60 Steps To Prelims (2020): Day 13 (Date : 16-03-2020)

Question 1:

Consider the following statements:

In Belan valley, the traces of all three phases of pre-historic era have been.
In Burzahom, the ancient people used to live in dwelling pits.
The palaeolithic sites were mainly found in the plains of the Indus and Ganga.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 only
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only

Correct Answer : B

Explanation

Belan Valley lies in Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh in the Vindhya Range. All the three phases of the pre-historic era, Palaeolithic followed by the Mesolithic and then by the Neolithic have been found in the sequence.
- The evidence of the blade and burin industries by different scholars brought the Upper Palaeolithic into the limelight.
- The Mesolithic phase is a transition phase between the Palaeolithic and Neolithic phase.
  - People in the Belan valley lived on hunting, fishing and food gathering. At a later stage, they also domesticated animals.
  - The first three occupations continued the palaeolithic practice, while the last was interrelated with the neolithic culture.
  - Animal remains found in the Belan valley show that goats, sheep and cattle were exploited.
  - The tools found from the Belan valley are evidence of neolithic phase.
- Hence, statement 1 is correct.
Burzahom is a neolithic site located in Kashmir. Burzahom means ‘place of birch’ and is situated 16 km north-west of Srinagar.
- The Kashmir neolithic culture was distinguished by its dwelling pits. Here, neolithic people lived in pits on the lakeside. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
- The range of ceramics, the variety of stone and bone tools have been found. The notable feature is the complete absence of microliths.
  - Microliths are characteristics tools of Mesolithic age.
The Palaeolithic sites were mainly found in the hilly slopes and river valleys of the country. They are absent in the alluvial plains of the Indus and the Ganga.
- The probable reason could be the absence of the knowledge of agriculture and the availability of water near the river. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.

Question 2:

Arrange the following Indus valley sites from west to east.

Lothal
Sutkagendor
Kot-diji
Kalibangan

Select the answer using the code given below:

3-2-1-4
2-3-4-1
3-4-2-1
2-3-1-4

Correct Answer : D

Explanation

Question 3:

With reference to Indus Valley Civilization, consider the following statements:

The roads and streets were laid out in 'grid pattern'.
Homes were designed taking into account the issue of privacy.
Granaries were used for religious purposes.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3

Correct Answer : A

Explanation

Town planning is the unique feature of Indus valley civilization. Their town planning proves that they lived a highly civilized and developed life. Indus people were the first to build planned cities with a scientific drainage system. The Indus cities were built on a uniform plan.

The streets were straight and cut each other at right angles. The streets and roads divided the city into rectangular blocks, forming the grid pattern. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
It is interesting to note that Indus people were greatly concerned about privacy.
- There were no windows in the walls along the ground level. The main entrance also does not give a direct view of the interior of the courtyard. These features highlight concern for privacy. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
The largest building in Mohenjodaro was a granary. In Harappa, there is a series of brick platforms which formed.
- These granaries were used to safely store the grains, which were probably collected as revenues or storehouses to be used in emergencies. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.

Question 4:

With reference to Foreigners Tribunals (FTs) in India, consider the following statements:

Only FTs are empowered to declare illegal immigrants as foreigners.
Both the Central and State government can establish FTs in the country.
Only State administration can approach the FTs against an individual, suspected of being a foreigner.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 and 2 only
2 only
3 only
1 and 3 only

Correct Answer : A

Explanation

Foreigner Tribunals are quasi-judicial bodies established under the Foreigners Act, 1946.

