation process</strong> at large scale, heat may be generated starting a fire and then explosion. This seems to be the<strong> primary likely cause of the incident at Beirut port.</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Explosions in Past:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the majority of terror attacks in India, including those in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unsc-condemns-pulwama-attack" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Pulwama</strong></a>, <strong>Varanasi,</strong> Malegaon, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Mumbai, ammonium nitrate has been used along with initiator explosives like RDX.</li>
<li>There have been <strong>accidental explosions of ammonium nitrate</strong> causing large numbers of fatalities. Eg. China in 2015 and in Texas in 1947.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Global:</strong> It is classified as an <strong>oxidising content</strong> (Grade 5.1) under the <strong>United Nations classification of dangerous goods.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods</strong> categorizes the types of dangerous goods, under<strong> nine classes</strong> like Explosive Materials, Inflammable liquids, Easily oxidising contents etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India:</strong> In India, the manufacture, conversion, bagging, import, export, transport, possession for sale or use of ammonium nitrate is covered under <strong>The Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2012.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The Explosives Act, 1884,</strong> define ammonium nitrate as the &ldquo;compound with formula NH4NO3 including <strong>any mixture or compound having more than 45% ammonium nitrate by weight</strong> including emulsions, suspensions, melts or gels but excluding emulsion or slurry explosives and non explosives emulsion matrix and fertilizers from which the ammonium nitrate cannot be separated&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Storage of ammonium nitrate in large quantities in populated areas is illegal</strong> in India.</li>
<li>For the manufacture of ammonium nitrate, an Industrial licence is required under the <strong>Industrial Development and Regulation Act, 1951.</strong></li>
<li>A license under the Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2012 is also required for any activity related to ammonium nitrate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lebanon<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596706419_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596706419_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a country in <strong>Western Asia,</strong> bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus lies west across the Mediterranean Sea.</li>
<li>Lebanon was conquered by the <strong>Ottomans</strong> in the 16<sup>th</sup> century and remained under their rule for the next 400 years.</li>
<li>Following the empire's collapse after World War I, it came under <strong>the control of French,</strong> from which it gained independence in <strong>1943.</strong></li>
<li>Lebanon witnessed <strong>Civil war</strong> from <strong>1975-1990</strong> that was a result of conflict between various factions like the <strong>Christians,</strong> the left-wing <strong>Druze</strong> and the <strong>Muslims</strong> and was interspersed with <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/israel-palestine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Israeli invasions targeting the palestinian</strong> </a>militants in Lebanon.</li>
<li>The present government in Lebanon is <strong>confessionalist parliamentary democracy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Confessionalism</strong> is a system of government which apportions seats in its legislature to different groups of people strictly based on demographic composition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This tragedy piles yet another layer of hardship on a country already reeling from its worst financial crisis in decades along with an exasperating political turbulence and struggling to contain a burgeoning coronavirus outbreak.</li>
<li>Lebanon cannot do without containing politically extremist groups functioning in the country and maintaining healthy relationships with the international community.</li>
<li>It is time that international solidarity comes into action and extends a helping hand towards the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-ammonium-nitrate-which-caused-the-massive-explosion-in-beirut-6540646/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beirut-explosion'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Sahakar Cooptube NCDC Channel',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&rsquo; Welfare launched the two initiatives of the<strong> National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) - Sahakar Cooptube NCDC Channel </strong>and<strong> Guidance Videos </strong>on<strong> &lsquo;Formation and Registration of A Cooperative&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sahakar Cooptube NCDC Channel:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Channel <strong>aims</strong> to facilitate involvement of the youth in the cooperative movement. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cooperatives lend strength to farmers to minimize risks in agriculture and allied sectors and act as a shield against exploitation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The channel will give a boost to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a> under which the government has announced a series of transformative measures and sector specific financial packages to help agriculture. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The initiatives are steps towards <strong>One Nation One Market</strong> with the objective for India to become a food factory of the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Guidance Videos:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These have been produced by the NCDC on<strong> &lsquo;Formation and Registration of A Cooperative&rsquo;</strong> for eighteen different states in Hindi and regional languages.</li>
<li>These would help strengthen and deepen the major initiatives of the government to promote and form 10,000<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Farmer-Producer Organisations (FPOs).</strong> </a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One such initiative is the formation of FPOs under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-formalization-of-micro-food-processing-enterprises-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;One-Product One-District&rdquo;</strong></a> approach.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Cooperative Development Corporation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation:</strong> NCDC was established by an Act of Parliament in 1963<strong> as a statutory Corporation</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&rsquo; Welfare.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Office:</strong> NCDC functions through its <strong>Head Office at New Delhi</strong> and multiple Regional Offices.</li>
<li><strong>Functioning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The objectives of NCDC are <strong>planning and promoting programmes for agricultural produce, foodstuffs, industrial goods, livestock</strong> and certain other notified commodities and services on cooperative principles.</li>
<li>The NCDC has the <strong>unique distinction of being the sole statutory organisation</strong> functioning as an <strong>apex financial and developmental institution</strong> exclusively devoted to the <strong>cooperative sector.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mission Sahakar 22,</strong> which aims to <strong>double farmers&rsquo; income by 2022.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Scheme on Internship Programme (SIP)</strong> named <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sahakar-mitra-scheme-on-internship-programmehttps://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sahakar-mitra-scheme-on-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sahakar Mitra</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cooperatives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organisation (ILO)</strong></a>, a <strong>cooperative</strong> is an <strong>autonomous association of persons united voluntarily</strong> to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. E.g. FPOs as cooperatives.</li>
<li><strong>An FPO,</strong> formed<strong> by a group of farm producers,</strong> is a <strong>registered body with producers</strong> as shareholders in the organisation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It deals with <strong>business activities related to the farm produce</strong> and it works for the benefit of the member producers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperatives in India (Agriculture):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They largely <strong>function as an association of small and marginal farmers and rural poor.</strong> They have a huge network of over 8.50 lakh organizations and 290 million members.</li>
<li>According to the government, cooperatives in India have proven their success in improving the condition of farmers and economic development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions of Indian Constitution related to Cooperatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Constitution (97<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act, 2011</strong> added a new <strong>Part IXB</strong> right after Part IXA (Municipals) regarding the cooperatives working in India.</li>
<li>The word &ldquo;cooperatives&rdquo; was added after &ldquo;unions and associations&rdquo; in <strong>Article 19(1)(c) under Part III of the Constitution.</strong> This enables all the <strong>citizens to form cooperatives by giving it the status of fundamental right of citizens.</strong></li>
<li>A new <strong>Article 43B</strong> was added in the <strong>Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) </strong>regarding the<strong> &ldquo;promotion of cooperative societies&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643349" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sahakar-cooptube-ncdc-channel'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Pokkali Rice: Kerala',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Farmers in West Bengal are experimenting with the pokkali variety of rice</strong> to tide over a crisis-like situation created by <strong>severe seawater incursion into paddy fields</strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bon-bibi-sundarban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sundarbans</strong></a> (owing to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-amphan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyclone Amphan</strong></a>).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vyttila-11 varieties of pokkali seedlings</strong> were brought from<strong> Kerala.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pokkali variety of rice is <strong>known for its saltwater resistance</strong> and flourishes in the rice paddies of coastal <strong>Alappuzha, Ernakulam and Thrissur districts of Kerala.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>single-season paddy</strong> is raised in saltwater fields between June and November followed by a season of fish-farming.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The uniqueness of the rice has brought it the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/potential-of-gis-is-waiting-to-be-tapped" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geographical Indication (GI) tag</strong></a> and is the subject of continuing research.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Several foreign research institutes, including the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/golden-rice-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines</strong></a>, have been studying pokkali&rsquo;s gene pools and have identified a portion of DNA on one of its chromosomes that is crucial for salt tolerance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Given its ability to thrive under harsh climatic conditions and produce high yield, it can help in promoting <strong>climate-resilient agriculture.</strong></li>
<li>Pokkali has<strong> medicinal properties</strong> and its <strong>higher value of antioxidants</strong> and <strong>low carbohydrate content</strong> makes it preferable to those on a low sugar diet.</li>
<li><strong>Vyttila-11</strong> is the latest variety of pokkali developed by the <strong>Kerala Agricultural University.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It yields about <strong>5 tonnes per hectare.</strong></li>
<li>The crop duration is about <strong>110 days.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other GI Tag Registered Varieties from Kerala:</strong> Kaipad, Wayanad Jeerakasala, Wayanad Gandhakasala, Palakkadan Matta and Navara.</li>
<li>Further, the <strong>Kuttanad below-sea level farming system</strong> has been recognised by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO)</strong></a> as a <strong>Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is unique as it practices <strong>rice cultivation below sea level.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) was started by the FAO to safeguard and support the world's agricultural heritage systems.</li>
<li>GIAHS are outstanding landscapes of aesthetic beauty that combine agricultural biodiversity, resilient ecosystems and a valuable cultural heritage.</li>
