Pythagorean Geometry in Vedic-Era | 20 Jul 2022

For Prelims: Indian Ancient History, Vedic Age, Veda System

For Mains: Significance of Veda System, Significance of Vedic Age

Why in News?

Recently, a position paper by the Karnataka government on the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has described Pythagoras’s theorem as “fake news”.

  • It has referred to a text called the Baudhayana Sulbasutra, in which a specific shloka refers to the theorem.

What do we need to know about Pythagoras?

  • About Pythagoras:
    • Evidence suggests that the Greek philosopher (around 570–490 BC) did exist.
    • There is an element of mystery around him, largely because of the secretive nature of the school/society he founded in Italy.
    • Relatively little is known about his mathematical achievements, because there is nothing today of his own writings.
  • About Pythagoras Theorem:
    • The Pythagoras theorem describes the relationship connecting the three sides of a right triangle (one in which one of the angles is 90°).
      • a2 + b2 = c2
        • If any two sides of a right triangle are known, the theorem allows you to calculate the third side.

How do we know that Vedic Indian Mathematicians knew this?

  • There are references of Pythagoras in the Sulbasutras, which are texts pertaining to fire rituals (yajanas) performed by Vedic Indians.
    • The oldest of these is the Baudhayana Sulbasutra.
  • The period of Baudhayana Sulbasutra is uncertain. It is estimated based on linguistic and other secondary historical considerations.
    • In recent literature, Baudhayana Sulbasutra is taken to be from around 800 BCE.
  • Baudhayana Sulbasutra contains a statement of what is called Pythagoras theorem (it was known rather as a geometric fact, and not as a ‘theorem’).
  • The yajna rituals involved construction of altars (vedi) and fireplaces (agni) in a variety of shapes such as isosceles triangles, symmetric trapezia, and rectangles.
    • The sulbasutras describe steps towards construction of these figures with prescribed sizes.

How did the Knowledge of Equation Evolve?

  • The earliest evidence is from the Old Babylonian civilisation (1900-1600 BCE).
    • They referred to it as the Diagonal Rule.
  • The earliest evidence of a proof comes from a period after the sulbasutras.
  • The oldest surviving axiomatic proof of the theorem is in the Elements of Euclid from around 300 BCE.

What are Vedas?

  • The word Veda signifies knowledge and the texts are actually about providing mankind knowledge to conduct their entire life on earth and beyond.
  • There are four major vedas:
    • Rig Veda:
      • Oldest existing veda among the four.
      • Focus is on worldly prosperity and natural beauty.
      • Text is organised in 10 books known as Mandalas.
      • Prominent gods mentioned in Rig Veda:
        • Lord Indra, Agni, Varuna, Rudra, Aditya etc.
    • Yajur Veda:
      • The name Yaju signifies Sacrifice.
      • It concentrates on rites and mantras of the different types of sacrifices.
      • Two major recensions (samhita) are:
        • Shukla, also called Vajasaneyi Samhita.
        • Krishna, also called Taittiriya Samhita.
    • Sama Veda:
      • It has been named after Saman (melody).
      • It concentrates on Melody or Songs.
      • It is also called the Book of Chants.
    • Atharva Veda:
      • It is also known as Brahma Veda and has been attributed to two rishis called Atharban and Angiras.
      • It concentrates on Peace and Prosperity of human society.
      • Two major recensions (sakhas) are:
        • Paippalada
        • Saunakiya

Source: IE