Under the provisions of the Foreigners Act, 1946 and Foreigners Tribunal Order, 1964, only Foreigner Tribunals are empowered to declare a person as a foreigner. Thus, non-inclusion of a person's name in the NRC does not by itself amount to him/her being declared a foreigner. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The Ministry of Home Affairs has amended the Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964, and has empowered district magistrates in all States and Union Territories to set up tribunals to decide whether a person staying illegally in India is a foreigner or not. Earlier, the powers to constitute tribunals were vested only with the Centre. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
The Foreigners (Tribunal) Order, 2019 also empowers individuals, along with State administration to approach the Tribunals. “Earlier only the State administration could move the Tribunal against an individual, suspected of being a foreigner.
- The amendment has come in the backdrop of Assam’s final National Register of Citizens (NRC) which was published in 2019.
- If a person doesn’t find his or her name in the final NRC, s/he could move the Tribunal.
- The amended order also allows District Magistrate to refer individuals who haven’t filed claims against their exclusion from NRC to Tribunals to decide if they are foreigners or not. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.

Question 5:

'Pinguli chitrakathi art' is mainly practised by tribes of which one of the following states?

Gujarat
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Karnataka

Correct Answer : C

Explanation

Chitrakathi is a unique style of painting, practised in Pinguli, a small village near Kudal, in the district of Sindhudurg in Maharashtra, dating back to the 17^th century.
It is tribal art, practised by the Thakar tribe of Maharashtra.
Painting is done using paper, brush and hand-made colours and in the sequence, based on the story of Mahabharata or Ramayana. The collection of pictures are used to narrate the whole story. The sutradhar (narrator) unfolds the tale in the form of songs supported by the music of the vina, taal and the huduk. Hence, option C is correct.

Question 6:

With reference to the guilds (Shreni) of ancient India that played a very important role in the country’s economy, which of the following statements is/are correct?

Every guild was registered with the central authority of the State and the king was the chief administrative authority on them.
The wages, rules of work, standards and prices were fixed by the guild.
The guild had judicial powers over its own members.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

1 and 2 only
3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3

Correct Answer : C

Explanation

In ancient India, Shreni was an association of traders, merchants, and artisans. Generally, a separate Shreni existed for a particular group of persons engaged in the same vocation or activity. Shrenis have sometimes been compared with the guilds. The king had no role to play in their functioning. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
Ancient Indian guilds were a unique and multifaceted form of organisation, which combined the functions of a democratic government, a trade union, a court of justice and a technological institution.
- They procured raw materials for manufacturing, controlled quality of manufactured goods and their price, and located markets for their sale. They made rules for wages, work, standards and prices. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Besides serving the purpose of keeping the members of a trade together like a close community, the guilds undertook many useful roles such as administrative, economic, charitable and banking functions. Several historians report that the powerful guilds performed judicial functions as well. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Question 7:

Regarding the Indus Valley Civilization, consider the following statements:

Trade flourished due to the use of metal money.
People worshipped deities placed in the temples.
Boat-making was practised by Indus people.
Balakot is the coastal site of Indus Valley Civilization.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
3 only
3 and 4 only

Correct Answer : D

Explanation

Trade flourished in the Indus Valley Civilization. TVarious factors like presence of granaries at Harappa and Mohenjodaro, presence of numerous seals, uniform script and regulated weight and measure highlights toward flourishing trade.
- However, they did not use metal money. They carried on all exchanges through barter. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
In Harappa, numerous terracotta figurines of women have been found. The male deity of Pashupati Mahadeva is represented on a seal.
- Phallus worship was also practised in the Indus Valley Civilization.
- The people also worshipped gods in the form of trees and animals.
- However, the gods were not placed in temples. There is no evidence of the prevalence of temples in the Indus Civilization. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
The Indus Valley people also practised navigation on the coast of the Arabian Sea. The Harrapans also practised boat-making. Several Port cities existed during the Harappan period and dockyard was found at Lothal, Gujarat. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
Balakot is the ancient coastal site, located in the Somani Bay near Karachi, Pakistan. It dates back to the period of the Harappan (or Indus) Civilization. It flourished around 2000 B.C.
- It was the centre of shell and bead making. Hence, statement 4 is correct.