<li><strong>Three recognised GIAHS sites in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pampore Saffron</strong> Heritage of <strong>Kashmir.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Koraput Traditional Agriculture</strong> of <strong>Odisha.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Kuttanad Below Sea Level</strong> Farming System of <strong>Kerala.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pokkali-rice-seedlings-travel-from-kerala-to-the-sunderbans/article32278833.ece#:~:text=Two%20farmers%20in%20South%2024,West%20Bengal%20on%20May%2020." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pokkali-rice-kerala'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Importance of Tiger Conservation',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ck91LsuizJU" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>The tiger population across the world dropped sharply since the beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> century but now for the first time in conservation history, their numbers are on the rise.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has 70% of the global tiger population.</li>
<li><strong>The International Tiger Day</strong> celebrated on 29<sup>th</sup> july is an annual event marked to raise awareness about tiger conservation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>First international Tiger&rsquo;s day was celebrated in 2010 at the<strong> St. Petersburg Tiger Summit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>St. Petersburg Declaration on Tiger Conservation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This resolution was adopted In <strong>November 2010,</strong> by the leaders of <strong>13 tiger range countries (TRCs)</strong> assembled at an International Tiger Forum in <strong>St. Petersburg, Russia</strong></li>
<li>It aimed at promoting a global system to protect the natural habitat of tigers and raise awareness among people on white tiger conservation.</li>
<li>The resolution&rsquo;s <strong>implementation mechanism</strong> is called the<strong> Global Tiger Recovery Program</strong> whose overarching goal was to double the number of wild tigers from about 3,200 to more than 7,000 by 2022.</li>
<li>13 Tiger range countries are:<strong> Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand and Vietnam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Encouraging Factors in Conservation of Tigers</h3>
<p>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tiger Census Report, 2019</strong></a>, the Tiger population has substantially increased from 2,226 in 2014 to around 2,967 in 2019.</p>
<p><strong>Key Findings</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Top Performers:</strong> Madhya Pradesh saw the highest number of tigers (526) followed by Karnataka (524) and Uttarakhand (442).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Increase in Tiger population:</strong> Madhya Pradesh (71%) &gt; Maharashtra (64%) &gt; Karnataka (29%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Worst Performers:</strong> Chhattisgarh and Mizoram saw a decline in tiger population.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chhattisgarh is the only state out of the 20 tiger-bearing states where the 2018- census counted 19 tigers, significantly fewer than the 46 of 2014.</li>
<li>Decline in Tiger numbers in Chhattisgarh can be attributed to the law and order problem as large parts of the state are hit by the Maoist insurgency.</li>
<li>Greater conservation efforts are needed in the &ldquo;critically vulnerable&rdquo; Northeast hills and Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The first ever initiative for the conservation of tigers was the <strong>Project Tiger.</strong></li>
<li>There are<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-tiger-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 50 tiger reserves</strong></a> within the country. Out of 50 tiger reserves in the country, three reserves - Mizoram&rsquo;s Dampa reserve, Bengal&rsquo;s Buxa reserve and Jharkhand&rsquo;s Palamau reserve - have no tigers left.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596697776_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596697776_image 0.png" caption="false" width="550" height="559" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Project Tiger</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Project Tiger is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change launched in 1973 to provide central assistance to the tiger States for tiger conservation in designated tiger reserves in India. The project is administered by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-tiger-conservation-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.</li>
<li>It was established in 2005 following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force.</li>
<li>It was constituted under enabling provisions of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>, as amended in 2006, for strengthening tiger conservation, as per powers and functions assigned to it.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance of Tiger Conservation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tiger is one of the prime predators on which the whole ecosystem depends; by ensuring the protection of tigers, the balance of the ecosystem is also ensured.</li>
<li>Tiger is an <strong>umbrella species</strong> whose conservation eventually leads to the conservation of many other species such as the ungulates, pollinators and other small animals.</li>
<li>In the IUCN red list, Tigers are listed in the category of <strong>endangered species.</strong></li>
<li>There is a tremendous decline in the tiger population as compared to the past 100 years and to prevent the deteriorating condition of tigers, it&rsquo;s important to conserve them.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Umbrella Species</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are species that are selected for conservation-related decisions because the conservation and protection of these species indirectly affect the conservation and protection of other species within their ecosystem. Umbrella species help in the selection of potential reserve locations, as well as the determination of the composition of the reserve.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<p>Although, we are moving progressively towards conserving more and more tigers, but few threats are still there standing as a resistance in the conservation practices:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Three tiger reserves of India: Mizoram's Dampa reserve, West Bengal's Buxa reserve and Jharkhand's Palamau reserve have no tigers left.</li>
<li>The tiger reserves are having a poor interconnectivity with each other due to which the gene exchange among the tiger population can barely take place.</li>
<li>There has occurred a human-tiger conflict as the tiger conservation practice has grown but their natural habitats are already shrinking and hence, they are seeking their habitat in the human habitation.</li>
<li>Poaching of tigers is taken as a pride and every part of tiger has a market value therefore they are being hunted indiscriminately for personal as well as commercial purpose.</li>
<li>The constrained mentality of the local communities regarding tiger poaching as their only job is a major challenge to tiger conservation.</li>
<li>The linear developments such as that of railways and roadways is a critical issue in creating the conservation ethos.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Only laws and the technical expertise are not enough, on the local communities&rsquo; part it also needs to be understood that their participation is as important.</li>
<li>These local communities need to be provided better economic opportunities so that they have a better source of income than poaching of tigers.</li>
<li>We have to make the environment and development co-exist and go hand in hand by planning our future developmental goals in such a manner that our environmental goals are not compromised.</li>
<li>Voluntary relocation of the communities within and around these tiger reserves by ensuring justice to them regarding compensation and employment along with the conservation of the environment.</li>
<li>The process of tiger conservation should be more dynamic and compatible with the future possibilities of climatic changes as well.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-importance-of-tiger-conservation'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Reassessing Export-Led Growth Model',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/top-heavy-governance-might-be-well-past-its-expiry-date-already-11596551174165.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Top-heavy governance might be well past its expiry date already&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Live Mint on 05/08/2020. It talks about the prospects of export-led growth for India.</p>
</div>
<p>As the global supply chains look to diversify their sources, amid <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-globalization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, India hopes to become one of the replacements for China. Moreover, the idea of turning the Indian economy into an export-led economy is not new.</p>
<p>This idea is visible in the objectives of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India program</strong></a> and<a href="/gist-of-economic-survey/gist-of-economic-survey-2019-20/gist-of-economic-survey-2019-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Economic Survey</strong></a> has proposed the creation of a Shenzhen-style Autonomous Employment Zones (China), which would be characterized by a highly entrepreneur-friendly regime with respect to land, labour, enforcing contracting and international trade.</p>
<p>China was the last country to lift itself out of poverty by becoming the factory to the world, but economic experts doubt that global demand in the post-covid era will be enough to accommodate another manufacturing giant to arise.</p>
<p>Due to the different geo-economic scenario today, it is contemplated that the export-led growth may not be viable for India.</p>
<h3>Different Geo-Economic Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The problem of Four Ds:</strong> Many global economists are of the opinions that today&rsquo;s world is unlikely to sustain export-led growth, due to the problem of four Ds viz: <strong>depopulation, declining productivity, high debt, and deglobalization.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Demand in most parts of the developed world will not grow too fast, as they are ageing (Japan, northern Europe), and demand in the developing world will also decline in the near future.</li>
<li>As the US is turning protectionist and the EU has in place many trade barriers, this will further reduce demand for developing countries&rsquo; exports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High-Tech Production Over Cheap Imports:</strong> The developed countries are increasingly turning to high tech to produce cheap consumer goods, which require fewer workers and are therefore cost-effective. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, manufactured goods in developed countries are slowly replacing the cheap imports from developing countries</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Market-Reforms, No Longer to be Panacea:</strong> The structural reforms like labour reforms would have had a significant impact in 1991, but are unlikely to provide the same growth boost today. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is because businesses have found other ways to deal with inflexible labour laws, as technology seems to have replaced all other factors of production as the main driver of growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Competition From Neighbourhood:</strong> It is thus very difficult for India to enter the global value chain, as smaller neighbours like Thailand or Sri Lanka are already producing cheaper automotive parts and electronic components for multinational companies.</li>
<li><strong>Structural Issues:</strong> Many goods in India are produced in the medium and small enterprises and have poor quality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is because the labour involved in the production is lacking adequate training in skills, education, and is less disciplined than in India&rsquo;s competitor countries.</li>
<li>Apart from this, there are other problems also like access to credit, power and water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Security Imperative for India:</strong> Geopolitically, China is turning out to be a big threat for India. This means India will have to divert scarce resources to defence and internal security.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Building Domestic Demand:</strong> No matter how bleak the global demand remains in the present times, a robust industrial architecture is crucial for a country to become self-sufficient.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, there is a need to build strong domestic demand, to sustain industrial activity in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Focus on Knowledge Power:</strong> As the population in the majority of the developed world is ageing, India can leverage its demographic dividend and export its human resource to the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For this, India needs to invest in its education, research &amp; innovation capabilities and turn into a Knowledge superpower.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Addressing Structural Issues:</strong> All countries that promoted export-led growth invested heavily in human capital and ensured very good infrastructure with ports, roads, airports and railways. Thus, India needs to: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Invest in its labour force and provide them with regular, affordable food supply and housing.</li>
