Sambhav-2025

Approach / Explaination / Answer

Introduction

The Satavahana dynasty (circa 1st century BCE–3rd century CE) ruled over large parts of the Deccan and Central India, acting as a bridge between the Mauryan and Gupta empires. They played a crucial role in the revival of indigenous rule post-Maurya, contributing significantly to administration, art, architecture, and society.

Body

System of Administration

• Centralized Monarchy:
  • The Satavahanas practiced a centralized form of governance, with the king as the supreme authority.
  • Key rulers like Gautamiputra Satakarni strengthened the monarchy by defeating foreign invaders like the Shakas.
• Provincial Administration:
  • Local governance was delegated to provincial officials such as Amatyas (ministers) and Mahatalavara (local administrators).
  • Mahasenapatis served as both military commanders and provincial governors.
  • Villages were administered by local heads, ensuring a decentralized approach.
• Land Revenue System:
  • Revenue was collected primarily through agricultural taxes.
  • Brahmadeya grants (tax-free lands) were given to Brahmins and Buddhist monks, fostering cultural and religious patronage.
• Trade and Economy:
  • The Satavahanas controlled key trade routes, including maritime trade with the Roman Empire, evidenced by Roman coins found in Andhra Pradesh.
  • Cities like Pratishthana (modern Paithan) and Amaravati became trade hubs.

Art and Architecture

• Buddhist Stupas and Monasteries:
  • The Satavahanas are renowned for constructing Buddhist stupas, such as the Amaravati Stupa and the Sanchi Stupa (Phase II).
  • They supported the construction of rock-cut caves, including those at Karle, Nasik, and Bhaja, which served as monasteries and temples.
• Sculptural Art:
  • Stone reliefs and carvings depicting scenes from the Jataka tales adorned stupas and cave walls.
  • The Yaksha and Yakshini figures, symbolizing prosperity, highlight their contribution to sculptural art.
• Inscriptions and Coins:
  • Inscriptions like the Nasik Prashasti, issued by Gautamiputra Satakarni’s mother Gautami Balashri, detail their administrative and military accomplishments.
  • Satavahana coins, inscribed in Prakrit, often depicted rulers and religious symbols like the Ujjain symbol.

Social Organization

• Caste System:
  • The Satavahanas followed a caste-based society, with Brahmins enjoying significant influence.
  • They were patrons of both Vedic rituals and Buddhist teachings, ensuring a diverse socio-religious landscape.
• Role of Women:
  • Women played an important role in governance and society.
  • Queen Naganika, wife of Satakarni I, performed Vedic sacrifices and issued inscriptions, showcasing women’s prominence in political and religious activities.
• Religious Tolerance:
  • The coexistence of Hinduism and Buddhism under the Satavahanas promoted religious harmony.
  • Their patronage of Buddhist institutions ensured the survival and spread of Buddhism in the Deccan region.
• Language and Literature:
  • Prakrit was the court language, and the Satavahanas promoted its use in inscriptions and literary works.
  • Works like Gatha Saptashati, attributed to Hala, reflect the cultural richness of the era.

Conclusion

The Satavahanas laid the foundation for a structured administration, nurtured a syncretic culture, and contributed immensely to art and architecture. Their legacy, marked by cultural integration and regional governance, significantly influenced the socio-political and cultural fabric of ancient India. By blending Vedic traditions with Buddhist patronage, the Satavahanas created a unique identity that shaped the Deccan's historical trajectory.