Question 8:

Arrange the following Major Rock edicts of Ashokan Inscriptions in north to south direction:

Kalsi
Girnar
Sannati
Shahbazgarhi

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

4-3-2-1
2-3-4-1
4-1-2-3
2-3-1-4

Correct Answer : C

Explanation

Hence, option C is correct

Major Rock Edicts of Asoka
Major Rock Edict	Features
1. Major Rock Edict I	Ban on slaughtering of animals and festival celebration.
2. Major Rock Edict II	Provides for care for man and animals. It mentions Chola, Pandyas, Satyapura and Keralputra Kingdoms of South India.
3. Major Rock Edict III	Propagation of Dhamma policy by state administrative officers like Rajjukas, Yuktas etc. Generosity to brahmins, relatives, parents etc.
4. Major Rock Edict IV	Propagation of Dhammaghosha over Bherighosha.
5. Major Rock Edict V	About Dhammamahamatras. It talks about treating slaves properly.
6. Major Rock Edict VI	It talks about King desires to be informed about his subjects. Welfare of people.
7. Major Rock Edicts VII	Tolerance for all religions.
8. Major Rock Edicts VIII	Ashoka’s visit to Bodh Gaya and the Bodhi tree.
9. Major Rock Edicts IX	Condemns popular ceremonies.
10. Major Rock Edicts X	Condemns the individuals desire for fame and glory.
11. Major Rock Edicts XI	Explains Dhamma.
12. Major Rock Edicts XII	Respect and honour for other religious sects.
13. Major Rock Edicts XIII	It mentions Asoka's Mentions about Asokan Victory over other kings. (Kalinga war)
14. Major Rock Edicts XIV	It talks about engraving of inscriptions in different parts of the country.

Question 9:

Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the 'Vedic age' period?

Vis was the smallest unit in the political structure of the Rigvedic period.
The chiefs were democratically elected.
The practice of Bali was compulsory in the Vedic society.
The society followed the rigid social order based on varna.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1 and 2 only
2 only
2 and 4 only
1, 3 and 4

Correct Answer : B

Explanation

The political structure of Rigvedic India may be traced in the following ascending order:
- The Family (kula)
- The Village (grama)
- The Clan (vis)
- The People (Jana)
- The Country (Rashtra)
Kula (family) was the smallest unit. It included all the people living under the same roof (griha). An aggregate of several families made up the grama like today, and its headman was called gramini. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
- The next larger formation was called the vis, under the head called vispati. Larger than vis was Jana.
- Regarding Jana, we get the mention of panchajanah and of people called Yadus, (Yadva-janaha) and Bharatas (Bharata-janaha).
- The king is also called the protector of the Jana or people. Above the Jana was Rashtra, i.e. country.
The hereditary monarchy was the normal form of Government but an elected king also finds mention. The chiefs were democratically elected by the assembly of people (Jana). Hence, statement 2 is correct.
The kingdoms (Rashtra) were generally small states ruled by kings (rajana) but the word Samrat does indicate that some of them must have had bigger kingdoms and enjoyed the position of greater authority and dignity, markedly different from others. The king administered justice with the assistance of purohita and other officials.
- For his services, the king was paid Bali (voluntary gift or tribute). Bali came to the king from his own people and also from defeated people. Theft, burglary, robbery and cattle lifting were the principal crimes which were strongly dealt with by the administration. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
Among the important royal officials, were the purohita (chief priest and minister), senani (army chief) and gramini (head of the village). We also hear of dutas (envoys) and spies (spas).
The Rigvedic society comprised four varnas, namely Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaisya and Shudra.
- This classification of society was based on the occupation of individuals. The teacher and priests were called Brahmanas; rulers and administrators kshatriyas; farmers, merchants and bankers Vaisyas; and artisan and labourers as Sudras.
- These vocations were followed by persons according to their ability and liking, and the occupations had not become hereditary as they become later on.
- Members of the same family took to different professions and belonged to different varnas are well illustrated by a hymn of the Rigveda. Society doesn't follow rigid varna systems. Hence, statement 4 is not correct.

Question 10:

With reference to the difference between the culture of Rigvedic Aryans and Indus Valley people, which of the following statements is/are correct?