<li>Build a well- functioning infrastructure and take various trade facilitation measures like easier customs clearances, less paperwork.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Decentralisation:</strong> There is also the need for economic planning to be devolved lower and lower down all levels of government so that people are empowered to take up an economic activity that suits them and develop the resilience needed to respond to new opportunities and threats.</li>
<li><strong>Providing Easy Credit:</strong> Providing easy credit remains a critical aspect of mobilising investment. Hence, India also needs cleaning up of the Non-Performing Assets. In this context, the privatisation of banks will be a step in the right direction.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The idea of the export-led economy has been very successful for many East-Asian countries (also called East-Asian Miracle). In the 1960s and 70s, these countries transformed their economies rapidly from developing countries to become middle-income countries through high export.</p>
<p>However, the viability of a new export-based economy, that India aspires to be, depends on policy restructuring, reaping demographic dividend and leveraging its domestic market.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596631644_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596631644_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcffde;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>In order to become an export-led economy, there is a need to build strong domestic demand, to sustain industrial activity in India. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XbutVpYc7zY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/toxic-brew-on-the-increase-of-liquor-tragedies/article32262642.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Toxic Brew&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on August 4<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reassessing-export-led-growth-model'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Pakistan’s New Map',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/disputed-territories-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pakistan</strong></a> has released a new political map that includes all of Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Ladakh, Sir Creek and Junagadh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The map has been released on the eve of the first anniversary of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>abrogation of special status</strong></a> to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir</strong> </a>under <strong>Article 370.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Map:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The map <strong>depicts entire Jammu &amp; Kashmir</strong> as a <strong>disputed territory</strong> and <strong>does not show any borders in the east of Kashmir.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has also<strong> renamed Kashmir Highway</strong> in Islamabad as <strong>Srinagar Highway.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It claims the <strong>Siachen, regions of Sir Creek</strong> and the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/integration-of-princely-states-after-independence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>erstwhile state of Junagadh in Gujarat</strong> </a>as part of Pakistan&rsquo;s territory.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is not the first time Pakistan has tried to portray Junagadh as part of its territory. The 2012 Atlas of Pakistan also portrayed Junagadh as a Pakistan&rsquo;s territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The map also shows the<strong> Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)</strong> as being part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has called Pakistan's move as an <strong>exercise in political absurdity,</strong> which lays untenable claims to the Indian territories.</li>
<li>These assertions have neither legal validity nor international credibility and it only confirms the reality of Pakistan&rsquo;s obsession with territorial aggrandisement supported by cross-border terrorism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the second time in the recent past where India&rsquo;s neighbouring country has published a new map claiming India&rsquo;s territories. Nepal was the first country to do so.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Nepal published its news map claiming the territories of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/downturn-in-indo-nepal-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kalapani region</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Closeness of Nepal, Pakistan towards China.</li>
<li>Recently, China also changed the status quo along the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control (LAC)</strong></a> in the western sector in its favour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sir Creek</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a 96 km long strip of water disputed between India and Pakistan in the <strong>Rann of Kutch marshlands.</strong></li>
<li>The dispute lies in the <strong>interpretation of the maritime boundary line between Kutch and Sindh.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pakistan claims the line to follow the eastern shore of the estuary while India claims a centerline (differing interpretations of paragraphs 9 and 10 of the Bombay Government Resolution of 1914 signed between the then Government of Sindh and Rao Maharaj of Kutch).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India insists the Sir Creek should be divided between the two countries according to <strong>thalweg principle.</strong> Under international law, a thalweg is the middle of the primary navigable channel of a waterway that defines the boundary line between states.</li>
<li>The International Boundary in the Sir Creek area and International Maritime Boundary line (IMBL) between India and Pakistan have not been demarcated.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Siachen Glacier</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Siachen Glacier is part of <strong>Ladakh</strong> which has now been <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>converted into a Union Territory</strong></a>. It is the <strong>Second-Longest glacier in the World's Non-Polar areas.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>located in the Eastern Karakoram range</strong> in the Himalayas, just northeast of Point NJ9842 where the Line of Control between India and Pakistan ends.</li>
<li>It lies immediately south of the great drainage divide that separates the Eurasian Plate from the Indian subcontinent in the extensively glaciated portion of the Karakoram sometimes called the<strong> "Third Pole".</strong></li>
<li>It is the world's highest battlefield.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>FATA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Federally Administered Tribal Areas</strong> was a <strong>semi-autonomous tribal region</strong> in northwestern Pakistan that existed from 1947. In 2018 it was merged with the neighboring province of <strong>Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the last one year, Pakistan has made several attempts to raise the change in Jammu and Kashmir&rsquo;s status from a state to a union territory at several international fora but hasn&rsquo;t been able to get much traction. Further, with Pakistan, India continues to maintain that terror and talks cannot go hand-in-hand.</li>
<li>With Nepal turning hostile, Sri Lanka tilted towards China, Bangladesh miffed over the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-dropped-from-chabahar-rail-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India out of Iran&rsquo;s Chabahar railway link project</strong></a> (which India was to have constructed), there is a relative decline in India&rsquo;s sphere of influence, especially in its neighbourhood and the extended neighbourhood. This demands a deeper examination of the foreign policy.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pakistan-new-map-jammu-kashmir-ladakh-junagadh-india-6539375/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pakistan-s-new-map'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Thenzawl Golf Resort in Mizoram',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Thenzawl Golf Resort</strong> <strong>Project</strong> in <strong>Mizoram</strong>&nbsp;has been virtually inaugurated.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project was implemented under the <strong>Swadesh Darshan Scheme</strong> of the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project was sanctioned under the <strong>Integrated Development of New Eco-Tourism</strong> under <strong>Swadesh Darshan-North East Circuit</strong> at Thenzawl and South Zote, District Serchhip and Reiek, Mizoram.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Eco-Tourism has been broadly defined as <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/tourism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tourism</a> which is ecologically sustainable.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A<strong> total amount of Rs. 92.25 crore</strong> was sanctioned for it, out of which Rs. 64.48 crore was sanctioned for various components at Thenzawl including the <strong>golf course which is designed to have facilities of international standards.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The competitive advantage of Thenzawl Golf Course is that it will<strong> provide quality golfing experience at a fair price.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Golf Tourism in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, India has<strong> more than 230 golf courses</strong> in all out of which several are of international standards and golf events held there <strong>attract domestic and international tourists.</strong></li>
<li>Golf tourism has a strong potential in India because the <strong>climatic condition is more favourable</strong> here as compared to most countries.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>picturesque landscapes and exceptional hospitality services</strong> add to the enhanced experience.</li>
<li>The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India endeavours to work as a<strong> catalyst and active supporter</strong> for the development of golf tourism in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For that, it is creating a <strong>comprehensive and coordinated framework for promoting golf tourism</strong> in India as a niche tourism product.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Swadesh Darshan Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2014-15</strong> for integrated development of <strong>theme-based tourist circuits</strong> in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, there are <strong>15 theme based circuits -</strong> Buddhist, Coastal, Desert, Eco, Heritage, Himalayan, Krishna, North-east, Ramayana, Rural, Spiritual, Sufi, Tirthankara, Tribal and Wildlife.</li>
<li>Theme-based tourist circuits are developed on the principles of high tourist value, competitiveness and sustainability in an integrated manner to enrich tourist experience and enhance employment opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Sector Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li>Under the scheme, the Ministry of Tourism provides <strong>Central Financial Assistance</strong> (CFA) to State Governments/Union Territory Administrations for <strong>infrastructure development of circuits.</strong></li>
<li>This scheme is <strong>envisioned to synergise with other schemes</strong> like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skill India</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india#:~:text=Make%20in%20India%20is%20designed,India%20a%20global%20manufacturing%20hub.&amp;text=To%20create%20100%20million%20additional%20manufacturing%20jobs%20in%20the%20economy%20by%202022." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a>, etc. with the idea of positioning the tourism sector as a major engine for job creation, driving force for economic growth, building synergy with various sectors to enable tourism to realise its potential.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643290" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/thenzawl-golf-resort-in-mizoram'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Dhole Conservation',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Karnataka, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh rank high in the conservation of the <strong>endangered <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-20th-july-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dhole</a></strong> in India, according to a new study.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This study was conducted by scientists from the <strong>Wildlife Conservation Society-India, the University of Florida, the Wildlife Conservation Trust, and the National Centre for Biological Sciences.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596612233_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596612233_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this study, the scientists explored the conservation tenets of <strong>retention, recovery </strong>and<strong> restoration</strong> of<strong> dholes in India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Karnataka, Maharashtra</strong> and<strong> Madhya Pradesh</strong> were found to be <strong>adequately equipped</strong> fo<strong>r consolidating forest habitats</strong> and<strong> recovering populations of Dhole</strong> by<strong> increasing prey density</strong> and<strong> reducing the pressure on forests.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Telangana</strong> and <strong>Goa</strong> are suggested to <strong>increase financial investments</strong> in the forest and wildlife sectors, and<strong> reduce the ease of granting forest clearances</strong> for infrastructure projects.</li>
<li><strong>Improving habitat conditions</strong> and <strong>prey densities</strong> in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Odisha would strengthen the link between dhole populations in the Western Ghats and central India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Dhole</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> Dhole<em> (Cuon alpinus)</em> is a <strong>wild carnivorous</strong> animal belonging to the <strong>canine</strong> family, found in <strong>Central, South, East Asia,</strong> and <strong>Southeast Asia.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are also known as <strong>Asian wild dogs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ecological role:</strong> Dholes play an important role as apex predators in forest ecosystems.</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong> It is under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for Conservation</strong></a> of Nature&rsquo;s <strong>&lsquo;endangered&rsquo;</strong> category.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The species is protected under<strong> Schedule 2 of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act 1972</a></strong> and under <strong>Appendix 2 of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).</a></strong></li>
<li>In India, <strong>the first conservation breeding centre</strong> for dhole was built at the <strong>Indira Gandhi Zoological Park (IGZP)</strong> in 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ongoing habitat loss:</strong> Due to deforestation and fragmentation of forest corridors.</li>
<li><strong>Depletion of prey base:</strong> Ungulates are main prey of dholes whose population is rapidly decreasing due to excessive hunting and habitat loss.</li>
<li><strong>Persecution due to livestock predation </strong>and<strong> disease transfer</strong> from domestic and feral dogs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/three-states-rank-high-in-the-conservation-of-the-endangered-dhole/article32250471.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dhole-conservation'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Expansion of Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government has expanded its <strong>Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS)</strong> to cover loans given to larger firms as well as to self-employed people and professionals who have taken loans for business purposes.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ECLGS was <strong>rolled out in May 2020 as part of the Centre&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Aatmanirbhar package</a></strong> in response to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> <strong>crisis.</strong> The objective was to support<strong> small businesses</strong> struggling to meet their <strong>operational liabilities</strong> due to the imposition of a nationwide lockdown.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ECLGS provides for the<strong> Guaranteed Emergency Credit Line (GECL)</strong> facility. The GECL is <strong>a loan for which 100% guarantee is provided by the National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company (NCGTC) to Member Lending Institutions (MLIs) -</strong> banks, financial institutions and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Non-Banking Financial Companies</a> (NBFCs).</strong></li>
<li>The loans are extended in the form of additional working capital term loan facility in case of banks and additional term loan facility in case of NBFCs <strong>to eligible Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)/business enterprises and interested <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/interest-subvention-scheme-for-shishu-loan-accounts" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana</a> (PMMY) borrowers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>First-time borrowers and Non-Performing Asset (NPA) accounts cannot raise funds</strong> under the scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> tenor of loans</strong> provided under the GECL facility is<strong> four years</strong> from the date of disbursement.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>moratorium period of one year on the principal amount</strong> is provided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Interest rates</strong> of banks and financial institutions have been capped at 9.25% per annum, while NBFCs can lend at a maximum of 14% per annum.</li>
<li>The Scheme is <strong>applicable</strong> to all loans sanctioned under the GECL facility during the period from,<strong> 23<sup>rd</sup> May 2020 to 31<sup>st</sup> October, 2020, or till an amount of Rs. 3 lakh</strong> <strong>crore is sanctioned</strong> under GECL,<strong> whichever is earlier.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme<strong> has been expanded</strong> to cover:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enterprises with a turnover up to Rs. 250 crore with outstanding loans up to Rs. 50 crore</strong> (as on 29<sup>th</sup> February, 2020).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The earlier limit was Rs. 100 crore and Rs 25 crore, respectively.</li>
<li>Credit under GECL is provided up to 20% of the borrower&rsquo;s total outstanding credit up to Rs. 25 crore.</li>
<li>The expansion of the limits has<strong> increased the maximum amount of loans that can be availed under the Scheme to Rs. 10 crore</strong> (20% of 50 crore) from Rs. 5 crore (20% of 25 crore).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Individual beneficiaries</strong> including both <strong>professionals</strong> such as doctors, lawyers and chartered accountants, as well as <strong>self-employed people</strong> such as vendors or taxi drivers.</li>
<li>The changes in the ECLGS scheme are <strong>likely to make an additional Rs 1 lakh crore eligible.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Till now, a total of around <strong>Rs. 1.37 lakh crore has been sanctioned</strong> under the scheme by member lending institutions to around 40 lakh accounts, of which around Rs 87,000 crore has been disbursed.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company Ltd</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NCGTC is a <strong>private limited company</strong> incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 in 2014, established by the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance, as a <strong>wholly owned company of the Government of India,</strong> to act as a common trustee company for multiple credit guarantee funds.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Credit guarantee programmes</strong> are designed to share the lending risk of the lenders and in turn, facilitate access to finance for the prospective borrowers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/credit-guarantee-extended-to-larger-firms-self-employed/article32249835.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-emergency-credit-line-guarantee-scheme'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Vitamin D Deficiency in India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Researchers have claimed that <strong>vitamin D deficiency can negatively affect <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> high-risk patients,</strong> particularly those who are diabetic, have heart conditions, pneumonia, obesity and those who smoke.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is also associated with<strong> infections</strong> in the<strong> respiratory tract</strong> and<strong> lung injury.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has a large population suffering from vitamin D deficiency among the public <strong>irrespective of their location (urban or rural), age or gender, or whether they are poor or even rich.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is <strong>despite India being a tropical nation</strong> getting abundant sunshine, which is a precursor to Vitamin D formation in the body.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to an analysis published in the Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism in 2017, the level of vitamin D in people from different states of India ranged between 3.15 nanogram/millilitre to 52.9 ng/ml, which was <strong>considerably lower than the needed level of 30-100 ng/ml.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Vitamin D level among south Indians is 15.74&ndash;19.16 ng/ml.</li>
<li><strong>Females showed consistently lower levels</strong> than males.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Vitamin D deficiency also occurs <strong>among people of the Indian sub-continental origin settled in Great Britain.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This suggests a <strong>correlation between genetics of people of this region</strong> and Vitamin D metabolism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to data by the <strong>National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB)</strong> over the last 50 years, the<strong> calcium levels</strong> in average Indian populations has plummeted from <strong>700 units per day to 300-400.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The normal, needed level of Calcium is <strong>800-1,000 units per day. Vitamin D helps in absorption of Calcium by the body.</strong></li>
<li>The body needs calcium to <strong>maintain strong bones.</strong> It is also needed for <strong>muscles to move</strong> and <strong>for nerves to carry messages</strong> between the brain and every body part.</li>
<li>It also helps <strong>release hormones and enzymes</strong> that affect almost every function in the human body.</li>
<li>This deficiency of Calcium stands in contrast to the fact that India <strong>produces the maximum amount of milk per day</strong> in the world which is a <strong>rich source of calcium.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vitamin D</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vitamin D is a <strong>fat-soluble vitamin</strong> which is <strong>naturally present in very few foods</strong> like fatty fish, and fish liver oils, beef liver, cheese, and egg yolks.</li>
<li>It is also <strong>produced endogenously</strong> when <strong>ultraviolet rays from sunlight strike the skin</strong> and trigger vitamin D synthesis. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The sunlight triggers a chemical reaction to a cholesterol-based molecule, and converts it into <strong>calcidiol in the liver</strong> and <strong>into calcitriol in the kidney.</strong></li>
<li>These molecules technically called <strong>25-OHD are physiologically active.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Vitamin D <strong>maintains</strong> adequate <strong>calcium and phosphate concentrations in blood.</strong> It<strong> prevents weakening of bones.</strong></li>
<li>Vitamin D has other roles in the body, including <strong>cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, </strong>and<strong> reduction of inflammation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Required Amount</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The level of <strong>25-OHD</strong> in the range <strong>30-100 ng/ml</strong> is thought to be<strong> sufficient</strong> for a healthy body; levels between 21-29 ng/ml are considered insufficient, and levels below 20 ng/ml mean the individual is deficient in the vitamin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects of Deficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rickets</strong> in children and <strong>osteomalacia</strong> (softening of bones) in adults.</li>
<li><strong>Bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen (Effects of deficiency).</strong></li>
<li>Vitamin D deficiency can cause <strong>rickets</strong> in children and <strong>osteomalacia</strong> in adults.</li>
<li>Bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen (osteoporosis) Vitamin D.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Nutrition in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A major chunk of the population in India suffers from <strong>hidden hunger</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-nutrition-survey" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>malnutrition</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/dimensions-of-food-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>nutrition deficiencies.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hidden hunger occurs when the quality of food people eat does not meet their nutrient requirements, so the food is deficient in micronutrients such as the vitamins and minerals that they need for their growth and development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Over 80% adolescents in India suffer from <strong>hidden hunger</strong> according to UNICEF's report, 'Adolescents, Diets and Nutrition: Growing Well in a Changing World, 2019&rsquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, <strong>63% of children below 5 years in urban areas (72% in rural areas) are found to be anaemic and 55% of women and 24% of men are found to be anaemic.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The production, procurement and distribution system for food in India has still not been able to address the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/dimensions-of-food-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>food security issues in India.</strong> </a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, the <strong>food being provided to the poor (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana</a>)</strong> during<strong> Covid</strong> contains pulses and cereals but <strong>lacks vegetables &mdash; raw or cooked.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The balanced diet is still unaffordable for many Indians.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per<strong> FAO&rsquo;s State of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-security-and-nutrition" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020</a>, </strong>a<strong> nutrient-adequate meal </strong>costs Rs. <strong>25 per meal, </strong>and a &lsquo;healthy diet&rsquo;<strong> about Rs. 100 per day.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mid-day meal scheme</strong></a> has helped in combating nutrition deficiencies in poor school-going children.</li>