Rigvedic Aryans used the coat of mail and helmet in warfare whereas the people of Indus Valley Civilization did not leave any evidence of using them.
Rigvedic Aryans knew gold, silver and copper whereas Indus Valley people knew only copper and iron.
Rigvedic Aryans had domesticated the horse whereas there is no evidence of Indus Valley people having been aware of this animal.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3

Correct Answer : C

Explanation

Use of coat of mail and helmets by Aryans is evident in the Rigvedic Age while the same is not evident in the Indus Valley Civilization. Hence, statement 1 is Correct.
The Vedic age marks the advent of iron, whereas Indus Valley Civilization was part of Chalcolithic age, i.e., copper, thereby it reflects that the Harappans were not aware of iron. The earliest literary reference to iron in Indian subcontinent is found in Yajur Veda. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
There is no clear evidence of the Indus Valley people having been aware of the horse, whereas Rigvedic Aryans had domesticated it. In fact, the horse was the most significant, among other animals, for the Rigvedic Aryans as its swiftness enabled them to make successful inroads into Western Asia. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Question 11:

Consider the following pairs:

Mahajanapadas	Current Location
1. Anga	Bhagalpur
2. Kamboja	Kashmir
3. Ashmaka	Mathura
4. Matsya	Bharatpur

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

1 only
1 and 4 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 4

Correct Answer : B

Explanation

According to Anguttara Nikaya there were following Mahajanapadas:

Anga (including the modern districts of Monghyr and Bhagalpur in Bihar) with its capital of Champa. Hence, pair 1 is correctly matched.
Magadha (covering the districts of Patna, Gaya and parts of Shahabad) with its earlier capital at Rajagriha or Girivraja.
Vajji (a confederacy of eight republican clans, situated to the north of the river Ganga in Bihar) with its capital, Vaishali.
Malla (also a republican confederacy covering the modern districts of Deoria, Basti, Gorakhpur and Siddharthnagar in eastern Uttar Pradesh) with two capitals at Kusinara (Kushinagar) and Pawa.
Kasi with its capital at Varanasi.
Kosala (covering the present districts of Faizabad, Gonda, Bahraich etc.), with its capital at Sravasti.
Vatsa (covering the modern districts Allahabad, Mirzapur etc.), with its capital at Kaushambi.
Chedi (covering the modern Bundelkhand area with its capital at Shuktimati).
Kuru (covering the modern Haryana and Delhi area to the west of river Yamuna) with its capital at Indraprastha (modern Delhi).
Panchala (covering the area of western Uttar Pradesh up to the east of river Yamuna up to the Kosala Janapada) with its capital at Ahichhatra.
Surasena (covering Brij Mandal with its capital at Mathura).
Matsya (covering the area of Alwar, Bharatpur and Jaipur in Rajasthan). Hence, pair 4 is correctly matched.
Avanti (modern Malawa) with its capital at Ujjaini and Mahishmati.
Ashmaka (between the rivers Narmada and Godavari) with its capital at Potana. Hence, pair 3 is not correctly matched.
Gandhara (area covering the western part of Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan) with its capital at Taxila and Pushkalavati.
Kamboja (identified with modern district of Hazara districts of Pakistan). Hence, pair 2 is not correctly matched.
Hence, option B is correct.

Question 12:

Which of the following caves were built during the Mauryan Period?

Bagh Cave
Barabar Caves
Ellora Caves

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1 and 2 only
2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only

Correct Answer : B

Explanation

The Mauryan Empire (322 BCE - 185 BCE) supplanted the earlier Magadha Kingdom to assume power over large tracts of eastern and northern India. At its height, the empire stretched over parts of modern Iran and almost the entire Indian subcontinent, barring only the southern peninsular tip.