<li>The feeding programmes for preschool children and pregnant women under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Child Development Services</strong></a> through anganwadis have been vital.</li>
<li>The government is trying to ensure the food requirement of the poor section of society through the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Act (NFSA)</strong></a> and the Public Distribution System (PDS).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan</strong></a>, launched in 2017-18, aims to reduce stunting, under-nutrition, anaemia and low birth weight babies through synergy and convergence among different programmes, better monitoring and improved community mobilisation.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/an-innovative-method-for-boosting-nutrition" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biofortification</strong></a> i.e improvement of the nutritional quality of food crops through agronomic practices, conventional plant breeding, or modern biotechnology is being promoted by the government for various crops like carrots (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/madhuban-gajar-biofortified-variety" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Madhuban Gajar</strong></a>), wheat <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/macs-4028-wheat-variety" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(MACS 4028)</strong></a> etc. in order to ensure nutritional security.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central and State governments need to<strong> consult nutrition experts and institutions</strong> to advise and suggest the type of nutritive items that can be added to the current &lsquo;ration&rsquo; food given to the poor, and the meals given to school children.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>meals given to the poor or children should include vegetables</strong> like spinach and other green leafy vegetables, beans, peas, carrots, tomato, potato, milk/curd and fruits like bananas, and omega 3 and 6 fatty acids (and an egg).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides vitamin D and calcium, <strong>food rich in other micronutrients</strong> (such as B complex vitamins, plus Fe, Zn, I, Se, Zn) should be offered to the poor, so that <strong>immunity against any infection is ensured.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such an addition takes care of what is called<strong> &lsquo;hidden hunger&rsquo;</strong> in poorly nourished people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government can <strong>mass supply free-of-charge vitamin D, other vitamins and calcium,</strong> in consultation with medical and public health experts to the public.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many indian pharmaceutical companies manufacture these. Procuring these supplements from indian companies will fall in line with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Make in India&rsquo;</strong></a> initiative of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The consumption of<strong> Seaweed</strong> can be very beneficial. Seaweeds are <strong>vegetarian, and rich in vitamins, minerals, iodine and omega 3 fatty acids.</strong> As India has a <strong>long coastline,</strong> these can be affordable <strong>nutritional supplements</strong> for Indians.</li>
<li>Schools can have their <strong>students stand in sunlight</strong> for 20-30 minutes daily, and encourage physical exercise and games for an hour per day.</li>
<li>Further, it is important to<strong> raise awareness</strong> about the importance of healthy eating and nutritional requirements of the human body.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>Only when we ensure a healthy populace, we can imagine <strong>developing immunity to battle a pandemic like Covid-19.</strong> Dealing with Vitamin D and Calcium deficiency is the foremost step in meeting the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> of ending Hunger (SDG-2) and ensuring good health and well-being for all (SDG-3).</p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/arming-indias-poor-against-the-pandemic-2/article32248981.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vitamin-d-deficiency-in-india'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Crisis in the Dairy Sector',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/coronavirus-impact-on-dairy-sector-rural-business-6537837/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Covid and Milk&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 04/08/2020. It talks about the current crisis in the dairy sector.</p>
</div>
<p>India has transformed from a country of acute milk shortage to the world&rsquo;s leading milk producer. This phenomenal success is attributed to a Government initiative known as <strong>Operation Flood (1970&ndash;1996)</strong> and its intense focus on dairy development activities.</p>
<p>Over the past few decades, the Dairy sector has emerged as a lifeline of the rural economy in India. However, given the high price elasticity of milk and milk products, the demand for milk is very sensitive to price changes.</p>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong> </a>has severely affected the demand for milk, particularly in urban areas. This has severely impacted the profitability of the dairy sector as an enterprise.</p>
<p>Given the importance of dairy sectors, for both farmers and consumers, there is a need for governments at various levels to address this crisis and establish a holistic framework for the overall growth of the sector.</p>
<h3>Current Crisis in Dairy Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Production of milk is subject to <strong>seasonal fluctuations</strong> &mdash; animals, particularly buffaloes, produce more during winter-spring and less in the summer.</li>
<li>In order to cope with this fluctuation, the farmers usually convert the surplus milk of the &ldquo;flush&rdquo; season (winter) into skimmed milk powder (SMP) and ghee/butter for reconstitution in the &ldquo;lean&rdquo; months (summer).</li>
<li>The above balancing model is, however, being rendered dysfunctional by the <strong>demand destruction</strong> caused in the post-Covid shutdown of hotels, restaurants, hostels, canteens and mithai shops.</li>
<li>Apart from this, bulk sale of milk has collapsed (as nearly no marriages and other social functions taking place).</li>
<li>This has slashed milk prices by Rs 10-13 per litre.</li>
<li>Further, dairies have been accumulating powder and fat stocks through the summer and monsoon months.</li>
<li>This overstocking situation will worsen once production increases in the coming months with improved fodder availability, calving of buffaloes and drop in temperature.</li>
<li>This demand and supply mismatch has led to a crisis in the Dairy sector.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Issues Ailing Dairy Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Slowdown in Dairy Sector:</strong> Even as India&rsquo;s milk output has more than doubled in the last 15 years, the growth has slumped to less than 3 % in recent years, raising cause for concern. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The slowdown is attributed to the decline in investment in the dairy sector since the end of the Operation Flood initiative.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Budgetary Allocation:</strong> Dairy is currently the top-ranking commodity in India, with the value of output almost equal to the combined output value of rice and wheat.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite the importance of the dairy sector in overall GDP, it receives less government budgeting than the agriculture sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Informal Dairy Economy:</strong> The most basic feature of the Indian dairy sector is that it is still predominantly unorganized. Of the total milk produced in India, only 18-20% is channelized via the organized sector. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The unorganised sector accounts for about 75% of the marketable surplus of milk. Due to this, the unorganized sector is yet to participate in the modern processing infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poor Breeding Infrastructure and Genetics:</strong> The success of Indian dairy was mostly due to the rising number of animals, not productivity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are storages of breeding infrastructure and advanced breeding methods such as artificial insemination, embryo transfer etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Animal Feed and Fodder:</strong> There is an acute and ever-growing shortage of green fodder and good quality feed.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Cold Chain Infrastructure:</strong> There is a lack of required infrastructure of chilling plants and bulk coolers to prevent contamination and spoilage at village level. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, the existing chilling plants suffer due to shortage of electricity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p><strong>Short-Term Measure</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government should consider temporary procurement of milk, directly by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/milk-fortification-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NDDB may create a buffer stock of processed dairy products like skimmed milk powder (SMP) and butter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, state governments may consider distributing these dairy products in Mid-May Meal, when schools reopen.</li>
<li>By this way, the crisis in the dairy sector and nutritional security both can be addressed.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Long-Term Measures</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increasing Productivity:</strong> There is a need to increase the productivity of animals, better health care and breeding facilities and management of dairy animals. This can reduce the cost of milk production. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, milk production and productivity can be enhanced by ensuring the availability of veterinary services, artificial insemination (AI), feed and farmer education.</li>
<li>The Government and dairy industry can play a vital role in this direction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Augmenting Production, Processing and Marketing Infrastructure:</strong> If India has to emerge as a dairy exporting country, it is imperative to develop proper production, processing and marketing infrastructure, which is capable of meeting international quality requirements. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, there is a need for a comprehensive strategy for producing quality and safe dairy products that should be formulated with suitable legal backup.</li>
<li>Further, to address the infrastructure deficit in rural areas and address the power shortage, there is a need to invest in solar powered dairy processing units.</li>
<li>Also, there is a need to strengthen dairy cooperatives. In this pursuit, the government should promote farmer producer organisations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Demand for dairy products in India is likely to grow significantly in the coming years, driven by more consumers, higher incomes and greater interest in nutrition. Further, the dairy industry is critical for realising the goal of doubling the farmer&rsquo;s income. Therefore, supply-demand balancing remains the issue of utmost importance for the dairy sector.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596545609_image%200.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596545609_image 0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9fff2;">
<p><span style="color: #003366;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;Milk is a unique crop that farmers harvest daily&rdquo;. In light of the statement, discuss the issues with the dairy sector in India.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crisis-in-the-dairy-sector'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Day 16',
		'catname' => '60 days refresher',
		'desc' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Art and Culture (Philosophical and Religious Systems)</h2>
<p>Visual and Performing Arts remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked over the years. Even the static questions on this topic are generally taken from the current happenings which have been in the recent news. Thus, the important news events of the year have been given below.</p>