Bagh Caves: It is located on the bank of the Bagh river in Madhya Pradesh. It is a group of 9 Buddhist caves that developed around 6^th Century A.D. It is architecturally very similar to the Ajanta caves. It is said to be established by Buddhist monk Dataka. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
Barabar Cave: It is located 24 km north of Gaya, in Bihar. It is situated on the hills of Barabar. It is a set of 4 rock-cut caves, dating back to 3^rd century BCE.
- It was built by Ashoka for Ajivika Sect. The inscription at Sudama Cave informs that the 4 caves on Barabar hills were assigned by King Ashoka to Ajivika monks. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Ellora Caves: It is located in the Sahyadri range of Maharashtra. It is a group of 34 caves, consisting of 17 Brahmanical, 12 Buddhist and 5 Jain.
- These set of caves were developed during the period between the 5^th and 11^th centuries A.D. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
- It consists of both double as well as triple storeyed cave.
- Various caves associated with Ellora cave are as follows:
  - Ravan ki Khai (Cave No.: 14)
  - Dashavatar Temple (Cave No.: 15)
  - Kailash Leni Cave (Cave No.: 16)

Question 13:

Which of the following characterize/characterizes the people of Indus Civilization?

They possessed great palaces and temples
They worshipped both male and female deities.
They employed horse-drawn chariots in warfare.

Select the correct statement/statements using the codes given below:

1 and 2 only
2 only
1, 2 and 3
None of the statements given above is correct

Correct Answer : B

Explanation

Excavations at Indus Valley sites confirmed that the inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization did not build large monumental structures. There is no conclusive evidence of palaces or temples— or even of kings, armies, or priests. The largest structures found are granaries. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
The clay seals discovered during various excavations reveal the presence of a male God. The seal with a male God wearing a headdress surrounded by various animals exhorts the belief in the male symbol of strength. The figurine of a female God found in the excavation also suggests their beliefs on the female as a source of creation. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
There is no evidence of horse drawn chariots during the Indus Valley Civilization. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.

Question 14:

Consider the following statements:

National Investment & Manufacturing Zones (NIMZs) are established as industrial township under Article 243Q of the Indian Constitution.
In NIMZ, atleast 30% of the total land areas should be dedicated to the manufacturing units.
The main objective of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) is the promotion of exports, while NIMZs are based on the principle of industrial growth.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3

Correct Answer : D

Explanation

National Investment & Manufacturing Zones (NIMZs) are one of the important instruments of National Manufacturing Policy, 2011.

National Manufacturing Policy with the objective of enhancing the share of manufacturing in GDP to 25% within a decade and creating 100 million jobs.

NIMZs is envisaged as large areas of developed land with the requisite eco-system for promoting world class manufacturing activity.

On receipt of final approval from the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the NIMZ are declared by the State Government as an industrial township under Article 243Q(1)(c) of the Constitution. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
Each NIMZ is notified separately by the DPIIT (formerly DIPP) in the official gazette.
At least 30% of the total land area proposed for the NIMZ is utilized for the location of manufacturing units. NIMZ also includes areas for other social infrastructure. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Difference between Special Economic Zones (SEZs) SEZs and NIMZs

NIMZs are established under National Manufacturing Policy 2011 while SEZs are established under SEZ Act, 2005.
NIMZs are different from SEZs in terms of size, level of infrastructure planning, governance structures related to regulatory procedures, and exit policies.
- Ranging from 50 square kilometers to 900 square kilometers, each NIMZ will be much larger than a traditional Special Economic Zone (SEZ). The main objective of Special Economic Zones is promotion of exports, while NIMZs are based on the principle of industrial growth in partnership with States and focuses on manufacturing growth and employment generation. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
The other main objectives of the SEZ Act are:
- generation of additional economic activity
- promotion of exports of goods and services
- promotion of investment from domestic and foreign sources
- creation of employment opportunities
- development of infrastructure facilities

Question 15:

'Project MANAV' recently seen in the news is related to?

India’s first manned space flight that will send three humans into space.
Project for mapping every tissue of the human body.
An attempt to assess the percentage of Neanderthal DNA in modern humans.
Indian Human Spaceflight Programme to develop the technology needed to launch crewed orbital spacecraft.

Correct Answer : B

Explanation

Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has launched 'MANAV: Human Atlas Initiative’, a project for mapping every tissue of the human body to help better understand the roles of tissues and cells linked to various diseases.
The collated data can be useful for future researchers and clinicians and drug developers, who finally handle human bodies in disease conditions.
- Such a database will come in handy in tracing causes of a disease, understanding specific pathways and ultimately decoding how the body’s disease stage is linked to tissues and cells.
The programme will seek to provide:
- Better biological insights through physiological and molecular mapping,
- Develop disease models through predictive computing
- Allow for a holistic analysis and finally drug discovery.
Hence, option B is correct.

Question 16:

'Upanayana ceremony' practised in the later Vedic period, refers to?

Coronation of the king
Animal sacrifice
Prayer before the midday meal
Individual's entrance to a school

Correct Answer : D

Explanation

During later Vedic period, the education began with the Upanayana ceremony which was considered as the second birth of the child and that is why after this ceremony he came to be known as dvija. Hence, option D is correct.

The aim of learning was faith, retention of knowledge acquired, progeny, wealth, longevity and immortality. They, thus, comprehended success in both worldly as well as spiritual life. The duties of the pupils were well defined.

Question 17:

The term ‘Niska and Satamana’ often used in the context of the later Vedic period, refers to?

The taxes collected by king
The voluntary gift to the chiefs
Units of currency
Guilds of craftsmen

Correct Answer : C

Explanation

There were two types of metallic currency prevalent side by side. One of them was known as hiranyapinda or buttons of gold, and the other one is niska which was actually a gold coin.
The later Vedic period also shows evidence of a developed coinage system. Niska is the oldest coin known from the Vedic times. It mentions different coins like Niska and Satamana.
- Hence, option C is correct.

Question 18:

In Indus Valley Civilization, “Shamans” is referred to which of the following?

Men and women who had magical and healing power.
One who standardized weights and measures.
Town planning officer.
One who carried out foreign trade.

Correct Answer : A

Explanation

"Shamans" were the men and women were believed to claim magical and healing powers, as well as an ability to communicate with the other world.

Question 19:

Which of the following ancient texts mentions Mahajanapadas?

Digha Nikaya
Bhagavati Sutra
Anguttara Nikaya

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1 only
1, 2 and 3

Correct Answer : D

Explanation

The early Buddhist and Jain literature presents a list of Mahajanapadas with the minor variation of names in different works.
Though the number is the same, the names in the lists differ. Perhaps they show the political conditions at different times and the geographical nearness or knowledge of the author.
According to Anguttara Nikaya, there were following Mahajanapadas:
- Anga
- Assaka (or Asmaka)
- Avanti
- Chedi
- Gandhara
- Kashi
- Kamboja
- Kosala
- Kuru
- Magadha
- Malla
- Machcha (or Matsya)
- Panchala
- Surasena
- Vriji
- Vatsa (or Vamsa)
The Digha Nikaya, mentions only twelve Mahajanapadas from the above list and omits four of them (Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, and Kamboja).
- The Buddhist Nikayas mention the five-fold division of India into Uttarapatha north-western), Madhyadesha (central), Prachi (eastern), Dakshinapatha (south), and Apranta (western), which confirms that the geographical unity of India had been visualised much before the sixth century B.C.
The lists of Janapadas are preserved in the Jain texts Bhagavati Sutra, and Sutrakritanga, great Grammarian Panini's Ashtadhyayi (sixth century B. C.), Baudhayana Dharmasutra (seventh century B.C.).
- In Ashtadhyayi, Janapada stands for country and Janapadin for its citizenry.
Hence, option D is correct.

Question 20:

With reference to the economic history of medieval India, the term ‘Araghatta’ refers to

bonded labour
land grants made to military officers
waterwheel used in the irrigation of land
wasteland converted to cultivated land

Correct Answer : C

Explanation

In Sanskrit the word Araghatta has been used in the ancient texts to describe the water wheel. The word 'Araghatta' comes from the combination of the words ‘Ara’ meaning spoke and ‘Ghatta’ meaning pot. It was used to lift water from wells for irrigation purposes. Hence, option (c) is the correct.