<h2>Buddhism</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddhism in India</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper1/buddhism-in-india-mindmap" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddhism (Mind Map)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/mains-practice-question/question-105" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rise of Jainism and Buddhism</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maha-bodhi-temple-complex" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maha Bodhi Temple Complex</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intach-efforts-to-protect-buddhist-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>INTACH Efforts to Protect Buddhist Site</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions Buddhism</span></h3>
<p>Q. With reference to Indian history, who among the following is a future Buddha, yet to come to save the world? (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Avalokiteshvara</p>
<p>(b) Lokesvara</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) Maitreya</strong> </span></p>
<p>(d) Padmapani</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements: (2016)</p>
<ol>
<li>The concept of Bodhisattva is central to the Hinayana sect of Buddhism.</li>
<li>Bodhisattva is a compassionate one on his way to enlightenment.</li>
<li>Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation to help all sentient beings on their path to it.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 2 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which one of the following describes best the concept of Nirvana in Buddhism? (2013)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) The extinction of the flame of desire</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) The complete annihilation of self</p>
<p>(c) A state of bliss and rest</p>
<p>(d) A mental stage beyond all comprehension</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Lord Buddha&rsquo;s image is sometimes shown with the hand gesture called &lsquo;Bhumisparsha Mudra&rsquo;. It symbolizes (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Buddha&rsquo;s calling of the Earth to watch over Mara and to prevent Mara from disturbing his meditation</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) Buddha&rsquo;s calling of the Earth to witness his purity and chastity despite the temptations of Mara</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Buddha&rsquo;s reminder to his followers that they all arise from the Earth and finally dissolve into the Earth, and thus this life is transitory</p>
<p>(d) Both the statements (a) and (b) are correct in this context</p>
<h2>Jainism</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/jainism-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jainism</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahavir-jayanti-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahavir Jayanti</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahamastakabhisheka-celebrations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahamastakabhisheka Celebrations</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/naya-jain-mandir-jains-in-mughal-administration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Naya Jain Mandir (Jains in Mughal Administration)</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous year on Jainism</span></h3>
<p>Q. With reference to the religious practices in India, the &ldquo;Sthanakvasi&rdquo; sect belongs to (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Buddhism</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) Jainism</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Vaishnavism</p>
<p>(d) Shaivism</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements: (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Sautrantika and Sammitiya were the sects of Jainism.</li>
<li>Sarvastivadin held that the constituents of phenomena were not wholly momentary, but existed forever in a latent form.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) Both 1 and 2</p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which of the following statements is/are applicable to Jain doctrine? (2013)</p>
<ol>
<li>The surest way of annihilating Karma is to practice penance.</li>
<li>Every object, even the smallest particle has a soul.</li>
<li>Karma is the bane of the soul and must be ended.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the codes given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) 1, 2 and 3</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to the history of ancient India, which of the following was/were common to both Buddhism and Jainism? (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>Avoidance of extremities of penance and enjoyment</li>
<li>Indifference to the authority of the Vedas</li>
<li>Denial of efficacy of rituals</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the codes given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Anekantavada is a core theory and philosophy of which one of the following? (2009)</p>
<p>(a) Buddhism</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) Jainism</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Sikhism</p>
<p>(d) Vaishnavism</p>
<h2>Vedic and Indian Philosophy</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/schools-of-indian-philosophy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Schools of Indian Philosophy</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/mains-practice-question/question-638" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shramana Tradition Mains Answer</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous year on Vedic and Indian Philosophy</span></h3>
<p>Q. Which one of the following pairs does not form part of the six systems of Indian Philosophy? (2014)</p>
<p>(a) Mimamsa and Vedanta</p>
<p>(b) Nyaya and Vaisheshika</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) Lokayata and Kapalika</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) Sankhya and Yoga</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to the history of philosophical thought in India, consider the following statements regarding Sankhya school: (2013)</p>
<p>Sankhya does not accept the theory of rebirth or transmigration of soul.</p>
<p>Sankhya holds that it is the self-knowledge that leads to liberation and not any exterior influence or agent.</p>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Both 1 and 2</p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following Bhakti Saints: (2013)</p>
<ol>
<li>Dadu Dayal</li>
<li>Guru Nanak</li>
<li>Tyagaraja</li>
</ol>
<p>Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 3</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3</p>
<p>(d) 1 and 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The religion of early Vedic Aryans was primarily of (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Bhakti</p>
<p>(b) image worship and Yajnas</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) worship of nature and Yajnas</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) worship of nature and Bhakti</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The &ldquo;Dharma&rdquo; and &ldquo;Rita&rdquo; depict a central idea of ancient Vedic civilization of India. In this context, consider the following statements: (2011)</p>
<ol>
<li>Dharma was a conception of obligations and of the discharge of one&rsquo;s duties to oneself and to others.</li>
<li>Rita was the fundamental moral law governing the functioning of the universe and all it contained.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) Both 1 and 2</strong> </span></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Among the following, who was not a proponent of bhakti cult? (2010)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) Nagarjuna</strong> </span></p>
<p>(b) Tukaram</p>
<p>(c) Tyagaraja</p>
<p>(d) Vallabhacharya</p>
<h2>South Indian Culture</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/sangam-age-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sangam Age</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/excavation-sites-of-sangam-age" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Excavation Sites of Sangam Age</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/keeladi-findings" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Keeladi Findings</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kutiyattam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kutiyattam</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chola-dynasty-port-poompuhar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chola Dynasty Port-Poompuhar</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/thiruvalluvar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Thiruvalluvar</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chalukyan-rulers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chalukyan Rulers</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jallikattu-event-held-in-tamil-nadu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jallikattu Event Held in Tamil Nadu</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous year on South Indian Culture</span></h3>
<p>Q. With reference to the cultural history of medieval India, consider the following statements: (2016)</p>
<ol>
<li>Siddhas (Sittars) of Tamil region were monotheistic and condemned idolatry.</li>
<li>Lingayats of Kannada region questioned the theory of rebirth and rejected the caste hierarchy.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) Both 1 and 2</strong> </span></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<h2>Language and Literature</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tulu-language" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tulu Language</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/earliest-sanskrit-inscriptions-in-south-india-found-in-a-p" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Earliest Sanskrit Inscriptions in South India found in A.P.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/purandara-dasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Purandara Dasa</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classical-languages" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Classical Languages</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kiliki-language" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kiliki Language</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bill-to-change-stature-of-official-languages" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bill to Change Stature of Official Languages</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous year on Language and Literature</span></h3>
<p>Q. Who of the following had first deciphered the edicts of Emperor Ashoka? (2016)</p>
<p>(a) Georg Buhler</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) James Prinsep</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Max Muller</p>
<p>(d) William Jones</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which one of the following books of ancient India has the love story of the son of the founder of Sunga dynasty? (2016)</p>
<p>(a) Swapnavasavadatta</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) Malavikagnimitra</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Meghadoota</p>
<p>(d) Ratnavali</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which one of the following was given classical language status recently? (2015)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) Odia</strong> </span></p>
<p>(b) Konkani</p>
<p>(c) Bhojpuri</p>
<p>(d) Assamese</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The national motto of India, &lsquo;Satyameva Jayate&rsquo; inscribed below the Emblem of India is taken from (2014)</p>
<p>(a) Katha Upanishad</p>
<p>(b) Chandogya Upanishad</p>
<p>(c) Aitareya Upanishad</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Mundaka Upanishad</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following statements: (2014)</p>
<ol>
<li>&lsquo;Bijak&rsquo; is a composition of the teachings of Saint Dadu Dayal.</li>
<li>The Philosophy of Pushti Marg was propounded by Madhvacharya.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) Both 1 and 2</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The national motto of India, &lsquo;Satyameva Jayate&rsquo; inscribed below the Emblem of India is taken from (2014)</p>
<p>(a) Katha Upanishad</p>
<p>(b) Chandogya Upanishad</p>
<p>(c) Aitareya Upanishad</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Mundaka Upanishad</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following languages: (2014)</p>
<ol>
<li>Gujarati</li>
<li>Kannada</li>
<li>Telugu</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above has/have been declared as &lsquo;Classical Language/Languages&rsquo; by the Government?</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(b) 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 2 and 3 only</strong> </span></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Who of the following is the author of a collection of poems called &ldquo;Golden Threshold&rdquo;? (2009)</p>
<p>(a) Aruna Asaf Ali</p>
<p>(b) Annie Besant</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) Sarojini Naidu</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) Vijayalakshmi Pandit</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following statements: (2009)</p>
<ol>
<li>The National School of Drama was set up by Sangeet Natak Akademi in 1959.</li>
<li>The highest honour conferred by the Sahitya Akademi on a writer is by electing him its fellow.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) Both 1 and 2</strong> </span></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. What does Baudhayan theorem (Baudhayan Sulva Sutra) relate to? (2008)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) Lengths of sides of a right-angled triangle</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) Calculation of the value of pi</p>
<p>(c) Logarithmic calculations</p>
<p>(d) Normal distribution curve</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/60-days-refresher-programme/day-16'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Space X Capsule Returns Safely',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, two <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</strong> </a>(NASA) astronauts <strong>Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken</strong> have returned to earth in their <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/spacex-crew-dragon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SpaceX Dragon</strong></a> capsule named <strong>Endeavour,</strong> in less than a day after departing the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cst-100-starliner" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Space Station</strong> </a>(ISS).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Their capsule parachuted into the <strong>Gulf of Mexico</strong> about <strong>40 miles off the coast of Pensacola, Florida Panhandle</strong> (USA), which was one of the approximate locations.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596534454_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596534454_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was the<strong> first splashdown by the USA astronauts in 45 years,</strong> with the <strong>first commercially built and operated spacecraft</strong> to carry people to and from orbit.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The last time NASA astronauts returned from space to water was on<strong> 24<sup>th</sup> July 1975,</strong> in the Pacific to end a<strong> joint USA-Soviet mission</strong> known as the<strong> Apollo-Soyuz.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was the <strong>first spaceflight to include two participating nations</strong> working together with their own national spacecraft.</li>
<li>The <strong>Americans sent up an Apollo command module,</strong> while the <strong>Soviet launched a Soyuz spacecraft.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Space X Crew Dragon:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>reusable spacecraft</strong> developed and manufactured by American aerospace manufacturer <strong>SpaceX.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SpaceX is a <strong>private company founded in 2002 by Elon Musk.</strong> Its <strong>headquarters</strong> is located in <strong>Hawthorne, California</strong> (USA).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the <strong>fifth class of the USA spacecraft</strong> to take human beings into orbit, after the <strong>Mercury, Gemini, Apollo and Space Shuttle programs.</strong></li>
<li>The rocket <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/spacex-s-falcon-heavy-rocket" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Falcon 9</strong> </a>was launched from <strong>NASA's Kennedy Space Center</strong> on <strong>31<sup>st</sup> May 2020</strong> and carried the spaceship into the orbit.</li>
<li>The whole mission was carried out under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/demo-2-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Demo-2 Mission</strong></a> of NASA and SpaceX.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It clears the way for <strong>another SpaceX crew</strong> <strong>launch</strong> and<strong> possible tourist flights</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>SpaceX has now become the <strong>first private company to send humans to orbit</strong> who have spent more than two months on the space station.</li>
<li>The landmark mission <strong>marked the first time the USA space agency launched humans from American soil</strong> since its <strong>shuttle program retired in 2011.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since then, the USA has <strong>relied on Russia's space program</strong> to launch its astronauts to the space station.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/spacex-capsule-with-nasa-crew-safely-home/article32262212.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/space-x-capsule-returns-safely'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN)</strong> is being used by the State/UT governments in India <strong>to monitor the supply chain of Covid response material.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This has been used <strong>with the requisite customization</strong> during the Covid pandemic for <strong>ensuring continuation of the essential immunization services.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> It is an<strong> indigenously developed technology system</strong> that <strong>digitizes vaccine stocks</strong> and monitors the temperature of the cold chain through a smartphone application.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> It is <strong>aimed at strengthening immunization supply chain systems</strong> across the country.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>eVIN aims to support the Government of India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Immunization Programme</strong></a> by providing <strong>real-time information on vaccine stocks and flows, and storage temperatures</strong> across all cold chain points in these states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implemented by:</strong> It is being implemented under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission (NHM)</strong></a> by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in partnership with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).</strong></a></li>
<li>The integrated solution combines:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Technology :</strong> Online real-time information on vaccine stocks and storage temperature to facilitate <strong>evidence-based decision-making.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Governance:</strong> Systemizing record keeping, upgrading logistics and encouraging good practices to <strong>ensure efficient vaccine logistics management.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Human Resources:</strong> To <strong>empower the state cold chain network</strong> by building the capacities of handlers and managers at each stage of vaccine supply.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Universal Immunization Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched by <strong>the government in 1985,</strong> to prevent mortality and morbidity in children and pregnant women against<strong> 12 vaccine-preventable diseases.</strong></li>
<li>Under UIP free of cost vaccination is provided against twelve vaccine-preventable diseases i.e. Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio, Hepatitis B, Pneumonia , Meningitis due to Haemophilus Influenzae type b (Hib), Measles, Rubella, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) and Rotavirus diarrhoea.</li>
<li>The programme is one of the largest health programmes in the world. Despite being operational for many years, UIP has been able to fully immunize only 65% of children under 1 year of age.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This strong platform has the potential to be leveraged for <strong>any new vaccine including COVID-19 vaccine,</strong> as and when available.</li>
<li>eVIN can be a powerful contribution to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-health-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>strengthening health systems</strong> </a>and <strong>ensuring equity</strong> through easy and<strong> timely availability of vaccines to all children, pregnant mothers and other vulnerable groups.</strong></li>
<li>eVIN can be upscaled to build <strong>VALUE (Vaccine and Logistics Utilisation Evaluator),</strong> which is a <strong>held device for capturing the data of vaccines administered,</strong> to monitor<a href="/mains-practice-question/question-328" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> reach till the last-mile beneficiaries.</strong></a></li>
<li>It can help to <strong>fully automate the process of indenting and supplying vaccines</strong> based on <strong>historic actual consumption of vaccines </strong>and<strong> forecasting.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643172" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electronic-vaccine-intelligence-network'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Contraction in Manufacturing: PMI',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the recent <strong>IHS Markit India Manufacturing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/purchasing-manager-s-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Purchasing Managers&rsquo; Index (PMI)</a></strong>, India&rsquo;s manufacturing sector activity contracted at a faster pace in July 2020 than in June 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Manufacturing PMI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It stood at 46 in July 2020, down from 47.2 in June 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In PMI parlance, a score above 50 means <strong>growth,</strong> while a score below that denotes <strong>contraction.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is the <strong>fourth straight month of contraction</strong> for the Indian manufacturing sector. In April, the PMI had slipped into contraction mode, after remaining in growth territory for 32 consecutive months.</li>
<li>The manufacturing PMI showed some recovery in May, and further in June 2020, but it once again slipped in July 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Contraction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The demand conditions remained subdued with some businesses still closed amid lockdown extensions due to emergence of new epicentres of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Export orders have also witnessed a decline.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The re-acceleration of declines in the manufacturing sector is <strong>undermining the trend towards economic stabilisation</strong> seen over the past two months. The <strong>firms have reduced both staff numbers as well as purchasing activity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Purchasing Managers' Index</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PMI is an index of the <strong>prevailing direction of economic trends</strong> in the <strong>manufacturing and service sectors.</strong></li>
<li>It consists of a diffusion index that summarizes whether market conditions, as viewed by purchasing managers, are expanding, staying the same, or contracting.</li>
<li>The purpose of the PMI is to provide information about<strong> current and future business conditions</strong> to company decision makers, analysts, and investors.</li>
<li>It is <strong>different from the Index of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contraction-in-core-sector-industries" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industrial Production (IIP)</a>,</strong> which also gauges the level of activity in the economy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IIP covers the <strong>broader industrial sector</strong> compared to PMI.</li>
<li>However, PMI is<strong> more dynamic</strong> compared to a standard industrial production index.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>In India the positive impact from unlock is not as strong as the negative impact of the lockdown. Therefore the government needs to contain the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic on a priority to make economic recovery sustainable.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/manufacturing-contracts-for-fourth-straight-month-july-pmi/article32262101.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contraction-in-manufacturing-pmi'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (2020)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Defence has formulated a <strong>draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy 2020 (DPEPP 2020).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The DPEPP 2020 is envisaged as an overarching guiding document to provide a <strong>focused, structured</strong> and significant thrust to<strong> defence production capabilities</strong> of the country for <strong>self-reliance and exports.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Goals and Objectives:<a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596530031_image3.png"><img width="400" style="float: right;" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596530031_image3.png" class="content-img" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To achieve a <strong>turnover</strong> of <strong>Rs. 1,75,000 crore</strong>&nbsp;including <strong>export of Rs. 35,000 crore</strong> in Aerospace and Defence goods and services by <strong>2025.</strong></li>
<li>To develop a <strong>dynamic, robust and competitive Defence industry,</strong> including <strong>Aerospace and Naval Shipbuilding industry</strong> to cater to the needs of Armed forces with quality products.</li>
<li>To <strong>reduce dependence on imports</strong> and take forward<a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india"><strong> "Make in India"</strong> </a>initiatives through domestic design and development.</li>
<li>To <strong>promote the export of defence products</strong> and become part of the global defence value chains.</li>
<li>To create an environment that encourages research and development (R&amp;D), rewards innovation, create Indian <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/to-the-points/paper3/intellectual-property-rights#:~:text=Intellectual%20property%20rights%20(IPR)%20are,and%20images%20used%20in%20commerce."><strong>Intellectual Property (IP)</strong> </a>ownership and promotes a robust and self-reliant defence industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Outlined Strategies:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Procurement Reforms:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/self-reliance-in-defence-manufacturing"><strong>Project Management Unit (PMU)</strong> </a>will be set up for the development and production of technologies involved, life cycle costs and maintenance requirements of platforms, equipment and weapon systems.</li>
<li>It also aims to <strong>move away from licensed production to design, develop and produce indigenously.</strong></li>
<li>It also aims to own the design rights and IP of the systems projected in<strong>&nbsp;the Long Term Integrated Perspective Plan (LTIPP)</strong> and a<strong> Technology Assessment Cell (TAC)</strong> would be created.</li>
<li>The TAC would also assess the industrial capability for design, development and production, including re-engineering for production of major systems such as armoured vehicles, submarines, fighter aircraft, helicopters and radars with the major industries in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indigenisation And Support to MSMEs/Startups:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/to-the-points/paper3/indigenisation-of-defence"><strong>indigenisation policy</strong></a> aims to create an industry ecosystem to indigenise the imported components (including alloys and special materials) and sub-assemblies for defence equipment and platforms manufactured in India. 5,000 such items are proposed to be indigenised by 2025.</li>
<li>More than 50 startups are currently developing new <strong>&lsquo;fit-for-military-use&rsquo;</strong> technologies/products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Optimise Resource Allocation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The share of domestic procurement in overall Defence procurement is about<strong> 60%.</strong></li>
<li>To enhance procurement from domestic industry, the procurement needs to be <strong>doubled from the current Rs. 70,000 crore to Rs. 1,40,000 crore by 2025.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Investment Promotion and Ease of Doing Business:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is already a <strong>large aerospace market</strong> with rising passenger traffic and increasing military expenditure, as a result of which the demand for aircraft (fixed and rotary wings) is rising.</li>
<li>The opportunities in the aerospace industry have been identified in the following segments - aircraft build work, aircraft Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO), helicopters, engine manufacturing and MRO work, line replaceable units, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and upgrades and retrofits.</li>
<li>The <strong>improvement in market size, demographic dividend and availability of diverse skill sets</strong> are evident from<strong> India's ranking in the World Bank&rsquo;s <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020">&lsquo;Ease of Doing Business&rsquo; (EoDB) report.</a></strong></li>
<li>The<strong> investments in the defence sector</strong> need to regularly sustain the steady supply of orders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Innovation and R&amp;D:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/innovations-for-defence-excellence-idex-initiative#:~:text=iDEX%20aims%20to%20promote%20innovation,to%20carry%20out%20Research%20%26%20Development."><strong>Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)</strong> </a>has been operationalised to provide necessary incubation and infrastructure support to the startups in the defence area.</li>
<li>iDEX would be further scaled up to engage with <strong>300 more startups</strong> and develop 60 new technologies/products during the <strong>next five years.</strong></li>
<li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-raksha-gyan-shakti-1"><strong>Mission Raksha Gyan Shakti</strong> </a>was launched to promote a greater culture of innovation and technology development and file a higher number of patents in Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs), Ordnance Factory Board (OFB). It would be scaled up for promoting the creation of Intellectual Property in the sector and its commercial utilisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Self-reliance in defence manufacturing is a crucial component of effective defence capability and to maintain national sovereignty and achieve military superiority.</li>
<li>The attainment of this will ensure strategic independence, cost-effective defence equipment and may lead to saving on defence import bill, which can subsequently finance the physical and social infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
<p><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643194#:~:text=MoD%20releases%20draft%20Defence%20Production%20and%20Export%20Promotion%20Policy%202020&amp;text=To%20promote%20export%20of%20defence,and%20self%2Dreliant%20defence%20industry."><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-defence-production-and-export-promotion-policy-2020'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Phase II/III Clinical Trials of Covishield',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-clinical-trials-in-india-for-new-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drugs Controller General of India</strong> </a>(DCGI) has given approval to the <strong>Serum Institute of India (SII), Pune</strong> to conduct <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/drugs-and-clinical-trials-rules-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Phase II/III clinical trials</strong></a> <strong>of Covishield</strong> in India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SII is the world&rsquo;s largest maker of vaccines</strong> and it has a<strong> tie-up with AstraZeneca,</strong> the <strong>Swedish-British pharma giant,</strong> to manufacture the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a>vaccine for <strong>low- and middle-income countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Covishield:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the name given to an<strong> Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine candidate</strong> which is technically referred to as <strong>AZD1222</strong> or <strong>ChAdOx 1 nCoV-19.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>already being tested in the UK, South Africa and Brazil,</strong> where participants are being administered two doses nearly a month apart.</li>
<li>It had <strong>triggered an immune response</strong> in humans against the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>novel coronavirus</strong></a> in early trials and is considered to be one of the global frontrunners for the Covid-19 vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Subject Expert Committee</strong> (SEC) for<strong> Covid-19 related therapies</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/regulatory-issues-in-indian-pharmaceutical-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation</strong></a> (CDSCO) felt that the<strong> SII needed to take a &lsquo;pan India&rsquo; approach</strong> while considering trial sites.</li>
<li>It recommended that <strong>authorisation</strong> to market Covishield<strong> should be granted after considering clinical data generated from both the India and international trials.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trials:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SII can now start its larger phase II/III trials, ahead of other vaccine candidates like <strong>Bharat Biotech&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covaxin</a></strong> and <strong>Zydus Cadila&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/clinical-trial-of-covid-19-vaccine-zycov-d" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ZyCov-D</a></strong> which are still in<strong> phase I/II trials.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the <strong>exact timings of trial beginning are not clear</strong> yet. It would take at least a week to get the ethics committee&rsquo;s approval before starting the trials. If everything goes well, the vaccine could be out by the end of 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The trials for Covishield will have<strong> around 1,600 participants at 18-odd sites across the country</strong> including those identified by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-biopharma-mission#:~:text=The%20National%20Biopharma%20Mission%20(NBM,funded%20by%20World%20Bank%20loan." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Biopharma Mission</strong> </a><strong>and Grand Challenges India Programme.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Trend in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India continues to improve the <strong>Case Fatality Rate</strong> (CFR-number of deaths per positive case) and maintain its global position of having <strong>one of the lowest Covid-19 fatalities rates.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> current CFR is 2.11%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Grand Challenges India Programm</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>partnership framework</strong> for the<strong> Department of Biotechnology</strong> (DBT) in India, its <strong>Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council</strong> (BIRAC) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>BIRAC is a Public Sector Enterprise,</strong> set up by the DBT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To launch <strong>joint initiatives aimed at catalyzing innovative health and development research</strong> within India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Biopharma Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an<strong> industry-academia collaborative mission</strong> for <strong>accelerating biopharmaceutical development</strong> in the country.</li>
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2017</strong> at a total cost of <strong>Rs. 1500 crore</strong> and is<strong> 50% co-funded</strong> by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> loan.</li>
<li>It is being<strong> implemented by the BIRAC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-vaccine-oxford-india-trial-6538061/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__title' => 'string',
		'articles.title' => 'string',
		'title' => 'string',
		'articles__description' => 'text',
		'articles.description' => 'text',
		'description' => 'text',
		'articles__shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles.shortdescription' => 'string',
		'shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles__featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles.featuredimage' => 'string',
		'featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles__tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.tag_id' => 'integer',
		'tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles.secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles__type' => 'integer',
		'articles.type' => 'integer',
		'type' => 'integer',
		'articles__publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles.publishon' => 'datetime',
		'publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles__posturl' => 'string',
		'articles.posturl' => 'string',
		'posturl' => 'string',
		'articles__metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles.metatitle' => 'string',
		'metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles__metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles.metadescription' => 'string',
		'metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles__metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles.metakeyword' => 'text',
		'metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles__status' => 'integer',
		'articles.status' => 'integer',
		'status' => 'integer',
		'articles__sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles.sort_order' => 'integer',
		'sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles__addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.addedby' => 'integer',
		'addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.updatedby' => 'integer',
		'updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.added' => 'timestamp',
		'added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.modified' => 'timestamp',
		'modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles.whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_comments' => 'integer',
		'display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles__pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles.pdf_name' => 'string',
		'pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles__display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_archive' => 'integer',
		'display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles__star_rating' => 'integer',
		'articles.star_rating' => 'integer',
		'star_rating' => 'integer'
	],
	'decorators' => (int) 0,
	'executed' => false,
	'hydrate' => true,
	'buffered' => true,
	'formatters' => (int) 0,
	'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
	'contain' => [],
	'matching' => [],
	'extraOptions' => [],
	'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}

}
$page = (int) 109
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 334
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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